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Fermentation in the gut and CFS
Nutritional products (but not prescription medications) either referred to in this page or in other pages on this website can be bought from my online shop Sales at Dr Myhill
I am most grateful to Dr Henry Butt from Australia for providing essential information!
The normal state of affairs
The human gut is almost unique amongst mammals - the upper gut is a near-sterile, digesting carnivorous gut (like a dog's or a cat's) to deal with meat and fat, whilst the lower gut (large bowel or colon) is full of bacteria and is a fermenting, vegetarian gut (like a horse's or cow's) to digest vegetables and fibre. From an evolutionary perspective this has been a highly successful strategy - it allows Eskimos to live on fat and protein and other people to survive on pure vegan diets.
Problems arose when humans learned to cook and to farm. This allowed them to access new foods namely pulses, grains and root vegetables - these need cooking to be digestible. From an evolutionary perspective this have been highly successful and allowed the population of humans to increase at a great rate. However carbohydrates have the potential to be fermented in the upper gut with problems arising as detailed below. ME sufferers are evolutionary carnivorous relics!
I suspect allergy to gut flora may be responsible, or part responsible, for many conditions such as irritable bowel, irritable bladder, arthritis, muscle pain (fibromyalgia), so-called intrinsic asthma, urticaria, tinnitus, venous leg ulcers and possibly age related deafness. It is possible that some psychiatric conditions are caused by gut microbes fermenting neurotransmitters to create amphetamine and LSD like substances - not my idea but that of a Japanese researcher Katsunari Nishihara, presented in his paper "Disclosure of the major causes of mental illness—mitochondrial deterioration in brain neurons via opportunistic infection" published in the Journal of Biological Physics and Chemistry 12 (2012) 11–18.
The stomach, duodenum and small intestine should be free from micro-organisms (bacteria, yeast and parasites - hereon called microbes). This is normally achieved by eating a Stone Age Diet, having an acidic stomach which digests protein efficiently and kills the acid sensitive microbes; then an alkali duodenum, which kills the alkali sensitive microbes with bicarbonate; then bile salts (which are also toxic to microbes) and pancreatic enzymes to further digest protein, fats and carbohydrates. The small intestine does more digesting and also absorbs the amino acids, fatty acids, glycerol and simple sugars that result.
Anaerobic bacteria, largely bacteroides, flourish in the large bowel, where foods that cannot be digested upstream are then fermented to produce many substances highly beneficial to the body. Bacteroides ferment soluble fibre to produce short chain fatty acids - over 500kcals of energy a day can be generated. This also creates heat to help keep us warm. The human body is made up of 10 trillion cells, in our gut we have 100 trillion microbes or more, i.e. ten times as many! Bacteria make up 60% of dry stool weight, there are over 500 different species, but 99% of bugs are from 30-40 species.
Metametrix laboratories in USA offer the Microbial ecology profile, in which they can measure the amount of different bacteria in a stool sample. This tells us which bugs are present and their numbers. However, the most important are bacteroides that make up 90% with E. coli, lactobacilli and bifidobacteria laregly making up the rest.
- Bacteroides. These are by far and away the most abundant bacteria. It is bacteroides which allow us to digest soluble fibre and make short chain fatty acids. This is the main source of food for the colonocytes, the cells lining the bowel and if this is low, then it will result in atrophy of the colon. Short chain fatty acids also protect us from hypoglycaemia. Indeed, it is estimated that over 500Kcal per day may be generated - a very significant source of energy! They are essential for recycling of bile acids, so low levels of bile acids may indicate poor levels of bacteroides. They occupy the surface of the gut so preventing pathogenic species (such as salmonella, shigella and clostridia) from adhering and causing infection. There is no probiotic which contains bacteroides simply because bacteroides cannot exist outside the human gut - oxygen kills it quickly. We just have to feed the gut with the right food (prebiotics) found in pulses, nuts, seeds and vegetables. Also see Faecal bacteriotherapy
- E-coli. One gram of stool should contain between 7 million and 90 million. E-coli ferments to produce folic acid, vitamin K2 (this protects against osteoporosis), Co-enzyme Q10 (essential for mitochondrial function), together with 3 amino acids, namely tyrosine and phenylalanine (these are pre-cursors of dopamine, lack of which results in low mood) and tryptophan. Tryptophan is a pre-cursor of serotonin, which is responsible for gut motility. So, if there are low counts of E-coli, one can expect problems in all the above areas, i.e. osteoporosis and bone problems, mitochondrial function, low mood and poor gut motility. Dr Butt told me about a study done in Germany where E-coli probiotics were given in the treatment of constipation and there was a dramatic improvement from 1.6 motions a week to 6, illustrating the effects on motility! E-coli is contained in the probiotic Mutaflor produced commercially in Germany.
- Lactobacilli. These ferment sugars to lactic acid, which provides an acid environment in the large bowel to protect against infection. Also highly protective against bowel cancer. Abundant in Kefir. '
- Bifidobacteria. These assist digestion, protect against development of allergies and cancer.
We need to concentrate our efforts on the above goodies - get these right and all else falls into place! Other bacteria will flourish if numbers of the above decline for whatever reason - Nature abhors a vacuum!
- Streptococcus. This ferments to produce large amounts of lactic acid. This may give a tendency to acidosis. Lactic acid is metabolised in the liver by lactate dehydrogenase, so high levels of this may indicate bowel overgrowth with streptococcus. Fermentation produces two isomers of lactic acid, namely L-lactate and D-lactate. It is D-lactate which is the problem, the body cannot metabolise this, it accumulates in mitochondria and inhibits them. One can measure D lactate in the blood stream.
- Prevotella (bacteroides in the upper gut). It is thought these ferment to produce hydrogen sulphide. Hydrogen sulphide inhibits mitochondrial function directly. So a positive hydrogen sulphide urine test shows there is a severe gut dysbiosis probably due to overgrowth of prevotella.
Bacteria and yeast in the upper gut
In some patients there are bacteria, yeasts and possibly other parasites existing in the upper gut, which means that foods are fermented there instead of being digested. When foods get fermented they produce all sorts of unwanted products which have to be detoxified by the liver cytochrome P450 detox system. These products include:
- Alcohols such as ethyl alcohol, propyl alcohol, butyl alcohol and possibly methyl alcohol. These would be metabolised by stage one into acetaldehyde, propylaldehyde, butylaldehyde and possibly formaldehyde. Alcohol and acetaldehydes result in foggy brain, "toxic brain", feeling "poisoned" and so on. Alcohol also upsets blood sugar levels. This makes the sufferer crave sugar and refined carbohydrates - the very foods bugs need in the upper gut to ensure their own survival. This is arguably a clever evolutionary ploy by bugs to ensure their own survival!
- Noxious gases such as hydrogen sulphide, nitric oxide, ammonia and possibly others. Hydrogen sulphide is known to inhibit mitochondria and block the oxygen carrying capacity of haemoglobin. It also greatly increases the toxicity of heavy metals by enhancing their absorption.
- Odd sugars such as D-lactate. This right handed sugar cannot be detoxified by lactate dehydrogenase, a liver enzyme. If D-lactate is present, then it could point to a problem with gut fermentation. It may result in lactic acidosis. These patients typically present with episodic metabolic acidosis (usually occurring after high carbohydrate meals) and characteristic neurological abnormalities including confusion, cerebellar ataxia, slurred speech, and loss of memory. In a review of 29 reported cases, for example, all patients exhibited some degree of altered mental status. They may complain of or appear to be drunk in the absence of ethanol intake. Indeed, this phenomenon is much better described in the vet world. D-lactate is a recognised cause in cattle of neurological manifestations. Furthermore, products of fermentation are thought to be a cause of laminitis in horses. Indeed, the encephalopathy of liver failure can be treated by gut only antibiotics to wipe out unwelcome overgrowth of fermenting gut flora. D-lactate is fermented from sugars, including fruit sugars. This is a further reason to cut out sugar and fruit strictly from the diet! One molecule of sugar generates two molecules of D-lactate.
- Other things I don't yet know about!
In theory the above toxins should all be detoxified by the P450 cytochrome system, but in practice some of these can spill over into the systemic circulation with a simple poisoning effect and resultant production of free radicals and inhibition of mitochondria.
These products of fermentation add to our total chemical load and therefore may worsen an underlying poisoning (such as chronic organophosphate poisoning) by overwhelming our detox defences.
I was fascinated to discover that at rest the liver uses up 27% of all the energy available to the body (compared with the brain at 19% and the heart at 7%). Much of this energy is for detoxification! In ME where energy delivery is impaired, one may expect detoxification to also be impaired!
Other problems caused by upper gut fermentation
- Symptoms - for example, Drs De Meileir and Butt have shown that high levels of enterococcus are associated with symptoms of headache, arm pain, shoulder pain, myalgia, palpitations and sleep disturbance. High levels of streptococcus are associated with post exertional fatigue, photo-phobia, mind going blank, palpitations, dizziness, faintness.
