text:
Iban people
A traditional Iban Family.
|Total population
|c. 830,000
|Regions with significant populations
| Malaysia
(West Kalimantan)
|Christianity, Animism, some minorities Islam
|Related ethnic groups
|Kantu, Dayak Mualang, Semberuang, Bugau and Sebaru
The Ibans are a branch of the Dayak peoples of Borneo. In Malaysia, most Ibans are located in Sarawak, a small portion in Sabah and some in west Malaysia. They were formerly known during the colonial period by the British as Sea Dayaks. Ibans were renowned for practising headhunting and tribal/territorial expansion and had a fearsome reputation as a strong and successful warring tribe in ancient times.
Since the arrival of Europeans and the subsequent colonisation of the area, headhunting gradually faded out of practice although many tribal customs, practices and language continue. The Iban population is concentrated in Sarawak, Brunei, and in the West Kalimantan region of Indonesia. They live in longhouses called rumah panjang[1].
Nowadays, most of the Iban longhouses are equipped with modern facilities such as electricity and water supply and other facilities such as (tar sealed) roads, telephone lines and the internet. Younger Ibans are mostly found in urban areas and visit their hometowns during the holidays. The Ibans today are becoming increasingly urbanised while retaining most of their traditional heritage and culture.
- 1 Ibanic Subgroup and Language
- 2 Religion, Culture and Festivals
- 3 Musical & Dancing Heritage
- 4 Iban Arts
- 5 Iban traditional possessions
- 6 The Iban agriculture and economy
- 7 Cultural references
- 8 Notable Figures
- 9 See also
- 10 References
- 11 Bibliography
- 12 External links
Ibanic Subgroup and Language[edit]
Although Ibans generally speak a dialect which is mutually intelligible, they can be divided into different branches which are named after the geographical areas where they reside.
- Majority of Ibans who live around the Lundu and Samarahan region are called Sebuyaus.
- Ibans who settled in areas in Serian district (places like Kampung Lebor, Kampung Tanah Mawang & others) are called Remuns. They may be the earliest Iban group to migrate to Sarawak.
- Ibans who originated from Sri Aman area are called Balaus.
- Ibans who come from Betong, Saratok & parts of Sarikei are called Saribas.
- The original iban Lubok Antu Ibans are classed by anthropologists as Ulu Ai/batang ai Ibans.
- Ibans from Undup are called Undup Ibans. Their dialect is somewhat a cross between the Ulu Ai dialect & the Balau dialect.
- Ibans living in areas from Sarikei to Miri are called Rajang Ibans. This group is also known as "Bilak Sedik Iban". They are the majority group of the Iban people. They can be found along the Rajang River, Sibu, Kapit, Belaga, Kanowit, Song, Sarikei, Bintangor, Bintulu and Miri. Their dialect is somewhat similar to the Ulu Ai or lubok antu dialect.
In West Kalimantan (Indonesia), Iban people are even more diverse. The Kantu, Air Tabun, Semberuang, Sebaru' , Bugau, Mualang & along with many other groups are classed as "Ibanic people" by anthropologists. They can be related to the Iban either by the dialect they speak or their customs, rituals & their way of life.
Religion, Culture and Festivals[edit]
|Religions of Ibans (Malaysia only)[1]
|Folk religion-Animist
|Other religions
|No religion / Unknown
The Ibans were traditionally animist, although the majority are now Christian, many continue to observe both Christian and traditional ceremonies, particularly during marriages or festivals. The majority of Iban people have changed their traditional name to a Hebrew based "Christian name" such as David, Christopher, Janet, Sona, or Joseph but a minority still maintain their traditional Iban name or a combination of both with the first Christian name followed by a second traditional Iban name such as David Dana, Christopher Changgai, Janet Jenna or Joseph Jelaing.
The longhouse of Iban Dayaks are constructed in such a way to act as an accommodation and a religious place of worship. The first thing to be erected during the longhouse building is the tiang pemun (the main post) from which the pun ramu (the bottom of any tree trunks) is determined and followed along the longhouse construction. Any subsequent rituals will refer to the tiang pemun and pun ramu.
Iban Beliefs and Deities[edit]
The Iban religion can be briefly summarised as follows:
The supreme God is called Bunsu or Kree Petara, sometimes also called as Raja Entala or even Tuhan Allah Taala (Arabic definite article al- "the" and ilāh "deity, god" to al-lāh meaning "the [sole] deity, God") in modern times.
There are seven main petaras (deities or gods) of Iban Dayaks who act as the messengers between human beings and God. These deities are the children of Raja Jembu and the grandchildren of Raja Burong.[2] Their names are as follows:
- Sengalang Burong as the god of war for protection and sustenance
- Biku Bunsu Petara (female)as the high priest
- Sempulang Gana as the god of agriculture along with Semarugah as the god of land
- Selempandai/Selempeta/Selempetoh as the god of creation
- Menjaya Manang as the god of health and shamanism being the first manang bali
- Anda Mara as the god of wealth
- Ini Inee/Andan (female) as the natural-born doctor and the god of justice
In addition to these gods, there are mystical people namely the orang Panggau Libau and Gelong like Keling and Laja, and Kumang and Lulong who often help the Iban Dayaks to be successful in life and adventures.
Other spirits are called bunsu jelu (animal spirits), antu utai tumboh (plant spirits), antu (ghosts) such as antu gerasi (huntsman) and antu menoa (place spirits like hills or mounts). These spirits can be helpful, cause sickness or even madness.
Stages of Iban propitiation[edit]
Masing in 1981 and Sandin clearly categorises Iban's propitiation to gods into three main stages of increasing importance, complexity and intensity i.e. bedara, gawa and gawai/
Bedara can be divided into bedera mata (unripen rite) if it is performed inside the family room (bilik) and bedara mansau (ripen rite) where it is carried out at the family gallery (ruai). Other specific rituals are called minta ujan (requesting for rain), minta panas (requesting for sunniness), berunsur (cleansing), mudas (appreciating) and genselan menoa (requeting for merciness).
Gawa includes all the medium-sized rituals such as gawa beintu-intu (self-caring rituals) and gawa tuah (Fortune ritual). There are various types of gawa beintu-intu such as timang sukat (Life Measuring Chant), timang bulu (Human Mantle Chant), timang buloh ayu (Soul Bamboo Chant), timang panggang (Jar Board Chant), timang panggau (Wooden platform Chant) and timang engkune (House Post Chant).
Gawai comprises three major festivals namely gawai antu (ghost or spirit festival), gawai bumai (farming festivals) and gawai amat or burong (proper or bird festival). The gawai bumai consists of two major festivals called gawai batu panggol (whetstone ritual) and gawai benih (seed ritual). There is a difference of names between the various types of gawai amat and the stages of gawai burong as described below.
Gawai or Traditional festivals[edit]
Significant traditional festivals to propitiate the above-mentioned gods can be grouped into four categories which are related to the main activities among the Iban Dayaks i.e. the Farm-related festivals, the War-related festivals, the health-related festivals and the Fortune-related festivals.
Rice farming is the key life-sustaining activity among Dayaks and thus there are many ritual festivals dedicated to this namely Gawai Batu (Whetstone Festival), Gawai Benih (Seed Festival), Gawai Ngalihka Tanah (Soil Ploughing Festival), Gawai Ngemali Umai (Farm-healing Festival), Gawai Matah (Harvest-starting Festival) and Gawai Basimpan (Rice-Keeping) Festival.
The rice planting stages start from manggol (ritual initial clearing to seek good omen using a birdstick (tambak burong), nebas babas (clearing undergrowth), nebang kayu (felling trees), ngerangkaika reban (drying out trees), nunu (burning), ngebak and nugal (clearing unburnt trees and dibbling), mantun (weeding), ngetau (harvesting), nungku (separating rice grains), muput (winding), nyembi padi (drying rice grains), besimpan (rice keeping) and nanam taya ba jerami (cotton planting).
The war-related festivals collectively called Gawai Burong (Bird Festival) in the Saribas region or Gawai Amat (Proper Festival) in the Baleh region is held in honour of the war god, Sengalang Burong (Hawk the Bird) which is manifested as the Brahminy Kite. This festival has some stages and is initiated by a notable individual from time to time and hosted by individual longhouses. It originally honours warriors but during more peaceful times evolves into a healing or fortune seeking ceremony.
Gawai Burong which is mainly celebrated in the Saribas region comprises nine ascending stages as follows:[3]
- 1) Gawai Kalingkang
- 2) Gawai Sandong
- 3) Gawai Sawi
- 4) Gawai Salangking
- 5) Gawai Mulong Merangau or Lemba Bumbun
- 6) Gawai Gajah Meram
- 7) Gawai Meligai
- 8) Gawai Ranyai or Mudur Ruruh
- 9) Gawai Gerasi Papa.
Each celebrant-to-be will decide which stage fits his life achievement or success so far.
The Ibans in general practice three categories of rituals in ascending scale and importance, called bedara (offering), gawa (medium-scale) and gawai (major festival). In the Baleh region, the Ibans there celebrate a slightly different set of Gawai Amat (Proper Festival) as listed by Masing:[4]
- l. Gawai Tresang Mansau
- 2. Gawai Kalingkang
- 3. Gawai Ijok Pumpong (Decapitating of gamuti palm ritual)
- 4. Gawai Tangga Raja (Notched-ladder of wealth)
- 5. Gawai Kayu Raya (Tree of wealth ritual)
- 6. Gawai Kenyalang (Hornbill ritual)
- 7. Gawai Nangga Langit (Notched-ladder to the sky)
- 8. Gawai Tangga Ari (Notched-ladder of day).
Each celebrant will choose which level fits his lifetime achievement or purpose of celebration.
The health-related festivals are Gawai Sakit (Sickness Festival), Sugi Sakit and Renong Sakit to seek magical healing by Sengalang Burong, Menjaya or Ini Inee and Keling. Before employing these healing festivals, there are various types of pelian (healing ceremony) by a manang (traditional healer), pucau (short prayers) and begama (touching) by a dukun to be tried first. A candidate will become a manang (shaman) after an official ceremony called Gawai Babangun (Manang-Officiating Festival).
The fortune-related festivals include Gawai Mangkong Tiang (House Main Post Banging Festival), Gawai Tuah with three successive stages (Luck Seeking and Welcoming Festival) and Gawai Tajau (Jar Welcoming Festival) to pray and to invoke Raja Anda Mara.
After death, the last ritual is called the spirit festival (Gawai Antu) for the dead.Also the biggest Gawai Celebration among others.
In addition for women involved in weaving, their ceremony is called Gawai Ngar (Contton-Dyeing Festival).
For marriages, sometimes the wedding ceremony is called Melah Pinang (Areca/beetle nut splitting) or sometimes Gawai Lelabi (River Turtle Festival). Here the God invoked is Selampandai for fertility and procreation purposes.
With the coming of rubber and pepper planting, the Ibans have adapted the Gawai Ngemali Umai (Paddy Farm Healing Festival) and Gawai Batu (Whetstone Festival) to hold Gawai Getah (Rubber Festival) to sharpen the tapping knives and Gawai Lada (Pepper Festival) to avoid diseases and pests associated with pepper planting respectively.[5]
It is common that all those festivals are to be celebrated after the rice harvesting completion which is normally by the end of May during which rice is plenty for holding feasts along with poultry like pigs, chickens, fish from rivers and jungle meats like deer etc.
Therefore, it is fitting to call this festive season among Dayaks collectively as the Gawai Dayak festival which is celebrated every year on 1 June, at the end of the harvest season, to worship the Lord Sempulang Gana and other gods. On this day, the Ibans get together to celebrate, often visiting each other.
The Iban traditional dance, the Ngajat, is performed accompanied by the Taboh and Gendang, the Ibans' traditional music.
Pua Kumbu, the Iban traditional cloth and custome, is used to decorate longhouses. There are various types of buah (fruit/strips and pattern) of pua kumbu which can be for ritual purposes or normal daily uses. Female Ibans will be graded according to their own personal capabilities during their lifetime, which include weaving as their topmost skills.
The 'tuak', Iban rice wine[edit]
Tuak is originally made of cooked glutinous rice (Asi Pulut) mixed with home-made yeast (Chiping/Ragi) for fermentation. It is a wine used to serve guests especially as welcoming drinks when entering longhouses. Nowadays, there are various kinds of tuak, made with rice alternatives such as sugar cane, ginger and corn. However, these raw materials are rarely used unless available in large quantities. Tuak and other types of drinks (both alcohol and non-alcoholic) can be served on several rounds in a ceremony called nyibur temuai (serving drinks to guests) as ai aus (thirst queching drink), ai basu kaki (Feet Washing drink), ai basa (respect drink) and ai untong (profit drink). Another type of a stronger alcoholic drink is called langkau which contains a higher alcohol content because it is actually made of tuak which has been distilled over fire to boil off the alcohol from the tuak, cooled down and collected into containers.
Leka Main or Traditional Poetry[edit]
The recitation of pantun and various kinds of leka main (traditional poetry) is a particularly important aspect of festivals. Any ordinary persons can recite poetry for entertainment and customary purposes but sacred inchantations to invoke deities are only recited by specialists which are either a manang (shaman) or lemambang (bard) or tukang sabak.
According one Iban scholar,[6] the leka main (poems, proses and folklores) for Iban Dayaks can be categorised into three major groups i.e. leka main pemerindang (for entertaining purposes), leka main adat basa (for customary purposes) and leka main invokasyen (for invocation purposes).
The entertaining leka main includes pantun, jawang, sanggai, ramban, entelah, ensera, kana, pelandai ara and karong, wak anat mit, etc.
The customary leka main comprises jaku ansah, jaku geliga, tanya indu, muka kuta, muka kujuk, jaku karong, jaku dalam, jaku sempama, jaku silup, sugi semain, renong semain, renong sabong, renong kayau, renong ngayap, etc.
The invocation leka main consists of sampi, biau, timang, pengap, sugi sakit, renong sakit and sabak bebuah or sungkop or rugan. These invocation inchantations must be accompanied with piring (ritual offerings) to appease the gods invoked during the restival. The inchantation can last the whole night of the festival and the next morning a pig is sacrificed for divination of its liver which is interpreted to forecast the luck, fortune, health and success of the feast host and his family in the future.
Iban miring or ritual offerings[edit]
The Iban leka piring which is the number of each offering item is basically according to the single odd numbers which are piring turun 3, 5, 7 and 9. Leka piring (Number of each offering item) and agih piring (set of offerings) is dedicated to each part of the long house bilek such as bilek four corners, tanju (verandah), ruai (gallery, dapur (kitchen), benda beras (rice jar), etc. as deemed fit and necessary.
The rule on how to choose the leka piring according to its purpose is as follows: Leka piring 3 – piring ampun/seluwak (for apologies or economy) Leka piring 5 – piring minta/ngiring bejalai (for requests or journey) Leka piring 7 – piring gawai/bujang berani (for festivals or brave men) Leka piring 8 – piring nyangkong (for including others) Leka piring 9 – piring nyangkong/turu (for including others and any leftover offering items are placed together) Leka lebih ari 9 (10,11,12, to 18) – piring turu(leftover offering items must be all offered and cannot be eaten)
The basic items for the piring offerings include betel nuts, sirih leaves, kapu, cigar leaves and tobacco, ketupat, sungkoi, asi pulut pansoh, tumpi, cuan and sarang semut, hard-boiled chicken eggs, rendai or letup and tuak.
The genselan (animal offering) is normally made in the form of a chicken or a pig depending on the scale of the ceremony. The chicken feathers are pulled and smeared into the blood of the chicken whose throat has been slit and the chicken head may be put onto the main offering plate.
For bigger occasions such as festivals, one or several pigs and tens of chickens may be sacrificed to appease the deities invoked and to serve human guests invited to the festivals within the territorial domain of the feast chief.
Iban Omens and Augury[edit]
The augury system for the Iban Dayaks depends on several ways:
- dreams to present charm gifts or sumpah (curse) by spirits which normally has a life-time effects.
- omen animals (burong laba) such as deer barkings which also has long effects.
- omen birds (burong mali) which give temporary effects limited to certain activities at hands e.g. that year of farming.
- pig liver divination at the end of certain festival to read the future luck.
The omens can be either purposely sought via dreams during sleep, nampok or betapa (isolation) or langkau burong (bird house), or received unexpectedly especially the animal and bird omens e.g. while working or walking.
The omen birds of Iban Dayaks are seven in total namely Ketupong also known as Jaloh or Kikeh (Rufiuos Piculet), Beragai (Scarlet-rumped trogon), Pangkas (Maroon Woodpecker) on the right hand of the Sengalang Burong's longhouse bilek and Bejampong (Crested Jay), Embuas (Banded Kingfisher), Kelabu Papau (Senabong) (Diard's trogon) and Nendak (White-rumped shama). Their types of calls, flights, places of hearing and circumstances of the listeners are factors to be considered during the interpretation of the bird omens.
The Iban Dayaks used to believe in having charms namely ubat (medicine), pengaroh (amulet), empelias (anti-line of fire) and engkerabun (blurredness) given by gods and spirits to help them to get things like rice and jars easily, to make them kebal (bullet proof), unseen to human eyes or to make them extraordinarily stronger than other men whose attributes are wanted for rice farming, headhunting and other activities. For ladies, the charms will help them to be skilful in weaving.
Iban Conversion to Christianity[edit]
There are several reasons why many Iban and other Dayaks turn to Christianity:
- The traditional augury causes some complexity with many penti pemali (prohibitions), various omens, superstitions and delays in some works and progress of life.
- The healing (pelian) by manangs are not effective in curing some diseases. In fact, the manangs cannot cure smallpox, cholera (muang ai), dengue, etc.
- Christianity is considered as new branch of knowledge to be adopted and adapted to the traditional customs and way of life that led to realisation that old bad practices such as headhunting is self-destructive to the Dayak race survival as a whole.
- Christianity comes with western education which can be used to seek employment on sojourns and upgrade living standard to escape poverty.
- Defeats of Dayaks at the hands of Europeans with better weapons such as guns and cannons vis-a-vis traditional hand-held weapons such as swords, shields, spears and blowpipes despite strict adherence to traditional augury practices.
- Some Ibans consider Christianity as an extension of human knowledge because it can accommodate some of their traditional practices e.g. some the ritual festivals can be celebrated in the Christian ways.
For the majority of Ibans who are Christians, some Christian festivals such as Christmas, Good Friday, Easter, and other Christian festivals are also celebrated. Most Ibans are devout Christians and follow the Christian faith strictly. Since Christianity conversion, some of the Iban people never celebrate their ancestor's festival such as Gawai Burong or Gawai Antu but majority still practises Gawai Dayak (Harvest Festival) which is generic in nature and preserves their ancestors' culture and tradition.
However, some Iban festivals can still be celebrated in the Christian (European style) ways like Gawai Antu, Gawai Umai, Gawai Lelabi by offering prayers to their Ancestor's God (the original Dayak/Iban religion {Animist}) where traditional foods and drinks are offered and then traditional music and dance are played for merrymaking.The Ibans has no restriction in celebrating all customary and traditional Iban festival.
Despite the difference in faiths, Ibans of different faiths do help each other during Gawais and Christmas. Differences in faith is never a problem in the Iban community.[citation needed] The Ibans believe in helping and having fun together. Some elder Ibans are worried that among most of their younger Iban generation, their culture has faded since the conversion to Christianity where they are too excited to follow the western way of life.
Adat Iban or Customary Law[edit]
Among the main sections of customary adat of the Iban Dayaks according to Benedict Sandin [7] which are used to maintain order and keep peace are as follows:
- Adat berumah (House building rule)
- Adat melah pinang, butang ngau sarak (Marriage, adultery and divorce rule)
- Adat beranak (Child bearing and raising rule)
- Adat bumai and beguna tanah (Agricultural and land use rule)
- Adat ngayau (Headhunting rule)
- Adat ngasu, berikan, ngembuah and napang manyi (Hunting, fishing, fruit and honey collection rule)
- Adat tebalu, ngetas ulit ngau beserarak bungai(Widow/widower, mourning and soul separation rule)
- Adat begawai (festival rule)
- Adat idup di rumah panjai (Order of life in the longhouse rule)
- Adat betenun, main lama, kajat ngau taboh (Weaving, past times, dance and music rule)
- Adat beburong, bemimpi ngau becenaga ati babi (Bird and animal omen, dream and pig liver rule)
- Adat belelang tauka bejalai (Journey or Sojourn rule)
Musical & Dancing Heritage[edit]
Iban music is percussion-oriented. The Iban have a musical heritage consisting of various types of agung ensembles - percussion ensembles composed of large hanging, suspended or held, bossed/knobbed gongs which act as drones without any accompanying melodic instrument. The typical Iban agung ensemble will include a set of engkerumungs (small agungs arranged together side by side and played like a xylophone), a tawak (the so-called 'bass'), a bendai (which acts as a snare) and also a set of ketebung or bedup (a single sided drum/percussion).
The Iban music called taboh is made by playing a set of the four musical instruments namely engkerumong, tawak, bebendai and ketubong or sometimes called bedup which are respectively played by each person in synchronisation. There are various kinds of taboh depending the purpose and types of ngajat like "alun lundai".
The gendang can be played in some distinctive types corresponding to the purpose and type of each ceremony with the most popular ones are called gendang rayah and gendang pampat.
