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A Beginner's Guide to Meditation
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by Arleyn
W. Simon
Department of Anthropology - Archaeological Research Institute
Arizona State University
Tempe, AZ 85287-2402
Salado polychrome ceramics were the most abundant decorated ware of the Classic period (A.D. 1275-1450) in the U.S. Southwest. Several researchers have interpreted Salado polychrome designs as emblematic of a regional cult (Adams 1991; Crown 1994; Rice 1990), that was a precursor to historic religions of the area and that facilitated integration of diverse populations. The painted designs and color scheme of these ceramics are distinctive compared to other contemporaneous and earlier wares. However, study of these other ceramic wares provides information to assess cultural influences on the development of the unique decorative technique and style.
Salado polychrome ceramics (Figure 1) with their distinctive black-on-white with red designs are the marker of the cultural horizon that coincided with the development of platform mound communities. Salado polychrome is the result of a combination of technological traditions that were amalgamated during a time of population movement and change in the central Southwest. The relocation of people from the Colorado Plateau to the south brought together diverse ceramic technologies and decorative traditions of the Anasazi, Mogollon, and Hohokam (Figure 2). The Sinagua culture area encompasses both the plateau and transition zone to Tonto Basin and probably included pre-Classic populations in central Arizona. Salado polychrome ceramics have been recovered in sites from central Arizona, to southwestern New Mexico, to northern Chihuahua at the site of Casas Grandes.
The Tonto Basin, an extension of the Sonoran Desert located in the transition zone between plateau and desert (Figure 2), has long been considered the heartland of the Salado phenomenon. The local population and the influx of people from surrounding areas brought with them various decorative and technological traditions. In this study, ethnographic examples of decorative traditions are compared to the applications and paints present on various prehistoric ceramics that either predated or were contemporaneous with Salado polychrome. Similarities in decorative traditions indicate the directionality through which technological knowledge and cultural groups came into the Tonto Basin.
Movements of populations from the northern Southwest to central Arizona influenced the local culture of this area, which had previous strong ties to the Hohokam region. Carlson (1970:99) notes that major changes and replacements in ceramic wares coincide with major cultural discontinuities across much of the Southwest. By late Pueblo III times (A.D. 1175) polychrome and black-on-red ceramics were increasingly replacing Black-on-white pottery. The abandonment of the Mesa Verde area in AD 1275-1300 and northern Arizona produced a mixing of populations and ceramic traditions in southern locations that resulted in the Pueblo IV traditions (Carlson 1970:105).
This discussion revolves around comparison of two of the largest platform mound communities in the Tonto Basin that were excavated as part of the Roosevelt Platform Mound Study (Rice 1990) (Figure 3). Results of these comparisons are used to assess the influence of diverse ceramic technological traditions on the Salado polychrome produced and recovered from these large site complexes. These multi-site settlements were inhabited contemporaneously during the late Gila phase, A.D. 1325 - 1450. Salado polychrome was the dominant decorated type at this time and was produced in the Tonto Basin as well as other communities to the east and south. In this study, counts of ceramics are totaled for the Cline Terrace Mound (U:4:33/132) and for the surrounding Cline Mesa sites, a set of residential villages surrounding the platform mound located on terraces above Tonto Creek at the northwest end of the Tonto Basin. These counts are compared to those from the Schoolhouse Point Mound (U:8:24/13a) and from the surrounding Schoolhouse Mesa sites located at the eastern end of the basin along the Salt River. Totals for the Livingston sites, which include two early Classic period platform mounds, are also included. These sites are located east of Schoolhouse Point Mound and the Schoolhouse Mesa sites on the east side of Pinto Wash (Figure 3).
Prehistoric ceramics of the American Southwest exhibit a great variety in the technology and pigments used for decoration. The three colors used on Salado polychrome, red, black, and white, may be obtained in a number of ways. These paints are matte pigments, not glazes, and must adhere to the vessel surface and retain their color after the firing process (Shepard 1976:33). Surface color of ceramic vessels is the result of firing atmosphere and the intensity of the color is dependent on the amount of iron in the clay if an oxidizing atmosphere is used.
Red paint is made from a thin hematite rich wash, or slip that is applied to the surface and must be fired in an oxidizing atmosphere to retain its color. Red-slipped pottery was made in central Arizona for several hundred years prior to the production of Salado polychrome. Red-slipped exteriors and black-smudged interiors were the primary form of decorated ceramics in the central highlands and were used on Tonto Red, Gila Red, Salt Red, and Salado Red, the latter an obliterated corrugated ware. However, the red slip on the Salado polychrome is more of a hematite wash and less of a clay-based slip. The red color on the polychrome may have been applied with a plant juice binder to improve adherence to the vessel surface.
White paint is obtained from very pure clay like kaolin, that is free from iron (Colton 1953:18). The white slip retains its white color when fired in an oxidizing atmosphere. If iron were present, the clay would turn buff to red; but under reducing conditions, it would turn grey. The white slips used on Salado polychrome are variable. Many of the early Pinto polychrome have a smooth, white slip that is evenly polished and lustrous. The later Gila and Tonto polychrome ceramics have a matte white slip that does not bond well with the ceramic paste. This white slip, which is light to cream colored, tends to crack and craze. These characteristics indicate that the shrinkage of the white slip is much greater than that of the clay paste to which it was applied.
Black paint applied to the polychrome has the most variation in the materials and the technology involved in its application and firing is the most complex. Black paint was made from carbon, minerals, or a combination of the two (carbon/mineral). Organic black paint, or carbon paint, may be obtained from a variety of plant sources. Inorganic paint, or mineral paint, can be obtained from iron or manganese paint (Colton 1953:19-20; Hawley 1929).
1) Carbon Paint may be obtained from an organic extract or organic material that will char (Shepard 1976:33). The Pueblo Indians made carbon paint from boiling down tansy mustard or Rocky Mountain beeweed, decanting the liquid, and then boiling down the solution to a gummy mass (Colton 1953:20). Carbon paint was obtained by charring organic matter before or during firing (Colton and Hargrave 1937:7).
Shepard (1936:416-417) found that the preservation of carbon paint in an oxidizing atmosphere is because of its adsorption into the clay (Colton 1953:20). Clays that hold carbon paint well require a high percentage of water to the plastic stage and have correspondingly high shrinkage (Shepard 1976:34). The clay plates shrink together on drying and protect the paint film. If applied too thickly, the carbon paint won't penetrate and will be burned out. If applied half strength, the carbon paint will produce a lighter gray, but will have a rich color when a second coat is applied.
The temperature, duration of firing, and firing atmosphere are crucial (Shepard 1976:35) to the success and preservation of carbon paint. There is some oxygen in all firing to enable fuel combustion, so adsorptive clays are a necessity to retain carbon paint color through the firing process. White clay slips, such as those used on Salado polychrome are very adsorptive.
2) Mineral Paint can be made from iron, manganese, or a combination of the minerals. Colton and Hargrave (1937:7) list hematite as a source of iron, pyrolucite as a source of manganese, kaolin as a source of aluminum, galanite as a source of lead, and copper in various forms. Iron oxide is prepared by grinding to a fine texture, applying the paint to the surface, and polishing before firing. Iron oxide becomes permanent after firing through sintering and reaction with impurities in the mixture (Shepard 1976:32). Iron oxide turns red when fired in an oxidizing atmosphere. Black iron oxide paint may be obtained by using hematite and preventing it from oxidizing, or by firing hematite paint in a reducing atmosphere (Shepard 1976:39). Manganese paints generally do not contain sufficient fluxing material to vitrify or sinter (Shepard 1976:42), even though polishing compacts the powder.
3) Carbon/mineral paint was obtained when a finely-ground mineral was added to an organic mixture and cooked into it. Colton (1953:20) notes that an organic base as a vehicle for mineral paint serves to make it flow more easily, temporarily binds it to the vessel surface, and also acts as a reducing agent.
4) Black Paint on a Red Surface. Under general oxidizing conditions, it is not possible to obtain a black paint on a red, buff, or orange surface. An organic or carbon paint would burn off and one with an iron base would turn red or buff. In these instances, potters used finely-ground manganese ores that will remain black in an oxidizing atmosphere (Colton 1953:21, 26).
A second solution to obtaining black paint on a red surface involves the application of organic paint as a post-firing treatment, followed by a second, low-temperature and short-duration firing. In this instance, carbon paint is applied after firing (Shepard 1976:35) and reheated enough to char the paint, or the carbon paint is applied when it is still hot from the fire. Showlow Black-on-red has a black design in organic paint applied to red surface as post firing treatment, which is similar to the decorative technique used in Maricopa pottery decoration (Colton 1953:21, 26).
All prehistoric pottery in the U.S. Southwest was hand built with a variety of techniques; the potter's wheel was not introduced until after Spanish contact. Most groups made quantities of undecorated smooth-finished or corrugated vessels that were used for a variety of storage and food preparation tasks (Simon and Burton 1992); decorated ceramics typically comprised less than 25% of the total ceramics. The pottery was fired in the open, or in a shallow pit, but formalized kilns were rare.
Among the desert people of the Hohokam and Sinagua areas, most pottery was made by the paddle-and-anvil technique (Harwell and Kelly 1983:80, Figures 7 and 8). Anvils for pottery making were made of stone, or from clay that had been formed and fired. Paddles were made of wood, but unfortunately do not preserve well in most archaeological sites. Smooth pebbles were used for polishing stones.
Among the Maricopa, Yuman-speaking groups located in the Salt/Gila River Basin, the clay was ground to pulverize it, the clay was moistened and allowed to cure for a few days, then it was mixed with mineral temper (Harwell and Kelly 1983:78-79, Figures 5 and 6). A lump of clay was paddled over the exterior of a mold pot to form the base. The upper portion of the vessel was formed with a series of wide coils that were thinned with the paddle-and-anvil, finally the vessel was polished. Firing was accomplished by piling fuel wood around the base of the vessels and sheltering the pots from air drafts. A second firing at a lower temperature was done after mesquite sap (carbon paint) was applied for designs.
Among the Yuma (Rogers 1936:6-12) located along the Colorado River on the present day border between California and Arizona, clay was crushed and finely ground, then moistened and allowed to age. The base was formed by pressing and paddling a lump of clay over the exterior base of a vessel or basket that has been rubbed with ash. The first coil is applied to the base and each successive coil is a unique unit. The paddle-and-anvil technique is accomplished by using a smooth river cobble, a small bowl, a mano, a small basket, or sometimes a fired clay anvil against the interior of the vessel while a wooden paddle is beat against the exterior to thin and draw up the vessel walls. Red ochre is ground and mixed with water that has had a piece of baked agave soaked in it for a day as a fixative. This addition helps set the pigment (carbon/mineral paint) during firing (Rogers 1936:12). Vessels are first warmed and dried around a brush fire in preparation for the final firing.
Among the Hopi of the Colorado Plateau, pottery is made with the coil-and-scrape method (Colton 1953:13). Many thin coils are used to form the pot. The sides are scraped with a piece of gourd to compress and thin the walls. The pottery is sanded with a piece of sandstone to smooth the surface. The exterior is then slipped, polished, and decorated. The colors used in historic Hopi pottery include white, red brown, and brownish black. The white paint is a pure clay free of iron. The black paint is made from finely-ground hematite and boiled down tansy mustard, cooked until it is almost dry (carbon/mineral paint). The red-brown paint is derived from yellow limonite which is ground in water. It turns red or brown in firing. The paint brush is formed from a piece of yucca that has been cut to width and chewed on the end to make bristles. Vessels are warmed around a fire to drive off the remaining moisture, and then placed in the fire. Fuel is piled around the vessels and allowed to burn down.
The undecorated ceramics of Classic period sites in the Tonto Basin are made by paddle-and-anvil technology. Decorated wares, including most white ware, red ware, and polychrome, are made by the coil-and-scrape technique. Corrugated and obliterated corrugated ceramics were made as well. Salado polychrome, the most distinctive and abundant decorated pottery of the late Classic period, was made with a combination of techniques, but most often with an emphasis on coil-and-scrape. Vessel sizes vary from small bowls and jars, to very large bowls and jars, as well as occasional human or bird effigy figures.
A geological background study was undertaken as part of the Roosevelt Platform Mound Study to assess local and nonlocal production of ceramics recovered from the platform mound communities (Simon and Redman 1990; Simon and Burton 1992). Samples were taken of rock formations, stream sediments, and clays near the sites and in the various drainages. These items were studied as part of reference collection to aid determination of locations of manufacture. The samples were studied using complementary mineralogical and chemical characterization techniques. Petrographic thin-sections were prepared of the rock samples and stream sediments. These were examined under transmitted light and cross-polar light to identify minerals and rock fragments. A chemical analysis using ICP-MS was conducted (Burton and Simon 1993) to characterize the clay samples. Petrography and ICP-MS were completed for a number of prehistoric pottery samples. The results of these analyses were compared to those for the study area reference samples to assess local manufacture of the various ceramic classes.