- Malabsorption of micronutrients;
- Nutritional supplements could make things worse. It is possible that the fermenting gut explains this. Instead of nourishing you, supplements nourish the bugs. This encourages their growth and therefore fermentation! This makes sense because from an evolutionary perspective mitochondria are derived from bacteria,. Perhaps what mitochondria like bacteria will also thrive on.
- Allergy to microbes - resulting in unnecessary inflammation and wasting of immune energy. See Energy Expenditure in ME/CFS: Immune wastage of energy and Rituximab
- Wind, gas, bloating from physical distension
- Foul smelling breath and hallitosis - the products of bacteria fermenting include hydrogen sulphide (stink bomb material!)
- Disturbances of normal gut movement - constipation or diarrhoea;
- Susceptibility to infections;
- Leaky gut - with leaky gut, short chain polypeptides may leak into the blood stream and act as hormone mimics. For example, a strip of amino acids Ser-Tyr-Set-Met would mimic ACTH - the hormone which stimulates the adrenal gland. An 8 amino acid fragment could act like glycogen and so deplete glycogen (sugar) stores in the liver.
- Susceptibility to heavy metal poisoning - because hydrogen sulphide binds to heavy metals rendering them "organic" instead of "inorganic" and therefore much more likely to enter the body and bioaccumulate.
- Foggy brain - the ferments such as alcohol, esters, aldehydes and other lipid soluble substances have a general anaesthetic like effect on membranes on the brain. This probably manifests by inhibiting energy delivery mechanisms to the brain. See Theories of general anaesthetic action.
- Prion disorders - heavy metals in the wrong department can twist normal proteins and convert them into pathogenic prions which are implicated in prion disorders.
- Dental, gum and mouth problems - one is likely to have similar bacteria in the mouth as the gut. If you have a clean tongue and no dental plaque then you are likely to have good gut flora.
- Cancer - I suspect upper fermenting gut is a risk factor for cancers of the oesophagus, stomach and large bowel - this is biologically plausible - many tumours are driven by inflammation. H.pylori infection is a known risk factor for stomach cancer as is hypochlorhydria - also a risk factor for fermenting upper gut. Barrett's oesophagus is a pre-malignant condition - I have had several patients who have got rid of their Barrett's through interventions to tackle their upper fermenting gut.
Gibson, a food microbiologist from Reading, divides people into "smellies" and "inflammables" - normal gut fermentation produces hydrogen and methane which allows one to "light their own flatus". It is also odourless. With sulphate reducing bacteria present in the gut hydrogen sulphide is produced giving the rotten eggs smell and a positive hydrogen sulphide in urine test. This test is called the "Neurotoxic metabolite test" and can be ordered online directly from Protea Biopharma in Belgium.
Tests for microbes in the upper gut - gut fermentation
- D-lactate can be measured by a blood test following a carbohydrate meal. The snag is that postal samples are not completely reliable and in order to have the test, the patient either needs to go to Biolab to have blood taken and processed straight away or he/she has to find a laboratory where they will spin and separate blood immediately and freeze it so that a frozen sample is sent to Biolab. This is quite difficult to organise and I will not be recommending this test, but if anyone can organise it for themselves, please ask for it and I will make a referral to Biolab.
- Hydrogen sulphide can be tested for with a urine test.
- A good clinical test for upper gut fermentation is whether one produces wind or gas (belching, bloating, feeling full, noisy gut etc) after eating carbohydrates!
- Which bugs are there? One can look at stool samples to ascertain that. That does not tell us where the bugs came from but it's a good start. Comprehensive Digestive Stool Analysis or Comprehensive Digestive Stool Analysis with parasitology is sometimes helpful. The bugs which are thought to be the main fermenters are enterococcus, streptococcus and prevotella (bacteria) and candida (yeast). Conversely, in the fermenting gut there may be low levels of bacteroides, lactobacilli and bifidobacteria. This is because if there is fermentation upstream, there is little substrate for fermentation downstream! A more detailed test of the actual bugs present which includes bacteroides is Microbial ecology profile.
What causes upper gut fermentation?
A long history of:
- Western lifestyles! A traditional Chinese diet does not include dairy products, gluten grains, alcohol and very modest amounts of fruit!
- Failure to inoculate the gut at birth with the correct friendly bacteria - see Probiotics
- Diet
- high in sugar and refined carbohydrate
- low in vegetables, pulses, nuts and seeds.
- low in other micronutrients
- Poor digestion of food - see Hypochlorhydria and Pancreatic exocrine function
- Modern medication
- Antibiotics, which wipe out the gut flora
- Pill and HRT, which suppress the immune system and encourage yeast overgrowth
- Acid blockers such as antacids, H2 blockers and proton pump inhibitors, which inhibit stomach acid production - see Hypochlorhydria. Allergies to food may also result in this problem.
Why a fermenting gut can cause fatigue
Mitochondrial failure results in fatigue
There is good evidence that the central pathological lesion in CFS is mitochondrial failure. What is critical to the optimal function of mitochondria is good redox state, that is to say the balance between free radical stress and our ability to cope with those free radicals, i.e. the body's antioxidant status. Free radicals damage mitochondria so they go slow, but we have a system of anti-oxidants in place to protect us against this free radical stress. See Antioxidants and CFS - The Methylation Cycle.
Free radicals partly control mitochondrial activity
Excessive free radical production, which cannot be dealt with by antioxidant reserves, will damage and switch off mitochondria. One would think that the largest source of free radicals comes from mitochondria themselves since here we have large amounts of glucose being oxidised in the presence of oxygen to produce energy with a large potential to produce free radicals, such as superoxide. Whilst this is undoubtedly a major source, even greater than this is the liver P450 cytochrome system. Humans are able to eat a wider variety of foods than any other mammal because of this amazing detoxification system of enzymes. It has resulted in humans becoming the most successful mammal because we can occupy almost any ecological niche. When the P450 detox system is working well, then this has enormous evolutionary advantages. However, if things start to go wrong, excessive amounts of free radicals are produced with the potential to switch on a chronic fatigue syndrome.
At this point it must be emphasised that a chronic fatigue syndrome is a protective adaptive response. If that person did not become acutely fatigued and succeeded in pushing on physically or mentally, then the excessive free radicals so generated would have the potential to cause enormous pathological damage. This is probably why we do not see wild animals with chronic fatigue syndromes. They simply push themselves to destruction because they have to survive.
The liver P450 detoxification system is a major source of free radicals
There are two stages to liver detox. Stage one is an oxidation reaction to make molecules a bit more active in order that stage two can take place, in which another molecule is stuck on. This tacking on allows the toxin to become less active and more water soluble so it can be excreted in urine. The tacking on could be of a sugar (glucuronidation), amino acid, glutathione, sulphate group and so on.
There are many possible ways the liver P450 cytochrome system could be overwhelmed.
- Genetic: some people simply have genetically poor detox ability. One example of this, of course, is Gilbert's syndrome, where conjugation with glucuronide (stage 2 detox) is lacking. There are two steps to detoxification: the first is an oxidation reaction which may make some toxins more toxic! Many CFS sufferers have fast stage one and slow stage two metabolism, which means they have a P450 system which initially produces more rather than less toxic stress! So, for example, over 80% of Gilbert's sufferers complain of fatigue. One example is alcohol. This is metabolised initially into acetaldehyde, which is a nasty toxic compound responsible for hangovers! Alcohol intolerance is almost universal in CFS sufferers.
- An acquired metabolic lesion as a result of nutritional deficiency. For example, many of these P450 cytochrome enzymes are highly dependent on metal co-factors such as zinc, magnesium, or selenium, B vitamins and essential fatty acids.
- Toxins produced from normal metabolism e.g. detoxifying neurotransmitters, products from immune activity, breakdown products from damaged tissues etc
- Overwhelming toxins from the outside world, such as persistent organic pollutants, or of course prescribed drug medication or social drugs of addiction (caffeine, alcohol). This is part of the explanation why so many CFSs do not tolerate prescription medication. Other reasons are that many drugs inhibit mitochondria directly, or destabilse membranes in the brain resulting in poor energy delivery to brain cells see Brain fog - poor memory, difficulty thinking clearly etc. Patients refusing medication then get labelled as unco-operative and are dropped from medical care.
- Intoxicants arising as a result of fermentation from the upper gut.
Treatment of the fermenting gut
The definitive treatment has yet to be established. We are all on a sharp learning curve here! The key thing is to sterilise the upper gut and normalise digestion of food so that only the friendly bugs can grow downstream. But the principles of treatment are:
Try to recreate the ideal environment for digestion of foods
- Eat Diet of low fermentable substrate- it is sugar and refined carbohydrate which microbes most love to ferment. Bacteroides ferment vegetable fibre. The diet needs to be low glycaemic index (see Hypoglycaemia) and rich in raw or lightly cooked vegetables. Indeed, increasingly I find myself putting people on the ketogenic diet - this is additionally helpful to improve mitochondrial function - see Ketogenic diet - a connection between mitochondria and diet .
