text:
GenealogyBank carries the Springfield Republican, in which paper there are a few ads for Richard H. Pugh, Realtor, 345 State Street, New London, CT (these ads date from 1946-1948). There is also an article regarding Pugh's marriage to Elizabeth Wilson in 1935, which article again states he is in "the real estate and insurance business in New London, CT".
My guess is they schlepped out the uniforms from the WWI era while doing a drive for WWII?
The 22 on the council patch is a puzzlement, though.]]>
New York Times article 17 Sept. 1935, pg 23, Social News Books Section: "RICHARD H. PUGH.; Philadelphia Real Estate Man Built More Than 1,000 Homes."
University of Maryland GRADUATION EXERCISES Baltimore and College Park Divisions RITCHIE COLISEUM SATURDAY AFTERNOON, JUNE FOURTH AT FOUR O'CLOCK 1932 lists a graduate of the School of Dentistry: Joseph D. Gitlin of Connecticut. A search on Ancestry.com revealed a family tree with a Joseph Donald Gitlin; I've inquired if he was a dentist.
Sadly, the city directories have lots of Joseph Beckers; without further clarification of whether we're looking at Philadelphia, New York City, Newark NJ or other…hard to pin down. Adding to the problem for Googling is the presence of a prominent, modern-day Joseph Becker MD here in California.
Not sure why they'd have more than one, but I found a few Troop 22′s
1. Boy Scout Troop 22 of Park Slope, Brooklyn, New York.
Early Troop history is a bit hard to come by, buyt a 1929 Brooklyn Council Annual Report shows that Troop 22 originally chartered in Flatbush District in May of 1920 with 16 scouts….There is not much information available after that, but we do know that hte Troop was active in the Park Slope community in the 1940s; with a meeting place on Prospect Place between 5th and 6th Avenues. The Troop's charter lapsed some time in 1954 or 1955.
2. There appears to be a Troop 22 in Allentown PA as well. (A boy did a report on going to Jamboree in Japan in 1971, and one boy listed was from said Troop.
3. Al Frioni Jr.
210 Main Entrance Drive
Pittsburgh, PA 15228
(412) 292-6083
Running for judge of the commonwealth court lists the following in his "community involvement" section:
Scoutmaster, Troop 22, Boy Scouts Of America, 2005-Present


text: 24 Season Premier I'm pretty pissed that they ran the 24 premier up against the Patriots. West Coasters won't have had to make a choice and should probably do us the favor of recapping the first 20 minutes or so as I wasn't about to turn away from the Pats. Interesting "enemy" in this first episode - was that Dr. Basheer from Start Trek DSN as the "good" terrorist? Also, can't wait for tomorrow night... wondering what was so horrifying to Jack and everyone referenced in the previews.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Solar power
Solar power is the conversion of sunlight into electricity, either directly using photovoltaics (PV), or indirectly using concentrated solar power (CSP). Concentrated solar power systems use lenses or mirrors and tracking systems to focus a large area of sunlight into a small beam. Photovoltaics convert light into electric current using the photovoltaic effect.[1]
Photovoltaics were initially, and still are, used to power small and medium-sized applications, from the calculator powered by a single solar cell to off-grid homes powered by a photovoltaic array. They are an important and relatively inexpensive source of electrical energy where grid power is inconvenient, unreasonably expensive to connect, or simply unavailable. However, as the cost of solar electricity is falling, solar power is also increasingly being used even in grid-connected situations as a way to feed low-carbon energy into the grid.
Commercial concentrated solar power plants were first developed in the 1980s. The 392 MW ISEGS installation is the largest concentrating solar power plant in the world, located in the Mojave Desert of California. Other large CSP plants include the SEGS (354 MW) in the Mojave Desert of California, the Solnova Solar Power Station (150 MW) and the Andasol solar power station (150 MW), both in Spain. The 550 MW Topaz Solar Farm in the United States is the world's largest photovoltaic power stations.
- 1 Photovoltaics
- 2 Concentrated solar power
- 3 Development and deployment
- 4 Economics
- 5 Environmental impacts
- 6 Energy storage methods
- 7 Experimental solar power
- 8 See also
- 9 References
- 10 Sources
- 11 Further reading
A solar cell, or photovoltaic cell (PV), is a device that converts light into electric current using the photovoltaic effect. The first solar cell was constructed by Charles Fritts in the 1880s.[3] The German industrialist Ernst Werner von Siemens was among those who recognized the importance of this discovery.[4] In 1931, the German engineer Bruno Lange developed a photo cell using silver selenide in place of copper oxide,[5] although the prototype selenium cells converted less than 1% of incident light into electricity. Following the work of Russell Ohl in the 1940s, researchers Gerald Pearson, Calvin Fuller and Daryl Chapin created the silicon solar cell in 1954.[6] These early solar cells cost 286 USD/watt and reached efficiencies of 4.5–6%.[7]
Photovoltaic power systems
The array of a photovoltaic power system, or PV system, produces direct current (DC) power which fluctuates with the sunlight's intensity. For practical use this usually requires conversion to certain desired voltages or alternating current (AC), through the use of inverters.[2] Multiple solar cells are connected inside modules. Modules are wired together to form arrays, then tied to an inverter, which produces power at the desired voltage, and for AC, the desired frequency/phase.[2]
Many residential PV systems are connected to the grid wherever available, especially in developed countries with large markets.[8] In these grid-connected PV systems, use of energy storage is optional. In certain applications such as satellites, lighthouses, or in developing countries, batteries or additional power generators are often added as back-ups. Such stand-alone power systems permit operations at night and at other times of limited sunlight.
Concentrated solar power
Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) systems use lenses or mirrors and tracking systems to focus a large area of sunlight into a small beam. The concentrated heat is then used as a heat source for a conventional power plant. A wide range of concentrating technologies exists: among the best known are the parabolic trough, the compact linear Fresnel reflector, the Stirling dish and the solar power tower. Various techniques are used to track the sun and focus light. In all of these systems a working fluid is heated by the concentrated sunlight, and is then used for power generation or energy storage.[9] Thermal storage efficiently allows up to 24-hour electricity generation.[10]
A parabolic trough consists of a linear parabolic reflector that concentrates light onto a receiver positioned along the reflector's focal line. The receiver is a tube positioned right above the middle of the parabolic mirror and is filled with a working fluid. The reflector is made to follow the sun during daylight hours by tracking along a single axis. Parabolic trough systems provide the best land-use factor of any solar technology.[11] The SEGS plants in California and Acciona's Nevada Solar One near Boulder City, Nevada are representatives of this technology.[12][13]
Compact Linear Fresnel Reflectors are CSP-plants which use many thin mirror strips instead of parabolic mirrors to concentrate sunlight onto two tubes with working fluid. This has the advantage that flat mirrors can be used which are much cheaper than parabolic mirrors, and that more reflectors can be placed in the same amount of space, allowing more of the available sunlight to be used. Concentrating linear fresnel reflectors can be used in either large or more compact plants.[14][15]
The Stirling solar dish combines a parabolic concentrating dish with a Stirling engine which normally drives an electric generator. The advantages of Stirling solar over photovoltaic cells are higher efficiency of converting sunlight into electricity and longer lifetime. Parabolic dish systems give the highest efficiency among CSP technologies.[16] The 50 kW Big Dish in Canberra, Australia is an example of this technology.[12]
A solar power tower uses an array of tracking reflectors (heliostats) to concentrate light on a central receiver atop a tower. Power towers are more cost effective, offer higher efficiency and better energy storage capability among CSP technologies.[12] The PS10 Solar Power Plant and PS20 solar power plant are examples of this technology.
Development and deployment
|Electricity Generation from Solar
|Energy (TWh)
|% of Total
|Source: BP-Statistical Review of world energy, 2014 (Historical Data Workbook, 2013)[18]
The early development of solar technologies starting in the 1860s was driven by an expectation that coal would soon become scarce. However, development of solar technologies stagnated in the early 20th century in the face of the increasing availability, economy, and utility of coal and petroleum.[19] In 1974 it was estimated that only six private homes in all of North America were entirely heated or cooled by functional solar power systems.[20] The 1973 oil embargo and 1979 energy crisis caused a reorganization of energy policies around the world and brought renewed attention to developing solar technologies.[21][22] Deployment strategies focused on incentive programs such as the Federal Photovoltaic Utilization Program in the US and the Sunshine Program in Japan. Other efforts included the formation of research facilities in the United States (SERI, now NREL), Japan (NEDO), and Germany (Fraunhofer–ISE).[23]
Between 1970 and 1983 photovoltaic installations grew rapidly, but falling oil prices in the early 1980s moderated the growth of PV from 1984 to 1996. Since 1997, PV development has accelerated due to supply issues with oil and natural gas, global warming concerns, and the improving economic position of PV relative to other energy technologies.[24]
Photovoltaic production growth has averaged 40% per year since 2000 and worldwide installed capacity reached 139 GW at the end of 2013 with Germany having the most cumulative installations (35.7 GW) and Italy having the highest percentage of electricity generated by solar (7.0%).[25] In 2010, the International Energy Agency predicted that global solar PV capacity could reach 3,000 GW or 11% of projected global electricity generation by 2050—enough to generate 4,500 TWh of electricity.[26] Four years later, in 2014, the agency reassessed their long-term predictions, rising estimates for solar power to 27% of global electricity generation by 2050 (16% from PV and 11% from CSP).[27]
Photovoltaic power stations
As of November 2014, the largest photovoltaic (PV) power plant in the world is the Topaz Solar Farm (USA, 550 MW).
