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Yes, but was it just a show? Surely the Dutch of the Golden Age didn't actually carry out their painted and poemed project of the virtues? Surely the bourgeoisie then as now were mere hypocrites, the comically middle class figures in a Molière play; or, worse, of a late-Dickens novel; or, still worse, of an e. e. cummings poem, n'est ce pas?
No, it appears not. Ce n'est pas vrai. Nor in some other places. The historian Thomas Haskell wrote an amazing essay noting the new prominence of "responsibility" in a commercial America in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. The OED gives the earliest quotation of "responsibility" as 1787, Hamilton in Federalist, and shortly afterwards Edmund Burke, but Haskell notes that it is used much earlier in law in the sense of being required to respond to a legal action. "Responsible" meaning "liable to be called to account" (sense 3a) occurs as early as 1643, but the OED's earliest quotation for the favorable ethical meaning, "morally accountable for one's actions; capable of rational conduct" (sense 3b), is only 1836, which is Haskell's point. The linking of "responsibility" with the marketlike word "accountability" occurs in the very first instance of "accountability" recorded, in 1794 in Samuel Williams' Natural and Civil History of Vermont, "No mutual checks and balances, accountability and responsibility" (the older noun is "accountableness," dating from 1668; the adjective "accountable," 1583; and simple "account" or "accompt" medieval). Use McKean? Chapter
Haskell asserts that "my assumption is not that the market elevates morality." But then he takes it back: "the form of life fostered by the market may entail the heightened sense of agency." 186 Just so. Surely commerce, with seventeenth-century science, heightened the sense of agency. Earlier in the essay Haskell had attributed to markets the "escalating" sense of agency, "responsibility" in the word, as he notes, coined in the late eighteenth century. So the market does elevate morality.
I have claimed, what is historically correct, that the market always existed. Yet if so, why was there not always the sense of responsibility? Evidently, then, the sense of responsibility came from more than the pervasiveness of markets. It was a new sense that it was all right to be a market person, an acceptance of market outcomes as just. Some societies, and certainly big parts of many societies, were dominated by mercantile values: one thinks of the Phoenicians or their offshoot Carthage; the overseas Chinese, or indeed the overseas Japanese before they were forbidden to return; or Jews such as Jesus of Nazareth, with his parables of merchants and makers. The river and sea port of Sakai in Osaka Prefecture was once independent like Genoa or Lübeck, but was subordinated to the central power by Oda Nobunaga in 1569. Nagasaki was similar.
Yet there's something new in Holland c. 1600 and especially in England c. 1700 and Scotland and British North America c. 1750 and Belgium c. 1800.
The market at least did not corrupt the charity of market-saturated Holland. "Charity," for example, "seems to be very national among them," as Temple wrote at the time. 187 Only the Quakers in England cared for their poor the way the ordinary Dutch city did. The historian Charles Wilson claimed in DATE that "it is doubtful if England or any other country [at least until the late eighteenth century] could rival the scores of almshouses for old men and women, the orphanages, hospitals and schools maintained by private endowments from the pockets of the Dutch regents class." 188 The fact is indisputable. But its interpretation has made recent historians uneasy.
Their problem is that like everyone else in the Age of Prudence the historians are not comfortable with a rhetoric of virtues. An act of love or justice or temperance is every time to be reinterpreted as, somehow, prudence. "I'm not helping you because I love you; I'm helping you so you will later help me." A dear and highly ethical friend of mine commented on a news story of someone rushing into a burning building to save a stranger thus: "Yes: if I do it for him, he will do it for me." The parable of the Good Samaritan is reduced to self-interest.
The reinterpretation has been usual since self-interest first became respectable, in the eighteenth century in bourgeois Europe. It was reinforced in the writing of history during the long period 1890-1980 in which materialist explanations were trumps. And any historian who listens much to modern economists takes on some of the prudential logic of the dismal science. Anne McCants, for example, begins her fine book on Civic Charity in a Golden Age: Orphan Care in Early Modern Amsterdam (1997) with a discussion of how hard it is to believe in altruistic motives from such tough bourgeois and bourgeoises. A compassionate motivation for transfers from the wealthy to the poor is said to be "unlikely" and "can be neither modeled nor rationally explained." By "rational" she seems to mean "single-mindedly following prudence only." By "modeled" she seems to mean "put into a Max U framework that a conventional Samuelsonian economist would be comfortable with." Compassionate explanations, contrary to Max U, are "not to be lightly dismissed as implausible," McCants writes. But then she lightly dismisses the compassionate explanations, with a scientific method misapprehended — altruism, she says, holds "little predictive power." She has adopted the ugly little orphan Max U, fathered by the economist the late Paul Samuelson over in another building at MIT.
"After a long tradition of seeing European charity largely as a manifestation of Christian values," McCants is relieved to report, "scholars have begun to assert the importance of self-interest." 189 Her own interpretation of the Amsterdam Municipal Orphanage is that it was "charity for the middling," a species of insurance against the risks of capitalism." 190 The bourgeois said to themselves, as it were, "There but for the grace of God go our own orphaned bourgeois children; let us therefore create an institution against that eventuality. We do this not because it is just, but out of prudence." As Hobbes put it in reducing all motives to self-interest, "Pity is imagination of fiction of future calamity to ourselves, proceeding from the sense of another man's calamity." {search and cite: is it in an essay, "On Human Nature"?] McCants makes as good a case as can be made for such a strictly Hobbesian view of the human virtues. But the case is feeble, similar to the notion that some men articulate without actually believing that love or justice is insurance against disasters: you save a child from a burning building so that people will save you when your time comes repeats?. Anyway as a matter of method the virtue of prudence does not have to crowd out temperance, justice, love, courage, faith, and hope, not 100 percent.
The unease of modern historians in the presence of virtues shows in the six pages the leading historian of the Dutch Republic writing in English, the admirable Jonathan Israel, devotes in one of his massive and scholarly books, The Dutch Republic: Its Rise and Fall (1995), to the Golden-Age poor law. It was he admits at the outset an "elaborate system of civic poor relief and charitable institutions . . . exceptional in European terms." 191 The assignment of the poor to each confession, including the Jews (and even eventually in the eighteenth century the Catholics), foreshadows the so-called "pillarization" (verzuiling) of Dutch politics, revived by the theologian and prime minister Abraham Kuyper in the late nineteenth century. 192 Each pillar has sovereignty in its own domain, and therefore a responsibility for compassion towards its own poor. (Kuyper's notions, unhappily, were taken up by Afrikaner sociologists and theologians studying in Holland as justification for their own theory of apartheid.)
"But," Israel claims, "charity and compassion. . . were not the sole motives." 193 And then he lists all the prudential, self-interested reasons for taking care of the poor. His first item seems the least plausible — that "the work potential of orphans" was worth marshalling. Oakum picking could scarcely pay for even the first bowl of porridge, even in Dickens. He turns to civic pride among towns and social prestige inside a town to be got from running a "caring, responsible, and well-ordered" set of institutions. Certainly the innumerable commissioned paintings of this or that charitable board argue that the pride and prestige was deemed worth getting in the Golden Age Netherlands. But it is hard to see how such rewards to vanity can be distinguished from the virtue of charity itself, at any rate if we are to confine our historical science in positivistic style to "predictive power." If caring is not highly valued by the society then doing it in well-ordered institutions will not earn social prestige. "High value of caring" is called . . . "charity."
"At bottom," though, Israel continues — and now we approach the prudential bottom line — the alleged acts of charity were "rather effective instruments of social control, " to support the deserving poor (that is, our very own Dutch Reformed poor in Rotterdam, say). Or as Georg Simmel put it in 1908, we give charity "so that the poor will not become active and dangerous enemies of society." 193 The policy amounted, say Israel and Simmel, to paying off the poor to behave. 195 The historian Paul Langford makes a similar assertion about the later flowering of charity in England. The hospitals and foundling homes of the eighteenth century were "built on a foundation of bourgeois sentiment mixed with solid self-interest. "196 Merely prudent. The Dutch and English bourgeoisie were not really charitable at all, you see. They were simply canny. The rascals.
Such arguments would not persuade, I think, unless one were determined to find a profane rather than a sacred cause for every act of charity. One hundred percent. When the materialist/functionalist argument is made in historical works it is it usually unsupported by reasoning and evidence — this in a field of the intellect which properly prides itself on providing reasoning and evidence. McCants does offer a little reasoning and evidence for her cynical view, but that is what makes her book unusual. Most other historians when making such a point, such as Israel and Langford, don't. The lack of argument from even such excellent scholars indicates that the cynicism is being brought into the history from the outside. No one, even such gifted and energetic and intelligent historians as Israel and Langford and McCants, explains exactly how "social control" or "self-interest" was supposed to result from giving large sums of money to the poor. Sometimes it has: we prevent Haitians from fleeing to Florida by invading Haiti and forcing money on its elites. We Americans have done it repeatedly all over our southern borders. But it often hasn't had the prudent result promised by "realists" in foreign policy. And in any event no historian of Holland or Britain tells how it might have such a result, or offers evidence that it in fact was efficacious in the Dutch case. A hermeneutics of suspicion is made to suffice. The burden of proof is supposed to fall on people who take the Dutch at their word. But why?
It doesn't compute. The question arises, for example, why other nations did not have the same generous system of charity — that is, if it was such an obviously effective instrument of social control, requiring no proof of its efficacy from the historian, since it was so utterly self-interested that any fool could see its utility. If its utility is so obvious to historians four centuries after the event, presumably contemporaries in France and England could see it, too. London was as rich as Amsterdam, but gave little such charity in 1600. Scotland had no way except beatings to deal with tinkers and the unemployed, yet did not think to develop elaborate provisions for them to survive the winters.
In the Netherlands, by contrast, the acts of love, justice, and, yes, prudence were astonishingly widespread. True, similar levels of love and justice are recorded in England here and there, and were regularized by the Elizabethan Poor Law. Yet Israel ends his discussion by implying that in 1616 fully twenty percent of the population of Amsterdam was "in receipt of charity," either from the town itself or from religion- or guild-based foundations. 197 The figure does not mean that the poor got all their income from charity, of course, merely that one fifth of the people in the city received something, perhaps a supplement in the cold and workless times of year. (By the way, Israel's figures as stated are self-contradictory: he says that twice that 10,000 ??? check: I've mixed this up somehow people were helped in one way or another, which amounts to 20 percent of the population of about 100,000, not the "well over 10 percent" he settles on, unless "well over" is to mean "two times.") Jan de Vries and Ad van der Woude, who are more skilled with statistics than Israel, put the figure lower, but still high: "In Amsterdam as many as 10 to 12 percent of all households received at least temporary support during the winter months." The figure is high, though duplicated in some other parts of Europe (if nowhere on such a wide scale as in the United Netherlands), and is only low by the standard of a modern and northern European welfare state. De Vries and van der Woude note that "it is the steadiness of charitable expenditure . . . that distinguishes Dutch practice from other countries, where most financing . . . was triggered by emergency conditions." 198
