text:
State of Washington, Plaintiff, V. American Tobacco Co., Defendants. Certain Defendants' Memorandum in Opposition to State's Motion Related to the Depositions of Mr. Meyer and Mr. Wald
Date: 02 Jul 1998
Length: 21 pages
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Length: 21 pages
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- Author
- Schifferman, R.P.
- Type
- Area
- Document File
- 86335924/86336277/Litigation State of Washington V. American Court Papers - Vol. Ix
- Date Loaded
- 06 Dec 2001
- Site
- Copied
- Z, Alk
- Z, Dws
- Characteristic
- Request
- Named Organization
- Amer, American Tobacco
- Antitrust Division
- Business Week
- Bw, Brown & Williamson
- Congress
- Ftc, Federal Trade Commission
- Hill Knowlton
- House
- Interstate + Foreign Commerce Comm
- Justice Dept
- Larus + Brother
- Lig, Liggett
- Lm, Liggett & Myers
- Mn
- PM, Philip Morris
- RJR, R.J.Reynolds
- Stephano Brothers
- US Tobacco
- Wa
- Yale Univ
- Litigation
- Feda/Produced
- Master ID
- 86335925/6276
- 86335925-6276 Index of Pleadings / Discovery Case Name: State of Washington Vs. Amer. Tobacco, Et Al. Court File No.: 96-2-15056-8sea Volume: I, II, III, IV, V, Vi, Vii, Viii, Ix, X
- 86335934-5954 State of Washington, Plaintiff, Vs. American Tobacco, Defendants. Defendant's Opposition to the State's Motion Regarding Alleged Benefit From the Premature Deaths of Smokers. Case No.: 96-2 15056-8sea
- 86335955-5957 State of Washington, Plaintiff, Vs. American Tobacco Co., Inc., Defendants. Declaration of Maurice A. Leiter Accompanying Defendants' Opposition to the State's Motion Regarding Alleged Benefit From the Premature Deaths of Smokers. Case No. 96-2-15056-8sea
- 86335959-5999 State of Washington, Plaintiff, V. American Tobacco Co., Defendants. Certain Defendants' Response to the State's Motion for Summary Judgment and in Limine on Offsets for Revenue Received by the State From Collateral Sources. No. 96-2-15056-8sea
- 86336001-6003 State of Washington, Plaintiff, Vs. American Tobacco Co., Inc., Defendants. Protective Order Quashing the 980508 Deposition Notices for Robert L. Wald and Lawrence G. Meyer and Ruling on Privilege Claims. No. 96-2-15-56-8 Sea
- 86336018-6030 State of Washington, Plaintiff, V. American Tobacco Co., Defendants. Defendants' Reply Memorandum in Support of Motion for Protective Order Quashing 980508 Deposition Notices for Robert L. Wald and Lawrence G. Meyer. No. 96-2-15056-8 Sea
- 86336031-6032 State of Washington, Plaintiff, V. American Tobacco Co., Defendants. Declaration of Reed P. Schifferman in Support of Defendants' Reply Memorandum in Support of Motion for Protective Order Quashing 980508 Deposition Notices for Robert L. Wald and Lawrence G. Meyer. No. 96-2-15-56-8sea Sea
- 86336034-6035 State of Washington, Plaintiff, V. American Tobacco Co., Defendant. Notice of Deposition Outside the State of Washington for Robert L. Wald. No. 96-2-15056-8 Sea
- 86336037 State of Washington, Plaintiff V. American Tobacco Co., Defendants. Subpoena. Case Number: 98misc 230
- 86336039-6042 The State of Minnesota, Plaintiffs, Vs. Philip Morris Incorporated, Defendants. Report of Special Master: Findings of Fact, Conclusions of Law and Recommendations. Court File No. C1-94-8565
- 86336044-6053 The State of Minnesota, Plaintiffs, Vs Philip Morris Incorporated, Defendants. Report of Special Master: Findings of Act, Conclusions of Law and Recommendations Regarding Non-Liggett Privilege Claims. Court File No. Ci-94-8565
- 86336055-6063 State of Washington, Plaintiff, V. American Tobacco Co., Defendant. Reply on Motion Related to the Depositions of Mr. Meyer and Mr. Wald. No. 96-15056-8 Sea
- 86336064-6066 State of Washington, Plaintiff, V. American Tobacco Co., Defendant. Declaration of Jon Ferguson. No. 96-1-15056-8 Sea
- 86336067-6070A State of Washington, Plaintiff, V. American Tobacco Inc., Defendants. Declaration of Service. Cause No. 96-2-15056-8 Sea
- 86336071 State of Washington, Plaintiff, V. American Tobacco, Inc., Defendants. Declaration of Jon P. Ferguson Exhibit 1 ( Filed Under Seal). Cause No. 96-2-15056-8sea
- 86336072-6073 Cigarette Advertising Code
- 86336112-6114 State of Washington, Plaintiff, V. American Tobacco Co., Defendants. Declaration of Reed P. Schifferman in Support of Defendants' Memorandum in Opposition to State's Motion Related to the Depositions of Mr. Meyer and Mr. Wald. No. 96-2-15056-8sea Sea
- 86336116-6117 Deposition Protocol for Wald and Meyer (State of Washington)
- 86336119-6198 Working Papers Cigarette Advertising, Health Information and Regulation Before 700000 Working Paper No. 134
- 86336202-6211 Cigarette Advertising Code
- 86336240-6241 Untitled Document 86336240/6241
- 86336243-6244 Untitled Document 86336243/6244
- 86336249-6250 Untitled Document 86336249/6250
- 86336252-6260 Conference at the Department of Justice 640612, Concerning Antitrust Clearance for Cigarette Advertising Code
- 86336262-6263 Untitled Document 86336262/6263
- 86336265 Cigarette Advertising Code
- 86336266-6276 State of Washington, Plaintiff, V. American Tobacco Company, Defendants. Certificate of Service. No. 96-2-15056-8 Sea
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Q11L 0 6 1998 t THE HONORABLE GEORGE A. FINKLE LOBI 47638 WA (ST)-AG RTG. SLIP ~ RS`CEIVED BY: . Ey,PEDITED COPIES . V7LR JP3C WGZ FTSL72 L'.i}PIES TQ: GEV itdW CWC CPZ KTB CLM DWSZ A&B ALKZ DDB VBT ist pg_ REN SUPERIOR COURT OF WAaHINGTON FOR KING COUNTY ) ) Plaintiff, ) No. 96-2-15D56-8 SEA } ) CERTAIN DEFENDANTS' } MEMORANDUM IN OPPOSITION TO OBACCO CO., e~ ) STATE'S MOTION RELATED TO THE } DEPOSITIONS OF MR. MEYER AND Defendants. ) MR. WALD I. INTRODUCTION The State's June 26 Motion Related to the Depositions of Lawrence G. Meyer and Robert L. Wald ("State's June 26 Motion") addresses two issues: (1) The State seeks to deprivilege three documents from the law firm files of Lorillard's former outside connsei, Robert L. Wald ("Wa[d"}, that the State has had in its possession for a of over four months. These three documents all address the same issue -- the Cigarette Code (sometimes referred to as "Code"); and (2) The State offers a proposed order addressing the protocol for the deposition for awrence G. Meyer ("Me}+er"). MEMORANDUM IN OPPOSITION TO MOTION RELATED TO LAti POWLLSPEA{LS {.UBRSKY w THE DEPOSITIONS OF MR. MEYER AND MR. WALD - i 11.'P £lFfH AYENVE 5I/ITG <I00 $EATFi.E.WA31tRdGTON 98101-1136 SEATTLE:}g745f v0i {F¢s3nz-~an
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1 IV. 2 STATEMENT OF ISSUES 3 A. Has Lorillard demonstrated that each of the three documents at issue is protected 4 from discovery pursuant to the attorney-client privilege or the work product doctrine? 5 B. Has the State failed to demonstrate by the requisite burden of proof for each 6 document at issue that Defendants were engaged in a future or on-going crime or fraud at the time 7 the communications in the documents were made, and that each of the communications at issue 8 was made i.i furtherance of the alleged crime or fraud % 9 V. 10 EVIDENCE UPON WHICH DEFENDANTS RELY 11 The evidence relied upon ineludes: (1) All Exhibits and Declarations attached to the State's 12 and Defendants' previous briefs regarding Defendants' June 17 Motion for Protective Order and the 13 State's June 26 Motion; and (2) Schifferman Declaration and Exhibits attached thereto. 14 VI. 15 AUTHORITY 16 A. Historu and General Description ofCiearette Advertising Code. 17 The following history of the Cigarette Advertising Code sets forth and crystallizes three 18 significant factors, all of which provide the significant underpinnings for, and at times are 19 dispositive of, l.orillard's claims that the three documents at issue are privileged and protected and 20 are not subject to the crime-fraud exception: 21 First during the 1950's and 1960's, Lorillard and other companies were under extensive 22 actual and contemplated legislative and regulatory control concerning advertising issues related to 23 alleged health claims. This deluge of regulatory activity, and the potential for overlapping and even 24 inconsistent legislative and regulatory promulgations, was the driving force behind the creation of 25 26 UM IN OPPOSITION TO MOTION RELATED TO POSITIONS OF MR. MEYER AND MA. WALD - 4 51 vfii Lu,'2 Pow[,e.SraetNS LUSZecSlcv vs IS26f4F'fF( Al+'ctd(iF SUSTE 6iOS SEAi"fl.E, WA$fiW6NN A4)01=J11 (2Q4) 22J-]m0
