text:
|Battle of Vienna
|Part of the Great Turkish War, the Ottoman–Habsburg wars, and the Polish–Ottoman War
Battle of Vienna on 12 September 1683
| Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth
Holy Roman Empire
Habsburg Hungary
| Ottoman Empire
|Commanders and leaders
| John III Sobieski
Hetman Jabłonowski
Jan Dobrogost Krasiński
Count Marcin Kątski (relief force)
Ernst Rüdiger von Starhemberg (garrison)
Charles of Lorraine
John George III of Saxony
Georg Friedrich of Waldeck
Julius Francis, Duke of Saxe-Lauenburg
Maximilian II Emanuel of Bavaria
| Grand Vizier Kara Mustafa Pasha
Kara Mehmed of Diyarbakir
Ibrahim of Buda
Abaza Sari Hussein
Pasha of Karahisar
Murad Giray
|Viennese garrison
15,000 soldiers[2]+ 8,700 volunteers[1]
370 cannons
Relief force
50,000-60,000 Germans[3]
15,000-20,000 Poles[3][4] A total of around 100,000 +
130 field guns + 19 medium-caliber cannons[1]
|Casualties and losses
Garrison during siege: ~12,000[1]
|20,000 dead during siege, 40,000 dead in battle[9]:661
5,000 captured[9]:661
The Battle of Vienna (German: Schlacht am Kahlen Berge or Kahlenberg; Polish: bitwa pod Wiedniem or odsiecz wiedeńska; Modern Turkish: İkinci Viyana Kuşatması, Ottoman Turkish: Beç Ḳalʿası Muḥāṣarası) is a battle that took place on 11 and 12 September[12] 1683 after the imperial city of Vienna had been besieged by the Ottoman Empire for two months. It was a battle of the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation in league with the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (Holy League) versus the Muslim Ottoman Empire and chiefdoms of the Ottoman Empire, and took place at Kahlenberg Mountain near Vienna. The battle marked the first time Poland and the Holy Roman Empire had cooperated militarily against the Turks, and it is often (though debatably[13]) seen as a turning point in history, after which "the Ottoman Turks ceased to be a menace to the Christian world".[14] In the ensuing war that lasted until 1698, the Turks lost almost all of Hungary to the Holy Roman Emperor Leopold I.[14]
The battle was won by the combined forces of the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, the latter being represented only by the forces of the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland (the march of the Lithuanian army was delayed; as a result they arrived in Vienna after it was relieved[15]). The Viennese garrison was led by Ernst Rüdiger Graf von Starhemberg, an Austrian subject of Holy Roman Emperor Leopold I. The overall command was held by the commander of the Polish forces, the King of Poland, John III Sobieski.
The alliance fought the army of the Ottoman Empire and those of Ottoman fiefdoms commanded by Grand Vizier Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha. The siege itself began on 14 July 1683, by the Ottoman army of approximately 90,000[1]–300,000[5][6][7][8] men. The besieging force was composed of 60 ortas of Janissaries (12,000 men paper-strength) with an observation army of c.70,000[16] men watching the countryside. The decisive battle took place on September 11 and 12, after the united relief army of approximately 84,000 men had arrived.
It has been suggested by some historians that the battle marked the turning-point in the Ottoman–Habsburg wars, the 300-year struggle between the Holy Roman Empire and the Ottoman Empire. Indeed, over the sixteen years following the battle, the Habsburgs of Austria gradually occupied and dominated southern Hungary and Transylvania, which had been largely cleared of the Ottoman forces. However, post-Orientalist historiographies shed light on the fact that the Ottoman Empire did remain strong and imposing in the Balkans - despite some administrative, economic and military turmoils - up until the late 18th century. Much of the Holy Leagues' gains would be recaptured by the Ottomans, such as the Morea and Azov, while the Balkan territories would fall back in parts to the Ottoman Empire by the Treaty of Passarowitz.[13]
The capture of the city of Vienna had long been a strategic aspiration of the Ottoman Empire, due to its interlocking control over Danubian (Black Sea to Western Europe) southern Europe, and the overland (Eastern Mediterranean to Germany) trade routes. During the years preceding the latter siege (the former had taken place in 1529), under the auspices of grand viziers from the influential Köprülü family, the Ottoman Empire undertook extensive logistical preparations, including the repair and establishment of roads and bridges leading into the Holy Roman Empire and its logistical centres, as well as the forwarding of ammunition, cannon and other resources from all over the Ottoman Empire to these centres and into the Balkans. Since 1679, the plague had been raging in Vienna.[17]
On the political front, the Ottoman Empire had been providing military assistance to the Hungarians and to non-Catholic minorities in Habsburg-occupied portions of Hungary. There, in the years preceding the siege, widespread unrest had become open rebellion against Leopold I's pursuit of Counter-Reformation principles and his desire to crush Protestantism. In 1681, Protestants and other anti-Habsburg Kuruc forces, led by Imre Thököly, were reinforced with a significant force from the Ottomans,[9]:657 who recognized Thököly as King of "Upper Hungary" (the eastern part of today's Slovakia and parts of today's north-eastern Hungary, which he had earlier taken by force of arms from the Habsburgs). This support included explicitly promising the "Kingdom of Vienna" to the Hungarians if it fell into Ottoman hands.[18]:129 Yet before the siege, a state of peace had existed for twenty years between the Holy Roman Empire and the Ottoman Empire as a result of the Peace of Vasvár.
In 1681 and 1682, clashes between the forces of Imre Thököly and the Holy Roman Empire (of which the border was then northern Hungary) intensified, and the incursions of Habsburg forces into Central Hungary provided the crucial argument of Grand Vizier Kara Mustafa Pasha in convincing the Sultan, Mehmet IV and his Divan, to allow the movement of the Ottoman army. Mehmet IV authorized Kara Mustafa Pasha to operate as far as Győr (the name during the Ottoman period was Yanıkkale, in German Raab) and Komárom (in Turkish Komaron, in German Komorn) Castles, both in northwestern Hungary, and to besiege them. The Ottoman Army was mobilized on 21 January 1682, and war was declared on 6 August 1682.
The logistics of the time meant that it would have been risky or impossible to launch an invasion in August or September 1682 (a three-month campaign would have gotten the Ottomans to Vienna just as winter set in). However this 15-month gap between mobilization and the launch of a full-scale invasion allowed ample time for Vienna to prepare its defence and for Leopold to assemble troops from the Holy Roman Empire and set up an alliance with Poland, Venice and Pope Innocent XI. Undoubtedly this contributed to the failure of the Ottoman campaign. The decisive alliance of the Holy Roman Empire with Poland was concluded in the 1683 Treaty of Warsaw, in which Leopold promised support to Sobieski if the Ottomans attacked Kraków; in return, the Polish Army would come to the relief of Vienna if it were attacked.[9]:656, 659
On 31 March 1683, another declaration, sent by Grand Vizier Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha on behalf of Mehmet IV, arrived at the Imperial Court in Vienna. On the next day, the forward march of Ottoman army elements began from Edirne in Thrace. The Turkish troops reached Belgrade by early May. They were joined by a Transylvanian army under Prince Mihaly Apafi and a Hungarian force under Imre Thököly, laid siege to Győr, and the remaining army of 150,000 moved toward the city of Vienna.[9]:660 About 40,000 Crimean Tatar troops arrived 40 km east of Vienna on 7 July,[9]:660 twice as many as the Imperial troops in the area. Emperor Leopold fled Vienna for Passau with his court and 60,000 Viennese, while Charles V, Duke of Lorraine withdrew his force of 20,000 towards Linz.[9]:660 The main Turkish army arrived at Vienna on 14 July, now only defended by Count Ernst Rüdiger von Starhemberg's 15,000 men.[9]:660
The King of Poland Jan III Sobieski prepared a relief expedition to Vienna during the summer of 1683, so honouring his obligations to the treaty. He left his own nation virtually undefended when departing from Kraków on 15 August. Sobieski covered this with a stern warning to Imre Thököly, the leader of Hungary, whom he threatened with destruction if he tried to take advantage of the situation — which Thököly in fact attempted. Jan Kazimierz Sapieha the Younger delayed the march of the Lithuanian army, devastating the Hungarian Highlands (now Slovakia) instead, and arrived in Vienna only after it had been relieved.[15]
Immediately, tensions rose between Poland and the various German states, above all Austria, over the relief of the city. Payment of troops' wages and supplies while marching was predominant among these. Sobieski demanded that he should not have to pay for his march to Vienna, since it was by his efforts that the city had been saved; nor could the Viennese neglect the other German troops who had marched. The Habsburg leadership hurriedly found as much money as possible to pay for these and arranged deals with the Polish to limit their costs.[19]
Events during the siege
The main Ottoman army finally laid siege to Vienna on 14 July. On the same day, Kara Mustafa sent the traditional demand for surrender to the city.[20]
Ernst Rüdiger Graf von Starhemberg, leader of the remaining 15,000 troops and 8,700 volunteers with 370 cannons, refused to capitulate. Only days before, he had received news of the mass slaughter at Perchtoldsdorf,[21] a town south of Vienna where the citizens had handed over the keys of the city after having been given a similar choice. Siege operations started on 17 July.[9]:660
The Viennese had demolished many of the houses around the city walls and cleared the debris, leaving an empty plain that would expose the Ottomans to defensive fire if they tried to rush the city.[9]:660 Kara Mustafa Pasha solved that problem by ordering his forces to dig long lines of trenches directly toward the city, to help protect them from the defenders as they advanced steadily toward the city.