Charity was by the Golden Age was an old habit in the little cities of the Low Countries. Geoffrey Parker notes that by the 1540s in Flanders one seventh of the population of Ghent was in receipt of poor relief, one fifth at Ypres, one quarter at Bruges. 199 Cynically prudential explanations of such loving justice seem tough-minded only if one thinks of prudence as tough, always, and love as soft, always, and for some reason you want to be seen as tough, always. But the charity was evidently no small matter. It was unusual in the European context. It is hard to see the charity as prudence only. All right: it is not Mother-Theresa spiritual love. But neither is it greed in drag.
The first large bourgeois society in Northern Europe was charitable.
Nor was the exceptional Dutch virtue of tolerance, dating from the late sixteenth century and full-blown in the theories of Grotius, Uyttenbogaert, Fijne, and especially Episcopius in the 1610s and 1620s a matter entirely of prudence. Use the book I get from Penn State Press. The Dutch stopped in the 1590s actually burning heretics and witches. This was early by European standards. The last burning of a Dutch witch was 1595, in Utrecht, an amusement which much of the rest of Europe — and Massachusetts, too, where Quakers were hanged on Boston Common — would not abandon for another century. In the fevered 1620s hundreds of German witches were burnt every year [GET SOURCE FOR THIS]. So late as January 8, 1697 in Scotland one Thomas Aikenhead, an Edinburgh student, was tried and hanged for blasphemy, aged 19, for denying the divinity of Christ — alleged by one witness, and part of a youthful pattern of bold talk. The event was the last hurrah of what Arthur Herman calls the ayatollahs of the Scottish Kirk. 200 After that the ayatollahs were on the defensive, though able to block university appointments, say, and thereby keep skeptics like David Hume quiet.
By contrast the thirteenth article of the Treaty of Utrecht had stipulated 120 years before Aikenhead's execution that "Everyone must remain free in his religion," though of course observing suitable privacy, since religion was still a matter of state. "No one should be molested or questioned on the subject of divine worship." 201 They were not to be even "molested or questioned" — much less hanged or burned. In 1579 that was a shocking assertion. It could not be expected to be literally followed, and was not. But by the admittedly low Christian standards of the age, the Dutch were then and later astonishingly tolerant. Dutch case was not until the seventeenth century properly described as complete "toleration": but at least the Dutch stopped in the 1590s burning witches and heretics, something the rest of Europe (and Massachusetts) couldn't overcome until a century later (1595 in Utrecht).
The obvious test case was Judaism — though Catholicism, as the religion of the Spanish or of the sometimes-enemy French, was usually treated in Holland with even more hostility. That same Grotius, who was no 21st-century liberal, advised against liberal treatment of the Jews across the Dutch Republic. But the States General in 1619 decided, against his advice, that each Dutch town individually should decide for itself how to treat them, though forbidding any town to insist that Jews wear special clothing. True, it was not until 1657 that the Dutch Jews became actual, full-rights subjects of the Republic. But by comparison with their liabilities down to the nineteenth century in Germany or England, not to speak of Spain and Portugal, the Dutch Jews were exceptionally free. They suffered no locking up in ghettos at night, for example, as in Venice or Frankfurt; no appropriations and expulsions as in 1290 in an England supposedly growing in free institutions. Jews were not entirely emancipated in England until the nineteenth century. In 1616 Rabbi Uziel (late of Fez in Morocco) remarked with gratitude that the Jews "live peaceably in Amsterdam," and "each may follow his own belief, but may not openly show that he is of a different faith from the inhabitants of the city." 202 It is the melting-pot formula of not being permitted to wear special clothing, of the sort that in 2003 secular France affirmed in respect of shawls for Moslem school girls.
And so nowadays. Since the 1960s, and after a long period of conformity to the Dutch Reformed Church, tolerance is witnessing a second golden age in the Netherlands. Outside the train station in Hilversum, the center for Dutch radio and TV, stands a block of stone representing praying hands, with the word carved on its sides in Dutch, Russian, Spanish, and English: tolerance, verdraagzaamheid (from dragen, "to bear," in the way that "toleration" is from the Latin for "to bear," tollere). Verdraagzaamheid is the central word in the civic religion of modern Holland, in the way that "equality"(jämlikhet) is in the civic religion of Sweden or "liberty" in the civic religion of the United States. That is, it does not always happen, to put it mildly, but is much admired and much talked of.
Dutch people down to the present react uncomfortably to praise for their tolerance, especially for the new sort of tolerance growing among Catholics after Vatican II and among Protestants after the startling decline in the Netherlands of the Dutch Reformed Church. A society heavily influenced by Dutch-Reform dominies, as not long ago the Netherlands was, would not be particularly tolerant of gays or marihuana, for example. Thus the anti-homosexual hysteria in the Netherlands in 1740-42 (after which the Dutch, unlike everyone else indulging in homophobia down to very recent times, were ashamed). But Michael Zeeman notes that in the 1960s the anti-bourgeois, anti-clerical movement was more successful in the Netherlands than anywhere else. 203 The transformation from a church-going, respectable society, divided into "pillars" by religious group and stratified by class, into the present-day free-wheeling Holland has been astonishing. The Dutch reply nowadays with an uncomfortable, "You don't know how intolerant we really are." Progressive Dutch people nowadays move directly to embarrassments — for riches, for slavery, for imperialism, for the handing over of the Dutch Jews, for capitalism, for Srebenica, for their less educated countrymen's embarrassing reaction to immigrants in the 1990s and especially in the 2000s. "We're not really so tolerant," they repeat.
To which foreigners, now as in the seventeenth century, reply that the Dutch perhaps don't grasp how really lacking in toleration the competition is. In the seventeenth century most visitors were appalled, not delighted, by religious toleration in the United Provinces. The notion one king/one religion was still lively, and still seemed worth a few dead heretics — one third of the population of Germany, 1618-1648, say. Israel notes that foreigners then as now tended to judge the Dutch character by the metropolises of Amsterdam and Rotterdam rather than by the lesser and less liberal places. 204 But even with that bias the Dutch were exceptionally tolerant by seventeenth-century European standards, as they were exceptionally charitable. Henri IV of France had attempted before his assassination in 1610 to bring a gentle skepticism worthy of his friend Montaigne to undecidable religious questions. Huguenots, in his view (he had been raised as one), could be loyal Frenchmen. 205 But later rulers, especially the cardinal-rulers Richelieu and Mazarin, chipped away at the tolerations of the Edict of Nantes (1598) until in 1685 the Edict was officially revoked, with disastrous results for economic innovation in France.
The Poles had as early as 1573, six year before the Treaty of Utrecht, declared for religious liberty, and were the earliest polity in Europe to do so. The declaration was characteristic of the Erasmian strain in Poland, like the tolerant Dutch. The Seym declared that "Whereas in our Commonwealth there is no small disagreement in the matter of Christian faith, and in order to prevent that any harmful contention should arise from this, as we see clearly taking place in other kingdoms, we swear to each other. . . that. . . we will keep the peace between us." 206 And they did. Erasmus had written long before to the Archbishop of Canterbury, "Poland is mine." And it was, until the seventeenth century. "When the tower of Kraków's Town Hall had been rebuilt in 1556," Adam Zamoyski notes, "a copy of Erasmus' New Testament was immured in the brickwork," as testimony to liberal values in Poland in the sixteenth century. 207 And a later Dutch advocate of moderate toleration, Grotius, remarked that "To wish to legislate on religion is not Polish."
But, Zampoyski continues, "when the same tower was repaired in 1611 the book was replaced by a Catholic New Testament. . . . One vision of life was replaced by another. "The spirit of inquiry" — thus for example the spirit of inquiry in Miko?aj Kopernik (dates), known to Europe as "Copernicus" was replaced — "by one of piety. . . . If Erasmus was the beacon for all thinking Poles in the 1550s, the Jesuits were the mentors of their grandchildren." In 1632 the tolerant oath of 1573 was amended. Other faiths were now merely "graciously permitted" to be exercised, but Catholicism was "mistress in her own house," and henceforth, as in France, the Protestants were to be viewed as foreigners, and hostile to the nation. 208
"Then, only Holland survived as a haven of tolerance," writes Stephen Toulmin, "to which Unitarians and other unpopular sects could retreat for protection." 209 Consider for example the Dutch events immediately following August 23 in the same year, 1632, in which the Poles turned away from Erasmian toleration. Frederik Hendrik, Prince of Orange (but no king, mind you, merely the elected "holder" of the Dutch state: he was "prince" of Orange, in southern France, not of the Netherlands), took the southern and Catholic city of Maastricht from the Spaniards. Yet he permitted there for a time the continued free exercise of the Catholic religion. The poet Vondel of Amsterdam, the Dutch Shakespeare, his family expelled when he was a child from Antwerp for being Anabaptists, was by 1632 not yet a Catholic convert. But he was very active in support of Grotius and other even more forward thinkers in favor of toleration. So he wrote a poem for the occasion of Maastricht's conquest praising the Prince's triumph and tolerance, in contrast to the dagger of the Italian Duke of Parma in Philip II's service, who in the same city a half century before had drunk the "tasty burgers' blood." 210
One can argue in the easy and cynical and twentieth-century way that some of Frederik Hendrik's tolerance came from mere prudence in a political game, especially the game so skillfully played by the House of Orange. That's true. The Dutch stadhouders like Frederick Hendrick were in effect the elected presidents of particular provinces, drawn usually and then exclusively from the House of Orange. Of course, it is a cliché of sixteenth and seventeenth century European history that religion was used by state-builders, sometimes amazingly cynically, as when Cardinal Richelieu arranged on behalf of a Catholic French monarchy for secret and then public subsidies to the Swedish Lutheran armies fighting the Catholic Habsburgs. It makes the head spin. Dutch politics was dominated for a century by the question whether or not the Netherlands should become a Christian city on a hill, as the radical Calvinists wished, and as they believed they had achieved in Geneva, in early Massachusetts, and under kings in Scotland.
Against this devout plan of imposing shariah law the princes of Orange like Frederik Hendrik sometimes joined with the Erasmian upper bourgeoisie, the regents. The ayatollahs railed against tolerating the "libertines [as the orthodox called the liberals], Arminians [followers of the liberal Dutch theologian Arminius], atheBREAK ABOUT HEREists, and concealed Jesuits." 211 Yet at other times the Orange stadhouders supported the Calvinist orthodox. It depended on political convenience, often. Religion, to repeat, was politics. Soon after the triumph at Maastricht, for example, Frederik Hendrik found it convenient to abandon his liberal friends and take up again with the Calvinists. Prudence. Maastricht was worth a mass. And Amsterdam was worth suppressing one. So much for principled toleration.
