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TPF is born in 1991 through the integration of three companies (Econoler and the engineering consultancies Geocal and E + I).
Originally, it mainly focused on energy and third party financing, i.e. the realisation and the financing of investments in energy efficiency. From this concept, which was very innovative at the time, its name was created.
While maintaining its core business, TPF has rapidly developed on the engineering market. Over the years, thanks to a series of acquisitions, the group has expanded abroad and today is among the most important multidisciplinary firms active in this sector.
TPF, the headquarter of which is found in Belgium, is now established in 40 countries.
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Rethinking Integration at the University
Dr. Stewart, an Associate Professor of English at Dalhousie University in Halifax, Nova Scotia, has penned a pointed critique of the university system and the challenges evident in integration at post secondary institutions. He wants the book to make a productive contribution to the way people think about issues related to diversity hiring in universities and issues of diversity more broadly. "The students we teach will be in positions to hire other people at some point in their lives," he says. "My hope is that those students will gain some practice in dealing with these issues constructively and see diversity hiring not just as noblesse oblige on their parts, but as the more general benefit and ethical practice that I know it to be."
Dr. Stewart suggests that his book is the result of his thinking about and observing the way "the academy" continues to look, in spite of 20 years' worth of equity polices. He also notes that seeing a black President of the United States invites us to rethink many of the ideas we've held about who holds positions of power, authority, and influence in society.
"My argument is that we as a profession and as a professional class within Canadian society should bring the same creativity, intelligence, and honest consideration to this important issue that we do with the other aspects of our careers," he adds. "I am an optimistic person, and believe that the situation can improve and that everyone in the university, and in society more widely, will benefit from such improvements. But I'm not kidding myself into thinking that such change will be easy or without its opponents."Dr. Stewart is quick to point out that book is not an attempt to lay blame, but it is a challenge to the university system to "walk the walk" instead of merely continuing to "talk the talk". "These are not problems that will fix themselves by our pretending they don't exist," he says. "My hope is that my book will give people a vocabulary with which to think about these issues in ways that won't necessarily alleviate people's discomfort about these issues, but so that people will be able to be more honest about what the university does to maintain its present composition, and how that might change."


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Thursday, February 16, 2012
Eggshell Bistro
8 comments:
Sounds wonderful!ReplyDelete
- Andrea V.February 16, 2012 at 9:23 AM
I hate it when restaurants don't post a menu on the website. It sounds like an interesting place.ReplyDelete
I wonder why their urban spoon score is so bad. Maybe people finding something different than they expected?ReplyDelete
Andrea, you can see the menu on their facebook page..ReplyDelete
Brent, not sure. This is definitely not your standard Denny's breakfast place so maybe. The service is also a little slow. (or was when I was there).
I dined there over Super Bowl weekend (post to be up on Monday!) and I thought it was adorable. Shabby chic is definitely a great way to describe it. My food was scrumptious, but yes, service was a little slow on our end too. I brought my parents there, and my dad was definitely not used to something like this. But he liked the flavors, just left a bit hungrier than if we had dined somewhere else.ReplyDelete
- Jessica in NoblesvilleFebruary 19, 2012 at 9:31 PM
I had to scroll down quite a bit on their facebook page to find their menu, and it's a photo in one of their wall posts. There's something a little annoying about that. Their web site is sooo trendy ... I can read a quote by Virginia Woolf, I can learn about a chair from France, but I can't find their menu? Makes me worried that it's more shabby chic than substance.ReplyDelete
City Nom Noms, look forward to your post.ReplyDelete
Jessica, I agree. It is tough to see their menu, even on facebook, which is annoying for a restaurant...I have seriously considered doing a special part of the review just of the website (or lack thereof)
Great food! Had and recommend the sweet potato hash and also the pork belly sandwich. Perfect portion size in my opinion for the setting. Coffee is made by the cup, it appears expensive, but best real coffee I have had in indiana. Give it a try!ReplyDelete
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If don't want to log in to one of the options, simply click on the "name/url" option and type in a name. You don't need to enter a url.
Thanks, Erin


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That long take was AMAZING!
Best comment evah!
Why didn't the Charlie and the Chocolate Factory song get put it. I was crying from laughter.
At first, I thought it was a sequel to "Citizen Kane", "Susan, what's with all the f@#%ing puzzles?!" Then it really got disturbing when you found Jay & Jessie playing dress-up, "No, it isn't what it looks like". The last part made me think about my own ex-wife — she killed herself too. She fell on a knife — 27 times… If only 'I' had a basement.
Agreed, it was brilliant improv.
↑ Back to Top


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« Future Previews Nicki Minaj 'Rockstar' Collaboration
Video: Machine Gun Kelly – 'State of Mind (Freestyle)' »
Keyshia Cole and R. Kelly Hit the Studio
Keyshia Cole and R. Kelly are cooking up a new collaboration. The R&B superstars hit the studio this week to work on her new album.
The "Rick James" singer posted a photo of her and Kellz in the lab on Tuesday night. Kellz wears a "King" hat and smokes a cigar, while Keyshia makes a heart shape with her hands.
"#Studio wit Kellz @RKelly #WhenAWomansFedUp type shit #Music," tweeted Keyshia, who previously collaborated with R. Kelly on "Best Friend" for 2007′s Double Up.
She hinted on Twitter that her new album may be called Point of No Return and will feature Birdman, Future, Wale, and Juicy J. During her trip to Miami, she also logged studio time with Scott Storch.
"Now I see why ya'll miss me so much! I used to spit that shit," she told her fans. "This is the first album I wrote pretty much by myself since A Different Me, and I freestyled all the ones I sung!"
In between working on his next album White Panties, R. Kelly will hit the road with Tamar Braxton this spring.
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locate a little more hope(It's at your favorite grocery store!)
enjoy hope foods? join the hopefuls!(That means your email = free stuff!)
You're bold and honest, and your food should be too. That's why HOPE Foods is the one for you—on top of creative and delicious flavor combos, we make food that is always organic, gluten-free, vegan and kosher.
important hopefilled news:
September 2014 - Progressive Grocer awards HOPE Sriracha Hummus as a 2014 Editor's Pick.
August 27, 2014 -HOPE achieves SQF CERTIFICATION and The Seattle PI publishes write-up about the achievement.


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General Dentistry
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The Digital Divide at a Glance
- 200 million more men have access to the Internet than women
- 41% of men worldwide are connected to the Internet, compared to 37% of women
- Bringing 600 million additional women and girls online could boost global GDP by up to US$13-18 billion.
- Women worldwide are an estimated 21% less likely to own a mobile phone.
- In Francophone West Africa, women have 35% fewer opportunities and benefits than
men with regard to ICT.
Nancy Hafkin
- Men in West Africa tended to feel threatened when women used cell phones and accessed the Internet, seeing it as destabilizing to relationships and viewed such unsupervised activity by women as inappropriate.
Nancy Hafkin
- Less than 10% of the Internet users in Guinea and Djibouti are women, less than 20% in Nepal, and less than 25% in India.
Nancy Hafkin
Learn More!
Want to learn more about the Women Weave the Web Campaign? You've come to the right place! Take a look at this page to get answers to all of the questions you may have about Wold Pulse's Digital Action Campaign. If you are looking for more general information on our Campaigns, please see our What is a Campaign? page.
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By participating, you will be joining a global community of women speaking out on the importance of digital inclusion and empowerment for women. Your voice will be delivered to powerful decision makers such as government officials, leaders in the technology industry, and policy makers at international organizations. In addition to influencing global agendas, your submission to the campaign will open the door to incredible opportunities such as:
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Anyone and everyone interested in supporting women's empowered access to the Internet is welcome to participate! Register for, or Log In to your Online Community account and follow the instructions on our How to Participate page to learn how to submit to the Campaign.
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The WWW: Women Weave the Web Campaign will have three phases, which follow the journey of women connecting online:
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text:
Klinefelter Syndrome and Associates
National Institute of Child Health & Human Development
Canadian Psychiatric Association
Canadian Psychological Association
Bacino, CA, Lee, B. Sex Chromosome Aneuploidy. In: Kliegman:
Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics
. 19th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: WB Saunders; 2011.
Klinefelter syndrome. EBSCO DynaMed website. Available at:
. Updated April 27, 2011. Accessed October 11, 2011.
Klinefelter syndrome. Klinefelter Syndrome and Associates website. Available at:
. Updated February 2007. Accessed July 22, 2008.
Larsen PR.
Williams Textbook of Endocrinology.
10th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders; 2003.
Understanding Klinefelter syndrome. National Institute of Child Health & Human Development website. Available at:
Updated August 2006. Accessed July 22, 2008.
This content is reviewed regularly and is updated when new and relevant evidence is made available. This information is neither intended nor implied to be a substitute for professional medical advice. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health provider prior to starting any new treatment or with questions regarding a medical condition.
Copyright ©
All rights reserved.


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in New Music Video
…and we LOVE IT!!
