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Why are animal experiments still happening?
There are many reasons why animal experiments continue. One reason is tradition and momentum, and the systems are resistance to change. This is because animal based reseach is so ingrained that the whole research industry is based around it, and there is a general unwillingness to move forward and use new cutting edge techniques. Also in many instances there may be a lack of resources and funds for humane research, as well as a lack of knowledge and expertise. In light of countless drugs disasters many scientists and doctors have started to question the validity of animal experimentation.
A further issue is that the experimenters are not the people seeing and dealing with patient care. They think animal experiments are helping to cure human diseases but are so removed from patient care that they cannot see its fundamental flaws. Researchers are also more likely to get large grants if they publish lots of scientifc papers. It is easier and much faster to publish papers using animals than doing human based research.
One of the most significant reasons animal experiments continue is money. Animal experimentation continues because it is highly profitable to alot of people. It is not just the researchers that profit from animal experiments. The people who breed and supply the animals profit, as do the people who supply equipment, animal feed, transportation and so on. All the following constituencies make money from it: scientists, physicians, hospitals, regulation agency bureaucrats, pharmaceutical companies, medical conglomerates, politicians, animal farmers and vendors, lawyers, reporters, and news media, to name a few.
Undoubtably animal tests help quickstep new products to market and, also give them a legal defence against inadequate safety testing when something goes wrong. The pharmaceutical industry has known for many years that animal testing is flawed but it provides liability protection when their drugs kill or injure people (which is happening all too often). Juries are easily swayed by volumes of safety data from different species - even though the data is not wholly relevant to humans.
Didn't penicillin come from animal experimentation?
The fact is that animal tests sidetracked development of this important drug. In 1929, Alexander Fleming observed penicillin killing bacteria in a Petri dish. Intrigued, he administered the compound to bacteria-infected rabbits, hoping that it would do the same thing. Unfortunately, penicillin was ineffective against the rabbit's infections. (We now know that because rabbits rapidly excrete penicillin in their urine, the drug is not able to work prior to being eliminated.) Disappointed, Fleming set the drug aside for a decade, as the rabbits had "proved" the drug was useless as a systemic medication. Years later, he thought of the drug when he had a patient near death, for whom all other treatments had proved ineffectual. In desperation, he reached for the penicillin and performed a miracle. The rest is history. Fleming attributed his discovery to serendipity.
Fleming might have thrown penicillin away had he done his initial tests on guinea pigs or hamsters, since it kills those species. Fleming later told his students: "How fortunate we didn't have these animal tests in the 1940s, for penicillin would probably never been granted a license, and possibly the whole field of antibiotics might never have been realized."
Didn't the polio vaccine come from animal experimentation?
Animal experimentation actually delayed this much-needed vaccine throughout the first half of the twentieth century.
Polio first broke out around 1835, with victims rapidly becoming paralyzed and dying. In 1840, an orthopedic surgeon wrote that the spinal cord was the seat of infection, a hypothesis that was proven twenty-three years later. In 1908, scientists suggested that a virus was responsible, a virus that might be eradicated with a vaccine. In developing a vaccine, it is very important to determine how the infection enters the body and takes hold. You cannot interrupt its contagion unless you determine its path. Pathologists discovered the polio virus in human intestines as early as 1912, which suggested it might enter humans through the digestive track. Meanwhile researchers successfully infected animals with polio. This "triumph" wound up postponing the development of an efficacious vaccine by decades. As it turned out, our close relatives the monkeys contracted polio nasally (not through the digestive system), and the virus moved directly from the nose to the brain. Incredibly, the scientists working on the vaccine chose to ignore the human digestive data in favor of the monkey data!
The pro-animal experimenters are not incorrect when they claim that a polio vaccine was derived from animal experiments because in 1934, a polio vaccine manufactured from monkey tissue was released. What they fail to mention is that it resulted in twelve people being paralyzed and six deaths. In 1937, animal experiments led scientists to spray zinc sulfate and picric acid alum into children's noses, reasoning that if the human transmission route was via the nasal mucosa as it was in monkeys, this would kill the virus in the nose. The only result was that some children permanently lost their sense of smell. In 1941, thirty years after the original animal experiments, Dr. Albert Sabin worked with autopsy findings to demonstrate that the human nasal mucosa did not have virus. What he did find was that the virus was confined to the gastrointestinal tract, as had been determined nearly thirty years prior. Years later, Dr. Sabin recalled the folly of the monkey models for polio:
"Paralytic polio could be dealt with only by preventing the irreversible destruction of the large number of motor nerve cells, and the work on prevention was long delayed by the erroneous conception of the nature of the human disease based on misleading experimental models of the disease in monkeys."
In 1949, John Enders grew the virus in tissue culture. This paved the way for vaccine. For this achievement he won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1954.
The vaccine could have been produced from non-animal tissue, however manufacturers opted for monkey kidney tissue instead. The older animal-based vaccine contained live virus, causing 204 people to contract polio, and eleven documented deaths.
The polio vaccine is now grown in human diploid-cell culture instead of in animal tissue.
Wasn't it through lab animals that scientists discovered diabetes and developed insulin?
Pro-animal experiment contingencies always cite the development of insulin as support for continued animal testing. They assert, with justification, that without insulin harvested from slaughterhouses many diabetics would have lost their lives. Whereas it is true that animals have figured largely in the history of diabetic research and therapy, their use has not been necessary and furthermore has not always advanced science.
Diabetes is a very serious disease, even today affecting ten to fourteen million Americans. It is a leading cause of blindness, amputation, kidney failure and premature death. Although the clinical signs of human diabetes have been known since the first century AD, not until the late eighteenth century did physicians associate the disease with characteristic changes in the pancreas seen at autopsy. As this was difficult to reproduce in animals, many scientists disputed the role of the pancreas in the disease.
Nearly a century later, in 1869, scientists identified insulin-producing pancreatic cells that malfunction in diabetic patients. Other human pancreatic conditions, such as pancreatic cancer and pancreatitis (inflammation of the pancreas) were seen to produce diabetic symptoms, reinforcing the disease's link with the pancreas.
Animal experimenters continued to interrupt the nicely progressing course of knowledge regarding the pancreas and diabetes. When they removed pancreases from dogs, cats, and pigs, sure enough, the animals did become diabetic. However, the animals' symptoms led to conjecture that diabetes was a liver disease, linking sugar transport to the liver and glycogen. These animal studies threw diabetes research off track for many years.
In 1882, a physician named Dr. Marie noted the association between acromegaly, a pituitary disorder, and sugar in the urine, thus connecting sugar metabolism and the pituitary gland. Another doctor, Atkinson, published data in 1938 that revealed 32.8 per cent of all acromegalic patients suffered from diabetes. Bouchardat published similar findings in 1908. For some reason, the scientist who reproduced this in dogs, Bernardo Houssay, ended up winning the Nobel Prize in 1947. Obviously, it is hardly fair to say dogs were responsible for his kudos, since knowledge predated Houssay's experiments and any number of human-based methods would have produced the same findings.
In the early 1920s two scientists, John Macleod and Frederick Banting, isolated insulin by extracting it from a dog. For this they received a Nobel Prize. Macleod admitted that their contribution was not the discovery of insulin, but rather reproducing in the dog lab what had already been demonstrated in man. They were not obliged to extract insulin from dogs, because certainly there was ample tissue from humans. They merely did so because it was convenient. In that same year Banting and another experimenter, named Best, gave dog insulin to a human patient with disastrous results. Note what scientists said about the dog experiments in 1922,The production of insulin originated in a wrongly conceived, wrongly conducted, and wrongly interpreted series of experiments.Banting, Best and other scientists modified the process using in vitro techniques and later mass-produced insulin from pig and cow pancreases collected at slaughterhouses.
In coming years scientists continued to refine the animal-derived substance. Though it is true that beef and pork insulin saved lives, it also created an allergic reaction in some patients. Beef insulin has three amino acids that differ from human amino acids while pork insulin has only one. Whereas this sounds negligible, it takes very little amino acid discrepancy to undermine health. (Only one deviant amino acid is enough to produce certain life threatening diseases, such as cystic fibrosis or sickle cell anemia.) Injecting animal-derived insulin also presented the sizable danger of transmitting viruses that cross from one species to another. Had researchers then recognized these potentialities as well as the gulf of differences between humans and farm animals, scientists would have hastened to develop human insulin more quickly.
The ability to treat patients suffering from diabetes without giving them insulin injections was discovered by chance on humans. Today, the administration of oral anti-hyperglycemics, which arose from serendipity and self-experimentation, eliminates the need for insulin injections in many patients.
Diabetes is still stunningly enigmatic, in large part due to our continued reliance on the animal model. Most clinicians believe that strict glucose control though insulin injections offers advantages over a less regimented treatment plan. However, insulin is a treatment not a cure for diabetes. The exact biochemical process through which insulin regulates blood sugar is not yet known.
What if we stopped testing on animals?
The abolision of vivisection would free up valuable resources that could be used for the development of non-animal research techniques. The pharmaceutical industry is a multi-billion pound industry which has the funds to invest far more in non-animal research.
What will we use instead of animals?
The real benchmarks of medical progress have relied on the following non-animal methodologies, and will continue to be vital in future developments: In vitro (test tube) research, epidemiology (population research), post-mortem studies, genetic research, clinical studies, human tissue, computer modelling, advances in technology, human stem cells.
Note that this view assumes that animal experiments have been responsible for medical advances in the past. If this were true, the concern would be valid. But it is not. Benchmarks in medical history have relied on the following nonanimal-based methodologies, as will future developments:
In vitro research or test tube research on living tissue has been instrumental for many of the great discoveries. Though human tissue has not always been employed; it could have been, because it has always been in ample supply. Blood, tissue and organ cultures are ideal test-beds for the efficacy and toxicity of medications.
Epidemiology is the study of populations of humans to determine factors that could account for the prevalence of the disease among them, or for their disease immunity. Combined with genetic research and other non-animal methods enumerated here, it provides very accurate information about whole systems.
Bacteria, viruses, and fungi reveal basic cell properties.
Autopsy and cadavers are used for clarifying disease and teaching operating techniques such as fracture fixation, spine stabilization, ligament reconstruction, and other procedures.
Physical models can be made for studying the wear on joints and other physiology.
Genetic research has elucidated many genes that are responsible for specific diseases. Since physicians can now ascertain their patients' predisposition to certain diseases, they can monitor them more carefully as well as suggest optimal nutrition, lifestyle and medications.
Clinical research on patients shows how humans respond to different treatments and determine whether or not one treatment is superior to another. We can attribute our fundamental knowledge of disease and hospital care to clinical research.
Post-marketing drug surveillance (PMDS) is the reporting process whereby every effect and side effect of a new medication are reported to a monitoring agency, eg., the FDA. (Despite its obvious benefits, post-marketing drug surveillance is presently practiced erratically as reporting methods are neither easy nor required.)
Mathematical and computer modeling is a complex research method that employs mathematics to simulate living systems and chemical reactions.
Technology is largely responsible for the high standard of care we receive today. MRI scanners, CAT scanners, PET scanners, X-rays, ultrasound, blood gas analysis machines, blood chemistry analysis machines, pulmonary artery catheters, arterial catheters, microscopes, monitoring devices, lasers, anesthesia machines and monitors, operating room equipment, computer based equipment, sutures, the heart-lung machine, pacemakers, electrocardiograms, electroencephalograms, bone and joint replacements, staplers, laparoscopic surgery, the artificial kidney machine and many more are examples of technological breakthroughs.
Specialization also saves countless lives. For example, the field of pathology allowed better understanding of diseases. Specialization of medical care into disciplines such as cardiology, oncology, orthopedic surgery, pediatrics, infectious diseases etc. allows physicians to increase and share their understanding of one field. Specialized areas of care in the hospital, like the neonatal intensive care unit (ICU), cardiac ICU, and surgical ICU, improve patient care. Nurses, specially trained for the operating room or the ICU better administer to patients.
Would drugs be safe for us without being tested first on animals?
Yes. Drugs would be just as safe and probably safer than they now are if the animal testing phase was eliminated. Presently, legal drugs kill more people per year than all illegal drugs combined.
It is first important to recognize that drugs do not spring from lab animal to bottle. There are four methods of designing drugs. Scientists begin by one of the following methods:
Once researchers have theorized about a substance's usefulness, they administer it to animals to see whether or not it works on them. They obtain plenty of feedback about the substance's effectiveness in the species tested. Positive animal results are reported in the popular press, generally mentioning only scantly the huge unbuilt bridge between lab animal results and human cures. At this stage there is still no reliable information about what the substance will do in humans, because our metabolism is unique.
Though subjecting the substances to animal testing is designed to reveal anticipated effects and side effects in humans, very often the results differ dramatically between species. Substances that could save many human lives are not approved because they are harmful to animals. And substances that are therapeutic in animals get approved, then harm and sometimes kill humans. Instead of safeguarding human consumers, animal testing creates a false sense of security.
The proof of this is apparent in any thorough assessment of drug development history. Numerous of our most popular drugs including aspirin, acetaminophen (Tylenol) and ibuprofen (Advil or Motrin), can be quite detrimental to animals. Diuretic medications, a mainstay in the treatment of hypertension, were in common use before animal testing became the rage. Many of these drugs, safely used by millions, would be hard pressed to pass today's mandatory mouse tests.
There is justifiable concern that animal tests are preventing us from acquiring much- needed medications, one scientist stating: "...for the great majority of disease entities, the animal models either do not exist or are really very poor." The chance is of overlooking useful drugs because they do not give a response to the animal models commonly used. Innumerable animal-tested drugs make it to market, and then cause problems. It is well accepted that approximately 100,000 deaths per year from legal drugs, and approximately fifteen per cent of all hospital admissions are caused by adverse medication reactions. In one decade more than half of all newly approved medications were either withdrawn or relabeled by the FDA secondary to severe unpredicted side effects. All of these drugs had undergone extensive animal testing!
Clearly, the animal testing protocol works against human safety. It also diverts valuable research money away from solid human-based testing methodologies.
What about the claim that animal experimentation is necessary because there are no other whole system models for metabolic processes other than animals?
This assertion suggests that in vitro research methodologies, though valuable, cannot predict what will happen in a whole living system, which is true. But history has proven that results in lab animals are even more inadequate. Though predicting what happens in particular animal tested, animal experiments do not predict what will happen in humans.
Given that metabolic processes differ greatly between species, information garnered in animal experiments is entirely unreliable. Since it has no predictive value, except for the species tested, it is wholly unscientific when applied to humans. It does not provide the results it professes to provide. Very often substances that have proven effective in animals do not demonstrate curative value in humans and may even harm them. Just as often, animal testing often works at cross-purposes to discovery when poor results bar medications that could alleviate pain and save lives from the market.
As this is the case, all drugs must eventually be tested on humans, and those humans are every bit the lab creatures that animals are. These "clinical phases" of drug testing, as they are called, submit human volunteers to what are at first very small dosages, monitor their reactions, and slowly increase dosage.
Clinical testing and subsequent non-animal methods provide what lab animals cannot - totally accurate readings of human metabolic processes. These include epidemiology, and post-marketing drug surveillance.
How can we know that medications will not cause birth defects without testing them on animals?
A principle called Karnofsky's Law states that any substance can be teratogenic (cause birth defects) if given to the right species, at the right stage in development, in the right dose. Even common table salt and water are teratogens in some species if given at a vulnerable time in ample enough amount. In other words, all medications can cause birth defects in some creature. An immense amount of experimentation supports this rule.
Data also supports the fact that not all species are equally susceptible to teratogenic influences by any given chemical. Likewise, an agent that is teratogenic in some species may have little or no teratogenic effect in others. According to a respected treatise on birth defects, "because substances cross the placental membrane by a number of mechanisms, some differences in species reactivity to teratogens may be due to accessibility of the drug to the embryo." Of over 1,200 tested chemicals that cause birth defects in animals, only thirty cause them in humans, according to the New England Journal of Medicine. Articles in many other publications repeat these conclusions.
Many safe and useful drugs have been shown to cause birth defects in lab animals:
After epidemiology or clinical observation links drugs to birth defects, animals can usually, though not always, be found to demonstrate that effect.
Researchers have not been successful in reproducing birth defects in other animals for the following drugs that are teratogenic in humans: Captopril, Enalapril, Minoxidil, some calcium channel blockers, or Warfarin.
The popular lab animal, the rat, has been shown to get birth defects from almost every chemical that causes birth defects in humans. This is meaningless though. If chemicals that harm rat offspring do not cause birth defects in humans, the rat tests are not predictive.
What is teratogenicity testing good for and why does it continue? As Dr. Hawkins, professor of Obstetrics, pointed out,The great majority of perinatal toxicological studies seems to be intended to convey medico-legal protection to the pharmaceutical houses and political protection to the official regulatory bodies, rather than produce information that might be of value in human therapeutics.
Just as Karnofsky postulated, if researchers try hard enough they may eventually inflict birth defects on some animal species with a substance that is teratogenic in humans. But to what purpose? Animal experiments that are not predictive are of no value. They just use up money that might otherwise fund research of real medical value. There is no sense in "validating" something that is already known from human data.
How will we combat AIDS without animal experimentation?
Logic dictates that if a researcher cannot successfully induce AIDS in another species, they will neither cure it in humans using animal experiments. Billions of dollars have been spent trying to inflict AIDS on animals over the last twenty years, and these efforts have been entirely futile. Though researchers have succeeded in infecting chimpanzees with HIV, none has progressed to AIDS.
Given this inability to produce an adequate animal model, it is foolish to assume that animal experimentation will lead us to therapies and cures for this terrible disease. Some in the AIDS community, with lives hanging in the balance, have come to this conclusion and engage in political protests against animal experimentation. Even scientists who have supported the chimpanzee model now vehemently criticise its lack of scientific merit:The chimpanzee model doesn't get a lot of support in the scientific community.
The most telling research so far has come from looking at the blood from people infected with HIV. The people who do not progress from HIV to AIDS will offer an excellent and relevant insight in to they ways of preventing the progression from HIV to AIDS, reversing its effects and curing the disease.
AIDS kills humans at the cellular level, so that is where it needs to be studied, through epidemiology and in vitro research, scientists have already isolated the human gene believed responsible for their immunity. A drug called Aidsvax was used on 8,000 high-risk volunteers because it protected chimpanzees from HIV infection. This drug offered no protection for the volunteers.
Blood cells from these unfortunate people serve as our most illuminating research material.
In vitro research on human blood cells, not animal experimentation, revealed the following idiosyncrasies. HIV's efficiency in humans relies on very specific and minuscule aspects of human white blood cells called helper T-cells. These cells have portals on their surface called receptors. These receptors work in tandem with precise proteins to invite HIV into the white blood cell where the virus then reproduces. Receptors can be very species-specific and sometimes vary even within species, which explains why chimpanzees and even some people whose helper T-cells are exposed to HIV never progress to AIDS.
According to one scientist, we will only know which animal model is useful after "we understand the pathogenesis of AIDS, and when we have the vaccines and therapies to prevent it." Why would we need the animal model if we already have the cure?
Don't we need animal experiments to cure cancer?
Cancer is the number one killer in the UK.
The "War on Cancer" dates from the Nixon administration, and though information regarding cancer in animals is an expanding volume, researchers have not yet won the war. In fact, deaths from cancer are higher than ever. One major reason we have not yet stemmed mortality from cancer is this: Animal cancer is not the same as human cancer.
There are over 200 types of human cancer which can affect different organs, tissues, and cells and although comparable animal organs, tissues, and cells may become cancerous, the cancers are never identical to human carcinomas.
Another important point to make is that different substances are do not cause cancer to all species. Studies show that 46% of chemicals found to be carcinogenic in rats were not carcinogenic in mice. Mice are more alike to rats than humans are so if species as closely related as mice to rats do not even contract cancer in the same way, it's not surprising that 19 out of 20 compounds that are safe for humans caused cancer in animals.
The National Cancer Institute treated mice that were growing forty-eight different "human" cancers with a dozen different drugs that were already used successfully in humans. In thirty out of the forty-eight, the drugs did not work. Sixty-three percent of the time the mouse models were wrong.
The National Cancer Institute also undertook a twenty-five-year screening program, testing 40,000 plant species on animals for anti-tumor activity. Out of this very expensive research, many positive results surfaced in animal models, but not a single antitumor drug emerged for humans. As a consequence, the NCI now uses human cancer cells for cytotoxic screening.
Dr. Richard Klausner, as director of the US National Cancer Institute, plainly states: "The history of cancer research has been a history of curing cancer in the mouse... We have cured mice of cancer for decades - and it simply didn't work in humans."
Isn't it true that animals are just like people on a cellular level? They are made up of cells and don't all cells act alike?
Whereas all animal cells have properties in common - a nucleus, ribosomes, mitochondira and so forth - we now know that even smaller idiosyncrasies distinguish the way the cells of different species react to food, environment and medications. These idiosyncrasies, visible only through an electron microscope, are both the cause and the result of the evolution that created dissimilar creatures.
Failed animal experimentation has irrevocably proven that tiny differences can prevent or enable disease. White blood cell surface receptors, for example, leave humans vulnerable to AIDS. Among primates, only humans have sialic acid, a glycoprotein molecule on the cell surface. Scientists now suggest that this explains why other primates are so immune to diseases like malaria, prostate cancer, and cholera.
In struggling to learn why animal experimentation does not lead to the same results, scientists are slowly defining the microscopic factors - such as enzymes, glycoproteins receptors, and beta-chemokines - that create variability between human and non-human cells. All cells do not act alike because they are different. And very small differences between humans and animals lead to lethal errors when applying animal data to humans.
Even the book widely regarded as a sort of Bible for animal experimenters, The Handbook of Laboratory Animal Science, states that, "It is impossible to give reliable general rules for the validity of extrapolation from one species to another. This ... can often only be verified after the first trials in the target species [humans] ... Extrapolation from animal models ... will always remain a matter of hindsight."
Aren't the 3Rs ("Reduce, Refine and Replace") the best way to phase out animal research?
Promoters of the 3R's ("Reduce, Refine and Replace") view it that animal experiments are a necessary evil if we want to cure human disease. They also assume that animal experiments are scienticically valid and will lead to cures and treatments for human disease. This doesn't work in practice because if a procedure isn't applicable to humans refining or reducing it is still unacceptable.
The 3Rs deflect attention and debate away from the issue of the scientific validity of animal research. It gives the impression that it is concerned for the welfare of lab animals and avoid the debate on the justification of using another species to model human disease.
Don't all doctors support the concept of animal experimentation?
No, but many medical professionals endorse lab animal research, as a matter of principle rather than informed conviction. With busy specialized careers and only thin information to the contrary, few physicians are willing to shoulder the burden of publicly dissenting with their peers. This dissent requires too much research and too much risk. However, if consulted privately, they will admit that they study human data, not animal data to determine how best to treat their patients.
The Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine and The Medical Research Modernization Committee are two physician-based organization that agree with AFMA that experiments on animals do not lead to cures for human disease.
Animal experimentation is part of the curricula at some medical schools. Moreover, many medical schools are associated with research institutes; these rely on animal experimentation for grant money. This style of education, therefore, leads physicians to believe that experiments on animals are associated with medical progress. Note, this does not mean animals are responsible for medical progress.
Animal experiments provide results; however, physicians themselves will have to admit that the results they themselves were exposed to did not provide new data of relevance to humans. When pressed to provide examples of how animal experimentation has contributed to their field, these professionals invariably come up short. They may hold onto the possibility that the animal model, though not germane to their field, is of use in other disciplines.
In this litigious climate, doctors would be reluctant to prescribe drugs if they knew that the animal-testing aspect of the drug's development worked against, rather than for, patient health. Hence, pharmaceutical companies promote the belief that animal testing assures the safety and effectiveness of medications that physicians rely upon. This "bill of goods" is another reason why physicians support animal experimentation.
It must be added that physicians, if not proactively in pursuit of facts to the contrary, are also very easily persuaded by the steady influx of public relations perpetrated by animal experimenters. Animal experimentation has a long history, and with tens of thousands of people and some of the world's largest corporations entirely devoted to maintaining the status quo, it would take a brave physician, and one with a lot of time on his or her hands, to speak out against it.
Can alternatives actually replace animal experiments?
Alternative methods are already replacing animal experiments and have already saved countless lives. For example, cell cultures have replaced the use of monkeys in polio vaccine production. Pregnancy tests are now conducted in test-tubes instead of in rabbits. Batches of insulin are now analysed chemically and not by innaccurate tests in mice.
Government, regulatory bodies and industry must work together to rethink our scientific endeavour, and to invest in retraining scientists and re-equipping laboratories to use the high-tech in vitro research techniques that will enable us to develop life-saving drugs and safe consumer products for the future - progress with compassion and health with humanity.
Didn't all winners of the Nobel Prize in Medicine and Physiology experiment on animals?
Yes, most did, but in no case does that mean the discoveries would not have occurred without animals. It only means that the market for lab animals was thriving and employing them was easy. In addition, from the second half of the nineteenth century forward, experimentation on animals became part of all medical curricula. So researchers were obliged to perform animal experiments to get their degrees. However, it is hardly accurate to deduce that those experiments bore directly on the Nobel-winning results. In the instances wherein animals were used for the Nobel-winning results, they were not necessary. Though animal tissue research was the convention, human tissue was available and more viable, as many Nobel Prize winners have since remarked.
Are anti-vivisectionists anti-human and anti-science?
The end of animal research is not about being anti-human or anti-science. There is no opposition to medical progress, but a want to see real advances in the treatment and cure of human disease. I believe the route to these advances depends on the development of research techniques which do not involve animal models. Relying on animal based studies holds back medical science and I would like to see cutting edge, biologically relevant non-animal techniques employed. This is the 21st Century and it is time we stop relying on the assumption that test results from one species can safely be applied to another.
How did animal experimentation become so established to begin with?
However unreliable, subjecting animals to experiments for which humans would never volunteer has immeasurable plusses, evident throughout time. Animals cannot dissent.
There have always been abundant human bodies, tissue and blood to illumine our knowledge base. However, in the West, Christianity pervaded, and papal decree forbade autopsy. During the second century AD, a Roman physician named Galen performed endless animal experiments to inform his over-500 treatises that drew conclusions about human physiology. Many of these conclusions were entirely faulty and contributed to the "darkness" we now associate with medieval times, during which powerful Church officials continued to frown on autopsy.
The Renaissance offered a slight reprieve. Competitive intellectual inquiry emerged to overwhelm Church injunctions. Autopsies revealed medical inaccuracies that had prevailed for 1,300 years since Galen. They began to cast light on real causes of disease.
In the mid-nineteenth century a man who had failed as a playwright, Claude Bernard, took up animal experimentation. His tremendous zeal and the sheer volume of results - accurate or not - that issued from his subjugation of animals effectively created an animal experimentation business. Medical research would henceforward extend beyond the purlieu of physicians; people who could not make it as doctors could still make a living as animal experimenters, as well as wield wide influence. In fact, the machine of animal experimentation generated such an abundance of conclusions that those conclusions very often overwhelmed human evidence to the contrary.
Soon animal experimenters were asking for and receiving money for their research. Animal breeders began to profit. Suppliers of lab equipment enjoyed their expanding market. And so forth. The growing new industry seemed useful for the study of diseases, even though there were huge disparities in results between animal species, and between animals and humans. Then, in the 1930s a single incidence of a drug effecting an animal the same as a human effectively routinized the use of animals for drug development too. Of course, the same problems persisted: Animals often reacted differently to the same chemical substances.
However, the pharmaceutical industry was off and running, developing strong ties with animal experimenters and using their results to boost profits. The disaster of thalidomide, a drug designed to suppress morning sickness that led to over 10,000 babies with birth defects, spurred the US Congress to offer the American public every possible guarantee of medication safety. That "guarantee" took the form of animal testing.
Nevermind that thalidomide itself had been tested on animals prior to release and had not imposed birth defects on them. And that even after scientists knew what to look for, they found birth defects from thalidomide only occasionally.In approximately 10 strains of rats, 15 strains of mice, 11 breeds of rabbits, 2 breeds of dogs, 3 strains of hamsters, 8 species of primates and in other such varied species as cats, armadillos, guinea pigs, swine and ferrets in which thalidomide has been tested, teratogenic effects have been induced only occasionally.Nevermind also that there was already ample evidence that chemicals react very differently in different species. By legislating that all drugs must prove safe and effective in animals prior to release, the government created a legal safehouse for pharmaceutical companies and any other industry with a product of questionable medical safety. Ever since, when lawsuits occur, big business can justifiably claim that they acted with due diligence to the full extent of the law. Inevitably, big business' enthusiasm over this legal safety net has played a large role in making animal experimentation a sacred cow.


