text:
An attorney for a suspended Charlotte-Mecklenburg Schools teacher said Thursday she never intended for the public to view negative comments she made about students on Facebook.
But the case is now part of a national debate that pits teachers' right to free expression against how communities expect them to behave.
"This is a new frontier in education, where technological and social norms are outpacing law and policy," said Tom Hutton, an attorney for the National School Boards Association.
John Gresham of Charlotte, who represents the teacher, said she only meant to share her comments with friends with access to her page on the popular social networking site.
She now faces possible firing for listing "teaching chitlins in the ghetto of Charlotte" among her activities.
"Facebook pages are only meant to be viewed by people permitted to see them," said Gresham, who questioned how her private postings became public.
On Thursday, CMS spokeswoman Nora Carr said the district allows teachers to post personal information online, but had to take action because it affected the teacher's ability to interact with students and parents. She called the comments racially insensitive or offensive to students at Thomasboro Elementary School, where she teaches.
"Clearly, when there is poor professional judgment, it impacts the teacher's ability to do their job," Carr said.
CMS officials plan to send a memo to their 19,000 employees saying that Web postings that can be viewed by the public should be appropriate.
A 26-year-old third-grade CMS teacher who did not want her name used, fearing reprisals, said the district hasn't clearly specified what employees can and cannot post on such sites. Most teachers think if they keep their profiles private, she said, they'll be safe.
"Our principal encouraged us to use our profiles to post links like 'Adopt A Classroom' to bring in potential donors," she said. "But, given the recent investigations, he also told us to be careful about our Facebook material."
CMS announced earlier this week it had suspended the teacher and disciplined four others for postings on Facebook. The action came after WCNC, the Observer's news partner, discovered the pages on the Web site by searching for people who identified themselves as CMS employees.
Postings include photos of female teachers in sexually suggestive poses and a black male teacher who listed "Chillin wit my n---as!!!" as an activity.
In her "About Me" section, the suspended teacher wrote: "I am teaching in the most ghetto school in Charlotte." Most students at Thomasboro Elementary are minorities from low-income homes.
Gresham said the district took action against her because officials were embarrassed by news reports. He questioned whether it was appropriate for a reporter to air private postings.
He said the teacher is helping the district with grading while she is suspended, and has been sharing lesson plans.
Teachers across the country in recent years have been fired or suspended for online postings.
The incidents have divided educators.
Some say teachers can use social networking sites to help students, who communicate regularly online. Others say the risks are too great. They say some cases of teachers having inappropriate relationships with students started with electronic messaging.
Hutton said the CMS case has sparked nationwide discussions among educators. He said he advises school boards to weigh whether a particular posting puts a " teacher's effectiveness at risk."
"This is particularly an issue with young teachers who are in an anything-goes world online and coming into a profession with very high standards," Hutton said.
Kim Graham, president of the Mecklenburg PTA Council, said her group has not taken a position on what limits teachers should face on the Internet.
She said the group will study the issue because teachers are "called to a higher sense of responsibility."
She said the CMS teachers' postings were worrisome.
"I would be very concerned if my son or daughter were taught by someone who thought of them as a pig by-product," Graham said. "I struggle to understand why anyone would say that about a child." Staff Writer Julia Edwards contributed to this story.
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Illustrator CS4 For Dummies
384 pages
January 2011
Table of Contents
Author Information
Have more fun and get more done with Illustrator—here's how to free your creativity!
Illustrator is the artist's choice for creating spectacular graphics, and here's the fast and easy way to get up to speed on all the coolest features. This full-color guide gives you the scoop on the newest tools; tips on color control and path editing; ways to organize graphics; and how to create for print, the Web, or mobile devices.
- Colorful choices — learn when to choose RGB instead of CMYK and how to get perfect color when printing
- Follow the path — compare path and pixel documents, adjust points on a path, and learn to use the versatile Pen and Pencil tools
- Just your type — use the Character and Paragraph panels and get creative with type on a path
- The artistic Web — work in pixel preview mode, create Web-specific vector graphics, and use Flash with Illustrator
- Get it out there — set up your pages for printing and work with separations, or save files in Web friendly formats
Open the book and find:
- How to work with Illustrator's panels and menus
- The newest tools and how to use them
- Ways to create basic shapes and bring them together
- Simple steps for tweaking color
- How to create straight lines and precise curves
- What to do with styles and effects
- How to organize with the Layers panel
- How Illustrator works with the rest of Adobe's Creative Suite


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Private Student Loans for Micropower Career Institute
Students attending Micropower Career Institute are eligible to apply for a private student loan from the Student Loan Network, to cover the true cost of education. With limited federal aid, there is a widening gap between the cost of college and a student's ability to afford it. If your struggling for extra cash to pay for school, consider a Private Student Loan.
* The appearance of Micropower Career Institute does not constitute their endorsement of our private student loans, and Micropower Career Institute is not affiliated in any way with PrivateStudentLoans.com.
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Micropower Career Institute students should always remember to search for scholarships before applying for financial aid. Student Loan Network has two great scholarship resources for students at Micropower Career Institute. Scholarship Search Secrets, a 40+ page eBook on how to find scholarships, and ScholarshipPoints, a website where students earn points and win free scholarships!
Download Free eBook » | Win Free Scholarships »
*This scholarship opportunity and search resource are not affiliated with school.
Micropower Career Institute General Information
Micropower Career Institute is a private for-profit, less-than 2-year school located in New York, New York. There may be one or more Micropower Career Institute private student loan programs available.
Micropower Career Institute
137W 25th street 5th floor,
New York,
New York 10001
Federal Aid
Eligible students may receive Pell Grants and other federal aid (e.g. Stafford Loan) or scholarships. Students will not be eligible for federal aid without completing the FAFSA. Here is a link to the Micropower Career Institute FAFSA School Code.
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Micropower Career Institute Private Student Loans can be used for the following programs
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Bradley Wiggins wins Olympics gold in cycling time trial
Bradley Wiggins claimed a British record seventh Olympic medal with a sensational gold in the men's time trial.
The Tour de France winner stopped the clock at 50 minutes 39 seconds for the 44km course.
From shed to gold in 12 months
"Underneath the amiable, bloke-next-door, likes-a-laugh, family-man exterior, is a stone-cold competitor. He might crave an ordinary life, but Wiggins is an extraordinary man"
This was a convincing 42 seconds quicker than Germany's world champion Tony Martin, and 68 seconds faster than British team-mate Chris Froome, runner-up to Wiggins in Paris 10 days ago.
Wiggins' seven Olympic medals - four golds, a silver and two bronzes - give him one more than rowing great Sir Steve Redgrave.
"I don't think my sporting career will ever top this now," said Wiggins. "That's it. It will never, never get better than that. Incredible.
"It had to be gold today or nothing. What's the point of seven medals if they're not the right colour?
"The main number is that is gold number four. So I have got to carry on to Rio now and make it five. Just to be mentioned in the same breath as Sir Steve Redgrave and Sir Chris Hoy is very special."
Comparisons between different eras and sports are notoriously subjective, but Wiggins' results in 2012 put him among a select group of British sports heroes.
His victory at the Tour, the first by a British rider, was already an achievement of historic proportions, but to back that up with a fourth gold medal - in three different events, across three Games - is unparalleled in cycling history.
At the 2000 Sydney Olympics he was part of the group that won the bronze medal in the team pursuit event, following that up in Athens by becoming the first Briton in 40 years to win three medals at a Games, before winning the pursuit and team pursuit in Beijing.
Best of British
- Bradley Wiggins (cycling): seven medals - four gold, one silver, two bronze
- Sir Steve Redgrave (rowing): six - five gold, one bronze
- Sir Chris Hoy (track cycling): five - four gold, one silver
- Jack Beresford (rowing): five - three gold, two silver
- Henry Taylor (swimming): five - three gold, two bronze
- Sir Matthew Pinsent (rowing): four - four gold
- Paulo Radmilovic (water polo): four - four gold
- Ben Ainslie (sailing): four - three gold, one silver
British trailblazer Chris Boardman, whose 1992 individual pursuit gold inspired a young Wiggins, is in no doubt as to where the 32-year-old Londoner's achievements should be ranked.