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I In addition, the parties agreed that the State would have the opportunity to challenge any of 2 Lorillard's privilege and protection claims in this round of briefing for 14 documents that come 3 from. the law firm files of Lorillard's former outside counsel, Robert Wald. Upon information and 4 belief, Wald provided certain documents prepared in connection with his representation of Lorillard 5 to Richard Kluger ("Kluger Documents"), to assist Kluger in writing a book about the tobacco industry entitled Ashes to Ashes: America's Hundred-Year Cigarette War, the Public Health, and the Unabashed Triumph of Philip Morris (1996) ("Ashes to Ashes"). These documents are publicly available at Yale University, and the State acquired a set of these documents at least as early as February 1998.' On February 5, 1998, the State sent a letter to counsel for Lorillard requesting privilege logs or 4(b) indices for 14 unidentified documents (later determined to be Kiuger Documents), a handfnl of which mention Wald. (See February 5 letter and Lorillard's June 9 response, both attached as 6 Motion). During a meet and confer on June 4, the State informed Lorillard that these 14 documents were ICluger Documents that it had obtained from the publicly available depository at Yale University. At the meet and confer, the State expanded the scope of its State's June 26 Motion challenges Lorillard's privilege and protection claims for three of these promised and.raised privilege and protection claims to six of the 14 Kluger Documents The protection claims, or authenticity objections, to these 14 documents. Lorillard responded on June 9 5 informal letter request and asked for Lorillard's position regarding privilege and enticity claims to these 14 documents. Lorillard agreed to assert by June 9 any privilege or 21 1 documents (State's Exhibit Nos. 4, 5 & 8, attached to its June 26 Motion). 'These documents were provided to Kluger without Lorillard's knowledge. OSITION TO MOTION RELATED TO DEPOSITIONS OF Ivt:. MEYER AND MR. WALD - 3 SEAT'rLE:3&7451 vbi LANE POWEt(. SfCA2S LU6fLSA'Y ~u H24 FfPi3i A V£HU£, SUfi£11 W SEATfLE, WASH3NGfffN 46191-3338
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I require Waia to divulge privileged or protected information. As a consequence, Defendants 2 June 25 protocol makes much more sense for Wa1d's deposition. Defendants` June 25 protocol 3 requires thorough briefing and argument on privilege and protection issues after a full record has 4 been made and after the State has elicited all of its proposed questions. This is in stark contrast to the State`s Meyer Protocol, which requires fuli briefing before the deposition. Defendants submit 6 that the Meyer procedure is unworkable for Wald and request that the Court, if the issue has not 7 been mooted, instead adopt Defendants' June 25 protocol for Wald.r` S YII. 9 CONCLUSiON 10 Defendants respectfully submit that this Court should deny the State's motion to deprivilege I1 the three documents from Wald's law firm files. In addition, if (but only if) this Court denies 12 13 14 15 16 Defendants' pending Motion for Protective Order, then this Court should adopt the State's proposed protocol for Meyer and Defendants' proposed protocol for Wald. DATED this -L day of July, 1998. LANE POWELL SPEARS LUBERSKY LLP 17 By VL.tw 3 Reed P. Schiffe 18 WSBA No. 11172 Attorneys for Defendant 19 1 Lorillard Tobacco Company _ 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 6Consistent with the arguments contained in their June 30 reply brief in support of their motion for protective order, Defendants also submit that even if this Court were to overrule Defendants' motion for protective order, the scope of any deposition and document production for Wald still must be limited to a single topic -- the Cigarette Advertising Code. 3TLE:387451 v01 MEMORANDUM IN OPPOSTI'ION TO MOTION RELATED TO THE DEPOSITIONS OF MR. MEYER AND MR. WALD-20 LfN£ PQW £tLSPEAAS L.f3fl£RShY tSs #i:a FtiT'i{ AVENJE,SNLE 3ILC 5£ATTL6 Wh5N1hGTON 98i9LBl& (zns)az3.xm
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! 9 1 cigarette manufacturers and several minor ones. See J.E. Calfee, "CiPrette Advertising, HeaIth 2 Information and Regulation Before 1970 . Working Paper No_ 134, Bureau of Economics, Federal 3 Trade Commission (Dec. 1985), pp. 15-17 (" 1985 Calfee Paper") (attached as Exhibit 2 to 4 Schifferman Declaration). By 1953, the FTC had issued complaints to four of the major cigarette manufacturers concerning health claims in campaigns for particular cigarette brands (most of the 6 cases involving tar and nicotine claims), all of which resulted in cease-and-desist orders. Id. (citing 7 cases). 8 in 1954, the FTC notified all ma;or U.S. cigarette manufacturers that it would require 9 compliance with a new set of cigarette advertising guides designed to eliminate health claims (1985 Calfee Paper at 26 (citing September 24, 1954 article from Business Week)). In 1955, the I I anticipated FTC Guides were issued. Id.; see also 6 Trade Reg. Rep. (CCH) 139,012 (Sept. 22, 12 1955) (providing text for 1955 Rule). 13 The FTC Guides were modified once again on March 25, 1966, to permit cigarette 14 manufacturers to include certain tar and nicotine measurements in cigarette advertising and on 15 product packages. 1985 Calfee Paper at 55. In announcing this change to the FTC Guides, the 16 FTC issued letters to the major U.S. cigarette manufacturers informing them that it would no longer 17 regard.tar and nicotine advertising as deceptive, provided that no express or implied collateral 18 health representations were made, and tar and nicotine statements in advertising were supported by 19 a designated testing methodology. Id. at 55 (citing F.T.C. "Letter to Cigarette Manufacturers"); see 20 also 6 Trade Reg. Rep. (CCH) T 39,012.70 (providing text for 1966 Rule); March 25; 1966 FTC 21 Press Release (attached as Exhibi 22 The Cigarette Advertising Guides, as modified on March 25, 1966, remain in effect today. 23 Id. at 139.012. 24 During the same time that the FTC was regulating alleged health claims (mid-1960's), the 25 historic 1964 Surgeon General's Report was released. The findings in the 1964 Surgeon General's 26 MEMORANDUM IN OPPOSITION TO MOTION RELATED TO THE DEPOSITIONS OF MR. MEYER AND MR. WALD - 6 387451 Ves LAHE PawFdd. SPEfvS LlIBERSILY ttr iajt5 fttF£( dVM2tUE SE3II£ U/N SEATfLE,WA5Ni1KaT653 9816i-1138 {2CK) 22].1~
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example, the Code had an Administrator who acted as Judge (Article 11), an adversarial system of presenting evidence and argument (Article 11, section 6) and liquidated damages provisions for ment (Article V). The major distinction, of course, was that the Code was privately independent Code Administrator, whereas the FTC and other government regulatory ies are public enforcement vehicles. The Administrator himself recognized these striking similarities. In his 1969 Congressional statement, Governor Meyner stated, "Actually, my function is quite simple. The Code is my statute d I, in a sense, am a judge to see that members` advertising complies." (Meyner Congressional Statement at 3). Meyner's Congressional Statement also demonstrates that the Code was not e of paper, but also had teeth, because it was enforced by the Administrator and certain advertisements were disapproved ("To illustrate the effectiveness of the Code's prior censorship, during the 27-month period, January 1, 1965, to April of 1967, the Code preview.;d some 16,500 advertising submissions and of these 1,325 were disapproved or withdrawn. During e 13 month period, April of 1967 and May of 1968, the Code previewed 4,944 submissions and 386 were disapproved or withdrawn.") Id. at 9. B. There Has Been Constant Antitrust and Other Regulatory Scrutiny Over the Cigarette 18 19 s constant oversight and scrutiny. The Department of Justice, the FTC and Congress all ing secret about the Code; nor was there any room for, or possibility of, antitrust violations, tant oversight and scrutiny from the FTC, the Department of Justice and Congress_ There was Advertisement Code. The Cigarette Advertisement Code was not only run by a quasi-judicial, independent nistrator, but the provisions of the Code and the actions undertaken pursuant to it received were apprised of the purpose, intent and operations of the Code before it became official, and were bilowing its approval. In fact, these regulatory bodies often expressly condoned the Code o instances (one before and one after the Code was formally enacted) the Justice DUM IN OPPOSITION TO MOTION RELATED TO OSITIONS OF MR. MEYER AND MR. WALD - 10 rQ! Uxz P©wxu. Secnxs Luscm3ce ue (~F[{y AyENUE, SUITE l I06 S~ WASHiA'6PON 481oi-1338 [3U172I3-]003