There are several cases of resource specialization in the production of ceramics at various sites in the Tonto Basin. These are instances when certain ceramic classes and vessel forms were produced in quantity from specific clay recipes, i.e., combinations of clay and temper (Richardson 1994; Simon and Burton 1992). Results of the mineralogical and chemical study indicate that the Salado polychrome ceramics have a rather distinctive composition that is likely the product of mixing a number of clays. To some degree, some samples of this ware overlap with the compositions of some of the other major wares. Most black-on-white pottery (white wares) were from clays derived from sedimentary, marine deposits such as those of the Colorado Plateau. Hohokam ceramics from the Sonoran desert were made of clays derived from a number of alluvial contexts that contain mixed sediments. The ceramics from the Tonto Basin, including Salado polychrome, are made of clays weathered from granite, or diabase, or a combination of these. Some volcanic clays are present as well. Ceramics from the Sierra Ancha, bordering the Tonto Basin, are made from diabase derived clays.
Aside from the actual composition of the ceramic pastes (i.e., the mixture of clay and tempering material), the traditions and technologies that were used to produce decorative finishes on the surfaces of pots are considered (Table 1). There are cultural influences derived from many directions on the diverse ceramic assemblages of Salado sites in the Tonto Basin. Many different white wares, including Tusayan, Little Colorado, and Cibola White Wares, have been recovered in the Salado sites of the Tonto Basin. White Mountain Red Wares are also recovered, particularly from sites on the Salt Arm of the basin. Hohokam decorated wares are also recovered, but these are primarily red-on-buff ceramics and the technology involved in producing these is different from that used in the production of most black-on-white and polychrome pottery. The influences of the black-on-white and red ware technological traditions and the frequencies of these types in the Tonto Basin ceramic collections (Table 2) are described in the following section.
Tusayan White Ware dates from A.D. 1125-1300 (Oppelt 1988:298) and originates to the northwest in the Tusayan- Kayenta region of northern Arizona. This white ware was decorated with carbon paint and fired in a reducing atmosphere (Table 1). None of the examples of Tusayan White Ware recovered from sites in the Tonto Basin contain local temper. These ceramics were manufactured on the Colorado Plateau and are tempered with quartz sands and white angular fragments (Figure 4). The majority of paint used on the surfaces of the pottery is carbon paint (70%). Smaller proportions of samples were painted with carbon/mineral mixtures.
Few Tusayan White Ware ceramics were recovered from the Tonto Basin sites, partially due to their early temporal occurrence compared to the time period of most of the Salado sites. The majority of these were recovered from the Schoolhouse Mesa sites (Table 2), many of which date to the Roosevelt phase of the early Classic period. The majority of these ceramics were decorated with carbon paint, and to a lesser extent with carbon/mineral paint. As with most ceramic wares and types, although there is considerable variation in the technology and material used to produce these vessels, the preference for certain conditions and materials can clearly be seen.
Little Colorado White Ware dates from A.D. 1000-1375 (Oppelt 1988:266) and originated at settlements at the base of the Hopi Buttes (Douglass 1987). These black-on-white ceramics are most often decorated with carbon paint, although carbon/mineral paint is used in some cases, and are fired in a reducing atmosphere (Table 1). The majority of these ceramics recovered from sites in the Tonto Basin were made at their place of origin along the upper Little Colorado River (Figure 5), but there are a few examples with local temper, including granite and diabase. Samples in both temper groups were decorated with carbon paint.
Overall, 50% of the samples are decorated with carbon paint, 40% with carbon/mineral mixture, but only 10% have mineral paint. The majority of Little Colorado White Ware ceramics were recovered from the earlier components of the Schoolhouse Point Mound and the Cline Mesa sites (Table 2). Overall, carbon paint is the most common category, followed by carbon/mineral. Very few samples had mineral paint.
Cibola White Ware (Figure 6) was made from A.D.1225-1325 and was produced in the upper Little Colorado Region on the Colorado Plateau. Cibola White Ware was made with black mineral paint, or a carbon/mineral combination, applied to a light colored paste fired in a reducing atmosphere that had been tempered with sherd or sherd/sand/rock temper (Carlson 1970:97) (Table 1). Sand and white angular fragments were the most common temper materials used for Cibola White Ware (Figure 7). However, there are a few instances where granite and granite/diabase temper were used, indicating that these samples were made with local temper. Overall, there is very little carbon paint (<2%) used on Cibola White Ware. A mixture of carbon and mineral paint accounts for about 15% of the samples. Most are painted with mineral paint, with a few examples of mineral glaze.
When these frequencies are compared by sites (Table 2), the majority of samples from the compound sites, including Cline Mesa, Schoolhouse Mesa, and Livingston, have mineral paint. The ceramics recovered from the mounds, Schoolhouse Point Mound and Cline Terrace Mound, have slightly less mineral paint samples and more carbon/mineral paint samples. Several of the mesa sites are from the early Classic, so these differences in frequencies may indicate a shift to more carbon/mineral paint mixtures in the late Classic.
White Mountain Red Ware was made from A.D. 1000-1500 (Oppelt 1988:302). It was produced at locations in the White Mountains located to the northeast and east and into New Mexico. The characteristics of White Mountain Red Wares, with the exception of the red slip, were already present in the Cibola Black-on-white technology (Carlson 1970:97). The paste of these vessels is more orange than that of the black-on-white ceramics which may be due to a change in firing. The main innovation of the orange-red slip used on White Mountain Red Wares (Figure 8). The red slip was made from yellow limonite which changed to a red ferric oxide during heated dehydration (Shepard 1956:177; Carlson 1970:97). In the earlier ceramics (Carlson 1970:103), the color was more red and the white outline was applied after the black paint. In the later ceramics, the color is more orange and the white paint was applied before the black. The peak period of production of White Mountain Red Wares was between A.D. 1300-1400.
Among White Mountain Red Wares recovered from sites in the Tonto Basin (Figure 9), most of the temper in these ceramics is white angular fragments and is indicative of manufacture in the mountains and on the Colorado Plateau. However, a few pieces have granite or granite/diabase temper indicating use of local materials in their production. The majority of the samples are tempered with mineral paint and mineral glaze, but less than 5% of the samples have carbon paint, and only 10% have carbon and mineral paint.
The proportions of White Mountain Red Ware with mineral and mineral/glaze paint are not evenly distributed among the Tonto Basin sites (Table 2). The Schoolhouse Point Mound has the highest proportion of mineral glaze. Schoolhouse Mesa and the Livingston sites have the least glaze, but these areas also include several early Classic sites so the differences may be temporal, indicating that glazed White Mountain Red Ware was more available in the late Classic. Carbon/mineral and carbon paint are present in minor frequencies. White Mountain Red Ware has the most variation in the paint material and technology of all the wares compared (Table 2; Figure 9).
Salado polychrome was first produced around A.D. 1275 as Pinto polychrome and Pinto Black-on-red. In the A.D. 1300's, Gila polychrome, Gila Black-on-red, and Tonto Polychrome were produced and persisted into the mid-A.D. 1400's (Dittert and Plog 1980). Salado polychrome ceramics use white, black, and red paint, but the arrangement of these colors distinguishes these wares from others. Haury (1945:69,71-72) noted the order of paint application on Salado polychrome as the application of the white design field, the black painted design, and then filling of the remainder with red. In her regional study of Salado polychrome, Crown (1994:44-45) confirmed these findings with 89% of the vessels studied following that order, but in a few remaining cases the red was applied first.
The differences in the Salado polychrome types are based largely on design. Pinto designs lack a framing line, or life-line at the rim. Pinto Black-on-red and Pinto Polychrome started at the same time as Pinedale Black-on-red and Pinedale Polychrome in the White Mountain Red Ware tradition (Carlson 1970:108). The stylistic shift from Pinto to Gila was a shift to a center focus in the designs on bowl interiors (Carlson 1970:108).
Gila and Tonto polychrome designs incorporate one or more framing lines and life-lines into the layout. Pinto and Gila designs (Figure 10) are composed of a white design field on bowl interiors with painted black designs. The exteriors of the bowls are painted with red slip. Tonto designs (Figure 11) have white areas painted as design fields with black paint within these. Red is painted to fill open areas within the design layout. Pinto occurs only as bowls, Gila is usually bowls, but some small jars, Tonto may be either bowls or jars, and large or small in size.
Among the Tonto Basin sites, the majority of Salado Polychrome ceramics were recovered from the platform mounds and were locally produced in the Tonto Basin. There are three major Tonto Basin temper groups: granite, granite/diabase, and diabase (Figure 12). A few ceramics were recovered that have pastes and temper similar to white wares, but these are usually restricted to Pinto, and a few Gila polychrome. Petrographic evidence indicates that there was exchange across the basin. There is less variation in later Gila and Tonto polychrome than in the earlier Pinto polychrome.
The platform mounds have the most Salado polychrome ceramics (Table 2). Over 95% of samples of Salado Polychrome have carbon paint. This is a higher percentage than that noted in Crown�s (1994:44) regional comparison (69%), indicating that carbon paint was preferred by the local producers. The organic paint on Salado polychrome could have been made with a number of plants including beeweed or desert plants such as mesquite. There is very little carbon/mineral or mineral paint used on these ceramics. No mineral glaze examples were present among the Salado Polychrome samples. There is little variation in paint on Salado polychrome at sites across the Tonto Basin. The Livingston area, which had some of the earliest sites, has the most variation in paint. This pattern indicates that the production of Salado polychrome in the Tonto Basin became quite standardized in the late Classic period.
Salado polychrome, the distinctive white, black, and red decorated ware of the Classic period, developed out of this amalgamation of pottery making and decorating traditions. Pinto polychrome appeared after A.D. 1275, and the production of black-on-white pottery decreased after A.D. 1300, as polychrome pottery became popular. The decorative technology of Salado polychrome includes use of a white design field on which a black carbon paint is applied. The white slip is a highly adsorptive white clay that protects the carbon during the oxidation firing. In most cases, the black carbon doesn't touch the red slip, it is isolated by the white field. The red is usually a thin hematite wash which is applied to open areas surrounding the white design field.
In this study, comparisons were made among decorated ceramics, the materials used to make them, and the technological traditions by which they were made, in order to learn about the prehistoric cultural influences that affected the development of Salado polychrome ceramics in the Tonto Basin of central Arizona.
Compositional analysis of the paste (clay and temper) was used to assess local versus nonlocal production of several ceramic wares. Most decorated wares, including Tusayan, Little Colorado, and Cibola White Wares and White Mountain Red Ware, were made on the Colorado Plateau or in the White Mountains. However, a few of each were made with temper from the Tonto Basin, indicating that there was experimentation with local materials by either local potters, or migrant potters who had moved to the area. Compositional analysis of Salado polychrome indicates that the majority of these ceramics were produced within the Tonto Basin with locally available materials. There are a few cases of Salado polychrome that were made on the Colorado Plateau or in the White Mountains.
Although black-on-white pottery was made in a number of locations, mineral paint was favored in the Cibola, Chaco, and Rio Grande areas, but organic paint was used farther to the west in the Tusayan and Little Colorado areas (Crown 1994:39). In later times organic paint was also used in the eastern areas. The ceramic traditions represented by Tusayan White Ware and Little Colorado White Ware, that derive from areas to the north and northwest of the Tonto Basin, have a common emphasis on carbon paints. There is more variation in the temper and the paint of Little Colorado White Ware than in Tusayan White Ware. However, this may be a product of the higher frequencies of Little Colorado White Ware recovered from excavations in Tonto Basin.
In contrast, Cibola White Ware and White Mountain Red Ware make only slight use of carbon and carbon/mineral paint. Most of the ceramics in these wares are either mineral or mineral glaze paints. These traditions of decorating ceramics derive from areas to the northeast and east of the Tonto Basin. White Mountain Red Ware has more paint variation within each temper category than Cibola White Ware. There are more examples of mineral glaze ceramics among White Mountain Red Ware than in Cibola White Ware.
Ethnographic information also documents the use of carbon paint, applied as a post-firing treatment and finished in a second low-temperature firing, among the Maricopa and other desert Yuman-speakers. Given the long period of contact between the prehistoric Hohokam and the people of Tonto Basin, it is likely that the use of carbon paint in this application was known as well.
The choice of paint, application, and firing may be somewhat mitigated by availability of materials. However, the spread of the carbon paint usage into eastern areas, previously dominated by mineral paint usage, at the end of the Classic indicates that technological traditions were equally important. Gila and Tonto Polychrome have an artistry that separates them from Cibola White Ware and White Mountain Red Ware ceramic traditions. Salado polychrome designs are painted with bold strokes rather than the calculated outline and fill method. Based on the compositional study, it is apparent that populations of the platform mound communities in the Tonto Basin were influenced by the ceramic technological traditions of the Colorado Plateau to the north and mountains to the east, in addition to longstanding exchange and interaction with the desert people of the Hohokam culture to the south.
The direction of influence on Salado Polychrome is primarily from the north and northwest rather than from the northeast and east. Compared to painting traditions of intrusive decorated ceramics, Tusayan and Little Colorado White Ware have the most in common with Salado polychrome with their emphasis on carbon paint. The use of carbon paint on red-slipped ceramics among desert people as well indicates that the boundary between use of mineral paint versus carbon paint may have been a question of east and west influences, rather than plateau versus desert cultural influences.