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Saturday 10th January 2015
VES Nomination Event
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VES Celebrates The VFX Bakeoff!
Party On at The VES Global Community Celebration: Continuing the great annual tradition. Join us for fun, friends, food and libations at a festive VES-sponsored party before and after the Academy's VFX Bake-Off at Chakra Cuisine.
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Saturday, January 10, 2015
VES Pre-Party 4:30PM to 6:30PM
Academy VFX Bake-Off Presentation 7:00PM to 10:00PM**
VES After Party 10:00PM until Midnight
(Each ticketed guest will be admitted to both the Pre and After Party!)
Chakra Cuisine (Short three block walk from the Goldwyn Theater.)
151 S Doheny Dr., Beverly Hills, CA 90211
Click here for a map
Complimentary Valet Parking is available at the restaurant.
Come early to get in the VFX spirit from 4:30PM to 6:30PM, head to The Bake-Off and get inspired, then come back to partake and rejoice from 10:00PM until midnight! The full ticket price for non members is $125.00 and VES members may buy tickets for just $25.00!
We look forward to celebrating with our members and colleagues from around the globe and making this a festive international gathering!
**The Academy's VFX Bake-Off is separate and handled through AMPAS.
Recent Announcements
- Noemie Cruciani
- David Flamholc
- Mark Spevick
- Jo Ann Tan
- Pieter Warmington
We look forward to meeting you at our upcoming events!
Naomi Goldman, NLG Communications
Visual Effects Society Releases First-of-its-Kind VFX Reference Platform
New Industry Standard Platform to Improve Interoperability and Streamline Work of VFX Software Vendors and Studios
Los Angeles (July 2, 2014) – The Visual Effects Society (VES), the industry's professional honorary society, has announced the release of the industry standard VFX Reference Platform. The VFX Reference Platform is a set of tools and library versions to be used as a common target platform for building software for the VFX industry. Its purpose is to minimize incompatibilities between different software packages, ease the support burden for Linux-based pipelines and encourage further adoption of Linux by software vendors. The Reference Platform is updated annually by a group of software vendors in collaboration with the VES Technology Committee.
The Calendar Year 2014 (CY2014) Reference Platform is the first-of-its-kind and represents the closest collaboration yet between software solutions providers to converge on a common platform. The CY2015 Platform developed for 2015 software releases has now been published in draft form and feedback is invited from software vendors and customer studios. The final version will be published in August 2014 and announced at SIGGRAPH.
"By working with industry software providers, we've identified major library versions that are updated annually that can be shared between all major apps. This is a huge step forward for software distribution for VFX on Linux," said Jeffrey A. Okun, VES Board Chair. "We're proud that the VES Technology Committee, under the leadership of Rob Bredow and Nick Cannon, has successfully addressed this critical challenge and developed a much-needed solution."
The VES worked in collaboration with leading VFX companies and application providers to develop the platform, which provides a forum to coordinate major platform upgrades, easing the transition to new technologies, while increasing reliable interoperability and lowering costs for vendors and customers.
"For the past year, the VES has been collaborating with Autodesk and other software vendors to create a reference Linux platform to address the endemic hassle of 'version-itis.' We're thrilled the VES is taking the lead to rally both the visual effects community and vendors on the Linux platform to organize this working group and benefit all of our customers," said Chris Vienneau, Autodesk Media & Entertainment Director of Product Management.
"The VFX Reference Platform initiative aims to prune superfluous technical variety so we can all focus on stuff that matters. Tweak applauds all of the effort that goes into this indispensable project," said Seth Rosenthal, Tweak Software.
The Reference Platforms along with further supporting information, including how to contribute feedback, are available on http://vfxplatform.com.
About the Visual Effects Society
The Visual Effects Society is a professional honorary society dedicated to advancing the arts, sciences and applications of visual effects and to upholding the highest standards and procedures for the visual effects profession. It is the entertainment industry's only official organization representing the extended global community of visual effects practitioners, including supervisors, artists, producers, technology developers, educators and studio executives. VES' almost 3,000 members in 33 countries worldwide contribute to all areas of entertainment – film, television, commercials, animation, music videos, games and new media. To learn more about the VES, visit www.visualeffectssociety.com.
Follow us on Twitter: @VFXSociety
NZCS, CODEX and PARK ROAD POST invite NZCS members to an informative evening
When: June 30, 2014 6pm to 8:30pm
Where: Park Road Post, 141 Park Road, Miramar Wellington
Please RSVP – email@example.com or Kevin on 027 2939059
Come see the Codex Vault and the new Codex Action CAM. We will have a brief presentation and then hands on time.
The frenetic pace of a TV production, the quick turnaround of a commercial, the longer production cycle of a feature film– no matter what type of project you're making, Codex Vault can streamline your production and simplify your workflow. Vault brings your digital negative into one standard, secure workflow, saving you time and money and protecting your valuable asset. And now featuring CODEX REVIEW – superfast GPU processing for dailies, playback to an HD or 4K monitor and QC and color tools.
Introducing the Codex Action CAM - the small camera with a big workflow. Whether you're making commercials, TV or movies, sometimes your camera package is just too big for the situation or location you're trying to shoot in.
Enter Codex Action CAM...A complete shooting, capture, transcoding and data management solution for situations that require a compact form factor and low weight. Codex Action CAM itself is a tiny remote head camera for shooting at up to 60fps. It comes with the Codex Camera Control Recorder, providing full remote control of the camera, plus the proven workflow of the industry-standard Codex recorder.
The VES Board of Directors voted to bestow the Founders Award on Janet Healy at this year's Annual Membership Meeting (AMM) in the Fall.
Janet is a Founding Member of the VES, and she has served on both the Board of Directors and the Executive Committee.
Healy started her career in live-action films, working with directors Stanley Kramer, Hal Ashby and Sam Peckinpah. She worked with Steven Spielberg on CLOSE ENCOUNTERS OF THE THIRD KIND and 1941, serving as Associate Producer on the latter. From those films Healy began her understanding and fascination with the art of visual effects, learning about early motion control systems, optical compositing techniques and the construction and photography of complex miniature sets.
She then joined George Lucas' visual effects company, Industrial Light & Magic (ILM), as a Co-Head of Production. At ILM, Healy produced some of the era's most groundbreaking visual effects work, including the Academy Award®-winning visual effects for TERMINATOR 2: JUDGEMENT DAY and JURASSIC PARK. She was instrumental in leading the industry transition from reliance on photochemical and in-camera processes to the use of the digital 2D and 3D techniques that are common place in visual effects today. During those years at ILM, Healy was also the Visual Effects Producer for GHOSTBUSTERS II, JOE VERSUS THE VOLCANO, and WILLOW. While producing the digital character work for CASPER, Healy fell in love with CG character animation.
In 1995 she joined Walt Disney Feature Animation as the Head of Digital Production and oversaw the CG work on the films TARZAN, DINOSAUR and MULAN. She moved to DreamWorks Animation to serve as Head of Production for several years and, while there, produced SHARK TALE.
In 2008, Healy joined Chris Meledandri as he was beginning his new venture, Illumination Entertainment, for Universal Pictures. Along with Meledandri, Healy is the Producer of DESPICABLE ME, THE LORAX, DESPICABLE ME 2, and the upcoming films MINIONS (2015), the Untitled Pets Project (2016), DESPICABLE ME 3 (2017) and THE GRINCH WHO STOLE CHRISTMAS (2017).
Healy is also a member of the New Media Council of the PGA and has served as a member of their Board of Directors and as an Executive Board member. She currently lives in Paris and Monteaux, France
VES NY & PNYA would like to invite you to attend their upcoming event, Color Space and Workflow for Post Production Professionals. This event brings industry professionals together to learn more about color theory, workflows and why this topic is so important for such a broad range of disciplines across production & post production.
Open to VES NY & PNYA members, with limited tickets for SVA students, we are anticipating seats will go fast so please rsvp as soon as you can. Any seats not filled by March 14th will be opened up for non-members who would like to attend.
March, 19 2014
730pm 930pm
School of Visual Arts
133-141 W 21st Street, 3rd Floor, #301
New York, NY 10011
This event is intended to an introductory explanation of the complete color chain from camera (ingest) to delivery format (output).
Mark Russell (VFX Supervisor): Host, Moderator
Chris Healer (CEO, The Molecule): "Color Theory & Practice in a Nutshell: Condensed Version"
Joe Gawler (Colorist, Harbor Entertainment): The Art of Color
Dave Satin (DIT): On-Set Color Decisions
Please use this link to rsvp: http://colortheorypractice.splashthat.com/
Hello VES NY! We WANT to hear your thoughts on how you would like to participate with our VES chapter and what you want to see in this coming year regarding workshops and events. This is a reminder to please take our survey so that we may better understand how to grow our community. We are eager to plot our course for 2014 with you!
Wednesday, 26 March, 2014 from 7:00PM until late
The Duke of York (in the private upstairs lounge)
47 Rathbone St., London W1T 1NW
2014 is well under way and it's time for the glorious return of the ever-popular VES Pub Nights!
Every last Wednesday of the month, we invite VES members, friends and everyone interested to a fun evening at the pub. Come join the VES London Board and your fellow members for some good conversation, a beverage or two, and a Killer game of darts. A bottle of whisky awaits the winning dartist!
As always, this is open to everyone - no need to RSVP, so bring your friends!
London VES Members And Their Guests Are Invited To Attend A 3D Screening Of DreamWorks Animation's & 20th Century Fox's MR. PEABODY & SHERMAN
Monday, March 10, 2014 at 6:30PM (Doors open at 6:00PM)
20th Century Fox Soho Square Theater
31-32 Soho Square, London, Greater London W1D 3AP
Click here for a map
Screenings are overbooked to compensate for no-shows.
Seating is limited and will be available on a first come, first served basis. An RSVP does not guarantee seating.
11 March 2014 7:30 pm Camperdown CinemaCome join us for an educational evening about the science & workflows of handling colour in a digitial environment with Glenn Anderson.
Accurately reproducing the work of artists on display devices is an important part of digital cinema workflow. The science behind it is well defined, but putting it into practice can present some interesting challenges.
Glenn's talk will cover the science behind colour and lightness, the characteristics and limitations of human vision, cameras, and display devices, and explore what is possible within those limits.
A long time Apple Macintosh programmer, Glenn has worked on review tools for Weta Digital since 2000. Before that he was better known for writing Eudora Internet Mail Server.
We hope you can join us for this exciting exclusive before Glenn departs our shores to pursue his career at Apple.