Sape is originally a traditional music by Orang Ulu (Kayan, Kenyah and Kelabit). Nowadays, both the Iban as well as the Orang Ulu Kayan, Kenyah and Kelabit play an instrument resembling the guitar called Sape (instrument). Datun Jalut and nganjak lansan are the most common traditional dances performed in accordance with a sape tune. The Sape (instrument) is the official musical instrument for the Malaysian state of Sarawak. It is played similarly to the way rock guitarists play guitar solos, albeit a little slower, but not as slow as blues.[8][9] One example of Iban traditional music is the taboh.
The Ibans perform a unique traditional dance called the ngajat, "kajat" or "ajat". The word kajat or ajat originates from the word "engkajat" which means "jumping on the spot". The Ibans perform the many kinds of dances accompanied by the music of gongs and drums. These dances include the ngajat, bepencha, bekuntau, main kerichap, main chekak.
The ajat dance is attributed to a spiritual being, Batu Lichin, Bujang Indang Lengain, who brought it to the Iban many generations ago. Another story says that the ajat dance originates from warriors who happily dance e.g. at the head of their war-boats after successfully obtain trophy heads during headhunting raids and the practice is continued until today. Today there are many kinds of ajat dances performed by the Ibans.
It serves many purposes depending on the occasion. During Gawai, it is used to entertain the people who in the olden days enjoy graceful ngajats as a form of entertainment. Iban men and women have different styles of ngajat. The ngajat involves a lot of graceful movements of body, hands and legs, shouts or war-cries and sometimes precise body-turning movements. The dancers sometimes use hand-held weapons. The ngajat for men is more aggressive and depicts a man going to war, or a hornbill walking (as a respect to the Iban god of war, "Sengalang Burong"). The women's form of ngajat consists of soft, graceful movements with very precise body turns and sometimes uses the traditional "pua kumbu" or handkerchief. Each ngajat is accompanied by the taboh.
Types of Iban Ngajat Dance[edit]
There are about four categories of Iban traditional ngajat dance according to their respective functional purpose as follows:[10]
A) Showmanship dance
- ngajat ngalu temuai (welcoming dance) by a group of females,
- ngajat indu (female dance),
- ngajat pua kumbu (a female dance with a woven blanket which is most likely woven by herself),
- ngajat lelaki (male dance),
- ngajat lesung (rice mortar dance),
- ngajat pinggai ngau kerubong strum (dance with one rice ceramic plate held on each palm while tapping the plates with an empty bullet shell inserted into the middle fingers of both hands),
- ngajat bujang berani ngena terabai ngau ilang (warrior dance with full costume, a shield and sword),
- ngajat bebunoh (hand combat dance normally between two male dancers),
- Ngajat nanka kuta (fort defence dance)
- ngajat semain laki ngau indu (dance by a group of men and ladies),
- ngajat niti papan (dance by a group of men and ladies on a raised up wooden plank)
- ngajat atas tawak (dance on top of gongs by ladies with gentlemen in the background)
- ngajat ngalu pengabang (dance by a man with several ladies behind who lead the procession of guests during festivals)
These types of dance can be performed either on an open space or around the pun ranyai which is the tree of life.
B) Ritual dance
- ngajat Panggau Libau as a group of men with a sword and isang leaves.
- ngerandang jalai (pathway-clearing), ngelalau jalai (pathway fencing)
- Berayah pupu buah rumah (longhouse contribution collection)
- berayah ngelilingi pun sabang ngau tiang chandi gawai (dancing around the festival ritual pole)
- Naku antu pala (Welcoming human heads)
- Naku pentik kenyalang (Welcoming hornbill statue)
C) Comedial dance
- Ajat kera (Monkey dance)
- Ajat muar kesa (Stinging Ants' nest collection)
- Ajat Matak Wi (Rattan pulling dance)
- Ajat Nyumpit (Blowpiping dance)
- Ajat Bekayuh (Paddling dance)
- Ajat Mabuk (Drunk dance)
- Ajat bunyan baka lari maya ngasu (Running scared dance e.g. scared of animals while hunting)[11]
- Ajat ngelusu berapi, beribunka anak ngau nutok (Lazy woman dance)
- Ajat pama (Frog dance)
- Ajat gerasi tunsang (Upside down huntsman dance)
- Ajat tempurung nyor (Coconut shell dance)
- Ajat turun tupai (Squirrel going down dance)
- Ajat jelu bukai (Other animal mimicking dance)
D) Self-defence dance
- Bekuntau (Self-defence dance)
- Bepenca (Martial art dance)
- Main kerichap
- Main chekak
According to one Iban writer,[12] when a warrior performs the ajat bebunoh dance with the music of a gendang panjai orchestra, he does it as if he is fighting against an enemy. With occasional shouts he raises his shield with one arm and swings his ilang knife with his other arm as he moves towards the enemy. While he moves forward he is careful with the steps of his feet to guard them from being cut by his foe. The tempo of his action is very fast with his knife and shield gleaming up and down as he dances.
The man dance has various unique moves such as minta ampun (apologising to guests first), showing skills of playing with the sword and the shield, biting the sword in the mouth for affirming his strength, balancing the sword over his shoulder while still dancing, engkajat (fast foot movement to distract the attention of the enemy), running forward with the sword pointed towards the enemy and shouting war cries to strike the enemy and finally the glory of holding the enemy's freshly chopped head. The enemy head may be symbolised by a coconut which is hung beforehand on the tree of life and the ending move is apologising to the guests again.
The performance of ajat semain is done in slower tempo and with graceful movements. The dancer softens his body, arms and hands as he swings forward and backward. When he bends his body the swinging of his hands is very soft. The performance of ngajat nanggong lesong dance is more or less like the ajat semain dance. Only when the dancer bites and raises the heavy wooden mortar (lesong) with his teeth, does he use extraordinary skill. It is not an attractive dance, although his audience enjoys seeing his trick of biting and raising a heavy mortar and then placing it carefully again on the floor.
When the dancers take the floor to dance, the musicians beat two dumbak drums, a bendai gong, a set of seven small gongs (engkerumong) and a large tawak gong. The music for the performance of ajat bebunoh dance is quicker in tempo than the music for the ajat semain and ajat nanggong lesong dances, as in the dance itself.
Types of Iban gendang musics[edit]
As from time immemorial, the people of the longhouse have been skilled in playing all kinds of gendang musics. Another important music performed by the Ibans is called gendang rayah. It is played only for religious festivals with the following instruments: 1. The music from a first bendai gong is called pampat 2. The music from a second bendai gong is called kaul 3. The music from a third bendai gong is called kura 4. As the three bendai gongs sound together, then a first tawak gong is beaten and is added to by the beating of another tawak gong to make the music.
Last but not least, is the music played using the katebong drums by one or up to eleven drummers. These drums are long. Its cylinder is made from strong wood, such as tapang or mengeris, and one of its ends is covered with the skins of monkeys and mousedeer or the skin of a monitor lizard. The major types of drum music are known as follows: 1. Gendang Bebandong 2. Gendang Lanjan 3. Gendang Enjun Batang 4. Gendang Tama Pechal 5. Gendang Pampat 6. Gendang Tama Lubang 7. Gendang Tinggang Batang 8. Singkam Nggam All these types are played by drummers on the open air verandas during the celebration of the Gawai Burong festival. The Singkam Nggam music is accompanied by the quick beating of beliong adzes. After each of these types has been played, the drummers beat another music called sambi sanjan, which is followed by still another called tempap tambak pechal. To end the orchestral performance the music of gendang bebandong is again beaten.
The ordinary types of music beaten by drummers for pleasure are as follows: 1. Gendang Dumbang 2. Gendang Ngang 3. Gendang Ringka 4. Gendang Enjun Batang 5. Kechendai Inggap Diatap 6. Gendang Kanto
When a Gawai Manang or bebangun festival is held for a layman to be consecrated as a manang (shaman), the following music must be beaten on the ketebong drums at the open veranda (tanju) of the longhouse of the initiate: 1. Gendang Dudok 2. Gendang Rueh 3. Gendang Kelakendai 4. Gendang Tari 5. Gendang Naik 6. Gendang Po Umboi 7. Gendang Sembayan 8. Gendang Layar 9. Gendang Bebandong 10. Gendang Nyereman
Gendang Bebandong also must be beaten when a manang dies and is beaten again when his coffin is lowered from the open air verandah (tanju) to the ground below on its way to the cemetery for burial.
Other Iban musical instruments[edit]
In addition to playing music on the above-mentioned instruments, Iban men enjoy the music of the following instruments: Engkerurai (bagpipe) Kesuling (flute) Ruding (Jew's harp) Rebab (guitar with two strings) Balikan (guitar with 3 strings) Belula (violin) Engkeratong (harp)
The women, especially the maidens, are fond of playing the Jew's harp while conversing with their visiting lovers at night, with the tunes from the ruding Jew's harp, the girls and their boyfriends relate how much they love each other. In past generations, there were very few Iban men and women who did not know how to converse with each other by using the ruding Jew's harp. Today very few younger people know how to play this instrument and the art is rapidly dying out.
Traditional costumes[edit]
The ngajat dancers will usually wear their traditional costumes.
The male costume consists of the following: - Sirat (loincloth) - baju burong (bird shirt) - baju buri (bead shirt) - baju gagong (animal skin cloth) - Engkerimok - Unus Lebus - Simpai Rangki - Tumpa Bala (five on both sides) - Labong Pakau or lelanjang (headgear)
The female costume includes:[13] - Kain Batating (Petticoat with decorated bells at the bottom end) - Rawai Tinggi (High Corset with Rattan Coils inserted with small Brass Rings ) - Sugu Tinggi (High headgear) - Marik Empang (Beaded Chain) - Selampai (Long Scalp) - Lampit (Silver Belt) - Tumpak (Armlet) - Gelang kaki (Anklet) - Antin pirak (Silver stud earrings) - Buah pauh purse
Note: Both marik empang and selampai are not originally belong to the Iban traditional costume but added to cover the chest of Iban ladies. There are variations of the Iban female costume as per the reference above.
Rhythms of Taboh Music[edit]
One Iban writer briefly describes the rhythms of taboh music played the Iban's brass band ochestra[14] which translates as "The number of musicians to play taboh music is four ie one playing the bebendai (small gong) which is beaten first of all to determine the rhythm of the taboh, responded to by the gendang or dedumbak drum, followed by the tawak (big gong) and finalized by the engkerumong set."
To the laymen's ears, the rhythms of taboh music for ngajat dance is only two i.e. fast or slow but actually it has four types namely Ayun Lundai (Slow swing), Ai Anyut (Flowing water), Sinu Ngenang (Sad remembrance) and Tanjak Ai (Against the water flow). The first three taboh types are slow to accompany the ajat semain (group dance), ajat iring (accompanying dance) and ajat kelulu (comedial dance). The fourth rhythm of taboh is fast which is suitable for the ajat bebunoh (killing dance). Other rhythms of taboh music are tinggang punggung for ngambi indu (taking the bride for wedding) and taboh rayah (rayah music) for ngerandang and ngelalau jalai (pathway clearing and fencing dance).
Iban Arts[edit]
Types of Iban carvings or Ukir[edit]
These include hornbill effigy carving, terabai shield, engkeramba (ghost statue), knife stilt normally made of deer horn, knife scabbard, decorative carving on the metal blade itself during ngamboh blacksmithing e.g. butoh kunding, and frightening mask (indai guru).
Another related category is designing motives either by engraving or drawing with paints such wooden planks, walls or house posts.
Even the traditional coffins will be beautifully decorated using both carving and ukir-painting.
Types of Iban pantang or kalingai (tattoo)[edit]
The Ibans like to tattoo themselves all over their body. There motives for each part of the human body. The purposes are to protect the tattoo bearers or to signify certain events in their life.
Some motives are based on marine lives such as lobster (rengguang), prawn (undang) and ketam (crab) while other motives are based on dangerous creatures like cobra (tedong), scorpion (kala), pasun (ghost dog) and naga (dragon). Other normal motives include items which Iban travellers meet during their journey such as aeroplane on the chest.
Some Ibans call this art of tattoing as kalingai.
To signify that an individual has killed an enemy (udah bedengah), he is entittled to tattoo his throat (engkatak) or his upper-side fingers (tegulun).
Some traditional Iban do have piercings on the penis (called palang) or ear lobes.
Types of Iban weavings or betenun[edit]
Several types of woven blankets made by the Ibans are pua kumbu, pua ikat, kain karap and kain sungkit.
The pua kumbu do have conventional or ritual motives depending on the purpose of weaving it.
Using weaving, the Iban makes blankets, bird shirt (baju burong), kain kebat, kain betating, selampai and marik empang.
Types of Iban plaitings or beranyam[edit]
The Iban calls this skill pandai beranyam (skilful in plaiting) various items namely mats (tikai), baskets and hats.
The Ibans weave mats of numerous types namely tikai anyam dua tauka tiga, tikai bebuah (motived mat), tikai lampit made of rattan and tikai peradani made of rattan and tekalong bark.
Materials to make mats are beban to make the normal mat or the patterned mat, rattan to make tikai rotan, lampit when the rattan splits sewn using a thread or peradani when criss-crossed with the tekalong bark, senggang to make perampan used for drying and daun biru to make a normal tikai or kajang (canvas) which very light when dry.
The names of Iban baskets are bakak (medium sized container for transferring, lifting or medium-term storage), singtong (container for raping ripen paddy worn at the waist), raga (small container), tubang (cylindrical backpack), lanji (tall cylindrical backpack) and probably selabit (almost rectangular shaped backpack).
Another category of plaiting which are normally carried out by men is to make fish traps called bubu gali, bubu dudok, engsegah and abau using betong bamaboo splits except bubu dudok is made from 'ridan which can be bent without breaking.
The Iban also makes special baskets called garong for the dead during Gawai Antu with numerous feet to denote the rank and status of the deceased which indicates his ultimate achievement during his lifetime.
The Iban also make pukat (rectangular net) and jala (conical net) after nylon ropes available.
Types of Iban hunting apparatus[edit]
These include making panjuk (rope and spring trap), peti (bamboo blade trap) and jarin (deer net). Nowadays, they use shotguns and dogs for animal hunting. Dogs are reared by the Ibans in longhouses especially in the past for hunting (ngasu) purposes and warning of any danger approaching.
The Ibans make their own blowpipe.
The Ibans obtain honey from the tapang tree.
Later shotguns can be bought from the Brooke government.
The Iban boat or perau making[edit]
The Ibans can make their boats. The canoes for normal use is called perau but big war boats are called bangkong or bong which is probably fitted with long paddles and a wind sail made of kajang canvas. It is said that bangkong is used to sail along the sea coasts of norther Borneo or even to travel across the seas e.g. to Singapore.
The Iban blacksmithing or ngamboh[edit]
The Ibans make various blades called nyabur, ilang, pedang, duku chandong, duku penebas, lungga (small blade), sangkoh, jerepang, beruit and mata lanja sumpit.
Although silversmithing originates from the Embaloh, some Ibans became skilled in this trade to make silverwares for body ornaments.
The Iban always buy brasswares such tawak (gong), bendai (snare) and engkerumong, tabak (tray) and baku (small box) from other peoples because they do not have the skills of brasssmithing.
The Iban makes their own kacit pinang to split the ereca nuts and pengusok pinang to grind the split pieces of the ereca nut.
They also make ketap (finger-held blade) to reap ripen paddy stalks and iluk (hand-held blade) to weed.
Iban traditional possessions[edit]
The Ibans used to regard human skulls obtained during headhunting as their most prized possession.
The Ibans treasure jars which are called benda, tajau, pasu, sergiu, cemeni and guchi. Possession of these jars mark someone's wealth and any fines may be paid using benda or tajau.
Besides, Ibans strived to own a full set of brass musical instruments which comprises a tawak, bendai, engkurumong and bedup.
Getting a lot of paddy used to be highly regarded and perhaps an indication of wealth.
Having a manang shaman and lemambang bards is also regarded necessary possession with the Iban riverine community.
The Ibans also aim to own land as much as possible via berumpang menua (jungle clearing) before when fresh jungles were still available in abundance. Therefore the Ibans were willing to migrate to new areas. Some Ibans participated in Brooke-led punitive expeditions against their own countrymen in exchange for areas to migrate to.
Nowadays, of course the Ibans build beautiful and permanent longhouses.
The Iban agriculture and economy[edit]
The Ibans plant paddy once a year with twenty seven stages.[15][16] Other crops planted include ensabi, cucumber (rampu amat and rampu betu), brinjal, corn, lingkau and cotton before commercial threads are sold in the market.
For cash, the Ibans find jungle produce for sale in the market. Later, they plant rubber, pepper and cocoa which prevail to this day. Nowadays, many Ibans work in the town areas to seek employment or involve in trade or business.
Cultural references[edit]
- The episode, Into the Jungle from Anthony Bourdain: No Reservations included the appearance of Itam, a former Sarawak Ranger and one of the Iban people's last members with the Entegulun (Iban traditional tattoo design) (hand tattoos) signifying his taking of an enemy's head.
- The Iban were featured on an episode of Worlds Apart on the National Geographic Channel.
- The movie The Sleeping Dictionary features Selima (Jessica Alba), an Anglo-Iban girl who falls in love with John Truscott (Hugh Dancy). The movie was filmed primarily in Sarawak, Malaysia.
- Malaysia's Ethnic Pop Queen, Noraniza Idris recorded Ngajat Tampi in 2000 and followed by Tandang Bermadah in 2002 which is based on Iban tribe music composition. Both songs became a fame in Malaysia and neighbourhood countries.
- Love of a Forest Maiden(CHINTA GADIS RIMBA) is 1958 film (Chinta Gadis Rimba) directed by L.Krishnan .It is based on the novel (the 1st time Malay film has been adapting from a novel) .Chinta Gadis Rimba by Harun Aminurrashid and the main cast by S.Roomai Noor,Narang and M.Amin. The film is about Bintang, the Iban girl who goes against the wishes of her parents and runs off to her Malay Lover.The film also the first time a full length picture has been shot in Sarawak and the first time an Iban girl has played the lead in film.
- "Bejalai" is a 1987 film directed by Dr Stephen Teo (currently a research fellow at the Asia Research Institute, National University of Singapore, and a senior associate of RMIT University) and Starring (Dick Isaac as Rentap) Salome Kumpeing, Chiling Nyanggai. This film is the first to be made in the Iban language in Sarawak, and it features good English subtitles and also the 1st Malaysian film to be selected for the Berlin Film Festival (in 1989) is an experimental feature about the custom among the native Iban community of Sarawak for young men to "bejalai" (go on a journey) before attaining maturity.
- Farewell to the King a 1989 film written and directed by John Milius. It is based on the 1969 novel L'Adieu au Roi by Pierre Schoendoerffer. The film is marketed with the tagline "In the midst of war, one man vanished into the jungle, and emerged as king". The plot taking place during World War II, American deserter Learoyd escapes a Japanese firing squad. Hiding himself in the wilds of Borneo, Learoyd is adopted by an Iban People (Sea Dayaks of Borneo).
- the 1st TV Ads in Iban Language and directed by Late Yasmin Ahmad with help of Leo Burnett.For Malaysia's 50th anniversary celebration, Maybank came up with a unique commercial that tickled Malaysians. The scenes were shot in Bau and Kapit, using a Sarawak cast.
Notable Figures[edit]
- Libau "Rentap" (Iban Dayak rebel leader in Sarawak)
- Tun Temenggong Jugah anak Barieng (Second Paramount Chief of the Iban people and the key signatory on behalf of Sarawak to Formation of the Federation of Malaysia)
- Tun Stephen Kalong Ningkan (Sarawak First Chief Minister)
- Datuk Temenggong Kanang anak Langkau (National Hero of Malaysia)
- Melissa Francis (Famous Iban singer)
See also[edit]
- ^ "2010 Population and Housing Census of Malaysia" (in Malay and English). Department of Statistics, Malaysia. Retrieved 17 June 2012. p. 108
- ^ Raja Burong by Benedict Sandin
- ^ Gawai Burong by Benedict Sandin
- ^ https://digitalcollections.anu.edu.au/bitstream/…/Masing_J.%20J._1981.pdf
- ^ Saribas Ibans' rite of paddy storage by Prof Clifford Santher)
- ^ Leka Main: Iban Folk Poetry - An Analysis of Form and Function by Dr Chermaline Usop
- ^ Iban Adat and Augury by Bendict Sandin
- ^ Mercurio, Philip Dominguez (2006). "Traditional Music of the Southern Philippines". PnoyAndTheCity: A center for Kulintang - A home for Pasikings. Retrieved 21 November 2006.
- ^ Matusky, Patricia. "An Introduction to the Major Instruments and Forms of Traditional Malay Music." Asian Music Vol 16. No. 2. (Spring-Summer 1985), pp. 121-182.
- ^ The role of Dayak Cultural Foundation in preserving the Iban traditional ngajat dance by Jerry Hawkin Anak Suting
- ^ http://bizniz87.wordpress.com/2008/04/28/ngajat-iban/
- ^ http://gnmawar.wordpress.com/main-asal-iban/ajat-enggau-gendang-iban/
- ^ http://veekyleonora.blogspot.com/2011/09/kumang-iban-of-various-tribes-hence.html
- ^ http://ibanology.wordpress.com/2013/06/01/ngajat-iban/
- ^ Iban Agriculture by JD Freeman
- ^ Report on the Iban by JD Freeman
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Iban.
- Sir Steven Runciman, The White Rajahs: a history of Sarawak from 1841 to 1946 (1960).
- James Ritchie, The Life Story of Temenggong Koh (1999)
- Benedict Sandin, Gawai Burong: The chants and celebrations of the Iban Bird Festival (1977)
- Greg Verso, Blackboard in Borneo, (1989)
- Renang Anak Ansali, New Generation of Iban, (2000)
External links[edit]
- A website created by an Iban from Sarawak called CyberPenom. All infos on the Iban longhouse
- A Westerner's view on the peoples of Borneo
- A forum for Ibans. In English and Iban
- A forum for Ibans. In English and Iban
- A forum for Ibans on The House Of Sengalang Burong. In English and Iban
- IbanWiki.com, an Iban Encyclopedia