However, some people may also have to avoid vegetable fibre initially to starve out fermenting anaerobes in the upper gut. Indeed, this is the basis of the GAPS diet developed by Dr Natasha Campbell McBride. Subsequently these foods can be reintroduced once the upper gut is healed. These foods contain a range of natural antimicrobials to inhibit bacterial overgrowth in the upper gut, together with many enzymes essential for their own digestion and fibre for fermentation in the large bowel by friendly bacteria into short chain fatty acids. This helps restore normal function. With fruit, some people will tolerate fructose because this is a monosaccharide and rapidy absorbed. Broadly speaking, anaerobic bacteria ferment soluble fibre, aerobic bacteria ferment disaccharides, polysaccharides and starches (ripe fruit OK to eat because fructose is a monosaccharide) and yeast ferment mono-saccharides (ripe fruit not OK to eat!). The GAPS diet addresses fermentation by all three, the specific carbohydrate diet addresses fermentation by aerobic bacteria The Gut/Brain/Food Connection: The Specific Carbohydrate Diet (SCD) by Elaine Gottschall, MSc. Anti candida diets address fermentation by yeast. If in doubt, I suggest starting off with a protein/fat diet for all the reasons given by Barry Groves in his lovely presentation Homo Carnivorous. The only way to really find out is trial and error.
- Once the upper gut is sterile (additional antibiotics and/or anti-fungals may be needed), then aim to feed bacteroides in the lower gut- eat pulses, nuts, seeds and vegetables, i.e. foods rich in prebiotics and soluble fibre. These provide food for bacteroides in the large bowel which ferment them to short chain fatty acids. This is the fuel for the cells lining the gut, without which they atrophy. It is also the fuel which mitochondria can switch to when blood sugar levels fall low (for example during sleep). The best sources are in pulses, vegetables, nuts and seeds.
- Acid stomach and alkali duodenum - An acid stomach helps to kill microbes which are acid sensitive, whilst an alkali duodenum helps to kill microbes which are alkali sensitive. A normally acid stomach would be pH 4 or less, whilst the duodenum would be 8 or above. The pH scale is a logarithmic one so these figures represent a 10,000 fold difference in acidity.
- One can test for a non-acid stomach by a simple saliva test - see Hypochlorhydria. There is no easy way to test for an alkali duodenum. Where there is hypochlorhydria, take additional acid with food (as ascorbic acid or betaine hydrochloride). The stomach normally takes 1-2 hours to empty; at this point take magnesium carbonate 1-2 grams, which neutralises stomach acid and assists digestion in the duodenum.
- Eat smaller meals - lesser amounts of foods are easier to deal with. Anyone who has eaten much too large a meal will recognise the symptoms of fermenting gut - fatigue, bloating, discomfort and, later, foul smelling wind!
- Sterilise the upper gut - the key here is to take something which kills bugs in the upper gut but does not upset bacteria in the lower gut. Bacteria and yeast are greedy for micronutrients, especially minerals. Indeed, this may explain why some patients worsen when they take micronutrients - these simply feed the upper gut flora so they ferment harder. Ways to tackle this:
- Take high dose ascorbic acid or magnesium ascorbate between and during meals. The acid and the ascorbate both kill microbes. In the right dose they can sterilise the upper gut. If very high doses of vitamin C are taken it will spill over into the large bowel and cause diarrhoea - this is called taking vitamin C to bowel tolerance and is useful in getting rid of gut infections in a gastroenteritis.
- Take minerals through the skin by using transdermal micronutrients. This may explain why the tiny amounts of magnesium in injections is so effective!
- Plant tannins (eg viracin) chelate up minerals so they are not available to bugs. This may explain why tea drinking is so popular - the tannin in tea has the same effect. Also spicy foods kill microbes and may explain why the most popular British dish is now curry! Since gut fermentation is a common problem in people eating Western diets perhaps subconciously we have worked out that a good curry with a cup of tea makes us feel better!
- Broadly speaking it is yeast that ferment monosaccharides and disaccharides (sugar and fruit sugar), aerobic bacteria that ferment disaccharides and polysaccharides(grain and potato starches) and anaerobic bacteria that ferment soluble fibre.
Improve digestion
Quick efficient digestion of food upstream means that there is less available to be fermented downstream. One may need:
- Acid supplements: Indeed, there may be a role for vitamin C as ascorbic acid. Ascorbic acid is acid and so improves digestion of protein. It is also toxic to all microbes including bacteria, yeast and viruses as well as being an important anti-oxidant - indeed the eventual receiver of most electrons from free radicals. Humans, guinea pigs and fruit bats are the only mammal species which cannot make their own vitamin C and we have to get it in food. Scaling up from other mammals we should be consuming 2-6 grams daily (a hundred fold more than the government RDA of 30mgs daily!). One could get the dose just right so that ascorbic acid with food sterilises the upper gut, but is absorbed and/or diluted so has a minimal effect on the lower gut. If one takes excessive vitamin C it will cause diarrhoea as too much gets into the lower gut, kills off the bugs there and empties the gut completely!
- Pancreatic enzymes see Pancreatic exocrine function. The need for these could be tested by doing a Comprehensive digestive stool analysis (CDSA). A dose would be 1-3 capsules of Polyzyme Forte (BioCare) with meals depending on the size of the meal. Be aware that many prescribable pancreatic enzymes contain toxic dimethicones or phthalates.
- Magnesium carbonate as above
- or Bile acids. Take 150mgs with meals. Apparently prevotella, the bug shown by Kenny de Meirleir to be a major fermenter, is susceptible to bile acids. Increasing fats and oils in the diet will improve bile flow and may help flush out unwanted bacteria in the biliary tree. See Phospholipid exchange
Improve the lining of the gut:
- Chewing gum. The parotid salivary gland provides a rich source of endothelial growth factor (indeed, this is what John McLaren Howard measures in his hypochlorhydria test) which stimulates growth of the lining of the gut. Chew, because this stimulates flow of saliva. Sugar-free, additive-free gum please! One preparation containing xylitol seems sensible because xylitol further helps kill microbes.
- Dr Butt recommends the intake of red meat and soya bean protein for vegetarians (although he considers this very much "second best").
- Dr Butt recommends glutamine in a slow release capsule to nourish the gut lining and also to correct antioxidant status (superoxide dismutase, Co-enzyme Q10 and glutathione peroxidase). See Antioxidants
- antibiotics,
- the Pill and HRT,
- acid blocking drugs especially proton pump inhibitors,
- some antidepressants which cause dry mouth.
Change the bugs in the gut
Probiotics have not lived up to their therapeutic potential. I suspect this is because the single most important probiotic is bacteroides and this cannot exist outside the human gut. Oxygen kills it within minutes. There is no probiotic on the market which contains bacteroides. We acquire bacteroides at birth and retain those bacteria for life. Aerobic bacteria may be helpful and are present in many naturally fermented foods - details of how to prepare these can be found in "Gut and Psychology Syndrome".
Kefir is useful because it contains a combination of bacteria that produces a toxin that kills yeast.
Treatment of low E-coli:
- All the above and
- Mutaflor – ½ a capsule daily for two days, then 1 capsule daily for seven days then 2 capsules daily for 14 days and adjust the dose subsequently according to response. A patient of mine has a recipe for Growing Mutaflor so that one batch lasts a long time!
- .
Treatment of low numbers of Bacteroides
- All the above, especially prebiotics
- Low numbers of bacteroides should build up easily with above measures
- A major problem would arise if there were no bacteroides. There is no probiotic which contains bacteroides because it does not survive outside the human gut. One possibility would be to consider Faecal bacteriotherapy ie use fresh live actively fermenting bugs from another human gut. The main proponent of this therapy is Dr Thomas Borody. See Thomas Borody. The Taymount Clinic offers this technique in UK- see Taymount Clinic
Treatment of high Streptococcus levels:
- All the above
- Avoid sugar strictly – each molecule of glucose and fructose will produce two molecules of lactic acid and create a marked tendency to acidosis. Dr Butt is Chinese and he points out that Chinese people do not eat fruit at all. Only the wealthy Chinese do and then very occasionally. Glucose and fructose are potentially very damaging to the body because they get fermented by streptococcus into D-lactate. This is another mechanism by which sugars can result in foggy brain.
- Erythromycin 500mg twice daily for 7 days or any such macrolide. Perhaps longer. Happily bacteroides, the most abundant probiotic is largely resistant to erythromycin!
Treatment of High Enterococcus
- All the above
- Kefir contains bacteriocins which inhibit streptococcus. But it also contains lactobacillus plantarum, which can ferment sugar to D-lactate, so avoid sugar strictly if this is your problem! L. Plantarum has good anti-inflammatory action which makes it a desirable probiotic in inflammatory bowel disease.