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communications that occurred between Code members and the FTC or the Code Administrator Governor Meyner). Thus, to demonstrate that these communications were "in fuc#herance of" any st crime or fraud, the State first must demonstrate that the FTC and the Code Administrator ere active participants in the antitrust fraud. The State, of course, did not even attempt to produce such evidence, for obvious reasons, and it thus has failed to satisfy its burden for this reason alone. Moreover, the communications at issue were all in furtherance of efforts to create, interpret orce the Cigarette Advertising Code. As mentioned before, such activities not only were closely scrutinized by the Department of Justi:° and other regulatory bodies, but the health claim rovisions of the Code themselves (and thus actions taken to implement them) were also in compliance with the FTC regulations (i.e., the taw and thus cannot be in furtherance of a crime or D. Pronosed Deposition Protocols for Wald and Meye r. Defendants reiterate and incorporate their objections to any deposition or document production from Meyer and Wald (see aenerally briefing on Motion for Protective Order). Nonethr.less, recognizing the impending September trial date and the need to expeditiously reach closure on outstanding privilege issues, Defendants offered to engage in a round of briefing concerning the proposed protocol for the depositions of Wald and Meyer. Defendants notified the State that they felt any such briefing was premature and, in any event, would be moot if their ion for Protective Order were granted, but agreed to participate in this round of briefing for the ons mentioned above, subject to their objections. The State offered a detailed, five-page proposed protocol for the deposition of Meyer, "Protocol Order for Mr. Meyer speaks for itself', and offered no further argument MEMORANDUM IN OPPOSITION TO MOTION RELATED TO HE DEPOSITIONS OF MR. MEYER AND MR. WALD - 18 EAITLE3$745k vDt LANE PpWELE.SPPAR.S LfJBEAShY 3si 1II0 FSFTR AVEYNE, SUSTE a i03 SEASIi.E, WhSXfNGTQN 9850i-I33i tzunr M-r~
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I the Cigarette Advertising Code. The Code, in fact, paralleled the already-existing regulatory 2 framework primarily created by the FTC, and added prohibitions regarding youth advertising. 3 Second the Department of Justice constantly and carefully serutinized potential antitrust 4 issues surrounding the Code. As a result, the industry requested, and twice received, criminal 5 antitrust clearance for activities involved in the creation, enforcement and implementation of the 6 Code 7 Third, the decisions, discussions and activities evidenced in documents pertaining to the 8 creation, i~terpretation and enforcement of thc, Code were subject to a constant threat of regulatory 9 action by the FTC, Congress and the Justice Department. As a result, the confidential 10 communications between lawyers and their clients concerning the creation, interpretation and 11 enforcement of the Code, as well as counsel's recordings of meetings where Code issues were 12 addressed, were by definition made in the context of threatened or actual litigation, legislative or 13 regulatory proceedings. Moreover, the constant interaction with the Department of Justice, the 14 FTC and Congress, and the Justice Department's pre- and post-clearance of the Cigarette 15 Advertising Code, all demonstrate with unequivocal clarity that the State's antitrust crime-fraud 16 theory is ntterly vritirDut merit. 17 1. Legislative and Regulatory Backdrop for Cigarette Advertising Code. A long, 18 complex history of federal regulatory and legislative oversight has continuously pervaded the 19 industry's advertising practices, including oversight of alleged health claims. This pervasive 20 regulatory backdrop was the driving force behind the creation of a voluntary Cigarette Advertising 21 Code in the mid-1960's, and the already-existing federal regulatory promulgations and intense 22 antitrust scrutiny prevalent during this time period dictated the scope and content of the advertising 23 provisions ultimately adopted in the Code. 24 25 26 In 1942, the Federal Trade Commission ("FTC") began a campaign against express and implied health c[aims in cigarette advertising, bringing a series of cases against most of the major SEAT(LE387451 01 'HE DEPOSITIONS OF MR. MEYER AND MR. WALD - 5 MEMORANDUM IN OPPOSITION TO MOTION RELATED TO LANE Poweu. Sr&ezs Lueeusuv ul ;# FIF£{t AVENUE, SUITE <tLd SEASTLE, W NSHINQSQNN 0lat-4332 Cmsl in_nwo
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Department will not bring a criminal prosecution under the antitrust laws on account of "adherence to the Code", subject to the condition that the clearance applies "until the views of Congress and the Federal Trade Commission have been made known" with respect to "standards for advertising dealing with the public health hazards." Relying upon the foregoing assurances from the Department of Justice, the cigarette manufacturers are taking steps promptly to effectuate the Advertising Code. Specifically, we are forming a non-profit membership and we are entering into a contract with Governor Meyner to act as the Administrator. As soon as these various organizational details are completed, the Administrator will begin his work. We are confident that the Det..ntment of Justice will notify us promptly should the occasion arise when the clearance is deemed by the Department to be no longer operative. I am sending a copy of this letter to Honorable WiIliam H. Orrick, Jr., Assistant Attorney General in charge of the Antitrust Division. See also July 7, 1964 response letter from Orrick to Gray, thanking Gray for sending him copy of letter to Congressman Harris (attached as Exhibit 14 to Schiffernzan Declaration). Moreover, during Governor Meyner's Congressional testimony on May 1, 1969, he presented Congress with yet another detailed report on the Cigarette Advertising Code. See Exhibit 4. Governor Meyner also notified Congress that he had discussed the.Code wit:z the FTC in early 1966. Id. at 4. Finally, one of the State's own Exhibits (Exhibit 8) addresses an April 27, 1964 meeting at hich industry members infbrmed the FTC of the contemplated scope, content and implementation of the Cigarette Advertising Code. Documents Evidencing Confidential Communications Pertaining to the Creation, Interpretation and Enforcement of the Cigarette Advertising Code are Privileged and Protected and are Not Subject to the Crime-Fraud Fxception. The State responds with near incredulity to Lorillard's claims that the three documents at e are privileged and protected and are not subject to the crime-fraud exception. The State, however, fails to point out that even in Minnesota, (a case that also contained antitrust allegations), MEMORANDUM IN OPPOSITION TO MOTION RELATED TO HE DEPOSITIONS OF MR MEYER AND MR. WALD - 13 r.+NegowectsFESSt.usE~w t<ZO PFSA AYElSUE, S01TE <ONI - Sfl WASH[NG£ON 4itQ 1Jls ~ . SEAlT4,E_787451 v01 ~ 1z¢6! zU-zttw
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I similar in scope and content to existing federal regulations, such as the FTC Guides concerning 2 alleged health claims. Article H created a Code Administrator, `who shall be a person of 3 recognized independence, integrity and intellectual achievement to the end that the decision by him 4 shall command public confidence and respect." -See Code, art. II at pp. 2-3. The Codes' first 5 Administrator was former New Jersey Governor Robert B. Meyner, who was appointed to that 6 position on July 1, 1964. See Meyner Congressional Statement at 2. The press release issued by 7 Hill & Knowlton on June 8, 1964 concerning Governor Meyner demonstrates that he was more 8 than quali~ied to fiilfi2l the mandate set forth in Article II of the Code. See June 8, 1964 Hill & 9 Knowlton press release, entitled, "Former Governor Robert B. Meyner Selected as Administrator of 10 Cigarette Advertising Code", at 2 & 3 (attached to Schifferman Declaration as Exhibit 7). 11 Article I, section I gave the Code Administrator "all of the powers and authority necessary 12 and proper to enable him to discharge effectively the responsibilities entrusted to him by this 13 Code." See Code, Exhibit 4. Article I, section 2 stated, "The Administrator shall have complete 14 and final authority to determine whether cigarette advertising complies with the standards of this 15 Code and, to enforce this Code in all other respects." Article I, section 6 required the Administrator 16 to set forth "regulation[s] [to] establish procedures for tne administration and enforcement of this 17 Code," including regulations addressing (1) the submission of all proposed cigarette 18 advertisements, along with supporting data for the company's claims; (2) the submission of protests 19 by the parties concerning any determinations; (3) hearings in connection with aII submissions and 20 protests; and (4) reconsideration by the Administrator of any determinations. Id. Finally, 21 Article V of the Code sets forth the "Procedures in Event of Violation of Code". Id. Article V, 22 section I gave the Code Administrator discretion to order the payment of up to $100,000 in 23 liquidated damages for any company he found to have violated the Code. Id. 24 The Cigarette Advertising Code was a quasi judiciai enforcement device that was in many respects strikingly similar to other regulatory schemes, such as Federal Trade Commission. For IN OPPOSITIO2'i'O MOTION RELATED TO 1'dTONS OF MR. MEI ER AND MR. WALD - 9 SEATfLE:387451 01 LANE YOW£llsPARS AAf8ER54'Y uS NP3 [FFN T~, SURE ai W SEAiRE, WASHINGiON 9810I.1338 (ms) an.woo