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Reeko Moosa Manik
Moosa Manik, popularly known by his alias Reeko Moosa, is a prominent politician, actor, and businessman in the Republic of Maldives. Manik is currently: 1) the Parliament Member representing Hulhu Henveiru Constituency; 2) the Leader of MDP Parliamentary Group and 3) Acting Chairperson of the ruling Maldivian Democratic Party As a Parliamentarian Member, he represents the Hulhu Henveiru constituency of the capital island, Male'. Manik and his family owns Heavy Load Private Limited, a company based in the Republic of Maldives primarily involved in island reclamation and harbor development works. The government of Maldives have awarded numerous projects to Manik without a bidding process. Such projects included Thilafushi Corporation Limited (TCL) awarding a US$21 million (Rf269.8 million) reclamation project to Heavy Load on September 30, 2010 to reclaim 130 hectares from Thilafushi lagoon and Emboodhoo reclamation projects . Heavy Load claimed that Thilafushi reclamation project was won by competitively bidding with the Netherland's Boskalis International and Maldives Transport and Contracting Company (MTCC) Yet, both the MTCC and Netherland's Boskalis International denied claims  ( Wikipedia article )


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About Rampart
Rampart Community Telephone Directory
Central Traffic
Community-Police Advisory Boards (C-PAB) Meeting Schedule and City-Wide Minutes
Rampart Most Wanted
Rampart Crime Statistics
E-Police Sign-Up
Report A Crime
Rampart Community Newsletter
Dedication Ceremony For The Rampart Community Police Station Jail Conversion
2710 West Temple Street, Los Angeles
April 11, 2001 At 8:30 AM
Los Angeles Police Chief Bernard C. Parks and City Officials
Los Angeles - The Rampart Community Police Station has converted its jail facility into office space, and will be holding a Dedication Ceremony on April 11, 2001 at 8:30 AM. The Special Enforcement Unit, Narcotics Field Enforcement Section, Rampart Area Supervisors, and Senior Lead Officers will use the new office. A tour of the Rampart Station will be given and there will be an opportunity to meet the Area's Senior Lead Officers and the Special Enforcement Unit. The Los Angeles Police Department's Chief of Police, Bernard C. Parks will also be at the Dedication.
Rampart Community Police Station welcomes the public to attend the Dedication Ceremony, and tour of the station. For information regarding this press release, please contact Media Relations Section at 213-485-3586.
This press release was prepared by Officer Hayley Purece, Media Relations Section.