Bacteroides including Prevotella species
There does not appear to be an antibiotic that Prevotella is sensitive to, but apparently it can be reduced by taking bile salts. These are also available on prescription as Ursodeoxycholic acid and I would suggest 150mg with meals, perhaps more! I am currently trying rifaxamin 400mgs tds for 14 days (perhaps longer) to tackle upper fermenting gut by anaerobes. The idea here is to use a dose of rifaxamin sufficient to kill the billions of bacteria in th eupper gut but not the trillions in the lower gut. Initially this must be done with a protein fat only diet (no carbs or vegetable fibre). See GAPS diet for details. Ideas can be found in the video of Dr. Mercola interviewing Dr. Natasha Campbell-McBride
Replete with probiotics
Because of the above problems choose your probiotic strategy carefully! The strategies I use are:
Naturally fermented foods - as detailed in the GAPS diet.
Prebiotics provide fermentable substrate for bacteroides. Foods naturally rich in prebiotics are pulses, onions and leeks (if they make you fart, they are full of prebiotics!). See Wikipedia: Prebiotic (nutrition). One can purchase fructo-oligosaccharides, which are a prebiotic.
Kefir - because it kills yeast. It also supplies a safe bacteria for bulking stools and preventing constipation. It is easily grown on many substrates (I use soya milk) and one sachet lasts a lifetime since a new culture can be grown from the previous. See Probiotics and Kefir. I suggest one cupful after meals. Avoid sugar and fruit when using Kefir to avoid sugar being fermented to D-lactate. Kefir is rich in lactobacillus.
Mutaflor - see Growing Mutaflor if E. coli is low.
Faecal bacteriotherapy is the only way to replace bacteroides.
See also Yeast problems and candida
See also Ulcerative colitis and phosphatidylcholine (PC) in the gut, which explains the importance of the right fats and oils in the diet for normal gut function and flora.
This may prove to be a very useful treatment. Neem is extremely safe. It seems to work by making microbes less sticky so they do not stick to the lining of the gut. This may explain its broad spectrum of action. It works well as a mouth wash for the same reason. I suggest 10mls of neem multiguard after food.
Overview of advice in 500 words - Fermenting gut - the Full Monty
Now that you have digested all the evidence for, all the thinking about, and many treatment ideas for the fermenting gut, here is your reward - a short summary of the approach which can be used by anyone with suspected gut fermentation problems or, indeed, anyone with gut problems and/or diagnosis of IBS. Have a look at Fermenting gut - the Full Monty.
Related Tests
- Microbial ecology profile
- Comprehensive Digestive Stool Analysis
- Protea Biopharma website - Hydrogen sulphide test page
Related Articles
- Fermenting gut - the Full Monty
- Probiotics - we should all be taking these all the time and double the dose following antibiotics and gastroenteritis
- Yeast problems and candida
- Antioxidants
- CFS - The Methylation Cycle
External links
- Badbugs - a website/resource/forum set up by a sufferer infected with Blastocystis hominis and Dientamoeba fragilis who is dedicated to sharing the results of her extensive reseach into diagnosing and treating these "bad bugs". The abbreviation "CDD" in his text on treating Blastocystis hominis stands for the Centre for Digestive Diseases in New South Wales, Australia.
- Lemle MD.Hypothesis: Chronic fatigue syndrome is caused by dysregulation of hydrogen sulfide metabolism. Medical Hypotheses 2009;72(1):108-9. Epub 2008 Sep 16. firstname.lastname@example.com
- Protea Biopharma Press Conference, London 28.5.09. Prof K de Meileir, Chris Roelant, Marc Fremont.
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We have a new economy, unlike the old one. It's not as robust, not as profitable. Overhead is up, taxes are up, everything is up. It costs you more to produce less and profits are smaller. The winning hand will … Read More
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Coping With The Increased Costs Of Doing Business
It varies across the board, some business owners are experiencing bone-crushing increases in the cost of production or the delivery of services because of increased fuel costs or increased costs of food ingredients, for example. Others will be brought to … Read More
Reduce The Workforce To Increase Profitability
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text: I wish to become a post-doc in your group. Thank you for your interest in our research. Presently we do not have any further postdoctoral openings. We expect to have about one or two per year, in synthetic organic chemistry or electrochemistry, for our organic molecule based flow battery project. When an opening becomes available it will be announced here.


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Find out howit works
We have a planfor every budget
Companies Mentioned
Redishred Capital Corp. (TSX.V - KUT) announced today that its subsidiary, Proshred Franchising Corp. ("PFC"), has entered into an agreement with a new franchisee to operate a PROSHRED(R) shredding business. The new PROSHRED(R) franchise office will be located in Richmond, VA. The company currently has 23 locations in operation and with the addition of Richmond, VA, PROSHRED(R) continues to develop its footprint across the United States. The Richmond franchise is the third franchise to be awarded this year. Redishred expects its new franchisee to commence operations in the first quarter of 2013.
Redishred's President John Prittie commented, "Donald Trumble is another excellent addition to our team as he is a true entrepreneur and a seasoned business executive. In addition, he brings with him a wealth of knowledge and experience from the waste management industry. This location helps the Company densify its location footprint across the Eastern seaboard with continuous service from Boston, MA to Atlanta, GA."
Donald Trumble, our new Richmond franchisee, stated, "I researched various business opportunities and found the PROSHRED(R) franchise the most appealing business investment. I was looking for business to business interaction with growth opportunity and recurring revenue stream. It was important to become involved with an organization that provides a superior support group for the franchise network. Identity theft has become a serious security threat in our society and PROSHRED(R) provides a service which combats the growing threat while simultaneously contributing to the green initiative through its 100% recycling program. PROSHRED(R) provides me with the opportunity to create jobs, become involved in community endeavors and provide an established document destruction service. I am extremely excited to have the opportunity to bring PROSHRED(R) to Central Virginia."
Donald Trumble is an experienced business owner with over 35 years of management background. Most recently, he owned Trumble Builders, Inc., a custom home builder, for 20 years in Central Virginia. Prior to his construction business he was involved in the solid waste industry holding various positions including General Manager, Operations Manager, Maintenance Manager, Customer Service and Sales. He served his country as a proud member of the United States Marine Corps as a Combat Engineer Officer with experience in construction, heavy equipment, operations, logistics and maintenance. He is a graduate of James Madison University. Donald is a resident of the Greater Richmond area and looks forward to his continued involvement in the Richmond Metro community while he builds his PROSHRED(R) franchise.
Redishred Capital Corp. is the owner of the PROSHRED(R) trademarks and intellectual property in the United States. PROSHRED(R) shreds and recycles confidential documents and proprietary materials for thousands of customers in the United States in all industry sectors. PROSHRED(R) is a pioneer in the mobile document destruction and recycling industry and has the ISO 9001:2008 certification. In addition to the ISO certification, most of our franchise and corporate locations are NAID certified. It is PROSHRED(R)'s vision to be the 'system of choice' and provide shredding and recycling services on a global basis.
Redishred Capital Corp. (TSX.V - KUT)
Kasia Pawluk, CA
Chief Financial Officer
Phone: (416) 204-0076 Fax: (905) 812-9448
Jeffrey Hasham, MBA, CA
Chief Executive Officer
Phone: (416) 849-3469 Fax: (905) 812-9448
Note: The TSX Venture Exchange has neither approved nor disapproved of the information contained herein.
This news release contains forward looking statements that reflect the current expectations of management of Redishred and Redishred's future results, performance, achievements, prospects and opportunities. Wherever possible, words such as "may", "will", "estimate", "believe", "expect", "intend" and similar expressions have been used to identify these forward looking statements. These statements reflect current beliefs and are based on information currently available to management of Redishred. Forward looking statements necessarily involve known and unknown risks and uncertainties. A number of factors, including those discussed in the 2011 management discussion and analysis under "Risk Factors", could cause actual results, performance, achievements, prospects or opportunities to differ materially from the results discussed or implied in the forward looking statements. These factors should be considered carefully and a reader should not place undue reliance on the forward looking statements. There can be no assurance that the expectations of management of Redishred will prove to be correct.
In particular, certain statements in this document discuss Redishred's anticipated outlook of future events. These statements include, but are not limited to:
(i)The commencement of operations which may be delayed by the franchisees inability to secure the required facilities to operate a Proshred franchise, and
(ii)The development of further locations which may not be attained due to negative local economic circumstances that may limit the number of qualified franchisee candidates.
Readers are cautioned that such forward looking statements are subject to certain risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from these statements. Redishred can give no assurance that actual results will be consistent with these forward-looking statements.
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This 10 hectares site in San would not have previously been
Sounds like a professional company, good luck
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Definitions for gradualismˈgrædʒ u əˌlɪz əm
This page provides all possible meanings and translations of the word gradualism
Random House Webster's College Dictionary
grad•u•al•ismˈgrædʒ u əˌlɪz əm(n.)
the principle or policy of achieving some goal by gradual steps rather than by drastic change.
a tenet of geology or evolutionary theory maintaining that change takes place gradually and continuously over long periods of geological time.
