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Natural product
A natural product is a chemical compound or substance produced by a living organism—that is, found in nature.[2][3] In the broadest sense, natural products include any substance produced by life.[4][5] Natural products can also be prepared by total synthesis and have played a central role in the development of the field of organic chemistry by providing challenging synthetic targets. Thus natural products stand in distinction not with all products of artificial synthesis but rather only with those that have no natural occurrence. The term natural product has also been extended for commercial purposes to refer to cosmetics, dietary supplements, and foods produced from natural sources without added artificial ingredients,[6] although there are various definitions of a natural food.
Within the field of organic chemistry, the definition of natural products is usually restricted to mean purified organic compounds isolated from natural sources that are produced by the pathways of primary or secondary metabolism.[7] Within the field of medicinal chemistry, the definition is often further restricted to secondary metabolites.[8][9] Secondary metabolites are not essential for survival, but nevertheless provide organisms that produce them an evolutionary advantage.[10] Many secondary metabolites are cytotoxic and have been selected and optimized through evolution for use as "chemical warfare" agents against prey, predators, and competing organisms.[11]
Natural products sometimes have pharmacological or biological activity that can be of therapeutic benefit in treating diseases. As such, natural products are the active components not only of most traditional medicines but even of many newer medicines. Furthermore, synthetic analogs of natural products with improved potency and safety can be prepared and therefore natural products are often used as starting points for drug discovery. In fact, natural products are the inspiration for approximately one half of U.S. Food and Drug Administration-approved drugs.
- 1 Classes
- 2 Function
- 3 Biosynthesis
- 4 Sources
- 5 Medical uses
- 6 Isolation and purification
- 7 Synthesis
- 8 Research and teaching
- 9 See also
- 10 References
- 11 Further reading
- 12 Journals
- 13 External links
The broadest definition of natural product is anything that is produced by life.[4][12] A more restrictive definition of a natural product is an organic compound that is synthesized by a living organism.[7] The remainder of this article restricts itself to this more narrow definition. For broader definitions, see biological materials.
Natural products may be classified according to their biological function, biosynthetic pathway, or source as described below.
Following Albrecht Kossel's original proposal in 1891,[13] natural products are often divided into two major classes, the primary and secondary metabolites.[14][15] Primary metabolites have an intrinsic function that is essential to the survival of the organism that produces them. Secondary metabolites in contrast have an extrinsic function that mainly affects other organisms. Secondary metabolites are not essential to survival but do increase the competitiveness of the organism within its environment. Because of their ability to modulate biochemical and signal transduction pathways, some secondary metabolites have useful medicinal properties.
Natural products especially within the field of organic chemistry are often defined as primary and secondary metabolites. A more restrictive definition limiting natural products to secondary metabolites is commonly used within the fields of medicinal chemistry and pharmacognosy.[12]
Primary metabolites[edit]
Primary metabolites as defined by Kossel are components of basic metabolic pathways that are required for life. They are associated with essential cellular functions such as nutrient assimilation, energy production, and growth/development. They have a wide species distribution that span many phyla and frequently more than one kingdom. Primary metabolites include carbohydrates, lipids, amino acids, and nucleic acids[14][15] which are the basic building blocks of life.[16]
Primary metabolites that are involved with energy production include respiratory and photosynthetic enzymes. Enzymes in turn are composed of amino acids and often non-peptidic cofactors that are essential for enzyme function.[17] The basic structure of cells and of organisms are also composed of primary metabolites. These include cell membranes (phospholipids), cell walls (peptidoglycans), and cytoskeletons (proteins).[18]
Primary metabolite enzymatic cofactors include members of the vitamin B family. Vitamin B1 as thiamine diphosphate is a coenzyme for pyruvate dehydrogenase, 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase, and transketolase which are all involved in carbohydrate metabolism. Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) is a constituent of FMN and FAD which are necessary for many redox reactions. Vitamin B3 (nicotinic acid or niacin), synthesized from tryptophan is a component of the coenzymes NAD+ and NADP+ which in turn are required for electron transport in the Krebs cycle, oxidative phosphorylation, as well as many other redox reactions. Vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid) is a constituent of coenzyme A, a basic component of carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism as well as the biosynthesis of fatty acids and polyketides. Vitamin B6 (pyridoxol, pyridoxal, and pyridoxamine) as pyridoxal 5′-phosphate is a cofactor for many enzymes especially transaminases involve in amino acid metabolism. Vitamin B12 (cobalamins) contain a corrin ring similar in structure to porphyrin and is an essential coenzyme for the catabolism of fatty acids as well for the biosynthesis of methionine.[19]:Chapter 2
DNA and RNA which store and transmit genetic information are composed of nucleic acid primary metabolites.[17]
First messengers are signaling molecules that control metabolism or cellular differentiation. These signaling molecules include hormones and growth factors in turn are composed of peptides, biogenic amines, steroid hormones, auxins, gibberellins, etc. These first messengers interact with cellular receptors which are composed of proteins. Cellular receptors in turn activate second messengers are used to relay the extracellular message to intracellular targets. These signaling molecules include the primary metabolites cyclic nucleotides, diacyl glycerol, etc.[20]
Secondary metabolites[edit]
Secondary in contrast to primary metabolites are dispensable and are not absolutely required for survival. Furthermore secondary metabolites typically have a narrow species distribution. Other than they are dispensable, the function of many secondary metabolites is otherwise unknown. It is assumed however that they confer a competitive advantage to the organism that produces them.[21] An alternative view is that in analogy to the immune system, a majority of individual secondary metabolites have no specific function, but having the machinery in place to produce these diverse chemical structures is important so that a few secondary metabolites that are useful are produced and selected for.[22]
Secondary metabolites are used for a broad range of purposes. These include pheromones that act as social signaling molecules with other individuals of the same species, signaling molecules that attract and activate symbiotic organisms, agents that solubilize and transport nutrients (siderophores, etc.), and competitive weapons (repellants, venoms, toxins, etc.) that are used against competitors, prey, and predators.[23]
General structural classes of secondary metabolites include alkaloids, phenylpropanoids, polyketides, and terpenoids[7] which are described in more detail in the biosynthesis section below.