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Web posted and Copyright ©
May 1, 2000, American Bankruptcy
he fate of the bankruptcy bill remains unclear at press time. The Senate is in
recess until April 25 and the House is out until May 2. Staff members for the
principals continue to swap proposals and proposed language, with House Judiciary
Committee staff reportedly sending a response back to the Senate's informal offer. No
conferees have been named, with the process still stymied by an inability to achieve
unanimous consent in the Senate over the bifurcation of the bill from the minimum wage
and business tax breaks, included in S. 625.
In response, Republican leaders in both chambers have agreed to negotiate a
compromise bankruptcy package outside the normal conference process. Staffers of Democrat
members have been involved in this process as well. The Senate representatives in this
informal process have generally found a bipartisan consensus. The ranking Democrat on
the Courts subcommittee, Sen. Robert Torricelli (D-NJ), is a strong supporter of
S. 625. The House representatives have not had the same consensus. The ranking
Democrat on the subcommittee, Rep. Jarrold Nadler (D-NY), opposes the bill and
even full committee Chairman Henry Hyde (R-IL) has concerns about the impact of
the means test and other aspects of H.R. 833. Many non-consumer items are also
on the table for negotiation.
The administration has played a background role only, at least to date. Since there
has been no official conference, there has been no administration letter to conferees.
It is expected that at least some of the administration's concerns have been
communicated to Senate Democrats.
Meanwhile, the Senate Democrat leadership, which supports bankruptcy reform, has
assisted Majority Leader Trent Lott (R-MS) by attempting to identify other pending
conference vehicles to attach the compromise package. The current favored vehicle is the
so-called "electronic signatures" legislation now in conference. This legislation has a
complex story of its own.
The bill (also known by "Dig- (for digital) Sig") deals with technologies that
are expected to become essential parts of doing business via the Internet. Dig-Sig
is an essential component of the "e-agenda" promoting e-commerce. Based on a range
of encryption techniques, digital signature systems allow people and organizations to
electronically certify such features as their identity, ability to pay or the
authenticity of an electronic document. Digital signature systems are the subject of
dozens of state laws, so the federal bill would pre-empt the states in some cases.
This has made the legislation controversial with politically active organizations such as
the National Conference of State Legislatures and the growing electronic privacy
community. Due to the length of the House recess, no further action can occur until
May on this vehicle.
In April, two hearings addressed other issues in the mix. The bankruptcy
subcommittee of the House Judiciary Committee held a hearing on the scope of the
automatic stay exception for policy and regulatory actions. Several committee members were
critical of the Federal Communications Commission's (FCC) actions in the NextWave
case. The full hearing testimony is online at the ABI World home page
(http://www.abiworld. org). Both the FCC and NextWave sought to use the
bankruptcy reform bill as a way to clarify the distinction of when the government is
acting as a regulator or a mere creditor.
The Senate Labor Committee held a hearing on protecting retirement assets in
bankruptcy. The committee heard witnesses testify in opposition to a provision in S.
625 that would permit a debtor to waive the protection of retirement assets from
the reach of creditors. The provision, contained in ß303(c), would alter the
anti-alienation rule for such assets. A bipartisan group of Senators also opposed the
provision because they said it would undermine the retirement income security policy.
Now that the issue has been raised, it is likely the provision will either be
modified to cap the exemption, or will be dropped entirely.