There are also many large plants under construction. The Desert Sunlight Solar Farm is a 550 MW solar power plant under construction in Riverside County, California, that will use thin-film solar photovoltaic modules made by First Solar.[28] The Blythe Solar Power Project is a 485 MW photovoltaic station under construction in Riverside County, California.
|PV power station
|DC peak power
|Topaz Solar Farm[30][31]
|Gradually commissioned since February 2013,[32] reached final capacity 550 MW in November 2014
|Desert Sunlight Solar Farm[33][34]
|Commissioned since November 2013 toward final capacity 550 MW
|Longyangxia Dam Solar Park[29][35][36]
|Completed December 2013
|Solar Star I and II[37]
|Under construction, 579 MW when completed[38]
|California Valley Solar Ranch[39]
|First 130 MW connected Feb 2013.[42]
|Agua Caliente Solar Project[43]
|Completed April 2014[46]
|Antelope Valley Solar Ranch[43][47][48]
|Has received government loan guarantee.[28] Corresponds to 230 MWAC
|Charanka Solar Park[50]
|Collection of 17 co-located power plants, of which the largest is 25 MW
|Mesquite Solar project
|Up to 700 MW when complete
|Mount Signal Solar
|Completed May 2014[52]
|Huanghe Hydropower Golmud Solar Park[53]
|Completed October 2011 within a group of 570 MW of co-located plants[54]
|Gonghe Industrial Park Phase I[55]
|Completed December 2013
|Imperial Valley Solar Project
|Completed August 2013[56]
Concentrating solar thermal power
Commercial concentrating solar thermal power (CSP) plants were first developed in the 1980s. The 377 MW Ivanpah Solar Power Facility, located in California's Mojave Desert, is the world's largest solar thermal power plant project. Other large CSP plants include the Solnova Solar Power Station (150 MW), the Andasol solar power station (150 MW), and Extresol Solar Power Station (100 MW), all in Spain.
The principal advantage of CSP is the ability to efficiently add thermal storage, allowing the dispatching of electricity over up to a 24-hour period. Since peak electricity demand typically occurs at about 5 pm, many CSP power plants use 3 to 5 hours of thermal storage.[57]
|Ivanpah Solar Power Facility
|Mojave Desert California
|Solar Energy Generating Systems
|Mojave Desert California
|Collection of 9 units
|Solana Generating Station
|Gila Bend, Arizona
|Completed in October 2013, with 6h thermal energy storage[58][59]
|Solaben Solar Power Station[60]
|Solaben 3 completed June 2012[61]
Solaben 2 completed October 2012[61]
Solaben 1 and 6 completed September 2013[62]
|Solnova Solar Power Station
|Completed 2010
|Andasol solar power station
|completed 2011, with 7.5h thermal energy storage[66][67]
|Extresol Solar Power Station
|Torre de Miguel Sesmero
|Extresol 1 completed February 2010
Extresol 2 completed December 2010
Extresol 3 completed August 2012, with 7.5h thermal energy storage[61][68][69]
|Palma del Rio Solar Power Station
|Palma del Río
|Palma del Rio 2 completed December 2010[61]
Palma del Rio 1 completed July 2011[61]
|Manchasol Power Station
|Alcázar de San Juan
|Manchasol-1 completed January 2011, with 7.5h heat storage[61]
Manchasol-2 completed April 2011, with 7.5h heat storage[61]
|Valle Solar Power Station
|San José del Valle
|Completed December 2011, with 7.5h heat storage[61][70]
|Helioenergy Solar Power Station
|Helioenergy 1 completed September 2011[71][72]
Helioenergy 2 completed January 2012[61][71][72]
|Aste Solar Power Station
|Alcázar de San Juan
|Aste 1A Completed January 2012, with 8h heat storage[61]
Aste 1B Completed January 2012, with 8h heat storage[61]
|Solacor Solar Power Station
|El Carpio
|Solacor 1 completed February 2012[61]
Solacor 2 completed March 2012[61][73]
|Helios Solar Power Station
|Puerto Lápice
|Helios 1 completed May 2012[61]
Helios 2 completed August 2012[61]
|This section is outdated. (November 2014)
Photovoltaic systems use no fuel and modules typically last 25 to 40 years. The cost of installation is almost the only cost, as there is very little maintenance required. Installation cost is measured in $/watt or €/watt. The electricity generated is sold for ¢/kWh. 1 watt of installed photovoltaics generates roughly 1 to 2 kWh/year, as a result of the local insolation. The product of the local cost of electricity and the insolation determines the break even point for solar power. The International Conference on Solar Photovoltaic Investments, organized by EPIA, has estimated that PV systems will pay back their investors in 8 to 12 years.[76] As a result, since 2006 it has been economical for investors to install photovoltaics for free in return for a long term power purchase agreement. Fifty percent of commercial systems were installed in this manner in 2007 and over 90% by 2009.[77]
As of 2011, the cost of PV has fallen well below that of nuclear power and is set to fall further. The average retail price of solar cells as monitored by the Solarbuzz group fell from $3.50/watt to $2.43/watt over the course of 2011, and a decline to prices below $2.00/watt seems inevitable:[78]
A U.S. study of the amount of economic installations agrees closely with the actual installations.
For large-scale installations, prices below $1.00/watt are now common. In some locations, PV has reached grid parity, the cost at which it is competitive with coal or gas-fired generation. More generally, it is now evident that, given a carbon price of $50/ton, which would raise the price of coal-fired power by 5c/kWh, solar PV will be cost-competitive in most locations. The declining price of PV has been reflected in rapidly growing installations, totalling about 23 GW in 2011. Although some consolidation is likely in 2012, as firms try to restore profitability, strong growth seems likely to continue for the rest of the decade. Already, by one estimate, total investment in renewables for 2011 exceeded investment in carbon-based electricity generation.[78]
Additionally, governments have created various financial incentives to encourage the use of solar power, such as feed-in tariff programs. Also, Renewable portfolio standards impose a government mandate that utilities generate or acquire a certain percentage of renewable power regardless of increased energy procurement costs. In most states, RPS goals can be achieved by any combination of solar, wind, biomass, landfill gas, ocean, geothermal, municipal solid waste, hydroelectric, hydrogen, or fuel cell technologies.[79]
Shi Zhengrong has said that, as of 2012, unsubsidised solar power is already competitive with fossil fuels in India, Hawaii, Italy and Spain. He said "We are at a tipping point. No longer are renewable power sources like solar and wind a luxury of the rich. They are now starting to compete in the real world without subsidies". "Solar power will be able to compete without subsidies against conventional power sources in half the world by 2015".[80]
Energy cost
The PV industry is beginning to adopt levelized cost of energy (LCOE) as the unit of cost. For a 10 MW plant in Phoenix, AZ, the LCOE is estimated at $0.15 to 0.22/kWh in 2005.[81]
The table below illustrates the calculated total cost in US cents per kilowatt-hour of electricity generated by a photovoltaic system as function of the investment cost and the efficiency, assuming some accounting parameters such as cost of capital and depreciation period. The row headings on the left show the total cost, per peak kilowatt (kWp), of a photovoltaic installation. The column headings across the top refer to the annual energy output in kilowatt-hours expected from each installed peak kilowatt. This varies by geographic region because the average insolation depends on the average cloudiness and the thickness of atmosphere traversed by the sunlight. It also depends on the path of the sun relative to the panel and the horizon.
Panels can be mounted at an angle based on latitude,[82] or solar tracking can be utilized to access even more perpendicular sunlight, thereby raising the total energy output. The calculated values in the table reflect the total cost in cents per kilowatt-hour produced. They assume a 5%/year total capital cost (for instance 4% interest rate, 1% operating and maintenance cost, and depreciation of the capital outlay over 20 years).
|Average cost in cents/kWh over 20 years for solar power panels
|200 $/kWp
|600 $/kWp
|1000 $/kWp
|1400 $/kWp
|1800 $/kWp
|2200 $/kWp
|2600 $/kWp
|3000 $/kWp
|3400 $/kWp
|3800 $/kWp
|4200 $/kWp
|4600 $/kWp
|5000 $/kWp
Grid parity
Grid parity, the point at which the cost of photovoltaic electricity is equal to or cheaper than the price of grid power, is more easily achieved in areas with abundant sun and high costs for electricity such as in California and Japan.[83]
The fully loaded cost (cost not price) of solar electricity in 2008 was $0.25/kWh or less in most of the OECD countries. By late 2011, the fully loaded cost was predicted to fall below $0.15/kWh for most of the OECD and reach $0.10/kWh in sunnier regions. These cost levels are driving three emerging trends:[84]
- vertical integration of the supply chain;
- origination of power purchase agreements (PPAs) by solar power companies;
- unexpected risk for traditional power generation companies, grid operators and wind turbine manufacturers.