But principle in the seventeenth century was not usually tolerant, as the Dutch and Frederick Hendrick sometimes pragmatically were. If you wanted to insist on material, pragmatic, interested causes for everything you could say what is true: that businesspeople need in prudence to be tolerant, at least superficially, if they are to earn their living from dealing with irritatingly foreign foreigners. William of Orange himself had noted in 1578 that it was desirable to go easy on the Calvinists themselves, "because we [Dutch] are necessarily hosts to merchants . . . of neighboring realms who adhere to this religion." 212 In 1672 Sir William Temple representing an England during an uneasy truce in its own religious wars praised the Netherlands, "every man following his own way, minding his own business, and little enquiring into other men's; which, I suppose, happened by so great a concourse of people of several nations, different religions and customs, as left nothing strange or new." 213 The scale — "so great a concourse" — mattered. By the seventeenth century the city of Amsterdam alone had many more ships than Venice did. By 1670 about 40 percentage of the tonnage of European ships was Dutch, "the common carriers of the world, as Temple wrote (the fact persisted: even nowadays a large share of the long-distance trucking in Europe is in Dutch hands). 214 The liberal pamphleteer Pieter de la Court (of the illiberal town of Leiden), Israel recounts, urged in 1669 "the need to tolerate Catholicism and attract more immigrants of diverse religions. . . to nourish trade and industry." Similar appeals to prudence had been made by the pioneering liberal pamphleteers of the 1620s.
That's fine. If prudence makes people good in other ways, too, I'll take it, and so will you. But rationalize in a cynical way as one will, the Dutch liberal regents and the Dutch owners of ships had of course ethical reasons, too, for persisting in their tolerance. Likewise their more strictly Calvinist enemies, the so-called Counter-Remonstrants, had ethical reasons for persisting in their lack of tolerance. Both sides were in part spiritually motivated. That people sometimes lie about their motives, or also have prudent reasons for their acts, or are misled, does not mean that all protestations of the sacred are so much blather and hypocrisy. "Religion is a complex thing," wrote Trevor-Roper long ago, "in which many human instincts are sublimated and harmonized" [thus the secularism of the age of anthropology], "and political ambition is only one among these." When the advanced liberal ("libertine") theorist Simon Episcopius wrote in 1627 that only "free minds and hearts . . . are willing to support the common interest," perhaps — startling thought — that is what he actually believed, and for which against his prudential interests he was willing to pledge his life, his fortune, and his sacred honor. In other words, perhaps it is not only his pocketbook but his spirit that was motivating him. At least more than zero percent.
This is of course obvious. It would be strange indeed to explain by material interest alone the more than century-long madness of religious politics in the Low Countries after the Beggars' Compromise of the Nobility in 1566. As the sociologist of religion Rodney Stark puts it, "most instances of religious dissent make no sense at all in terms of purely material causes; they become coherent only if we assume that people did care." 217 But in the early and mid-twentieth century the rhetoric of progressive history writing always wished to remake the sacred into the profane, every time, and to see motives of class and economics behind every professed sentiment. It was a reaction to the nationalist tradition of Romantic history writing. Thus Charles Beard's An Economic Interpretation of the Constitution (1913) or Georges Lefebvre's Quatre-vingt neuf (1939: The Coming of the French Revolution) or Christopher Hill's The English Revolution 1640 (1940). In those times even non-Marxists such as Trevor-Roper wished to slip in at the outset a quantitative estimate of 100 percent for profane prudence. Trevor-Roper added to the concession to the sacred just quoted ("political ambition is only one among" the instincts sublimated in religion) an estimate that "in politics it is naturally by far the most potent." 218 Well, sometimes. You don't know on page 3. You need to check it out empirically, allowing at least for the possibility of some theory of human motivation other than prudence-only being by far the most potent. I imagine he had this item in mind when he mentioned in a preface to the substantially unrevised edition of 1962 "certain. . . crude social equations whose periodic emergence will doubtless irritate the perceptive reader" of his first book.
Stark takes on the notion that the doctrine of an active God could not really be why people became Muslims or Protestants or why they burned people at the stake — or went to the stake declaring, "Be of good cheer Mr. Ridley, and play the man. We shall this day light such a candle by God's grace in England as I trust never shall be put out." Surely, as materialist history and sociology from 1890 to 1980 would say without evidence, "at bottom the economic argument must have constituted, more than any dogmatic or religious discussions, the principle motive of the preaching of heresy." 219 Surely, wrote H. Richard Niebuhr in 1929, the quarrels among sects in, say, Holland were phony, a result of "the universal human tendency to find respectable reasons for a practice desired from motives quite independent of the reasons urged." 220 No, replies Stark, and gives much evidence for his view: "These translations of faith into materialism are counterfactual," by which he means the bad sense of "contrary to fact, mistaken." 221
When the wish to see every behavior as prudence-motivated makes little scientific sense, as often in the Dutch case, it should not be indulged. The battle over toleration in the Netherlands went on for a long time. Israel observes that it was not finally thoroughly resolved in favor of tolerance until around 1700, as it was then too in England (with the exception of heavy civil disabilities for people nonconforming to the established Church of England), Scotland (with the exception of anti-Catholic prejudice), France (with the exception of an occasional show trial of a Protestant), and the German states (with the exception of a lush growth of anti-Semitism). The hypothesis that European religious toleration was merely a reaction to the excesses of the seventeenth century was expressed explicitly by Herbert Butterfield, for example in his posthumous book, Toleration in Religion and Politics (1980): toleration "came in the end through exhaustion, spiritual as well as material." 222 But as Peter Zagorin points out, if it were in fact "unaccompanied by a genuine belief," then the labor of two centuries by his heroes Erasmus, More, Sebastian Castellio, Dirck Coornhert, Arminius, Grotius, Episcopius, Spinoza, Roger Williams, John Goodwin, Milton, William Walwyn, Locke, and Pierre Bayle, exhaustion would not have mattered. 223 Exhaustion, note, didn't stop the Catholic Reformation in France as late as 1685 from revoking the Edict of Nantes. The doctrinal enemies of the Huguenots were not governed by prudence only, or else they would not have banished a quarter million of the cream of French craftsmanship and entrepreneurship to Holland, England, Prussia, America, the Cape Colony. Exhaustion didn't stay the hand of anti-Catholic rioters in London as late as 1780. Some people in Europe, Protestant and Catholic both, were very willing to carry on, and on, and on with their fatwas. The point here is that an increasing number of people, especially in tolerant Holland, as early as the late sixteenth century, or even as early as Erasmus, were equally willing to argue and even die for toleration.
Zagorin's fourteen-man list of honor is in aid of showing that ideas mattered as much as did prudent reaction to disorder. The fourteen names are the seventeenth- and eighteenth-century men to whom he accords chapter sections in his book, How the Idea of Religious Toleration Came to the West (2003). Six of the 14 were Dutch, and the Frenchman Bayle spent most of his adult life as a professor in Rotterdam. That makes half in the tiny Netherlands. (True, Episcopius was banished to Antwerp and settled in France for a few years, though he returned to the Republic in 1626; Grotius escaped from a Dutch prison in a barrel . .. etc.. I didn't say that the Netherlands in 1620 was as tolerant as in 1990; I said that it was more tolerant than other places in Europe at the time.)
The Netherlands was the European frontier of liberalism. Locke, finally publishing in the late 1680s, was in many respects a culmination of Dutch thinking, and more, of practicing. He spent five years in worried exile in Holland, before returning to England with the Dutch stadhouder William, now also the English King, having absorbed in Amsterdam, Utrecht, and Rotterdam the results of the country's liberal thought and practice from Erasmus through Episcopius to Bayle. He stayed two years in Rotterdam with the English Quaker merchant, Benjamin Furly and was friendly with the Arminian theologian Philip van Limborch, both of whom typified the liberal side of opinion gathered in a tolerant Holland of the 1680s. 224 Locke's very first published writings saw light in the Netherlands in the 1680s. And as his publications started to flow in earnest (though many of them were started much earlier), the famous first essay on toleration (1689), was published initially for van Limborch at Gouda. 225 A little later the Earl of Shaftesbury, another Whig theorist and ethicist, found the Netherlands similarly congenial.
Likewise in the United Provinces a wider and older Erasmian humanism was real, and persistent, and virtuous, down to the present day. The broad-church attitudes of Erasmus had became a permanent if not always dominant feature of Dutch intellectual life before Protestantism, and survived its excesses. In uncouth Scotland by contrast, Huizinga notes, Calvinism descended in the mid-sixteenth century in the form of a 150-year night of orthodoxy, before an intellectual dawn in the early eighteenth century. 226 In the Dutch controversies of the seventeenth century "Scottish" was a by-word for unethical and self-destructive intolerance. 227 In its Dutch version Calvinism "was held in check," wrote Charles Wilson, "by the cautious Erasmian obstinacy of the ruling merchant class. Liberty of thought, in a remarkable degree, was preserved. Europe . . . was to owe an incalculable debt to the Erasmian tradition and to the dominant class in the Dutch Republic by whose efforts it was protected." 228 What liberty has to do with it: "intellectual innovation could only occur in the kind of tolerant societies in which sometimes outrageous ideas proposed by highly eccentric men would not entail a violent response against 'heresy' and 'apostasy'." Mokyr, Chp. 2. The Netherlands became such a society early.
All this was surely not crudely self-interested in the way that the historical materialists would wish. Charles Wilson begins his praise of "the Erasmian strain, the belief in reason and rational argument as a means of moral improvement and a way of life" by quoting Huizinga on such qualities as "truly Dutch." 229 That such opinions are old and liberal does not imply in strict logic that they are mistaken. An amused cynicism about such noble themes in history is not always, not every single time, in order. The cynicism usually comes out of a feeling in academic circles that mentioning transcendents such as God is disreputable and unScientific, regardless of the gigantic amount of evidence that belief about transcendents moves people — such as the transcendent of Scientific History or Politically Engaged History that moves the cynical historian. The regents, stadhouders, poets, and intellectuals acted and wrote for self-interested reasons, sometimes, Lord knows. But they acted and wrote for faith, hope, love, temperance, justice, and courage, too. The Lord knows that, too.
In 1764 the English satirist Charles Churchill, a friend of the inventor of modern English radicalism, John Wilkes, wrote a poem against everything he didn't like — for example, a long, homophobic blast against "catamites," and (commonplaces at the time) against French luxury and Spanish dogmatism and Italian "souls without vigor, bodies without force." T. S. Eliot once called Churchill's lines "blundering assaults." But Churchill paused in his assaults to accord rare praise:
To Holland, where Politeness ever reigns,
Where primitive Sincerity remains,
And makes a stand, where Freedom in her course
Hath left her name, though she hath lost her force
Which last is to say that the Holland of the Golden Age had decayed by 1764 into a less aggressive, though still very wealthy, place. Yet:
In that, as other lands, where simple trade
Was never in the garb of fraud arrayed
Where Avarice never dared to show his head,
Where, like a smiling cherub, Mercy, led
By Reason, blesses the sweet-blooded race,
And Cruelty could never find a place,
To Holland for that Charity we roam,
Which happily begins, and ends at home.