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Tag Archives: 2011 Convention
Radar Museum Planned for Campbell Hill Summit
The Air Force Radar Museum Association has got permission to build the National Air Defense Radar Museum atop one of the former radar buildings atop Campbell Hill. The radars in Bellefontaine were part of the 664th Aircraft Control and Warning … Continue reading
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Mississippi's Bob Brown and South Carolina's Sid Collins Receive 2011 Frank Ashley Awards
Club members who received the Frank Ashley Award at the 2011 convention included Bob Brown, a honorary member who is the son of the Mississippi highpoint and became the owner when Bob's father died shortly before the convention; and Sid … Continue reading
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Newsletter Printers and Processors and Kimball C of C Awarded 2011 Paul Zumwalt Awards
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Dave Covill and Roy Wallen Update on Highpointers Foundation
Members of the Board of Directors of the Highpointers Foundation met in Ohio. They include: Front row: Keith Radford, Carol Radford, Donna Hawkins, Jim Hawkins, John Hasch Back row (seated): Fred Lobdell, Dave Covill, Roy Wallen, Paul Pontiff Back row … Continue reading
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Congratulations, 2011 Vin Hoeman Winners Charlie Feris and Gary White
Congratulations 2011 Vin Hoeman winners Charlie Feris and Gary White who received the award at the 2011 convention in Ohio. Charlie has met every 50 completer except two and has written an amazing history of completers. He is also hosting … Continue reading
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Congratulations, Jakk Longacre Award Winner Jean Trousdale
Congratultions, Mother Merc Jean Trousdale on winning the Jakk Longacre Award during club's 2011 convention in Ohio.
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Minutes of General Membership Meeting – July 16, 2011 at Hunstville (Ohio) Event Center
Below are the minutes of the Highpointers Club General Memberhip on July 16, 2011. They were approved by the Board of Directors on June 9, 2012.
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Highpointers Registration on Front Page of Bellefontaine Examiner
The Bellefontaine Examiner of July 15, 2011 under the headline "Hitting the high point" featured a photo of Cassandra Hayes registering on the Campbell Hill summit marker itself. Nikki Hemphill is at the desk and Jean Trousdale is on the … Continue reading
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Schedule of Events for 2011 Highpointers Convention July 14-17
Following is a schedule of events for the Highpointers Convention July 14-17 in Ohio.
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Highpointers 2011 Convention July 14-16 in Ohio
Here's the low down on the Ohio 2011 convention on July 14-16 *Registration Form * Accommodations Information *General Information *Activities *Other things to do
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KVH Hospital was recognized as a Top 20 critical access hospital nationwide at the National Rural Healthcare Association annual conference. Click
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Kittitas Valley Healthcare is seeking story ideas as it prepares for the 50th anniversary of KVH Hospital. For more information, click
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Inpatients, observation patients, and most surgical outptients are now able to access a summary of their care online. View the
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Houston Livestock Show & Rodeo to buy part of former AstroWorld property
Published On: Dec 14 2012 08:09:27 AM CST
The Houston Livestock Show and Rodeo board of directors announced Friday that they will be purchasing a portion of the land where Six Flags - AstroWorld used to stand.
The show is planning to purchase 48 out of the 92 acres from MHB Asset LP, Fort Worth.
Houston Livestock Show & Rodeo officials said the land will provide significant operating opportunities, including spectator parking, support personnel, support vehicles and logistical operations.
The property has access to the pedestrian bridge that crosses over Loop 610 to the Reliant Park parking lot, where the show is held.
The purchase price of the land is $42,863,040.
Rodeo officials said the purchase agreement is subject to final execution and closing.
The views expressed are not those of this company or its affiliated companies. Please note by clicking on "Post" you acknowledge that you have read the Terms Of Service and the comment you are posting is in compliance with such terms.blog comments powered by Disqus