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"Germany in Europe" Campus Weeks Underway Across the US
Enlarge image Students watch a soccer match at Juniata College's 2013 German Campus Weeks. (© Juniata College)
More than two-dozen universities across the US are hosting a series of events to spike student awareness and interest in Germany. Through analytical essay contests, stimulating debates, speaker events, Oktoberfest celebrations, a soccer match, movie screenings and many other initiatives, university students are learning more about German culture, politics and history.
Titled "Germany in Europe," the 2013-2014 Campus Weeks campaign, which is sponsored by the German Embassy, aims to address the question: what is Germany's role in Europe?
As one of the founding members of the European Union, Germany plays an active role in modeling the present and future of the EU. Over time, will there be a more European Germany or a more German EU?
This week, German Consul General Rolf Schütte attended a symposium at Northeastern University in Boston, answering questions about Germany's position in the world and handing out awards to three students whose analytical essays addressed the topic in an engaging manner.
Enlarge image Northeastern University hosted a symposium on Nov. 20, addressing the question: is Germany too powerful for Europe? (© Northeastern University / Hans Eijmberts) "Marie Schulte-Bockum won first prize for her essay, which argued that Germany may be deemed too powerful, but doesn't use its position as much as it could, and maybe even should," Hans Eijmberts, co-organizer of the event, wrote in a blog post after the event.
Earlier this year, George Mason University in Virginia also held a panel discussion that explored the outcome of the German federal elections, analyzing the impact they could have on domestic and world affairs.
But recent "Germany in Europe" events have not only been academic: recently, Juniata College in Pennsylvania hosted a five-day series of events related to Germany, including an Oktoberfest celebration, a European soccer cup and a film screening of "The Lives of Others." The school also hosted a German Opportunities Day, which provided college tours conducted in German, both by educators and students who have lived or studied in Germany.
Enlarge image A movie screening of "The Lives of Others" at Juniata College. (© Juniata College) "Participants were excited to explore aspects of German culture they were previously unaware of or had little or no access to," said Judith Benz, associate professor of German at Juniata College. "The atmosphere was lively and engaging and left participants with the sense that they had learned something new."
Meanwhile, Rutgers University in New Jersey held a multi-week film festival, screening German films on its campus throughout the past several weeks, including films such as "Good Bye, Lenin!" and "The Reader."
From coast to coast, American colleges and universities have partnered up with the German Embassy in Washington to bring a taste of Germany to their campuses and start an engaging dialogue about the role of modern Germany.
The "Germany in Europe" Campus Weeks are the latest campaign sponsored by the German Information Center at the German Embassy in Washington. Each year, the Embassy selects a topic that will be the focal point in discussions at participating universities across the country. Previous campaigns have included "Think Transatlantic", "do Deutsch", "Transatlantic Climate bridge", "Freedom Without Walls", among others.
Enlarge image As part of its "Germany in Europe" Campus Weeks, Brown University held its own Oktoberfest celebration. (© Brown University) "Our enrollments in Beginning German increased by 30 percent this year," Brown University wrote in a testimonial about the annual program. "We have more and more students interested in studying abroad in Berlin. The number of students deciding to declare German as their major has also increased markedly."