The biosynthetic pathways leading to the major classes of natural products are described below.[12][19]:Chapter 2
- Photosynthesis or gluconeogenesis → monosaccharides → polysaccharides (cellulose, chitin, glycogen, etc.)
- Acetate pathway → fatty acids and polyketides
- Shikimate pathway → aromatic amino acids and phenylpropanoids
- Mevalonate pathway and methyletrythritol phosphate pathway → terpenoids and steroids
- Amino acids → alkaloids
Natural products may be extracted from tissues of terrestrial plants, marine organisms or microorganism fermentation broths. A crude (untreated) extract from any one of these sources typically contains novel, structurally diverse chemical compounds, which the natural environment is a rich source of.
Chemical diversity in nature is based on biological and geographical diversity, so researchers travel around the world obtaining samples to analyze and evaluate in drug discovery screens or bioassays. This effort to search for natural products is known as bioprospecting.
Pharmacognosy provides the tools to identify, select and process natural products destined for medicinal use. Usually, the natural product compound has some form of biological activity and that compound is known as the active principle - such a structure can evolve to become a discovery "lead". In this and related ways, some current medicines are obtained directly from natural sources.
On the other hand, some medicines are developed from the natural product lead originally obtained from the natural source. This means the lead may be:
- produced by total synthesis, or
- a starting point (precursor) for a semisynthetic compound, or
- a framework that serves as the basis for a structurally different compound arrived at by total/semisynthesis.
This is because many biologically active natural products are secondary metabolites often with complex chemical structures. This has an advantage in that they are novel compounds but this complexity also makes difficult the synthesis of such compounds; instead the compound may need to be extracted from its natural source – a slow, expensive and inefficient process. As a result, there is usually an advantage in designing simpler analogues.
Microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi have been invaluable for discovering pharmacologically active nature products. These microorganisms produce a large variety of antimicrobial agents which have evolved to give their hosts an advantage over their competitors in the microbiological world.
The screening of microorganisms became highly popular after the discovery of penicillin. Soil and water samples were collected from all over the world in order to study new bacterial or fungal strains, leading to an impressive arsenal of antibacterial agents such as the aminoglycosides, amphotericin, calicheamicin, cephalosporins, chloramphenicol, daptomycin, tetracyclines, rapamycin, and rifamycins. Newer trends in the field are focused upon the metabolic profiling and natural product isolation from exotic microbes from unique environments. Examples include symbionts or endophytes from tropical environments and an effort by the Center for Pharmaceutical Research and Innovation to isolate new natural products from subterranean microbes found deep underground via mining/drilling.
Although most of the drugs derived from microorganisms are used in antibiotics, some microbial metabolites have provided pharmacologically active agents in other fields of medicine. For example, asperlicin - isolated from Aspergillus alliaceus - is a novel antagonist of a peptide hormone called cholecystokinin (CCK) which is involved in the control of appetite. CCK also acts as a neurotransmitter in the brain and is thought to be involved in panic attacks. Analogues of asperlicin may therefore have potential in treating anxiety. Other examples include the fungal metabolite lovastatin, which became a lead for a series of drugs that lower cholesterol levels, and another fungal metabolite called cyclosporin which is used to suppress the immune response after transplantation operations.