text:
UW-Eau Claire
News Bureau
Schofield Hall 218
Eau Claire, WI 54702-4004
UAC Sponsors Trip
To 'A Christmas Carol'
(715) 836-4741
(715) 836-2900
MAILED: Nov. 15, 1999
EAU CLAIRE The University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire will celebrate the holiday season with a bus trip to a matinee performance of "A Christmas Carol" at the Guthrie Theatre in Minneapolis Saturday, Dec. 4.
Sir John Gielgud narrates the Guthrie's music-filled staging of Charles Dickens' classic. The stage is filled with the enduring charm of Victorian London, the sweetness of the impoverished Cratchit family, the ghost of Jacob Marley and the spirits of Christmas Past, Present and Future, and the wondrous conversion of Ebenezer Scrooge. This is the Guthrie's 25th anniversary production of the holiday classic.
The ticket price of $26 ($23 for UW-Eau Claire students) includes two-way coach transportation and reserved seating at the theater. The bus will leave Davies Center at 11 a.m. and return at approximately 5 p.m.
Tickets, available at the University Service Center, (715) 836-3727, also will be sold at the bus if any remain.
Patrons may charge tickets to MasterCard or Visa when they order by phone. Call (715) 836-3727 or, outside the immediate Eau Claire area, call toll-free (800) 949-UWEC. A $3 handling fee will be added to all telephone charge orders.
The trip is sponsored by the University Activities Commission of the UW-Eau Claire Student Senate.
[Administrative Offices]
[News Bureau]
Janice B. Wisner
UW-Eau Claire News Bureau
Schofield 218
(715) 836-4741
Updated: Nov. 15, 1999