Category: Biology, Evolution
Origin of gradualism:
In evolutionary biology, belief that evolution proceeds at a steady pace, without the sudden development of new species or biological features from one generation to the next.
Gradualism, from Latin gradus, is the belief in or the policy of change by gradual, often slow stages.
Find a translation for the gradualism definition in other languages:
Select another language:
Discuss these gradualism definitions with the community:
Use the citation below to add this definition to your bibliography:
"gradualism." Definitions.net. STANDS4 LLC, 2014. Web. 19 Dec. 2014. <http://www.definitions.net/definition/gradualism>.


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Majeh faces Jin Song and a vicious demonic wolf. As the battle ensues, Cerberus vows death before allowing Moon Ju to escape. Chung Poong, Dohwa, and Young are needed in this hellish battle. Will they be able to put an end to Moon Ju's wrath? It seems like the King of Hades has the answer and isn't afraid to give it to them!
Story by Ra In-Soo and Art by Kim Jae-Hwan.
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Viewing All 19 Photos
Certified photos by travelers like you.
Pisa Segway Tour
September 2011
Toby A
United Kingdom
On Segways at Leaning Tower
Pisa Segway Tour
June 2010
Nice backdrop!
said I wouldn't do this but got carried away
July 2014
it had to be done
Doing what
Pisa City Hop-on Hop-off Tour
The leaning tower of Pisa
September 2012
Margaret P
The hop on and off bus stops here
Doing what
Pisa City Hop-on Hop-off Tour
Pisa 2011
October 2011
Great fun!
Pisa Tower at a Bus stop
July 2011
My wife in the front of the Pisa Tower taking advantage of a Bus Stop
Doing what
Pisa City Hop-on Hop-off Tour
Pisa Segway Tour
May 2011
Look Joe, No Hands....fun on the way!!!
May 2011
Jane and the tour guide - 'Call Me Joe' - very much a ladies man and all around good bloke.....
May 2011
Just cruising the streets....
Pisa - January
February 2011
Kevin F
Campo dei Miracoli - January 2011
Bike in Pisa
November 2010
The tour guy took picture as much as he could.
Pisa Segway Tour
June 2010
Mom got the hang of it!
Pisa Segway Tour
June 2010
Such a pretty little thing!


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Addition reaction
An addition reaction, in organic chemistry, is in its simplest terms an organic reaction where two or more molecules combine to form a larger one.[1][2]
Addition reactions are limited to chemical compounds that have multiple bonds, such as molecules with carbon-carbon double bonds (alkenes), or with triple bonds (alkynes). Molecules containing carbon—hetero double bonds like carbonyl (C=O) groups, or imine (C=N) groups, can undergo addition as they too have double bond character.
An addition reaction is the opposite of an elimination reaction. For instance the hydration reaction of an alkene and the dehydration of an alcohol are addition-elimination pairs.
There are two main types of polar addition reactions: electrophilic addition and nucleophilic addition. Two non-polar addition reaction exists as well called free radical addition and cycloadditions. Addition reactions are also encountered in polymerizations and called addition polymerization. Based on the number of lines and their slopes obtained by plotting alkene ionization potentials versus logs of their relative rates of additions, Donna Nelson and her students have identified patterns in alkene addition reactions and in their mechanisms.
Addition-elimination reaction[edit]
In the related addition-elimination reaction an addition reaction is followed by an elimination reaction. In the majority of reactions it involves addition of nucleophiles to carbonyl compounds in what is called nucleophilic acyl substitution.[3]
Other addition-elimination reactions are the reaction of an aliphatic amine to an imine and an aromatic amine to a Schiff base in alkylimino-de-oxo-bisubstitution. The hydrolysis of nitriles to carboxylic acids is also a form of addition-elimination.
- ^ Morrison, R. T.; Boyd, R. N. (1983). Organic Chemistry (4th ed.). Boston: Allyn and Bacon. ISBN 0-205-05838-8.
- ^ March, Jerry (1985), Advanced Organic Chemistry: Reactions, Mechanisms, and Structure (3rd ed.), New York: Wiley, ISBN 0-471-85472-7
- ^ Reaction-Map of Organic Chemistry Murov, Steven. J. Chem. Educ. 2007, 84, 1224 Abstract
External links[edit]
|Wikiquote has quotations related to: Addition reaction


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Parks' Planting Process
NYC Parks manages the planting and care of all street trees on the public right-of-way and plants new street trees as part of a citywide initiative to green the sidewalks of New York City. Street trees make the city more livable, improve the environment, enhance public health and are a key element of the City's PlaNYC initiative to make the city more sustainable as our population grows. To accomplish these goals, NYC Parks works with reputable nurseries to procure the optimal species for planting at each location and follows a series of guidelines when installing new trees.
Learn how to request a street tree be planted
How NYC Parks Plants Street Trees
Step 1: Survey
NYC Parks foresters survey every potential planting location to determine if it can accommodate the healthy growth of new trees. NYC Parks surveys sites on blocks with few or no trees, where trees have been removed and upon request from New Yorkers across the five boroughs. Foresters take into account local environmental conditions as well as available space and clearances for tree growth. Foresters will use this data sheet to match a suitable tree species for each tree planting location. A white dot painted on the curb indicates a potential tree planting location.
Step 2: Utilities
The utility companies mark the underground gas (yellow), electric (red), and telecommunication (orange) lines at the proposed planting location to ensure that the tree planting will not conflict with any of these utilities. Though a site may have been approved during the survey process, it may later be declined after the utilities are marked on the sidewalk and street.
Step 3: Marking
An NYC Parks forester and the planting contractor will then visit the planting site to mark out the future tree bed and tree location. A white "T" is painted on the curb where the tree will be planted. You may also see white marks on the sidewalk to indicate the corners of the future street tree bed. Marking of the planting location will most likely take place between February and March for spring plantings, and between September and October for fall plantings. NYC Parks is also piloting use of a specialized decal to indicate where tree planting is taking place.
Step 4: Site Preparation
NYC Parks' planting contractors often prepare the sidewalk before the tree is planted. You may see saw cuts in the sidewalk along the edges of the tree bed, or the concrete may even be removed entirely, leaving an open tree planting area. Preparing the site ahead of time makes it easier to plant the tree at a later date and allows the contractor to plant more trees during the short planting seasons. Don't worry if you see sidewalk preparation and the tree was not planted. THE CONTRACTOR WILL BE BACK TO PLANT THE TREE, most likely within a few weeks depending on the weather. If inclement weather prevents contractors from fulfilling their planting obligations by the end of the season, the tree bed will be addressed the following season.
Step 5: Tree Planting
The new tree will arrive between March and June for the spring season and between November and January for the fall season. Each tree will have two wooden stakes on either side for support and the area around the tree will be covered in mulch to minimize weed growth and retain water.
Step 7: Guarantee and Maintenance
All street trees are under guarantee for two years after they are planted. During this time, the planting contractor is responsible for regular maintenance of the tree, including weed removal, replacing missing soil or mulch and minor pruning. The contractor is also required to water the tree at least once every two weeks from May through October. If a tree dies during the guarantee period it will be replaced in the next planting season. New Yorkers are strongly encouraged to help water street trees weekly during the warmer seasons, 20 gallons or more, for the first 3-5 years after planting.
New Yorkers are strongly encouraged to perform basic tree care to promote the healthy growth of the tree. Visit www.milliontreesnyc.org to sign up for a FREE TreeLC tree care workshop.
Procuring Trees
Parks' Central Forestry Division works with experienced tree growers to make sure that only the healthiest and strongest specimen and species are selected for planting—beautifying our sidewalks, shading our streets, and providing New Yorkers with a host of benefits for many years to come.
The process has three major advantages for New York City:
- A high-quality standard for tree planting that is leading the industry.
- A wider array of tree species that have not previously been available. With this expanded selection that better meets the broad diversity of planting locations throughout the city, Parks is now able to more accurately match "the right tree for the right location."
- Parks now has a direct conduit to a wealth of knowledge via the staff at each nursery. Our partner nurseries have extremely dedicated and talented people working for them who collectively have hundreds of years of experience, which means that if we have a question we cannot answer within our office, the nurseries are just a phone call away!
For a more in-depth look at Parks' street tree procurement process, check out the article Tree Procurement Contracts: New York City's Quest for Amazing Trees from the May/June 2010 issue of City Trees: The Journal of the Society of Municipal Arborists.


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Speculative fiction writer Nalo Hopkinson's award-winning dystopian novel Brown Girl in the Ring takes place in a walled-off inner city filled with crime, drug addiction, and poverty, where the causes of the city's downward spiral are economic. In the novel, conditions worsen when those with money flee from the city to the suburbs. Policy after government policy fails to "revitalize" the inner-city, and the situation becomes little more than a theoretical policy problem that politicians invoke when they're running for re-election.