"His sporting performances this year have been unprecedented," said Boardman. "The greatest British cyclist of all time, I have no qualms about saying that. One of the top British sportsmen, also."
Unbeaten in time trials of this distance since losing to Martin at the 2011 World Championships in Copenhagen, Wiggins came into this race as the bookies' favourite. That status might faze some, but the Chorley-based cyclist has been dealing with rising expectations all year.
Marginally down on his German rival at the first time check at 9km, he did not panic. His body position, all important in this discipline, remained perfectly aerodynamic as he turned his pedals with unmatched efficiency and power.
By 18km, he was 11 seconds up; at 29km, his lead was 23 seconds. There was no catching him then, as he was roared home by a massive crowd.
What was in doubt, though, was if the Kenyan-born Froome could claim a one-two finish to match the pair's Tour de France exploits.
But the impressive Martin, who has suffered two serious injuries this season, gritted his teeth to split the Team GB stars.
Taylor Phinney picked up a second fourth-place finish in London 2012's road cycling events - an agonising return for the talented American - while defending champion Fabian Cancellara could only manage seventh.
A special mention also to Luis Leon Sanchez Gil. The unfortunate Spaniard, an outside medal hope, saw his chain snap as he accelerated away from the starting ramp, before puncturing a tyre out on the course.
But this day belonged to one man, the owner of what French newspaper L'Equipe has described "as the most famous sideburns since Elvis Presley", and probably the recipient of British sport's next knighthood.� �X]o�0}߯��'�8$����M����T����Nb5��cJ��s�B�%�]�K�|\�{}��=�hF��=����S*�����T���L>�'#ν�u� 2���cU�K!I�y5+L���roՐ���08#E�g�h�v��dj���������`.�5nBX!�d�������z�$Fk�g��M���ϛwz���DPQ5�c���9�5�w�(L~�����Z�� w����4zq��j��[��\�W_uø�xvƞ:�8{+�D�EGǘ��u��e�3����us�ɑVs[r�ӱc���A�X�SA+��C��M�A�aB1��!��A v1�< ���9v�=;߸Y&d#����|x\�+$n t4Yt�/��V�910��![�e�/�T�ڎj�t���9O{IBE����U�Z�%ɬ#A��r��ZͲ��*���������0c�9Yn�"�3����I�Ж��n�Y���3�"����-Iʗ`�v����!��ݪ״$`K�8��'�w�����yM�5����#7����ӱU�ۖ�`�Ln���h-��=��\���Z�*pG���o�~9:��(x�* .M���x8���]�0�B/�!%8�~�r[^m��К�uI�����o���+�AW����������}5��'as������Qj�0�"7JZn�K�,>�����B��gMh��A��7�0���`-��1ه�I�D�<�j�lP�)Y��'�Zԇ�Z���-�u�F���E $$��ܔŁ-�S�9Hg��k�4���s~H&,Mf�7�ԐI#kݼ� _g} �
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Comment number 193.Adam in Dresden
2nd August 2012 - 21:13
And to add to 191 @ronaldo22:
According to the "Get Involved" link for each sport, you can hire a bike for the day in many clubs. Also to start in a sport one doesn't buy the best equipment at the beginning, first you buy a good bike, maybe secondhand, see if you like cycling then develop from there.
The carbon fibre bike comes later, probably with sponsorship if you are good enough...
Comment number 192.treacle_01
2nd August 2012 - 9:24
How many speeding tickets did he get?
Comment number 191.Gareth103
2nd August 2012 - 8:59
@ronaldo22 "...cannot compete with the rest of the world in most of the sports that dont need a rich dad to buy you a boat or carbon fibre bike. "
Bradley Wiggins didn't have a rich dad. Infact he hardly had a dad at all during most of his life.
Comment number 190.Kent C Strait
2nd August 2012 - 8:16
"No one outside UK cares about rowing"
Except the USA, Germany, Australia, New Zealand, Canada to name but a few... (tip: knowing some facts always helps).
Comment number 189.perkins
2nd August 2012 - 8:06
Brilliant ride by Bradley. Let's not forget the equally excellent bronze from Chris Froome. His wonderful achievement has been slightly overshadowed by Bradley's gold but he also deserves many congratulations. Well done to both of them.
Comments 5 of 193
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text:
If EAA enrollment falls, EAA may fail
By T. Kelly
The Michigan Citizen
DETROIT — Gov. Rick Snyder's experimental district for failing schools, the Education Achievement Authority (EAA), will end if "parents just don't take your children there," Helen Moore, school reform activist and founder of Keep the Vote No Takeover, tells groups wherever she goes.
Copies of the lease agreements signed by Detroit Public Schools Emergency Manager Roy Roberts and EAA Chancellor John Covington reveal there is truth — and a strategy — in Moore's motto.
Without 750 students in each of the five high schools or 350 in each of the 10 elementary schools taken by EAA from DPS, the terms of the 15 leases (one for each school) are open to re-evaluation, the documents read, including termination.
Under terms of the leases, the EAA pays DPS $1 per year per building. Many of the buildings are brand new or with substantial renovations done under the bond issue approved by Detroit voters in 2009. Mumford was a brand new building when Roberts turned it over to the EAA. Detroit taxpayers will continue to pay on the bond for decades.
Rent: $1 a year, $910 a student
One section of the leases refers to "Detroit Resident Student Rent." The language says DPS will collect rents annually depending on the number of students enrolled at EAA.
"They're renting our students," Lemmons said when told of the clause.
For each DPS student enrolled, EAA pays $910 to DPS. EAA has had a year to pay this part of the rent as the first payment is not due DPS until August 2013.
However, according to the leases, as long as DPS is in deficit, EAA will pay an "annual sum to be agreed upon by the parties no later than 60 days prior to the end of the tenant's (EAA) fiscal year." If no amount is agreed upon, the Student Annual Rent figure becomes the price.
In addition, if the EAA makes any improvements, alterations or additions to the DPS property, those costs are to be applied to the rent. This rent credit is limited to no more than 20 percent of the total rent due.
If DPS wants to end a lease agreement with the EAA, DPS will pay a termination fee. If the EAA ceases to operate because a court rules it is illegal, or if state aid is not forthcoming for the EAA, then the leases terminate and the EAA has no liability.
EAA officials did not respond to phone calls for this article.
New Web site to expose EAA
St. Rep. Ellen Cogen Lipton, D-Huntington Woods, reports on the newly created Web site, www.insidetheeaa.com, that "students have flowed out of the EAA since school began."
She reports that special education enrollment at EAA declined 10 percent and the general population dropped five percent over this school year.
The new Web site is supported by Lipton, Middle Cities Education Association, American Civil Liberties Association of Michigan, Dr. Thomas Pedroni, Ph.D. and others.
Lipton said she has posted on the side the 1,300 documents she obtained from the EAA under the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) and organized the documents by subject to bring transparency to the "secretive state-run organization," she said.
"My hope is that by making these documents public, Michigan residents will be able to discern fact from propaganda as Republicans push to expand the EAA," Lipton said.
"The EAA has tried to operate in secrecy, but inside these pages, Michigan parents, teachers and voters can see for themselves how the EAA operates and determine whether it is a real solution for Michigan's education challenges."
In the summer of 2012 when the leases were negotiated, Roberts did not consult the elected DPS board, nor were the terms of the leases subject to public review.
In fact, Board President Lamar Lemmons says the deal was probably "illegal." Roberts was in a conflict of interest on July 1 when the EAA leases became effective. At the time, Roberts was simultaneously chair of the EAA and EM of DPS, Lemmons said.
"He was signing a deal with himself," Lemmons says.
The Snyder administration is currently working to codify the EAA. It exists now because of a contract between the Board of Regents of Eastern Michigan University and EM Roberts. After legislative approval, the EAA can expand across the state, as Snyder originally announced it would, and qualify for more public funding.
State Senator Bert Johnson says that the way the EAA was created has created problems for Snyder that the governor did not anticipate.
"People do not want to be grouped in with Detroit on any level," Johnson said of the effort to expand the EAA into other districts.