Grid parity was first reached in Spain in 2013,[85] Hawaii and other islands that otherwise use fossil fuel (diesel fuel) to produce electricity, and most of the US is expected to reach grid parity by 2015.[86][87]
General Electric's Chief Engineer predicted grid parity without subsidies in sunny parts of the United States by around 2015. Other companies predict an earlier date:[88] the cost of solar power will be below grid parity for more than half of residential customers and 10% of commercial customers in the OECD, as long as grid electricity prices do not decrease through 2010.[84]
Self consumption
In cases of self consumption of the solar energy, the payback time is calculated based on how much electricity is not purchased from the grid.
For example, in Germany, with electricity prices of 0.25 Euro/KWh and insolation of 900 KWh/KW, one KWp will save 225 Euro per year, and with an installation cost of 1700 Euro/KWp the system cost will be returned in less than 7 years.[89]
However, in many cases, the patterns of generation and consumption do not coincide, and some or all of the energy is fed back into the grid. The electricity is sold, and at other times when energy is taken from the grid, electricity is bought. The relative costs and prices obtained affect the economics.
Energy pricing and incentives
|This section needs additional citations for verification. (May 2014)
The political purpose of incentive policies for PV is to facilitate an initial small-scale deployment to begin to grow the industry, even where the cost of PV is significantly above grid parity, to allow the industry to achieve the economies of scale necessary to reach grid parity. The policies are implemented to promote national energy independence, high tech job creation and reduction of CO2 emissions.
Three incentive mechanisms are used (often in combination):
- investment subsidies: the authorities refund part of the cost of installation of the system,
- Feed-in tariffs (FIT): the electricity utility buys PV electricity from the producer under a multiyear contract at a guaranteed rate.
- Solar Renewable Energy Certificates (SRECs)
- Rebates
With investment subsidies, the financial burden falls upon the taxpayer, while with feed-in tariffs the extra cost is distributed across the utilities' customer bases. While the investment subsidy may be simpler to administer, the main argument in favour of feed-in tariffs is the encouragement of quality. Investment subsidies are paid out as a function of the nameplate capacity of the installed system and are independent of its actual power yield over time, thus rewarding the overstatement of power and tolerating poor durability and maintenance. Some electric companies offer rebates to their customers, such as Austin Energy in Texas, which offers $2.50/watt installed up to $15,000.[90]
- Net metering
In net metering the price of the electricity produced is the same as the price supplied to the consumer, and the consumer is billed on the difference between production and consumption. Net metering can usually be done with no changes to standard electricity meters, which accurately measure power in both directions and automatically report the difference, and because it allows homeowners and businesses to generate electricity at a different time from consumption, effectively using the grid as a giant storage battery. With net metering, deficits are billed each month while surpluses are rolled over to the following month. Best practices call for perpetual roll over of kWh credits.[91] Excess credits upon termination of service are either lost, or paid for at a rate ranging from wholesale to retail rate or above, as can be excess annual credits. In New Jersey, annual excess credits are paid at the wholesale rate, as are left over credits when a customer terminates service.[92]
- Feed-in tariffs (FIT)
With feed-in tariffs, the financial burden falls upon the consumer. They reward the number of kilowatt-hours produced over a long period of time, but because the rate is set by the authorities, it may result in perceived overpayment. The price paid per kilowatt-hour under a feed-in tariff exceeds the price of grid electricity. Net metering refers to the case where the price paid by the utility is the same as the price charged.
- Solar Renewable Energy Credits (SRECs)
Alternatively, SRECs allow for a market mechanism to set the price of the solar generated electricity subsity. In this mechanism, a renewable energy production or consumption target is set, and the utility (more technically the Load Serving Entity) is obliged to purchase renewable energy or face a fine (Alternative Compliance Payment or ACP). The producer is credited for an SREC for every 1,000 kWh of electricity produced. If the utility buys this SREC and retires it, they avoid paying the ACP. In principle this system delivers the cheapest renewable energy, since the all solar facilities are eligible and can be installed in the most economic locations. Uncertainties about the future value of SRECs have led to long-term SREC contract markets to give clarity to their prices and allow solar developers to pre-sell and hedge their credits.
Financial incentives for photovoltaics differ across countries, including Australia, China,[93] Germany,[94] Israel,[95] Japan, and the United States and even across states within the US.
The Japanese government through its Ministry of International Trade and Industry ran a successful programme of subsidies from 1994 to 2003. By the end of 2004, Japan led the world in installed PV capacity with over 1.1 GW.[96]
In 2004, the German government introduced the first large-scale feed-in tariff system, under the German Renewable Energy Act, which resulted in explosive growth of PV installations in Germany. At the outset the FIT was over 3x the retail price or 8x the industrial price. The principle behind the German system is a 20 year flat rate contract. The value of new contracts is programmed to decrease each year, in order to encourage the industry to pass on lower costs to the end users. The programme has been more successful than expected with over 1GW installed in 2006, and political pressure is mounting to decrease the tariff to lessen the future burden on consumers.
Subsequently, Spain, Italy, Greece—that enjoyed an early success with domestic solar-thermal installations for hot water needs—and France introduced feed-in tariffs. None have replicated the programmed decrease of FIT in new contracts though, making the German incentive relatively less and less attractive compared to other countries. The French and Greek FIT offer a high premium (EUR 0.55/kWh) for building integrated systems. California, Greece, France and Italy have 30-50% more insolation than Germany making them financially more attractive. The Greek domestic "solar roof" programme (adopted in June 2009 for installations up to 10 kW) has internal rates of return of 10-15% at current commercial installation costs, which, furthermore, is tax free.
In 2006 California approved the 'California Solar Initiative', offering a choice of investment subsidies or FIT for small and medium systems and a FIT for large systems. The small-system FIT of $0.39 per kWh (far less than EU countries) expires in just 5 years, and the alternate "EPBB" residential investment incentive is modest, averaging perhaps 20% of cost. All California incentives are scheduled to decrease in the future depending as a function of the amount of PV capacity installed.
At the end of 2006, the Ontario Power Authority (OPA, Canada) began its Standard Offer Program, a precursor to the Green Energy Act, and the first in North America for distributed renewable projects of less than 10 MW. The feed-in tariff guaranteed a fixed price of $0.42 CDN per kWh over a period of twenty years. Unlike net metering, all the electricity produced was sold to the OPA at the given rate.
The price per kilowatt-hour or per installed kilowatt of the FIT or investment subsidies is only one of three factors that stimulate PV deployment. The other two factors are insolation (the more sunshine, the less capital is needed for a given power output) and administrative ease of obtaining permits and contracts.
The complexity of approvals in California, Spain and Italy has prevented comparable growth to Germany even though the return on investment is better.
In some countries, additional incentives are offered for BIPV compared to stand alone PV.
- France + EUR 0.16 /kWh (compared to semi-integrated) or + EUR 0.27/kWh (compared to stand alone)
- Italy + EUR 0.04-0.09 kWh
- Germany + EUR 0.05/kWh (facades only)
Environmental impacts
Unlike fossil fuel based technologies, solar power does not lead to any harmful emissions during operation, but the production of the panels leads to some amount of pollution.
Greenhouse gases
The Life-cycle greenhouse-gas emissions of solar power are in the range of 22 to 46 g/kWh depending on if solar thermal or solar PV is being analyzed, respectively. With this potentially being decreased to 15 g/kWh in the future.[97] For comparison (of weighted averages), a combined cycle gas-fired power plant emits some 400-599 g/kWh,[98] an oil-fired power plant 893 g/kWh,[98] a coal-fired power plant 915-994 g/kWh[99] or with carbon capture and storage some 200 g/kWh, and a geothermal high-temp. power plant 91-122 g/kWh.[98] The life cycle emission intensity of hydro, wind and nuclear power are lower than solar's as of 2011 as published by the IPCC, and discussed in the article Life-cycle greenhouse-gas emissions of energy sources. Similar to all energy sources were their total life cycle emissions primarily lay in the construction and transportation phase, the switch to low carbon power in the manufacturing and transportation of solar devices would further reduce carbon emissions. BP Solar owns two factories built by Solarex (one in Maryland, the other in Virginia) in which all of the energy used to manufacture solar panels is produced by solar panels. A 1-kilowatt system eliminates the burning of approximately 170 pounds of coal, 300 pounds of carbon dioxide from being released into the atmosphere, and saves up to 105 gallons of water consumption monthly.[100]
Energy payback
The energy payback time of a power generating system is the time required to generate as much energy as was consumed during production of the system. In 2000 the energy payback time of PV systems was estimated as 8 to 11 years[101] and in 2006 this was estimated to be 1.5 to 3.5 years for crystalline silicon PV systems[97] and 1-1.5 years for thin film technologies (S. Europe).[97]
Another economic measure, closely related to the energy payback time, is the energy returned on energy invested (EROEI) or energy return on investment (EROI),[102] which is the ratio of electricity generated divided by the energy required to build and maintain the equipment. (This is not the same as the economic return on investment (ROI), which varies according to local energy prices, subsidies available and metering techniques.) With lifetimes of at least 30 years[citation needed], the EROEI of PV systems are in the range of 10 to 30, thus generating enough energy over their lifetimes to reproduce themselves many times (6-31 reproductions) depending on what type of material, balance of system (BOS), and the geographic location of the system.[103]
One issue that has often raised concerns is the use of cadmium in cadmium telluride solar cells (CdTe is only used in a few types of PV panels). Cadmium in its metallic form is a toxic substance that has the tendency to accumulate in ecological food chains. The amount of cadmium used in thin-film PV modules is relatively small (5-10 g/m²) and with proper emission control techniques in place the cadmium emissions from module production can be almost zero. Current PV technologies lead to cadmium emissions of 0.3-0.9 microgram/kWh over the whole life-cycle.[97] Most of these emissions actually arise through the use of coal power for the manufacturing of the modules, and coal and lignite combustion leads to much higher emissions of cadmium. Life-cycle cadmium emissions from coal is 3.1 microgram/kWh, lignite 6.2, and natural gas 0.2 microgram/kWh.