So, Miley Cyrus has vamped up her new "Pink meets Rihanna" performance with this new video called "Wrecking Ball" in which Miley Cyrus gets completely butt ass naked!! Which forces up to ask the question.
Is Miley Cyrus the New Fiercest Bitch In The GAME?
Judging by these images?
These images prove a lot of things in our opinion. The main one being that Miley Cyrus wants to make it perfectly clear to each and every one of her fans, that Hannah Montana is dead!
Personally? We respect that a lot. Nobody wants to be type-cast as a sugary sweet country girl who can do no wrong for their entire lives. Who the hell could possibly live up to those standards? Yes, Miley Cyrus is nude in this video Wrecking Ball. Yes, Miley Cyrus is giving a hammer head. Yes, I'm going to masturbate profusely when I am done writing this article. However, let's make one thing crystal clear. The lyrics are actually very emotional, very mature, and do have a sense of honesty within them. In other words, it really does sound like a real song once you get past the shock and masturbatorial imagery of the video.


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We're moving!
The Whitney is closed in preparation for the opening of our new building downtown on May 1, 2015.Explore the building
Support the Whitney
Become a founding member today.Join now
Join us every week for artist's talks with the performers in Christian Marclay: Festival. Halvorson will perform following the talk.
This event is free with Museum admission; no special tickets or reservations are required.


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My son Derek Olivas and I were looking at the geese out near the beeches in Rome, NY. Last week I saw the momma goose protecting her eggs and figured this week would be close to the time the eggs would hatch. Come to find out, there were 3 mother geese, each having laid 6 eggs for a total of 18 gosslings. So Derek took pictures of each set of 6. He's quite the photographer at age 12 (almost 13).
Mother Goose and her Gosslings
By: COLORADOKID66Subscribe Channel: Pets & Animals Location: Rome, NY
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N.J. Woodturners is a Chapter of the American Asso. of Woodturners
Welcome to the web site for the New Jersey Woodturners association. Please enjoy your visit and feel free to contact us or come and visit us at one of our monthly meetings.
New woodworking photos from Maurice Cohen
Totally Turning 2015 in N.Y., March 28, (Closest Show)
Check their Website for Info and Reservations.
Latest Newsletter
See photos from members and the latest
club information
Celtic Knots
Resource Material
from our June 2014
meeting with
Sharon Doughtie
Check out our June
newsletter too.
Burning Demo
Resource List
Knots from the Far Side
Round Celtic Knots
Square Celtic Knots
Future Symposium Project
Above are the latest details about a new Symposium that Gil discussed at the May
'14 meeting.
Click on the above paragraph (image) to see the full PDF text file.
Ongoing Charity Projects
(Click buttons for information)
Remembering Last Year's - 4th Annual Turners Exchange
Event Title: "A Splash of Color"
• Here are the RULES from last november:
YOUR CHOICE of form (bowl, plate, box, vase, etc.) with maximum diameter or height of - 8". At least ONE coloring embellishment. This can be a minimal area or cover the entire piece. Some enhancements include: painting (acrylic, oil, water color, spray, latex, etc.), dyeing (analine, metallic, leather, etc.), ink (India Ink, permanent markers, Prismacolor® pens, etc.), leafing (gold, metallic, etc.) or whatever else you can come up with!
This should be a lot of fun for everyone involved! Your "masterpiece" should be boxed and wrapped – anonymously! After all participants have opened their "gifts" the makers will then talk about their pieces ~ (think "Show and Tell")...............
Past Mtg: April 22, 2013
Steve Antonucci gives presentation on Bowl Turning
Club Information
The purpose of the NJW is to promote woodturning education of the membership and the general public and to generate a broader understanding of woodturning as an art form.
|Quick Links
|Current Newsletter
What's New from Our Club Members (items will remain in the list for a month, or so):
Around the World (links and items related to wood and woodturning):
Technical and Learning
Ron Brown's Pearls (Turners Reference Guide). Here's enough woodturning information to fill a book but it's been reduced to a single page.
Permission provided by Wayne Sutter of Woodline USA.
Here's the cracked
Demonstration Checklist
Notification: Want to get notified when this site is updated, e-mail me and I'll add you to the list. (Note: your e-mail address won't be distributed to others or used for any other purpose)
Website Errors: If you discover a technical error on the web site, please e-mail me about it.
Disclaimer: We include names and addresses of some commercial companies in these pages. These vendors have been used by some of our members and are provided for informational use only, it is not an official endorsement of the vendors. Neither the NJW, AAW, or the webmaster will be held responsible for any problems that may arise as a result of you contacting any of these companies.Go to Top


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Cruise industry mogul Micky Arison saw his net worth plunge by more than a billion dollars in 2011, ranking him among the "biggest losers" of the year, according to wealth watcher Forbes.
The Miami-based billionaire, who owns a controlling stake in cruise giant Carnival Corp., is one of five titans of finance and industry to make the business magazine's new biggest losers list, out today.
A nearly 30% drop in Carnival stock over the past year led to a $1.3 billion decline in Arison's net worth, to $4.5 billion, Forbes says.
RELATED: In milestone, Carnival adds 100th ship
GALLERY: The ships of Carnival Cruise Lines
Other billionaires on the Forbes list include legendary investor Warren Buffett and Oracle founder Larry Ellison, both of whom also suffered declines in net worth due to falling stock prices.
Founded by the Arison family in 1972 with a single ship, Carnival Corp. has grown into the world's largest cruise company. It operates more than 100 vessels spread among nearly a dozen brands including Carnival, Princess, Holland America and Cunard.
Arison ranked No. 169 on Forbes' 2011 list of the world's richest people.
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Problems in Hodge Park
Roxbury contending with abuse of public riverfront land
ROXBURY — First Selectman Barbara Henry wants people to enjoy the town's parks. But only up to a point.
"When we have people visiting our parks who defecate in beach towels and leave it behind for us to clean up, we're not interested in having them back," Henry said.
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blue star wrote on Aug 31, 2012 5:57 PM:
" I would urge immediate action on this. A sign must be posted in a prominent location stating, " Absolutely no defecating in beach towels, and leaving it behind. This means you"
A Town ordinance should be passed to this effect. "
A Town ordinance should be passed to this effect. "
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Sign in to digital edition
Monday 22 Dec 2014
By Edward Frankel. Market, Issue 233, March 2012Published online: 13 March 2012
French police investigating the forgery of works by Jean Prouvé arrested a 42-year-old man in Paris in January for the sale and manufacture of fakes.
The case came to light after three leading gallerists bought alleged Prouvé furniture from an auction at Artcurial in April 2008. The galleries, Jousse Entreprise, Galerie Patrick Seguin and Galerie Downtown-François Laffanour, paid a total of €220,000 for their separate acquisitions of a table and two chairs from the "Modern Design for Living" auction. The dealers had "expressed reservations about the objects" before the sale, according to François Laffanour, who says that their concerns were "dismissed by Artcurial and its experts, Fabien Naudan and Félix Marcilhac, who assured us that the furniture and its documentation would be included in the fourth edition of Peter Sulzer's forthcoming Prouvé monograph". This documentation, including photographs and letters claiming to prove date and provenance, also appeared in Artcurial's sale catalogue. Marcilhac and Naudan, who is an associate director at Artcurial, declined to comment. Unconvinced, the dealers hired a number of specialists and also sent the works to a laboratory in Paris where the pieces were analysed and found to be fake. The gallerists filed a joint complaint in May 2009 with the French Central Office for the Fight Against the Trafficking of Cultural Goods (OCBC). The head of the police department, Colonel Stéphane Gauffeny, issued an order to place the suspect under surveillance on 12 January this year, and subsequently arrested him on 18 January. The suspect is referred to by police as Abdelhakim B, but cannot be named in full because the investigation is ongoing. In addition to the faked works sold at auction, French authorities seized a number of chairs, a trapeze table and various other pieces from the suspect's premises in Paris. He is charged with the counterfeiting of intellectual property and the forgery and use of private documents, as well as involvement in organised crime. He has been forbidden from leaving the country until the case goes to trial, Gauffeny says. Several other people were also arrested, but released without charge. The dealers hope to "bring to a stop these types of criminal activities, which are detrimental to the positive impact that collectors have on the art market", Patrick Seguin says. Laffanour says they want to make sure that the artist's oeuvre "on which we have spent considerable time, energy and resources, is respected". Prices for Prouvé have been rising since the mid-2000s and the three dealers who brought the complaint are at the forefront of the market. Galerie Patrick Seguin sold a series of chairs for $30,000 each at Design Miami in December where Galerie Downtown was showing a massive Prouvé shed, priced at €1m, which sold for an undisclosed price. While an auction record was set at Christie's New York in 2007 when a prototype Maison Tropicale sold for $5m, the vast majority of the biggest Prouvé auction results from the past five years have taken place at Artcurial, including the €1.8m sale of a Structure Nomade last October (est €1.5m-€2m). Abdelhakim B is not the first person to be charged with making fake Prouvé works in recent years. In 2008, six people were arrested in Paris and charged with selling and manufacturing counterfeit Prouvé furniture, as well as works by other modernist designers. "I'd imagine that Prouvé forgeries exist due to the fact that the market is so strong," says Laurence Seguin-Bergerot of Galerie Seguin. "On top of which, the industrial mode of production [of Prouvé furniture] means that the [number] of pieces produced is sometimes difficult to determine." The OCBC's Gauffeny says there may be more forgeries uncovered in Abdelhakim B's home address in Nancy as the investigation continues.