"It is a failed, illegal system that is not qualified as a school system under the state school code," Johnson said. "Now all the power of the EAA resides in the governor's office. Covington doesn't answer to the State Department of Education or the State Board, only to the governor. That's illegal. And the governor answers to Eli Broad and others who want to take over our systems."
EM gives away assets, too
Under the leases, Roy Roberts also committed DPS to "transfer, convey, assign and deliver to the EAA all of its right, title and interest in and to the Grant Funded Assets" in each building.
"Upon such transfer, the district will have no further responsibility or liability for such grant-funded assets," the lease documents read.
The Michigan Citizen has posted on its Web site (www.michigancitizen.com) the inventories for each EAA school listing all the DPS assets within the 15 buildings that were given to the governor's schools.
The asset inventories list all building improvements, books, laptops, printers, scanners, desks, books and computers that are now the property of the EAA. The lists were obtained under FOIA.
In April, upon announcing his resignation as EM, Roberts said when Snyder appointed him, the governor directed him to "blow up and devastate" DPS. Roberts has since announced he will stay on as EM for another six months.
To survive this year, in addition to using DPS buildings and resources, the EAA borrowed $12 million under DPS borrowing authority. EAA officials say the money was not money DPS would use, instead the DPS served as a "pass through" for the funds.
Snyder announced at the Mackinac Conference May 31 that $59 million had been raised for the EAA. The EAA was started on the promise of private foundation funding and no state money.
The district struggled financially this year. Snyder's office used mortgage relief funds and a technology grant to aid the distressed system.
The Eli Broad Foundation donated $10 million to the EAA for the current school year.


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Thursday, December 18, 2014
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ALBANY, N.Y. -- The Albany Police Athletic League and CAP COM Federal Credit Union are teaming up again this year as they kick-off their annual holiday toy drive today. This is the 24th year for the program. Every year, the Police Athletic League collects over 2,500 toys that are given to needy children during the holidays. Drop-off boxes will be set up at all CAP COM branches, Hannaford Supermarket locations, Albany police stations and a number of other locations throughout the area.
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One rule of dining out states that you shouldn't order anything that you can make at home. At a restaurant, the food should require extensive time and knowledge to prepare and be designed to impress and satiate.
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Sunday, December 21, 2014
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Having a fireplace in an apartment can be quite the luxury. But with that reward comes the responsibility of maintaining it. NY1's Jill Urban filed the following report.
It's one of the nicest amenities an apartment can have. Aside from heat, a fireplace can offer a sense of coziness and comfort. But a fireplace can also be the cause of big headaches.
"One of the great sources of controversy is the consequences of the use of a fireplace. While it may be a lovely amenity for you... it could become a source of smoke, odor or worse, a hazard to yourself and your neighbors," says Eva Talel, a real estate attorney with Stroock & Stroock & Lavan.
Talel says even though you may have a fireplace, it doesn't mean you can use it. Some boards have rules against using a fireplace even if there is one in the apartment.
If you are allowed to use it, you had better make sure it is in good working order before you do.
Architect Walter Melvin says you should bring in a professional to check all the working parts and have it fully inspected before you light it. He says sometimes experts are surprised by the things they find in old fireplaces.
"I've seen gas pipes, I've seen soil waste pipes, I've seen air conditioning duct work. A lot of electrical wiring, people put in wall sconces next to their fireplace and run the wires through the neighbors flue. Things need to be scanned and checked before you use them," says Melvin.
If something is wrong, you need to work out with the coop or condo or rental who is required to fix it and make sure it's up to code.
Even if you have a fireplace that you are allowed to use that's in good working order, you should make sure you know how to use it properly. Fireplaces in apartment buildings are very different from those in a house, and problems often occur because of human error.
"You have to learn how to build a fire, build a small fire, have a fire extinguisher handy, provide fresh air intake because everything that goes up the chimney has to come in from somewhere else. So you may have to crack a window someplace. There are number of things you ave to do to be sure your fire is burning safely and not smoking up your house," explains Melvin.
So, if you own or are thinking of buying an apartment with a fireplace, make sure you understand the risk and responsibility to avoid any heated issues.
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Consistent with the principals in the fiscal year 2005 Memorandum of Understanding with members of the General Assembly, the Department of Human Services commits to the following.
Continuing transition efforts shall include a strong consumer voice and be shaped by community needs to promote consumer access and service capacity as a means of minimizing service disruptions. All transition efforts shall be within a recovery
philosophy, emphasizing the potential of all individuals to recover from the challenging impact of psychiatric illness through a system that is family/support centered, consumer directed, and encourages independence, integration and a productive role in
the community for all individuals.
Providers, representing the backbone of the service delivery system, shall also continue to play a key role in the planning and transition process and the practical implications of changes in reimbursement structures, and the development of
performance, and operational requirements. The evolution of state systems and the provider network shall be expected as a part of system changes.
Following the completion of the tasks undertaken by the existing fee for service stakeholder input structure, the System Restructuring Initiative Task Group (SRI) shall be restructured and its advisory function shall be transitioned to an alternative
Advisory Structure under the Division of Mental Health of the Department. In addition, the SRI subcommittees or Working Groups that include stakeholders and expert consultants addressing specific areas of work will be restructured so that the same type
of input becomes a part of the alternative Advisory Structure.
The following activities shall be completed during FY 06:
The membership, appointment process, and meeting schedule for the alternative Advisory Structure shall be clearly articulated to assure that the fee-for-service issue, including SASS, can transition effectively into the on-going structures. The
composition of the Advisory Structure should be at least 50% consumers or families, and should include local beneficiaries of the public mental health system, such as representatives from law enforcement, schools, judicial systems, and/or local mental
health funding boards.
DMH shall continue to work with HFS and other affected departments to develop a Medicaid state plan amendment that includes current recommendations from the services workgroup related to recovery-focused service taxonomy with corresponding changes to
Rule 132 and rates for these services. To the extent possible given the required federal approvals, the state plan amendment, changes to Rule132 and rates shall be effective no later than July 1, 2006, to correspond to the full implementation of
fee-for-service. If all the recommended changes cannot be accomplished by this date the priority recommendations should be done first.
FY 06 provider contracts shall include the following:
Carol L. Adams, Ph.D.


text:
Levi's and PlayNetwork compiled songs by groundbreaking artists to communicate authenticity. Levi
It is the factor that can keep shoppers happily browsing in the store for hours—or drive them out the door in a huff.
Retailers are fine-tuning their stores' playlists as they wake up to the power of music to communicate a brand message and put shoppers in the mood to spend. One shopper's favorite song can make another shopper cringe.
Big chains turn to specialists like Mood Media, based in Austin, Texas, and PlayNetwork, in Redmond, Wash., to design store playlists that match the values and design aesthetic of the brand and the lifestyle of its shoppers. Retailers might offer specific descriptions of their core customers and suggest specific artists and songs.
Levi Strauss has been working with PlayNetwork to develop a playlist of songs and artists who broke new musical ground to define what the brand calls its "pioneering spirit" across 1,500 of its stores world-wide.
TV commercials during the 1980s had associated Levi's with iconic songs like "Stand By Me" by Ben E. King and Percy Sledge's "When a Man Loves a Woman." The brand was "ready to reclaim that place in the market," said Chad Hinson, Levi's senior director of global brand creative.
Macy's, the department store giant, is developing shopping soundtracks for shoppers in their teens and 20s. It has worked with Clear Channel on "mstyleradio," an in-store radio station featuring real DJs that plays in its Young Men's and Juniors' departments, which it has branded "mstylelab." "We tend to put the volume up a little further there," said Martine Reardon, Macy's chief marketing officer. "That's what that customer likes and expects."
Thanks to digital technology, Macy's and other retailers can readily switch songs in and out in real time, avoiding the fatigue that can occur, especially during the holiday season, when shoppers and employees hear the same tracks over and over again.
London-based Thomas Pink plays music mostly by British artists, including singer-songwriter Natasha Khan, shown, also known as Bat for Lashes. Associated Press (
Many stores start sprinkling holiday music into their mix starting in late November. They slowly increase the frequency, aware that playing too much "Jingle Bells" too soon can prompt a backlash.