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Free Appetizer at Capriccio
Thursday, Nov 14, 2013
See Promotions Booth For Details
Every Thursday purchase dinner for two at Capriccio and receive a free appetizer!
All Atlantic and Cape May County residents are now getting even luckier at Resorts! The fun is here and you should be too!
CLICK HERE to view complete promotion details and disclaimers.


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Arnold Air Force Base, Tennessee
This iReport is part of an assignment:
'Superstorm' Sandy: Your stories
AEDC Hypervelocity Tunnel 9 returns to mission-critical testing after 'Super Storm' Sandy
Addressed to Air Force Materiel Command (AFMC) and Arnold Engineering Development Complex's (AEDC) leadership and workforce, the subject line reads "White Oak Status 10/31 at 0900 hours – Site power restored."
Marren reported "As I write, operations started [Oct. 31] at 5:30 a.m., with deliberate system checks and reboots, the sound of the compressors running is music to the customer's ears. Tunnel 9 will continue the important CPGS (Conventional Prompt Global Strike) testing in earnest today, continuing our busiest year yet at full capacity."
Tunnel 9, located at White Oak near Silver Spring, Md., provides aerodynamic simulation critical to hypersonic system development and hypersonic vehicle technologies.
The facility supports testing for Air Force, Navy, Army, Missile Defense Agency, and NASA programs, as well as advanced hypersonic technologies such as wave-rider-type vehicles, scramjets and trans-atmospheric space planes.
"Tunnel 9 is back in business for mission-critical testing after the area was slammed by Super Storm Sandy," Marren said the day after the event was still making news headlines around the world and people on the East coast of the U.S. were reeling from its impact.
"Being geographically separated from the main base brings challenges beyond purely technical," Marren said. "Our technical and administrative staff prepares for and recovers from events from standard emergency response to storms. We feel a very real sense of mission as we protect our people first, look out for each other and guarantee the mission continues with minimal impact."
Marren added, "Everyone here has additional volunteer duties that contribute materially to that success and I am grateful to work for these folks. The combination of setting up good procedures, manning a round the clock command post, and coordinating with local responders on-site is something we have been improving each year. It's not perfect, but it's better than the last time and not as good as the next time."
What do you think of this story?
iReport welcomes a lively discussion, so comments on iReports are not pre-screened before they post. See the iReport community guidelines for details about content that is not welcome on iReport.