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What we do
E-beeze is a fast-moving mobile apps development and end-to-end solutions provider with a proven track record of quality applications including London 2012 Spogger app, Salsa Spogger app, Ombudsman complaints app, the SignTech app, and more. All our apps involve unique, innovative solutions to application processes and displays focused on resolving your challenges.
Nowadays almost everyone has smartphones or tablets (both in most cases). People use them for everything and there are apps to cater for almost any product or service. They can book cinema tickets, buy groceries, read a book, and check e-mails all via their mobile devices. Many companies, Amazon...
The members of the E-beeze team have set a new goal. We would like to unite salsa lovers in the U.K. by creating the ultimate salsa Web page and mobile app.We're working on a project that will collect data from multiple salsa clubs in the U.K. in order to display their salsa events, weekenders and...


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Grown from the humblest of beginnings, with a small office run by His Excellency
Mohammad Al Zubair in Muttrah Souq, The Zubair Corporation today....
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of Oman has been transforming rapidly since 1970, and The Zubair Corporation has
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PASMED signs MoU with Zubair SEC towards supporting Omani Entrepreneurs
The Public Authority for Small and Medium Enterprises Development (PASMED) signed a memorandum . . .
Zubair SEC Supports Outward Bound Programme in Jabal Al Akhdar
Zubair Small Enterprises Centre (Zubair SEC) recently supported the work of Outward Bound . . .
Zubair SEC extends support to potential entrepreneurs of the ICEM
As part of its mandate to leverage entrepreneurship in the Sultanate, Zubair Small Enterprises Centre (Zubair SEC) has recently signed a Memorandum
Enrolment Opens at International College of Engineering and Management
The International College of Engineering and Management (ICEM) are pleased to announce that Ministry scholarships ...
Z-Corp Supports Workers' Union of the L&T Industrial Constructions Complex in Sohar
The Zubair Corporation recently pledged support for a charitable fund set up by the Worker's Union of the L&T Industrial Construction Complex . . .
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Growing FAQs - the place to start your knowledge search
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Hotels around
Grasshopper Hotel Glasgow Quick description Next to the Central Rail Station, the Grasshopper Hotel...
Artto Hotel Quick description The stylish Artto Hotel offers 4-star bedrooms, free Wi-Fi...
Rennie Mackintosh Hotel - Central Station Quick description Rennie Mackintosh Hotel is located right in the centre of...
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The Grand Central Hotel
|The Grand Central Hotel
|Gordon Street
|G1 3SF Glasgow
|show map
Re-opened in September 2010 after a £20-million refurbishment, this hotel is located at Glasgow Central Station, within Glasgow's shopping district; it boasts a fine restaurant, a champagne bar and 21 meeting rooms for up to 500 guests. The historic building that The Grand Central Hotel occupies dates back to 1883. The hotel has original features including the grand staircase and the magnificent Champagne Central Bar with its domed ceiling and marble floor. The hotel has won several Scottish Hotel awards including the highest accolade Scottish Hotel of the Year 2013. Other awards include Events Hotel of the Year, Regional Wedding venue of the Year and People Manager of the Year. The stylish bedrooms all feature a plasma TV, a laptop safe and an iron. Internet access is available and the first 30 minutes are free. Guests can enjoy a discount on breakfast rates when selected at the time of booking. The elegant Tempus Bar and Restaurant serves both traditional and local specialities, made from seasonal local produce as well as a varied cocktail menu. Deli Central offers fresh, light snacks in a relaxed environment. Princes Square, Argyll Arcade and St. Enoch Centre are all within a 5-minute walk. Glasgow International Airport is 7 miles away.
Important information
The hotel offers discounted 24-hour rates at the Oswald Street NCP car park. The fifth-floor exit of the car park leads directly to the Central Station concourse, where the hotel is located at the far end.


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What is an Économusée?
An ÉCONOMUSÉE...
...is fun! You can learn about a trade people have relied on for aeons, like pottery or spinning yarn or making soap, and you might even get a chance to try your hand at making something yourself!
...is a 'living museum' where you can discover the history of a craft or trade, meet the artisans, and find out first hand how they are adapting traditional know-how to modern needs.
...is an experience. All ÉCONOMUSÉE have a visitor reception area, a bustling workshop, collections of traditional artefacts and contemporary creations, a documentation area where you can sit and read about the craft, and a boutique where you can purchase a piece of living history to take home.
...is high quality. To join the ÉCONOMUSÉE network, all the artisans have met stringent criteria. The handmade products are top quality, the stories are fascinating, and the smiles are broad and welcoming!
"The Mission of the ÉCONOMUSÉE Network is to conserve, develop and present traditional trades in a distinctive manner, and to set-up a country-wide network in order to provide the public with a high quality cultural tourism product."


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Issue 41 2005
Love Laughs at Andy Hardy
By JEFFERY P. DENNIS
The Rise of the Heterosexual Male Adolescent
[1] Prior to the twentieth century, male adolescents were often
presumed children in affect and interests, and thus excused from
heterosexual potential or desire (Maynes, 1992; Stovkis, 1993; Cohen,
1999; Moran, 2000).á Even during the first decades of the twentieth
century, when industrialization, urbanization, and universal higher
education extended adolescence through the teen years and even longer
(Handlin, 1971; Kett, 1977; Palladino 1996), heterosexual desire
was by no means necessary or even common among adolescent boys in
mass culture.á Though the sex-phobia of the Victorian era was fading
gradually in the wake of progressive sex manuals, Freudian psychoanalysis,
and burlesque, the marriage bed was still considered a curse, a
constraint of civilization, along with real estate, automobiles,
liver pills, and lending libraries.á Husbands throughout the popular
culture of the 1920s and 1930s hated their wives, hated the marriage
bed, longed for the escape of poker or bowling with male friends,
and longed for the wild Tom Sawyer freedom of their youth.á
[2] Whatever adolescents were doing in real life, in mass culture
they lived in a homoromantic Eden, forming intimate, sensual bonds
with each other and looking upon the other sex as siblings or children.á
Thus, Jack Armstrong the All-American Boy treated sidekicks Betty
and Buddy with equal regard, and in his movie serial, he rescued
Princess Alura (Claire James) from any number of cliffhangers without
finding her particularly alluring.á Tim Tyler had a sidekick named
Spud in the comics and Lazarre at the movies, but never a girlfriend.á
Mickey Rooney played adolescents a dozen times, in Boys Town,
Slave Ship, The Devil is a Sissy, and Tom Brown's School
Days, bonding aggressively with other boys, notably scrappy
sissy Freddie Bartholomew, but treating girls as sisters or unwelcome
intrusions.á Between 1937 and 1946, wise-cracking juvenile delinquent
Leo Gorcey flirted with girls only twice in thirty-odd movie melodramas,
and Frankie Darro played "woman-hating" teenagers over fifty
times.á Occasionally teenage boys were interested in girls, but
Harold Teen's newspaper antics were overwhelmed by the proliferation
of Rover Boys and Hardy Boys, and for every William Sylvanus Baxter
who gaped at the girl-next-door, a dozen Huck Finns lit out for
the territory.á
[3] As the Depression eased into Wartime, teenagers began to develop
their own social institutions, at least among the middle classes,
with their own norms and values, social structures, hierarchies,
and cultural artifacts (Jackson, 1989; Hine, 1999). During the 1930s,
college enrollment doubled, and the high school graduation rate
increased from 51% to 73%, with concomitant increases in leisure
time, freedom, and disposable income.áá Dating, which originated
among the working classes during the 1920s, seeped into the middle
classes, making marital partner selection a matter of choice rather
than parental mandateá (Hawes, 1997: 24-25). But why should they
select marital partners at all?á Today the impetus might be heterosexual
practice itself, portrayed as "the grail, the ultimate in human
maturity and happiness" (quoted in Katz, 1996: viii).á But in the
1930s, heterosexual practice was still presumed a duty, onerous
but necessary, insufficient to compel the new generation into becoming
husbands and wives. They needed a monster to chase them into the
wedding chapel.