The Ottomans had 130 field guns and 19 medium-calibre cannons, insufficient in the face of the defenders' 370 cannons.[1] The fortifications of Vienna were very strong and up-to-date, and the Ottomans had to find a more effective use for their gunpowder: Mining. Tunnels were dug under the massive city walls to blow them up with substantial quantities of black powder.[9]:660
The inaction by the Ottomans at this point, combined with the delay in advancing their army after declaring war, eventually allowed a Polish relief force to arrive in Sept.[9]:660 Historians have speculated that Kara Mustafa wanted to take the city intact with its riches, and that he declined an all-out attack, not wishing to activate the right of plunder which would accompany an assault.[22]
The Ottoman siege cut virtually every means of food supply into Vienna.[23] Fatigue became so common that Graf Ernst Rüdiger von Starhemberg ordered any soldier found asleep on watch to be shot. Increasingly desperate, the forces holding Vienna were on their last legs when, in August, Imperial forces under Charles V, Duke of Lorraine defeated Imre Thököly of Hungary at Bisamberg, 5 km north-west of Vienna.
On 6 September, the Poles under Jan III Sobieski crossed the Danube 30 km north-west of Vienna at Tulln, to unite with the Imperial troops and the additional forces from Saxony, Bavaria, Baden, Franconia and Swabia. Louis XIV of France declined to help his Habsburg rival, having just annexed Alsace.
An alliance between John III Sobieski and the Emperor Leopold I resulted in the addition of the Polish hussars to the already existing allied army. The command of the forces of European allies was entrusted to the Polish king, who had under his command 70,000-80,000 soldiers facing a Turkish army of 150,000.[9]:661 John III Sobieski's courage and remarkable aptitude for command were already known in Europe.
During early September, the experienced 5,000 Ottoman sappers had repeatedly blown up large portions of the walls between the Burg bastion, the Löbel bastion and the Burg ravelin, creating gaps of about 12m in width. The Viennese tried to counter this by digging their own tunnels to intercept the depositing of large amounts of gunpowder in subterranean caverns. The Ottomans finally managed to occupy the Burg ravelin and the low wall in that area on 8 September. Anticipating a breach in the city walls, the remaining Viennese prepared to fight in the inner city.
Staging the battle
The relief army had to act quickly to save the city and so prevent another long siege. Despite the binational composition of the army and the short space of only six days, an effective leadership structure was established, centred on the King of Poland and his heavy cavalry (Polish Hussars). The Holy League settled the issues of payment by using all available funds from the government, loans from several wealthy bankers and noblemen and large sums of money from the Pope.[19] Also, the Habsburgs and Poles agreed that the Polish government would pay for its own troops while still in Poland, but that they would be paid by the Emperor once they had crossed into imperial territory. However, the Emperor had to recognise Sobieski's claim to first rights of plunder in the event of a victory.[19]
Kara Mustafa Pasha was less effective at ensuring his forces' motivation and loyalty, and preparing for the expected relief-army attack. He had entrusted defence of the rear to the Khan of Crimea and his cavalry force, which numbered about 30–40,000. There is doubt as to how far the Tatars participated in the final battle before Vienna. Their Khan refused to attack the Polish relief force as it crossed the Danube on pontoon bridges and refused to attack as they emerged from the Wienerwald.[18]:151, 161
The Ottomans could not rely on their Wallachian and Moldavian allies. George Ducas, Prince of Moldavia, was captured, while Șerban Cantacuzino's forces joined the retreat after Sobieski's cavalry charge.[18]:163
The confederated troops signalled their arrival on the Kahlenberg above Vienna with bonfires. In the early morning of 12 September, before the battle, a Mass was celebrated for the King of Poland and his nobles.
The battle started before all units were fully deployed. At 4 AM, the Ottomans attacked, seeking to interfere with the deployment of the Holy League troops.[9]:661 The Germans were the first to strike. Charles of Lorraine moved forward with the Imperial army on the left, with the other Holy Roman Imperial forces in the centre and, after heavy fighting and multiple Turkish counter-attacks, took several key positions, especially the fortified villages of Nussdorf and Heiligenstadt. By noon, the Imperial army had already severely mauled the Turks and had come close to break through.[24] Though shattered, the Ottoman army did not crumble at that moment.[25]
Mustafa Pasha launched his counter-attacks with most of his force, but held back some of the elite Janissary and Sipahi units for a simultaneous assault on the city. The Ottoman commanders had intended to take Vienna before Sobieski arrived, but time ran out. Their sappers had prepared a large, final detonation under the Löbelbastei[26] to breach the walls. In total, ten mines were set to explode but they were located and disarmed.[18]:169
In the early afternoon, a large battle started on the other side of the battlefield as the Polish infantry advanced on the Ottoman right flank. Instead of focusing on the battle with the relief army, the Ottomans continued their efforts to force their way into the city.[18]:152 Hence, the Poles could make good progress and by 4 pm, they had the village of Gersthof, which would serve as a base for their massive cavalry charge.[4] The Ottomans were in a desperate position, between the Polish forces and the imperials. Charles of Lorraine and Sobieski both decided on their own to resume the offensive and finish off their enemy.[25]
The Imperials resumed the offensive on the left front at 3:30 PM. At first, they encountered a fierce resistance and were stopped. This did not last long, however, and by 5 PM, they had made further gains and taken the villages of Unterdöbling and Oberdöbling. They were now very close to the central Turkish position (the "Turkenschanz").[25] As they were preparing to storm it, they could see the Polish cavalry in action.
It is recorded that the Polish cavalry slowly emerged from the forest to the cheers of the onlooking infantry, who had been anticipating their arrival. At 4 PM, the Polish hussars first entered into action, battering the Turkish lines and approaching the Turkenschanz which was now threatened from three sides (the Poles from the west, the Saxons and the Bavarians from the northwest and the Austrians from the north). At that point, the Turkish Vizier decided to leave this position and to retreat to his headquarters in the main camp further south. However, by then, many Ottomans were already leaving the battlefield.[4]
The allies were now ready for the last blow. At about 6 PM, the Polish King ordered the cavalry attack in four groups, three Polish and one from the Holy Roman Empire. Eighteen thousand horsemen charged down the hills, the largest cavalry charge in history.[18]:152 Jan III Sobieski led the charge[9]:661 at the head of 3,000 Polish heavy lancers, the famed "Winged Hussars". The Lipka Tatars who fought on the Polish side wore a sprig of straw in their helmets to distinguish themselves from the Tatars fighting on the Ottoman side. The charge easily broke the lines of the Ottomans, who were exhausted and demoralised and soon started to flee the battlefield. The cavalry headed straight for the Ottoman camps and Kara Mustafa's headquarters, while the remaining Viennese garrison sallied out of its defences to join in the assault.[9]:661
The Ottoman troops were tired and dispirited following the failure of both the attempt at sapping and the assault on the city and the advance of the Holy league infantry on the Turkenschanz .[9]:661 The cavalry charge was one last deadly blow. Less than three hours after the cavalry attack, the Christian forces had won the battle and saved Vienna. The first Christian officer who entered Vienna was Margrave Ludwig of Baden, at the head of his dragoons.[4] At one point during the battle, Kara Mustafa personally ordered the execution of 30,000 Christian hostages.[11]
Afterwards Sobieski paraphrased Julius Caesar's famous quotation (Veni, vidi, vici) by saying "Veni, vidi, Deus vicit" – "I came, I saw, God conquered".[9]:661
The Ottomans lost at least 20,000 men during the siege and up to 40,000 during the battle with Sobieski's forces (Ottoman accounts quote a lower figure due to their not counting the fallen of Ottoman vassal/allied states and other Muslim volunteers).
The loot that fell into the hands of the Holy League troops and the Viennese was as huge as their relief, as King John Sobieski vividly described in a letter to his wife a few days after the battle:
Ours are treasures unheard of... tents, sheep, cattle and no small number of camels... it is victory as nobody ever knew before, the enemy now completely ruined, everything lost for them. They must run for their sheer lives... General Starhemberg hugged and kissed me and called me his saviour.[27]
Starhemberg immediately ordered the repair of Vienna's severely damaged fortifications to guard against a possible Ottoman counter-strike. However, this proved unnecessary.
Soon, the Ottomans disposed of their defeated commander. On 25 December 1683, Kara Mustafa Pasha was executed in Belgrade in the approved manner, by strangulation with a silk rope pulled by several men on each end, by order of the commander of the Janissaries.
Despite the victory of the Christian allies, there was still tension between the various commanders and their armies. For example, Sobieski demanded that the Polish troops be allowed to have first choice of the spoils of the Turkish camp. The German and Austrian troops were left with smaller portions of the loot.[28] Also, the Protestant Saxons, who had arrived to relieve the city, were apparently subjected to verbal abuse by the Catholic populace of the Viennese countryside. The Saxons left the battle immediately, without partaking in the sharing of spoils and refusing to continue pursuit.[28]