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Environmental Auditing and Environmental Management Systems
- Course Code:
- Unit value:
This module starts by looking at the means of identifying and evaluating the environmental effects of an organisation (Unit 1). It first provides an understanding of the relationship between organisations and the environment and then introduces the concept of environmental auditing including its definition, history and a brief overview on the different types of audit available. The various reasons why an organisation may want to undertake an environmental audit are also examined. Units 2, 3 and 4 look specifically at the environmental auditing process in detail and cover issues such as preparation, types of environmental audit and how an audit is carried out. The module then goes on to examine the means of auditing specific environmental effects and issues associated with the activities of an organisation. Units 5, 6 and 7, respectively, look at the auditing of environmental effects and performance; emissions; resource use and waste minimisation. Units 8 and 9 introduce environmental management systems (EMSs) and discuss the role they play in managing the environmental effects of an organisation. A useful comparison is made between two formal environmental management systems: ISO 14001 and EMAS. The module concludes (Unit 10) by discussing the issue of environmental reporting and then looks at the prospects for the future of environmental auditing and corporate environmental management, particularly in the context of the challenge of sustainable development.
Objectives and learning outcomes of the course
On successful completion of this module, students will be able to:
- define environmental auditing and describe the main components of the environmental auditing process;
- identify methods of auditing specific environmental issues associated with the activities of an organisation;
- describe the main components of an environmental management system; and
- apply practical environmental auditing skills to identifying and evaluating the environmental effects of an organisation.
Scope and syllabus
Unit 1 Introduction to environmental auditing
Unit 2 Preparing an environmental audit
Unit 3 Types of environmental audit; the legal context
Unit 4 Conducting an environmental audit
Unit 5 What to audit: environmental effects and performance
Unit 6 What to audit: emissions
Unit 7 What to audit: resource use and waste minimisation
Unit 8 Introduction to environmental management systems (EMS)
Unit 9 Formal environmental management systems
Unit 10 Environmental reporting and future developments
Module sample
P508 module uses a core text which is specially written and will take you through your self-directed study. Exercises, assignments and other activities, such as self-assessment questions, film clips and animations are included to help you with learning. Most module study guides are now provided in electronic format on a USB flash memory stick, but can also be downloaded from the online learning environment. Click the linked image below to view a sample of our e-study guide:


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December 20, 2014
LONDON (AP) -- Queen Elizabeth II has braved the cold and snow to attend church on the eve of her Diamond Jubilee anniversary.
Bundled in a brown coat and matching fur hat, Elizabeth was joined by her husband, Prince Philip, at the service at West Newton Church on her Sandringham Estate in Norfolk on Sunday.
The 85-year-old monarch marks 60 years on the throne on Monday -- the anniversary will be marked by a series of regional, national and international events throughout 2012.
Elizabeth ascended the throne when her father, George VI, died on Feb. 6, 1952. She is the longest-serving monarch after Queen Victoria, who reigned for more than 63 years.
The Queen typically spends Feb. 6 privately but she has two official engagements scheduled for Monday.
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Should we doubt the Detroit Lions?
Power Rankings gives Lions credit, but do style points matter? Undervaluing Philly, Dallas
Each week this season, Chris Sprow will consult with Vegas experts such as Jay Kornegay of the Vegas Hilton and use projection systems to dive into the numbers to point out which teams the human voters are overselling or underselling.
It was another good week in this space. We pegged the Bills and Jets as a bit overrated, and both fell. We pegged the Niners as the team getting the least respect among the underrated group, and they pulled off a big road win. But a couple of those games are creating what seems to be the storyline that makes these teams harder than ever to peg: an early epidemic of blown leads.
Seriously, if blowing leads is cool, the NFL in Week 4 is Miles Davis. Philly squandered a 23-3 lead, Buffalo built a 17-3 lead and lost, Minnesota predictably gave up a second-half lead (they're 4-for-4 this year!), Atlanta nearly lost after holding a 27-7 lead, and Dallas well, let's spare their fans and just search-engine optimize: Romo. Jerry Jones. Megatron. Rob Ryan. Andy Rooney.
The problem we face with blown leads is that building leads is the mark of a good NFL team, as basic as that sounds. Go to halftime with a 17-point lead, like Dallas and Philly did in Week 4, and you win about 95 percent of your games. Do we drop those teams significantly because they blew it, or ask whether their coaches will, say, consider running the ball a little bit with a lead? Even with Michael Vick turning some passes into runs, Philly still finished with 46 throws and 20 carries in a game it led for over 50 minutes. Dallas finished with a 47-27 pass-to-run ratio in a game it also led for over 50 minutes. The instinct is to drop them, but the metrics often tell you otherwise. Judge them on the simple win or loss, or factor in things that could be correctable?
Is Dallas any worse a team this week than it was last week, when it had the Detroit Lions completely dead to rights and yet continued to aggressively throw the ball? Think about it.
Detroit Lions
Power Rankings slot: 4
Win projection average: 9.8
Super Bowl odds: 10-1
The Lions are tough to gauge, even for their own fans. (Believe us, we know.) The instinct is to say they are overrated at No. 4 because they've been fortunate to win each of the last two weeks, when they've gone to halftime down a combined 40-3. But they've also done what the rest of the league hasn't -- they've won on the road. Detroit is 3-0 on the road; the rest of the league is a combined 21-40. They've relied on opposing teams' mistakes and a well-covered Calvin Johnson, but they've forced those mistakes and been smart enough to throw to a covered Johnson. So clearly we can't choose the wine in front of us! With good arguments on both sides, we can understand Vegas -- they have Detroit with Super Bowl odds now putting them in the top seven, and a win projection average (one we see as too low) also seventh. Essentially, the numbers are saying the Lions are in the upper echelon, a good step for Detroit, really, but a few suspicions remain. That's fair.
To read more about which three teams are overrated and underrated, plus teams to watch, you must be an ESPN Insider.
Become an insider and get access to all our articles and tools.View Insider Benefits »
Magazine subscribers: activate your Insider account.
Chris SprowESPN Insider
- Senior Editor for ESPN Insider
- Works with Mel Kiper on NFL draft content
- Written for: New York Times, Seattle Times, others
- Harbaugh's brother: Family staying out of it
- Peyton intent on playing for Broncos in 2015
- Aaron Claus: QB buys Packers linemen TVs
- Pettine: Manziel will get chance to compete
- Packers No. 1; Jets, Cowboys fall
- Voters | Bloggers' analysis | Rank 'em
- Sprow: Why Lions are overrated
- Mike & Mike's take | Bloggers
MNF: Lions 24, Bears 13
HOT READ: Change at safety
- Dilfer: Four underappreciated QBs
- Walker: We'll soon know about Jets, Bills
- Fox: Lessons of NFL's first quarter
- Kiper: Why I'm buying the Bengals
- Schefter's 10 Spot: Bleak state
- Clayton: Week 5's biggest games
- Week 5 film room notes
- Howard: Shanahan has look of a winner
- Hensley: What's behind Flacco's struggles?
- Graziano: Coughlin's style is right for Giants
- Yasinskas: NFC South full of skilled TEs
- Outsiders: Can Titans keep this up?
- Kuharsky: Why quality players lack jobs
- Hensley: Bengals top in defense, not names
- Clayton mailbag: TEs as vital as ever
- Scouts: Week 5 game previews
- Joyner: Bridgewater deserves OROY award
- Kiper: Mariota atop updated Big Board
- Tuley: Week 17 ATS picks | Vegas Ranks
- Schatz: Updated NFL playoff projections
- Fantasy: Long-term pickups | 32 tips