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The world is yours, go for it
Make your dream come true with STS Student Exchange
Is your dream to travel overseas while also enriching your education? A student exchange program is the experience you are looking for! It will expose you to another culture in the best and safest way possible - you will live with a volunteer host family and attend school in your chosen country.
You will come back with a wealth of new experiences, great memories, improved self confidence, new friends and why not a new language too!
Getting ready
Going on exchange takes careful planning and there are many things to consider before you go. School requirements? Travel and visa documents? What to pack? From the time of your first contact with us, we will give you all the information and support you need to have a great exchange.
While overseas
As an exchange student you will become part of a new family, a new school, a new community and a new country. It is a big step and even more, a fantastic adventure that will change your life.
After your return
Of course you will be happy to be home again, but you will also miss being an exchange student. Thanks to the STS Returnee Club you can meet other returnees, help out new students, attend our meetings and even work for us.
Student testimonials
Many other students have been on exchange with STS before you. Check out their stories, it's the best way for you to know what exchange is all about and to make your own decision.
Why choose STS?
STS (Student Travel Schools), started in Sweden in 1958, has been sending students across the world for 55 years. Our core values are Quality, Responsibility and Safety.
Frequently asked questions (FAQ)
We understand you want to know more before committing to an exchange. Here's a sample of our most frequently asked questions and our answers.


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Introduction of Japanese native fowls
In Japan many peculiar native chicken breeds are kept, and among them seventeen chicken breeds are assigned as
natural monuments of Japan. Eight typical breeds and the Chabo(the Japanese Bantam ) are introduced in this homepage and trace the history of formation of these
breeds. Almost of them originated from exotic breeds which were imported from ancient China and the
south-east of Asia several hundreds or thousands years ago. Since then, they have been genetically improved for
various purposes, such as companion animals, time
keepers, fighting games and meat production.
Click here for the pictures of 1-8.
Click here for the picture of 9.
1. Onagadori (Japanese long tail fowl)
They have the longest tail feathers among all breeds of chicken. The tail feathers of males continue to grow without molting, and the record of the longest length of the tail feathers is 12 m. Most Onagadori are raised in the Kochi Prefecture. BW: 1,800g in males and 1,350g in females.
2. Shokoku
They were originally one of the breeds used for cockfighting, and were also used to establish other Japanese native breeds. At present, they are not raised for cockfighting but for their the beautiful appearance. Many of Shokoku are kept in Mie and Kyoto Prefectures. BW: 2,000g in males and 1,450g in females.
3. Minohiki
They are thought to be based on crossbredstock between Shokoku and Oh-Shamo. Many of them are kept in Aichi and Shizuoka Prefectures. BW: 2,500g in males and 2,000g in females.
4. Tomaru
They may have originated from the crossbreeding of Shokoku and China -derived "Dai-Tomaru". They are characterized by their long duration for crowing. Many of them are kept in Niigata Prefecture. BW: 3,750g in males and 2,800g in females.
5. Koeyoshi
They are one of the breeds that have the longest crowing time, and kept mainly in Aomori , Akita and Iwate Prefectures. The external appearance of this breed is somewhat similar to Oh-Shamo. BW: 4,500g in males and 4,000g in females.
6. Satsumadori
They were originally included among fowl for cockfighting. At present, however, they are not used for cockfighting but for their beautiful plumage. Many of them are kept in Kagoshima and Miyazaki Prefectures. This breed is also thought to be based on crossbred stock between Shokoku and Oh-Shamo, as well as Minohiki. BW: 3,380g in males and 3,000g in females.
7. Oh-Shamo (Japanese large game)
Original birds of this breed were introduced from Thailand during the Edo-Period. They were used for cockfighting. Moreover,breed has been used to establish new meat-type commercial chickens because they have good meat quality. BW: 5,620g in males and 4,880g in females.
8. Kurokashiwa
They are characterized by dense black feathers over the body and blackish red skin on the comb, face, and wattle. Many of them are kept in Yamaguchi and Shimane Prefectures. BW: 5,620g in males and 4,880g in females.
9. Japanese Bantam (Small body sized Japanese breeds)
One of the typical fowls with a small body size is "Chabo". There are twenty kinds of feather color or feather structure varieties within the Chabo breed. Besides the Chabo, Japan has Ukokkei (Silkie fowl), Ko-Shamo (Japanese small game, and other small sized fowl.