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Critic & User Reviews
Very Good
Amazing game offline & broken online
posted by DikoNYaL1p (CHARLOTTE, NC) Oct 16, 2011
Member since Oct 2011
4 out of 4 gamers (100%) found this review helpful
Which brings me to my problems with this game, online is a horrendous broken mess. When a player can hoist 20-30 contested threes and hit 10-15 of them every game! Something is wrong. Between that and not being able to draw fouls when the oppossing player calls a zone is brain numbingly frustrating. On top of players cutting to the basket, when they are wide open for an uncontested shot, resulting in an easy tip pass or interception of the ball because the person I'm playing called a zone, which was the reason why my guy was sooo open to begin with. All those things coupled with steals being absurdly easy online, someone could reach randomly and most likely get the ball from me, makes online extremely disappointing. It could of been something special, but with all those bugs and exploits, on top of the lag on team up, it falls short...
All those negatives aside, offline is one of the best sport game experiences ever. Online will make you hate the game! So if you're a competitor and hate being cheated do NOT play online. Stick with offline. IF you like getting frustrated and being on the verge of raging out, play online ranked matches and team up.
Nba 2k12 offline score: 9.5
Nba 2k12 online score (ranked matches and team up): 6.0
We're playin basketball!
posted by burntice61 (APPLE VALLEY, CA) Oct 5, 2011
Member since Apr 2010
22 out of 25 gamers (88%) found this review helpful
Gameplay is just as good as 2k11 if not better, the defense isn't as extremely brutal, but will be challenging to get by. The Graphics aren't RAGE status but they are decent enough to look at, except the Draft itself, looks awful, luckly its not that long.
Enough of the details lets get to the Verdict!
The Goods:
-The sheer amount of modes will make you play this till next year, in fact My player mode itself will kill some time!
-The gameplay, they've fixed the broken defense so you can pass to a teammate now! But not from wing to wing of course.
-The Broadcast, every game feels like a game on TV, they've added a new announcer this time, now its Clark Kellogg, Kevin Harlan and Steve Kerr, which adds to less repetitive announcing during games.
-The soundtrack is straight up basketball.
The Meh:
-While they have fixed Kobe's alien looking face, they've still gotta work on the faces and hair.
-My Player mode can be frustrating if you don't practice, or get on a bad team.
-The NBA's greatest mode is pretty short, but thats not a bad thing.
-When i played online it was laggy the first game, but it improved the next few games, so its very unpredictable.
The BAD: Nothing too bad except some of the minor graphics in the game look awful.
Overall, BUY.
12 out of 10
posted by mpatrissnyc (BROOKLYN, NY) Oct 5, 2011
Member since Sep 2011
14 out of 16 gamers (88%) found this review helpful
Yes there may be a lockout there may not be roster updates but who needs that when you can spend days in a row just playing my player or the awesome legend challenges.
The Bill Russell challenge is incredible!!
You really feel like your back in the days watching it on your old black n white.
Looks like my wife wont be getting anymore sleep thanks to 2k12!! :)
This has to be the greatest sports game of alltime
posted by Champ223 (HIGHLAND, CA) Oct 5, 2011
Member since Oct 2011
7 out of 8 gamers (88%) found this review helpful
posted by Buttaexpress (HARTFORD, CT) Oct 7, 2011
Member since May 2011
6 out of 7 gamers (86%) found this review helpful
2k Can't get any better
posted by VisMee (POWAY, CA) Oct 5, 2011
Member since Jan 2010
10 out of 12 gamers (83%) found this review helpful
cant get better then this
posted by luis1213 (SILT, CO) Oct 3, 2011
Member since Jul 2011
16 out of 20 gamers (80%) found this review helpful
Better than last years
posted by ManOfWar2 (LEHIGH ACRES, FL) Oct 12, 2011
Member since Nov 2010
3 out of 4 gamers (75%) found this review helpful
Better gameplay
Feels more releastic
MyPlayer mode is way better
Took away Crew mode
Team Play doesnt work
Some of the players faces look weird
Great Game !!!
posted by faisalbilal (DES PLAINES, IL) Oct 8, 2011
Member since Jul 2011
3 out of 4 gamers (75%) found this review helpful
posted by KillaCity (OLATHE, KS) Oct 7, 2011
Member since Oct 2005
3 out of 4 gamers (75%) found this review helpful
One of the best
posted by AntdatGamer1 (CHICAGO, IL) Oct 23, 2011
Member since Oct 2011
2 out of 3 gamers (67%) found this review helpful
Stick with 2k11
posted by iamdelicious (WAUKESHA, WI) Oct 18, 2011
Member since Oct 2011
2 out of 3 gamers (67%) found this review helpful
Their solution instead of just writing a code/keeping myplayers on their servers to avoid this was to remove the mode entirely. On top of that leagues are now removed and replaced with Online Association, which is cool - however it also has flaws. You cant have a flex schedule, admins cant reset games that were auto simmed due to the auto advancement of the thing.
So basically to sum this up if you like 2k series games you'll love this. ESPECIALLY if you are an offline player you'll have no problem and may even love the new modes. For someone like myself who is more competitive and requires online play to be great and non bugs you may as well just stick to 2k11. At least there you can enjoy the beloved crew and leagues that work.
I give this a generous 7, but in my opinion with no rival and it being similiar to the previous version i would rate it a 5. I bought this game at midnight as i have for the past few years and this is the first time i felt bad about doing so wishing i just rented it.
posted by boog211 (IOWA CITY, IA) Oct 6, 2011
Member since Oct 2011
2 out of 3 gamers (67%) found this review helpful
My Player Mode needs fixing
posted by Sephiroth1975 (CHICAGO, IL) Nov 15, 2011
Member since Oct 2011
3 out of 5 gamers (60%) found this review helpful
I'm sick of the CPU trolling me in this game. By trolling I mean, jumping in front of clear passes and knocking the ball away or stealing it, Jumping up breaking up Alley-oop passes.
Your teammates lack of BBIQ, your sudden inability to make normal shots. Your teammates inability to make simple layups, or not taking shots with the clock winding down.
I'm sick of the CPU all of a sudden getting on fire and you not being able to make a shot at the same time. My player has above 80's in all shooting categories, yet I can shoot with him during games. I'm constantly going 5-21 or worse. I can't make passes when my guy is right next to his teammate. And forget about fast breaks, you have to run into the opposing player just to be able to make a pass. I was just beating the Bulls by 20+ points going into the 4th qtr. they out scored me (while my player was resting on the bench) 28-10 by the time he was subbed in. The Bulls won the game in a game that I was cruising to a win early in.
I also cannot stand how you have all stars on your team and yet they are dumb as Yinka Dare. On my Utah Jazz roster I have Ron Artest, Lamar Odom, Adrew Bynum, Andre Igudola, Jordan Crawford, Zaza Pachulia and yet, these guys play dumb as rocks out there, passing up open shots, Bynum dribbling around the court or passing me the ball back.
I'm a high assist type of player, and I can barely get ANY assists on this game. Fouls are so random, and they never call traveling on the CPU, even when they do a spin move, an up and under and a step through all in succession, after a jump stop. This is getting ridiculous.
Also, why is it the CPU can bomb away from three, yet I can't shoot 3's to save my life?
I'm a 2K fan, have been since Dreamcast. I played NFL and NBA 2K from the beginning and never touched Live or Madden since. So this is not out of malice that I'm saying this. Fix This GAME!!!!!
Very Good
NOT 2k11...But Solid
posted by JBiRD (MANDAN, ND) Nov 13, 2011
Member since May 2011
3 out of 5 gamers (60%) found this review helpful
Instead of revamping the game engine, 2ksports should have just perfected 2k11. But it is still the best basketball sim out there.
best game ever
posted by momo123 (EAST ORANGE, NJ) Oct 9, 2011
Member since Oct 2011
3 out of 5 gamers (60%) found this review helpful
This game blows
posted by bigtimhorner16 (MORRISTOWN, TN) Oct 29, 2011
Member since Oct 2011
6 out of 12 gamers (50%) found this review helpful
Big step back from 2k11
posted by nexler19 (POUGHKEEPSIE, NY) Mar 25, 2012
Member since Mar 2012
3 out of 6 gamers (50%) found this review helpful
-Presentation is solid, way better than 2k11.
-Loving the new music.
-My player is way more interesting, with contract negotiations and endorsements.
-I was a bit caught off guard when they decided to get rid of categorizing the shot releases by names, but they did make those releases way more customizable.
-New post game system is pretty good.
Now for the cons:
-CPU A.I is dumb, especially for your team, your teammates will constantly switch off they're assignment for no reason, leaving the CPU with an open 3.
-The CPU makes crazy shots, well outside the player's skill level. I heard people fixed this by changing the game sliders but I've yet to see evidence of this.
-My player is frustrating. I constantly get the ball stolen from me when driving or posting, most of the shots I take bounce out of the basket WITH THE SAME ANIMATION EACH TIME.
-Way too many blocks in this game down low.
-CPU draw fouls way too much, I once got called on 17 fouls before the 1st half ended, my star PF was one foul away from being fouled out.
-You can't make open shots consistently, no matter how good your timing is, again people said they fixed this by adjusting game sliders don't know if this is true.
Overall, don't buy this game. Its worth a rent but 2k really took a big step behind with this game, hopefully they will release a patch soon.
Presentation is misleading
posted by 1010111 (COVINGTON, LA) May 30, 2012
Member since Feb 2010
1 out of 2 gamers (50%) found this review helpful
My favorite part was the classic NBA teams. Some of the greatest teams ever assembled are unlockable through a mode called "the greatest ever." The best part of these is, once again, the presentation. The classic teams' games are shown in era correct broadcasting, with black and white Bill Russel, grainy seventies Jerry West, and 90's style Micheal Jordan.
But all this presentation is let down by one thing: a poor game. The controls are more like suggestions, with the players doing what they feel like instead of what you want them to do. If you press the shot button, there may be a pass, press the left stick one way, you point guard runs the other At no point does it ever feel like playing an actual basketball game, or even a game for that matter. Next year, I suggest a lockout on this game until the players get a better representation of themselves in video game form.
one of the most frustrating yet wonderful games
posted by ishuz702 (SAN DIEGO, CA) Mar 8, 2012
Member since Mar 2012
1 out of 2 gamers (50%) found this review helpful
Very good game.
posted by Cwillzz (LOUISVILLE, KY) Feb 23, 2012
Member since Feb 2012
1 out of 2 gamers (50%) found this review helpful
best baSketball game
posted by Bossdonbrim (BROOKLYN, NY) Feb 9, 2012
Member since Feb 2012
1 out of 2 gamers (50%) found this review helpful
NBA 2K11 pt. 2
posted by GarKeith (CLARKSBURG, WV) Feb 5, 2012
Member since Dec 2006
1 out of 2 gamers (50%) found this review helpful
NBA 2k12 is the best game out right now
posted by dizz3000 (HORSHAM, PA) Oct 9, 2011
Member since Oct 2011
1 out of 2 gamers (50%) found this review helpful
Very Good
awesome but....
posted by bballchamp (SACRAMENTO, CA) Oct 8, 2011
Member since Jun 2010
1 out of 2 gamers (50%) found this review helpful