Note that if electricity produced by photovoltaic panels were used to manufacture the modules instead of electricity from burning coal, cadmium emissions from coal power usage in the manufacturing process could be entirely eliminated.[104]
Some media sources have reported that solar power plants have injured or killed large numbers of birds due to intense heat.[4][5] This adverse effect only applies to concentrated solar power plants however, and some of the claims may have been overstated or exaggerated.[105]
Energy storage methods
Solar energy is not available at night, making energy storage an important issue in order to provide the continuous availability of energy.[107] Both wind power and solar power are intermittent energy sources, meaning that all available output must be taken when it is available and either stored for when it can be used, or transported, over transmission lines, to where it can be used.
Off-grid PV systems have traditionally used rechargeable batteries to store excess electricity. With grid-tied systems, excess electricity can be sent to the transmission grid. Net metering and feed-in tariff programs give these systems a credit for the electricity they produce. This credit offsets electricity provided from the grid when the system cannot meet demand, effectively using the grid as a storage mechanism. Credits are normally rolled over from month to month and any remaining surplus settled annually.[108] When wind and solar are a small fraction of the grid power, other generation techniques can adjust their output appropriately, but as these forms of variable power grow, this becomes less practical.
Solar energy can be stored at high temperatures using molten salts. Salts are an effective storage medium because they are low-cost, have a high specific heat capacity and can deliver heat at temperatures compatible with conventional power systems. The Solar Two used this method of energy storage, allowing it to store 1.44 TJ in its 68 m³ storage tank, enough to provide full output for close to 39 hours, with an efficiency of about 99%.[109]
Conventional hydroelectricity works very well in conjunction with intermittent electricity sources such as solar and wind, the water can be held back and allowed to flow as required with virtually no energy loss. Where a suitable river is not available, pumped-storage hydroelectricity stores energy in the form of water pumped when surplus electricity is available, from a lower elevation reservoir to a higher elevation one. The energy is recovered when demand is high by releasing the water: the pump becomes a turbine, and the motor a hydroelectric power generator.[110] However, this loses some of the energy to pumpage losses.
Artificial photosynthesis involves the use of nanotechnology to store solar electromagnetic energy in chemical bonds, by splitting water to produce hydrogen fuel or then combining with carbon dioxide to make biopolymers such as methanol. Many large national and regional research projects on artificial photosynthesis are now trying to develop techniques integrating improved light capture, quantum coherence methods of electron transfer and cheap catalytic materials that operate under a variety of atmospheric conditions.[111] Senior researchers in the field have made the public policy case for a Global Project on Artificial Photosynthesis to address critical energy security and environmental sustainability issues.[112]
Wind power and solar power tend to be somewhat complementary, as there tends to be more wind in the winter and more sun in the summer, but on days with no sun and no wind the difference needs to be made up in some manner.[113] Solar power is seasonal, particularly in northern/southern climates, away from the equator, suggesting a need for long term seasonal storage in a medium such as hydrogen. The storage requirements vary and in some cases can be met with biomass.[114] The Institute for Solar Energy Supply Technology of the University of Kassel pilot-tested a combined power plant linking solar, wind, biogas and hydrostorage to provide load-following power around the clock, entirely from renewable sources.[115]
Experimental solar power
Concentrated photovoltaics (CPV) systems employ sunlight concentrated onto photovoltaic surfaces for the purpose of electrical power production. Solar concentrators of all varieties may be used, and these are often mounted on a solar tracker in order to keep the focal point upon the cell as the sun moves across the sky.[116] Luminescent solar concentrators (when combined with a PV-solar cell) can also be regarded as a CPV system. Concentrated photovoltaics are useful as they can improve efficiency of PV-solar panels drastically.[117]
Thermoelectric, or "thermovoltaic" devices convert a temperature difference between dissimilar materials into an electric current. First proposed as a method to store solar energy by solar pioneer Mouchout in the 1800s,[118] thermoelectrics reemerged in the Soviet Union during the 1930s. Under the direction of Soviet scientist Abram Ioffe a concentrating system was used to thermoelectrically generate power for a 1 hp engine.[119] Thermogenerators, but in the following cases powered by the heat source plutonium-238 in radioisotope thermoelectric generators are used in the US space program as an energy conversion technology for powering deep space missions such as the Mars Curiosity rover, Cassini, Galileo and Viking. Research in this area of thermogenerators, which can use any heat source, is focused on raising the efficiency of these devices from 7–8% to 15–20%.[120]
Physicists have claimed that recent technological developments bring the cost of solar energy more in parity with that of fossil fuels. In 2007, David Faiman, the director of the Ben-Gurion National Solar Energy Center of Israel, announced that the Center had entered into a project with Zenith Solar to create a home solar energy system that uses a 10 square meter reflector dish.[121] In testing, the concentrated solar technology proved to be up to five times more cost effective than standard flat photovoltaic silicon panels, which would make it almost the same cost as oil and natural gas.[122] A prototype ready for commercialization achieved a concentration of solar energy that was more than 1,000 times greater than standard flat panels.[123]
Most spacecraft operating in the inner solar system are usually solar powered and rely on the use of solar panels to derive electricity from sunlight. Space-based solar power uses high efficient multijunction photovoltaic cells.
See also
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Solar power.
- Cost of electricity by source
- List of energy storage projects
- List of renewable energy organizations
- List of solar energy topics
- List of solar thermal power stations
- Renewable energy
- Renewable energy commercialization
- Solar energy
- Solar lamp
- Sustainable energy
- Thin-film cell
- Timeline of solar energy
- ^ "Energy Sources: Solar". Department of Energy. Retrieved 19 April 2011.
- ^ a b c Solar Cells and their Applications Second Edition, Lewis Fraas, Larry Partain, Wiley, 2010, ISBN 978-0-470-44633-1 , Section10.2.
- ^ Perlin (1999), p. 147
- ^ Perlin (1999), pp. 18–20
- ^ "Magic Plates, Tap Sun For Power". Popular Science. June 1931. Retrieved 19 April 2011.
- ^ Perlin (1999), p. 29
- ^ Perlin (1999), p. 29–30, 38
- ^ "Trends in Photovoltaic Applications Survey report of selected IEA countries between 1992 and 2009, IEA-PVPS". Retrieved 8 November 2011.
- ^ Martin and Goswami (2005), p. 45
- ^ Spanish CSP Plant with Storage Produces Electricity for 24 Hours Straight
- ^ "Concentrated Solar Thermal Power – Now". Retrieved 19 August 2008.
- ^ a b c "Concentrating Solar Power in 2001 – An IEA/SolarPACES Summary of Present Status and Future Prospects" (PDF). International Energy Agency – SolarPACES. Retrieved 2 July 2008.
- ^ "UNLV Solar Site". University of Las Vegas. Retrieved 2 July 2008.
- ^ "Compact CLFR". Physics.usyd.edu.au. 12 June 2002. Retrieved 19 April 2011.
- ^ "Ausra compact CLFR introducing cost-saving solar rotation features" (PDF). Retrieved 19 April 2011.
- ^ "An Assessment of Solar Energy Conversion Technologies and Research Opportunities" (PDF). Stanford University – Global Climate Change & Energy Project. Retrieved 2 July 2008.
- ^ Find data and sources in articles Growth of photovoltaics and Concentrated solar power#Deployment around the world
- ^ Historical Data Workbook (2013 calendar year)
- ^ Butti and Perlin (1981), p. 63, 77, 101
- ^ "The Solar Energy Book-Once More." Mother Earth News 31:16–17, Jan. 1975
- ^ Butti and Perlin (1981), p. 249
- ^ Yergin (1991), pp. 634, 653–673
- ^ "Chronicle of Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft". Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft. Retrieved 4 November 2007.
- ^ Solar: photovoltaic: Lighting Up The World retrieved 19 May 2009
- ^ "Photovoltaics: Overview of installed PV in 2013". Renewables International. 2014-01-14. Retrieved 2014-06-23.
- ^ "Solar photovoltaic roadmap". International Energy Agency. 2010. Retrieved 2014-08-18.