At Thomas Pink, the London-based men's-specialty store, one in six songs is a Christmas song in late November. By early December, it's one in four, and by Dec. 25 it's about one in three, says the retailer's creative director, Florence Torrens. The retailer's usual mix features classic and current British artists, whether the Who, David Bowie or singer-songwriter Bat for Lashes. "It's a mixed bag, but the overriding DNA of the music is that it is British," Ms. Torrens said.
Some of Urban Outfitters' playlists, filled with obscure, indie artists, are available on online platforms like Spotify and SoundCloud. Macy's mstyleradio is available on Clear Channel's iHeartRadio mobile and online platforms.
A retailer looking to fill its stores with music from, say, an employee's iPod or CD collection must first obtain licensing rights. Mood Media, PlayNetwork and other in-store music providers pay annual license fees to the American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers and other organizations representing composers in exchange for the rights to program any music in the organization's library. The organization in turn pays royalties to the songwriters.
Abercrombie & Fitch, the chain known for dim lighting, strong fragrance and loud, throbbing music, develops its playlists in-house and makes them available on an app.
"We feel our kid is very mobile," said Craig Brommers, senior vice president of marketing. The app helps make the music "part of their lives outside of the store."
The Gap aims to invoke feelings of optimism, individualism and democracy in its stores. Bloomberg
Mood Media can program particular types of music depending on the time of day, which it calls "day parting," said Ken Eissing, chief operating officer for North America.
Gap aims to capture "optimism, democracy and individualism," said Tricia Nichols, senior director of global consumer engagement and partnerships. Its playlists include Rihanna and U.S. indie band Fun.
The Gap features music from artists including Rihanna, U.S. indie band Fun and Jimi Hendrix, pictured. Associated Press (Khan)
Shopping to music prompts the release of dopamine, delivers a sense of pleasure and helps focus attention, said Daniel J. Levitin, a professor of psychology and behavioral neuroscience who runs the Laboratory for Music Cognition, Perception and Expertise at McGill University, Montreal. "This could lead to putting people in a generous mood," he said.
Levi's wanted music that would weave the brand's cowboy and mining history into its stores. But with its consumers ranging across a wide age, a question arose: Which music embodies a "pioneering spirit" both for teens and for people who have been buying Levi's for 50 years?
PlayNetwork took a "deep dive" into the brand, its culture and store design, said John Crooke, PlayNetwork's vice president of global brand development. Levi's identified songs it felt represented its values. The eclectic playlists they rolled out to stores in July feature Otis Redding, Lou Reed, 1940s big band music, blues songs and 2013 releases. "It's about songs that are timeless," Mr. Hinson said. "Hopefully people will hear that authenticity."
Write to Ray A. Smith at firstname.lastname@example.com


text:
I know a lot of people have covered this, but I thought I would share my process behind creating my little multifunctional webserver. I had an old tower that I wasn't really using. It has an Intel chip (Celeron possibly?), 2G of memory, and 2 hard drives [50GB and 500GB]. I also have a decent Nvidia video card with DVI output. I originally just used it as a mediabox. I had it hooked up to my TV, I ripped Netflix movies on my OS X machine using handbrake into an AVI format, then I put them on this system [which is running Ubuntu] and played them using VLC. This was all well and good, but I didn't like the idea of having a mouse and keyboard hanging around all the time. So I turned to VLC's command line interface. After playing around for a while, I was able to get the http interface working. I created an alias in my ~/.bashrc as a little macro :
alias vlcrc='export DISPLAY=:0 ; vlc -I http --no-media-library'
** The DISPLAY=:0 may or may not be necessary to get your video card to display to the attached monitor or TV **
After this, I setup SSH for Ubuntu. Then I gave the Ubuntu machine a static ip address [192.168.0.100] through my router's admin interface [instructions depend on router, GIYF]. Now, from my laptop connected to the same network over Wifi, I am able to SSH into the mediabox, and run something like this:
vlcrc There_Will_Be_Blood.avi
Then I can open up Firefox and go to this URL:
and I am presented with this beautiful javascript interface:
It allows you to control everything in your VLC instance like volume, position, fullscreen, pause/play, and etc just like a remote control. The coolest thing for me was that I could control this with my G1 :) If you try this and get a 403 error, you need to configure your .hosts file. Look here : http://www.videolan.org/developers/vlc/NEWS and do a browser search for '.hosts' to see the instructions. You just need to add IPs of computers that want access to the http interface to a whitelist. I just added a bunch of IPs between 192.168.0.101 and 110 b/c I knew my laptops would never get assigned anything out of that range. By this point, I was able to hide the PC behind my TV and not worry about connecting a mouse and keyboard to it. I was able to pick up a DVI to HDMI cable for 10 dollars at Optimized Cable. They are cheap, but adhere to the HDMI 1.3b standard and as long as they are 6 feet or under, you shouldn't be able to tell the difference between these and the expensive Monster cables.
From here I started to setup the Torrent side of the box. Ubuntu now comes with Transmission which is arguably one of the best clients around. To save yourself from problems later on, make sure it is upgraded to something over 1.5. If you need to update, go to getdeb.net and get transmission-common and transmission-gtk. Download and install them in that order. After you run it, you can go to Preferences –> Web and setup the web interface. I set mine up on port 9091 and then went to this URL from my laptop:
You are then presented with a cool interface for uploading, controlling, and monitoring your torrents:
This was really helpful but I soon wanted a little more functionality. Wouldn't it be cool if I could control this from anywhere on the net? Of course. For that, I needed to make this computer visible to net.
The thing that makes this part difficult is the way in which most residential users access the internet. As you may know, accessing a domain name, like datasingularity.com, requires a DNS lookup to find the IP address that the domain is referring to. The problem is that most people don't keep the same IP address for very long. Much like DHCP on your router, your ISP often assigns you different IPs when you connect to their network. This is called having a dynamic IP as opposed to having a static 'non-changing' IP. Since your IP is not always the same, registering a domain for your current IP in some nameservers may not last long. If you are not on a business network and don't know if you have a static or dynamic IP, we can just assume that you have a dynamic IP. That is why you need the DynDNS service. They constantly update your DNS information for you. You just install a client on your webserver and it tells their service when your IP changes. Kick ass.
You can get a free domain like mydomainname.homelinux.net, or you can pay for a custom one. I went ahead and signed up then registered a free domain. I then followed the instructions at this informative link : http://mexpolk.wordpress.com/2008/01/29/ubuntu-gutsy-dyndns-client-setup/.Then I went to this link :
http://www.portforward.com/routers.htm to set up port forwarding on my DLink DI-604 ethernet router. The first port I set up was port 22. This now allows me to SSH and SFTP to my home computer. Yessss. Then I forwarded the 9091 port to get to my Transmission web interface. If your router supports it, you can forward from port external 80 to port 9091 internal, that way, you can just go here:
and it takes you straight to the interface! Otherwise, you need to forward 9091 external to 9091 internal and go here:
If you want this to be a regular webserver at the same time, it is best to leave port 80 clear and just use 9091. You have to ensure a few things in your Transmission client. Make sure that you go to Preferences –> Web tab and set it up to require a username and password. You don't want anyone on the net to just go in and mess with your torrents! Then make sure you disable the IP whitelist so any IP can access it. I think it is just a checkbox somewhere in the Preferences –> Web tab.
I am somewhat of an idiot when it comes to security, so anyone please chime in if you see any obvious problems here. Any comments, tips, or criticisms are appreciated.


text:
Digitization is the process of converting information on physical media to digital format. In information systems, digitization usually refers to the process of converting text or an image, such as a photograph or map, into a binary format, by hand entry or with a scanning device, so that the result can be stored and retrieved for display. This is often done by scanning a paper copy and saving it as a raster image (TIFF or another format). Optical character recognition software can then be used to change the image to searchable text, which may be saved in PDF format or as plain text.
Preservation and copyright are two large issues for the digital library, as materials can be duplicated and distributed easily. Conversely, digital storage is debatable as an archival medium, unlike proven analog technologies such as microfilm. See Digital Dark Ages and fair use.
[edit] Notable projects
- Project Gutenberg: the largest collection of free digitized books, most as ubiquitous plain text.
- PublicLiterature.org: HTML versions of classics such as Beowulf and Dracula. Audio and feeds also available.