subset: commoncrawl


text:
(1)H NMR signal at 2.10 ppm in the spectrum of KMnO(4)-bleached heparin sodium: identification of the chemical origin using an NMR-only approach.
Summary of "(1)H NMR signal at 2.10 ppm in the spectrum of KMnO(4)-bleached heparin sodium: identification of the chemical origin using an NMR-only approach."
The recently revised European Pharmacopeia and US Pharmacopeia heparin sodium monographs include nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) tests on both identity and purity. In KMnO(4)-bleached heparin, an unidentified NMR signal is present at 2.10 ppm at a level of 15-20% of the mean of signal height of the major glucosamine (GlcNAc/GlcNS,6S) anomeric proton signal at 5.42 ppm and of the major iduronic acid (IdoA2S) anomeric proton signal at 5.21 ppm. According to the new monographs, no unidentified signals greater than 4% should be detected at that position. Thus, the material did not meet the acceptance criterion. The signal at 2.10 ppm has been present at the same level in all released MSD KMnO(4)-bleached heparin sodium batches analyzed over the past 10 years. The signal is a result of the KMnO(4) bleaching. No (oversulfated) chondroitin sulfate or dermatan sulfate was detected in this material. A comprehensive NMR study using long-range heteronuclear 2D techniques identifies this signal at 2.10 ppm as originating from the acetyl methyl group of (6-sulfated) 2-N-acetyl-2-deoxy-glucono-1,5-lactone. This modified monosaccharide is formed by the KMnO(4) oxidation of the reducing end of a terminal N-acetylglucosamine.
Quality Unit API/Biotech NL, Analytical Science Chemicals, Merck Sharp and Dohme, P.O. Box 20, 5340 BH, Oss, the Netherlands, email@example.com.
Journal Details
This article was published in the following journal.
Name: Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry
- PubMed Source: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21069304
- DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00216-010-4177-7
PubMed Articles
Effect of various antioxidants on the shear bond strength of composite resin to bleached enamel: An in vitro study.
The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate and compare the effect of 10% sodium ascorbate, 6.5% proanthocyanidin, and 5% lycopene on the bond strength of composite resin to bleached enamel.
One-step preparation of 2,3,6-tricarboxy cellulose.
Water-soluble sodium 2,3,6-tricarboxylate cellulose (NaTCC) or sodium mesotartarate/monohydrated glyoxilate alternating co-polyacetal was prepared from regenerated cellulose in a yield of 82% by one-s...
NMR Fingerprints of the Drug-like Natural-Product Space Identify Iotrochotazine A: A Chemical Probe to Study Parkinson's Disease.
The NMR spectrum of a mixture of small molecules is a fingerprint of all of its components. Herein, we present an NMR fingerprint method that takes advantage of the fact that fractions contain simplif...
Chemical modification of heparin and heparosan.
Heparin is a potent clinically used anticoagulant. It is a heterogeneous mixture of polymers that contain a variety of sulfation patterns. However, only 3-O sulfonated heparin pentasaccharide units ha...
Advanced nanocarriers based on heparin and its derivatives for cancer management.
To obtain a satisfying anti-cancer effect, rationally designed nanocarriers are intensively studied. In this field, heparin and its derivatives have been widely attempted recently as potential compone...
Clinical Trials
Efficacy of Sodium Heparin for Prophylaxis of Venous Thromboembolism in Surgical Patients
The aim of this study is to verify, through clinical examination and doppler, the non-inferiority of the drug test (heparin sodium 5.000UI/0.25 mL - HIPOLABOR) in relation to the drug comp...
Efficacy and Safety of Sodium Heparin in Patients
The objective of this study is verify, through a randomized, single-blind, multicentre, parallel and comparative study, the effectiveness of heparin sodium of porcine origin in patients un...
Efficacy and Safety of Sodium Heparin (Eurofarma)
The objective of this study is to verify, through a randomized, single-blind, multicentre, parallel and comparative study, the effectiveness of heparin sodium of porcine origin in patients...
Efficacy and Safety of Sodium Heparin in Patients Submitted to Heart Surgery Using Bypass
The objective of this study is to verify, through a randomized, single-blind, multicentre, parallel and comparative study, the effectiveness of heparin sodium of porcine origin in patients...
Sodic Heparin Effectiveness of the Treatment of Burns
Burns are injuries caused by agents thermal, chemical, electrical or radioactive who act in the tissue lining of the human body and may partially or totally destroy the skin and its annexe...
Medical and Biotech [MESH] Definitions
Low-molecular-weight fragment of heparin, having a 4-enopyranosuronate sodium structure at the non-reducing end of the chain. It is prepared by depolymerization of the benzylic ester of porcine mucosal heparin. Therapeutically, it is used as an antithrombotic agent. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)
Fluorescence Recovery After Photobleaching
A method used to study the lateral movement of MEMBRANE PROTEINS and LIPIDS. A small area of a cell membrane is bleached by laser light and the amount of time necessary for unbleached fluorescent marker-tagged proteins to diffuse back into the bleached site is a measurement of the cell membrane's fluidity. The diffusion coefficient of a protein or lipid in the membrane can be calculated from the data. (From Segen, Current Med Talk, 1995).
Indicators And Reagents
Substances used for the detection, identification, analysis, etc. of chemical, biological, or pathologic processes or conditions. Indicators are substances that change in physical appearance, e.g., color, at or approaching the endpoint of a chemical titration, e.g., on the passage between acidity and alkalinity. Reagents are substances used for the detection or determination of another substance by chemical or microscopical means, especially analysis. Types of reagents are precipitants, solvents, oxidizers, reducers, fluxes, and colorimetric reagents. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed, p301, p499)
Sodium, Dietary
Sodium or sodium compounds used in foods or as a food. The most frequently used compounds are sodium chloride or sodium glutamate.
Heparin Antagonists
Coagulant substances inhibiting the anticoagulant action of heparin.