- ^ Marc Roca (2014-09-29). "Solar May Become Largest Global Power Source by 2050". Bloomberg News. Retrieved 2014-09-29.
- ^ a b "DOE Closes on Four Major Solar Projects". Renewable Energy World. 30 September 2011.
- ^ a b PV Resources.com (2011). World's largest photovoltaic power plants
- ^ Steve Leone (7 December 2011). "Billionaire Buffett Bets on Solar Energy". Renewable Energy World.
- ^ The Tribune: California Valley's Topaz Solar Farm now producing electricity
- ^ Energy Information Administration. "Topaz Solar Farm, Monthly". Electricity Data Browser. Retrieved October 9, 2013.
- ^ CPUC: Status of RPS Projects
- ^ RESOLUTION E-4347 September 2, 2010
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- ^ SolarServer: CPI completes massive hybrid solar PV/hydro plant in Western China
- ^ Solar Star Project, Japan DG Demand Drive SunPower's Q3, Forbes, 10/31/2014
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- ^ Meza, Edgar (27 June 2013). "NRG Energy completes 250 MW California Valley Solar Ranch". Solar Energy Industry Association. Retrieved 5 July 2013.
- ^ "130MW energized". California Valley Solar Ranch. Retrieved Feb 2013.
- ^ a b RPS Project Status Table - February Update
- ^ World's Largest Operational Solar PV Project, Agua Caliente, Achieves 250 Megawatts of Grid-Connected Power
- ^ "First Solar Stops Installation at Agua Caliente Project". Bloomberg.
- ^ World's Biggest Solar PV Plant a Feather in DOE's Cap, Pete Danko, greentechmedia, May 2, 2014
- ^ "AV Solar Ranch One". NextLight Renewable Power LLC. 2009. Retrieved 2009-06-06.
- ^ Project Overview
- ^ Hill, Joshua (22 Feb 2013). "Antelope Valley Solar Ranch One Achieves 100 Megawatt Milestone". Clean Technica. Retrieved Feb 2013.
- ^ Gujarat Power Corporation Ltd
- ^ India Pushes Ultra-Mega Scheme To Scale Solar PV, Forbes, William Pentland, 9/09/2014
- ^ http://www.abengoa.com/web/en/noticias_y_publicaciones/noticias/historico/2014/05_mayo/abg_20140521.html
- ^ "China-PV Power Station". China Central Television. Oct 29, 2011. Archived from the original on 20 February 2012. Retrieved April 2012.
- ^ Qinghai leads in photovoltaic power
- ^ 200 MW Gonghe PV Station of Huanghe Company Synchronized, China Power Investment Corporation, Dec 16,2013
- ^ Major Solar Projects in the United States, SEIA
- ^ What is peak demand?, Energex.com.au website.
- ^ Abengoa Solar: Abengoa's Solana, the US's first large-scale solar plant with thermal energy storage system, begins commercial operation
- ^ SolarServer: Concentrating solar power: Solana CSP plant begins commercial operation
- ^ Abengoa Solar begins construction on Extremadura's second solar concentrating solar power plant
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Lokalizacion de Centrales Termosolares en Espana
- ^ CSP World: Abengoa closes financing and begin operation of Solaben 1 & 6 CSP plants in Spain
- ^ RSS Feed for Craig Rubens Email Craig Rubens Craig Rubens (8 August 2008). "Abengoa Rakes in $426M for 4 Solar Power Plants". Earth2tech.com. Retrieved 19 April 2011.
- ^ "Abengoa Solar begins commercial operation of Solnova 3". Abengoasolar.com. 24 May 2010. Retrieved 19 April 2011.
- ^ "Abengoa Solar Reaches Total of 193 Megawatts Operating". Abengoasolar.com. 2 August 2010. Retrieved 19 April 2011.
- ^ Andasol 1 has started test run. Solarmillennium.de (15 October 2008). Retrieved 8 November 2011.
- ^ "The Construction of the Andasol Power Plants". Solarmillennium.de. Retrieved 8 November 2011.
- ^ Solar Thermal Power Generation - A Spanish Success Story
- ^ VALLE 1 and VALLE 2
- ^ a b Renewable Energy Magazine: Abengoa-E.ON joint solar thermal electric plant comes online
- ^ a b Abengoa Projects in Andalucia
- ^ CSP World Solacor 2 comes on-line
- ^ Solar Photovoltaics Competing in the Energy Sector, W. Hoffman, 8th European PV Industry Summit, September 2011(Link to the document in the "presentation" section)
- ^ Šúri M., Huld T.A., Dunlop E.D. Ossenbrink H.A., 2007. Potential of solar electricity generation in the European Union member states and candidate countries. Solar Energy, 81, 1295–1305, [2]
- ^ "3rd International Conference on Solar Photovoltaic Investments". Pvinvestmentconference.org. Retrieved 19 April 2011.
- ^ "Solar Power Services: How PPAs are Changing the PV Value Chain". 11 February 2008. Retrieved 21 May 2009.
- ^ a b John Quiggin (3 January 2012). "The End of the Nuclear Renaissance". National Interest.
- ^ Robert Glennon and Andrew M. Reeves, Solar Energy's Cloudy Future, 1 Ariz. J. Evtl. L. & Pol'y, 91, 106 (2010) available at http://ajelp.com/documents/GlennonFinal.pdf
- ^ Mark Clifford (8 February 2012). "China's visible solar power success". MarketWatch.
- ^ Solar Energy Technologies Program pp. 52, 53 retrieved 28 March 2009
- ^ EERE's Consumer Guide: Siting Your Small Solar Electric System
- ^ Going for grid parity 2005 article
- ^ a b The True Cost of Solar Power retrieved 22 October 2008
- ^ Kelly-Detwiler, Peter. "Solar Grid Parity Comes to Spain". Forbes.
- ^ "Gaining on the grid". BP.
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- ^ Money saved by producing electricity from PV and Years for payback
- ^ Solar Rebate Program
- ^ Net Metering
- ^ Net Metering and Interconnection
- ^ China Racing Ahead of America in the Drive to Go Solar.
- ^ German PV market
- ^ Approved — Feed-in tariff in Israel.
- ^ OJA-services.nl
- ^ a b c d Alsema, E.A.; Wild - Scholten, M.J. de; Fthenakis, V.M. Environmental impacts of PV electricity generation - a critical comparison of energy supply options ECN, September 2006; 7p. Presented at the 21st European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition, Dresden, Germany, 4–8 September 2006.
- ^ a b c Fridleifsson,, Ingvar B.; Bertani, Ruggero; Huenges, Ernst; Lund, John W.; Ragnarsson, Arni; Rybach, Ladislaus (11 February 2008). O. Hohmeyer and T. Trittin, ed. "The possible role and contribution of geothermal energy to the mitigation of climate change" (pdf). IPCC Scoping Meeting on Renewable Energy Sources. Luebeck, Germany. pp. 59–80. Retrieved 6 April 2009.
- ^ Lund, John W. (June 2007). "Characteristics, Development and utilization of geothermal resources". Geo-Heat Centre Quarterly Bulletin 28 (2) (Klamath Falls, Oregon: Oregon Institute of Technology). pp. 1–9. ISSN 0276-1084. Retrieved 16 April 2009.
- ^ Solar Energy Facts
- ^ Andrew Blakers and Klaus Weber, "The Energy Intensity of Photovoltaic Systems", Centre for Sustainable Energy Systems, Australian National University, 2000.
- ^ C. Reich-Weiser, D. Dornfeld, and S. Horne. Environmental assessment and metrics for solar: Case study of solfocus solar concentrator systems. UC Berkeley: Laboratory for Manufacturing and Sustainability, 8 May 2008.
- ^ Joshua Pearce and Andrew Lau, "Net Energy Analysis For Sustainable Energy Production From Silicon Based Solar Cells", Proceedings of American Society of Mechanical Engineers Solar 2002: Sunrise on the Reliable Energy Economy, editor R. Campbell-Howe, 2002.
- ^ CdTe PV: Real and Perceived EHS Risks
- ^ Jake Richardson (22 August 2014). [3] Cleantechnica.com.
- ^ Edwin Cartlidge (18 November 2011). "Saving for a rainy day". Science (Vol 334). pp. 922–924.
- ^ Carr (1976), p. 85
- ^ "PV Systems and Net Metering". Department of Energy. Archived from the original on 4 July 2008. Retrieved 31 July 2008.
- ^ "Advantages of Using Molten Salt". Sandia National Laboratory. Retrieved 29 September 2007.
- ^ "Pumped Hydro Storage". Electricity Storage Association. Retrieved 31 July 2008.
- ^ Collings AF, Critchley C. Artificial Photosynthesis. From Basic Biology to Industrial Application. Wiley-VCH. Weinheim (2005) p. x ISBN 3-527-31090-8 doi:10.1002/3527606742.
- ^ Faunce TA, Lubitz W, Rutherford AW, MacFarlane D, Moore, GF, Yang P, Nocera DG, Moore TA, Gregory DH, Fukuzumi S, Yoon KB, Armstrong FA, Wasielewski MR, Styring S. 'Energy and Environment Case for a Global Project on Artificial Photosynthesis.' Energy and Environmental Science 2013, 6 (3), 695 - 698 DOI:10.1039/C3EE00063J http://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2013/ee/c3ee00063j (accessed 14 March 2013)
- ^ "Wind + sun join forces at Washington power plant". The Oregonian. 21 January 2008. Retrieved 31 January 2008.