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Like many people on the East Coast, I spent a lot of time last week shoveling snow. When I came inside, I then had to endure a secondary storm of nonsense about how the winter weather disproved global warming, humiliated Al Gore, et al. This was, in turn, much-commented-upon, most incisively by Grist's Dave Roberts, who concludes that the inability of many journalists to point out the ridiculousness of snowstorm-climate change denialism is a symptom of the profound ills afflicting traditional journalism.
Well, yeah.
But what's really going on here? It's not just that the press is stupid, or timid. With the fracturing of the political and media landscape, there are no sources of universally-accepted authority any more in American life (except – Oprah?). This has driven political reporters ever deeper into a cocoon of their own construction, one with no objective reference points, because all of those are disputed by somebody, somewhere. So we end up with traditional journalistic "objectivity" with the actual objective realities edited out. It's genius, really. Reporters privilege the political process itself over policy, over science, over common sense. Political advantage, or victory, is what matters. Everybody likes a winner, after all.
When climate doubters win, though, the results are objectively disastrous. It's pretty clear the world is lurching toward environmental disaster, and temporizing over snowstorms isn't helping. And the doubters won quite a lot over the past few months, as this Washington Post story details, with denials and doubters seizing on the "climategate" emails and lately on mistakes in the supposedly-bulletproof IPCC report.
It ought to be possible for media outlets to separate the genuine scientific issues here from the political ones. It doesn't take that much effort.
In the case of Snowmageddon, for example: it's impossible to attribute a single weather event to global warming, or to the supposed lack thereof. But as Bill McKibben notes in this piece, the amount of moisture in the atmosphere has risen 4 percent since 1970, which would tend to produce wetter weather in some areas. That's useful information, even without a cause-and-effect relationship established.
In the case of the IPCC, how did mistakes and citations from interest groups creep into the IPCC report? Does this signal a broader "bias" problem? Does that appear merely in the shaping of the report and its language, in the way the authors interpret data and studies, or in the data and studies themselves? Is something truly "rotten in the state of the IPCC"? I'd guess not, because if you drill down almost all the evidence holds up. On the other hand, I don't want my climate consensus document to contain any spin – give it to us straight! – so it's not enough to say "move along, nothing to see here."
But many of these questions and distinctions get lost when this moves into the field of politics and media coverage of politics. The Post itself is a living example of what happens when politics, and the protection of political interests by journalists, interferes with climate coverage. George Will has embarrassed the newspaper with his repeated twisting of climate data and his assertion that climate change is a scientific fad, like bell bottoms. This weekend, the Post featured both the McKibben piece and a column by Dana Milbank saying that because Gore and some unnamed environmental groups went overboard in attributing weather events to global warming, they deserved whatever they got from the other side. Never mind that the other side is wrong on the fundamentals.
These mixed messages are confusing. To an average reader, who may not care much about the details, the impression one gets is of science politicized and contested, with no true bottom line. This is corrosive to the debate over what to do about global warming. The Post can certainly entertain different voices on these issues. But in some ways it appears too deeply invested in the short-term political process and the conventions of political reporting, to consistently separate the real questions from the BS.


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Average iOS app is increasing in size
iOS apps, especially games, are growing in size, says a study by ABI Research. According to the study, the average global app size is now 23 MB, up 16 percent from March. Games have shown the biggest weight gain, growing a whopping 42 percent in the last six months. The average game now weighs in at a robust 60 MB.
This increase in size has a profound effect on customers who have iOS devices with 8 GB or 16 GB of internal storage. Customers with these low-capacity devices may have to carefully manage their app installs and go through the cumbersome process of deleting older apps in order to install new ones. It may also affect buying trends with users opting to go with the more expensive 32 GB or 64 GB models, instead of the entry-level 16 GB.
I've experienced this "app shuffling" dilemma on my 16 GB iPhone 4S and will no longer buy that capacity. My iPad 3 is a beefy 64 GB, and I have plenty of room to spare. If you're in the market for an iOS device, would you still buy a 16 GB model or is 32 GB the new minimum size?
[Via MacRumors]
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Advanced Laser Systems Technology (ALST) was founded in 1987 by engineers with a history in lasers and defense electronics, from companies including Martin Marietta, International Laser Systems, and Laser Photonics. Located in Orlando, Florida, a vibrant location for electro-optics, laser design and manufacturing, ALST has continued to attract and retain a talented pool of labor with broad defense industry experience and extensive laser expertise.
In the early years, ALST introduced a revolutionary new system enabling cost effective laser medical procedures in under-developed countries around the world. By 1990, ALST profitably divested the medical portion of the business to Surgical Laser Technologies in order to focus on the core business of military-grade lasers for ISR, fire control, navigation and MASINT.
Over the following decades, ALST was selected time and again by NASA, DOD and military prime contractors and integrators to provide proven laser systems for a wide portfolio of platforms. Joining the L-3 Communications family of companies in 2005, ALST has continued to develop its capabilities through improving and investing in personnel, facilities and technology.
For nearly a quarter century, L-3 ALST has designed and delivered thousands of lasers for fielded customer applications spanning "Submarines to Satellites" including shipboard, ground and airborne assets. ALST is standard kit on many mainstream military programs and has a track record of reliability, accuracy and ease of use over the course of tens of millions of laser shots fired.


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Photo #: NH 98519
ex-USS Tucson (CLAA-98)
Under tow off the coast of San Diego, California, 21 January 1967. The towing ship, USS Koko (ATA-185), is out of view to the right.
Photographed by Photographer's Mate 3rd Class R.E. Duggan, of squadron VC-3.
Note that Tucson's # 3 5"/38 twin gun mount has been removed.
Official U.S. Navy Photograph, from the collections of the Naval Historical Center.
Online Image: 68KB; 740 x 605 pixels
Click on the small photograph to prompt a larger view of the same image.
If you want higher resolution reproductions than this digital image, see: "How to Obtain Photographic Reproductions."
3 June 2003


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Jump to navigation
Location: Huarmey, Peru
Flyer: campanario.pdf
Program Type
Project Director:
Project Description
The focus of this research is to understand the consequences of the imperialism for non-elite people in the north coast of Peru during the Middle Horizon (600-1000 A.D.). This research will conduct archaeological excavation at the site of El Campanario, located in the Huarmey Valley (North Coast of Peru). The site contain a urban area which will provide answers about the impact of imperial control to non-elite people and the way that local, political and economical organizations were transformed under a centralized authority.
This project will offer students five weeks of archaeological fieldwork at El Campanario site. The site is located 1 km northeast of the modern city of Huarmey (north coast of Peru). The site contained mud-brick (adobe) structures which are clear from the surface. These structures form compounds that might be related to familiar units or specialized areas which constituted part of the urban area. Unfortunately no archaeological excavation has been performed in this site and the information about its architectonical distribution and planning is still unclear. In addition, elevated platform have been identified at the site, and they probably were used for ceremonial purposes. The pottery found in the surface show that the site was occupied during the Middle Horizon.
Student participating in this project will receive training in survey methods, artifact classification, mapping, excavation, profile drawing, material analysis and curation.
Field Trips
Students will be have the opportunity to conduct three field trips to other archaeological sites such as Chan Chan and Huaca de la Luna (Trujillo), Panamarca and Sechin, and Caral (Supe Valley), all located along the north coast of Peru.
Cost include room and board, transportation from Lima to Huarmey, all field trips, and transportation from Huarmey to El Campanario site.
The cost of the fieldwork does not include air fare, health insurance, academic credits, trowel, personal expenses, or living expenses in Lima.
Application deposit: $ 100.00 USD
This deposit will reserve you a place in the field school and must be submitted with the application. Please be advised that this deposit is non-refundable.
Field School Application Deadline - 14 March, 2014
Balance Field Schools Due ($ 2,000.00 USD) – 3 April, 2014
Payments can be made by personal check to L.A.S.T (Laboratory of Archaeological Science and Technology)
Applications can be submitted via mail
Period(s) of Occupation: Middle Horizon (600 - 1000 A.D.)
Room and Board Arrangements
During this five week field school, living accommodations will be in the city of Huarmey, which is about a 20 minute drive to the El Campanario archaeological site. All meals will be provided for during the five weeks in Huarmey, which will allow students to experience the rich Peruvian cuisine.
Be advised that living accommodations will be basic in that the locale will have running water and electricity; internet connectivity may not be guaranteed but there are ample internet cafes located throughout the city of Huarmey. Students will have to most likely have to share room and bath.
Academic CreditNumber of credits offered contact me for assistance