text:
Single-Outlet Air Switch for your Sink top
Add a touch of elegance to the kitchen with easy-to-reach SinkTop Switch
- A convenient alternative to a wall switch, the stylish SinkTop Switch is air-activated and easily mounts to the sink or counter top.
- Perfect for island installations and works with any disposer.
- Single outlet design for disposer only
- Kit includes chrome, satin nickel and white button.
- Other button finishes available as an optional purchase. Model # STC
- For the Dual Electrical Oultet version, see the STS00
Additional InSinkErator Links
- View Manufacturer Warranty
- Shop All InSinkErator Products
- Shop All InSinkErator Air Switch Collection Products
Our SKU: InSinkErator STSS0
This product is listed under the following manufacturer number(s):
- InSinkErator STSS0
*Denotes a finish or option that has been discontinued
Manufacturer Resources
Product Videos
InSinkErator STS00 Sink Top Air SwitchMilan Rosan of Build.com reviews the InSinkErator STS00 Sink Top Air Switch. The difference between STS00 and STSS0 is a single outlet vs. a dual outlet (STS00 is Dual Outlet). The STSSO also includes a Satin Nickel switch cover. Additional switch finishes are available under #STC
Installation Resource Center
Whether you are installing the product yourself or hiring a professional, our installation Resource Center has everything you need to get your project done. Visit the Installation Resource Center to get started.


text:
Winnipeg Free Press - PRINT EDITION
Gold-plated MP pensions cut to silver
Members of Parliament deserve a reasonable pension for the risk they take in leaving the regular workforce for electoral politics, but the gold-plated retirement package they have enjoyed for decades was out of line with Canadian values and ordinary decency.
The Harper government has decided to tighten up pension plans for MPs and public servants, a move that became more paramount following the government's decision to raise the age of eligibility for the Old Age Supplement to 67 from 65. The government could not ask Canadians to take a hit, while allowing elected officials and public servants to conduct business as usual.
Under the new terms, MPs will pay 50 per cent of contributions to their pensions by 2017, or $39,000 a year compared to $11,000 now. They won't be able to collect a full pension until age 65, as opposed to 55 today.
After just six years of service, MPs are eligible to receive one of the richest pensions in the country, courtesy of taxpayers, who have been contributing $24 for every $1 an MP puts into the program, according to the Canadian Taxpayers Federation. Current MPs with six years' service will be able to collect an average pension of $54,693 a year, indexed for inflation. Cabinet ministers fare even better. Harper will be eligible to receive a pension of $223,500 a year by 2015, the federation says.
These benefits are unavailable to any other Canadian, except perhaps to the top executives of the country's biggest private-sector firms. Members of Parliament, moreover, are well-paid with a base salary of $157,000, so they can afford to boost their retirement savings if the government allowance is not adequate for their needs.
The Opposition has called the reforms a ploy to distract attention from the omnibus budget bill, a wide-ranging piece of legislation. The government has abused the omnibus process, which effectively prevents proper scrutiny by Parliament and watchdog groups, but most opposition MPs knew better than to attack the pension reform package itself.
The taxpayers federation says that under the new plan, MPs elected after 2017 will be eligible for a $101,000 pension after three-terms. He or she would have contributed nearly $589,000 towards that pension.
The federation says it means taxpayers will have contributed $1.62 for every $1 contributed by an MP, far less than one-for-one ratio it was seeking, but still fairer than the present system.
The pension plan is still rich by the standards of most Canadians, but the reforms have trimmed the sails of those politicians who may have come to believe politics is a career, rather than a public service.
Editorials are the consensus view of the Winnipeg Free Press' editorial board, comprising Catherine Mitchell, David O'Brien, Shannon Sampert, and Paul Samyn.
Republished from the Winnipeg Free Press print edition October 19, 2012 A12
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Oswald wants to change the channel3:00 AM 0
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Visual, Auditory, And Kinesthetic Learners (page 3)
The concept of visual, auditory, and kinesthetic learners is probably familiar to you. It states that each person has a preferred way of receiving new information, through one of three senses. Vision (seeing) and audition (hearing) are clear enough, but kinesthesia might require an explanation. Kinesthesia is the sensation that tells you where your body parts are. If you were to close your eyes and I moved your arm as though you were, say, waving, you would know where your arm was even though you couldn't see it. That information comes from special receptors in your joints, muscles, and skin. That's kinesthesia.
The visual-auditory-kinesthesia theory holds that everyone can take in new information through any of the three senses, but most of us have a preferred sense. When learning something new, visual types like to see diagrams, or even just to see in print the words that the teacher is saying. Auditory types prefer descriptions, usually verbal, to which they can listen. Kinesthetic learners like to manipulate objects physically; they move their bodies in order to learn (Figure 3).
To give you a backdrop against which to evaluate this theory, I'll start with a few facts about memory that cognitive scientists have worked out. People do differ in their visual and auditory memory abilities. That is, our memory system can store both what things look like and what they sound like. We use visual memory representations when we create a visual image in our mind's eye. For example, suppose I ask you, "What is the shape of a German shepherd's ears?" or "How many windows are there in your classroom?" Most people say they answer these questions by creating a visual image and inspecting it. A great deal of work by experimental psychologists during the 1970s showed that such images do have a lot of properties in common with vision—that is, there's a lot of overlap between your "mind's eye" and the parts of your brain that allow you to see. We also store some memories as sound, such as Katie Couric's voice, the roar of the MGM lion, or our mobile phone's ringtone. If I ask you, for example, "Who has a deeper voice: your principal or your superintendant?" you will likely try to imagine each person's voice and compare them. We can store both visual and auditory memories, and as with any other cognitive function, each of us varies in how effectively we do so. Some of us have very detailed and vivid visual and auditory memories; others of us do not.
Cognitive scientists have also shown, however, that we don't store all of our memories as sights or sounds. We also store memories in terms of what they mean to us. For example, if a friend tells you a bit of gossip about a coworker (who was seen coming out of an adult bookshop), you might retain the visual and auditory details of the story (for example, how the person telling the story looked and sounded), but you might remember only the content of the story (adult bookshop) without remembering any of the auditory or visual aspects of being told. Meaning has a life of its own, independent of sensory details (Figure 4).
Now we're getting to the heart of the visual-auditory-kinesthetic theory. It is true that some people have especially good visual or auditory memories. In that sense there are visual learners and auditory learners. But that's not the key prediction of the theory. The key prediction is that students will learn better when instruction matches their cognitive style. That is, suppose Anne is an auditory learner and Victor is a visual learner. Suppose further that I give Anne and Victor two lists of new vocabulary words to learn. To learn the first list, they listen to a tape of the words and definitions several times; to learn the second list, they view a slide show of pictures depicting the words. The theory predicts that Anne should learn more words on the first list than on the second whereas Victor should learn more words on the second list than on the first. Dozens of studies have been conducted along these general lines, including studies using materials more like those used in classrooms, and overall the theory is not supported. Matching the "preferred" modality of a student doesn't give that student any edge in learning.
How can that be? Why doesn't Anne learn better when the presentation is auditory, given that she's an auditory learner? Because auditory information is not what's being tested! Auditory information would be the particular sound of the voice on the tape. What's being tested is the meaning of the words. Anne's edge in auditory memory doesn't help her in situations where meaning is important. Similarly, Victor might be better at recognizing the visual details of the pictures used to depict the words on the slides, but again, that ability is not being tested.
The situation described in this experiment probably matches most school lessons. Most of the time students need to remember what things mean, not what they sound like or look like. Sure, sometimes that information counts; someone with a good visual memory will have an edge in memorizing the particular shapes of countries on a map, for example, and someone with a good auditory memory will be better at getting the accent right in a foreign language. But the vast majority of schooling is concerned with what things mean, not with what they look like or sound like.
So does that mean that the visual-auditory-kinesthetic theory is correct some small proportion of the time, such as when students are learning foreign language accents or countries on a map? Not really. Because the point of the theory is that the same material can be presented in different ways to match each student's strength. So what the teacher ought to do (according to the theory) is this: when learning countries on a map, the visual learners should view the shapes of the countries but the auditory learners should listen to a description of each country's shape; and when learning a foreign accent, the auditory learners should listen to a native speaker but the visual learners will learn more quickly if they view a written representation of the sounds. It seems obvious that this approach won't work.