Sobieski went on to liberate Grau and northwestern Hungary after the Battle of Parkany, but dysentery halted his pursuit of the Turks.[9]:662 Charles V took Belgrade and most of Serbia in 1686, and established Habsburg control over southern Hungary and most of Transylvania in 1687.[9]:663–664
The victory at Vienna set the stage for the reconquering of Hungary and (temporarily) some of the Balkan lands in the following years by Louis of Baden, Maximilian Emmanuel of Bavaria and Prince Eugene of Savoy. The Ottomans fought on for another 16 years, losing control of Hungary and Transylvania in the process before finally desisting. The Holy Roman Empire signed the Treaty of Karlowitz with the Ottoman Empire in 1699.
The battle marked the historic end of the expansion of the Ottoman Empire into Europe.
The behavior of Louis XIV of France furthered French–German enmity - in the following month, the War of the Reunions broke out in the western part of the weakened Holy Roman Empire.
Cultural legacy
Astronomical legacy
After the battle of Vienna, the newly identified constellation Scutum (Latin for shield) was originally named Scutum Sobiescianum by the astronomer Johannes Hevelius, in honor of king John III Sobieski.[29] While there are some stars named after non-astronomers, this is the only constellation that was originally named after a real non-astronomer who was still alive when the constellation was named, and the name of which is still in use (three other constellations, satisfying the same requirements, never gained enough popularity to last).
Religious significance
Because Sobieski had entrusted his kingdom to the protection of the Blessed Virgin (Our Lady of Czestochowa) before the battle, Pope Innocent XI commemorated his victory by extending the feast of the Holy Name of Mary, which until then had been celebrated solely in Spain and the Kingdom of Naples, to the entire Church; it used to be celebrated on the Sunday within the Octave of the Nativity of Mary and was, when Pope St. Pius X intended to make room for the celebration of the actual Sundays, transferred to 12 September, the day of the battle.
The Pope also upgraded the papal coat of arms by adding the Polish crowned White Eagle. After victory in the Battle of Vienna, the Polish king was also granted by the Pope the title of "Defender of the Faith" ("Defensor Fidei").[30]
In honour of Sobieski, the Austrians erected a church atop the Kahlenberg hill north of Vienna.
Musical legacy
When the Ottomans were pushed away from Vienna, their military bands left their instruments on the field of battle and that is how the Holy Roman Empire (and thus the other Western countries) acquired cymbals and the timpani.[31]
The Austrian composer Johann Joseph Fux memorialized the battle in his Partita Turcaria, which bore the sub-title, "Musical portrait of the siege of Vienna by the Turks in 1683".[32]
It is said that the victors found in the Ottomans' abandoned luggage the 'Tárogató' a double-reed woodwind instrument that was to become the Hungarian national symbol for freedom after Racockzy's defeat against the Ottomans in 1711.[33]
Culinary legends
Several culinary legends are related to the Battle of Vienna.
One legend is that the croissant was invented in Vienna, either in 1683 or during the earlier siege in 1529, to celebrate the defeat of the Ottoman attack on the city, with the shape referring to the crescents on the Ottoman flags. This version of the origin of the croissant is supported by the fact that croissants in France are a variant of Viennoiserie, and by the French popular belief that Vienna-born Marie Antoinette introduced the pastry to France in 1770.
Another legend from Vienna has the first bagel as being a gift to King Jan Sobieski to commemorate the King's victory over the Ottomans. It was fashioned in the form of a stirrup, to commemorate the victorious charge by the Polish cavalry. The veracity of this legend is uncertain, as there is a reference in 1610 to a bread with a similar-sounding name, which may or may not have been the bagel.
After the battle, the Viennese discovered many bags of coffee in the abandoned Ottoman encampment. Using this captured stock, Franciszek Jerzy Kulczycki opened the third coffeehouse in Europe and the first in Vienna.[34][35] There is no contemporary historical source connecting Marco d'Aviano, the Capuchin friar and confidant of Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor, with the invention of cappuccino.
Miscellaneous legacy
The train route from Vienna to Warsaw is also named in Sobieski's honour.
The Battle of Vienna is commemorated on the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier, Warsaw, with the inscription "WIEDEN 12 IX 1683".
See also
- ^ a b c d e f g Bruce Alan Masters, Gábor Ágoston: Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire, Infobase Publishing, 2009, ISBN 1438110251, 584.
- ^ Tucker, Spencer (2010). Battles That Changed History: An Encyclopedia of World Conflict. ABC-CLIO. p. 215.
- ^ a b Austria's Wars of Emergence, Michael Hochedlinger
- ^ a b c d The enemy at the gate, Andrew Wheatcroft
- ^ a b Harbottle, Thomas (1905), Dictionary of Battles, E.P. Sutton & Co, p. 262.
- ^ a b Clare, Israel (1876), The Centennial Universal History: A Clear and Concise History of All Nations, with a Full History of the United States to the Close of the First 100 Years of Our National Independence., J. C. McCurdy & Co., p. 252.
- ^ a b Drane, Augusta (1858), The Knights of st. John: with The battle of Lepanto and Siege of Vienna., Burns and Lambert, p. 136.
- ^ a b ["American Architect and Building News." 29.767 (1890): 145. Print.]
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u Tucker, S.C., 2010, A Global Chronology of Conflict, Vol. Two, Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO, LLC, ISBN 9781851096671
- ^ Siedlungs- und Bevölkerungsgeschichte Österreichs, Schriften des Institutes für Österreichkunde, Seite 107, Institut für Österreichkunde, Verlag Hirt, Wien 1974. ISBN 9783701950188
- ^ a b Thackeray, Frank W.,and Findling, John E., eds. Events That Formed the Modern World: From the European Renaissance through the War on Terror, p.266, Published by ABC-CLIO, 2012. ISBN 1598849018
- ^ "Date of Battle", Timeline index.
- ^ a b Caroline Finkel. Osman's Dream: The Story of the Ottoman Empire 1300-1923 (London: John Murray, 2005), p. 289-328.
- ^ a b Leitsch, Walter (July 1983). "1683: The Siege of Vienna". History Today 33 (7). Retrieved 19 December 2014.
The defeat of the Ottoman Army outside the gates of Vienna 300 years ago is usually regarded as the beginning of the decline of the Ottoman Empire. But Walter Leitsch ask whether it was such a turning point in the history of Europe? ... However, it marks a turning point: not only was further Ottoman advance on Christian territories stopped, but in the following war that lasted up to 1698 almost all of Hungary was reconquered by the army of Emperor Leopold I. From 1683 the Ottoman Turks ceased to be a menace to the Christian world. ... The battle of Vienna was a turning point in one further respect: the success was due to the co-operation between the troops of the Emperor, some Imperial princes and the Poles. ... However the co-operation between the two non-maritime neighbours of the Ottoman Empire in Europe, the Emperor and Poland, was something new. ... Walter Leitsch is Professor of East European History and Director of the Institute of East and Southeast European Research at the University of Vienna.
- ^ a b Davies, Norman (1982), God's Playground, a History of Poland: The origins to 1795, Columbia University Press, p. 487.
- ^ Bruce, George (1981). Harbottle's Dictionary of Battles. Van Nostrand Reinhold.
- ^ Nähere Untersuchung der Pestansteckung, Seite 42, Pascal Joseph von Ferro, Joseph Edler von Kurzbek k.k. Hofbuchdrucker, Wien 1787.
- ^ a b c d e f Varvounis, M., 2012, Jan Sobieski, Xlibris, ISBN 978-1462880805
- ^ a b c Stoye, John. The Siege of Vienna: The Last Great Trial between Cross & Crescent. 2011
- ^ The original document was destroyed during World War II. For the German translation, see here
- ^ Palmer, Alan, The Decline and Fall of the Ottoman Empire, p.12, Published by Barnes & Noble Publishing, 1992. ISBN 1-56619-847-X
- ^ Bates, Brandon J. (2003). "The Beginning of the End: The Failure of the Siege of Vienna of 1683" (PDF). Brigham Young University. Archived from the original on 22 August 2006. Retrieved 28 August 2006.
- ^ Ripperton, Lisa. "The Siege of Vienna". The Baldwin Project. Retrieved 28 August 2006.
- ^ The enemy at the gate, Wheatcroft
- ^ a b c idem
- ^ "Duell im Dunkeln" (in German). 2DF. 6 November 2005. Retrieved 28 August 2006.
- ^ "Letter from King Sobieski to his Wife". Letters from King Sobieski to his wife. University of Gdansk, Department of Cultural Studies, Faculty of Philology. Retrieved 4 August 2011.
- ^ a b Stoye, John (2007), The Siege of Vienna: The Last Great Trial between Cross & Crescent, Pegasus Books, p. 175
- ^ Grzechnik, Slawek K. "Hussaria – Polish Winged Cavalry". Archived from the original on 15 June 2006. Retrieved 28 August 2006.
- ^ http://www.pch24.pl/chca-nam-odebrac-victorie-wiedenska-,17575,i.html
- ^ Ukrainian Week
- ^ Description of contents of album "Alla Turca"
- ^ Henk Jansen's 1thMUSE history of the Tárogató (2005)
- ^ Pendergrast, Mark. Uncommon Grounds, p.10. Basic Books, 2000. ISBN 0-465-05467-6
- ^ Millar, Simon. Vienna 1683, p. 93. Osprey Publishing, 2008. ISBN 1-84603-231-8.
Additional Reading
- Stéphane Gaber, Et Charles V arrêta la marche des Turcs, Presses universitaires de Nancy, 1986, ISBN 2-86480-227-9.
- Bruce, George (1981). Harbottle's Dictionary of Battles. Van Nostrand Reinhold.
- Cezary Harasimowicz "VICTORIA" Warsaw 2007, novel ISBN 978-83-925589-0-3
- Alan Palmer, The Decline and Fall of the Ottoman Empire, Published by Barnes & Noble Publishing, 1992. ISBN 1-56619-847-X.
- Miltiades Varvounis, Jan Sobieski. The King Who Saved Europe, Xlibris, 2012, ISBN 978-1-4628-8081-2.