[4] It has become an historical commonplace that challenges to
the male primacy in intellectual, political, and economic pursuits
produced a "homosocial panic" during the last half of the nineteenth
century and the first half of the twentieth (Adam, 1996; Sedgwick,
1990; Katz, 1995:. 89-91; Thomas, 1997).á Homoerotic desire, which
blurred the boundaries between public and private, "masculine" and
"feminine," took on a staggering significance as a threat to the
family, the social order, and civilization itself, resulting in
the construction of a male heteronormativity defined not through
desire for women but through flight from anything that might suggest
desire for men.á By the start of World War II, male heteronormativity
had become securely ensconced as normal and natural.á Heterosexual
desire was inscribed within the very concept of desire itself (Sedgwick,
1990), while homoerotic desire was vilified as, at best, artificial,
infantile, and false, and more often as evidence of psychopathology.
[5] During the Jazz Age and the first years of the Depression,
Hollywood was home to a thriving gay and lesbian community. As long
as actors maintained a minimal heterosexual faþade in their public
lives, they were free to seek each other out at exclusive parties
held by the movie elite, or else cruise the Sunset Boulevard nightclubs
where working-class gays and lesbians, with no careers to lose,
remained true to themselves (Loughery, 1998: 74-79; Mann, 2002;
McClellan, 2000). One is astonished by the many casual references
to the gay/lesbian subculture in the memoirs of actors who were
children or adolescents during the period.á Jackie Cooper recalls
gay rumors centering on his friendship with Wallace Beery (1981:200).á
Frank Coghlan recounts that when he was twenty years old, a costar
(probably the openly gay Dick Hogan) made a pass at him on the set
of Blazing Barriers (1993: 123-124).á Mickey Rooney quotes
from a love letter "Andy Hardy" received from a gay fan in 1940
(1991:199).á Even memoirs predating Stonewall mention gay people
frequently, and often in neutral or positive contexts, as when Leo
Gorcey quips that "most of the sex kings and queens fell in love
everyday the kings fell in love with the kings and the queens
fell in love with the queens" (1967:32).
[6] But as War loomed on the horizon, the era of relative openness
ended.á In 1937, J. Edgar Hoover declared "War on the Sex Criminal,"
meaning mostly gay men, and a psychiatrist named Edmund Bergler
began to publish articles in professional journals and women's magazines
arguing that "inversion" was not a harmless eccentricity, but a
dangerous psychosis. As World War II began, commentators worried
that "perverts"might compromise the Allied war effort,
so tests were initiated to weed out the gay recruits.á In 1942 Philip
Wylie published Generation of Vipers, a bestseller that pinned
the fate of free world on America's ability to produce "manly
men,"that is, straight men, not the weak, girlish milksops
currently being churned out by clinging mothers (Berube, 1990; Terry,
1999: 304-312).á
[7] Adolescents were singled out for special concern, since their
heterosexual desire was still inchoate and developing.á Freud and
the Freudian pop-psychologists warned that boys could move from
latency to "perversion" in any number of ways, through the
deliberate or accidental intervention of parents, teachers, peers,
and strangers on the street.á As Benshoff notes (1997: 139), the
ongoing worry of adults during the period was "whether the boys
would become successful, mature, adult males, and not turn gay along
the way" (cf. Grant, 2001).á The mandate to promote heterosexual
adulthood, plus the need to create a new national character at the
end of the era of isolationism, combined to produce a new "all-American
boy," resourceful, industrious, wisecracking yet serious when it
counted, cautious yet brave when it counted, smart but not an egghead,
sensitive but not a sissy, doting on his mother, obedient to his
father, a big brother to the kids and a pal to his peers.á He was
Protestant, white, middle class, and a small-town resident, written
in opposition to the Roman Catholic, nonwhite, working-class, urban
boy of gangster melodramas.á And, for perhaps the first time in
media history, he was wild about girls.
[8] But his girl-craziness arrived with many difficulties.á At
first it was antithetical to masculinity, a flight into the feminine
to be remedied through intimate same-sex bonds.á Only gradually
did it become a requisite of adolescent masculinity, and the same-sex
bonds a characteristic of boyhood, to be repudiated quickly and
joyfully upon a pubertal "discovery" of girls.
Henry Aldrich
[9] During the War, teenage boys proliferated on the radio.á Many
liked girls û Bud on The Barton Family (1939-42), Joey on
That Brewster Boy (1940-45), Oogie on A Date with Judy
(1941-50), Dexter on Meet Corliss Archer (1943-54) û but
their girl-craziness characterized them as awkward, clumsy, and
timid, as sissies and "namby-pambies" (Nachman, 1998: 215). Perhaps
the most famous, Henry Aldrich, began his career as a shy sissy-boy
in Clifford Goldsmith's Broadway play What a Life (1937),
before spinning off into fourteen years of radio (1939-53), four
years of television (1949-53), a series of nine movies, and an uncountable
number of comic books, musical scores, pin-ups, games, and toys
(Harmon, 1970: 87-99).á The voice-cracking "Coming, Mother!", Henry's
response to his battle-axe Mom's summons, became a famous catchphrase,
endlessly parodied by comedians. By 1950, the overture of the radio
series was calling him "the typical American teenage boy":
Even though everyone knows him, because he lives in your house,
or next door, or somewhere in your memory, no one has yet been
able to define the typical teenage American boy.á All you can
say is that he exists in the person of Henry Aldrich.
Even though everyone knows him, because he lives in your house,
or next door, or somewhere in your memory, no one has yet been
able to define the typical teenage American boy.á All you can
say is that he exists in the person of Henry Aldrich.
Yet the squeaky-voiced, passive, feminine Henry Aldrich is nothing
like the mass media teenagers of today, or even those of the 1950's.á
Although he is interested in girls to the point of absurdity, his
girl-craziness is constantly portrayed as a feminizing threat.ááá
[10] In the first two movies, What a Life (1939) and Life
with Henry (1941), Henry Aldrich is portrayed by Jackie Cooper,
seventeen years old, solidly-built, even hunky in his black t-shirt,
but certainly not a big man on campus û sneering bullies call him
"panty-waist" and "honey-boy," shrill, authoritarian Dad accuses
Mom of turning him into a "milksop," and the matinee idol principal,
Mr. Nelson (John Howard), offers a somewhat more kindly characterization:
"he's kind of a gentle kid." Henry faces the hostility, as well
as various plot-heavy scams and false accusations, with sardonic
resignation; he has been beaten down so many times by his world
that he dare not hope for more than sheer survival.á
[11] Like most teenage boys of the 1930s, Jackie Cooper's Henry
is decidedly uninterested in girls.á Though Barbara (Betty Field)
bribes him with cake, he refuses to escort her to the big dance.á
Asked if there isn't a girl in school worth the sixty cent admission
price, he replies "Not to me!"á Instead, he establishes intimate
and arguably romantic bonds with attractive adult men.á In What
a Life, he depends on Mr. Nelson's counsel, heart-to-hearts,
and shoulder-pats in the locker room, and in Life with Henry,
he sneaks out of the house for covert meetings with an auto mechanic
named Bill (Rod Cameron), who clips pictures of swimsuit models
from magazines or talks about the mail-order brides that he almost
married, while Henry lies cozily on the bed, his shirt half-undone.á
Why must Bill demonstrate his heterosexual interest so obsessively?á
What precisely have they been up to?ááááá
[12] After Life with Henry, Jackie Cooper thought that he
had outgrown the role, so Paramount hired Jimmy Lydon for the remainder
of the series.á Lydon's Henry is a turkey-necked stringbean who
cracks his voice all the time instead of in moments of stress, and
has the habit of holding his face uncomfortably close to people
as he talks.á The bond with adult men so common among teenage boys
of the last generation remains only in the first of Jimmy Lydon's
movies, Henry Aldrich for President (1941): Henry has been
sneaking out for a series of secret rendezvous with gas station
attendant Ed Calkins (Rod Cameron again), who continuously insists
that he tell no one about their relationship.á It turns out that
Henry has been taking illegal flying lessons from the grounded pilot,
but the need for absolute secrecy suggests that the danger is "really"
about something else.á There is even a subtle reference to same-sex
practice: while Henry is solo-flying, a mouse crawls up his pants
leg, and he concludes that his passenger, Mr. McCloskey, is getting
fresh.á He glares at him and says "Stop that!á It's very dangerous
to tickle someone while he's flying a plane!"á
[13] In later installments, Henry's same-sex bonds are limited
to best buddy Dizzy (Charles Smith), and he devotes most of his
time to reckless and wild-eyed pursuits of girls.á At the slightest
attention from a girl, he wilts with a goofy expression on his face,
and a kiss on the cheek causes him to shout "yippee!"áá His friends
accept this hetero-mania as an odd quirk, as when he oozes at the
new music teacher in Henry Aldrich Swings It (1943):
Phyllis: Look at Henry!á You don't suppose he's going icky on
us, do you?
Dizzy: He's got that look. Something always happens when Henry
starts looking like that. [To Henry, angrily.] What the heck's
the matter with you?
Phyllis: Look at Henry!á You don't suppose he's going icky on
us, do you?
Dizzy: He's got that look. Something always happens when Henry
starts looking like that. [To Henry, angrily.] What the heck's
the matter with you?