If the visual-auditory-kinesthetic theory is wrong, why does it seem so right? About 90 percent of teachers believe there are people who are predominantly visual, auditory, or kinesthetic learners, and about the same proportion of undergraduates at the University of Virginia (where I teach) believe it too. There are probably a few factors that contribute to the theory's plausibility. First, it has become commonly accepted wisdom. It's one of those facts that everyone figures must be right because everyone believes it.
Another important factor is that something similar to the theory is true. Kids do differ in their visual and auditory memories. For example, maybe you've watched in wonder as a student has painted a vivid picture of an experience from a class field trip and thought, "Wow, Lacy is obviously a visual learner." As I've described, Lacy may well have a really good visual memory, but that doesn't mean she's a "visual learner" in the sense that the theory implies.
A final reason that the visual-auditory-kinesthetic theory seems right is a psychological phenomenon called the confirmation bias. Once we believe something, we unconsciously interpret ambiguous situations as being consistent with what we already believe. For example, suppose a student is having difficulty understanding Newton's first law. You try explaining it a few different ways, and then you give the example of a magician yanking a tablecloth off a table without disturbing the plates and cutlery that lie on top of the cloth. Suddenly the idea clicks for the student. You think, "Aha. That visual image helped him understand. He must be a visual learner." But maybe the example was just a good one and it would have helped any student, or maybe the idea would have clicked for this student after hearing just one more example, visual or not. Why the student understood Newton's first law from the example is ambiguous, and it is only your tendency to interpret ambiguous situations in ways that confirm what you already believe that led you to identify the student as a visual learner (Figure 5). The great novelist Tolstoy put it this way: "I know that most men, including those at ease with problems of the greatest complexity, can seldom accept the simplest and most obvious truth if it be such as would oblige them to admit the falsity of conclusions which they have proudly taught to others, and which they have woven, thread by thread, into the fabrics of their life".1
I've gone into a lot of detail about the visual-auditory-kinesthetic theory because it is so widely believed, even though psychologists know that the theory is not right. What I have said about this theory goes for all of the other cognitive styles theories as well. The best you can say about any of them is that the evidence is mixed.
Earlier I drew an important distinction between styles and abilities. In this section I've addressed cognitive styles—biases or tendencies to think or learn in a particular way. In the next section I discuss abilities and how we should think about differences in them among students.


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Fan vs. Wild3/29/2010 12:14:00 AM Man vs. Wild where Bear Grylls pits himself against nature in dangerous situations to teach viewers how to survive. I really admire Bear and am more than a little jealous at all of the fun he has doing the show. Check out the Bear Grylls Survival Manual to learn some of his tricks or Bear's Blog to follow his adventures.
Bear is somewhat of a hero to me, and I have always secretly wanted to be his sidekick. Well, now is my chance. The Fan vs. Wild contest will let four amateur adventurers compete in a "wilderness boot camp" for a chance to join Bear on a episode of Man vs. Wild later this year. From the Men's Journal announcement:
If you fancy yourself an adventurer, you're in luck. From now until April 30, you can enter for a chance to be one of four guys to take part in a wilderness boot camp led by Bear Grylls. If selected, your summer adventures — and inevitable mishaps — will be filmed from a remote location. Before your television debut, however, you'll first have to prove yourself to a group of pro athlete mentors, as well as Grylls himself, as they assess your ability to cope with the challenges set before you.
In August, the world will watch you test your limits on a web series at www.FanVsWild.com. No sense in being bashful though — something tells us that the fear of public scrutiny will be the least of your worries once left to your own devices in the wild. This fall, one of the winning four will be featured in a special one-hour episode Fan vs. Wild on Discovery.
Visit www.FanVsWild.com to submit a photo and essay explaining why adventure is in your blood, and why you're the best candidate for the show.
If I can survive that, astronaut training should be a piece of cake! Naturally, I submitted an application. I only had 1000 characters to tell them why they should select me, so I hope I was convincing. We were allowed to submit one photo, so I made a collage of my adventures:
The promotion is sponsored by Degree Men. The commercial for the Fan vs. Wild contest is below:
Could this be my next adventure? Stay tuned to find out. Today is my seventh wedding anniversary, so I hope lucky number seven helps me earn a seat in the Fan vs. Wild competition.
5 comments:
- Amnon I. Govrin said...
Go Brian! I have never seen the show but I heard about it. Is it about eating tree bark and fire ants in order to survive?
- 29 March, 2010 13:11
- brian said...
He eats some pretty unappetizing things on each show to illustrate what it takes to survive. Tree bark and fire ants would be among the more palatable options.
- 29 March, 2010 17:12
- Norman Copeland said...
It would be a great opportunity for NASA's workman sector to watch a future astronaut going through the trials and tribulations of a survival test.
It would be great for all people interested in space exploration and give a significant boost to the developing american economy useing it's influence for the good of America and helping NASA continue it's legendary status!!!
[If the programme organisers are watching, I think Brian could do it with a mask on full of Egyptian lotus petals for the entire duration of the test...Lol...]
- 30 March, 2010 02:07
- nsie said...
merci pour tous !! des gens comme toi il en faut!!
- 11 April, 2010 11:22
Oooh - yes! I think you would be excellent at this! I wish you much luck!
- 12 April, 2010 11:33
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Art, it has been often commented, is supported by a scaffold of discourse - in the same way in this century wine, food, fashion and of course chocolate has been. We put these things on a pedestal, distance ourselves from it. hold it up for admiration and allure, increase it's value by limiting those who "understand", or those who can afford access. What happens when the scaffold is removed? What is left? With chocolate at least we have something to eat.
With "Schokolade in der…Continue
Added by Warren Laine-Naida on September 24, 2010 at 3:42am — No Comments
The chocolate sculptural canvas begins with the chocolate block. 6 sculptures are broken down, melted and reformed into four blocks.
These are the building blocks, the canvas, now the palimpsest of the chocolate sculptures. They too are photographed out of doors.
There is a completion of the circle of my sculpture's creation and a return to the simplicity of texture, form and…
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WHEN: Thursday, Friday and Saturday – March 27, 28 & 29, 2014
Thursday 10AM to 7PM, Friday 10AM to 5PM, Saturday 9AM to 2PM
WHERE: The Circuit Center (IBEW Circuit Center),
Five Hot Metal Street, The South Side, Pittsburgh PA 15203
(Allegheny County Pennsylvania Quilt Shows.)
DESCRIPTION: Annual quilt show sponsored by the Three Rivers Quilters Guild with more than 100 quilts on display, quilts for sale, demonstrations, quilt-related vendors, food and more.
Vendors Wanted!
See Website for vendor information.
WEBSITE: http://www.threeriversquilters.org/
Webpage for this event: http://www.threeriversquilters.org/quiltshow.html


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9/11 Interview with Professor Dr. James H. Fetzer
With respect to the tenth aniversary of the appalling attack against the American People, the People of the World, their lives, and liberty, we draw attention to the following interview with Professor Dr. James H. Fetzer. Radio Interview with Professor … Continue reading
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Dale Weronke, 49, Stevens Point, died unexpectedly Friday, March 22, 2013, after a battle with ill health over the years.
A celebration of life service will be held at 7 p.m. Wednesday at the Shuda Funeral Chapel in Stevens Point.
Visitation will be at the funeral chapel from 4 p.m. Wednesday until the service.
Condolences may be offered online at www.shudafuneral.com.
Mr. Weronke was born Feb. 10, 1964, in Stevens Point, a son of the late William and Lucille (Klopotek) Weronke. He graduated from Stevens Point Area Senior High School in 1982.
He was married to Colleen Kluck on Feb. 26, 1986, in Stevens Point.
He last worked for Judges Cleaners as a truck driver.
Survivors include his wife; three children, Jacy, Dane and Tiana; three brothers, William, Richard and Brian "Rex;" one sister, Dawn Schultz; and three grandsons.