subset: commoncrawl


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There are no new games to speak of in Major Nelson's latest list of Xbox Live downloads, but there's plenty worth spending your cash on.
Gears of War 3 and Saints Row The Third players will be treated to new download content on January 17, along with new content for Kinect Sports: Season 2.
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Get all over it. The full list of content is over on Major Nelson (link below).


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Each complements the other as they work together in harmony to address the different aspects of your condition.
Crohn's Disease & Colitis Protocol
- Begin by using an anti-inflammatory product/s:
- Aloe Complete,
- Colostrum, and/or
- Serrapeptase
- Then slowly add in probiotics like:
- Dr Ohhira's award winning Probiotics OMX or
- VSL#3 probiotic
which are superior probiotic formulas. In fact, VSL#3 Research shows 77% remssion for Colitis.
They have anti-bacterial, anti-parasitic and anti-fungal properties.
Remember that is is important to work up to taking loading doses so that you flood your digestive tract with friendly bacteria.
- Make dietary changes. Watch what you're eating, making sure that you do not feed the very critters you are trying to get rid of.
- Breaking the Vicious Cycle by Elaine Gottschall. The Specific Carbohydrate Diet (SCD) has been used successfully to reduce symptoms of Crohns Disease and is well described.
- Other recipe books to choose from are:EHC Cookbook,
- Recipes for Specific Carbohydrate Diet and
- Crohns, Colitis, Celiac, IBS Recipe Book
- Be sure to include Essential Fatty Acids. They are called essential because you absolutely have to have these fatty acids to live and be healthy; your body cannot make them from other substances. EFAs are very useful in helping all inflammatory conditions like Crohn's Disease, IBS and arthritis. They strengthen the immune system and decrease allergy responses.
- Also consider using enzymes. When they are taken with your meals, they help digest the food. When taken between meals, they help repair the digestive tract:
- RAW Enzymes Women - Digestive enzyme tailored for Women
- RAW Enzymes Men - Digestive enzyme tailored for Men
- Omegazyme - Digestive enzyme
- Omegazyme Ultra - High potency
- Vegiezymes - Plant enzymes
- Wobenzym N - Immune support
- It is important to maintain an alkaline pH to provide the optimal environment for friendly bacteria to multiply and thrive. This is achieved by supplementing with green foods. See Perfect food Capsules and Aloe Greens food powder.
What is Crohn's Disease & Colitis
Crohn's Disease and Ulcerative Colitis are inflammatory disease of the intestines. There are two kinds of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Crohn's Disease and Ulcerative Colitis.
Crohn's Disease usually causes ulcers (open sores) along the length of the small and large intestines. Crohn's Disease either spares the rectum, or causes inflammation or infection with drainage around the rectum.
Ulcerative colitis usually causes ulcers in the lower part of the large intestine, often starting at the rectum.
Crohns Disease is named after the physician, Dr Crohn, who first described the disease in 1932.
Crohns is also known as Granulomatous enteritis,
Regional enteritis, or Terminal ileitis. It is found in
men and women alike, often affecting young patients in their teens or
early twenties. Once Crohns disease begins, it tends to be a chronic,
recurrent condition with periods of remission followed by periods of
exacerbation. There is a tendency for familial members to suffer with
Crohn's Disease. Crones Disease is not contagious.
Causes of Crohn's Disease & Colitis
The cause of Crohn's Disease and Colitis is not clearly understood.
- Many scientists suspect that infection by certain bacteria, such as strains of mycobacterium, may be the cause of Crohn's Disease & Colitis.
- Dietary changes have been shown to positively reduce the symptoms related to Crohn's Disease and Ulcerative Colitis. Scientists continue to research the possibility of diet being responsible for the onset of the disease.
Crohn's Disease and Colitis is also thought to be related to abnormalities in the response of the body's immune system to its bowel contents. The immune system is composed of cells and proteins that protect the body from infections or other foreign invaders. Usually, no immune response will be directed against food, bacteria, and other substances in the intestines.
In Crohn's Disease and Colitis sufferers, the immune system reacts to a variety of substances and/or bacteria in the intestines, causinginflammation and ulceration.
- There maybe a genetic component to an immune response.
- Brothers, sisters, sons and daughters are more likely to develop Crohn's Disease. Also, certain genetic chromosome markers have been found in patients with Crohn's Disease.
Symptoms of Crohn's Disease and Colitis
Abdominal Pain
Crohn's Disease often involves the terminal ileum. which is located adjacent the appendix. This results in right-sided abdominal pain and tenderness mimicking appendicitis. The pain can also be cramp-like in nature, and may indicate obstruction of the bowel.
Diarrhea - A symptom of Crohns Disease and Colitis
Diarrhea is also common in Inflammatory Bowel Disease ie Crohn's Disease and Ulcerative Colitis. This may be due to partial bowel obstruction, excessive growth of bacteria in the small bowel, poor absorption of nutrients and bile acids as well as inflammation of the large intestine. It may contain blood. Rectal bleeding is common while massive bleeding (hemorrhage) is rare. Approximately one third of patients with Crohn's Disease have symptoms involving the anal area. Ulcerative Colitis often involves the rectum and anal regiions
Intestinal Complications - Another Symptom of Crohn's Disease & Colitis
Intestinal complications of Crohn's Disease include bowel obstruction, bowel perforation, formation of pus collections (abscesses), fistulae, cancer of the bowel and intestinal hemorrhage. Extra-intestinal complications include tender, raised, reddish skin nodules and inflammation of many areas; the joints, spine, eyes, liver and the bile ducts that drain the liver.
Bowel Obstruction from Crohn's Disease & Colitis
As scarring progresses in Crohn's Disease & Colitis, it results in narrowing of the bowel. Obstruction may occur acutely by the eating a poorly digestible fruit or vegetables that plugs up the already narrowed segment of the intestine. Symptoms of obstruction include cramping, abdominal pain, abdominal distention, nausea and vomiting.
As the inflammatory ulcer burrows through the bowel wall, it may affect adjacent areas, forming:
- abscesses, which result in symptoms of spiking fevers and tender abdominal masses; or
- fistulae, which result in recurrent urinary infections or discharge of pus through small openings in the skin of the abdomen.
Differentiate between IBD (Crohn's Disease and Colitis) from other similar diseases
A comprehensive
home stool test from Genova Laboratory (aka Great Smokies Lab) will give you in depth
insight into your digestive function and gut microbial ecology. This
easy-to-administer, home stool test offers a noninvasive way to differentiate
between Crohn's Disease and Ulcerative Colitis, (also known as IBD -
Inflammatory Bowel Disease) and Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS).
It includes an expanded bacteria, yeast and parasite panel, a reliable assessment of exocrine pancreatic function, and a noninvasive risk assessment for colorectal cancer.
If bacteria, yeast or parasites are detected, they are grown out to establish which natural products and medical drugs will inhibit their growth.
Determine your body's acid / alkaline balance
A simple Litmus paper test used daily can help you assess your body's acid/alkaline balance. Hyperacidity is associated with diarrhea, Candida, gastritis and arthritis. Thereforre, it is important to keep the pH at around 6.5 and up.
Need more about Crohn's Disease?
Read more about Crohn's Disease here.
Natural supplements can make permanent changes to the intestinal environment, allowing the gut lining to heal
and reduce the day to day symptoms of Crohns Disease and Colitis. There are no side
effects. The symptoms of Crohns disease and Colitis diminish slowly when using the
Protocol outlined on our website, as the intestines become less inflamed and start to heal.
Crohn's Disease and Colitis in Children
It is estimated that one in every 800 US
children has Crohn's Disease - More
Crohn's Disease causing Short Bowel Syndrome
Crohn's Disease is the leading cause of Short Bowel Syndrome. What is Short Bowel Syndrome? Find out here.