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Sanitaire SC886 Commercial Upright Vacuum Cleaner ReviewsSanitaire SC886 Vacuum Cleaner With Video Reviews And Testimonials At GoVacuum. The Eureka Electrolux Sanitaire SC 886 Is A Commercial Vacuum. Learn More
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subset: commoncrawl


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I'll tell you what age you start disciplining your children - around 3 years old, when they are old enough to understand what you are saying.
For example, if I 2 year old throws or snatches something, you quietly say "no, don't do that" and take said thing away. But at 3 - yes, 3 (those of you who are parents will know how much a 3 year old can understand, and those who don't will think "but that's just a toddler" ) you start explaining to them WHY they shouldn't be doing those things. You then introduce the idea of consequences - "if you throw that then you don't get to play with this...etc" . So, discipline and responsibility for actions develops.


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A baby perished in a car accident on Interstate 25 near Watrous.
The baby's parents are Mike and Emily Stewart of Colorado Springs, state police said. The baby's name wasn't immediately available.
State police Lt. Craig Martin said the family was headed north on the highway during a rainstorm when their car hydroplaned off the road and into some trees around 8 p.m. Sunday.
Mike Stewart and two of his sons escaped without serious injuries, while Emily Stewart suffered extensive leg injuries, Martin said.
I'm writing to show support for the great job Alberta Ellis has done at the post office. On several occasions Ms. Ellis has gone above and beyond in taking care of mine and my family's needs when problems arise. I can't imagine how stressful and time-consuming the job can be, not to mention unglorified. She is the person behind the scenes doing her best to deliver to all the people of Las Vegas.
A panel is recommending major changes to the way the city government operates, including strict ethics rules and curbs on the mayor's and City Council's powers.
Starting Monday, the city Charter Commission will be holding weekly public hearings in each of the city's wards on a proposed new charter, which is essentially the city's constitution. The current charter took effect four decades ago, when the two Las Vegases united.
Mora's main drag was packed with motorists and people as the town held its annual fiesta over the weekend.
On Saturday morning, hundreds came out to see the fiesta parade, which started on the south side of town.
This year's fiesta queen, Frankie Lee Trujillo, daughter of Rosalie and Ernesto Trujillo of Chacon, was near the beginning of the parade. She is a junior at Mora High School and plans to go college after graduation.
Thousands of bikers came to Las Vegas for the weekend, but only one accident occurred involving a motorcycle during that time, police say.
Richard Gonzales, 41, who was headed north, was hurt when his bike collided with a car driven by Carmen Villanueva, 68, in the 2900 block of Hot Springs Boulevard around 3:30 p.m. Sunday, police said.
Las Vegas Deputy Police Chief Christian Montaño said Villanueva entered the flow of traffic, getting in the way of Gonzales' motorcycle.
For nearly five months, the Las Vegas Optic has been a three-day-a-week newspaper. For our first 130 years, this paper was a daily.
Because of the reduction, many people have mistakenly believed that we work only three days a week. We don't — for a very simple reason: The news still happens all the time.
When my superiors decided to reduce the Optic's frequency, I was nervous. I figured that we would get many complaints from our readers and some cancellations of subscriptions.
This letter is to thank the following individuals and/or businesses for their recent contributions to our senior citizens centers:
Our Lady of Sorrows and Rev. C. John Brasher , Daylight Donuts, Charlie's Bakery & Café, Howard's Sand & Gravel, the City of Las Vegas, Jesse Abel, Nick Coca, the Salvation Army — and Carmen Gress, and Love Your Neighbor.
Your continued support of our senior services programs is greatly appreciated.
Theresa Lopez
Program Director
Ser de N.M. Senior Citizens Center
City Councilwoman Diane Moore requested speed bumps on Legion Drive recently. Shortly after, the city did just that.
At a council meeting, Moore noted that the Legion Drive project had been completed, but she wanted to know about the speed bumps near Legion Park Elementary School. They were there before the street was redone.
Speed bumps are popular in Las Vegas. While many towns have none on public streets, they can be found all around the Meadow City. City ordinance allows speed bumps near schools.
I have received many phone calls and many individuals have come to my home asking about the 2010 election for mayor.
I would like to make it perfectly clear that contrary to rumors, neither myself nor any of those whom I associate with are endorsing or seeking the re-election of current Mayor Tony Marquez Jr.
We will register new voters, go door to door, distribute flyers, put up signs, pass out cards, network, do phone banks and family block vote coordination for that candidate whom we feel will address issues we bring to the table. We are tired of being ignored.
Accompanying the roar of motorcycle engines, there was a little bling, rock 'n roll and a weekend full of events at the fourth annual Rough Rider Motorcycle Rally in Las Vegas.
Copyright © 2014
The Las Vegas Optic is your source for local news, sports, events, and information in San Miguel County and Las Vegas, NM, and the surrounding area.


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A few months ago I named the Moleskine notebook as one of my favorite objects in residential architect's "editor's choice" story. Now it looks like the good people at Moleskine have introduced a limited-edition book of sketches by famous architects, including Michael Graves, Zaha Hadid, Mario Botta, and Tadao Ando. In all, 110 architects participated in the project.
The book is on sale for $54 (down from its original price of $64) and comes with a blank companion book to fill with your own sketches. The perfect holiday gift for the architect or designer on your list, perhaps? Visit http://www.moleskineus.com/pmofh2332-the-hand-of-the-architect.html for more information.--m.d.
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You are here: Home > Customer Info > Paying Your Bill
There are a range of options to pay your East Gippsland Water account:
To pay your East Gippsland Water bill Online please click on the following link Pay your Bill.
Please make sure you have your bill to hand.
Easyway interest-free instalment plans offer the flexibility to make bill payments weekly, fortnightly or monthly, so that you can control the family or business budget on your terms.
Contact our customer service team on 1800 671 841 to receive an Easyway card. This will enable you to pay by instalment at East Gippsland Water's office in Bairnsdale, or at any Australia Post Office.
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Photo Credit: athleta
New Balance Windblocker Jacket
New Balance
This water and wind-resistant breaker features NB Heat technology for added warmth, has great stretch and breathability, and comes with thumbhole hand mitts for additional coverage. Even more, it boasts a reflective zipper for late-night jogs.
To Buy: New Balance Windblocker Jacket, $129.99 at newbalance.com
GapFit Motion Long-Sleeve Tee
Talk about a bright idea! The seamlessness and ventilating mesh panels work together to combat sweat and eliminate chafing. It also comes in six awesome colors.
To Buy: GapFit Motion Long-Sleeve Tee, $44.95 at gap.com
Adidas Ls Tribal Print Vest
Inspired by designer Jeremy Scott, this padded tribal vest is as chic as it is cozy. The zippered pockets come in handy for your phone and keys.
To Buy: Adidas Ls Tribal Print Vest, $120 at adidas.com
Athleta Space Dye Home Team Hoodie
This soft, playfully-printed hoodie comes equipped with a built-in ribbed collar for added neck warmth when the hood is down. Perfect for workouts or just running errands.
To Buy: Athleta Space Dye Home Team Hoodie, $118 at athleta.com
C9 by Champion Women's Premium Cold Weather Run Tight
Part polyester, part spandex, this cold-weather tight provides the warmth without any bulk for added agility. We personally love the bright panels on this Indigo Screen pick.
To Buy: C9 by Champion Women's Premium Cold Weather Run Tight, $39.99 at target.com
Lucy E-Tip Run Glove
Calling all techies! These compact, microfiber jersey and polyester gloves feature x-static fabric on the pointer finger and thumb so you can answer your phone or switch songs while on the run.
To Buy: Lucy E-Tip Run Glove, $30 at lucy.com
Brooks Silver Bullet Jacket II
Look pretty in pink (while staying dry) with this new windproof and water-resistant jacket from Brooks. It boasts four-way stretch fabric under the arms and along the back for increased flexibility. The cuffs with thumbholes and flip-mitt are a nice touch. As is the 360 degrees of retroreflectivity – great for nighttime workout warriors.
To Buy: Brooks Silver Bullet Jacket II, $170 at brooksrunning.com
Asics TIL Bra Top
This Hydrology/spandex creation has moisture-eliminating properties for added support and comfort during cold-weather workouts.
To Buy: Asics TIL Bra Top, $40 at asicsamerica.com
Nike Pro Hyperwarm Hybrid Women's Training Top
This teched-out turtleneck is made of the brand's signature, stretchy Dri-FIT fabric for evaporating moisture and is enhanced with underarm gussets and wide raglan sleeves to assist with movement.
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Under Armour Women's ColdGear Infrared UA Storm Beanie
Under Armour
While the water-resistant UA Storm technology in this beanie repels rain, the brushed ColdGear fabric and Infrared lining conceals provides added and lengthened warmth. We also like the optional ponytail backflap for keeping hair in place.
To Buy: Under Armour Women's ColdGear Infrared UA Storm Beanie, $29.99 at underarmour.com