- ^ Seasonal Energy Storage in a Renewable Energy System
- ^ "The Combined Power Plant: the first stage in providing 100% power from renewable energy". SolarServer. January 2008. Retrieved 10 October 2008.
- ^ MSU-CSET Participation Archive with notation in the Murray Ledger & Times
- ^ Layton, Julia (5 November 2008). "What is a luminescent solar concentrator?". Science.howstuffworks.com. Retrieved 19 April 2011.
- ^ Perlin and Butti (1981), p. 73
- ^ Halacy (1973), p. 76
- ^ Tritt (2008), pp. 366–368
- ^ Reflective mirrors seen raising solar potential, Ari Rabinovitch, Reuters, 10 August 2007 retrieved 8 February 2009
- ^ Zenith Solar's Light of a Thousand Suns, Green Prophet, 17 December 2007.
- ^ At the Zenith of Solar Energy, Neal Sandler,BusinessWeek, 26 March 2008.
|This article is outdated. (May 2014)
- Butti, Ken; Perlin, John (1981). A Golden Thread (2500 Years of Solar Architecture and Technology). Van Nostrand Reinhold. ISBN 0-442-24005-8.
- Carr, Donald E. (1976). Energy & the Earth Machine. W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 0-393-06407-7.
- Halacy, Daniel (1973). The Coming Age of Solar Energy. Harper and Row. ISBN 0-380-00233-7.
- Martin, Christopher L.; Goswami, D. Yogi (2005). Solar Energy Pocket Reference. International Solar Energy Society. ISBN 0-9771282-0-2.
- Mills, David (2004). "Advances in solar thermal electricity technology". Solar Energy 76 (1–3): 19–31. doi:10.1016/S0038-092X(03)00102-6.
- Perlin, John (1999). From Space to Earth (The Story of Solar Electricity). Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-01013-2.
- Tritt, T.; Böttner, H.; Chen, L. (2008). "Thermoelectrics: Direct Solar Thermal Energy Conversion". MRS Bulletin 33 (4): 355–372.
- Yergin, Daniel (1991). The Prize: The Epic Quest for Oil, Money, and Power. Simon & Schuster. p. 885. ISBN 978-0-671-79932-8.
Further reading
- Smaller, cheaper, faster: Does Moore's law apply to solar cells? Scientific American analysis


text:
Photo © The Israel Museum, Jerusalem, by Mauro Magliani
Man's hooded cape (akhnif)
Atlas Mountains, Morocco
Late 19th century – early 20th century
Goat hair, woven and embroidered
L: 92; W: 300 cm
Gift of Baroness Alix de Rothschild, Paris
Accession number: B73.1076
In the southern Atlas Mountains, the akhnif, a hooded cape, was a standard man's garment worn by both Muslims and Jews. It was typically black, and there was an intricate woven orange decoration on the back in a pattern resembling an eye.
In compliance with local laws, Jews wore the garment inside out so as to mark them as Jews. Thus only the dangling threads of the inner side were visible, and only when the akhnif was rolled up to the shoulders was the pattern revealed in all its splendor.
The Israel Museum, Publisher: Harry N. Abrams, Inc., 2005
Juhasz, Esther (ed.), The Jewish wardrobe from the Collection of The Israel Museum, Jerusalem, 5 Continents Editions, Milan and The Israel Museum, Jerusalem, 2012
Digital presentation of this object was made possible by: The Ridgefield Foundation, New York, in memory of Henry J. and Erna D. Leir


text:
|26 Feb 2012
PLEASE READ BSOD mostly Graphics and Harddisk errors..at random times
Well, here's the system specs to start off...
OS: Windows 7 professional x64 new OS
Motherboard: Gigabyte Z68X-UD3H-B3 rev. 1.3
CPU: Intel Core i5-2500K x4 Clocked at 5801 MHz
RAM: 16gb Corsair Vengeance 1600MHz
Harddisk: Seagate 1TB Serial ATA HD 7200/64MB/SATA-6G
VGA: NVIDIA GeForce GTX 560 Ti
PSU: Corsair Enthusiast Series TX650 V2 650W 80+ Bronze
Cooling: Corsair Air Series A50 Performance CPU Cooler
Network: Realtek PCIe GBE Family Controller
Audio: Realtek High Definition Audio
DirectX 11
Hopefully that's enough.
Anyway I built this computer about 3 weeks ago and immediately had BSOD problems and graphics error kernel problems and whatnot. The graphics one I haven't seen in a little while now so hopefully I took care of that. Now I get random shut offs and blue screens. This is the newest error message: The driver detected a controller error on \Device\Harddisk1\DR2. So what I'm wondering is do I have the harddisk in the right Sata port? I thought I did according to the diagram, currently it's in SATA3_0/1 which is supposed to support Intel 6gb/s connectors...but maybe I should have it in the 3gb/s ones? Any help or ideas would be appreciated.
P.S. I've also ran memtest 86+ and there weren't any errors from that. Next I'm going to remove 3 of the mem sticks and run a test individually on each of those. Temps look great- under 30C for everything and I have ran a stress test for an hour and they stayed around 60C...Is it weird that Windows gives me a 5.9 rating for the Harddrive?
|My System Specs
|26 Feb 2012
Please read the following and respond accordingly.
|My System Specs
|26 Feb 2012
Bleh..I assumed what I posted was enough
I dont have any system reports saved but when i make them I'll post it.
|My System Specs
|26 Feb 2012
System Report
Here's the system report...nothing unusual...and the Dump files
|My System Specs
|26 Feb 2012
The dump you've provided points to memory corruption, which can be caused by a few things. It's mostly caused by a driver / software issue, but it can be caused by failing memory as well.
Two tests I'd like you to run, Memtest and then Driver Verifier if Memtest comes back clean.
Read the following to test your memory for errors.
Driver Verifier:
Read the following to enable Driver Verifier. Use Driver Second if Memtest finds nothing, as it's likely a software / driver issue, we just aren't being told what it is, and hopefully Driver Verifier will than force a crash if it finds the violating driver.
Before enabling Driver Verifier, my recommendation is to set a backup / restore point as in severe cases Driver Verifier can break your Windows. If you have difficulty getting into Windows, boot into Safe Mode and disable Driver Verifier there.
Microsoft (R) Windows Debugger Version 6.12.0002.633 AMD64 Copyright (c) Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. Loading Dump File [C:\Users\Icarus\Downloads\Dumps\Windows_NT6_BSOD_jcgriff2\022512-16348-01.dmp] Mini Kernel Dump File: Only registers and stack trace are available Symbol search path is: http://msdl.microsoft.com/download/symbols Executable search path is: Windows 7 Kernel Version 7601 (Service Pack 1) MP (4 procs) Free x64 Product: WinNt, suite: TerminalServer SingleUserTS Built by: 7601.17640.amd64fre.win7sp1_gdr.110622-1506 Machine Name: Kernel base = 0xfffff800`03009000 PsLoadedModuleList = 0xfffff800`0324e670 Debug session time: Sun Feb 26 01:20:39.422 2012 (UTC - 5:00) System Uptime: 0 days 0:52:09.639 Loading Kernel Symbols ............................................................... ................................................................ ....................................... Loading User Symbols Loading unloaded module list ....... ******************************************************************************* * * * Bugcheck Analysis * * * ******************************************************************************* Use !analyze -v to get detailed debugging information. BugCheck 109, {a3a039d8a39ca79e, b3b7465ef61a85d8, fffff88001636880, 1} Probably caused by : memory_corruption Followup: memory_corruption --------- 2: kd> !analyze -v ******************************************************************************* * * * Bugcheck Analysis * * * ******************************************************************************* CRITICAL_STRUCTURE_CORRUPTION (109) This bugcheck is generated when the kernel detects that critical kernel code or data have been corrupted. There are generally three causes for a corruption: 1) A driver has inadvertently or deliberately modified critical kernel code or data. See http://www.microsoft.com/whdc/driver/kernel/64bitPatching.mspx 2) A developer attempted to set a normal kernel breakpoint using a kernel debugger that was not attached when the system was booted. Normal breakpoints, "bp", can only be set if the debugger is attached at boot time. Hardware breakpoints, "ba", can be set at any time. 3) A hardware corruption occurred, e.g. failing RAM holding kernel code or data. Arguments: Arg1: a3a039d8a39ca79e, Reserved Arg2: b3b7465ef61a85d8, Reserved Arg3: fffff88001636880, Failure type dependent information Arg4: 0000000000000001, Type of corrupted region, can be 0 : A generic data region 1 : Modification of a function or .pdata 2 : A processor IDT 3 : A processor GDT 4 : Type 1 process list corruption 5 : Type 2 process list corruption 6 : Debug routine modification 7 : Critical MSR modification Debugging Details: ------------------ BUGCHECK_STR: 0x109 CUSTOMER_CRASH_COUNT: 1 DEFAULT_BUCKET_ID: CODE_CORRUPTION PROCESS_NAME: System CURRENT_IRQL: 0 LAST_CONTROL_TRANSFER: from 0000000000000000 to fffff80003085c40 STACK_TEXT: fffff880`033a1498 00000000`00000000 : 00000000`00000109 a3a039d8`a39ca79e b3b7465e`f61a85d8 fffff880`01636880 : nt!KeBugCheckEx STACK_COMMAND: kb CHKIMG_EXTENSION: !chkimg -lo 50 -d !ndis fffff880016368eb - ndis!ndisQueuedMiniportDpcWorkItem+6b [ 8b:8a ] 1 error : !ndis (fffff880016368eb) MODULE_NAME: memory_corruption IMAGE_NAME: memory_corruption FOLLOWUP_NAME: memory_corruption DEBUG_FLR_IMAGE_TIMESTAMP: 0 MEMORY_CORRUPTOR: ONE_BIT FAILURE_BUCKET_ID: X64_MEMORY_CORRUPTION_ONE_BIT BUCKET_ID: X64_MEMORY_CORRUPTION_ONE_BIT Followup: memory_corruption ---------
|My System Specs
|26 Feb 2012
Alrighty thanks. Yah I'll take out the 3 memory sticks and run it one at a time then. I ran memtest 86+ and the memory scanner windows comes with but the results were fine, that was with all 4 sticks in though. Thanks for the help, I'll let you know how it goes.