[14] Others are less sympathetic.á Boys at school taunt him, his
father chastises him, and even his girlfriends disapprove of girl-craziness
as a symptom of weakness, and therefore "unmanly."á In Henry
Aldrich Haunts a House (1943),á Henry is unable to hug his girlfriend
Elise (Joan Mortimer) tightly enough, so she labels him "weak."á
She invites him into the kitchen for pie, assigning him the role
of a child, but instead, desperate to become a "real man," he drinks
a strengthening potion that her mad-scientist father has developed.á
It doesn't work, but through a series of inane coincidences he comes
to believe that he has become a Jekyll-Hyde monster, a sissy by
day and a ravaging Neanderthal by night.á "Ordinarily you're a very
sweet guy," Dizzy squeals, "But now I'm afraid of you.."á It is
important that Dizzy uses the term "sweet," a complimentary turn
on the same lack of manliness that elsewhere gets Henry called "honey-boy"
and "panty-waist."á But later in the movie, Henry demonstrates that
he is manly in spite of his girl-craziness by rescuing his friends
from a gang of counterfeiters.á
[15] In the late Henry Aldrich, Boy Scout (1944), Henry's
heterosexual interest is finally associated with manly strength
and courage.á In the first scene, he is talking to Elise in the
back yard while Dizzy and the others watch from an upstairs window.
Henry: You know, Elise, since your father gave me more responsibility
[in the chemistry lab],á I've been blossoming into manhood.á I
know what I want.
Elise: [Turns her face up hopefully.]á You do, Henry?
Henry: Sure.á I want to win the [boy scout] inspection this afternoon.
Henry: You know, Elise, since your father gave me more responsibility
[in the chemistry lab],á I've been blossoming into manhood.á I
know what I want.
Elise: [Turns her face up hopefully.]á You do, Henry?
Henry: Sure.á I want to win the [boy scout] inspection this afternoon.
But he is riffing on the old, unmanly Henry.á He also wants a kiss,
since heterosexual performance will now accentuate his boy scout
achievements.á As they begin the kiss (off-camera), Dizzy and Mr.
Aldrich peer through binoculars.á
Mr. Aldrich: Any action yet, Dizzy?
Dizzy: Oh, boy!á He's rising to the occasion, sir!
Mr. Aldrich: Any action yet, Dizzy?
Dizzy: Oh, boy!á He's rising to the occasion, sir!
[16] A few movies ago, Henry's heterosexual practice would embarrass
Dizzy and befuddle Mr. Aldrich, but now they both desire its validation.á
It is no longer a deterrent to all-American masculinity; indeed,
it is required.á Henry goes on to rescue his young charge Peter
from a literal cliffhanger at the Tri-State Boy Scout Camperol (a
week-long wilderness competition), and in the last scene he marches
off to victory beneath a superimposed Stars and Stripes.á
Jackie Moran
[17] A cherubic boy actor, Jackie Moran played the titular role
in the weeper Michael O'Halloran and an unusually feminine
Huckleberry Finn in Norman Taurog's Adventures of Tom
Sawyer before Monogram hired him for a series of six rural-schoolboy
melodramas (1938-1941).á Jackie played barefoot, red-cheeked high
schoolers content with intimate bonds with other boys, and Marcia
Mae Jones a new girl in town, usually a sophisticated New Yorker,
who set her sights on him.á Yet she was never quite able to make
a boyfriend of him, and indeed the films seem unsure whether all-American
boys kiss girls or refuse to kiss girls, whether adolescent masculinity
is best evoked by jitterbugging at the school gym or lounging around
the old swimming hole with the fellas.áááá
[18] As Billy the Barefoot Boy (1938),á Jackie resembles
the preteen of the 1855 John Greenleaf Whittier poem only in the
opening shots, a bucolic idyll at the swimming hole.á Then he finds
himself the object of aggressive posturing between two girls that
Whittier never mentions, the fast-talking coquette Julia (Marilyn
Knowlden) and the tomboyish future "G-Woman" Pige (Marcia Mae Jones).á
He does not seem particularly drawn to either; instead, he brawl-bonds
with bratty military school cadet Kenneth (Bradley Metcalfe).á When
they investigate a haunted house, Kenneth is captured by the escaped
convicts holding up there, and tied up in the basement.á Billy mounts
a daring rescue, and is shot in the attempt.á Later, as the doctor
treats him, Kenneth sits in the drawing room, sobbing.á He is the
first allowed into the bedroom; he apologizes for their earlier
brawls and presses a disputed watch into his hand.á Pige notes the
affection and angrily pushes between them, offering Billy a substitute
for his same-sex bond.ááááááááááá
[19] In Tomboy (1940), hip, fast-talking Pat Kelley (Marcia
Mae Jones again) moves to a rural school, where she line-drives
a baseball and decks a flirting boy û "she's not like the other
girls," her single Dad explains û she will have none of this "kissin'
and huggin'" stuff.áá It is her masculinity that attracts the fey
Steve (Jackie Moran); she helps him stand up to the bullying Harry
(Marvin Stephens), and then invites him to the box social.á Steve's
newfound interest in girls doesn't set well with his uncle, who
beats and starves him to make him more "manly," that is, less interested
in girls.á The rest of the plot does not involve heterosexual romance
at all, but Patsy's scheme to rescue Steve from his abusive home,
with the assistance of Harry, once bully and now chum.á
[20] The Old Swimming Hole (1940) is named after an 1882
James Whitcomb Riley poem that mourns the loss of the elemental
childhood connection to eternity.á To emphasize Jackie's childhood
"savagery," his body is displayed more often than in the other movies,
and he bonds with a younger boy named Jimmy (radio performer Dix
Davis), who wants to join the older boys' club. They punish him
for trespassing with the "ordeal by water," throwing him into the
Swimming Hole, but he hits his head on a rock and loses consciousness.á
Chris (Jackie) sits up by his bedside all night, begging "Don't
let him die, Doc!" and bursting into tears.á It is a much more emotionally
intense scene than any that transpire between Chris and his new
girlfriend Betty (Marcia).
[21] Even in the two movies with minor same-sex bonds, girl-craziness
is portrayed as feminizing: Marcia dominates the relationship, brassily
inviting Jackie out on dates and insisting that she be allowed access
to the all-boy swimming hole.á They wash dishes together, Jackie
in a flowered apron.á In Haunted House (1940), the lovestruck
Jimmie (Jackie) types her first name with his last name over and
over, like a schoolgirl dreaming of being a "Mrs."á In The Gang's
All Here (1941), Patsy (Marcia) lambastes him for being insufficiently
manly, and flirts with Frankie Darro to make him jealous until he
finally summons up the courage to kiss her.
Andy Hardy
[22] In March 1937, sixteen-year old Mickey Rooney took a small
role in A Family Affair, about the generation gap between
stern, straitlaced small-town Judge Hardy, and his three children,
Joan, Marion, and Andy.á As the youngest child, Andy had the fewest
lines, but audiences responded to his zestful overacting and puppy-love
adoration for Polly Benedict, and he signed on for more episodes.áá
You're Only Young Once (1937) and Judge Hardy's Children
(1938) were only moderately successful, perhaps because they were
about Judge Hardy, with Andy mugging somewhere in the background;
but Love Finds Andy Hardy (1938), about three girls fighting
over him, tripled the box office of the previous films, and landed
Mickey Rooney (along with Diana Durbin) a special Oscar for "bringing
to the screen the spirit and personification of youth." Mickey Rooney
continued to play Andy Hardy in sixteen films through 1947 (plus
a 1958 reunion), then on radio in The Adventures of Andy Hardy
(1947-1950), and on television in The Mickey Rooney Show
(1954-55), where his grown-up Andy Hardy was renamed Mickey Mulligan
at the last minute. Andy Hardy saturated the media for fifteen years,
with comic books, sheet music, records, games, and toys.á
[23] Mickey Rooney was not an obvious heartthrob.á Frozen at a
non-heroic 5'3", with a scrunched up face and a roundish Santa Claus
nose, he was characterized by a critic of the day as "that gnomish
prodigy, that half human, half goblin man child, who is as old in
cinema ways as Wallace Beery and twice as cute." (quoted in Zierold,
1965: 216).á Yet he looked realá û Frankie Thomas, originally
considered for the role, seemed somewhat too handsome to play a
real teenager.á
[24] Scholars and popularizers today often read the Andy Hardy
films as emblematic of a lost golden age, seductive yet banal and
trite.á Cross, for instance, critiques the series as "drenched in
an almost insufferable sentimentality" (1981: 60).á But he is not
watching carefully: this is no Disney nostalgia with kids and dogs.á
Levy comes closer to the point (1991: 71): the people in Andy's
world mourn "a vision of happiness which eludes them."áá Everywhere
there is sadness, disappointment, and a sort of bleak resolve to
tow the mark.á Andy's maiden aunt never quite fits into the family
and yet never quite becomes her own person.á His older sister has
trouble with men, dating a succession of cads, scoundrels, and drunks.á
His father, no mere faceless font of wisdom, falls prey to con-artists
and get-rich-quick schemes.á And Andy's friends, sad or quirky,
too tall or too short, too rich or too poor, are failures.