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Northeast Iowa Food & Fitness Coalition
The Northeast Iowa Food and Fitness Initiative, co-led by Northeast Iowa Resource Conservation and Development Inc. and Iowa State University Extension, is one of nine projects nationwide selected as pilot sites by Kellogg. Each will work for two years to create a community action plan to create community environments that support healthy children, youth, and families by making available and promoting the procurement and consumption of local healthy food and by creating space and structure for physical activity and play.
During the two-year planning process the Northeast Iowa Food and Fitness Initiative will have the opportunity to map out how to address issues such as increasing the availability of healthy local foods in school, restaurants and grocery stores, improving opportunities for residents to incorporate physical activity into their everyday lives, strengthening the publics understanding of the economic, health and environmental benefits of leading healthier lifestyles, and helping local, state and federal legislators understand how policy impacts health in rural America.
RSVP volunteers are serving on the team and attend monthly planning meetings. For more information on the Northeast Iowa Food and Fitness Initiative, click below. Be aware that by clicking on this site, it will take you away from the RSVP and Decorah Library web page.
To go to the Northeast Iowa Food & Fitness Initiative web site, click here.


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The 100 Best Arizona Companies
BestCompaniesAZ, a leader in identifying, developing and promoting great workplaces, is celebrating our 10 year anniversary and ArizonaŌĆÖs Centennial with the release of the 100 Best Companies in Arizona commemorative magazine, featuring 100 distinguished organizations that have been reshaping ArizonaŌĆÖs workplaces for the past decade. Pick up your copy of the magazine by visiting one of our distribution partners or by contacting us at BestCompaniesAZ. We'll be sure you get a copy in your hand. An online version will be available later this summer so subscribe now to our employer or job seeker community and weŌĆÖll keep you updated on ArizonaŌĆÖs 100 Best winners and events.
Address: 14321 N. Northsight Boulevard, Scottsdale, AZ
Phone Number: 877-662-7447
Number of Employees: 13,000
Industry: Financial Services/Investment Management
Address: 14040 N. Northsight Blvd. Scottsdale, AZ 85260
Phone: 480-951-9191
Number of Employees: 135
Industry: Global Human Resources
Address: 1260 S. Spectrum Blvd., Chandler AZ 85286
Phone: 1-866-800-0004
Number of Employees: 215
Industry: Software
Address: 1800 E. Florence Boulevard, Casa Grande, AZ 85122
Phone: 520-381-6300
Number of Employees: 819
Industry: Healthcare


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The Lawyers Are Coming for Your Food Biz Clients
What do the phrases "organic" and "all-natural" mean to you as a consumer? Does the fact that Sun Chips have that great "whole grain taste" make you more likely to eat them in the interest of your own health?
While the vast majority of consumers want to eat well, a recent survey conducted by iModerate Research Technologies confirms the fact that most don't have enough information to make truly educated decisions regarding the food they buy—and that leaves them more vulnerable to dubious claims made by marketing teams and ad agencies.
In the eyes of the law, these questionable taglines might not mean much, and they may even qualify as "misleading." But do they amount to bad PR practices or grounds for lawsuits? According to a recent story in The New York Times, a group of very successful litigators thinks they do—and they plan to raise a big stink about it.


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Baseball Pounds Maryland, 20-6 to Sweep Season Series
April 27, 2010
College Park, Md. - The George Mason baseball team played its longest game of the season but despite almost four hours of action, the contest was never in doubt as the Patriots pounded Maryland for 20 runs on 19 hits as Mason beat the Terrapins, 20-6 on Tuesday at Shipley Field. Mason swept the season series from Maryland for the first time since 2002.
Ryan Soares hit a pair of home runs, the first multi-homer game by any Patriot this season, snapping an 89 at-bat homerless streak. The senior shortstop who entered the game 10th in the nation in RBI per game was 2 for 4 with six RBI and he also hit his 12th sacrifice fly of the season. He leads the nation in that category and is just two away from tying the single-season record for sacrifice flies. Dan Palumbo and Dan Schafferman each had multiple RBI as well while Jeremy Haas had four hits.
Mason started the scoring in the first when Soares hit a two-run homer. In the bottom of the inning, Alfredo Rodriguez reached on an error and scored on a delayed double steal to make it 2-1. In the third, Mason put a three-spot on the board as Haas doubled, Tison singled and Soares' sacrifice fly made it 3-1. Mark Hill's RBI double brought home Tison and Hill, who went to third on a Shane Davis ground out, scored on a Palumbo bunt base hit.
The Patriots added another pair in the fifth when Hill was hit by a pitch, Davis singled and after a Palumbo ground out, Schafferman drove home Hill for a five-run lead. Brett Hendricks's sacrifice bunt brought home Davis to make it 7-1. In the sixth, the Patriots plated four runs as Tison singled, Hill and Davis drew back-to-back two-out walks and Palumbo hit a two-run double. Schafferman followed with a two-run single to make it 11-1.
In the bottom of the sixth, Maryland got three runs back. First Dan Gentzler singled, then Dan Poutier doubled to make it 11-2. Mike Rozak and Rodriguez hit back-to-back doubles to bring two more runs in and make it 11-4. Mason had one of its biggest innings of the year in the seventh when the Patriots plated seven runs sending 12 batters to the plate. Chris Cook led off with a bunt single, Haas singled and Soares hit a three-run homer. Hill walked, Davis singled and Palumbo was hit by a pitch to load the bases and Schafferman walked to make it 15-4. A wild pitch brought home Davis and after Hendricks walked to load the bases again, Cook walked to make it 17-4. Another wild pitch brought home Schafferman for a 14-run lead.
The Terrapins got a pair back in the seventh when Jordan Hagel reached on an error and scored on an Antonio Perez double. Perez then stole third and scored on a Gary Schneider sacrifice fly. Mason added a run each in the eighth and ninth. In the eighth, Aaron Tenney singled, Palumbo and Schafferman were hit by pitches and a wild pitch plated Tenney. In the ninth, Cook was hit by a pitch, went to second on a single, took third on a fielder's choice and came home to score on Nick Allen's ground out.
The Patriots will return to action on Friday when they travel to Georgia State for a critical Colonial Athletic Association series.