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A freedom lover's guide to Mayflower Hill and the Universe
Welcome to Spitzer Watch
Eliot Spitzer is my Attorney General but he doesn't have my interests at heart.
Instead he has wasted state resources to advance his political career and to usurp the legislative process to create policy that would never be passed by normal legislative means. He accomplishes this by blackmailing companies and industries with the threat of lawsuits and by tactfully using the media to spread rumors that advance his agenda.
Now Eliot Spitzer is running for Governor without most potential voters knowing the truth of Attorney General Spitzer's hypocrisy.
This blog will be dedicated to exposing that hypocrisy.
Check back often.
the debate club at Colby College in Waterville, Maine invited me to debate the role of "diversity" in higher education with, they hoped, the president of the College, William Adams... In all the debate club invited 13 members of the administration and the faculty to debate me. They all declined. President "Bro," who was given an open-ended invitation to set the date, said that he was too busy and needed more time to prepare than he had available. The other administrators, who in the words of one of the students, "make their living off of 'diversity,'" just flat-out refused.
|Diversity University
|Monochromatic Institute
|Lots of Race/Class Interaction
|Little Race/Class Interaction
|Diverse Student Population
|Homogeneous Student Population
|Students Ignore God on a Regular Basis
|Students Pray on a Regular Basis
|Gay Community Accepted
|Alternative Lifestyles Not An Alternative
The increase in alcohol-related incidents have prompted police to crack down on designated drivers by vowing to charge them with furnishing a place for minor to consume, according to both police Chief John E. Morris and Deputy Chief Joseph P. Massey...What justification did the police give for this stance?
Furnishing a place for minors to consume is a criminal offense misdemeanor, punishable by a minimum of $500 and possible jail time, according to police.
"The number of alcohol-related cases associated with Colby students has been on the rise," Morris said Monday. "My fear is that we're heading toward a significant injury or death by students who are binge drinking. It appears that all of the police and Colby efforts in the area of education are failing."I spoke personally with Waterville Mayor Paul LePage who implied that if the statements were true he strongly disagreed with them. Mayor LePage agreed that cracking down on designated drivers was no way to avoid what the Chief described as "a significant injury or death by students who are binge drinking".
Colby recently instituted a policy whereby students 21 and older may drink up to two glasses of wine or up to two beers on Friday nights in a special dining room near the main dining hall. School officials say the practice is an innovative approach designed to change the culture -- to normalize the behavior and take it out of the realm of binge drinking or risky behavior. The practice is counter to the "Just Say No" approach...Hopefully the mayor will act to stop his out of control police chief from putting into effect this awful policy.
(Deputy Chief) Massey does not think allowing students to drink at dinner is the answer.
As FIRE points out on their site speechcodes.org Colby has a very restrictive speech code. While the concept of speech codes is something that troubles me greatly, I hope to see Colby enforce its speech code in this case as the only thing worse than a restrictive speech code is one that is only selectively enforced.
Date: 26 February 2005 11:39
From: "Hangyul Chang" email@example.com
Subject: Mr. Marvin
Adam, there are a couple of things that I want to get off my chest, which "the greatest nation in the world" entitles me the right to do so. No the greatest nation in the world is the land of your mom's pussy, which I take a trip to every fucking weekend. Get the fucking didlo out of your ass and realize that 3.125673% of all Colby students give a flying fuck about what you have to say. Furthermore, 99.999999% of Colby students probably think your a fucking dumbass. You are the most arrogant piece of shit that I have heard of. In fact, the shit that comes out of my fucking ass has more humility than you do, you fucking little piece of republican garbage. Its little white, bigot, dipshits like yourself that fucking ruin this otherwise great nation of ours. You might ass well go to fucking Washington, make a pitstop the white house, pull a Monica and suck Bush's dick.
P.S- Younis, kep truckin and honestle, no 1 cares bout spellin erors
p.p.s-what's tastier, Apples or Oranges?
One in three U.S. high school students say the press ought to be more restricted, and even more say the government should approve newspaper stories before readers see them, according to a survey being released today.
The survey of 112,003 students finds that 36% believe newspapers should get "government approval" of stories before publishing; 51% say they should be able to publish freely; 13% have no opinion.
Asked whether the press enjoys "too much freedom," not enough or about the right amount, 32% say "too much," and 37% say it has the right amount. Ten percent say it has too little.
The survey of First Amendment rights was commissioned by the John S. and James L. Knight Foundation and conducted last spring by the University of Connecticut. It also questioned 327 principals and 7,889 teachers.
The findings aren't surprising to Jack Dvorak, director of the High School Journalism Institute at Indiana University in Bloomington. "Even professional journalists are often unaware of a lot of the freedoms that might be associated with the First Amendment," he says.
-Social Security in its current form is a "pay as you go" Wealth Transfer not as many believe a pension-type savings plan.
When Social Security started there was 1 retiree to 16 workers and the Social Security tax was 2% with a cap at just $60. Currently it is down to 3 to 1 with a tax rate of 12.4%, and after the baby boomers retire it will be 2 to 1. This is not sustainable without a 50% increase on payroll taxes, the most regressive tax America has.
The Social Security Trustees report of 2003 stated that the financial shortfall that Social Security will have was already 10.5 trillion dollars (apporximantly our entire annual GDP) and that number will grow larger every year the current system remains in place.
On God and Santa Clause1 cent people!
"I have only one firm belief about the American political system, and that is this: God is a Republican and Santa Claus is a Democrat.
God is an elderly or, at any rate, middle-aged mate, a stern fellow, patriarchal rather than paternal and a great believer in rules and regulations. He holds men strictly accountable for their actions. He has little apparent concern for the material well-being of the disadvantaged. He is politically connected, socially powerful and holds the mortgage on literally everything in the world. God is difficult. God is unsentimental. It is very hard to get into God's heavenly country club.
Santa Claus is another matter. He's cute. He's nonthreatening. He's always cheerful. And he loves animals. He may know who's been naughty and who's been nice, but he never does anything about it. He gives everyone everything they want without thought of a quid pro quo. He works hard for charities, and he's famously generous to the poor. Santa Claus is preferable to God in every way but one: There is no such thing as Santa Claus."
The ruggedly handsome and weirdly articulate Ebenezer Scrooge is a successful executive held back by the corrupt morality of a society that hates success and fails to understand the value of selfishness. So Scrooge explains that value in a 272-page soliloquy. Deep down, Scrooge's enemies know that he is right, but they resent him out of a sense of their own inferiority. Several hot sex scenes and unlikely monologues later, Scrooge triumphs over all adversity -- except a really mean review by Whittaker Chambers. Meanwhile, Tiny Tim croaks. Socialized medicine is to blame.Hat tip: instapundit
Nigeria Chosen To Host 2008 GenocidesAnd of course the picture:
ABUJA, NIGERIA—At a celebratory press conference Monday, President Olusegun Obasanjo announced that Nigeria's troubled but oil-rich city of Warri has been chosen to host the 2008 Genocides.
"Nigeria is excited for this chance to follow in the footsteps of Somalia, Rwanda, and Sudan," Obasanjo said. "Much work remains to be done, but all of the building blocks are in place. Nigeria has many contentious ethnic groups, a volatile economy, and a dependence on food imports. We are well on our way to making 2008 a genocidal year to remember in Nigeria!"
Obasanjo acknowledged that many people considered Nigeria, a relatively stable West African nation, an unlikely candidate to host the Genocides...
"Sudan was a fantastic host this year—the 2004 Genocides have really raised the bar," Radhiya said. "For 2008, many of us on the committee had our eyes on Tajikistan. The country's ongoing ethnic and religious strife made it a strong contender. But there was some concern that the conflict was as likely to simmer down as it was to boil over."
Global warming is real and caused by CO2. The trouble is that the climate models show we can do very little about the warming. Even if everyone (including the United States) did Kyoto and stuck to it throughout the century, the change would be almost immeasurable, postponing warming by just six years in 2100.
Likewise, the economic models tell us that the cost is substantial. The cost of Kyoto compliance is at least $150billion a year. For comparison, the UN estimates that half that amount could permanently solve the most pressing humanitarian problems in the world: it could buy clean drinking water, sanitation, basic health care and education to every single person in the world.
Something Is Rotting at the Periphery of the Libertarian Movement.....
What's that terrible smell? It's coming from a hatred of the United States that has become so strong that it has overpowered any lingering attachment to the ideas of liberty on which the United States was founded. Lewrockwell.com and antiwar.com are where the stench is strongest.
Needless to say, the state liquor cartels aren't happy at the prospect of being cut out as middlemen in this lucrative business. But the arguments they muster are as weak as a white-wine spritzer. One is taxation; states may lose tax revenue if consumers can purchase wine over the Internet. Yes, that could happen, since Congress has enacted a moratorium on taxes on Internet sales across state lines. But why should wine be any different from every other product sold online?They do a nice job of pointing out the dangers of letting states regulate inter-state commerce:
You know the liquor lobbies are really desperate, however, when they argue that direct wine sales would make it easier for minors to obtain alcohol. Kids these days are precocious, but it's hard to imagine a teenager using dad's credit card to order $20 bottles of wine for a party a couple of weeks from now. In any event, measures already in place for blocking intra-state wine shipments to minors could easily be extended to interstate sales.
If the Supreme Court lets states impose restrictions on wine sales, watch for curbs on other products sold online. A negative ruling could affect all Internet commerce in which a state can express a regulatory concern. Think automobiles or insurance or contact lenses.
Federal appeals courts in three circuits have struck down bans on direct shipment of wine; two others have upheld the ban. So now it's up to the Supremes to decide whether the Founders meant to exclude wine when they wrote the Commerce Clause requiring free trade among states.
Michigan and New York allow their respective in-state wineries to ship their wines directly to customers. Both states make it virtually impossible for out-of-state vineyards to do the same. So, that was the interesting part. The states justify their tough-on-wine stance by stating that wine is different from other products that properly move about freely in interstate commerce. And they find textual justification for this idea in the 21st Amendment, which provides that "The transportation or importation into any State, Territory, or possession of the United States for delivery or use therein of intoxicating liquors, in violation of the laws thereof, is hereby prohibited." The 21st Amendment effectively repealed Prohibition in 1933, and for a time the courts treated it as though it gave the states power to regulate any and all alcohol, for any and all reasons, unencumbered by the commerce clause or any other discernible legal doctrine.The Fall 04 issue of Regulation Magazine has an article about a study which concludes:
The commerce clause, or more precisely today, the unwritten or "dormant" part of the commerce clause, is a fuzzy little doctrine that bars states from enacting protectionist, discriminatory measures against interstate commercial activity. That was the deadly boring part. Things liven up again when you understand that this case comes down to two weird constitutional doctrines duking it out for world dominance and that everything will turn on whether you read the 21st Amendment as more compelling than the commerce clause or less so.
At the heart of the debate is a simple question: Do state restrictions on direct interstate shipment stem from public welfare concerns or economic interests?Our study suggests economic interests in both the private and public sectors are the principal drivers of restrictions on direct interstate shipping of wine. Those results have immediate consequence for the legal battles raging across the country contesting the constitutionality of direct shipment laws. To the extent that public welfare interests are required by courts to justify states' restrictions on interstate commerce, our results cast a shadow of doubt on public interest arguments in the instance of direct shipment of wine. They also raise questions about similar restrictions on direct interstate shipping of other alcohol products, particularly specialty microbrew beers that face similar distribution hurdles.In otherwords, this is state-vs.-state protectionism, plain and simple. Hopefully when they announce their decision in July the Supreme Court will conclude the same.