|My System Specs
|26 Feb 2012
My pleasure, keep me updated
|My System Specs
|27 Feb 2012
So I ran memtest all night with the 4 in at the same time. It seems to be getting stuck during the 8th test at modulo 20. For some reason it'll just keep running that same test and it wont restart the testing process from there. It just stays at 100% total completed and restart the 8th test again. So I guess it's time to take them out one at a time and see if its a stick or a slot. Thanks again for the advice.
|My System Specs
|27 Feb 2012
Great idea, keep me updated.
|My System Specs
|27 Feb 2012
Update again...so I ran each stick one at a time in the 4 slots and let memtest go through 2 full passes..no errors. I'll probably do 1 a night and let it go through the whole 7 passes as recommended but I had a question. My motherboard has 4 Sata connectors. 2 for intel 2 for marvel..each has a 6 gb/s and a 3 gb/s. I have the intel 6gb/s one so I connected my hard drive into that...but im wondering if its a sata port issue since one of my drivers tests said something about my harddisk, and if so what is the difference moving it from one intel port to the other? What would happen if I move it into the marvel 6bg/s port? Thanks
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At Soccer6s, we organise six-a-side league football across Tyne and Wear with affiliation to the FA. We have qualified referees and our matches are played on the latest 3rd generation astroturf, or all weather pitches for premiership quality playing surfaces.
All our leagues are adult, so you need to be 16 yrs or over, but there are plenty of veterans still taking part who thought their playing days were over!
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text:
Definitions for james scott connors
This page provides all possible meanings and translations of the word james scott connors
Princeton's WordNet
Connors, Jimmy Conors, James Scott Connors(noun)
outstanding United States tennis player (born in 1952)
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text:
Monday, April 30, 2012
Hayley is Six Months Old
Wednesday, April 25, 2012
Contributing Blogger
She has been devoting so much time towards this new effort and of course the time and effort that she devotes to her sweet family, that blogging on The Cheap and Choosy has taken a backseat. Sometimes we as moms have to let things go to make way for better things. But that doesn't mean they have to die. Amy has decided make The Cheap and Choosy a community blog. Community blogs are so great because you can get several thoughts/ideas/perspectives on one subject in one place. Her motto is
Isn't that a fantastic motto to live your life by!
I am also extremely honored and flattered that Amy has asked me to be one of the new contributors to The Cheap and Choosy. I need to get her a headshot and little blurb to put up on her contributors page. While I will still be here three days a week, I am so excited to begin joining in a conversation with others who want to live a "simple. frugal. intentional." life too.
Tuesday, April 24, 2012
Enough Bookshelves
Monday, April 23, 2012
Shirred Dress with Spaghetti Straps
I made her dress using those pre-shirred fabrics at fabric stores. I'm sure you've seen them before. They've been around for a long time. You just measure the amount you need to wrap around, sew up the side and voila, you have a dress.
Well, I found a sweet princess pattern fabric recently and couldn't resist. It didn't help that it was on sale either. Hee hee. The only problem I had with it, was that it wouldn't stay up. Poor skinny minny. Don't we all just wish we had that problem!
So I added some white spaghetti straps that we could tie at the top of her shoulders. So simple, and so very Caitlin.
Wednesday, April 18, 2012
The Sweetest Guilt Trip
It doesn't sound like much, but it was just a sweet and peaceful moment. And it gave me a little guilt trip. You see, our darling sweet three-year old girl has SO much energy. That energy often runs rampant and feels so out of control. But when you give her a project and sit down with her and just play, real engaging play, she calms down and is just the sweetest little girl. She craves that individual attention and blossoms when it's given. And guess what I haven't been doing enough of; sitting down and quietly engaging with her one-on-one, sans baby.
Any mom with more than one child I'm sure knows this dilemma. How do you fit in one-on-one time with each of your children, still get lunch and dinner on the table, and keep the house fairly clean? It often feels and sometime is an impossible task. Especially right now. Hayley is only 5.5 months old and although her days are in some ways routine, they are also in many ways still not routine. Because of that uncertainty, I haven't really settled into a 'do this at this specific time' schedule.
So I decided to make a loose schedule for me and the girls.
- The morning is breakfast/get dressed/mommy chore time. I believe that children need to learn to play by themselves, just not all day. This is now Caitlin's and Hayley's play alone time. Caitlin does her thing and Hayley is in her exersaucer/jumper thing.
- When Hayley takes her early morning nap sometime around 8:30 - 9:00, Caitlin and I can have some one-on-one time.
- After Hayley wakes up, we go outside and play for awhile.
- Hayley's next nap time is usually sometime between 10:30 and 11:30. During that time Caitlin and I can have some more one-on-one or I can do chores (whatever the day calls for). Plus lunch anytime between 11:00 and 12:00.
- Naptime for Caitlin is at 1:00 and I get some one-on-one with Hayley during this time, plus she will take a nap while Caitlin is sleeping too.
- When both girls are sleeping, that's some mommy craft time/mommy nap time/clean-up the house time (whatever the day calls for).
- After the girls wake up we have some snuggle/wake-up time. Then it's play by yourself time while mommy prepares dinner.
- Daddy comes home and then it's dinner and family time.
And because every post needs a picture...here's one of me and the girls from Easter Sunday.
Tuesday, April 17, 2012
It's Time to Redo the Bathroom
We have both been wanting to repaint it for awhile, but just haven't. You know how that goes don't you? I told Hubs that if we were going to go through the effort of painting it, we might as well do a whole redo. Mommy needs a peaceful sanctuary where she can take a relaxing bath, read a book, and escape for a few minutes. And what do you know, after that whole "I need a place to take a break" guilt trip, he said ok. Squeal!
Before we start doing anything, I want to show you the before pictures.
I'm hoping to start taking down hardware and start painting the walls this week. I'm so excited to start working on it! So excited that I've lost sleep over it. I just can't turn my brain off of what I want to do to it.
Monday, April 16, 2012
JuJu Beads Reminder
Taking in the Sides
I've finally come to the amazing and rather spectacular conclusion that I can just take it in and make it fit. Ah, genius! I mean, I've only had a sewing machine for years and yet I'm just now in the past year really using it. What's up with that?
It's really not hard to take in the sides on a shirt. You gradually taper your new seams from the arm pit so that you don't accidentally make the arms too small. After you taper in as far as you want, just follow the path of the previous seams to keep the same shape.
The trick is not to cut the fabric until after you've sewed your new side seams, tried it on, and like the results. If you don't cut the excess fabric until after you like what you have, you can always go back and take out any mistakes you may have made. A.K.A. making it too small. (Hee hee. Don't ask me why I added that one in there for you. That's for another post.)
I actually took this shirt in 3 times because I was scared to take it in so much. I probably took in 2 inches or more on either side.
Wednesday, April 11, 2012
Blackberry Blossoms
Our blackberry bushes are in full bloom. Their delicate little white flowers promising sweet fruit to come. I can hardly wait!
But these little white flowers have also caused a bit of debate and over one question. Should we put netting over the bushes to keep birds from eating all our berries? Hubs says we definitely should. He's probably right. I just hate having to drape nets over everything in our yard all the time. It looks strange.
So I ask you, is there anyway to prevent birds from eating all of your berries without netting the berry bushes? I'd love to know what you've tried.
Tuesday, April 10, 2012
Crocheted Frilly Dress
I had meant to make one for a friend when she was pregnant with her now 10 month old baby. And then I thought I would make one for newborn Hayley who is now 5 months old. It would have been a beautiful dedication dress. Thankfully the pattern offers a variety of sizes all the way up to 12 months.
I finally made it and had it ready for Hayley's Easter dress. It took me every last spare minute to finish it in time, but I did it. I just can't get over how beautiful this dress is!