text:
The Palla Table Lamp from Trend Lighting is a unique juxtaposition of traditional design elements mixed with the very a la mode lead crystal spheres stand for a unique lighting fixture with its very own style and flair. The lamp adds a touch of dash and elegance to any room with its sheer white linen light diffuser in traditional geometric shape and an audacious polished chrome base giving out a message of self-assurance. The light is subtle, soft and understated to the eyes, yet brilliant enough to serve its purpose. The table lamp uses two incandescent lamps with an ideal wattage of 60 watts each for best results.
From a humble basement in California over two decades ago, Trend Lighting has today developed into a full-fledged lighting design company. Every product from Trend Lighting is designed keeping in view its twin objectives of innovation and quality, enabling its products to complement the entire gamut of styles from the traditional classics to the most fashionable and up to date styles.


text:
Search for Professional Development Opportunities
Required Training for Serving 7-10 Children in Family Child Care
This presentation contains audio. It is best to SAVE the file, on to your computer system, rather than Open it.
If you do not have PowerPoint installed on your system, download the free PowerPoint viewer from Microsoft.
Required Orientation to the Field for Family Child Care Assistants
Reducing the Risk of SIDS in Child Care – Training
The Department of Early Education and Care has developed a training presentation on reducing the risk of SIDS in child care. Click on the above link to access this training in English*.
MAC/Apple users, who are experiencing problems accessing the presentation, should try viewing this version of the Reducing the Risk of SIDS file size 17MB training using "Keynote".
Spanish* Chinese* Portuguese* Kreyol Khmer Handouts Handouts Handouts Handouts Handouts Self Study Guide Self Study Guide Self Study Guide
*These presentations contain audio. To avoid long delays in downloading, it is best to right click on the link and choose SAVE to save the file on your computer system, rather than open it directly from the link. Once the document has been saved on your computer you will be able to open it without delay.
If you do not have PowerPoint installed on your system, a PowerPoint viewer is available at the following link. http://www.microsoft.com/downloads/en/details.aspx?FamilyID=cb9bf144-1076-4615-9951-294eeb832823
Transportation Safety
Transportation is often a child's first encounter with the educational system each day. Safe, reliable transportation services represent an essential gateway for children and their families to access and participate in early education and out of school time settings.
Click on the above link to obtain a copy of EEC's Transportation Policy, additional information about transportation safety, or to access EEC's (required) transportation safety training.
Medication Administration Training
Oral Health
The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) has compiled food safety and general nutrition information targeted at Child Care Educators, which can be found at http://www.choosemyplate.gov/preschoolers.html.
Within the aforementioned materials are specific resources on:
Daily Food Plan for Preschoolers
Serving Adequate Foods in Child Care
A free online training provided by The National Food Service Management Institute (NFSMI).
51 A Reporter Training
This training is to help mandated reporters understand their legal obligations as mandated reporters; recognize possible signs and symptoms of child abuse, neglect and exploitation; know how to respond to a child who discloses abuse; and know how to file a 51A Report: and understand what happens after a 51A report is filed.


text: Dream Rosegg, Carol Popular music--20th century Musicals Portraits Scarves Fur garments Local identification number: M064_399 Margaret Whiting (1924-2011) promotional shoot for Dream, a musical revue based on the songs of Johnny Mercer. Georgia State University Library Georgia State University. Libraries. Special Collections English StillImage http://digitalcollections.library.gsu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/popmusic/id/130 image/jp2 Margaret Whiting Collection, Popular Music and Culture Collection http://digitalcollections.library.gsu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/findingaids/id/41 1997 The contents of this item, including all images and text, are for personal, educational, and non-commercial use only. This item may be protected under United States and international copyright law. M064_399, Margaret Whiting Collection, Popular Music and Culture Collection, Special Collections and Archives, Georgia State University Library


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Miss Venezuela, Gabriela Isler, 25, bested 86 contestants in the Miss Universe 2013 pageant Saturday in Moscow. Isler, whose full name is Maria Gabriela de Jesus Isler Morales, is a TV host on Venezuela's Venevision.
Venezuelan TV host is Miss Universe 2013Published 6:22 AM CST Nov 10, 2013
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2011-12 Qualifying Rounds Profile: Galatasaray Medical Park
2010-11 Results
Regular Season:
Last 16:
Turkish League:
Turkish Cup:
One of the most venerable clubs in European sports aims to rejoin basketball's elite as Galatasaray of Istanbul opens its 2011-12 season in the Turkish Airlines Euroleague Qualifying Rounds. Galatasaray returned to prominence by finishing second in the Turkish League last season while winning its first game in the playoff finals in more than two decades. It was a welcome revival for a club that is responsible for having introduced basketball to Turkey and at one point won 15 national titles in 43 years. Started in 1905, Galatasaray is one of the oldest sports clubs in the world and takes its name from Galatasaray Lycee, a school founded in 1481. A teacher at the school brought basketball to Turkey in 1911. The club's basketball section opened in the early 1930s and found instant success, winning three consecutive Istanbul League titles from 1933 to 1936. Once World War II ended, Galatasaray kept dominating Turkish basketball with 16 Istanbul League titles and 11 Turkish championship trophies between 1940 and 1966. The club also competed well continentally, reaching the Euroleague eighthfinals in 1961 and 1964. Another Turkish League title in 1969 was followed by a 15-year drought until Galatasaray had its last spate of dominance, winning three more national titles between 1985 and 1990, the last of its Turkish League titles, won behind the effort of stars like Michaelle Scearce, Turgay Demirel, Paul Dawkins Hakan Yorukoglu, Lutfu Aribogan and Cem Caniklioglu. In Europe, Galatasaray stayed competitive, making eight consecutive Korac Cup appearances from 1993 and 2001, reaching the eighthfinals in 2000. Its current resurgence started in 2008, when Galatasaray showed it was no average Eurocup newcomer. With a memorable shot by Cuneyt Erden, Galatasaray reached the Eurocup semifinals before losing against eventual champion DKV Joventut. Last season, Galatasaray made its second consecutive appearance in the Eurocup Last 16, but could advance no further. At home in Turkey, however, its 22 regular season wins - the most by the club in a long time - proved no fluke as head coach Oktay Mahmuti marched his team through to the finals. A solid core of contributors featuring Ermal Kuqo, Josh Shipp and Luksa Andric kept getting better throughout the spring. In the finals, Galatasaray challenged eventual winner Fenerbahce Ulker through six games before dropping the last of those by 3 points.
Galatasaray has been aggressive in building a strong roster for the Qualifying Rounds. Coach Mahmuti again has several of the most important pieces from last year's squad, including the versatile Shipp and sharpshooting Preston Shumpert on the wings and Andric inside, but the club has also added several experienced players to help Galatasaray reach new heights. Savvy playmaker Ender Arslan and the athletic Jamon Gordon are joined by veteran combo-guard Jaka Lakovic in a new-look backcourt. Together with assist man Tutku Acik, Lakovic and Arslan give the team multiple ball-handlers. Meanwhile Lakovic, Shumpert and forwards Haluk Yıldırım and Cevher Ozer make Galatasaray a very dangerous three-point shooting squad. Darius Songaila arrives to provide power in the paint that will translate into points and rebounds. Plus prospect Furkan Aldemir creates further depth in the frontline. Overall Galatasaray has a healthy mix of youth and experience, and speed and size that will make it a serious contender in the Qualifying Rounds.
Ender Arslan
Darius Songaila
Jaka Lakovic
Jamon Gordon
Cevher Ozer
Furkan Aldemir
Ender Arslan
Luksa Andric
Tutku Açık
Evren Büker
Haluk Yıldırım
Josh Shipp
Caner Topaloğlu
Preston Shumpert
Head Coach:
Oktay Mahmuti
Wednesday, September 14, 2011


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What helps me is taking a high line and hitting the lip at a 20 degree ish angle. I would also recommend practicing ollies.
What helps me is taking a high line and hitting the lip at a 20 degree ish angle. I would also recommend practicing ollies.
Go for distance, not height. The height will come when you figure out how to project yourself.
Do you need a bottom turn? Because sometimes I feel like I see guys just cruise it on the face then fly off, I don't get it.
as seventy1percent mentioned it seems as though taking a line from higher off the face is the way to get used to airing out. Once this is established I would assume lower bottom turns can then produce airs but the process should evolve from higher off the face. I haven't really tried this though to be honest my rational come from watching videos, but I plan on working on it soon. I am more into the heavy re-entries and swooping cutbacks at the first sight of the waves flattening out. Does anyone know if I have an advantage for airs by surfing mostly backhand waves, because I am goofy footed and surf mostly rights?
I'm not going to get into the whole mechanics of it as I could sit here for an hour explaining it. But, if interested you might want to check out this:
It's a bit kooky in the beginning, but near the end is decent. (little green waves) lol ....also you can check out this:
good read