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Trade Paperback · 88 Pages
Sarabande Books
Recommended for These Courses
Reading Michael Burkard's daring new poems is like using a highly sophisticated listening device to eavesdrop on the unconscious. The signal is clear, but what we are hearing is teasingly indeterminent. Burkard has done us the wild favor of removing the usual mediation between waking and dreaming. A melancholy and intensely lyrical voice leads us to the edge of what words can say, and we follow with curiosity and amazement. And then, somehow, the voice goes beyond what can be said.
"Michael Burkard has over the years attracted a small but fanatical set of readers. I'm tempted to call him a cult figure, or a poet's poet … he is a school of one … a poet whose forte is his hauntedness and his sorrowful expressive mystery. Burkard is a poet who should be read rather than explained, and in an era which our poets' voices have grown benumbingly interchangeable and predictable, this quality makes Burkard all the more distinct."—David Wojahn in Poetry
Unsleeping is Michael Burkard's eighth collection of poetry. His previous book, Entire Dilemma was published by Sarabande books in 1998, and W.W. Norton published My Secret Boat: A Notebook of Prose and Poems in 1990. He has received a Whiting Writers' Award, the Poetry Society of America's Alice Fay di Castagnola Award, and two grants from both the New York State Foundation for the Arts and the National Endowment for the Arts. He has taught at various colleges and universities, most recently Syracuse University, University of Louisville, and LeMoyne College. He lives in Syracuse, New York.
Order from an online bookseller
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(Check your local Yellow Pages for a bookstore near you.)
International online orders
- Amazon.ca (Canada)
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Domestic and International offline orders
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Jackson, TN 38301


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Simply connect with Facebook and kiss those password blues away,
or go here to reset your password.
Abercrombie & Kent is a global luxury travel company, combining comfort and authenticity across the most desirable destinations around the world since 1962.


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Samantha knows travel; she practically lives on the road. So in this series, she's taking you to all of her favorite places and her go-to hotels, restaurants and activities in each place. Plus, she'll take you to her secret, off-the-beaten-path discoveries, the places that she's found on her travels that she doesn't normally share. And, as usual, Sam will be meeting up with fantastic people that really make these places unique.
Think you need more than a weekend for a great escape? Think again.
See behind-the-scenes photos from all of Sam's shows, plus, watch exclusive video including Sam's Top 5, A Day in the Life and more.


text:
Product #: 052-X1806
In Stock
Cast Iron Foot Stool3 cast iron legs feature an intricate grape leaf design in popular "rusted iron" finish. Comfy cushioned top in neutral beiges is soft and plush. Settle in by the fire, put your feet up and enjoy a cozy evening with your favorite book. Measures 16-1/2" tall X 13" round. Weight is 19.5 lbs.