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The city of Franklin, Tenn. found a unique way to blend a parks sports facility with urban forestry by incorporating a low-impact disc-golf course into an underutilized area within a park. Located on the east side of town, Liberty Park is 75 acres with heavily wooded land in the back 15 acres. With elevation changes of 100 to 200 feet and uneven terrain, the city's parks department envisioned a disc-golf course as a great use for the area. With the …
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Great Year
The term Great Year has a variety of related meanings. It is defined by NASA as "The period of one complete cycle of the equinoxes around the ecliptic, about 25,800 years […] also known as [a] Platonic Year."[1] One complete cycle of the equinoxes here means one complete cycle of axial precession, this precession was known to Plato, who defined the "perfect year" as the return of the celestial bodies (planets) and the diurnal rotation of the fixed stars (circle of the Same) to their original positions, from his studying in Egypt for 13 years.[2] Cicero followed Plato in defining the Great Year as a combination of solar, lunar and planetary cycles [3] (61 XX) Nicholas Campion writes of "periods of History, analogous to the solar year, known as 'Great Years' " [4]
Plato's description of the perfect year is found in his dialogue Timaeus
And so people are all but ignorant of the fact that time really is the wanderings of these bodies, bewilderingly numerous as they are and astonishingly variegated. It is none the less possible, however, to discern that the perfect number of time brings to completion the perfect year at that moment when the relative speeds of all eight periods have been completed together and, measured by the circle of the Same that moves uniformly, have achieved their consummation."[5]
In De Natura Deorum, Cicero wrote
On the diverse motions of the planets the mathematicians have based what they call the Great Year," which is completed when the sun, moon and five planets having all finished their courses have returned to the same positions relative to one another. The length of this period is hotly debated, but it must necessarily be a fixed and definite time." [3]
By extension, the term "Great Year" can also be used for any concept of eternal return in the world's mythologies or philosophies. Otto Neugebauer wrote
"The difficulty with the term "great year" lies in its ambiguity. Almost any period can be found sometime or somewhere honored with this name." [6]
Macrobius in his commentary on Cicero's Somnium Scipiones states that 'the philosophers' reckon the Great Year as 15,000 years.[7] (p. 97) Censorinus wrote that Aristarchus of Samos reckoned a Great Year of 2484 years: it has been argued that this is a miscopying of 2434, which represents 15 Exeligmos cycles.[7] (p. 96) [8] (p. 6)
The Platonic Year in origin would seem to have no connection with this concept (as the precession of the equinox was unknown to Europe in Plato's time).[9] and two centuries after Plato, Hipparchus is credited with discovering the period of equinox precession, and the term "Great Year" eventually came to be applied to the period of that precession caused by the slow gyration of the Earth's axis. However, like most Greek scholars and servants of antiquity, Hipparchus conducted his studies in Egypt, just as Plato had, specifically at the library of Alexandria and therefore actually "rediscovered" the Precession which was actually recorded and common scientific knowledge in Egyptian systems.[10]
The Ptolemies had systematically collected all they could of the educational and learned papyrus and housed them in the library. This collection comprised over 700,000 volumes and contained manuscripts from all over the world. It was the collection of scientific manuscripts that were the most impressive and were the impetus for the knowledge that Plato, Pythagoras, Hipparchus and others carried back to Greece and other parts, claiming or being credited with them, though the knowledge existed long before.[11][12][13]
Some time around the middle of the second century BC, the astronomer Hipparchus discovered that the fixed stars as a whole gradually shifted their position in relation to the annually determined locations of the Sun at the equinoxes and solstices... Otto Neugebauer argued that Hipparchus in fact believed that this [36,000 years] was the maximum figure and that he also computed the true rate of one complete precession cycle at just under 26,000 years...[4]
It is argued that the confusion originates with the astronomer Ptolemy, who "adopted the larger, erroneous, figure, with the result that henceforth the two versions of the Great Year — the Platonic Great Year, defined by the planets, and the precessional, defined by the stars — were to be increasingly confused."[4] Ptolemy has been accused of committing scientific fraud by making up observations that would give the figure of 36,000 years even though the data available to him were good enough to get very near the true figure of 26,000.[14]
More accurate, though, is the contention that Greek Scholars such as Plato and Pythagoras are credited with the introduction of knowledge that, though far advanced from anything Greece had, they did not fully understand. Plato wants to put forth knowledge and deal with astronomy, but does not want to compromise himself and since they are not his discoveries, he deals in vague abstracts or slightly skewed information. Such as in the Timaeus which is so hugely inspired by the Heliopolitan cosmogony that he actually reproduces sentences from the Egyptian text without citing where they came from. Pythagoras goes even further, studying for 22 years in Egypt, absorbing all the information and knowledge that he can from the metempsychosis or transmigration of souls down to the "Pythagorean theorem" which are simple restatements of Egyptian concepts and scientific knowledge such that Herodotus refers to Pythagoras as nothing more than a vulgar plagiarist of his Egyptian teachers.[11][12][15]
With the true nature of the confusion and errata identified, we can turn back to the accurate information and true source of the knowledge of the Great Year, Egypt. It was the astronomer Biot who was the first in modern times to recognize or acknowledge that the Egyptians had discovered the Precession aka the Great Year. This acknowledgement was further corroborated by major authorities such as Norman Lockyer, a renowned astronomer and discoverer of helium, who was able to provide further evidence by demonstrating that all of the important Egyptian temples were precisely oriented to the major northern and southern stars and star groups and therefore the Egyptians had to have known of the Precession. Gerald Massey and R.A. Schwaller de Lubicz confirmed Biot and Lockyer's findings, and then 20th Century scientific authorities, Giorgio de Santillana and Livio Stechinni further corroborated these findings.[16][17][18]
Probably the clearest and best evidence of the Egyptian knowledge of the Great Year is the zodiac of the Temple of Hathor at Denderah, built in 100 B.C.E. during the Hellenistic domination. Because of the date of its construction, Egyptologists originally believed that the Egyptian zodiac was derived from the Greek. However, it was discovered that the present stonework was constructed over the foundation of a previous temple that dated to 1600 B.C.E. proving that the rebuilding of the temple with its original zodiac establishes the Egyptian as preceding the Greek. The zodiac, which was originally inscribed in a second floor chapel within the temple, is held in the Louvre and contains the most solid empirical information:
The mythological figures representing the constellations are entwined in two circles—one around the north pole and one around the pole of the ecliptic. Where these two circles intersect marks the point of the equinox, or due east. The zodiac thus becomes a calendar going back to remote antiquity.
A line due east, which runs between the end of the Ram and the beginning of Pisces, indicates the time when the temple was rebuilt, about 100 B.C. An earlier line runs right through the Ram, indicating a date about 1600 B.C. at the heigh of Amonian domination, during the Twelfth Dynasty.[19]
What this makes clear, is that Egyptian knowledge of the zodiac and the Precession must predate the Greek rather than the other way around. In fact, Lockyer believed the 1600 construction ACTUALLY represents the first re-building of the temple, and that it was originally constructed in 3200 B.C.[13][20] Nile Valley astronomers were obviously firmly aware of the Precession at the start of the historical period and had used this knowledge to create a calendar that measured millennia versus days, months, and years...a calendar which we know as the Great Year.