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Human Capital:
Implementing Pay for Performance at Selected Personnel Demonstration Projects
GAO-04-83: Published: Jan 23, 2004. Publicly Released: Feb 25, 2004.
Additional Materials:
- Highlights Page:
- Full Report:
- Accessible Text:
(202) 512-3236
Office of Public Affairs
(202) 512-4800
There is a growing understanding that the federal government needs to fundamentally rethink its current approach to pay and to better link pay to individual and organizational performance. Federal agencies have been experimenting with pay for performance through the Office of Personnel Management's (OPM) personnel demonstration projects. GAO identified the approaches that selected personnel demonstration projects have taken to implement their pay for performance systems. These projects include: the Navy Demonstration Project at China Lake (China Lake), the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), the Department of Commerce (DOC), the Naval Research Laboratory (NRL), the Naval Sea Systems Command Warfare Centers (NAVSEA) at Dahlgren and Newport, and the Civilian Acquisition Workforce Personnel Demonstration Project (AcqDemo). We selected these demonstration projects based on factors such as status of the project and makeup of employee groups covered. We provided drafts of this report to officials in the Department of Defense (DOD) and DOC for their review and comment. DOD provided written comments concurring with our report. DOC provided minor technical clarifications and updated information. We provided a draft of the report to the Director of OPM for her information.
The demonstration projects took a variety of approaches to designing and implementing their pay for performance systems to meet the unique needs of their cultures and organizational structures. GAO strongly supports the need to expand pay for performance in the federal government. How it is done, when it is done, and the basis on which it is done can make all the difference in whether such efforts are successful. High-performing organizations continuously review and revise their performance management systems. These demonstration projects show an understanding that how to better link pay to performance is very much a work in progress at the federal level. Additional work is needed to strengthen efforts to ensure that performance management systems are tools to help them manage on a day-to-day basis. In particular, there are opportunities to use organizationwide competencies to evaluate employee performance that reinforce behaviors and actions that support the organization's mission, translate employee performance so that managers make meaningful distinctions between top and poor performers with objective and fact-based information, and provide information to employees about the results of the performance appraisals and pay decisions to ensure reasonable transparency and appropriate accountability mechanisms are in place.
Nov 18, 2014
Labor Relations Activities:Actions Needed to Improve Tracking and Reporting of the Use and Cost of Official TimeGAO-15-9: Published: Oct 23, 2014. Publicly Released: Nov 18, 2014.
Sep 2, 2014
Human Capital:OPM Needs to Improve the Design, Management, and Oversight of the Federal Classification SystemGAO-14-677: Published: Jul 31, 2014. Publicly Released: Sep 2, 2014.
Jul 15, 2014
Federal Workforce:Human Capital Management Challenges and the Path to ReformGAO-14-723T: Published: Jul 15, 2014. Publicly Released: Jul 15, 2014.
Jun 6, 2014
Human Capital:Strategies to Help Agencies Meet Their Missions in an Era of Highly Constrained ResourcesGAO-14-168: Published: May 7, 2014. Publicly Released: Jun 6, 2014.
May 8, 2014
Information Technology:SSA Needs to Address Limitations in Management Controls and Human Capital Planning to Support Modernization EffortsGAO-14-308: Published: May 8, 2014. Publicly Released: May 8, 2014.
Apr 9, 2014
Health Care Workforce:Federal Investments in Training and the Availability of Data for Workforce ProjectionsGAO-14-510T: Published: Apr 9, 2014. Publicly Released: Apr 9, 2014.
Mar 4, 2014
Human Capital:Agencies Should More Fully Evaluate the Costs and Benefits of Executive TrainingGAO-14-132: Published: Jan 31, 2014. Publicly Released: Mar 4, 2014.
Jan 29, 2014
Federal Workforce:Recent Trends in Federal Civilian Employment and CompensationGAO-14-215: Published: Jan 29, 2014. Publicly Released: Jan 29, 2014.
Jul 18, 2013
Securities and Exchange Commission:Improving Personnel Management Is Critical for Agency's EffectivenessGAO-13-621: Published: Jul 18, 2013. Publicly Released: Jul 18, 2013.
Jul 8, 2013
Defense Acquisition Workforce:The Air Force Needs to Evaluate Changes in Funding for Civilians Engaged in Space AcquisitionGAO-13-638: Published: Jul 8, 2013. Publicly Released: Jul 8, 2013.
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Summary: With the same design and feature sets as the market leading Precalculus, 9/e, this concise text provides both students and instructors with sound, consistently structured explanations of the mathematical concepts. PRECALCULUS: A CONCISE COURSE is designed to offer a cost-effective, one-semester alternative to the traditional two-semester precalculus text. It contains the features that have made the Larson series a complete solution for both students and instructors: interesting appli ...show morecations, pedagogically effective design, and innovative technology combined with an abundance of carefully developed examples with worked-out solutions and exercises. ...show lessEdition/Copyright: 3RD 14
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Funding, Grants & Awards | News
The Houston Independent School District (HISD) will receive $550,000 in college scholarships as the winner of the 2013 Broad Prize for Urban Education.
Open to the 75 largest school districts and others, the Broad Prize "honors the four large urban school districts that demonstrate the strongest improvement in student achievement while reducing achievement gaps among low-income students and students of color," according to a news release.
The $1 million prize is split between the winner and three finalists, which each receive $150,000 in scholarships. This year's finalists are the Corona-Norco Unified School District, the San Diego Unified School District, both of California, and North Carolina's Cumberland County Schools.
The seventh-largest district in the United States with more than 200,000 students, HISD also won the Broad prize in 2002, the first year it was offered, and was a finalist in 2012.
HISD was selected as this year's winner for outperforming its peer districts in academic achievement, increasing graduation rates faster than other urban districts, narrowing the achievement gap for Hispanic and low-income students, and improving levels of college readiness.
A video featuring interviews with the superintendents of all four districts is available at youtube.com. Go to broadprize.org for more information.
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WILLIAMSVILLE, N.Y. - May 6 - The Erie Community College baseball team will play a best-of-three series against Herkimer County Community College at the ECC North Campus field. The first game will start at noon Saturday with game two following shortly after. Game three, if needed, will take place at noon Sunday.
The Kats are 23-15 while Herkimer CCCC is 18-15.
Sophomore Alex Dannett (Brampton, Ont./Brampton Centennial SS) is one the NJCAA's top pitchers with a 5-1 record and a 1.38 earned-run average. Freshman Jesse Zellner (Tonawanda, N.Y./Tonawanda) ranks 23rd in the nation with a .417 batting average.
For emergency closings and announcements, call 716-851-1111. © 2010 Erie Community College. All rights reserved.