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Death Cab for Cutie's Ben Gibbard on His Solo Album, Singing Into an iPhone, and His Divorce
From Zooey Deschanel. Remember?
Skip to content, or skip to search.
Skip to content, or skip to search.
From Zooey Deschanel. Remember?
Something About Baseballs.
At least the dude from Mumford & Sons likes Weiland's scarf.
Dance for Death.
Plus Florence + the Machine.
Plus: Donald Glover as Childish Gambino, the Rapture, Nas, and more death!
"Fuck you, man! What, are you trying to get me or something?"
Plus: Death Cab for Cutie and Cults!
They made their own variety show.
Hear the new Death Cab banger.
At last night's Phillies-Giants game, Ben took on "The Star-Spangled Banner," and Zooey performed "God Bless America."
Zooey Deschanel was probably wise to make new husband Ben Gibbard put a ring on it when she did.
This clip has to be the most disturbing animation outside of Hentai.
The poster children for indie everything are engaged.
Plus songs from Annuals, Joan of Arc, and a clean version of "Smell Yo' Dick."


text:
Latest proposal would cost $4.4 million
By 12/11/2003 00:00:00
Laptops for students part of proposed bond package
The Ellis County Press
MIDLOTHIAN - A proposal to give every student a laptop would cost $4.4 million, according to Midlothian Independent School District officials.
The idea is nothing new.
During former Superintendent Dr. Molly Helmlinger's administration two years ago, the idea to provide students from seventh grade through all four years of high school with a laptop computer came into discussions about a future bond election.
Many thought the proposal was a good one, considering the world's reliance on more efficient technology.
But others, including the notorious 'Concerned Citizens' group, thought the laptops-for-students idea was a waste of more taxpayer money.
'Although it is a great idea and would benefit our students, the committee felt it was more important to focus on necessities,' said MISD public relations director Jana Hathorne, referring to the school board-created Growth Management Committee.
The committee has spent several months going over demographic data and other projections in preparation for a Feb. 7 bond election.
A $99.95 million proposal was trounced in a March election this year, so the committee has been looking for less-expensive ways of meeting the MISD's needs, though it will be slightly less than the last bond. Feb. 7 has been slated for the district's next bond election ($80 million; 13.7-cent tax increase).
Computers are necessary for students, many will agree with that.
But this latest plan, already used in Maine, according to MISD director of technology Kirk Paschall, is one of many 'high-class' proposals to have boiled the blood of many taxpayers.
Consider the following:
• $1,780 for two panel signs; these signs (there are dozens throughout the district) can be seen at the front of each campus and the administration building, and are made of blue metal with white lettering.
• Millions poured into converting L.A. Mills Elementary into an administration building, which included tile being imported from Italy (the country) to spruce up the front foyer.
· Hundreds of thousands put into the new centralized Johnson Controls air conditioning system at the high school; on a visit to MHS in the spring, the classrooms were sweatboxes; teachers this reporter talked to said it was a result of different-blooded teachers (the AC unit was centralized, meaning it's controlled at one spot in the campus).
· Spent thousands to replace a brand new gymnasium floor in the 9/10th Grade Center after a major water/sewer leak was discovered.
The MISD budget is $36 million, bigger than the Ellis County government's budget, and yet we have the highest tax rate ($1.72) in the county of any entity, and one of the highest in the Metroplex.
Of the millions spent to convert buildings, replace high-dollar gym floors, import tile from Europe, or propose giving students a laptop computer, someone could gather that A) taxpayers are being taxed way too much, and B) the million in additional revenue MISD received last year is an example of example 'A.'
Come February 7, this reporter - and two-time MISD school board candidate (lost by 19 votes in May) - will vote against the bond proposal.
It's high time the taxpayers and concerned citizens of the MISD fight back.


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Unusual Ice Cream Flavors You'll Want to Try
From Coffee Biscotti to Balsamic Strawberry and even Bacon, these weird ice cream flavors are intriguing and even daring. Find out the fun flavors you can enjoy whether they're from a local ice cream shop or the grocery store's freezer case.
Can't get enough ice cream? Check out these out-of-this-world homemade ice cream sundaes.
By Lauren Donaldson
Going for the Wow Factor
Humphry Slocombe; San Francisco, CA
There's something for everyone at Humphry Slocombe. The innovative shop has 62 ice cream flavors and 23 sorbets and sherbets in its arsenal (10 to 12 flavors are offered every day in rotation). Secret Breakfast bourbon and cornflakes are main ingredients sells out every day. "Red Hot" Banana is another favorite. It's got pureed banana and crushed Red Hot candies folded into an ice cream base. Are you a bit more daring? Try Boccalone Prosciutto. Yes, it really has prosciutto in it, plus some salt and pepper.
Courtesy of Humphry Slocombe


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Whether you are remodeling, building a home or in need of tenant improvements, Lounsbury Carpentry delivers quality work throughout the Puget Sound. Read More
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General Contractor Read More
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We are a framing and siding sub contractor specializing in high end custom homes. Read More
List your business here for free - Learn More


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Some photos from the week:
Monday, November 26, 2012
Some photos from the week:
23 comments:
So cute, looks like a dream!ReplyDelete
Looks like a perfect honeymoon! You two look so happy! Now, you must find time to do it at least once a year ;)ReplyDelete
Amazing! And love the low back black dress!ReplyDelete
Where did you get that beautiful black dress!?! It looks like it was made for you!ReplyDeleteReplies
This comment has been removed by the author.Delete
LOVE the black dress!ReplyDelete
I think you should do a whole post on your honeymoon attire! please and thank you!!! Glad you had a great time and congrats again!ReplyDeleteReplies
I've gotten several other requests for the same thing -- I just might have to do it! XODelete
Okay, so this is the third time I've come to your page today. LOVE the photos. Looks absolutely like the best time ever.ReplyDelete
so fun- and you look just as cute as a button!ReplyDelete
There is nothing better than the honeymoon!! That was the best week of my life too! You both look soooo happy and your outfits are gorgeous!ReplyDelete
Where did you get the black backless dress? I am in love!Replies
Thank you so much! I got the backless dresses on eBay - I am an eBay FANATIC!Delete
Congratulations! Looks like y'all had a fabulous time! Your pictures are beautiful- what kind of camera do you have? Would love to know!!ReplyDeleteReplies
I have a Canon Rebel T3 and LOVE it! Would recommend it to anyone.Delete
Y'all are so precious! Honeymoon looks fabulous. And don't worry. We've all done that bike ride thing. People will just never see what we've seen and we'll have to come to terms with it... ;).ReplyDelete
You look fantastic! I need new sun hats -- where are yours from??ReplyDeleteReplies
Thanks Melissa! I got these from Target this fall on sale for $8 a piece.Delete
omg these pictures are AMAZING!!!!!!! so happy for you - and now I'm hungry for mexican food :) xoxoReplyDelete
I love your hats!ReplyDelete
Looks like you had a great time :)
That video. Hahaha....ReplyDelete
What a perfect honeymoon! What a gorgeous ring set, and I adore all of your bright and colorful outfits with lots of baubles. ;)ReplyDelete
Hey!! So we are currently considering this as an option for our honeymoon as well. Which villas did you stay in? Did you do a package or anything? I am a LITTLE concerned because we are getting married early August, so our honeymoon will be smack dab in the middle of hurricane season, so there is that. I would welcome any tips or advice that you may have on the Rosewood!! Thanks!ReplyDeleteReplies
My husband planned the entire trip, surprising me when we got there, but I do know we stayed in a villa on the lagoon and loved every minute. I'm not completely sure what package or deal he chose, but we stayed 7 nights in November after our wedding and it was a total dream!! I would go back in a minute and can't recommend it enough!Delete