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All Beds, 3 Baths, More Prices, All Types, Short Term Lease Apartments Near Maryvale in Phoenix, AZ
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The Maryvale neighborhood is a part of Phoenix, AZ. ForRent.com, an apartment finder service, makes your Maryvale rental search easy. Let us guide your search for rentals from the apartments for rent listings provided. To narrow down your All Beds, 3 Baths, More Prices, All Types, Short Term Lease search, select from the Maryvale's beds, baths, price, type and amenity links below.
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Jude Law is either ignorant of socialized healthcare in his own country (being wealthy, he probably has an American doctor), or he's lying to maintain his PC status in Hollywood. The truth is that the British National Health Service is an absolute nightmare, as is all socialist healthcare.
(Coming soon to an American hospital or doctor's office near you.)9:19 am on March 25, 2010 Email Thomas DiLorenzo


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- Critic & User
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Critic & User Reviews
Very Good
Fun game with Fun mini games
posted by Gorworr (GRESHAM, OR) Aug 10, 2008
Member since Aug 2007
9 out of 9 gamers (100%) found this review helpful
The only problem I have with the game is, I wish there was slightly more customizing your team. The only thing you can do is change the team name and colors and then change the look of your star player.
It would of been so much more fun to be able to change all the players on your team. But perhaps this game will do good enough that they can make a second one and change that.
But other then that fact the game is loads of fun!
posted by gamecat78 (DENTON, TX) Apr 7, 2009
Member since Jul 2008
3 out of 3 gamers (100%) found this review helpful
Pleasantly Surprised
posted by cavscout (PRESCOTT VALLEY, AZ) Aug 12, 2008
Member since Mar 2008
10 out of 11 gamers (91%) found this review helpful
The tutorial is a little daunting, particularly when it comes to pitching. As my 5 year old and I were working through all the pitching lessons I began to be concerned that this was going to be way too complicated.
Never fear - once in the game a waggle here and a waggle there sends the ball to the plate. He was pitching and having a blast without a thought about timing or button presses. Meanwhile, his older brother enjoyed the complexities of the pitching interface and took advantage of them.
The batting is the best yet for a Wii baseball game. Other than the contact swing (you have to swing slowly, which the CPU never seems to recognize), everything else works like a charm. You can pull the ball or send it to the opposite field, swing with an uppercut to send the ball into the air, or use a downswing to drive it into the ground.
Fielding is simple, consisting of remote waggle and a button press. Running is taken care of by the CPU.
During the game, points are earned towards power-ups that can be used by the players on the field. They aren't quite as cartoony and off the wall as those found in Backyard Baseball or Mario Super Sluggers.
All in all, a very enjoyable and surprisingly realistic baseball game geared for the younger set. Graphics are more than serviceable and the PING of the aluminum bat is a nice touch.
However, overall it's a fairly sterile presentation - particularly for kids that have experience with Mario Super Sluggers for the Gamecube. Even Backyard Baseball, with it's atrocious graphics seems to offer a more engaging experience presentation wise.
There seems to be a good degree of customization available, but to be honest we haven't delved into much of that yet.
Overall, this is a surprisingly good baseball game for the Wii that will appeal to a range of ages. And I'll reiterate - the batting interface is not only realistic, but way fun.
Very Good
Bunny hops & hacks
posted by Brixyl (ALBUQUERQUE, NM) Aug 21, 2008
Member since Jan 2007
3 out of 4 gamers (75%) found this review helpful
Above Average
Controls too Complex for "Little League"rs
posted by JMichaud (BETHESDA, MD) Aug 12, 2008
Member since Jan 2008
1 out of 5 gamers (20%) found this review helpful
First, the pitching. You can select where in the strike zone the ball goes to and one of nine pitches by either holding the A or B button down, or hold neither down. Then, during the pitching motion you can turn the Wiimote left, right or not at all.
Each combination of the button holding (or not) and the twisting motion (or not) leads to a different pitch. Problem is, it's easy to forget which combination of button pushing and twisting leads to what pitch. This game needs a cheat sheet in the worst way.
Batting's worse; first, you have to determine if you want to swing at all at the pitch. If you do swing, then you have to determine if you swing the Wiimote in an upwards motion (for a home run type ball or fly out), a level motion (for a line drive or line out), or a downward motion (for a grounder or a ground out)
Then, you have to determine if you want to swing on time to send it center field or a split second early/late to send it into left/right field.
On top of all that, you have to determine if you want to swing the Wiimote slowly for contact or quickly for power.
I have a feeling that most players are going to bypass all this and play this game like the baseball part of WiiSports. If they do, they'll have a good time (especially with friends).
But this begs the question: why put it in the game if it's hardly used?
The Single player works well - until the playoffs. That's when the AI gets brutal. I send my best pitcher and make a variety of perfect pitches, but in four playoff games, the AI averages three runs IN THE FIRST INNING. Let's just say I went 0-4 in those games.
There are mini games, but most of them require you to learn the headache inducing controls, so I passed on them.
LLWSB2K8 is a good game to rent, but the tough AI and complex controls take it off my "buy" list.
Okay at Most
posted by Tdlmacnt (HAMDEN, CT) Dec 5, 2009
Member since Nov 2007
Amazing The Best Game Ever!
posted by gamemania (MIDDLESEX, NJ) Nov 18, 2009
Member since Feb 2009
posted by jlalb06 (LONG BEACH, CA) May 16, 2009
Member since Dec 2008
posted by Friedrich (LLANO, TX) Feb 11, 2009
Member since Jan 2009
Not Bad
posted by steve2722 (JAMESTOWN, NY) Jan 10, 2009
Member since Oct 2008
Great but boring after a while
posted by hahaha7484 (GLENDALE, AZ) Sep 22, 2008
Member since Sep 2008
i like the pitching, but hate the fielding
posted by kbodin1 (LYNN, MA) Sep 8, 2008
Member since Jul 2006


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Best Practices for Leveraging Azure Service Bus Brokered Messaging API
Updated: March 19, 2014
Author: Valery Mizonov
Contributors: Seth Manheim, Paolo Salvatori, James Podgorski, Eric Lam, Jayu Katti
This article offers practical guidance for developers working with the .NET managed brokered messaging API in Azure Service Bus. The recommendations supplied in this article come directly from recent customer projects. While building real-world solutions with Service Bus, we learned about some key best practices and little-known secrets that will help increase reliability and improve the performance of solutions that use the new brokered messaging capabilities in Service Bus. This article intends to share these lessons with the developer community.
Relayed vs Brokered Messaging
Microsoft Azure Service Bus provides two comprehensive messaging solutions. The first solution is available through a centralized, highly load-balanced "relay" service that runs in the cloud that supports a variety of different transport protocols and Web services standards, including SOAP, WS-*, and REST. The relay service supports direct one-way messaging, request/response messaging, and peer-to-peer messaging. The pattern associated with this kind of messaging solution is referred to as relayed messaging. In the relayed messaging pattern, an on-premises or cloud-based service connects to the relay service through an outbound port and creates a bi-directional socket for communication tied to a particular rendezvous address. The client does not have to know where the service resides, and the on-premises service does not need any inbound ports open on the firewall. Relayed messaging provides many benefits, but requires the server and client to both be online at the same time in order to send and receive messages. Relayed messaging has been available since the initial release of Service Bus.
The second messaging solution enables brokered messaging capabilities. The brokered messaging scheme can also be thought of as asynchronous or "temporally decoupled" messaging. Producers (senders) and consumers (receivers) do not have to be online at the same time. The messaging infrastructure reliably stores messages until the consuming party is ready to receive them. This allows the components of the distributed application to be disconnected, either voluntarily; for example, for maintenance, or due to a component crash, without affecting the whole system. Furthermore, the receiving application may only have to come online during certain times of the day, such as an inventory management system that only is required to run at the end a business day.
The core components of the Service Bus brokered messaging infrastructure are queues, topics, and subscriptions. These components enable new asynchronous messaging scenarios, such as temporal decoupling, publish/subscribe, load leveling, and load balancing. For more information about these scenarios, see the Additional Resources section.
Brokered Messaging API Overview
Throughout this guidance, you will see many references to various components, classes and types available in the .NET managed brokered messaging API. To put things into context, we list some of the key APIs that deliver and support the brokered messaging capability in Service Bus.
The following classes are the most frequently-used API members from the
Microsoft.ServiceBus and
Microsoft.ServiceBus.Messaging namespaces, often involved when you are developing a brokered messaging solution:
Class Name
Represents the unit of communication between Service Bus clients. The serialized instances of the BrokeredMessage objects are transmitted through a wire when messaging clients communicate via queues and topics.
Represents a messaging object that enables sending and receiving messages from a Service Bus queue.
Represents a metadata object describing a Service Bus queue including queue path, behavioral settings (such as lock duration, default TTL, duplicate detection) and informational data points (such as current queue length and size).
Represents a messaging object that enables sending messages to a Service Bus topic.
Represents a metadata object describing a Service Bus topic including topic path, behavioral settings (such as duplicate detection) and informational data points (such as current size and maximum topic size).
Represents a messaging object that enables receiving messages from a Service Bus subscription.
Represents a metadata object describing a Service Bus subscription including subscription name, owing topic path, behavioral settings (such as session support, default TTL, lock duration) and informational data points (such as current message count).
Represents a management object responsible for runtime operations with Service Bus messaging entities (queues, topics, subscriptions, rules) including creating, retrieving, deleting and asserting the existence.
Represents a factory object responsible for instantiating, tracking and managing the lifecycle of the messaging entity clients such as TopicClient, QueueClient and SubscriptionClient.
Represents an abstract messaging object that supports rich messaging functionality with a particular focus on the message receive operations.
Represents an abstract messaging object that supports rich messaging functionality with a particular focus on the message send operations.
Represents a message session that enables grouping of related messages for processing in a single transaction.
Represents an abstract metadata object that consists of a filter expression and associated action that is executed in the Service Bus subscription evaluation engine. The Filter class serves the purpose of a base class for
Represents a factory object that provides access to the different types of security token providers responsible for the acquisition of SAML, Shared Secret and Simple Web tokens.
It is recommended that you become familiar with these API artifacts to get a head start on building your first brokered messaging solution with Service Bus. Please note that this is not an exhaustive list of all classes found in the brokered messaging API. For a complete landscape of all API members, see the MSDN documentation.
Best Practices in Brokered Messaging API
The topics in this section share specific recommendations that were derived from hands-on experience with the .NET managed brokered messaging API. The goal of these recommendations is to encourage developers to apply the techniques and patterns discussed in the following sections, in order to be able to deliver robust messaging solutions. This section contains the following topics:
Managing the Messaging Object Lifecycle
Dealing with Faulted Messaging Objects
Handling Transient Communication Errors
Sending Messages Asynchronously
Receiving Messages Asynchronously
Implementing Reliable Message Receive Loops
Conclusion: Best Practices for Leveraging Azure Service Bus Brokered Messaging API