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Knocking off their second nationally ranked opponent in a four-day span, the Cardinals scored two goals in the final 13 minutes, the first by Austin Woolridge '11 (#7, main photo) and the second by Asante Brooks '10 (#22, photo insert upper left) to get past Trinity Sat., Oct. 3. Trinity was ranked third in New England and 22nd nationally to start the week while Wesleyan was fourth in New England. Combined with their victory over Wheaton, the Cardinals secured a top-20 spot on the NSCAA national Division III poll released Tues., Oct. 6, holding the #15 spot. Wesleyan also is now ranked second in New England behind Williams.
At Trinity, the Bantams took an early lead which they held for more than 70 minutes. In the 78th minute, Woolridge broke through for the tying goal, making overtime likely. But Brooks got past the Bantam defense in the 86th minute and was taken down in the box by the Trinity keeper, resulting in a Wesleyan penalty kick. Brooks put the shot home off the goalpost for what proved to be the game-winner. For his efforts during the week, Brooks was rewarded by the NESCAC with its Player of the Week honor.
Continuing to shine in the Cardinal net, Adam Purdy '13 gave up just his third goal of the season while logging five saves.
Wesleyan kept its streak going with a home game against Coast Guard Tues., Oct. 6, winning 3-0. Wesleyan wasted little time breaking the ice as the Cardinals got control of the ball near midfield and Brooks sent the ball down the left side to Geoff Zartarian '11, who brought the ball closer to the goal and fired a left-footed shot that deflected off the thigh of a Coast Guard defender but not enough to prevent it from going into the net just 20 seconds into the contest.
Then at the 30-minute mark, Keisuke Yamashita '10 netted his team-leading third goal, taking a pass from Ian Waldron '13 at the top right corner of the box, turning and firing a bullet into the far side of the net. Just 36 seconds later, the two reversed roles as Waldron was the recipient of a Yamashita pass on the right and put home a sharper-angled shot to make it 3-0. It was his first career goal.
Wesleyan got three saves from Purdy during his 78 minutes in the net, all in the first half, before Nigel Stacey '11 handled the duties for the final 12 minutes, helping the Cardinals post their fifth shutout of the season. The Cardinals have yielded just three goals in eight games this season, ranking 10th nationally in Division III for goals-against average and seventh for team save percentage coming into the Coast Guard game. Wesleyan is now undefeated (6-0-2) for the sixth time in team history after eight games, the last coming in 2006 when the Cardinals set the school record with a 9-0-3 start.
Up next for the team was a home game with Bowdoin, ranked seventh in New England, Sat., Oct. 10 in another pivotal NESCAC matchup. The teams played to a 0-0 deadlock as Purdy collected six saves en route to his fifth shutout of the season.
Now at 6-0-3 to begin the year, the Cardinals have tied the second-best start in school history, equaling the record of the 1939 squad which ended its year at 6-0-3. Still, the 2006 squad is the record-holder with its 9-0-3 start.
Wesleyan will look to extend its streak another game when it plays at Western Connecticut Wed., Oct. 14.
(Photos by Peter Stein '84)


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- Home
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Fundraising Ideas
Everyone LOVES chocolates! Try our "SWEET" fund raiser! Mona's Chocolates offer custom designed chocolate candy fundraising programs especially for your school, soccer booster, football booster, band booster, baseball team, basketball boosters, preschool, PTO, and all non-profit organizations.
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Plan ahead contact us three months before planning your Mona's Chocolates fundraiser!


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Please vote for Parent Hacks in About.com Reader's Choice Awards
I just got a lovely email from Christy, the About.com guide to Family Internet. She's let me know that Parent Hacks is one of five finalists for the About.com Reader's Choice Award for Best Parenting Blog -- a wonderful honor, as the nominations came from readers as opposed to a panel of judges.
Now, it's time for the readers to make their choice! Won't you take a moment to vote? It's a single link click (go to the voting page and click Parent Hacks).
I appreciate your support, but most of all, I'm grateful for all of your contributions here...this site is what it is because of all the amazing hacks you send in every day. This is an award for all of us!


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University Bed & Breakfast Montreal
Official Contact Details - University Bed & BreakfastPhone: 514-842-6396
Perfect location and atmosphere. Right next to McGill University in Montreal's heart, you'll find everything you're looking for nearby including the Old Port, Museums, nightlife, lots of restaurants
- Price from 75 CAD / Day
- 10 bedrooms
(click on a photo to view it)
Last updated: 01/05/2009
This is your property ?
Located in a quiet neighborhood in the downtown/plateau area, right at the foot of the mountain, Mont-Royal. Blocks away from the major streets of Montreal, Sherbrooke, St. Catherines, St. Laurent, and Crescent. Right next to McGill University, and only a short walk from Concordia's downtown campus. Minutes away from grocery stores and all your needs. There is also a laundromat near.
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Ideal location for anybody coming to explore what Montreal has to offer or vising friends and family.
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- city, downtown, near cultural interest, near historical interest, near restaurants & bars, near shopping area, near tennis courts!
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Choose between our Apartment Suites or Rooms.
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# of Units: 2... and each unit includes:
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Review - University Bed & Breakfast
University Bed & Breakfast - Contact the owner
Important Notice : Avoiding Fraud
It's rare, but some helpful hints to watch out for with regards to fraud:
- It is important to NEVER wire funds or use/employ other fund transfer mechanisms such as western union: Always use a credit card to protect yourself against fraud. If owners pressure you into providing a deposit or refuse to accept credit cards, there is a high probability that this is a scam.
- If at all suspicious of fraud, ask to see their website, or any other literature they can provide or send to you. Ask them for contact details for guests who have previously stayed on their property insisting on telephone numbers. Be suspicious of emails that originate from free email services (yahoo, hotmail, gmail, etc)
- Research the property thoroughly on the internet to see if there is any history or mention of scams associated with the property.


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How do I become a SWAT officer?
Where do I find the LAPD Organization Chart online?
Can I do a ride-along with the LAPD?
Is there an LAPD museum?
History of the Metro Division
Metro Division Organization
Metro Division Personnel
K-9 Unit
Mounted Unit
Baker to Vegas
Mini Mounties
Metro Community Events
Central Facilities Building
251 East Sixth Street, Room 221
Los Angeles, CA 90014
The Metropolitan Division (Metro) of the Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD) was created in 1933 as a compact, mobile crime-fighting unit that worked throughout the City to suppress criminal activity. Today, the primary responsibility of Metro is to provide support to the Department's community-based policing efforts by deploying additional crime suppression resources throughout the City. Assignments include uniformed crime suppression details, as well as responding to high-risk barricaded situations, stakeouts, security details, warrant service, and assisting investigators in solving major crimes. Currently serving as the Commanding Officer of Metropolitan Division is Captain III John Incontro.
Mission Statement
The mission of Metropolitan Division is to support the Department's community-based policing efforts to reduce the incidence and the fear of crime on a Citywide basis. This is accomplished by developing and deploying a reserve force of the most highly trained and disciplined personnel possible. The effectiveness of the Department's incident commanders in realizing the long-term goals of the Department is enhanced by Metropolitan Division's controlled application of specialized tactics/equipment and the ongoing training and leadership provided by Metropolitan Division to the Department.


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Jeff Berman '14 (main photo), who was studying abroad until January and fashioned a 12-3 mark after his return, recovered from a 2-0 deficit and posted a 3-2 win at #7 during the last match of the day to secure a 5-4 upset victory for Wesleyan over #2-seed George Washington in the semifinals of the "C" (Summers) Division of the CSA National Championships Sat., Feb. 23. While Yale is the tournament host, Wesleyan was the venue for the match. Wesleyan reached the divisional final and took on top-seeded Middlebury for the title Sun., Feb. 24 at Yale. Wesleyan opened the year against Middlebury during a match played at MIT and the Panthers prevailed, 8-1. Since then, Wesleyan has gotten back both Berman and #1 player John Steele '14 (photo insert lower right), who also was studying abroad and was recenty named first-team all-NESCAC for the third straight year. Middlebury proved victorious once again, this time 7-2.
Also winning for Wesleyan vs. George Washington by 3-1 scores were #6 Ethan Moritz, #8 Blair Corbin '15 and #9 Raheem Logan '16. Corbin and Logan joined Berman as the three Cardinals who went 2-0 over the first two matches at Nationals. While Berman locked up the team win as the final match on the court, moments before in the third flight of matches, #4 Daniel Sneed '15 also captured an exciting 3-2 triumph as Wesleyan and George Washington had been tied, 3-3, after two sets of matches had been played on the three courts. GWU went ahead when Steele fell in his match, 3-1, but Sneed deadlocked the match at 4-4, winning 11-3 in the fifth game.
At #2, Guy Davidson '16 (photo insert upper right), recently named second-team all-NESCAC, suffered his first loss of the year at #2, dropping three tight games, 11-9, 11-9, 11-7. He finished 17-5 overall on the season, having gone 5-3 at #1 before Steele's return in January.
In the Cardinals' opening match at Nationals, Wesleyan pulled out a 5-4 win with Berman delivering the deciding triumph. Then against Middlebury, Wesleyan wins came from Steele (3-1) and #5 Zander Nassikas '14 (3-1). Four of the remaining seven Cardinals took a game from their Panther rival including Berman, Mortiz and Logan.
Seeded sixth in the division, Wesleyan finished second, four spots higher than its seed, and will gain a national ranking of 18th. In dual matches, the team posted a fine 15-8 mark, setting a program record for wins in a season. Both the 2011-12 and 2010-11 squads registered 14 victories as the previous high.
Steele represented Wesleyan in the CSA Individual National Championships hosted by Trinity Fri.-Sun. March 1-3. There, he went 3-1 in "B" Division, losing in the quarterfinals, 3-1, to Brown's #1 player who was seeded second. Before that, Steele knocked off Rochester's #8 player, 3-0; St. Lawrence's #3 player, 3-2; and Cornell's #6 player, 3-2.