Monday, April 9, 2012
Cookie Wands
All you need:
- Sugar cookie dough (either bought or made. I used this recipe and it was really tasty.)
- Skewers (cut off the pointy end to prevent little mouths from getting hurt)
- Cookie Frosting and Edible Decoration
- Roll out your dough on a lightly floured surface. You want them to be about 1/8 inch thick. Or should I say thin. If this feels too thin, it's ok because you are going to layer the cookies.
- Cut out shapes using whatever cookie cutter you like.
- Place one cookie on the cookie sheet.
- Lightly press a skewer onto the cookie.
- Top with another cookie and gently press into place.
- Bake at 350 degrees for 12 - 15 minutes or until edges are lightly browned.
- Once the cookies have cooled you can frost and decorate them however you like. Make sure you use cookie frosting not cake frosting. Cookie frosting will set and harden a little while cake frosting stays gooey.
I had meant to tie ribbon around the sticks at the base of the cookies to give them a little extra panache. But I just didn't have the time for it. Even still, people seems to really enjoy them without the ribbon.
As you scroll down through the pictures, notice the two ladies eating the cookies. They are Eric's mom and my mom. The grandmas. Aren't they cute!
If you decide to make some of these super cute, super fun cookies post some pics and share with me. I'd love to see what you come up with!
Thursday, April 5, 2012
Miracle-Gro® Expand 'n Gro™ Concentrated Planting Mix: Sponsored Post
This is a Sponsored post written by me on behalf of Scotts® for SocialSpark. All opinions are 100% mine.
You all know Eric and I spend a lot of time each year in our vegetable garden growing our own food. What you may not know is that each year we have to buy soil to refill the planting beds. Plants use up your soil and although you can replenish that soil with the help of cover crops, but Hubs and I have not quite got the hang of that yet. So we get a load of soil and also use a little of our own compost.
It's important to have quality soil for both veggies and flowers if you want to them to grow well and bear good fruit. And that's why I'm excited about using a sample of Miracle Gro's Expand 'n Gro™ Concentrated Planting Mix. While we have already refill the vegetable beds this year, Hubs is also building me some raised flower beds to put on our deck. I'm going to try out the Expand 'n Gro there and see what beautiful flowers I can grow.
What really attracted me to this product was the fact that they use all-natural coconut coir in the mix. These all natural fibers hold up to 50% more water than basic potting soil. I had never heard of coir before, but this is what Mirable Gro had to say about this key ingredient.
Coir is a lightweight, all‐natural material derived from coconut husk. Coir consists of 2 components: fiber (both long and short) and pith. Sri Lanka, India, Vietnam, Dominican Republic, and Mexico are the top producing countries of coir. Harvesting coconuts begins with de‐husking. The copra (flesh) and milk of the coconuts are used as food, but the husk itself is also useful. First, long fibers are removed. These will be used in the manufacture of ropes, doormats, mattresses, automobile car seats, and garden pots. The remaining short fibers and the pith, which makes up about 70% of the weight of the husk, are by‐products of the fiber industry. Previously, these materials were disposed of, but now they are compressed and sold around the world as soil amendments.
Not only the coir, but this is a concentrated product. Anything concentrated leads to smaller packaging. Expand 'n Gro expands up to 3 times when you add water. And since it is Miracle Gro, will feed your plants for up to 6 months. Plus you get up to 3 times the flowers and vegetables versus native soil, significantly improves soil for multiple years.
Check out this cool video for more detail on using Expand 'n Gro.
If you need an easy way to prep your garden this year. Try Miracle Gro's new Expand 'n Gro. And save a little cash too by clicking on the link below to visit the sponsor's website and print a coupon for $3 off.
Wednesday, April 4, 2012
Caitlin's Princess Party
My oldest little princess turned 3 a couple of Saturdays ago! It's crazy how fast she is growing up! She is the most amazing little girl. She is kind, sweet, and can be surprisingly thoughtful for such a young little lady. I am truly blessed to be her Mommy.
Cailtin had been talking about her birthday party for weeks. She was so excited, I don't think she could really believe that the day had finally come. Before people began showing up, she was running around the house singing nonsense songs as loudly as she could. She just couldn't contain her excitement.
Although we had planned to have her Princess party in the backyard so all the kiddos could run and play, the weather had other plans for us. But despite the rain, her party turned out great! She had so many friends and family show up to offer their love. All the girls were dressed up like the little princesses they are. Plus they had cupcake cake and cookie wands for all, and a pinata.
And I just HAVE to tell you about this pinata. It was the most disappointing pinata ever. It was a really cute castle shaped pull-string kind. It had all these ribbons hanging from the bottom and instead of hitting it with a bat, you pull the strings. Ideally, only one string will release the candy. They are supposed to be better for younger kids. I mean a bunch of two to three year-old kids with a bat is kind of a scary thing if you think about it. But this pinata was just plain pathetic. None of the strings worked. So we thought in the absence of a bat, they could just poke it. Nope that didn't work either. I had to use my fingernails to poke a hole in the bottom and then have the kids just rip it open. Oh well, once the candy fell it didn't matter. They girls squealed with delight as the candy rained down on them and immediately began scooping it up.
We bought Caitlin her first bicycle as her birthday present. Of course, she'd rather play with the $6 scooter we found at a yard sale the week before. But I think part of that is simply the learning curve that goes with a new bicycle.
All-in-all it was a fantastic birthday for a special little girl. I love you sweetheart!


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STO: DOFF Mission Dialogues I Have With MyselfJune 21, 2013
- "What?! No, I can't send you, it's too dangerous!"
- "This is your captain speaking. There will be no shipboard concert, because apparently none of you are competent enough to organize one."
- "I don't care that you're only a bartender, your congenial ways are needed down in sickbay surgery, so get your ass down there STAT!"
- "How the hell is it possible to fail at shore leave?"
- "I am chagrined to inform all of you that Counselor Marlin has been injured grievously by one of you during a routine psychological examination of the crew. I would be laughing at the irony if I weren't so sure all of you losers need to be spaced."
- "Damn, I need a Biologist. Well, time to hit up the Exchange for some chattel."
- "Oh my god, I swear my entire crew is made up of 'Stubborn'."
- "An arena battle to the death, you say? Hmm, looks like you guys are all 'green' officers and above. I think I can risk you."
- "Why, yes, I just authorized those five fine young Vulcan officers to their home planet for shore lea–wait, did you say Pon Farr?"


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Heatwave broke and Wednesday was quite pleasant- 80s, breezy, low humidity.Betsy made a pesto/spinach/pea pasta salad, I made a fluke ceviche and gotsome oysters. Nice time with friends down by river (though shucking is easier on a counter than sitting on ground), with some nice wines:
2010 Pepiere Muscadet
Crisp and classic, saline and shells. B+
1997 Luneau-Papin L'd'Or Muscadet
Still plenty of life, but on the soft side for LP. Full, good length, lemonand rocks, nice match with the oysters, but needs more zip to be outstanding. B
2011 Baudry Chinon rose
Lovely, strawberry and lime zest, great acids, minerally. B+/A-
2011 La Source rose (Coteaux dAix en Provence)
Light, herby, a bit lacking in length or complexity, but pleasant and easy.B-
2010 Lunotte Sauvignon Blanc
This is same producer (new to me) who made the Bulottes bubbly I liked lastweek. Great stuff. Good acidity, rich and full, reminds me a bit of white Bordeaux more than Loire SB. B++
2011 Lunotte Gamay
Fresh bright fruit, light, lively, earthy. There is a little bit of this weird potted plant aroma I seem to get mostly in Loire (as opposed to Beaujolais) Gamay, but that others dont seem to get- something genetic I guess.That detracts a bit, but I still like. B
NV Montagnieu (Peillot) Bugey Brut
Beautiful citrusy bubbly for a hot day. B+
2010 Litaud Macon-Vergisson
Very ripe and full, more tropically Meursaultish than Maconish, a little much for me but popular with others. B-
Thursday was flank steak in a kecap manis marinade with a gumboesque stew (tomato, mushroom, and okra). Wine was 2001 Graillot Crozes-Hermitage. Roundripe black fruit, a little meatfat and olive, tannins pretty much resolved, this isnt too long. Gets a bit smoky. On night 2 it has passed on, butfirst night B
Friday was lobster rolls (a Jasper White recipe) and caprese, wine was the 2007 Fevre Bougros Chablis GC. Beautiful full and deep, Id say could use time except Fevre is a PremOx poster child, so just drinking these young. Minerally, fresh, and long.B+/A-
Grade disclaimer: I'm a very easy grader, basically A is an excellent wine,B a good wine, C mediocre. Anything below C means I wouldn't drink at a party where it was only choice. Furthermore, I offer no promises of objectivity, accuracy, and certainly not of consistency.


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pitbulldrhm Posted:
The bags look great and function well. They are definitely a universal fit and will require mechanical skill to fit your individual bike.
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One of today's stocks on the move is VirnetX Holding (AMEX:VHC), down 3.4% to $22.53. The Dow Jones Industrial Average is now trading 0.6% higher to 15,278 and the S&P is trading 0.5% higher to 1,647.
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