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on orders over $75
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Explore The ITF
procircuit ITFITF
Visa requirements:
Please contact your local embassy or Yousri Harawi (email@example.com). Cost of visa 8 KWD. Deadline for submission: Friday 23 August 2013
Participants from these countries can get visa upon arrival (Andorra- Australia- Austria- Belgium- Brunei Darussalam- Canada- Denmark- Spain- Finland- France- Great Britain- Germany- Greece- Ireland- Iceland- Italy- Japan- South Korea- Liechtenstein- Luxembourg- Malaysia- Monaco- Netherlands- Norway- New Zealand- Portugal- Singapore- San Marino- Switzerland- Sweden- United States of America- Vatican)
*Participants from other countries who need visa MUST send a clear copy of passport to firstname.lastname@example.com 3 weeks before qualifying sign-in otherwise visa cannot be issued. Those players MUST stay in the official hotel during their stay in Kuwait.
Each player entrant agrees, as a condition of entry, to abide by and be subject to the ITF Circuit Rules and Regulations. All players who compete in ITF Circuit tournaments must be signed up to the IPIN Online Service, and have a valid IPIN, for which an annual membership fee is payable. Failure by a player to fulfil these requirements will result in the rejection of that player's entry.
News Article 06 Mar 2014
Brits showing no signs of slowing down as doubles title haul continues to grow
© 2014 International Tennis Federation Powered by Umbraco Design by New Brand Vision


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MB Financial, Inc. Approves Dividend
MB Financial, Inc. (the "Company"), (Nasdaq: MBFI) announced today that its Board of Directors has declared a cash dividend of $0.12 per share, payable on December 30, 2013 to holders of record of the Company's common stock as of December 13, 2013.
MBFI is the $9.3 billion holding company for MB Financial Bank, N.A. MB Financial Bank is a locally operated financial institution that has been delivering competitive, personalized service for over 100 years to businesses and individuals who live and work in the Chicago metropolitan area.
Safe Harbor Statement: Statements in this press release that are not historical facts are "forward-looking statements" within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. By their nature, such statements are subject to numerous factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those anticipated in the statements, as discussed in MB Financial's filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission.
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The Story Of Ryan Reynolds And Blake Lively's Summer Kiss
They had a dunk machine at a family party, and then things got steamy!
1. First, things were playful…
2. There were kids around!
3. So they kept it PG.
"Hahahhaha, we are beautiful and famous!"
4. Then Blake surrendered…
5. And let Ryan touch her face.
6. They got real close…
8. Then kissed.
Check out more articles on BuzzFeed.com!


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Jerry Lewis Muscular Dystrophy Telethon on Labor Day Weekend
September 2, 2009
PHILADELPHIA – MyPHL17 is set to air the 2009 Jerry Lewis Muscular Dystrophy Telethon. The telethon, starring MDA national chairman and number-one volunteer Jerry Lewis, will air on myphl17 beginning Sunday night, September 6th at 10:30pm and will continue through Labor Day, Monday, September 7th, to 6:30pm. Locally, myphl17 Director of Community Relations Steve Highsmith, will emcee the tri state area coverage of the telethon along with Lori Wilson, Denise Nakano and Tim Furlong of myphl17 News at Ten Powered by NBC10. Families assisted by Philadelphia based MDA organizations will also be highlighted throughout the broadcast. Some of those to be featured are: the Hilferty Family of Philadelphia/DE, Alexa Dectis, Brandon Harris and family, Lance Pierce and family, Shelby Van Vliet and family and Austin Whitmoyer and family all from Allentown, PA.
The MDA Telethon is a non-stop variety show with round-the-clock entertainment by stars from Hollywood to Broadway and performances by international recording artists. Artists slated to appear include Dolly Parton, Reba McEntire, Tony Orlando, Charo, Wynonna, Train, Bo Bice, Terry Fator, comedian George Wallace and more.
Co-hosting the show with Lewis will be television's Jann Carl, Nancy O'Dell, Ace Young, Allison Sweeney, and Tom Bergeron.
The telethon will also feature many local check presentations from major corporations and community groups such as the International Association of Firefighters ( IAFF) Local #22, ACME & Acosta Supermarkets, Harley Davidson, Genuardis, Lowe's, NuStar and more.
The 2009 Jerry Lewis Muscular Dystrophy Telethon hopes to exceed its 2008 total of $65 million to support MDA programs of worldwide research, comprehensive medical and community services, and far-reaching professional and public health education.
The telethon is in its 44th year and this is its sixteenth consecutive year on WPHL/myphl17. For more information on the MDA, visit www.mda.org. For photography or interviews, please contact Sabrina Andrews at myphl17 at 215.883.3334.
About Tribune Broadcasting
MyPHL17 serves as the Philadelphia affiliate of MyNetworkTV and is wholly owned by Tribune Company.
TRIBUNE is America's largest employee-owned media company, operating businesses in publishing, interactive and broadcasting. In publishing, Tribune's leading daily newspapers include the Los Angeles Times, Chicago Tribune, The Baltimore Sun, Sun-Sentinel (South Florida), Orlando Sentinel, Hartford Courant, Morning Call and Daily Press. The Company's broadcasting group operates 23 television stations, WGN America on national cable, Chicago's WGN-AM and the Chicago Cubs baseball team. Popular news and information websites complement Tribune's print and broadcast properties and extend the Company's nationwide audience. At Tribune we take what we do seriously and with a great deal of pride. We also value the creative spirit and are nurturing a corporate culture that doesn't take itself too seriously.Copyright © 2014, Hartford Courant


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The US is now a lawless and rogue state where the military has overtaken the Constitution and it is entirely transparent in my judgment both as an attorney and as a war crimes judge."
What the judge said is that because the documents that Bradley Manning leaked went out over the internet they could possibly have been seen by al-Qaeda, therefore they could have possibly aided and abetted the enemy - which is a chain of information that defies belief. There was no evidence introduced at the trial that any of the documents aided and abetted the enemy.
So those wars of aggression were started and here you have individuals acting under the First Amendment, acting under the UN Declaration of Human Rights - such as Bradley Manning, such as Edward Snowden who are trying to protect humanity from a global military dictatorship and that military dictatorship is now, through the rulings of the Bradley Manning trial, trying to protect itself. So, this is entirely transparent and it's transparent to anybody who looks at it.


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Sunday, December 21, 2014
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A Bronx man was charged with manslaughter and assault after allegedly beating a 65-year-old school bus driver to death in the Mount Hope section of the Bronx earlier this month.
Police say Juan Delvalle was driving an Atlantic Express Transportation bus near Anthony and Echo Avenues when he accidentally hit the car of 28-year-old Joey Scott on June 11.
Investigators say Scott attacked Delvalle and took off.
Delvalle was taken to the hospital, where he later died of his injuries.
The medical examiner ruled Delvalle's death a homicide resulting from blunt-force trauma to the head.
Scott, who is being held on $250,000 bond, could face 25 years in prison or more if convicted on all charges.
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