[25] Though Andy is similarly fallible, likely to jump to conclusions,
act without thinking, betray friends by accident or design, he is
absurdly attractive.á Every girl he encounters wants to kiss him.áá
He comes home from a party with a girl's phone number scrawled across
his chest.á He is mobbed at a school dance.á He asks his sister
for advice on how to diminish girls' admiration sufficiently
to make it through high school without marrying.á In Love Finds
Andy Hardy, he complains to his father, "I'm a nervous wreck!á
Do you think there's anything wrong with a guy if he doesn't
want a girl kissing him all the time?"ááá
[26] Andy is desired not only by girls but by everyone, girls,
boys, men, and women.á In Andy Hardy Gets Spring Fever (1939),
his crush on the older drama teacher (Helen Gilbert) is partially
requited (they will be milestones in each others' lives, she says).á
Meanwhile, a young classmate oddly named Stickin' Plaster (Terry
Kilburn) has a blatant, doe-eyed crush on Andy, and during the drama
club play manipulates the prop moon to "accidentally" sabotage his
big love scene.á Because everyone, everywhere tends to fall in love
with Andy, boys appear mostly as unvariegated groups of "friends."
Regular Beezy (George P. Breakston) is only a schoolmate, not a
sidekick like Henry Aldrich's Dizzy or Archie Andrews' Jughead;
a constant companion would surely express a romantic interest that
could not be ignored or denied.
[27] In two movies where Andy does acquire a buddy, the relationships
become unabashedly homoromantic and the girl craziness is minimized.á
In Andy Hardy's Private Secretary (1941), Judge Hardy insists
that the snobbish Andy give two poor kids jobs in the upcoming graduation
festivities.á They drive to their house on the wrong side of the
tracks, where we meet the opera-singing Kathryn (Kathryn Grayson),
the private secretary of the title, and tall, goodlooking Harry
(Todd Karns).á Andy intuits that theá "sensitive" and "artistic"
Harry would make a good interior designer, so he gives him the job
of decorating the gym.á Meanwhile, the Judge spies their handsome
Dad, Steven (Ian Hunter), painting something in the back yard, and,
barely able to contain his enthusiasm, announces that he "has some
business to attend to" and joins him.áá
[28] The rest of the movie barely touches on the private secretary
angle, and Judge Hardy's wife and Andy's girlfriend barely appear.á
Instead, we see parallel stories of same-sex courtships.á We see
the Judge and Steven riding cozily in a convertible; they are caught
in the rain and seek refuge in a garage, and must change out of
their wet clothes into mechanic uniforms.á The Judge is amazingly
concerned with Steven's welfare; he pulls strings in Washington
to get him a job with the State Department, and when Andy botches
it, he calls in a favor from the governor to get him a new job.á
At the end of the movie, Andy and Polly Benedict are parked at a
lover's lane, when the Judge and Steven pull up. They "explain"
that they are looking for Andy, but still, they were on their
way to park at a lover's lane.á
[29] Meanwhile, after some sullen bitchiness, Harry falls hard
for the oblivious Andy; he's the first to comfort Andy when he is
distraught over failing the vital English exam, and he stays up
all night to help him study for a re-test.á Later he hops a speeding
train to talk Andy out of leaving town.á At the end of the movie,
Harry gets a decidedly feminine-coded job as a window dresser in
a department store, so he gets to stay in town too. The screenplay
of Andy Hardy's Private Secretary came from Katharine Brush,
who scripted the rather blatantly homoerotic Freddie Bartholomew
vehicle Listen Darling, and Jane Murfin, who wrote the camp
classic The Women, so we might expect a homoerotic subtext.á
It is interesting, however, thatá buddy-bonding and girl-craziness
seem antithetical: they cannot occur in the same movie.á One is
emblematic of old-style 1930s masculinity, and the other of the
[30] The same-sex bond is more pronounced in the unexpectedly solemn
Life Begins for Andy Hardy (1941).á High school graduate
Andy moves to New York to find a job, and takes a room at the City
House for Boys, where young men lounge around in their undershirts,
eyeing each other lasciviously.á He rejects the kiddie crush of
Betsy Booth (Judy Garland) and the salacious advances of the gold-digging
Miss Hicks (Patricia Dane) for a plot involving a relationship with
Jimmy Frobisher (Ray McDonald), a flamboyantly feminine young man
from the provinces who came to New York to become a dancer.á Any
male dancer was sexually suspect at the time, but Jimmy exudes so
much flamboyance, sensitivity, and theatricality that he might as
well be wearing a sign.á Gigs are hard to find, and he was fired
from his job as an office boy, so he is. . .um, living in Central
Park.á He makes no allusions to prostitution û he might if the movie
were filmed today û but he flirts quite openly with Andy, who feels
sorry for him and sneaks him back to his room at the City House.á
[31] They are both penniless, Andy because he is too proud to accept
aid from his well-moneyed family and friends, and Jimmy because
he is alone in the world û until now.á There are scenes of the two
chatting cozily, Jimmy lying in his underwear on the room's only
single bed while Andy gets dressed, as if they have become a romantic
couple. But one day Andy gets a job, followed by an invitation to
dinner and dancing with Miss Hicks, and when he returns to the room
late that night, he finds that Jimmy, feeling betrayed and abandoned,
has killed himself.á It is a jarring scene, unprecedented in the
Andy Hardy series, and the censors required a tacked-on ending which
reveals that Jimmy didn't kill himself after all, he died of a heart
attack.á Andy concludes that "a fella should go ahead and do what
he should do in this world, and not the things that are the biggest,
most fun, and exciting," and leaves the New York nightworld behind
to return to Carvel, and college.ááááá
[31] Andy's girl-craziness is so integral to the series that it
is difficult to remember that MGM found it extremely problematic
at first.á Was it a winning quality or a distracting flaw?á Was
the character successful because of or in spite of
it?á Boys such as Penrod, Alfalfa, and Peck's Bad Boy could express
"cute" heterosexual puppy-love because their immaturity presumably
made physical expression impossible.á But how would audiences react
to a teenager, sexually mature, aggressively physical, expressing
intense heterosexual desire even though he was five to ten years
from the possibility of consummating that desire in the socially
respectable institution of marriage? Early in the series, Louis
B. Mayer complained, "If you let Andy get too crazy about girls,
you'll lose your audience!" (Crother, 1969: 239).á So MGM made sure
that Andy's girl-craziness was a childish affectation, to be overcome
in manhood.á In Andy Hardy's Double Life, a psychology student
diagnoses it as "an infantile fantasy arousing from a subconscious
fixation of youth."á In Love Finds Andy Hardy,á Andy invites
Polly Benedict to a dance at the Country Club:
Andy: [Looks away coyly.] There's a lot of swell places where
you can sneak out between the dances.
Polly: Really!á I think we're getting much too old for that sort
of thing û hugging and kissing!
Andy: [In a little boy voice.] Aw, I ain't ever gonna get too
old for huggin' and kissin'!
Andy: [Looks away coyly.] There's a lot of swell places where
you can sneak out between the dances.
Polly: Really!á I think we're getting much too old for that sort
of thing û hugging and kissing!
Andy: [In a little boy voice.] Aw, I ain't ever gonna get too
old for huggin' and kissin'!
His voice, his mannerisms, even his grammar becomes infantilized
(he says huggin' and kissin', not hugging and kissing).á Later in
the series, Andy frequently becomes the passive victim of vamps,
golddiggers, and experienced "older women," and he sometimes exhibits
a masochistic passivity.á But even his flirtations with girls his
own age are conducted in an oddly infantile manner: he wrings his
hands, shrugs his shoulders, looks away, the very picture of a shy,
timid schoolboy.
[32] Mickey Rooney's Irish ethnicity was in itself presumed a feminizing
trait in the 1930s.á Irishness was coded as urban, working class,
Roman Catholic, and dangerous, in opposition to the safe, secure
small town, middle class, Anglo-Protestant all-American boy. The
Dead End Kids were specifically Irish delinquents; Frankie Darro
played street kids with names like Buzzy O'Brien and Skipper Murphy;
Mickey himself often played Irish-working class urchins against
upper-crust Anglos.á The "social disorganization" of the working
class was supposed to produce gender transgressions, feminine men
and masculine women, and though Andy Hardy was Anglo-Protestant,
having him played by an Irish actor added a sexual question to the
role.á Thus, Andy is frequently coded as feminine or gender-transgressive.á
In Andy Hardy Gets Spring Fever,á he calls himself "the sensitive
type," code for "pansy."á Iná Andy Hardy's Double Life, he
is photographed ironing a lacy nightgown, and then blackmailed.á
In Andy Hardy Meets Debutante, he encounters a toddler named
Francis at an orphanage:
Andy: Hello, little girl.