Sound familiar? Indeed, the city that inspired this story was Detroit--but Hopkinson's novel was written in 1998. And 15 years later, with recent news that a political candidate in a wealthy Detroit suburb is actually proposing that a wall be built along the border of the now-bankrupt city, Hopkinson's dystopic vision has become a disturbing reality--and is well-worth revisiting.
Dystopias have made a comeback recently, from the seemingly unending number of YA dystopian novels and subsequent movie adaptations (like The Hunger Games or the Divergent trilogy) to the newfound relevance of modern classics of the genre. The cover art of the recent re-issue of George Orwell's 1949 classic 1984, for example, reflects the Western world's growing unease with both the surveillance state and government secrets. Huxley's 1932 novel Brave New World was prescient in predicting our society's obsession with better living through pharmacology and never-ending leisure activities. Ray Bradbury, right up until his death, was vocal on insisting that his 1953 dystopian classic Fahrenheit 451 was not actually about censorship, but about the destructive forces of mass media, such as TV and video games. Margaret Atwood has also been vocal about the current relevance of her 1985 book The Handmaid's Tale in the face of recent surges of religious intolerance, particularly towards women.
There's a long-standing tradition of ignoring the warnings of future-conscious artists and creative thinkers, but we do so at our own peril: Dystopias can still teach us about ourselves and about how to change our future. Hopkinson's novel, like other acclaimed dystopian novels before it, has seen the fictional nightmare it imagines become a reality. But while Brown Girl in the Ring presents a bleak, dysfunctional vision of what was then the future, it also offers a glimpse of some solutions at the individual and grassroots levels.
Science-fiction theorist Darko Suvin writes that in order to be effective, science fiction must contain elements of cognitive estrangement; in other words, elements of both the familiar and the unfamiliar. Usually, this manifests itself through as-yet-unheard-of technological advances or strange, far-away worlds. Hopkinson, though, sets her novel in the not-so-distant future, and doesn't have to travel to other worlds or invent technological advancements to "estrange" her readers. The protagonist of Brown Girl in the Ring is a young, black, unwed mother named Ti-Jeanne (a play on the Caribbean everyman character, Ti-Jean, from Derek Walcott's play Ti-Jean and his Brothers). The setting is not actually Detroit, but Toronto, and Ti-Jeanne is a second-generation Canadian. She lives with her grandmother, Gros-Jeanne, in the Burn -- the worst part of the walled-off inner city.
If Hopkinson's book had followed the traditional formula for a dystopia, it would likely have been written from the perspective of a suburban dweller: white, middle-class, probably male, and dissatisfied with the illusion of perfection.
Detroit, with its empty, abandoned buildings, is often described now as a wasteland, overgrown with plants and other vegetation -- much like Hopkinson's inner-city Toronto. Hopkinson imagines an inner-city run by the criminals and drug dealers, as the police have largely abandoned their efforts to protect them. With a national crime rate five times the national average and a depleted police force, Detroit echoes Hopkinson's predicted consequences to the economic collapse.
However, people like Paul Weertz in Detroit have transformed these abandoned spaces to their advantage, turning them into farms that provide valuable resources to the people the mass middle-class exodus has left behind -- a solution Hopkinson offers in Brown Girl in the Ring. In the novel, the abandoned poor then band together, form communities, support one another, barter, trade, and start their own businesses.
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Do Co-workers Bug You
January 28, 2014 9:15 AM
Greg Carpenter
www.facebook.com/1019litefmmornings Email: ...Read More
How are you getting along with people at work? There's a chance something a co-worker does might get you your nerves. Here are the top three things that bug people at work.
1. Coworkers who always take the best vacation days, so you can't get time off.
2. Coworkers who steal your food from the office fridge.
3. Coworkers who slow you down or make you work extra by taking super long lunch breaks.


text:
Elephant ears
Elephant Ear Black Magic
Park Seed
Elephant Ear Black Magic
Direct Gardening
Caladium Elephant Ear
Direct Gardening
Elephant ears is a plant which belongs to the Caladium genus. It is a houseplant / ornamental and is treated mainly as a perennial, so it grows best over a period of time (3 years and greater). Popular varieties of Elephant ears with home gardeners are Caladium, Mixed Colors, Candidum Junior, Caroline Whorton and Black Magic.
This plant info is provided by the myfolia gardener's wiki. All details about Elephant ears have been kindly provided by our members.
How to grow Elephant ears
Growing Elephant ears from seed
Transplanting Elephant ears
Companion plants for Elephant ears
These plants have been known to grow well alongside Elephant ears so consider planting:
Repellent plants for Elephant ears
These plants will not grow well with Elephant ears so avoid planting these within close proximity:
Common Elephant ears problems
These problems, diseases and pests are known to affect Elephant ears plants:
Other names for Elephant ears
Elephants ears, Caladium, Heart of jesus, Angel wings, Elephant ear
Caladium Vent.
Misspellings: Elephant's Ears
Elephant ears care instructions
How long does Elephant ears take to grow?
Popular varieties of Elephant ears
Elephant ears Forums
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Find out howit works
We have a planfor every budget
Companies Mentioned
ATLANTA, GA / ACCESSWIRE / March 28, 2014 / Dutch Gold Resources, Inc. (DGRI.OTC) (the "Company") (http://dutchgoldinc.com) today announced that it has begun development of a proprietary Peer to Peer (P2P) Payments technology specifically for the MMJ sector.
Said Dan Hollis, CEO, "Our Point of Banking solution requires customers to be onsite to initiate a PIN based transaction. By developing our own P2P platform, we intend to give merchants and consumers a more flexible payment system. This will be especially important for delivery services, mitigating the risk of drivers having to carry large amounts of cash. Further, this development will support repeat transactions between merchants and consumers in a regulatory compliant manner, whether in person, online or mobile."
The Company expects to complete the development of this new offering during the second quarter. Based on feedback from existing dispensaries, the rollout of this product will commence immediately thereafter.
Currently, some MMJ retailers are paying up to 9% for merchant services. The Company believes that it can drive down costs to the MMJ sector, while providing ample margins for its shareholders. The development of this proprietary technology can add shareholder value, and help solidly position the Company in the P2P payments sector.
For a detailed explanation of P2P payments, interested investors may use the following link: http://www.investinganswers.com/financial-dictionary/personal-finance/person-person-payments-p2p-2584.
Forward-Looking Statements
This press release contains forward-looking statements that reflect the Company's current expectation regarding future events. Actual events could differ materially and substantially from those projected herein and depend on a number of factors. Certain statements in this release, and other written or oral statements made by Dutch Gold Resources, Inc. are "forward-looking statements" within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933 and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. You should not place undue reliance on forward-looking statements since they involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors, which are, in some cases, beyond the Company's control and which could, and likely will, materially affect actual results, levels of activity, performance or achievements. The Company assumes no obligation to publicly update or revise these forward-looking statements for any reason, or to update the reasons actual results could differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements, even if new information becomes available in the future. Important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from the company's expectations include, but are not limited to, those factors that are disclosed under the heading "Risk Factors" and elsewhere in documents filed by the company from time to time with the United States Securities and Exchange Commission and other regulatory authorities.
For further information, please see www.DutchGoldInc.com or please contact Daniel Hollis, CEO of Dutch Gold Resources, Inc. at 404-981-7424.
SOURCE: Dutch Gold Resources, Inc.
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This 10 hectares site in San would not have previously been
Sounds like a professional company, good luck
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A look at Memphis' growing pension problem and Airport Authority challenges
This week on Behind the Headlines (March 22), a look at the growing pension problem for the City of Memphis; also the new head of the Memphis Airport Authority talks about the challenges ahead. Guests include Memphis City Council member Kemp Conrad, blogger Joe Saino (memphisshelbyinform.com), and Memphis-Shelby County Airport Authority chairman Jack Sammons.
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Does our 2-layer rayon from bamboo insert not quite meet the needs of your VERY heavy wetter? Need a little something extra?
Our 2-layer rayon from bamboo/organic cotton booster is a great way to bump up your system's absorbency. Wrap it in a 2-layer insert and you get a total of 8 layers right where your baby needs it! Fold it in half and place in the front of the diaper if you have a boy for extra absorbency right where he needs it!
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Gallery will host jam sessions
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- Category: Entertainment
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Beginning Saturday, April 20, acoustic jam sessions will be held at Gallery Zeke, 108 E. Main St., in Steelville. The gatherings will be held on subsequent third Saturdays each month and will begin at 6 p.m.
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December 20, 2014
An argument that started at Sunday's Wing Ding leads to a home invasion early Monday morning. It happened at about 2:30 a.m. in the 7100 block of West State Street at the Rustic Motel.