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Welcome to my online home!
Thanks for stopping by. I'm currently an Associate Professor in the Department of Philosophy at Western Michigan University. I recently graduated, magna cum laude, from the University of Michigan Law School; for the 2014-2015 term, I'm a judicial clerk for the Alaska Supreme Court.
I have been a Senior Research Fellow in the Centre for Applied Philosophy and Public Ethics (Australia), a Visiting Associate Professor in the Department of Philosophy at the University of Michigan, a Visiting Academic at the Future of Humanity Institute at the University of Oxford, a Visiting Fellow at the Center for Philosophy of Science at the University of Pittsburgh, and a Senior Research Fellow at the Institute for Ethics at the American Medical Association.
Most of my writing and teaching is in ethical theory, applied ethics, philosophy of law, and the history and philosophy of biology and science. Recently I have been doing a lot of work in ethical issues of emerging technologies as well as in the ethics of terrorism and torture. Each of these projects has culminated in books. For the technology part, see What Is Nanotechnology and Why Does It Matter: From Science to Ethics (Wiley-Blackwell, 2010). For the terrorism and torture part, see Terrorism, Ticking Time-Bombs, and Torture (University of Chicago Press, 2012; also see here). A separate page for my edited books will give you more information on them as well. Finally, I am a past editor of Public Affairs Quarterly (2010-2014).
Thanks for taking the time to look around the site and feel free to email me.


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Dinner for two? A can of Progresso® Light soup creates the sauce for a one-dish dinner that's ready in less than 30 minutes.
Weight Watchers® endorses all 14 varietes of Progresso® Light soup. Each serving of this recipe has a POINTS® value of 7.
Freeze the beef for 15 to 20 minutes, and it will be easier to cut.


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Updated On: Dec 12 2012 09:16:44 PM CST
Acting United States Attorney David Ketchmark announced Wednesday that a Blue Springs, Mo., man has been indicted by a federal grand jury in a child pornography case.
Dennis W. Myers, 52, is named in a three-count indictment that includes charges of viewing, receiving and possessing child pornography last year.
Investigators said he knowingly received a video file of a minor engaged in sexually explicit acts on April 13, 2011. They said that on Sept. 15, 2011, he was found to be in possession of at least one item of child pornography.
Myers has served as a youth pastor at Christ United Methodist Church in Independence, Mo. He was also a youth pastor at a church in Arkansas.
Copyright 2012 by KMBC.com All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.


text:
A Path to Lifelong Income
How Merrill Lynch helped two environmental scientists, with two very different ideas about retirement, come together with a shared vision for an active post-career life. Watch their story.
Despite having to delay retirement, this couple is optimistic about their financial
Joel and Isabelle wanted the freedom to spend time with family and save for their
grandchild's education.
After a busy career traveling the world, Sid Greer yearned to don overalls and raise
some cows.
For over 50 years, Alfred Mann's inventions and philanthropy have improved the lives
of millions.
How a couple and their Merrill Lynch Financial Advisor balanced their need for safety with a strategy for growth.
Our Financial Advisors combine know-how with know you to create a strategy that
brings your unique vision of the future to life — the way we have for clients like
Watch their stories and start planning your own.
When you choose a Merrill Lynch Financial Advisor, you're entering into a unique
long-term relationship. One where your advisor takes the time to develop a thorough
understanding of who you are, how you think and what matters most to you. It's a
relationship that combines financial experience with intimate knowledge of your
priorities to plan, protect and help fulfill your vision of the future.
Access to world-class market research and the industry's top financial analysts
form a rock-solid foundation for Advisors intent on staying one step ahead so they
can help you reach your financial goals in today's complex global economy.
When advisors truly know what's important to you, they can draw upon the combined
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"The interests of our customers must come first." Charles Merrill said that when
we began as a small firm in 1914. That ideal has helped us grow to be one of the
world's leading wealth-management companies — one relationship at a time.
Merrill Lynch makes available products and services offered by Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith Incorporated (MLPF&S), a registered broker-dealer, Member FINRA and Member Securities Investor Protection Corporation (SIPC), and other subsidiaries of Bank of America Corporation. Insurance and annuity products are offered through Merrill Lynch Life Agency Inc., a licensed insurance agency and wholly owned subsidiary of Bank of America Corporation.
Trust and fiduciary services are provided by Merrill Lynch Trust Company, a division of Bank of America, N.A. Banking products are provided by Bank of America, N.A. and affiliated banks, Members FDIC and wholly owned subsidiaries of Bank of America Corporation.
Investing in securities involves risks, and there is always the potential of losing money when you invest in securities.
Bank of America, N.A., and Merrill Lynch Life Agency Inc. are wholly owned subsidiaries of Bank of America Corporation.
Investment products, insurance and annuity products:
MLPF&S and Merrill Lynch Trust Company make available investment products sponsored, managed, distributed or provided by companies that are affiliates of Bank of America Corporation or in which Bank of America Corporation has a substantial economic interest, including BofA™ Global Capital Management.


text:
Sorting the Not so Soiled Insulation
My apologies for fleeting visits to this site, but I have been very busy with my darkroom construction. Missing from these shots are the 23 large garbage bags full of mouse soiled pink insulation and the subsequent gutting of 17 of the bags by a black bear in my driveway. SIGH! It was bad enough to stuff once! These document the end of May and beginning of June.This photo was shot on film. Taken by troch with a Lomography Diana F+ (available in our Online Shop) loaded with Lomography CN 400 120 film film in Earl's Cove, Canada. These tags describe this photo: color, medium format, 120, diana, canada, and flash. Date: 2012-04. This photo can also be found in the album Where I've Been.
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Wayland Gains New Zoom, Transition Features
Published on 21 May 2012 05:09 AM EDT
Written by
Michael Larabel
1 Comment
Wayland with the reference Weston compositor now have patches available for providing a zoomed-in area to follow the text cursor around the screen. There's also support for animated zoom transitions.
The patch-set for "Introduce zoom-area-follows-text-cursor and animated zoom transitions" hit
the mailing list
this morning. These patches were done by Scott Moreau.
Since their initial landing a few hours ago, a v2 series has already been
as well to address a few initial problems.
Pekka Paalanen then
posted a patch
for the spring visualization on Wayland.
1 Comment
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Did you make too much food for dinner? No problem. Leftovers make a great lunch or dinner tomorrow. Some people even believe leftovers taste better the next day. Everyone enjoys leftovers at some point, and it is important to always follow the proper leftover safety steps to avoid getting food poisoning.
Here are some tips to keep your food safe:
For more information on reducing your risk of food poisoning and leftover safety, view our Leftovers Safety Tips on www.HomeFoodSafety.org.
Involve your child in the cutting, mixing and preparation of all meals. Even a snack can be healthy.
Sit down together as a family to enjoy a wonderful meal and the opportunity to share the day's experiences with one another.
To encourage a healthy lifestyle, get your children involved in selecting the food that will appear at the breakfast, lunch or dinner table.
Keep all your favorite Kids Eat Right recipes in one place.
Kids Eat Right is a joint initiative between:
Join us in making quality nutrition a reality for all kids.
Printed from the www.kidseatright.org website.
© 2014 All rights reserved. Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics


text:
120 women receive egg-laying hensBy Tamkin Dec 27, 2011 - 17:05
SHIBERGHAN (PAN): Egg-laying hens were distributed to nearly 120 poor women in the Aqcha district of northern Jawzjan province, an official said on Tuesday.
The distribution process was conducted in eight-villages of the district, an official of the German Agro Action Organisation, Husain Saeedi, told Pajhwok Afghan News.
He said 15 deserving families had been identified in each village, with every woman receiving 15 egg-laying hens. The recipients have already been trained on taking care of the chickens.
According to Saeedi, each of the hens laid 280 eggs a year, compared to 120 laid by a common hen.
"I would focus more on taking good care of the hens," said a widow recipient, Rahat, who has eight daughters and ekes out a living by washing people's clothes.
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Museums offer a plethora of interesting and notable objects. I happen to live in New York City and have access to some world class museums. I often spend my leisure time perusing collections of art and artifacts while snapping as many pictures as possible. Sometimes even the architecture of the museum itself is inspiring enough to photograph.
Museum photography can be difficult, as the lighting is sometimes dim and a high ISO is required. However some museums, such as the Metropolitan Museum of Art, offer permits for tripods on designated days.
One important thing to note however, is that while many museums allow photography, few permit the sale of those photos for commercial purposes. It's important to upload these types of photos as editorials.
If you want to discover an array of interesting subjects you can't find elsewhere, check out your local museum. You're sure to diversify your portfolio!
Sean Pavone
Athens, US
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