Francis: [In a tough-guy pose.] I'm a boy, see?
Andy: You talk like a little girl.á How do you ever expect to
grow up to be a big he-man?
Francis: [Sarcastically]á Like you?
Andy: Hello, little girl.
Francis: [In a tough-guy pose.] I'm a boy, see?
Andy: You talk like a little girl.á How do you ever expect to
grow up to be a big he-man?
Francis: [Sarcastically]á Like you?
[33] Likewise, in the early installments, Andy's girl-craziness
is a feminizing trait, the very antithesis of the scrappy, self-confident
go-getter that defined boys from birth to manhood in the 1930s.áá
As a remedy, when Mickey took a break from the Andy Hardy series,
he often selected characters with no interest in girls whatever.áá
In Young Tom Edison (1940), for instance, the virtues required
of teenagers to successfully integrate into adult society are explicitly
antithetical to hetero-romantic passion.áá The screen-filling written
prologue tells us: "This is a story of courage.á The courage and
triumph of a typical American boy."á "Typical" means that the youthful
Tom sends prank telegraph messages, blows up the school chemistry
lab, and innocently jeopardizes a railroad trip by bringing a bottle
of nitroglycerine on board.á He has the Horatio Alger qualities
of inquisitiveness, industry, and spunk, and more importantly, he
never once thinks of, looks at, or mentions a girl.áá
[34] Henry Aldrich established that he was adequately manly in
spite of his girl-craziness by beating up counterfeiters and hanging
from a cliff, but the Andy Hardy plotlines were hardly amenable
to displays of courage (Carvel had many con-artists, but no gangsters),
so Andy proved his manliness through displays of strength.á Mickey
Rooney had a tight, firmly toned physique, more defined than Weissmuller's
Tarzan, surpassed only by the adult Jackie Cooper, and he spent
an amazing amount of screen time half-naked, bounding down the stairs
in his undershirt, stripping down for bed or to bathe. In the 1930s,
topless men were still barred from most beaches, but Andy goes swimming
topless while on vacation in Catalina.á
[35] Even though Andy lives in a Northern climate and many of the
installments are set around Christmastime, there are always many
plot excuses to get him into swimming pools, again shirtless, and
wearing extremely revealing Speedo-style swim trunks instead of
the baggy trousers then in style.á Love Finds Andy Hardy
has two five-minute pool scenes, and Andy Hardy's Double Life
keeps the teenager in a swimsuit for about 1/4th of the total running
time.á Love Laughs at Andy Hardy, the last of the series,
seems positively obsessed with Andy's semi-nude body.á He is fully
clothed for only about 30% of the running time; otherwise he is
wearing only an undershirt, stripped down for a bath, or in the
swimming pool (even though it's December).á The practice became
so well-known that Girl Crazy (1943), which is not in the
Andy Hardy series, contains an interesting tease: upon arriving
at Cody College, tired and dusty, Danny (Mickey Rooney) announces
that he's going to take a shower, and then pauses a beat for audience
laughter at the intertextual joke.á
[36] This was the beginning of the "age of the chest" (Cohan, 1997:
165), a time in which the chest was being fetishized in both men
and women (Davis, 1991; Dyer, 1992), but rarely exposed in movies
about middle-class teenagers, lest they be presented too overtly
as sexual beings.á Jackie Cooper takes his shirt off twice in twenty-odd
adolescent movie roles, Jackie Moran twice, Frankie Thomas once,
and Dickie Moore not at all.á The Dead End Kids spent a lot of time
in their underwear, but they were playing working-class Irish delinquents,
not middle-class "all-American boys."á Displaying his physique allowed
Andy strength, power, and manliness in spite of his feminizing girl-craziness.áááá
[37] But eventually merely flexing muscles proved insufficient.á
Andy's girl-craziness had to be revised.á It no longer pointed toward
the past, toward childish infatuations, but toward adult responsibility,
toward "love and marriage and mother."á The change begins in Andy
Hardy Meets Debutante, which, perhaps significantly,á premiered
on the Fourth of July weekend, 1940.á The plot is about patriotism:
an orphanage is threatened with closure because its administrator
"lost faith in his own country" and deposited its funds in a European
bank, which defaulted.á There is a nighttime tour of the Statue
of Liberty and an oration about "fighting for liberty."á What could
girl-craziness have to do with patriotism?á
[38] At first, Andy's girl craziness is still infantilizing.á Polly
Benedict and Beezy lambaste Andy for keeping a scrapbook of pictures
of debutante Daphne Fowler clipped from magazines:
Polly: Of all the ridiculous little boy exhibitions!á Collecting
pictures of a perfectly awful girl that he's never seen!
Beezy: [In a childish singsong.]á Andy's got a crush on Daphne
Polly: Of all the ridiculous little boy exhibitions!á Collecting
pictures of a perfectly awful girl that he's never seen!
Beezy: [In a childish singsong.]á Andy's got a crush on Daphne
Andy angrily replies that it's no puppy-love crush, about desire
without the possibility of fulfillment: he actually knows Daphne
Fowler and she is interested in him, so they would be dating but
for the distance û he's too young to travel to New York by himself.á
But then Judge Hardy announces that the family will be spending
three weeks in New York while he works on the orphanage case, and
Andy's friends goad him into bringing back a photo "proving" that
he has a debutante girlfriend.á If he doesn't, they will disgrace
him by printing a humiliating photo in the Carvel High Olympian.
[39] Andy hatches several schemes to meet the debutante, but he
only succeeds in charging up $36.50 for a fancy dinner and losing
a $400 pearl tie stud.á Despairing, he tells Judge Hardy, "I just
realized today that some people are better than me."á The Judge,
aghast, brings Andy to the NYU Hall of Fame and shows him the "Mighty
Men of Old," Revolutionary War-era patriots, who fought for freedom
from class distinctions.á He lambastes Andy for "sniveling over
class, money, social position" when there are important things to
do in the world (one of the few oblique references to the War in
the Andy Hardy series).á Re-energized, Andy finds a deus-ex-machina
in Betsy Booth (Judy Garland), who happens to be a Manhattan sub-deb
and Daphne Fowler's close friend.á He gets his introduction and
his photograph (it shows Daphne clinging hopefully to his shoulders),
and returns triumphantly to Carvel High.á He happens to have Francis
the Orphan in tow, and his friends assume that he is a father.á
Even though he quickly corrects them, his girl-craziness has become
a positive trait, connected with home, family, and America, with
the aggressive masculinity of the all-American boy.áá
Beezy: I should have known better than to trifle with a man
like Andy!
Polly: [To Andy.] Are you engaged to Daphne Fowler?
Andy: No.á [She's] just another milestone in my career. . .can
I help it if I have irresistible charm?
Polly: That's not charm, that's polygamy!á [Melting into his
arms.]á But, oh Andy, how we women love it!
Beezy: I should have known better than to trifle with a man
like Andy!
Polly: [To Andy.] Are you engaged to Daphne Fowler?
Andy: No.á [She's] just another milestone in my career. . .can
I help it if I have irresistible charm?
Polly: That's not charm, that's polygamy!á [Melting into his
arms.]á But, oh Andy, how we women love it!
[40] Andy's newfound masculinity places him in stark contrast with
the effeminancy of theá the older generation.á Lewis Stone looks
like a grandfather rather than a father, and plays Judge Hardy as
thoughtful, slow-moving, crotchety, lacking in the robustness of
youth.á But sometimes he deliberately takes on a feminine pose.á
Andy comes home in the last scene of Debutante to find Judge
Hardy mincing and limp-wristing about the drawing room in a mink
stole.á As Andy gapes in amazement, we learn the "truth": his father
is modeling a gift to his wife.á Still, it would be more logical
for Judge Hardy to ask his wife to model the gift rather than to
pose as a drag queen.á Immediately afterward, Andy goes up to his
room and arranges large photos of the girls he has acquired in this
episode.á "How one's women do add up!" he exclaims, correlating
his own youthful masculinity with heterosexual practice. á
[41] But heterosexual desire û and practice û never becomes an
essential characteristic of Andy's teenage masculinity.á It is always
contradictory, problematized, sometimes adulated, but sometimes
signifying effeminacy and even perversion.á In the last scene of
his last movie, Love Laughs at Andy Hardy, Andy discards
all of the photographs of girls that he's accumulated, and vows
to devote himself henceforth to mature "adult" pursuits.á Then a
portrait of George Washington on the wall comes crashing down behind
him, signifying that he is fibbing.
Girl Craziness Becomes Hegemonic
[42] Through World War II, Jackie Cooper remained uninterested
in girls in his adventure roles; instead, he sparred-bonded with
David Durand in the Universal serial Scouts to the Rescue
(1939), Henry Fonda in The Return of Frank James (1940),
and Robert Stack in Men of Texas (1942).á But in his domestic
comedies, he followed the leads of Mickey Rooney and Jimmy Lydon
and stayed squarely in the girl-crazy camp: in Gangster's Boy
(1938), he has a girlfriend; in Seventeen (1940), he
scrambles to acquire the funds for a swanky date with a sophisticated
socialite; he "discovers" girl-next-door Jane Withers in Her
First Beau (1941).