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Marijuana banking and Senate hearing: Will the fix in the works stick?
When the Obama administration announced that it wouldn't sue to stop Amendment 64 and other state cannabis laws, anticipation about yesterday's Senate hearing on marijuana shifted from whether the feds could be forced to make a decision to what they'd say about allowing measures to take effect. As such, the biggest headline to emerge involved steps that should allow pot shops to legally use the banking system -- a development cheered by Denver's mayor and an A64 co-author. But another weed expert worries about whether the fix will stick.
Big photos, videos below.
Among those who testified at the hearing was Deputy Attorney General James Cole, who authored the memo clarifying the Justice Department's position on marijuana in Colorado and Washington, which also approved an A64-like policy last November. As reported by the Associated Press, Cole acknowledged that the inability of cannabis businesses to use banks due to laws involving money laundering and drugs (marijuana remains illegal at the federal level) was something "we need to deal with" and the Justice Department is "working on it" in collaboration with federal banking regulators.
Vermont Senator Patrick Leahy chaired the Senate hearing.
Afterward, Denver mayor Michael Hancock cheered the development. "Denver recognizes that the Department of Justice took an important step today by acknowledging the need to address the issue of legalizing marijuana-industry banking," he said in a statement. "The current inability of these cash-only businesses to legally access banking institutions creates accountability barriers and exposes them and our neighborhoods to unnecessary safety risks, including serious criminal activity.
"It is imperative that banking regulators and justice officials take action in order to create an effective and safe environment to transact business that will help protect these businesses -- particularly in states and cities with regulatory systems in place -- as well as Denver's families and neighborhoods," Hancock added.
Attorney Brian Vicente, who helped co-write Amendment 64, also feels positively about the hearing. Corresponding via e-mail, he writes, "Yesterday's Senate hearing ushers in a new era of marijuana policy -- one where marijuana is strictly regulated at the state level, and the federal government leaves responsible marijuana consumers and businesses alone.
Also speaking at the hearing was Jack Finlaw, chief legal counsel for Colorado Governor John Hickenlooper.
"Colorado has been given a clear path to regulate marijuana, and we need to focus now on establishing and funding the regulatory structure which will keep the feds out," Vicente concludes.
However, marijuana attorney Warren Edson sounds a cautionary note.
Continue for more about marijuana banking and yesterday's Senate hearing, including more photos and three videos.
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I've installed LG PC Suite and am trying to connect my phone to it but it can't find it through neither bluetooth or USB, even though both are connected. My computer finds the phone instantly when I connect it to the computer, but LG PC Suite refuses to cooperate. Any idea why this is?
Thanks in advance!


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|Sunshine's waiting for Santa
|2 batches, 2 different flavors
|Sunshine's waiting for Santa
|2 batches, 2 different flavors
Oooh, YUMMY! You had me at cake in a jar, but when you said it was like a warm & creamy hot toddy? *sigh*
I understand how it can be hectic this season. I shop all year long, my gifts were sent out the day after Thanksgiving. I have a wee bit of wrapping to do, but shopping's been done for a while!
....but the tree isn't up yet!
Hey - Business Idea Ann....We could become Tree Trimmers. So all of those people that don't have a chance to put up their tree will hire us to do it. And then, we'll become so popular with our business that we'll hire extra help to go to our houses to put up our own trees. =)~ReplyDelete
Sounds like a hit to me!ReplyDelete
This is a really cute and inventive way of serving up a cake. A perfect little reward after a hard day shopping. It is hectic this time of year although in a good way. Merry Christmas to you and yours!ReplyDelete


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Swim Lessons:
The ability to swim is crucial for all children to learn as early as possible. This skill can literally save their lives.
The Township Aquatic center offers swim lessons throughout the year with flexible scheduling to meet your individual needs. Please contact our aquatics department for complete details. We are happy to customize our programs to your child's age and skill level. By keeping class sizes to a minimum, your child will get the individual attention that they deserve.


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'Mama' Tops Weekend Box Office
Though horror films generally are a hit with male audiences, Mama appealed strongly to females, who made up 61% of its moviegoers. That was key on a weekend filled with male-driven movies, including Broken City, 'The Last Stand, Warner Bros.' Gangster Squad and the Weinstein Co.'s Django Unchained.
"It's an incredibly competitive marketplace for testosterone-driven films," said Dergarabedian.
The Weinstein Co.'s Silver Linings Playbook, nominated for eight Academy Awards including best picture, expanded to its largest number of theaters in its 10th week of release. Playing in 2,523 theaters, a jump of 1,713 theaters, the David O. Russell film took in $11.4 million on the weekend -- the same in which its star Jennifer Lawrence hosted Saturday Night Live -- for a cumulative of $55.3 million.
Also nominated for best picture, Quentin Tarantino's Django Unchained, in its fourth week became the director's biggest box-office hit. It surpassed his previous film, Inglourious Basterds, by adding $8.2 million for a domestic total of $138.4 million.Universal is owned by NBC Universal, a unit of Comcast Corp. (CMCSA). 20th Century Fox and Fox Searchlight are owned by News Corp. (NWS).
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Dear Dish-It, She Dissed My Outfit
When I wore this totally cute outfit, my best friend said (and I quote!) "Say goodbye to your dignity"! Back to Article
haha she cased yo a**
Fxxck Ha Hatinn Axx ! She Jus Mhadd Cus She Aint Yhu !
Thiss Happened To Me Before Thoo ; She Was Lookinq Me Up & Down & Shiii Thoo '
Jussss A Hatinn ' Btcch That's All That Iss.
I Adorn My Haters , They Make Me Feel More Confident About Myself ;D
pshh i wish sum1 would tell me sum bout wat im wearing!
karmas a ,......
i know exactly how you feel. i asked dish it th same thing. it is probally because she is jealus of you being fhionable.
dont listen she is probaly just jealous of your outfit!!!!!!!!!!!!!


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Independents and a Greens MP hold the balance of power after polls produced a hung parliament [AFP]
Julia Gillard, Australia's prime minister, has begun negotiations to form a coalition, after her ruling Australian Labor Party and the opposition failed to win a majority of seats in general elections.
Gillard said on Sunday that she had held preliminary talks with three independents in the House of Representatives, an independent candidate whose seat is not yet assured, as well as the Green party.
Both the centre-left Labor, which has ruled for the past three years, and the conservative Liberal Party-led coalition opposition have conceded that neither is likely to claim the 76 seats needed to form government in the 150-seat House of Representatives following Saturday's poll.
"It is clear that neither party has earned the right to government in its own right,'' Gillard said.
"It's my intention to negotiate in good faith an effective agreement to form government."
However, Tony Abbott, the Liberal leader, said the loss of voter support for Labor that cost the government so many of its 83 seats showed that Australians wanted the government to change.
"It is historically unprecedented for a first-term government to receive the kind of rebuff that the ... government received yesterday,'' he said.
"It's certain that any Labor government emerging from yesterday will be chronically divided and dysfunctional."
While Abbott did not rule out winning the election, he confirmed that he also had preliminary discussions with the independents and the Greens.
Open to negotiations
Tanveer Ahmed, a columnist for the Sydney Morning Herald newspaper, told Al Jazeera that all parties have suggested they are open to negotiations.
"Minority parties and independents have received very strong backing," Ahmed said.
"One would expect the Greens to vote in line with Labor. It's a big win for rural Australians who have previously felt very disenfranchised.
"There is a broader impression that what Australians have voted for is chaos. I think the Australian government is headed for a period of significant uncertainty and possibly another election in the near future."
Tony Windsor, an independent, said he planned to talk with fellow independentsBob Katter and Rob Oakeshott by telephone on Sunday to decide on issuesincluding whether to negotiate a power deal with the major parties as a groupor individually.
All three were the only independents in the last parliament and all are former members of the Nationals party, which is a coalition partner of the Liberals. But all have said they are open to the prospect of supporting a Labor minority government.
"Whichever side it is, we need to have some stability and maintenance of stability so that the government can actually work,'' Windsor told the Australian Broadcasting Corporation [ABC] television.
"We might end up back at the polls."
Windsor was referring to the possibility of another election if a support pact could not be negotiated.
'Cordial' conversation
Bob Brown, the Greens party leader, said no agreement had been reached after a"cordial'' conversation with Gillard, who was seeking the support of Adam Brandt, the newly elected Greens politician.
Brandt had previously stated his preference for a Labor government.
The Greens won a surge of support from former Labor voters after Labor shelved plans to charge major polluting industries for every tonne of carbon gas that they emit in a bid to curb Australia's greenhouse gas emissions.
The record support for the Greens has increased the party's senate seats from five to nine, giving them the leverage to become kingmaker in deciding which major party controls that chamber.
Andrew Wilkie, a former Greens member, the independent candidate contacted by Gillard, said on Sunday that he would not talk about which party he might support until his own seat was certain.
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text:
'Hyperloop' would promise space travel on Earthon August 13, 2013 @ 7:43 am (Updated: 10:28 pm - 8/13/13 )
First there was the steam powered train, then high speed diesel trains, then bullet trains, then maglev trains, and now - there it is, all over the Internet - a mock-up of a high-speed transportation system using tubes that could get you get you between cities, say Seattle to Portland, or San Francisco to Los Angeles, faster than what?
Faster than jets - and without even leaving the ground. The system is called the "Hyperloop," pioneered by Colorado inventor Daryl Oster.
If you wanted to travel between Los Angeles and San Francisco Oster claims it would only take a half hour.
"Twenty seconds to get up to 300, 350 miles per hour," said Oster.
You can think of it as a giant pea shooter. Except the passenger capsule isn't propelled by air, in fact air is prohibited - that's what makes it faster than an airplane. There's no wind resistance. The passenger capsules are propelled by a frictionless magnetic field inside a long straight tube that's kept at a vacuum. So that theoretically if the tube is straight enough, it would be like traveling in outer space with your speed limited only by the need to stop at some point because you're there.
"How do I get the kids to the bathroom?" asked CBS reporter Barry Petersen.
All you would have to do is push the button that you want to exit at the next available exit and at most, those stops will be 15 minutes apart.
It's an idea that might have been instantly dismissed as a fantasy if not for the endorsement of the billionaire entrepreneur who helped start PayPal, Tesla, and Space X: Elon Musk.
"You just see a carpet of cars that aren't moving, and you're just like, 'Wow. How much misery is that causing and surely there is something we can do about it,'" said Musk.
Although Musk says he's too busy to build a "Hyperloop" just now, he is clearly hooked on the idea of a system that could take you from San Francisco to LA in half an hour.
Which would pretty much be the end of the airline business, right? I mean, in the time it takes an airline passenger to get from his car to the gate, the "Hyperloop" could have you from San Francisco to LA and back!
All they have to do is figure out a way to maintain a near-perfect vacuum in a perfectly straight 400-mile pipeline.
Dave Ross hosts the Morning News on KIRO Radio weekdays from 5-9 a.m. Dave has won the national Edward R. Murrow Award for writing five times since he started at KIRO Radio in 1978.
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At least 12 people are dead and dozens missing after a wooden ferry capsized off the coast of Guinea.
The vessel began sinking just minutes after leaving the capital, Conakry on Friday. The accident is reported to have taken place some 700m from the presidential palace.
Officers from the local port of Boulbinet told Al Jazeera that 53 passengers were registered on board the vessel, but they said it was overloaded.
Port officials said 20 people had been rescued and dozens more were missing.
Officials have not said what caused the boat to flip, but one survivor said the seas were rough.
"There was a lot of wind," Mame Asta Bangoura told the Reuters news agency. "We had hardly passed the signal area when the engine stopped again and the boat capsized."
Relatives of the victims, many overcome by grief, gathered near the local morgue, as rescuers combed the surrounding waters desperately searching for more survivors.
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Mayor Harvey Hall to be sworn in for fourth term
BAKERSFIELD, Calif. - Bakersfield mayor Harvey Hall will be sworn in to a historic fourth term during a special ceremony Monday night.
Hall was first elected mayor in 2000. He was re-elected in 2004, 2008, and during last year's June election.
The owner of Hall Ambulance is now the longest serving mayor in Bakersfield history.
Hall will be officially sworn in to his fourth term Monday at Bakersfield's City Council Chamber, starting at 6:00 p.m.
The ceremony is open to the public.