The Winnebago County Sheriff's Department says two men kicked in the door of a motel room, because of an argument at the Wing Ding with another Winnebago County family. That family of a husband, wife and their four kids was staying in that motel room.
Officials say after the suspects kicked in the door, one flashed a handgun and threatened to kill the husband. The wife told police her husband ran to the other room and jumped out a window. Officials say the wife and kids were then threatened, but in the end, nobody was injured. Investigators say they have identified two suspects.
If you do have information that might help police, please give Rockford Area Crimestoppers a call at 963-7867.
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Diversified Consumer Services
Company Overview of Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs
BOARD MEMBERS AFFILIATED WITH Anne-Marie Slaughter *
MOST CONNECTED PEOPLE TO Anne-Marie Slaughter
|Fareed Zakaria
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|Wendell J. Knox
|132 Relationships
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20-26 Linden Court Morayfield Qld 4506
Contact Agent
- Acreage/Semi-Rural
- 4
- 2
- 6
Michael Fawcett-Smith
- 07 3888 5565
- 07 3888 5565
- View profile
Coronis Realty - Burpengary
Shop 9 Heritage Village, Burpengary Plaza, Progress RoadBurpengary, Qld 4505
20-26 Linden Court Morayfield
Another Sold by Michael Fawcett-Smith
Quality acreage property on 8010m2, Inspect Now!
If you are looking to escape the rat race and secure your own piece of acreage, then look no further.
The property comes complete with wrap around bull nose verandas to enjoy the beautiful Queensland weather.
The property is fully fenced with a bitumen circular driveway leading to the house.
Second gate access makes it easy for those with trucks, boats, caravans or other toys to enjoy in the great outdoors.
The property's features include cathedral ceilings with a spacious lounge and dining area, a fireplace to warm you on those cool winter evenings and air-conditioners to help keep the heat down during the summer months.
The kitchen is made from Tasmanian Oak and features gas cooking, electric wall oven and dishwasher. There are four good sized bedrooms with built-in robes and air-conditioning.
The master has a walk-in robe and ensuite. You will be able to work in the home office/study to take care of all life's important matters.
Outside you will find a covered walkway leading you to one of two sheds allowing you to carry out all your home handyman projects whilst...
Property No. 111862475
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- General Features
- Property Type:Acreage/Semi-Rural
- Bedrooms:4
- Bathrooms:2
- Land Size:0.80ha (1.98 acres) (approx)
- Outdoor Features
- Garage Spaces:6
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Frequently Asked Questions - Scholarships and Financial Aid
Merit scholarships are awarded to entering students on the basis of LSAT scores and undergraduate GPA. Award amounts vary and range from full tuition plus a stipend and book award to a partial tuition scholarship.
All admitted applicants are automatically considered for scholarship assistance.* Since scholarships are usually awarded early in the application process, applicants are strongly encouraged to submit their application materials by the December 31st priority deadline.
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Earning My Ears
Join Date: Jan 2011
Location: Go Rays, Bucs, Lightning and Bulls
Posts: 59
Challenging day at MK
Edit to add: I just realized this is pretty long. If you make it to the end, thanks for reading!
So we loaded up the family truckster this morning and managed to get to Simba 14 by 8:45. Not as early as I had hoped, but still early enough to get our FP's to PP and make a beeline for ETWB before the hordes showed up.
First sign of trouble was a HUGE line that looked like it was for the monorail, so we say, no problem, we'll take the ferry. Whoops, that line was for the ferry; the monorails were down. The ferry line wound all the way back to past the entrance to the monorail. While standing in line, we see the resort monorail starts running, so we hop out of line, verify with a CM that the monorail is a go and we pat ourselves on the back as we depart over that huge ferry line. It was short-lived.
After we pulled into the Grand Floridian, the doors stayed open for a little while. Then it's about 5 minutes. Then it's about 10 minutes and the people that were in line from the resort all turn around and leave. That's a bad sign. A few minutes later, there is an announcement that there is another monorail on this track that is not running, so we may be delayed awhile longer. There goes the express monorail the other way. Cool, looks like they got that working. Then they make another announcement that extra ferry boats are being diverted to here and they will be traveling directly to the gates. So I get out and ask what's up, the CM tells me that monorail isn't going anywhere for a long time and recommends we take one of the extra express boats that are being diverted to cover for the broken monorail. Ok, sounds great.
So we head down to the ferry landing and find this:
Maybe so they couldn't hear anybody complain, this was running right next to the line. When my wife asked if they could maybe move it or turn it off for awhile, the maintenance guy told her he wasn't sure, there weren't usually that many people standing there. That's helpful.
Here's a picture of the extra boats running express. This was actually not that representive of what was usually happening because you can actually see a resort boat in that picture.
The resort monorail started running again around 10 or so. We debated going back to the monorail several times, but it was a damned if you do, damned if you don't. We didn't want to risk getting out of this line and getting stuck on the monorail again.
Finally at 10:26 we got on the boat. Here we are heading "directly" to the MK gates, just as promised an hour ago.
"Wait," you say. "That looks like the Poly." Well, you would be correct. Our express shuttle went to Poly before going back across the lake. By the time we got off the boat, it was almost 11.
My wife went to guest services (another 20 minutes in line) to see if anyone cared enough to sprinkle some pixie dust our way. Instead, the CM flat out expressed disbelief in the story, never apologized for the inconvenience and failed to understand how missing rope drop could severely cripple a touring plan. (By the time we got off the boat, PP's FP return was already 3.5 hours away). She begrudgingly gave two anytime/anywhere fastpasses for the entire party, with no smile or anything else that would suggest the customer service industry was a good match for her skill set.
While I'm at it, we ran into way more rude CMs than not today. And I really do go out of my way to talk to them and be nice because I think Disney is a fun place to be and I want to think it's a fun place to work. We had a couple positive interactions with CM's, but that unfortunately was ruined by way more that think it is ok to yell as loudly as they can, "DO NOT STOP IN THE LINE. DO NOT STOP IN THE LINE. DO NOT STOP IN THE LINE!" (not directed at us) or "YOU CANNOT STOP HERE, THIS IS NOT A PLACE TO HIDE FROM THE RAIN! KEEP MOVING!!" or my personal favorite way to treat a customer I saw today, take the customer's meal receipt, rip it to show it was correct and then toss it back across the counter to them without saying anything. When that happened to the people behind us, I explained to the confused mom that what that whole thing really means is, "Here, let me check your receipt to make sure I have your correct order. Yes, I see that everything is here. Here you go, I hope you enjoy your meal." Seriously, are there just not enough 20 year olds with people skills out there anymore?
Having complained about all that, I will say that we were able to do almost everything we planned on, we just had to juggle some things. The rain held out for the most part until 4 and we were able to work around the monsoon. The two magic fastpasses allowed us to not waste a 2 hour FP on PP, so that freed us up for other rides, and through all of those trials, the kids still had a great time, we have plenty of pictures with lots of smiles, we stayed dry (until they started puddle hopping in the parking lot), we have a couple of good stories to tell about the time it took two hours to get across the lake. In the end, that's really all that matters.
Join Date: Mar 2013
Location: Texas
Posts: 275
Your ability to maintain a sense of humor about it all the same day it happened is pretty amazing. What a hassle! We had one not-so-magical morning on our trip (no fault of Disney's), and I'm still not quite to the "laugh about it" point almost two weeks later. I hope you at least have another day in the MK to try to get to things you may have been kept from. If not, way to make the best of a potentially bad situation!
DIS Veteran
Join Date: Jul 2007
Location: VA
Posts: 641
I would be extremely annoyed if it took 2 hours to get from TTC to MK. That is a lot of wasted time. I don't know if I would risk getting on a monorail that wasn't working and then suddenly fixed, especially with all the problems lately. You are lucky it at least made it to the stop at the GF.
I thought in the past when serious issues with the monorail/ferry have come up they will run buses from the TTC to MK?
Am I mistaken in thinking they have done that before? I know they have run buses from TTC to Epcot when that monorail went down, because I had to take one, only to see a crowded monorail pass overhead about half way.
Then a bunch of people started commenting on it
I wondered if people really lived there and got to watch them every night
Join Date: Mar 2012
Location: England
Posts: 2,273
I hate the monorail. There I said it. I felt really unsafe so high up off the ground and it kept stopping (Twice in the Contemporary!). I was frightened we were going to get stuck in the middle of the route. Next time it's the resort bus or ferryboat!
Funny thing is now my 17 year old naps almost every day and so do I!
Join Date: Aug 1999
Location: Massachusetts Strong!
Posts: 8,535
You really asked them to move a pump/generator? Looks like it was in use, so where were they supposed to put it, someplace where it wouldn't reach the needed area?
I'm worried about the monorail system, as it seems to be down a lot more than usual. Surprised though that they didn't commandeer a few buses to lighten the boatloads.