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Can't believe this is even a question. Illumina all the way. TMS is a laughable joke. I'm still waiting for Mattel or TG to say surprise....we weren't really going to put this in the MOTU canon.
Mighty Spector
i want both
At least Illumina looks like she's from MOTU, with her being an established MOTU race, wearing Teela boots and bracers and having a giant cat.
Spector looks more at home in DC All-Stars or Marvel Legends.
Last edited by MegaGearMax; December 30, 2011 at 10:11am.
The Blonde Teela (Battleground and Alcala Teela) Thread
MegaGearMax's 200X/MYP Screen Grabs
Sagitar 200X Prince Adam 200X Sorceress Evilseed (MYP)
Can't believe this is even a question. Illumina all the way. TMS is a laughable joke. I'm still waiting for Mattel or TG to say surprise....we weren't really going to put this in the MOTU canon.
Check your local WEATHER here & enter zip.
Go Big Red!!!
Personally I am not a fan of either. I could easily produce a list a mile long of fan characters here that would create more excitment as a reveal. Spikor before Spector.
Illumina, a million times Illumina
spector is nothing but a terrible joke
When it comes to She-ra Princess of Power characters, FILMATION is the way to go!.
Neither. Should made that an option
I've never been a fan of her. However if I could choose between the 2. Illumina over Spector based purely on her design elements. She does belong, even if she doesn't excite me.
Some fans feel the Star Sisters belong. I think their loud floral palette, over the top homemade-looking costume designs, and simplistic accessories make them look like tragic drag queens, or adult versions of children's princess costumes.
I would gladly take Illumina in all her smurf blue glory, but this horse is dead. Let's not beat it too much further.
Last edited by Sky Breaker; January 19, 2012 at 04:36pm.
There is NO comparison to that chic which leads me to believe that SOME people actually like Mighty Spector since it had 47 votes which really suprises me totally.
By the Power of Grey Skull!
ultimately i want both...but i think illumina is awesome, although for resons that may be different from many...in my canon, skeletor and evil-lyn have a daughter (white haired with blue skin, naturally!) who is adopted by the eternian royal family after the defeat of her parents, and later becomes the sorceress of grayskull when teela resigns to assume the throne with adam...and illumina fits the part to a tee!
FILMATIONPRESENTS.:*~*:Thank You, Lou Scheimer...and Good Journey:*~*:....For Every Destination is but a Doorway to Another...The Time Has Come for Crackers The Clown and Chef Allen in MOTUC!
I know nothing about Illumina, but she is cooler and more MOTU than TMS. Deadpool is great in Marvel, but not in MOTU. TMS feels like something that would have been "cool" in the 90's, but aged badly. I guess that's the year he came from. Makes sense now.
Illumina is WAY better than unmighty spectror...
Last edited by bObA_fEtt_Ox; February 26, 2013 at 11:12am.
>>>>> CA Heroic warriors He-man/Teela/Ramman 3-pack <<<<<
>>>>> CA Evil Warriors Skeletor/Faker/Beastman 3-pack <<<<<
>>>>> US Evil horde Hordak/Leech/Mantenna 3-pack <<<<<
$$$$$ Email:firstname.lastname@example.com $$$$$
Illumina, she seems wiser...Spector could get there someday, but for now he is just a wreckless young man with the time responsibility.
Illumina, hands-down. She looks cool, has an interesting backstory and has unique weapons. As long as she comes with a free Battle Cat-sized Tiger, made using the same buck as Battleground Teela AND comes with a hand-written apology from ToyGuru for releasing Mighty Spector.
Illumina STILL needs to be made!
And no cheapo parts substitutions either!
MOTUC most wanted: Skelcons, Satma, Lord Masque, Vultak, Great Black Wizard, Slime Pit Bone Warrior, Horde Wraith, Red Knight, Beast Lord, Illumina, Catra Cat Form, Evil Seed 200X, Old Man Marzo 200X, Prahvus, King Miro, Hunga the Harpy, Skeletor's Robot Knights, Lady Slither, Lady Valtira
I would have taken Illumina over Geldor. Pretty sure I voted for Cloak and Dagger Evil-Lyn?
I do happen to want both, but the hot blue elf girl riding the giant cat, wielding the spear breaks all ties!
I want both in this awsome line, but I personally find that Illumina is a far more intresting characte. Plus she brings a beast to the table as well. Her bio would help on some more insights to the mythos.:glitu
Plus another female is always welcome IMHO.
My wants:Evil Seed, Calix, Hungra,Sneer, Veena, Lady Slither
I would like at some point to have Illumina in Classics but not as a straight up repaint of the Teela tunic. Put her through the "classicizer machine" thingie but give her her unique tunic.
When I realized the old 2000 comics were over and I'd never see her story arch play out, I was really sad.
Not a huge fan of either one. Spector is too much generic super hero and Illumina is too much general fantasy.
If Illumina had a more MOTU-like color scheme I'd be more interested.
By the ancients!!!
Lich Leech feedback thread


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Protecting Pit Bulls
Learn about the passionate organization working to stop the violence against these gentle companions for good
By Beth Levine
Rescuing the Underdogs
In 2007, a chestnut-brown pit bull named Sweet Jasmine was carried, skinny and terrified, into a Washington, DC, animal rescue center. The dog, a survivor of football star Michael Vick's infamous Bad Newz kennel (an illegal dog-fighting operation that tortured and killed dozens of dogs), had been badly abused. As volunteer Catalina Stirling helped assess her for placement in a foster home, she felt Sweet Jasmine's pain. "It seemed like she wished the ground would swallow her up," says Catalina, who was so affected by the dog's plight that she adopted her. When Sweet Jasmine died in 2009, Catalina felt she had to do more for other dogs like her. "It was astounding how many pit bulls came into the shelter from abusive homes," says fellow volunteer Kate Callahan. As the two friends talked more, Catalina and Kate gradually formed a plan to help the dogs: They founded Jasmine's House, a nonprofit rescue organization that aims to save and rehabilitate neglected, abandoned or abused pit bulls. "I love all dogs," says Kate, "but we decided to focus on pit bulls because they're the ones most in need."


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Real Barbie Girl Valerie Lukyanova – Amatuya and her Family, they all also Look Like Dolls
Most of you probably heard about this beauty. Sure Valerie looks artificial, like a doll. The whole family reminiscent of dolls, some more, some less, and not only the family but also some friends … But as they say in every family there are black sheep …
Who do you think is the black sheep in this family? Look at the pictures and decide for yourself.
Valerie Lukyanova with her mother and her best friend
Her Mother
Nahema, her grandmother and her best friend
Amatuya with mom
Valerie Lukyanova with father
Valerie Lukyanova with mom
Valerie Lukyanova with friend
Amatuya with her best friend
Valerie Lukyanova with mom
The sister of Valerie Lukyanova
Via [dofiga]
98,548 total views, 50 views today


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FIND YOUR NEXT HOME by...
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Gorgeous Energy Star rated home with all the upgrades. A gourmet kitchen with custom cabinetry,...
The professional team at Askins Realty Group, Allen, TX, will be happy to answer any questions you may have regarding new homes in the DFW Metroplex. Find out how you can save thousands with our Texas Best Buyer Rebate. Please email or call (972) 529-2394 Local Office.
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text:
In the Season 3B finale, Vince and the guys say goodbye to the mansion. Eric gets flack from the boys for staying with Sloan, while Drama gets fixated on a condo that is way out of his price range. The guys approach Billy Walsh to direct 'Medellin,' but will they be able to settle on a budget and who gets final cut?
Download the TV Guide app for iPhone, iPad and Android!


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Elco ELH8218E-EM 8" 18W Two Light Horizontal CFL Emergency Downlight with 120V/277V Electronic Ballast
Elco Lighting's high quality, affordable Exit and Emergency fixtures provide a variety of different styles and benefits designed to meet the requirements of any application. Dual voltage options (120 and 277 VAC), brown-out activation (unit automatically switches to emergency mode if supply voltage drops below 80%), automatic low-voltage disconnect, thermal protection, short circuit protection and reverse polarity protection are just a few of the important standardized features of these products.
- Provides 90 minutes of emergency operation during total or isolated power failure
- 650 lumen light output in emergency mode from single CFL lamp
- Emergency frame-in module includes electronics and battery
- Hanger bars not included (order CH26 or FB27 hanger bars or use 0.5" EMT pipe)
- Dual voltage: 120V/277V
- Electronic ballast
- Lamp: (2) 13W-42W CFL (Not Included)
- Ceiling cutout: 8"
- Dimensions: 6.625"H x 9"W
- Trim outside diameter: 9"
- UL listed
- Compatible with the following Elco trims: EL821, EL826, EL830, EL842, EL862, EL888
Additional Elco Links
Our SKU: Elco ELH8218E-EM
This product is listed under the following manufacturer number(s):
- Elco ELH8218E-EM
*Denotes a finish or option that has been discontinued
Product Videos
Recessed Lighting BasicsDon't let the thought of recessed lighting overwhelm you. Let us quickly walk you through the basics of recessed lighting and prepare you for your project.
Installation Resource Center
Whether you are installing the product yourself or hiring a professional, our installation Resource Center has everything you need to get your project done. Visit the Installation Resource Center to get started.


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to Texas BBA
Home ·
BBA Home ·
Academic Advising ·
Degree Planning
The BBA Program Office provides many degree planning resources for McCombs Undergraduate students. While academic advising is not required each semester, we highly encourage you to meet with your assigned academic advisor on a regular basis. To learn more about the academic advising process, please visit our Advisor section.
Page last updated: 8/6/2013
By phone: (512) 471-5921
By mail:
1 University Station, B6000
Austin, TX 78712-1178
In person:
2110 Speedway
Austin, TX 78705
©2014 McCombs School of Business, The University of Texas at Austin | Technology Resources | Contact Us


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Use code HA9MWXdetails >* To Save 10% on orders $249 or more. Use promotion code HA9MWX during checkout. Discount does not apply to shipping charges, delivery surcharges, duties or customs fees and cannot be combined with any other offer. Promotion cannot be used on previous orders. This promotional offer may be modified or terminated at any time. Offer expires 12/27/2014 at 11:59pm ET.
Homecoming 2013 will have your Prince seeing red!Our Red 2013 Regal Prince Button Sash Combo includes a black Prince button that secures the sash easily and features white imprint on a red background that says Homecoming Prince 2013. Each 3 inch wide x 72 inch long 2013 Red Homecoming Prince Sash is made of satin and the button measures 3 inches in diameter and is made of metal.