[43] Child star Dickie Moore had intense, dark eyes and a fragile,
almost sickly appearance that became somewhat sensual in adolescence,
like the consumptive glow of Camille.á His teenage characters were
oblivious to girls in Gladiator (1938), Sergeant York
(1941), and The Adventures of Martin Eden (1942); but in
Miss Annie Rooney (1942), released in the spring of his seventeenth
year, girl-craziness hit.á Dickie plays a poor little rich boy stricken
with sassy wrong-side-of-the-tracks Shirley Temple. "Two weeks
ago," he gushes, "I was just Marty White, with practically
nothing to live for.á And then û bingo!á You!" He gives Miss
Temple her first screen kiss (on the cheek), and claimed later that
it was also his first kiss, on screen or off.
[44] In Jive Junction (1943), Dickie plays a high school
sissy who makes the painful transition from a snooty music conservatory
to a rough high school, where he characterizes himself as "one of
the girls" and gets a job accompanying an all-girl jive band
("and will we make the boys jealous!" he exclaims).á Butá nevertheless
a girl dumps her macho boyfriend for him, and eventually seduces
him sufficiently for a smooching scene.á Adequately heterosexual,
Dickie Moore afterwards concentrated on juvenile delinquency and
film noir (Parish, 1976: 109-116), and in his personal life he "kept
company" with nearly as many ladies as Mickey Rooney.
[45] Iná MGM's Best Foot Forward (1943),á Lucille Ball as
a sarong-clad Dorothy Lamour parody fears that she is past her prime,
but her agent insists that "the American boy wants you!",á and to
prove it, he talks her into accepting a prom date with Bud Hooper,
a cadet at the Winsocki Military Academy.á Played by eighteen-year
old Broadway hoofer Tommy Dix, Bud is short and slim, with early
technicolor accentuating his soft, pretty features, rather too feminine
to be an "all-American boy," and with a skittishness around girls
here presented as slightly suspect. His date with the film star
makes him a hero among his aggressive, unrepentantly girl-crazy,
prowling-wolf classmates, but the adults don't agree: he is expelled
from Winsocki for untoward heterosexual interest.á Miss Ball visits
the General in charge and argues that heterosexual desire actually
benefits young soldiers:
The Flying Tigers were full of Bud Hoopers, and do you know what
they used on the field in Chung King to tell which way the wind
was blowing?á One of my silk stockings!á You're a soldier, General.
. .it wouldn't hurt your aim any if your rifle butt was resting
against your sweetheart's hankie, would it?á
The Flying Tigers were full of Bud Hoopers, and do you know what
they used on the field in Chung King to tell which way the wind
was blowing?á One of my silk stockings!á You're a soldier, General.
. .it wouldn't hurt your aim any if your rifle butt was resting
against your sweetheart's hankie, would it?á
The last scene of the film has Bud, reinstated, singing "Buckle
Down, Winsocki" as a superimposed American flag waves before hundreds
of extras parading across the field at St. John's Military Academy.á
They are strong and confident, ready to fight to "protect" the girls
waving at them from the bleachers.á Only three years ago, heterosexual
interest was antithetical to adolescent masculinity, but now it
is celebrated. Soon it will be required.
[46] After the War, new girl-crazy teenagers began appearing in
comic books.á Archie (1941), Betty & Veronica
(1950), Archie's Pals & Gals (1952), and other titles
about the girl-crazy teenager from Riverdale, U.S.A. were the most
famous and the most enduring, but there were many others, a universe
of Centervilles or Midvales where white middle class teenage boys
drove jalopies, drank chocolate malteds, got into trouble with teachers,
and gazed at girls:á Freckles and his Friends (1947), Oscar
(1947), Penny (1947), A Date with Judy (1947), Meet
Corliss Archer (1948), Leave It to Binky (1948), and
so on.á Only a few endured through the 1950's, only a few were created
later, and only a few featured teenage boys not entirely
obsessed with girls.á They appeared at a very precise moment in
history, to teach the children who were buying most of the comics,
especially the boys, that they should expect to spend their adolescence
melting with lust over the other sex.á Similarly, on the radio,
the old, clumsy, stuttering boys all but vanished, and some of the
long-running radio teens who had previously been concerned with
paper routes and bad report cards suddenly began casting longing
glances at their female schoolmates:á Junior on áLife of Riley
in January 1948, Leroy, the wisecracking nephew on The Great
Gildersleeve, in March 1949, and Ozzie and Harriet's
eldest son David in November 1951.
[47] In Rebel Without a Cause (1955), James Dean plays house
with hetero-romance Natalie Wood as the wife, and relegates homo-romance
Sal Mineo to the role of child. 1950's teen idols like Pat Boone,
Ricky Nelson, and Frankie Avalon ignored same-sex friendships in
their endless evocations of the girl who would make their life worthwhile.á
Girl-craziness no longer feminized middle-class boys, and same-sex
relations were no longer essential to adolescent masculinity; instead,
masculinity required teenage boys to abandon childhood chums for
an exuberant, hormone-driven rush after girls.á
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Ann Kibbey.
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Taking a written examination can be stressful, especially if it has been some time since you have taken one. Its natural to experience some degree of nervousness before taking a test. The best way to combat that nervousness is to properly prepare yourself to take the exam by knowing what you can expect during the testing process.
If your application, is accepted to participate in the written examination process, you will be notified by mail of the exact date, time, and location of the test. Many times the written test date is published in the job announcement. You should check the announcement for any scheduled dates and make a note of them.
Since all notification is done by mail, to insure timely receipt of your notice, all changes of address and phone number must be reported to the Human Resources Department immediately.
If it gets close to the test date published in the job announcement, and you haven't received your notice, you should contact the Human Resources Department immediately, prior to the test date.
If time allows and you are unfamiliar with the location of the test site, you may want to determine the exact location of the test site prior to the test date. This will prevent the possibility of showing up late and being denied admittance. It is expected that you will be on time, and it is always a good idea to arrive early. Parking and seating in the examination room is handled on a first-come, first-served basis.
Since you will be asked to show proof of identity in order to be admitted to the test, be sure you bring photo identification with you.
You should anticipate spending between 2-3 hours taking the test, which includes check in and instructions. Since you will be spending a few hours at the test, you will want to make sure you are comfortable. Business attire is not required in a written test environment...you may dress casually if you wish.
The test that you will take is usually of a technical nature related to the job. Therefore, you need to research the position by reviewing the job description and job announcement more thoroughly to determine what technical knowledge is needed for the job. Depending on the position, the test may include specific questions related to the job as well as questions covering, mathematical abilities, reading comprehension, human relations, etc. The examination may consist of any combination of multiple choice, true~false, or fill-in items. Most bookstores and libraries have excellent test preparation resources. With some research, you may be able to link the title of the position you are applying for with a sample exam. Taking a sample exam may better prepare you for the City exam.
All testing materials that are needed for the exam will be provided by the City. Testing aids of any kind, such as dictionaries or calculators, are generally not permitted.
After admittance into the examination room, the test proctor will give a brief orientation of the position being recruited for, describe the different components of the examination process, and describe the testing process you are about to take so that you will have a good idea of what to expect. If further testing dates have been established, an announcement will be made. The test proctor will be happy to answer any questions of a general nature that you may have. The proctor will also let you know when you can expect the results of the written test.
Scoring is generally based on the number of correct answers and you will not be penalized for incorrect answers. Its to your advantage to try and answer every question. If you don't know the answer to a question, make a guess. The trick is not to spend too much time on any one question -if you find you're stuck on a question, move on and go back to it later. Sometimes when you refocus on a problem question, the answer is obvious.
It's important to be sure that the test question you are answering is the same one you are marking on your answer sheet.
You will be informed by the proctor what conduct will be expected from candidates in the testing room. Once the test has begun, talking will not be permitted. If you have a question or need assistance during the test, raise your hand and the proctor will be there to assist you. Be aware that the test proctor cannot interpret or clarify a test question for you. You must answer the test questions to the best of your ability. However, if you feel that a test question is unclear or misleading, please notify the proctor after you have finished and turned in your test. The test item in question will be analyzed. If there is merit to your concerns, the test question will be eliminated. The Human Resources Department encourages this type of feedback from candidates.
Once the test has begun, the start and stop times will be posted within view. You will be alerted toward the end of the test of how much time there is remaining to complete the test. If you have lost track of time, this will be a chance for you to refocus your attention.
If you finish early, you may use that time to review your test materials, or you may leave. The test proctor will give you specific instructions on how this will be handled prior to the start of the test.
The most important thing to remember is not to judge your progress on how fast others finish the test everyone has a different testing style -- and it is important for you know your own personal style, relax and pace yourself throughout the exam. Only then will you do your best.