To further understand the Egyptian origin, we must clarify from the concepts that have adopted this term, what the Great Year is. Finch describes:
What exactly is the Great Year? It is determined by the Precession of the Equinoxes, itself a function of the 23 1/2 degree tilt of the earth's axis. This tilt give us two north poles, the magnetic north pole defined by the earth's tilted northern axis and the vertical north pole, sometimes referred to as True North or the north pole of the ecliptic. Parenthetically we might note that two-thirds of this axial tilt is caused by the gravitational pull of the moon and the other third by that of the sun. This 23 1/2 degrees of tilt gives the earth a wobbling motion, like a spinning top, as it rotates and revolves around the sun. As a result of this wobble, the magnetic north pole describes a slow, retrograde circle around the north pole of the ecliptic. Over the slow course of time, this means that the position of the equinoxes against the background of stars gradually shifts in a counter-clockwise movement and the pole-star itself is displaced for another. It takes between 25,860 and 25, 920 years for the earth's axis to complete this circle. This is the Great Year and the apparent retrograde movement of the equinoxes relative to the circle of constellations represents the Precession. Once this was discovered after untold centuries of painstaking observation by pre-historic Kamite astronomer priests, the heavenly circle was divided into 12 arcs, each dominated by a constellation associated with a mythic type. Since most of these astro-mythic types were animals, the term "zodiac" from "zoion" meaning "animal" was given to this celestial circle by the Greeks. Each of the 12 arcs of the Precessional circle represents a "month" of 2155-2160 years in the Great Year of nearly 26,000 years. Each "month" constitutes an "age" and each age is dominated thematically by its own astro-mythic typology. Since the great zodiacal clock moves continuously and the equinoxes shift from age to age, the elements of astro-mythology change pari passu[13]
What this helps put into context is the symbolism of the times influenced by the astronomical phenomenon. Such as worship going from a golden calf to a lamb of god to a fisher of men: Taurus to Aries to Pisces—in retrograde. It even is remarked in song such as the Fifth Dimension's famous line about the dawning of the Age of Aquarius. More importantly, though, the Great Year provides the evidence that Egyptian civilization predates all other civilizations and that based on the chronology of Manetho which starts at 36,766 B.C. and charts 36,525 years until the time of his writing his history in 241 B.C. It is also virtually identical to the start of the previous Great Year in the Age of Leo at 36,768 B.C., the most recent one commenced around 10858 B.C.,[21] and this other evidence that the Egyptian dynastic period actually begins between 4400-4200 B.C.[13] and that remote Afro-Kamitic ancestors who would have passed this knowledge onto the Egyptians, had discovered and been studying this phenomenon for as much as 39,000 years ago according to Massey.[22][23]
Having clarified the Great Year, we can return to the "confusion" and accusations of "fraud" around Ptolemy's observations and a period of 36,000 years as a measurement of the Great Year to show that this confusion is nothing more than scholars not fully understanding the work of the Egyptians and choosing the simplest explanation versus seeking out true answers. Due to their advance knowledge, the Egyptians devised three calendars: solar, lunar and stellar, all based on the movements of astronomical bodies. They had tracked the lunar cycle which led to the lunar calendar of 354 days which still determines the Muslim calendar. They had measured their solar calendar at 365 days, but being practical, used 360 days for the conventional year, adding 5 epagomenal days to complete it. The Egyptians knew the earth was round and took an elliptical path around the sun and therefore struck the balance because of the 360 degrees in a geometric circle and the subsequent divisions from this number.[17]
Subsequent to these calendars, two other precise measurements solidified the final piece: the solar year measured from solstice to solstice at 365.24219 days and the year measurement based on the heliacal rising of Sirius at 365.25636 days also known as the Sothic or sidereal calendar. The phenomenon this was based on was the annual appearance of Sirius at the latitude of Thebes in Upper Egypt just before dawn at the summer solstice. Within 20 days after this rising, the Nile flooding would occur. Sirius became known as the herald of the sun, announcer of the flood and harbinger of the New Year. They rounded off this "tropical year" at the mean between the two measurements settling on 365 1/4 days. This meant that the 365 day civil calendar used by the Egyptians diverged in retrograde, recoinciding with the true year every 1460 years, which became known as the Sothic cycle.[13]
Once this is taken into account as well as the fact that Manetho's chronology spans 36,525 it suggests a secondary "Great Year" measured as the chronology which is the equivalent of 25 cycles the Sothic year of 1461 years. This, some scholars believe, that the Egyptians were operating under two different synchronized Great Years overlaid on the history of Manetho. This may have been lost over time in or discarded in favor of the standard Precession.
Other ideas still emerged for concept and debate.
Josephus refers to a 'Great Year' (Ancient Greek: μέγας ἐνιαυτός) of 600 years.[24] (ch.4)
God afforded them a longer time of life on account of their virtue, and the good use they made of it in astronomical and geometrical discoveries, which would not have afforded the time of foretelling [the periods of the stars] unless they had lived six hundred years; for the great year is completed in that interval.[24]
It has been suggested that he obtained this value from Berossos who reckoned time in intervals of 60, 600 and 3600 years.[25]
Isaac Newton determined the cause of precession and established the rate of precession at 1 degree per 72 years, very close to the true value, thus demonstrating the magnitude of the error in the value of 1 degree per century.[26] (letter 17)
Walter Cruttenden wrote of the Great Year
Some people called it the Yuga cycle, others called it the Grand cycle and others the Perfect Year...But the most common name found in use from ancient Europe to ancient China, was simply the Great Year".[27]
See also[edit]
- ^ "Aerospace Science and Technonlogy Dictionary G Section". Hq.nasa.gov. 1989-10-18. Retrieved 2014-03-02.
- ^ Cheikh Anta Diop, "Civilization or Barbarism" (Lawrence Hill Books, 1991), p.345.
- ^ a b "Full text of "De natura deorum; Academica; with an English translation by H. Rackham"". Archive.org. Retrieved 2014-03-02.
- ^ a b c Nicholas Campion, "The Great Year: Astrology, Millenarianism and History in the Western Tradition" (Arkana/Penguin Books, 1994), p. 6.
- ^ Plato, Timaeus 39d, in John M. Cooper (ed.), "Plato: Complete Works" (Hackett Publishing Company, 1997), p. 1243
- ^ Neugebauer O., (1975)A History of Ancient mathematical astronomy, Birkhäuser, p.618
- ^ a b Stars, Mind & Fate: Essays in Ancient and Mediaeval Cosmology by J. D. North. Books.google.co.uk. Retrieved 2014-03-02.
- ^ http://www.dioi.org/vols/wb1.pdf
- ^ William Harris Stahl, "Macrobius: Commentary on the Dream of Scipio" (Columbia University Press, 1952), p. 21
- ^ ,de Santillana, G and von Deschend H., "Hamlet's Mill" (David R. Godine., 1977), p.66-7.
- ^ a b Cheikh Anta Diop, "Civilization or Barbarism" (Lawrence Hill Books, 1991), p.344-6.
- ^ a b Strabo, "Geographie", Book XVII, 1,29
- ^ a b c d e Charles S. Finch III, MD, "Echoes of the Old Darkland" (Khenti, Inc., 1991), p.120-1.
- ^ R.R.Newton, "The Authenticity of Ptolemy's star data" ([1])
- ^ A letter supposedly from Thales to Pherecydes, cited by Diogenes Laertius (Vies, Doctrines et sentences de philosophes illustres, p. 59)
- ^ Lockyer, JN, "The Dawn of Astronomy" (The MIT Press, 1894, 1964)
- ^ a b Tompkins, P. "Secrets of the Great Pyramid" (Harper and Row, 1971), p.113, 211
- ^ Massey, G. "Ancient Egypt" (Samuel Weiser, Volume II, 1970), p.525-628.
- ^ Tompkins, P. "Secrets of the Great Pyramid" (Harper and Row, 1971), p.173-4
- ^ Lockyer, JN, "The Dawn of Astronomy" (The MIT Press, 1894, 1964), p141, 212-3
- ^ Waddel,WG. translator "Manetho" (Harvard University Press, 1940, 1980)
- ^ Massey, G. "Ancient Egypt" (Samuel Weiser, Volume II, 1970), p.582.
- ^ Massey, G. "Lectures" (Samuel Weiser, Inc. 1974), p.8.
- ^ a b http://www.sacred-texts.com/jud/josephus/ant-1.htm
- ^ Josephus, Jewish Antiquities, Loeb, p.1, note a,
- ^ "Internet History Sourcebooks". Fordham.edu. Retrieved 2014-03-02.
- ^ Walter Cruttenden, "Lost Star of Myth and Time" (St. Lynn's Press, 2006), p.xix–xx.
Boris Cristoff proved that duration in his book "El destino de la humanidad" (Barcelona, editorial Martínez Roca, 1981; colección "Fontana Fantástica").
Callatay G. de, Annus Platonicus, a study of worldcycles in Greek Latin and Arabian sources, Publication de l'Institut Orientaliste de Louvain #47, Louvain, 1996
Nicholas Campion, "The Great Year" (book)
Walter Cruttenden, "The Great Year" (documentary film)-->