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Lip Augmentation
13 of 42
Was this photo helpful? 5 others found this helpful
37 year-old female who no longer wanted to get repeat injections in her lips for a bigger size. She opted for permanent lip implants so she would not have to have further injections.
By uploading this photo, Barry L. Eppley, MD, DMD has agreed with RealSelf.com policy that they've secured proper patient consent.


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Instacane, a website that aggregates images posted to Instagram with hashtags related to Hurricane Sandy, is back up and running. Created last year by New York Times R&D software architect Peter Ng and now-Facebook engineer Chris Ackermann to chronicle images of Hurricane Irene, it's been flooded once more by people snapping their way through Hurricane Sandy. The site has quickly become a visual portfolio of a dangerous hurricane that's said to be barreling straight for New York and New Jersey.
Photos of an apocalyptic Gotham-style sky looming above New York's skyscrapers are juxtaposed with pics of good-humored folks mugging for the camera next to empty water bottle aisles. It's a pretty holistic portrait of East Coasters preparing for a superstorm.
Click through the slideshow for some of our favorite images.
"The calm before the storm. #sandy #hurricane"
NYC. Photo by @ivankatrump
"Taxis still out in full force, in and out of the gas station. #nyc #sandy"
NYC. Photo by @simsjames
"All set for #sandy"
Photo by @predator24
"soo much waterrr #hurricane #sandy #amityharbor"
Amity Harbor. Photo by @graceblackler
"Oh boy."
Photo by @dustinwtff
"Seaside heights boardwalk at 8 this morning #sandy"
Seaside Heights, NJ. Photo by @monicamaione
"NYT delivery guy don't care about no mandatory evacuation #sandy"
Photo by @cmckittrick
"AccuWeather meteorologists discussing Hurricane #Sandy."
Photo by @megewx
"Business in Delaware dares the #Superstorm #Sandy"
Delaware. Photo by @pdoocy
"Most devastating pic I've seen so far. Up to the top of the sea wall. Very scared for OC"
Ocean City, MD. Photo by @the_hein_line
"Asbury Park, NJ at 8.22a EDT. Waves already up to the boardwalk. #instacane #sandy"
Asbury Park, NJ. Photo by @chrisackermann
"NY Stock Exchange.... Closed?!?....#Sandy #priceless #NY"
NYC. Photo by @irockvintage
"Boarded up" #gowanus #sandy #instacane
NYC. Photo by @wesleyverhoeve
"Choppy East River starting to flood the promenade. #nofilter #newyork #nyc #sandy #frankenstorm"
NYC. Photo by @mikebarish
NYC looks positively post-apocalyptic.


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American's statement on Alec Baldwin incident
After initially refusing to comment on the incident because of passenger privacy concerns, American Airlines has now issued the following statement on the situation via its Facebook page.
STORY: Alec Baldwin kicked off American Airlines flight
MORE: American decides to offer its side of the story (AP)
PHOTO GALLERY: The fleet and hubs of American and American Eagle
Here is the statement in its entirety:
Since an extremely vocal customer has publicly identified himself as being removed from an American Airlines flight on Tuesday, Dec. 6, we have elected to provide the actual facts of the matter as well as the FAA regulations which American, and all airlines, must enforce. Cell phones and electronic devices are allowed to be used while the aircraft is at the gate and the door is open for boarding. When the door is closed for departure and the seat belt light is turned on, all cell phones and electronic devices must be turned off for taxi-out and take-off. This passenger declined to turn off his cell phone when asked to do so at the appropriate time. The passenger ultimately stood up (with the seat belt light still on for departure) and took his phone into the plane's lavatory. He slammed the lavatory door so hard, the cockpit crew heard it and became alarmed, even with the cockpit door closed and locked. They immediately contacted the cabin crew to check on the situation. The passenger was extremely rude to the crew, calling them inappropriate names and using offensive language. Given the facts above, the passenger was removed from the flight and denied boarding.
USA TODAY is now using Facebook Comments on our stories and blog posts to provide an enhanced user experience. To post a comment, log into Facebook and then "Add" your comment. To report spam or abuse, click the "X" in the upper right corner of the comment box. To find out more, read the FAQ and Conversation Guidelines.


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Griffin: Balanced Budget Amendment Deserves Bipartisan Support
Rep. Griffin participated in a press conference with fellow freshmen Members earlier today.
WASHINGTON – Congressman Tim Griffin (AR-02) issued the following statement regarding the Balanced Budget Amendment (BBA) Resolution (H.J. Res. 2) that is being debated in the U.S. House of Representatives later today:
"Yesterday, the national debt officially topped $15 trillion. In 1995 – the last time Congress seriously debated the Balanced Budget Amendment – our national debt was under $5 trillion. At that time, 72 Democrats supported this amendment, including two of the top three Members of their current leadership team. Now their leadership is playing politics and actively working to defeat it. This is not just a fiscal issue, it is a moral issue. The Balanced Budget Amendment deserves bipartisan support."
If ratified, the BBA would require the federal government to balance its budget on an annual basis, require a three-fifths vote of each chamber to increase the debt limit in the future, and prohibit any tax increase from becoming law unless approved by a majority of each chamber. It also allows waivers to these limits when a declaration of war is in effect or under other circumstances involving military conflict.


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64-bit Windows is NOT supported due to it being an unstable mess.
Nobody will stop you from modifying it to work, but you will get NO support. Anybody distributing a modified version of Extraplanetary Launchpads (for any reason, actually) must make it prominently clear that it is not Extraplanetary Launchpads as released by me. This is actually one of the requirements in the GPL.
Also, by releasing a modified version, you agree to accept all responsibility. This is the reason for the attribution rule in the GPL: so your victims come crying to you rather than to me.
This is the new thread for Extraplanetary Launchpads as skykooler has asked me to officially take over the project. Old thread
A nice quick tutorial writeup by Starstrider42
Known Issue: there is a problem with Science Alert causing EL builds to fail. I hope to investigate this properly in the near future.
Download: Extraplanetary Launchpads v4.4.0.
Release notes:
Source code (GPL): github.
Issue tracker: issues
Mods I consider essential for getting the most out of EL:
- KerbalStats to track kerbal experience.
- Toolbar to allow control of the VAB/SPH GUI and easy control of the in-flight GUI.
- Module Manager to allow pods to become workshops (albeit poor quality).
- Kethane. Allows mining of Ore and convertion to Metal and RocketParts. Also, gotta get fuel for your rockets .
- Kerbal Attachment System. Connect parts of your base together. REQUIRED for the use of the survey stakes.
- Infernal Robotics. Makes it easier to move things around.
As an alternative to Kethane, Karbonite is available and there is a Karbonite adaptation available.
At this stage any pad, the runway or the dock can be used landed, splashed or in orbit. When landed or splashed, operation is exactly as it was before. When in orbit, the new ship is spawned "docked" (docking ports not required) to the construction dock and must be released (the build menu will be unavailable until the new ship has been released). To release the ship, right click on the dock and click "Release". Once the release bug (see below) has been worked around, the new ship will slowly drift away (as expected for two objects in orbit).
Survey stakes (new feature in 4.3.0 and requiresKerbal Attachment System) work only when landed and they need to be carried around in a KAS container or on the back of a Kerbal, and can be attached only to the ground or a permanent feature (such as the launchpad at KSC, or at least they could while I was testing in 0.24.2). To use stakes, place some on the ground, configure them (details in the release notes), and use a Survey Station (also new in 4.3.0, but for now is a clone (separate part) of the hitchhiker can).
Station before any construction begins.
The hab module has been built and moved over with a little tug.
D'oh, not enough parts to build the tank.
After shipping up some more parts, the tank is built and being moved into position by the station's tug (which was built just before the hab module was).
Checking out the new workshop:
- Here is an alternative smelter by mossman
- Some very nice drills have been created by BahamutoD


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While hiding out, the four soldiers are discovered by a trio of shepherds, including one very young boy. The soldiers then are forced to debate internally whether or not they should abide by the rules of engagement and let these civilians go, even if it's a near-certainty that they'll inform the local Taliban militants, leave them bound in the mountains (which would essentially amount a death sentence) or execute them in order to maintain the op's integrity. This introduces a rare moment of lucidity and humanity into the proceedings, allowing these men a moment to debate the reality of their situation in which their every decision will result in bloodshed. It's a brief intellectual respite before the film engages in what it's truly interested in – a lengthy shootout between our intrepid Navy SEALS and the quickly converging Taliban forces that dominates the majority of the film's running time. Berg's action here is incredibly visceral, but also tonally schizophrenic – alternating between the brutal reality of close-quarters combat in one moment (he remains the master of making an audience feel every bump and bruise of a character's tumble, carrying over from its comedic origins in his previous The Rundown) and succumbing to action movie histrionics next (slow motion hero moments and icky one-liners). The cumulative effect is jarring, as the film attempts to recreate the relentless pacing of a Blackhawk Down but is only able to recreate that level of intensity in fits and starts.
An unfortunate casualty of this focus on lionizing every bullet and drop of blood spilled is that a true moment of heroism is given short narrative thrift; that Luttrell is eventually saved and sheltered by an Afghan villager (unnamed in the film, Mohammed Gulab in reality) who defends Luttrell from the Taliban despite the threat it poses to both himself and his young son. The film spends so much time on the logistics of combat that it loses the opportunity to spotlight this truly selfless act, making it feel like a cinematic footnote (then literally relegating this brave act of defiance to a cinematic footnote in the end credits). Berg's deference to the codes of conduct and powerful brotherhood between those that serve is to be admired, but Lone Survivor is so focused on that aspect of this story that it botches its own opportunity at emotional resonance.


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