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'96 Ambassadors
The following Ambassadors began participating in DO-IT in 1996. They continue to pursue college and career goals and encourage younger Scholars and Ambassadors.
David | Cheri | Daniel | David | Chris | Lucas | Maria | Mike | Rebecca | Katrina | Jodi | Anh | Travis | James | Kevin | Dana | Joshua
David, '96 Scholar
Learning disability
Graduated with a Bachelor of Science Degree in Microbiology and minors in Computer Science and Chemistry. Working for Midwest Research Institute as an assistant scientist.
Cheri, '96 Scholar
Majoring in molecular and cellular biology, with a goal to be a physician who works with disabled children.
Daniel, '96 Scholar
Brain tumor
Senior, majoring in computer science with plans to pursue a career in computer programming.
David, '96 Scholar
Albinism and low vision
Attends a state university.
Chris, '96 Scholar
Hearing impairment
Majoring in graphic communications with an emphasis in multimedia design. Co-author of several books and articles.
Lucas, '96 Scholar
Hearing impairment
Majoring in public policy and administration. Working for the Oregon Department of Justice and interested in the Peace Corps.
Maria, '96 Scholar
Attends the a national institute for the deaf and aspires to be a veterinarian, doctor, or marine biologist.
Mike, '96 Scholar
Attention Deficit Disorder
Attends a private university.
Rebecca, '96 Scholar
Cerebral Palsy
Junior, majoring in political science and minoring in interior design. Hopes to design accessible homes.
Katrina, '96 Scholar
Earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in English and Art and performs with a Dance Company.
Jodi, '96 Scholar
Cerebral Palsy
Completed a Bachelor's degree in Biology and Microbiology and is now pursuing a doctorate with focus in genetics and molecular biology.
Anh, '96 Scholar
Larsen Syndrome
Working toward a Master's in City and Regional Planning.
Travis, '96 Scholar
Graduated with a Bachelor's degree in Computer Science and now works as a software engineer and entrepreneur.
James, '96 Scholar
Cerebral Palsy
Graduated from high school and may attend a private university. Hopes to open a restaurant or other business.
Kevin, '96 Scholar
Attends community college, majoring in history.
Dana, '96 Scholar
Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD) and learning disability
Completed an Associate of Arts degree and will transfer to a 4-year university to pursue a Bachelors degree in computer technology.
Joshua, '96 Scholar
Muscular Dystrophy
Completed an Associate of Arts and Sciences degree in Horticulture Science. Owns nursery and garden shop, specializing in water gardens and hostas, and does landscape design.


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Raising 5 Kids in a Tiny Camper? The Atrocious Ways America Treats Poor Women and Children
Stay up to date with the latest headlines via email.
The following article is part of AlterNet's ongoing series on poverty in America, Hard Times USA.
Leaving her husband became the only option for "Stacy" after he became violent with the children. She returned to her hometown, Las Cruces, NM, with her 5 little boys in tow. Other than lacking an emergency family shelter, this is a pleasant mid-sized city. The family stayed for a while at the domestic violence shelter. Her time there ended without her finding housing, and she scrambled for a desperate, stopgap solution: her mother's old, tiny camper.
For $300 a month, including utilities, the family could park their leaky camper in a park in her town. She had no money. We connected at the campground and made arrangements with the manager. Stacy didn't have the prerequisite water and sewer hoses or electrical adapters.
For years, I've travelled the country meeting families in desperate straights. My 27' motorhome teaches me how to live small, but I cringed as I left her and her under-9 troop of boys in their 13' tin-can-home. She stalwartly said they'd make it despite sporadic child support, a host of legal and custodial issues swarming around her, unaddressed trauma lingering like storm clouds, and the challenges of raising a large family in miniscule space.
Much of what I have continued to learn about the inadequacies of our so-called safety net I've learned from families like Stacy's. As with everything else, it's theory and reality. The theory—resources are available to assist families in homeless situations—is dreadfully far removed from reality. Let me explain.
Poverty—Fast Track to Homelessness
For the 7 million families hovering in poverty, longtime homelessness expert, Dr. Ralph Nunez, founder of the Institute of Children, Poverty and Homelessness, bluntly predicted the ominous reality when he said: "If you're going to be poor in the 21st Century, you're going to be homeless."
Reasons include: Skyrocketing housing costs, stagnating wages, plummeting employment, unaffordable health care, shredded safety net programs, and failed child welfare practices, including the abuse and neglect of the foster care system ( 1-page list of causes of homelessness from my book, Crossing the Line: Taking Steps to End Homelessness). Two decades of that deterioration has left its mark. The economic malaise of the oil and housing bust jolted previously stable families, pushing many into poverty and homelessness, ill-equipped to navigate the fragmented assistance network, straining existing resources.
Ancillary services that might ease family homelessness—legal assistance, child welfare programs, nutrition, counseling, childcare—were also slashed. Stacy and millions of other families found themselves with no recourse. It's ugly.
Stacy and her boys would not get out of their 13' camper for a brutal 6 months, enduring heat, cold and dust storms. In that time, because of the trauma she's experienced that tends to make women vulnerable for bad relationships, she became pregnant. This loving mother didn't consider another mouth to feed as a problem. Enduring pregnancy in the below-freezing winter and sizzling summer was indescribable.
What happened to a safety net that's supposed to catch poor women and children when they fall?
The Feds Get Dragged Into Addressing Homelessness
Spurred by my mentor and ferocious radical Mitch Snyder's relentless hunger strikes and activism, President Reagan directed Congress to designate a modicum of money and administrative attention to address homelessness back in 1987. The McKinney Act, now the McKinney-Vento Act, is the supposedly comprehensive federal plan to address homelessness.
Federal law mandates that all federal departments sit at the same table to coordinate efforts, under the auspices of the U.S. Interagency Council on Homelessness, USICH. However, scant attention and resources (a meager $2 billion) are ineffectively directed at this growing national crisis.
Stay up to date with the latest headlines via email