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Drew Doughty RSS
I'm sure the Montreal Canadiens would like to pay P.K. Subban what fellow defenceman Kris Letang got from the Pittsburgh Penguins — eight years, $58 million — when they hammer out Subban's new long-term deal this summer, but he might … Continue reading
15 observations off the first round of the 2013-14 NHL playoffs
Here are 15 observations through the first round of the NHL playoffs: 1. Nathan MacKinnon might have a wrist-shot as rippingly accurate as his Colorado Avalanche boss, Joe Sakic, and that's saying something. Now, if he can come anywhere near … Continue reading
Expect Sidney Crosby to score Hart Trophy come NHL awards time
Ask the NHL rank-and-file to vote on the game's best player, and I'd say 70 per cent of them would scribble C-R-O-S-B-Y. But Sidney Crosby, the superstar Pittsburgh Penguins captain, has won only one most-valuable player award and he's been … Continue reading
What would Shea Weber cost the Edmonton Oilers?
After watching Drew Doughty, Shea Weber and Duncan Keith control the play on the Canadian back-end at the Olympics, it's obvious stud defencemen are worth their weight in gold. All three of those guys can play close to 30 minutes … Continue reading
Team Canada crushes Norway 24 to 5 on scoring chances count
Team Canada only beat Norway 3 to 1 on the scoreboard, but the real dominance of the Canadian team could be seen when it came to scoring chances. When it came to hard or dangerous shots on net from the … Continue reading
Canada can't afford to not have exuberant Subban on Olympic team
If you thought there was an outcry when Bobby Ryan (four 30-goal seasons) didn't make Team USA for the Sochi Olympics, watch the shots blowing hard if P.K. Subban doesn't make Canada's squad. But it won't happen. Subban will be … Continue reading
This 'n' that: Stars' Seguin, Benn do most of their scoring on the road
- Dallas Stars centre Tyler Seguin has scored 26 points on the road, second most in the National Hockey League, while teammate Jamie Benn is third with 24 points. Homers they are not, and they're dragging 18-year-old rookie Valeri Nichushkin … Continue reading
Short shifts: High-end NHL teams typically loaded with stud defenncemen
- Los Angeles Kings head coach Darryl Sutter on the value of high-end defencemen: "The best teams in the league have four defencemen who could be everybody else's Nos. 1 and 2. It's not minutes played so much as playing … Continue reading
UPDATE: Sore ribs force Edmonton Oilers centre Mark Arcobello to sit out clash with Colorado Avalanche
UPDATE: ARCOBELLO TO SIT OUT VS. AVS Centre Mark Arcobello will watch and Anton Lander will take his spot at centre on the Edmonton Oilers' fourth line Thursday night in Denver. Arcobello was walloped by Drew Doughty late in Tuesday's … Continue reading
Luke Gazdic vs. Patrick Bordeleau, the sequel?
Considering Edmonton Oilers heavy Luke Gazdic dropped six-foot-six Colorado Avalanche bodyguard Patrick Bordeleau to his knees with a thundering right hand in a wild fight the last time the teams met — during the Oilers' 8-2 win Dec. 5 at … Continue reading


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Mother granted shock probation in baby drowning death
Updated On: Sep 27 2013 02:24:34 PM EDT
A Jeffersontown mother sentenced to five years behind bars in the drowning death of her 8-month-old son has received shock probation.
That decision was handed down Friday morning at the judicial center.
Geneva Walters pleaded guilty in May to reckless homicide and wanton endangerment.
Walters admitted she gave her son, Xavier, a nighttime cold medicine meant for adults then left him alone in the bathtub.
As part of the plea deal, prosecutors agreed not to object to shock probation.
Walters has served 60 days in jail.
Copyright 2013 by WLKY.com All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.


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Current Articles
From West Virginia Division of Natural Resources
-- West Virginia hunters harvested 2,007 black bears during the combined 2011 archery and firearms seasons, the third highest in West Virginia history.
Preliminary harvest data for the combined 2011 seasons was 16 percent lower than the record harvest of 2,392 established in 2010.
"As predicted, mast conditions had a tremendous influence on the distribution of this yearís bear harvest," according to Paul Johansen, assistant chief in charge of game management.
Lower mast availability in 2011 allowed archers to pattern bears more effectively and led to an increased archery harvest, he said. However, a shortage of fall foods drives bears to den earlier, which leads to a lower firearms harvest in the traditional December season. The firearm harvest for bears remained steady compared to previous years because of the early firearms seasons. These early seasons are designed to ensure that counties remain at their management goal.
Hunters took 619 bears during the 2011 archery season. The top five counties were Randolph (70), Preston (56), Nicholas (44), Webster (41) and Wyoming (34).
Firearm hunters harvested 1,388 bears during 2011. Hunters took 631 bears in September, 76 during the concurrent buck/bear season, and 681 during the traditional December season. Top five counties were Randolph (148), Greenbrier (141), Pendleton (132), Pocahontas (112) and Webster (110).
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An anti-poverty group in BC is challenging politicians and residents to try and survive for $26 worth of food for a week.
Of the $610 a month the British Columbia government provides for a person on welfare, after paying for accommodation, bus tickets and cellphone (necessary to look for work), and basic hygiene only $109 remains for food – less than $26 for a week for food.
The Challenge runs from the start of October 16 (12:01 am) to the end of October 22 (midnight).
During that week, participants will only eat the food they can buy with $26 dollars.
I have decided that I will take place in this challenge and would like to invite any of our Grocery Alerts readers to join me.
Here are the rules that I will abide by:
- I will not accept any kind of charity or other food (friend or co-worker) outside of my $26 budget.
- I will not eat any leftovers or even food I have grown.
- I will document each day with a new blog post with a food diary what I have eaten and breakdown each serving.
Wish me luck!
Enjoy these related post(s):
Want a travel Card that knows no boundaries?
- Earn a Welcome Bonus of 25,000 Membership Rewards points (worth $250) just by making $500 in purchases in your first 3 months of membership. That's enough for a round-trip flight almost anywhere in North America!
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- Earn 2 points for every $1 in Card purchases at eligible gas stations, grocery stores and drugstores in Canada
- Earn 2 points for every $1 in Card purchases for eligible travel purchases, including flights, hotels, car rentals, cruises, and more.
- Earn one point for every $1 in Card purchases everywhere else.
- Transfer your points to frequent flyer programs, or one-to-one to Aeroplan and Avios.
- Charge any travel including gas to your Card and pay with points, with no blackout periods.


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Spotted: Chrome Bags Chekhov Rolltop Utility Belt
Chekhov Rolltop Utility Belt Is it a murse, purse, sling or belt? The answer is: yes. MSRP: $110 Details: • 12″ wide, 8 1/2″ high, 2.5″ deep • 2-4L Volume • Waterproof rolltop closure accommodates a range of load sizes • Dual waterproof compartments separate wet/dry cargo • Iconic quick release buckle with integrated bottle opener • External phone pocket for quick access while riding…Read More