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Evette Dionne writes and edits stories about feminism, race, culture and black womanhood. She also covers basic entertainment and fashion news, including New York Fashion Week.
Dionne is a Dow Jones News Fund-trained copy editor. She focuses on academia when she's not clutching her Associated Press Style Guide. Dionne is a critical media studies scholar exploring race and gender in television and film. Her current research project explores what factors into hiring black actresses for feature-length films.
Ultimately, Dionne wants to be an associate professor of Media and Race Studies. She also wants to own a media brand that encompasses magazine publishing, television production and other ventures. She plans to lead several major fashion magazines and their overarching corporations. Dionne is in the process of creating "Waist," a trade publication for the plus-size fashion world and "Boombox," a hip-hop feminist publication by and for women of color.
She is a 2012 Summa Cum Laude, valedictorian graduate of Bennett College where she earned a Bachelor's of Arts in Journalism and Media Studies (concentration in Electronic Media and Broadcast). Currently, Dionne is pursuing a Master's of Science in Media Management and Women, Gender, and Sexuality Studies at Southern Illinois University Carbondale.


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Discussion in 'Mouse on the Move' started by Johnie, Jan 17, 2011.
I love this lol
haha - that's great Johnie
I hope you weren`t feeling Grumpy, Johnie.
That is so neat!!! Love it!
That's cool!
she may have been judging by the look on his face!
what a cute picture
love it!
Separate names with a comma.


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The Top Clamp kit includes our Master Cinema Series quick release top clamp, clamp to rods bracket, dovetail plate, and 20cm black anodized rods. Attach the dovetail plate to any of our MCS camera cages or anything else you can think of. This creates a very easy to use and stable mounting plate for 15mm support rods. Add the Master Cinema Series Top/Back handle and you have a quick release handle setup like found our on our Shoulder Cam and Studio Cam MCS configurations.
- MCS Quick Release Top Clamp
- MCS Top Dovetail Plate
- MCS Top Clamp to Rails Bracket
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The Supreme Court rejected the appeals of two groups of captured Somalis. Federal prosecutors had argued that the definition of piracy has broadened since the early 1800s.
The US Supreme Court on Tuesday let stand a series of lower-court opinions endorsing a broad view of what constitutes the crime of piracy – a move that will make it significantly easier for the government to prosecute and convict suspected Somali pirates in federal court.


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What does CACHIVACHE stand for?
What does CACHIVACHE mean? This page is about the various possible meanings of the acronym, abbreviation, shorthand or slang term: CACHIVACHE.
We've found a total of 1 definition for CACHIVACHE:
Sort by:PopularityAlphabeticallyCategory Filter by:
Junk, thing, something you don't really know what it is
Know another definition for CACHIVACHE? Know what CACHIVACHE means? Don't keep it to yourself!
Still can't find the acronym definition you were looking for? Use our Power Search technology to look for more unique definitions from across the web!
"CACHIVACHE." Abbreviations.com. STANDS4 LLC, 2014. Web. 18 Dec. 2014. <http://www.abbreviations.com/CACHIVACHE>.


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Postpartum Depression in Dads?
Find a Conversation
Postpartum Depression in Dads?
|Tue, 05-18-2010 - 11:58am
|Tue, 05-18-2010 - 8:22pm
I can't speak as a BTDT, but this totally makes sense to me. My most serious bout of depression came in the wake of a ton of life changes all at once--so the fact that people are dealing with one of the most serious life changes of all when they becoming a parent (especially for the first time, but also again), predisposes you to deal with some depression, regardless of whether you are a man or a woman.


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Accenture Secures Five Year HR Business Process Outsourcing Contract With Unilever
"This contract renewal represents a new milestone in Accenture's 10-year collaboration with Unilever, and is testament to the work that we have delivered," said Teo Correia, a senior managing director in Accenture's Consumer Goods & Services practice who leads Accenture's work with Unilever. "Unilever strives continually to find new ways of improving its HR function to enhance the skills and abilities of its global workforce, and this contract is key to achieving future success and higher performance. We look forward to helping Unilever achieve its goals."
Accenture will deliver the services through its Global Delivery Network, using multiple centers across the United States, Europe, and Asia Pacific.
About Accenture
Accenture is a global management consulting, technology services and outsourcing company, with 257,000 people serving clients in more than 120 countries. Combining unparalleled experience, comprehensive capabilities across all industries and business functions, and extensive research on the world's most successful companies, Accenture collaborates with clients to help them become high-performance businesses and governments. The company generated net revenues of US$27.9 billion for the fiscal year ended Aug. 31, 2012. Its home page is
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text:
Photo #: NH 99463
USS Scranton (ID # 3511)
Lifeboat going "To the rescue of drowning shipmates", probably after one of her boats capsized on 28 March 1919.
Photograph from the USS Scranton photo album kept by J.D. Bartar, one of her crew members.
U.S. Naval Historical Center Photograph.
Online Image: 85KB; 420 x 765 pixels
Click on the small photograph to prompt a larger view of the same image.
If you want higher resolution reproductions than this digital image, see: "How to Obtain Photographic Reproductions."
5 July 2004


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Trailing Conn. College 2-0 at halftime and in jeopardy of missing out on the NESCAC playoffs, the Cardinals got goals from Victoria Matthews '16 (#13, left side photo) and Marisa Yang '16 #1, right side photo) in the second half and came away with a 2-2 deadlock after two overtimes. It was the team's sixth tie of the year and gave Wesleyan a much needed point in the standings to secure the #7 seed in the NESCAC tourmament. As a result, Wesleyan got to visit #2 seeded Williams Sat., Nov. 2. A loss to Conn would have eliminated Wesleyan from post-season play.
Goalie Jessica Tollman '15, named NESCAC Player of the Week Oct. 28, came up with six saves in the contest and patrolled the goal area extremely well over the final 81:45 to give the rest of the Cardinals opportunity to catch the host Camels.
Matthews netted her team-high fourth goal of the season in the 56th minute, converting a pass from Hannah Jellinek '15 into a 25-yard bomb from a sharp angle on the right side that beat the Conn keeper high into the back left side of the net. Then in the 80th minute, Yang got her first of the season with a low push shot from the middle of the box after a centering pass from the left side by Sarah Sylla '17. Matthews also was credited with an assist on the marker.
In facing Williams in the first round of the NESCAC tourmament, Wesleyan headed back to the location of its last post-season contest as Wesleyan fell to Williams, 2-1, in the NESCAC semifinals last fall. When the teams met during the regular season three weeks ago, Williams escaped with a 1-0 win in overtime. Since then, however, Wesleyan had gone on a four-game unbeaten streak (1-0-3). The streak ended against the Ephs as the host prevailed, 3-1.
Williams got a pair of goals in the opening five minutes, putting the Cardinals in an immediate 2-0 hole. The teams placed scoreless for the next 70 minites before Isabel Clements '16 netted her first goal of the season to halve the deficit at 2-1 with just over 15 minutes to play. But with the Cardinals pressing for the equalizer, Williams capitalized to add an insurance goal with just 2:20 remaining, wrapping up a 3-1 victory. Shots favored Williams, 17-11, while both teams took three corners. Tollman ended the game with four saves.
(photos by Diane Stone P'15)