I know why the CMs are sounding more rude these days - it's a direct reflection of some customer behaviors that have been getting out of hand. It seems that everyone is getting more rude, or oblivious to others, and then CMs have to be incredibly blunt to get people to move. I don't think it's the 20 years old, I think it is the guests. We've never run into a rude CM, only rude guests.
July '13 - CBR Aug '14 - PC
Mar '13 - PC Aug '12 - PC (Best Trip Ever!)
Aug '10 - PC June '08 - ASMo (school trip)
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Join Date: Feb 2011
Posts: 153
OP - my goodness! You handled that whole thing so much better than my husband would have. I'm glad you finally got to the MK and soooo sorry that it was a less than magical experience. Hopefully your next park visit more than makes up for it!
DIS Veteran
Join Date: May 2011
Location: Charles Town,WV
Posts: 3,076
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DIS Veteran
Join Date: Feb 2012
Posts: 745
Wow! Kudos to you for not losing it! They really need to do something about the monorail. I think a two hour wait to get to the Magic Kingdom would have ruined my day.
DIS Veteran
Join Date: Oct 2007
Location: Maryland
Posts: 3,269
Lake Buena Vista HoJo's 1977
Some off property hotel in 1983
Contemprary Resort 1998
Wilderness Lodge 2004
All Star Vacation Homes 2008
Wilderness Lodge & Animal Kingdom Lodge 2012(November)
All Star Movies January 2013
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DIS Veteran
Join Date: Jan 2010
Location: Not close enough to Disney World
Posts: 1,537
You handled that gracefully. That line for the ferry was insane.
DIS Veteran
Join Date: Sep 2009
Location: NC
Posts: 3,706
I really like both methods of transportation but there's something special about traveling across the lagoon towards the castle.
We've been there when both monorail and ferry are down and had to take the bus from TTC - not ideal. It stopped at the Poly, at GF, at CR and then finally went to MK - we missed RD that day and I was not a happy camper. However it was nothing compared to what the OP went through!!
Can't wait to go to WDW again in 2015 - In January and May (SWW)!
Previous Magical Adventures:
DIS Veteran
Join Date: Oct 2007
Location: Canada
Posts: 9,563
Geez. 2 HOURS to get in the front gates. There really is no excuse for that and while I am sure it's coming from the apologists, I don't see how anyone could argue that is unacceptable.
As far as the cast members.. well its two fold. Guests are crankier, making cast members crankier, making guests crankier.. etc. Hard to say what the source is. It's probably part guest entitlement and part things breaking down all the time and people being stressed at being packed in like sardines and having to deal with things like waiting 2 HOURS to start their day.
I won't even take the monorail anymore because it's stops or is delayed or breaks down all the time. Not a risk I want to take most days.
DIS Veteran
Join Date: Jul 2006
Location: CT
Posts: 977
We've been in a line like that at GF waiting for the boat when the monorail was down for some reason, last December, trying to get to rope drop. The line was for the regular resort small boat service, not a large ferry. It was frustrating for sure. I thought of going to the bus stop or getting a cab, but those options would have also taken a lot of time, and we didn't know for sure there was bus service to MK, there were no CM's giving info to those in line for the boat... The resort boat ran the regular route that day too, GF, POLY, MK. Once we finally got to MK we didn't go to Guest Services to complain, figuring things happen just move on. Sorry to hear its still happening.
DIS Veteran
Join Date: May 2006
Location: Wisconsin
Posts: 4,232
You just reconfirmed my love for hoppers. If I would've seen that line, I would've turned around and gone to a different park for a few hours!
Glad you were still able to salvage your day!
(me) (DD16)
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MK Kids, Soliel Kids or KGM??
Find a Conversation
MK Kids, Soliel Kids or KGM??
|Sun, 10-07-2012 - 12:42pm
What are the good and not so goods of each?
|Sun, 10-07-2012 - 6:09pm
Both my DD's are with Soleil Kids and we absolutely love it. My 6 year old dd used to be with an agency but decided to get a manager rather than multi list ourselves. Everything that the previous poster said about MK Kids can be said of Soleil as well! With that said, we really like Karen Greer as well.
|Sun, 10-07-2012 - 5:45pm
KGM is an agency and the other two are managers. This means the managers will take an extra 10% on top of the 20% that agencies take. I guess that's the con but as an ex KGM and current MKer, I can't say enough how much I love working with my current manger. It's worth the extra 10% and more. I am in no position to HAVE to do this with my daughter, so we do it for the beautiful pictures and because she enjoys it. I've had issues in the past with the personnel at KGM not being very nice to us, etc... It is of course a very personal decision, but I am extremely happy with MK. It feels like your child has a support system and she always finds all her kiddos' pictures, which is a nice bonus! As a mom working fulltime it's also nice that someone is dealing with several different agencies on your behalf.


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Bad Boys
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Deborah Mandich-Nowland | Jeff Manes~for Sun-Times Media
At a glance
For descriptions and photos of animals available at Lake County Sheriff's Animal Adoption & Control Center go to www.lcac.petfinder.com or www.facebook.com/lcacc. Phone 769-7016.
Updated: February 20, 2014 6:17AM
"A bone to the dog is not charity. Charity is the bone shared with the dog, when you are just as hungry as the dog."
— Jack London
My interview with Deborah Mandich-Nowland took place at the Lake County Sheriff's Animal Adoption & Control Center at 2293 N. Main St., Crown Point. She is the director there.
Mandich-Nowland also lives in Crown Point with her husband, Scott Nowland. They have raised four adult children.
Does the constant sound of dogs barking drive you crazy?
"I don't hear a thing," she said.
Where were you born?
"In Gary. I grew up in the Tolleston neighborhood and graduated from Andrean High School.
In 1959, my dad, Peter Mandich ran for sheriff against a man by the name of Peter Mandich who was the mayor of Gary at one time. When people voted, the other guy was Mandich I and my father was Mandich II. My dad lost the election, but had a good job at American Bridge Works. My grandparents were from Yugoslavia."
"I like to go fishing with my husband in his boat, but taking care of these animals is like a 24-hour job. When needed, I'll come back in the evenings to give animals their medications. It takes up a lot of my time."
How long have you held this position?
"Since 2011. I was a correctional officer for the Lake County Jail for eight years before that. And before that, I was a deputy sheriff. We are the ones in uniform at trials. I did that for 10 years. Prior to being in the court system, I was in the Motor-Carrier Division of the Indiana State Police for four years."
Interesting. Is this a no-kill facility?
"Yes, our mission is that every animal has a chance to be placed into a loving home and that every lost animal is reunited with its owner. We're also committed to reducing pet overpopulation and educating the public about the importance of spay and neutering."
Do you get abused animals?
"Sometimes, yes. The Lake County Sheriff's Department is involved in taking action to stop the abuse of helpless animals."
"Yes, the public will bring them to us, saying, 'This dog was sitting on the curb in front of my house' or 'I found this cat under my porch.'"
Then what?
"My assistant, Yvonne Scott, takes the animals' pictures and posts them on our Facebook page saying this dog was lost and is at our shelter. A lot people come here to pick up their lost dogs. The Facebook page is a great thing. We have more than 8,000 friends on Facebook."
Typical day on the job?
"We arrive in the morning, take the dogs out, clean their kennels and feed them. There are towels and bowls to wash. There is kitty litter to change. The first thing we do when an animal comes in is make a folder for it; this helps us keep track of the animals. The next step is vaccines.
"Besides Yvonne and I, there are five part-time employees and volunteers who come in and walk dogs. We also have inmates from the Lake County Work Release Program who help us."
That's a good thing.
"I can't say enough about the entire staff. Our dedicated volunteers not only participate in socializing cats and dogs, they work on special projects and fund raisers. Yvonne gets here long before we're open to the public."
How many dogs and cats can you house at a time?
"About 35 dogs and 40 cats. We send pets to rescues when our facility is overcrowded."
Best part of the job?
"Reuniting the pets with their families. It's a heartwarming event. We returned 115 animals to their original owners last year."
In 2013, how many animals were brought to LCACC ?
"We took in 720 animals last year."
How many were adopted?
"Exactly 576. That's what I love about working for a no-kill shelter. You know that you put that animal in a loving home when someone else either threw it out or just didn't want to take care of it anymore. We're the voices of these animals because they cannot speak for themselves."
Deborah Mandich-Nowland has two dogs of her own. Bo, a terrier-mix, and Teddy, a poodle-mix, are former residents of Lake County Sheriff's Animal Adoption & Control Center.


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Bear subcultureTalk0
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"A cub is a smaller or younger bear, usually considered as being less experienced or mature in...Cub
"Bears are usually identified as older, stockier males, usually with a substantial amount of body...Younger bears and hairy twinks
"Bear is LGBT slang for those in the bear communities, a subculture in the gay/bisexual male...Bear
"Though not generally widely known outside of the gay community, the "Bear" concept has surfaced...Bear subculture in popular culture
"Template:Otheruses4 The chubby community is a subculture in the gay community. Chubbies (or...Chub (gay slang)
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