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About Me
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|on his cock and spunk Asian was the first time I've had and my anal cherry was taken by a taxi driver gruuby, the room was full of kids multiple addresses me bareback all countries in Asia and some white guys bitch I was there and I loved it lasted, was took me by 9 boys and said the three fucked her ass too. when finished rahgi brought me home and sat on me, if I had walked and her husband and children were in bed sleeping. I had the guts running out of my ass and pussy felt so guilty, but I'm clean hot before they had been in bed with her husband, who had no idea that gangbauf by a group of taxi drivers gruuby. The thing is that I want to do behind !!!!!!!
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We've just received notice from Magpul Industries that Magpul Dynamics President Chris Costa has given notice that he is stepping down. Costa will finish out his training schedule by teaching Magpul Dynamic's Dynamic Carbine 2 class at Roberts Range in Hammond, La, Dec 2-5, 2011, and then concentrate on building his new company, Costa Ludus in early 2012.
"The future of Magpul Dynamics is not in question," said Magpul Industries VP of sales and marketing, Robert Vidrine "but we are evaluating how we will go forward with the carbine training model. Replacing Chris is not plug and play."
"Chris will be moving on in early 2012 to pursue new projects within the industry, including his own training company," Magpul Industries said today. You can read the full text of their announcement below this article.
"I'm proud of what we did at Magpul Dynamics," Costa told me as we spoke about his long association with Magpul Dynamic's parent company, Magpul Industries, and his friendship with Richard Fitzpatrick, the company's president and founder. "We put out a product at Magpul Dynamics that's on par with the high level of quality that Magpul puts into all their products."
"Most people don't know it but Chris's involvement with Magpul dates back to 2003," recalls Fitzpatrick. "Over the years, I developed a great deal of respect for his weapons manipulation aptitude and personality. In 2007 when the opportunity for Magpul to appear on Future Weapons with the Masada developed, Chris was the first person I thought of to help us with the presentation."
Costa credits Fitzpatrick's vision to offer training and to produce Magpul Dynamic's instructional videos saying, "the amount of money and effort that was put into those videos shows how hard and unselfishly Magpul worked to give guys the training they deserve."
"I'm leaving because the time is right," Costa said, explaining that the timing of his resignation is based on recent family events.
He praised Magpul's willingness to work with him to keep him aboard and offers it as evidence of how strong his relationship remains with the company, even after submitting his intent to resign last week.
Costa's resignation explains the mysterious announcement on Falcon Operations Group's blog about hosting Costa's 3 Day Advanced Carbine (Jan. 5-7) and a 3 Day Advanced Pistol Course (Jan. 9-11) in Southern California.
Costa was hired in 2007 to stand up Magpul Dynamics, the firearms training division of Magpul Industries. Travis Haley was brought on board soon after. Costa and Haley taught firearms manipulation and employment to military, law enforcement and civilian students around the country together until Haley left Magpul in January 2011. Previous to his employment at Magpul, Costa was employed by Applied Marine Technologies where he was a maritime CBRN weapons and tactics instructor.
In addition to teaching classes, Magpul Dynamics spurred a renaissance in the production of tactical training videos with their "Art of the Dynamic Carbine" DVD series. The DVD would become the foundation for later Magpul Dynamics video productions that include instructional video releases on the use of handguns, shotguns, aerial platforms and four upcoming releases including precision shooting, automobile operation and two more undisclosed subjects.
"Today we have actually completed filming and are in the final stages of editing the last titles in the "Art of" video series that Chris has been an instrumental part of," says Fitzpatrick.
He explains that with the completion of the training DVD series and Magpul Dynamics increased focus on military training in the Airborne Operations and Precision Rifle arena, "now is a logical time for Chris to branch out with his own company and pursue other projects in the industry. I wish him the best with his endeavors and am confident that as our brands continue to evolve, opportunities for us to work together in the future will arise."
From the sounds of things, Costa's move is unrelated to two other major events that have recently taken place within Magpul. In a structured financial deal, shareholders of the private company sold a controlling interest in Magpul Industries to investors including Bruckmann, Rosser, Sherrill & Co. ("BRS"), a New York-based private equity firm, this summer. It is also less than a year since the departure of former Magpul Dynamics principle Travis Haley, who left to start his own venture, Haley Strategic Partners.
Here is the full statement from Magpul Industries:
Chris Costa to Branch Out On His Own in 2012
Since 2007, Magpul Dynamics has trained thousands of professional and civilian shooters, and reached countless more through a comprehensive collection of instructional DVDs. With an emphasis on real world techniques, consistency, and efficiency, Magpul Dynamics has brought tactical instruction to the forefront of the shooting community. The application of these philosophies to high quality multimedia productions has helped propel the entire firearms training industry to new heights, garnering the attention of a larger audience than ever before.
The entire instructor cadre has been instrumental in the success of these endeavors, not the least of which has been Chris Costa. Chris will be moving on in early 2012 to pursue new projects within the industry, including his own training company. Magpul will continue to explore future opportunities to work with Chris, and looks forward to these projects. It has been a privilege to work with Chris for the last five years, and Magpul wishes him the best of luck in the future. The fundamentals of Reality, Consistency, and Efficiency that Chris helped instill are central to the entire Magpul Dynamics instructor cadre, and will continue to drive their training philosophy and mindset.
Keywords: Costa Quits Magpul


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|Your account
|Today's news index
|Today's events
Friday, July 02, 2004 - Page updated at 12:00 A.M.
Saddam still inspires awe, fear
By Mohamad Bazzi
Why? Because they're worried that Iraqis might elect him next year.
The joke is one example of the conflicted feelings many Iraqis have about Saddam, who brutally ruled Iraq for 32 years. During the 15 months of U.S. occupation, when security and basic services broke down in a way they never had under Saddam's rule, some Iraqis began pining for the old regime.
While Saddam is still despised by the vast majority of Iraq's 24 million people, he continues to inspire awe, and perhaps even a hint of fear. As he appeared in court yesterday to be charged with crimes against humanity, some Iraqis could not help but be impressed with his defiance.
"Watch how Saddam argues with the judge, like he's the one in charge and not the judge," said Walid Ezzedine, 56, shaking his head as he drank tea in a Baghdad cafe and watched the court proceedings on television.
"This is the man who knows how to rule Iraq. People are still afraid of him," added Karim Abdullah, 43, tugging on a water pipe. "I hated Saddam because he was a criminal and a murderer. But he kept Iraq from falling apart, and the Americans could not do that."
Neither man would ever want to see Saddam return to power. But they were surprised by Saddam's calm demeanor in court and his insistence on being accorded the respect due a statesman.
"Maybe he still thinks that he's running the country," Ezzedine said with an uneasy laugh.
Saddam's refusal to sign the charges against him and his arguments with the Iraqi judge revived an old conspiracy theory among Iraqis: that the former president had been drugged by U.S. forces during his capture in December. Iraqis point to the contrast between Saddam's appearance yesterday and in the video released soon after his arrest. That video showed a bearded, seemingly disoriented Saddam being examined by a U.S. doctor checking for head lice.
"Of course, the Americans drugged him when they caught him," said Wael Hamza, 36, as he listened to Saddam lecturing the judge on Iraqi law. "Why else would he have been so quiet and passive in that video?"
Iraqis say they're looking forward to a public trial, where the world can hear details of his regime's crimes.
Saddam's 26-minute appearance before an unnamed Iraqi judge was videotaped and rebroadcast repeatedly on Arabic satellite television. Al-Jazeera, based in Qatar, managed to obtain an audiotape of the proceedings despite a court ban on carrying voices or pictures of courtroom personnel.
As Ahmed spoke, Saddam was defending his invasion of Kuwait. Moments later, the electricity went out in the cafe, and the television went dark.
A few patrons cursed the occupation's failure to provide electricity, while others went back to their games of dominoes and backgammon.
"At least Saddam gave us electricity," Abdullah murmured.
Copyright © 2004 The Seattle Times Company
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The Department of Psychiatry has a faculty of more than 80 professionals whose clinical, teaching, and research expertise spans the entire discipline. The 2011-2012 Best Doctors® database recognized 315 University of Iowa Health Care physicians, including 13 from the Department of Psychiatry.
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Michael Flaum, MD
Department of Psychiatry - 1-400 MEB
University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics
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Iowa City, IA 52242
Phone: 319-353-4340
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Department of Psychiatry - 1911 JPP
University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics
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Iowa City, IA 52242
Phone: 319-353-6314
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Currently waiting to head to the er as soon as I can get someone to.watch ds. Been having bleeding all morning. Ugh. The waiting is the worst part.
Posted 07/06/2012
Mommy to Hunter 3/21/11
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Your growing child
Your 21-month-old: Week 4
Many 21-month-olds are hearty and adventuresome diners, but plenty of others are quite picky. Read More
Your 22-month-old: Week 1
By now your child will begin to set goals for himself. Read More
Your 22-month-old: Week 2
Interruptions are a way for your child to ask for your attention. Read More
Your 22-month-old: Week 3
What's the best way to get your 22-month-old to try new foods? Keep on serving them. Read More


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Following a presidential election in which the word "outsourcing" became such a lightning rod, industry needs to do a better job of helping policy-makers understand the reality of today's global marketplace, the central role American business plays in worldwide production and value chains, and the benefits of all this for our workers, consumers and small businesses at home.
Today's most successful American companies share a trait: They invest, produce and hire from a dynamic, global perspective. The importance of demand from high-growth markets outside the U.S., and of worldwide supply chains in meeting this demand, can't be overstated. The simple fact is companies that aren't globally competitive over the long run will not employ any workers – in the U.S. or abroad.
What kinds of policies do our most successful global companies need to drive them to create and support more jobs in America? Some suggestions:
- Negotiate new trade and investment agreements to open new foreign markets for American exports and secure market access for U.S. companies.
- Reform our antiquated, nearly century-old business tax system to boost the competitiveness of all our companies on the global stage.
- Pursue education reform, to better prepare America's young to obtain the high-paying, globally engaged jobs of tomorrow.
- Undertake immigration reform to expand the ability of skilled immigrants, especially those recently educated in America, to work in the U.S.
Although growth in dynamic emerging markets is a virtual certainty, our response to it isn't. Either we choose to embrace the global economy and enhance our ability to compete in it, or we choose to turn our backs on the world, and fall further behind. Business must help our leaders understand the importance of making the right choice for our future.
Visit U.S. Council for International Business online.


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"I made this for a party at work and it was gone in minutes. Everyone loved it. It is so easy to make. I chopped up a third Snickers and used it to decorate the top of the pie."


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Wedding Event Rentals near san bernardino,ca
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Party Booths85 Reviews
Photo Booth Rentals - Nation Wide Service - 866-437-0297
Party Booths has emerged as the largest and most distinguished provider of photo booth rental services in the entire nation simply because we...(more)
Contact Us Website
Get a full 6 hour rental at the price of our 4 hour rental! *A $200 value!
SoCal ShutterBooth Photo Booth63 Reviews
Elegant photo booths exclusively designed for exceptional events.
Fullerton, CA | 714-525-5615
Elegant photo booths designed exclusively for exceptional events! Not your typical photo booth. Give your guests an experience they'll never...(more)
Complete Photo Video Photo Booth2 Reviews
You Me We
Orange County, CA | 949-701-9401
Complete Music Video Photo is the industry's leading wedding and event photography, videography and photo booth rental. We are the most requested...(more)
Over The Top Specialty Rentals
Montclair, CA | 909-931-4670
After 25 years in the special event industry the founders of Over The Top Specialty Rentals find ourselves "going back to our roots". As the owners...(more)
Photo Booth Your Event - Photo Booth Rentals8 Reviews
Quality, Excellence, and Class
Irvine, CA | 949-891-1734
Here's What's Important To You...(and to us) Image Quality! We are extremely concerned with image quality and lighting. Your images will not be...(more)
S'more Play - S'more Bar and Photo/Video Booth Rentals1 Review
What could be S'more fun?
Temecula, CA | 844-766-7375
Photo and/or Video Booth All packages include setup and cleanup and are fully attended. Booths print out 2 photo strips; one for your guests and...(more)
Apex Tent & Party Rentals15 Reviews
Southern California's wedding, event and party rentals specialists!
Tustin, CA | 714-573-2000
Apex Tent and Party Rentals is your party rentals specialists! We are a family owned and operated event rental company. Since 2005, we have...(more)
Push and Scream Photography, Videography, Photo Booths and Montage Services17 Reviews
Santa Ana, CA | 949-385-3019
Contact Anne Nguyen for more information! Email | email@example.com Phone | 949.385.3019 Push and Scream provides Photography...(more)
Step Right Up Flipbook Studio3 Reviews
Forget the photo booth! Have you checked out flipbooks?
Southern California | 949-436-0206
The hottest new thing in receptions- FLIPBOOKS! With our mobile flipbook studio, we videotape your guests and create a fun keepsake flipbook ON...(more)
Smile On 3 Photo Booths1 Review
Spreading Smiles Across Southern California
Chino Hills, CA | 888-402-7240
Dearest Bride, Smile on 3 Photo Booths is a company devoted to bringing a memorable experience to any event. We take pride in our professional...(more)
Aperture PhotoBooths3 Reviews
Temecula, CA | 951-719-0711
Aperture Photobooths serves South Riverside and North San Diego Counties. Photo booths are a great way to add something special to any event and...(more)
All Star Photo Booth7 Reviews
"Invite the Life of the Party!"
Fullerton, CA | 714-458-5770
Hi! We are the Fun Makers! We provide real photo booth awesomeness to weddings and events in Orange County, Los Angeles, Riverside and San Diego....(more)


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I have been making Hamburger Helper since I was a teenager. It's hard to believe that Hamburger Helper has been available for 40 years now! Hamburger Helper can be found at your local grocery store and comes in a variety of different dinner options. Making dinner is such a breeze and only requires a package of ground beef, water and milk and takes under 30 minutes to prepare. My family and I were able to try two new Hamburger Helper meals: Cheesy Italian Beef and Ultimate Beef Stroganoff.
A box of Hamburger Helper contains a packet of dry sauce and dry noodles that you add in with your ground beef, water and milk. The directions are on the back of the box and are so easy to follow. Even my teenage daughter can make herself Hamburger Helper for lunch or dinner…which, is also a big plus! The Ultimate Beef Stroganoff has an amazing roast beef flavor with sour cream sauce mix. The Cheesy Italian Beef comes with Italian style sauce mix with real Italian herbs and a delicious cheese-y sauce.
Don't forget to stop by Hamburger Helper so that you can download a printable coupon to get $0.70 off the purchase of one box of Hamburger Helper and you can also share it with family and friends!!
- Box of Hamburger Helper Ultimate Beef Stroganoff
- Box of Hamburger Helper Cheesy Italian Beef
- Serving dish
- Slotted serving spoon
- Trivet
*This giveaway is open to the US Only
Disclosure: The Hamburger Helper New Varieties information, product, and prize pack have been provided free of charge by Betty Crocker® and General Mills®, through MyBlogSpark.
a Rafflecopter giveaway


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QOTW...Agree or disagree.....
Find a Conversation
|Thu, 05-06-2010 - 8:52am
"And perhaps, despite common wisdom, the small ways to save don't really help us. They can even but hurt us by fooling us into believing we are making genuine financial changes when we're not."
From an article I found, Penny-Pinching Is Fine, But It Won't Save the Profligate
Agree or disagree?
|Tue, 05-11-2010 - 3:24pm
Yes, dh has been back to work for about a month now. However, not as an outside carpenter. He found a job in a union shop that makes doors, windows, exterior & custom stuff. Their contract is w/the carpenters' union so our insurance and benefits are intact. We think it'll be a good fit for dh and they came looking for him which was nice! He had never even applied, just gone to pick up some custom spindles last summer for a side job and left his phone #. They remembered him and called when they were looking to hire.
I haven't done much subbing since spring break. Just a few jobs here and there. Which is fine because I've had to help out my mom who is having health issues on top of caring for my 102yo granma. Good that I have the flexibility w/my schedule to be on call.
Glad to hear you're doing ok. Hope your hard days are over! :-)
|Tue, 05-11-2010 - 10:13am
Just thought I'd throw it out there for some *food for thought*. Despite whether one agrees or disagrees w/the article, it may trigger someone to take a hard look at their own situation. :-)
OT, but how have you been? Have you been able to sub? How's your dh's job situation? Hope things are going well for your family!
|Tue, 05-11-2010 - 8:18am
"And perhaps, despite common wisdom, the small ways to save don't really help us. They can even but hurt us by fooling us into believing we are making genuine financial changes when we're not."
Oh, interesting quote.
|Sat, 05-08-2010 - 8:58pm
I love PP's example about saving on gas :)
I guess in certain situations I agree and disagree. For some people, they may think that clipping coupons equals saving big bucks so they don't make any other changes (like monitoring sales, etc.) However, for me personally, I disagree. I'm not fooling myself. Sure, I recognize the impact that small changes can have (such as saving just $1 per week adds up to $52/year) but realize that saving $1 per week will not make me a millionaire.
Perhaps the small ways to save are a first step - they're not going to result in saving enough for retirement, but they're a starting point.


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Marlynn's greatest bliss is her family, including her husband, two young kids, and dog.
twitter: twitter.com/designmama
Why are you a Thirsty Girl: I'm a Thirsty Girl because I live everyday quenching an enthusiastic thirst for living life at full speed. I have an insatiable passion for so many things and have created a life where I absolutely am passionate about everything I do and I LIVE what I LOVE. Drink it up, and enjoy!
Location: On the outskirts of Portland, Oregon, right on the edge of beautiful Oregon Wine Country.
Title: Regional Manager for Plum District Portland. Owner of Urban Bliss Media. Blogger, UrbanBlissLife.com. Mom Entrepreneur Evangelist. Social Media Strategist & Graphic Designer. Woman of Too Many Titles.
Drink of choice: Oregon wines, of course! My husband and I joke that we can never move anywhere else in the world because of the incredibly vast & varying offerings of delicious local fare, microbrews and wines. My favorite local wine: 2008 Ponzi Reserve Pinot Noir.
Idea of happiness: A sunny day spent on local farms & vineyards with my husband and kids. An afternoon baking sweet treats with my kids. A house full of friends & family, good food, good wine, and so much laughter and excited chatter that the neighbors get curious. Helping others find the courage to create their own happiness.
Greatest extravagance: My private jet. Just kidding! Delicious dining experiences. Fabulous food & drink with even more fabulous company & conversation is the greatest luxury of all; I'll take happy experiences over expensive 'stuff' any day.
Who would play the lead in a movie about you: My daughter. She just turned 5, but she can play me pretty well.
Five things you can't live without: My family, good girlfriends, laughter, technology (cell/laptop/camera), a positive attitude. (wine is a given, right?


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Updated: October 2, 2012 10:54AM
Police are warning North Side business owners of a recent increase in armed robberies.
Two to five men enter the store at night and demand access to cash registers and safes at gunpoint, according to an alert from Area North detectives. Sometimes the robbers take cartons of cigarettes, or employees' cell phones and wallets.
Robberies happened:
— about 10:30 p.m. on Aug. 21 in the 2100 block of West Belmont Avenue,
— about 8:20 p.m. Aug. 24 in the 4800 block of North Broadway,
— about 8:30 p.m. Aug. 26 in the 2800 block of North Ashland Avenue,
— about 6 p.m. Sept. 3 in the 1600 block of North Maplewood Avenue,
— about 6:40 p.m. Sept. 14 in the 6700 block of North Ridge Avenue,
— about 8:30 p.m. Sept. 25 in the 500 block of West Diversey Parkway,
— about 6 p.m. Sept. 29 in the 1900 block of North Elston Avenue and,
— about 6:50 p.m. Sept. 29 in the 4100 block of North Sheridan Road.
The robbers are described as black men between 20 and 35, police said. They are 5-foot-9 to 6-foot-3, 170 to 240 pounds with a medium to dark complexion. One wears his hair in braids. All five often wear dark hooded-jackets with a hat.
Anyone with information should call Area North detectives at (312) 744-8263.


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Saudi Airlines Cargo and DHL Global Forwarding will launch a new thrice-weekly direct freighter service between Dubai and Europe in March.
Departures to Al Maktoum International Airport at Dubai World Central from Brussels using B747s will be offered twice weekly from Brussels and once each week from Amsterdam.
"This deal will help us to further expand our activities in the UAE, where we already operate scheduled B747 freighters from Sharjah to Lagos and N'djamena on top of 75 weekly passenger flights to Saudi Arabia," said Peter Scholten, vice president of commercial at SAC.
-- Contact Mike King at firstname.lastname@example.com


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This luminous powder is the perfect accessory to enhance and finish your look. Ultrafine micronized pearl powder creates the look of dewy radiant skin. Apply to cheekbones, forehead, chin and decolletage to add lightness and shimmer.
Made in USA
Kevyn Aucoin Beauty
REVIEW SNAPSHOT®by PowerReviews
Reviewed by 1 customer
(3 of 3 customers found this review helpful)
Great for highlighter novices
By Batatareviews
from Arlington, VA
describe yourself Brand Buyer
- Blends Well
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Best Uses
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Comments about Kevyn Aucoin The Celestial Powder, Candlelight, .17 oz:
I am about NC 42/ C 5 in Mac. Bare sand #12 in bareminerals liquid foundation. This highlighter is buttery, blends easily and gives me that lit from within glow that does not highlight my pores.
The powder is wee sized compared to other highlighters I own so I am using it carefully so that I don't run out of it. Wait for a sale before you purchase it because you get very little product for the price you pay.
Bottom Line Yes, I would recommend this to a friend
(3 of 3 customers found this review helpful)
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An ultra-green picking experience can be had at this intimate orchard in western Massachusetts that has offered PYO only since 2008. Orchardists Jen Williams and Steve Gougeon eschew even the use of...
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File Sharing Software
Showing page 1 of 10.
A free and reliable P2P BitTorrent client13,689 weekly downloads
Anomos is an anonymous, encrypted multi-P2P file sharing protocol, originally based on BitTorrent. See our homepage for more details.944 weekly downloads
Torrent Search
Torrent Search is a cross-platform application, allowing to search for torrent files on different websites. Supported websites are integrated through plugins, which allows to easily extend the number of websites supported.576 weekly downloads
Zero Install
cross-distribution software installation system543 weekly downloads
MIRROR ONLY, see www.Tribler.org Tribler -- an anonymous Bittorrent streaming client281 weekly downloads
G3 - Bittorrent Client
Objective: To create the most visually appealing as well as feature rich bittorrent based application. It aims to provide a gross amount of statistical and network data in a visually empowered format.259 weekly downloads
Nicotine-Plus: PyGTK2 Soulseek Client
Nicotine+ is a fork of Hyriand's Soulseek PyGTK2 client, Nicotine. Fixing bugs, adding new features, and keeping up-to-date with Soulseek's protocol is the goal of this project. The most popular Multi-OS Soulseek client is getting an upgrade.116 weekly downloads
Improved(download multiple files at once, config, GUI) client for the BitTorrent peer-to-peer sharing solution. This project is also the home of WebTorrent++ a BitTorrent client with a webbased user interface.94 weekly downloads
qBittorrent extra search engines
Search engine plugins for qBittorrent, to use with trackers for which authentication is required. Before using a specific plugin for a tracker, the user must indicate, into the script, his login to sign in. These plugins use the tracker's cookies.228 weekly downloads
LeechCraft is a cross-platform modular "internet-client" application. It has plugins that allow one to browse the web, chat via instant messaging (like Jabber or IRC), read RSS/Atom feeds, download files via BitTorrent, Direct Connect and other protocols, play media files and much more.17 weekly downloads
Command-line File Verify
cfv is a utility to both test and create .sfv(Simple File Verify), .csv, .crc, md5sum, bsd md5, sha1sum, and .torrent files. cfv also includes test-only .par and .par2 support. These are commonly used to ensure the correct retrieval or storage of data43 weekly downloads
Web-Frontend for various Transfer-Clients. 1.0-beta supports BitTornado, Transmission, BitTorrent (mainline), Azureus, nzbperl and wget.72 weekly downloads
Quamachi is a Hamachi GUI for Linux. Hamachi is a zero-configuration VPN service. It was designed by LogMeIn.25 weekly downloads
Cyn.in - Open Source Group Collaboration
Cyn.in helps teams to build collaborative knowledge by sharing & discussing digital content within secure & unified application. It combines the capabilities of wikis, social network, blogs, files, microblogs, discussions into secure enterprise platform.11 weekly downloads
Gnome BitTorrent Downloader
A simple "mime-sink" BitTorrent client designed to integrate with the GNOME desktop. Currently just a GUI on top of the official BitTorrent Python backend.13 weekly downloads
Flash! Torrent
Flash! Torrent is a BitTorrent client that includes a small web browser for navigate in the webs about BitTorrent, an own tracker, etc. You can configure upload speed, know the number of seeds and peers of a torrent, multilanguage and much more...36 weekly downloads
Rufus - BitTorrent Client
Rufus - A powerful, easy to use, efficient Python based BitTorrent client. http://rufus.sourceforge.net/downloads.php24 weekly downloads
SkunkDAV WebDAV Client
A WebDAV browser and remote file editing framework written in Java, including an RFC-2518-compliant WEBDAV client library with optional SSL support, a low-level DAV command-line client (written in JPython), and a built-in text editing component.18 weekly downloads
Porn Toolkit
The Porn Toolkit is a collection of scripts or programs to download free porn videos automatically.17 weekly downloads
simple and portable bittorrent client with extensions16 weekly downloads
BitTorrent is a tool for distributed download. Go to http://www.bittorrent.com/ for the latest version, or http://www.bittorrent.com/dl/?C=M;O=D for source and older versions.5 weekly downloads
Copyright Infringement Beast
An extensible, open-source, distributed file and service sharing servent. It works by loading a list of shared files instead of processing search queries to maintain high download speeds. Written in Python and C. For use on any platform supported by Py8 weekly downloads
Metalinks is a project to facilitate data distribution over mirrors and P2P networks. It does so by defining an XML format and the tools to handle these. The metalink files contain all the information needed to download and verify files.5 weekly downloads
PTC: BitTorrent Client
[DISCONTINUED] Cross-Platform BitTorrent GUI and core capable of handling multiple downloads in one program instance. Excessive configuration possibilities. Scriptable Telnet-Server. Can be run without GUI. Includes database.5 weekly downloads


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Monthly Archives: August 2009
Lilly's ImClone Makes NYC Its Home Base
By admin | Published: August 11, 2009
Yet another pharma firm is going to be calling New York City home. Late last month, Lilly announced that it would lease space at the Alexandria Center, to house the new research headquarters for ImClone Systems. ImClone will be the anchor tenant at Alexandria's newest life science destination located in Manhattan's East Side life science/medical […]
Posted in Strategy | Tagged East River, Eli Lilly, ImClone Systems, Michael Bloomberg, New York, New York City, Real estate | 1 Comment
Feds Publically Spank Bad Investigators
By admin | Published: August 10, 2009
Image via Wikipedia FDA, late on Friday, announced that it would ramp up efforts to keep naughty investigators from working for companies with approved or pending drug applications. "The FDA views any deviation from its high standards for developing or marketing drugs and devices as a potential threat to patient safety and public health,†stated […]
Posted in Regulatory | Tagged debar, FDA, Food and Drug Administration, Freedom of Information Act, investigator | Leave a comment
FDA Strengthens Warnings on TNF Inhibitors
On Tuesday, FDA announced that makers of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) blockers must change their labels to include boxed warnings for "increased risk of lymphoma and other malignancies in children and adolescents.†That's in addition to the current box warning that the drugs might lead to cancer. TNF blockers (or inhibitors) are used to reduce […]
Posted in News | Tagged Cancer, Enbrel, Humira, Remicade, Rheumatoid arthritis, TNF, Tumor necrosis factors | 1 Comment
Avastin Gets Green Light for Use in Kidney Cancer
Image by Getty Images via Daylife Score another win for Genentech and its cancer treatment Avastin (bevacizumab). On Monday, the biotech giant, now owned entirely by Roche, announced that FDA has approved the drug for kidney cancer. Avastin blocks new blood vessels from forming and supplying tumors with the nutrients they need to grow and […]
Posted in News | Tagged Avastin, Bevacizumab, Cancer, Genentech, Lung cancer, Pfizer, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Wyeth | Leave a comment
Lilly Sales Force Buyouts Revealed
Image via Wikipedia Lilly, on Tuesday, announced that it will offer 4,000 sales reps a buyout in hopes of reducing its sales force by 300 before year's end. According to a Lilly spokesperson, this is a voluntary exit program for eligible sales force professionals in its diabetes, neuroscience, and osteoporosis business units. Reps have the […]
Posted in News | Tagged Buyouts, Lilly, restructuring, sales force, Sales Reps | Leave a comment