The neurotoxins from Clostridium botulinum are responsible for serious food poisoning (botulism), but they have a clinical use as well. They can be injected into specific muscles (such as those controlling the eyelid) to prevent muscle spasm. These toxins prevent cholinergic transmission and could well prove a lead for the development of novel anticholinergic drugs.[citation needed][editorializing]
In recent years, there has been a great interest in finding pharmacologically active nature products from marine sources. Coral, sponges, fish, and marine microorganisms have a wealth of biologically potent chemicals with interesting inflammatory, antiviral, and anticancer activity. For example, curacin A is obtained from a marine cyanobacterium and shows potent antitumor activity. Other antitumor agents derived from marine sources include eleutherobin, discodermolide, bryostatins, dolostatins, and cephalostatins.
Plants have always been a rich source of pharmacologically active nature products (e.g. Alkaloids, morphine, cocaine, digitalis, quinine, tubocurarine, nicotine, and muscarine). Many of these compounds are useful drugs in themselves (e.g. Alkaloids, morphine and quinine), and others have been the basis for synthetic drugs (e.g. local anaesthetics developed from cocaine). Clinically useful drugs which have been recently isolated from plants include the anticancer agent paclitaxel (Taxol) from the yew tree, and the antimalarial agent artemisinin from Artemisia annua.
Plants provide a large bank of rich, complex and highly varied structures which are unlikely to be synthesized in laboratories. Furthermore, evolution has already carried out a screening process itself whereby plants are more likely to survive if they contain potent compounds which deter animals from eating them. Even today, the number of plants that have been extensively studied is relatively very few and the vast majority have not been studied at all.
Major classes of molecules include terpenoids, phytosterols, alkaloids, natural phenols and polyphenols.
Animals can sometimes be a source of new pharmacologically active nature products.[24] For example, a series of antibiotic peptides were extracted from the skin of the African clawed frog and a potent analgesic compound called epibatidine was obtained from the skin extracts of the Ecuadorian poison frog.
Venoms and toxins from animals, plants, snakes, spiders, scorpions, insects,[24] and microorganisms are extremely potent because they often have very specific interactions with a macromolecular target in the body. As a result, they have proved important tools in studying receptors, ion channels, and enzymes. Many of these toxins are polypeptides (e.g. α-bungarotoxin from cobras). However, non-peptide toxins such as tetrodotoxin from the puffer fish are also extremely potent.
Venoms and toxins have been developed as leads in the development of novel drugs. For example, teprotide, a peptide isolated from the venom of the Brazilian viper, was a lead in the development of the antihypertensive agents cilazapril and captopril.
Medical uses[edit]
Natural products sometimes have pharmacological or biological activity that can be of therapeutic benefit in treating diseases. As such, natural products are the active components of many traditional medicines.[25] Furthermore synthetic analogs of natural products with improved potency and safety can be prepared and therefore natural products are often used as starting points for drug discovery.[11][26][27] In fact, natural products are the inspiration for approximately one half of U.S. Food and Drug Administration-approved drugs.[28][29]
Traditional medicine and ethnopharmacology[edit]
Indigenous peoples and ancient civilizations experimented with various plant and animal parts to determine what effect they might have. Through trial and error, traditional healers or shamans found that some had healing power. These represented the first crude drugs and this knowledge was past down through the generations and systematized for example in traditional Chinese medicine and Ayurveda.[30] Many of these traditional medicines have real, beneficial effects and extracts of these crude drugs lead to the discovery of their active ingredients and eventually to the development of modern chemically pure drugs.[31]
Modern natural product-derived drugs[edit]
A large number of currently prescribed drugs have been either directly derived from or inspired by natural products. A few representative examples are listed below.[1]
Some of the oldest natural product based drugs are analgesics. The bark of the willow tree has been known from antiquity to have pain relieving properties. This is due to presence of the natural product salicin which in turn may be hydrolyzed into salicylic acid. A synthetic derivative acetylsalicylic acid better known as aspirin is a widely used pain reliever. Its mechanism of action is inhibition of the cyclooxygenase (COX) enzyme.[32] Another notable example is opium is extracted from the latex from Papaver somniferous (a flowering poppy plant). The most potent narcotic component of opium is the alkaloid morphine which acts as an opioid receptor agonist.[33] A more recent example is the N-type calcium channel blocker ziconotide analgesic which is based on a cyclic peptide cone snail toxin (ω-conotoxin MVIIA) from the species Conus magus.[34]
A significant number of antiinfectives are based on natural products. The first and still most widely used antibacterial drug is penicillin which is isolated from the mold Penicillium. Penicillin and related beta lactams work by inhibiting DD-transpeptidase enzyme that is required by bacteria to cross link peptidoglycan to form the cell wall.[35]
Several natural product drugs target tubulin which is a component of the cytoskeleton. These include the tubulin polymerization inhibitor colchicine isolated from the Colchicum autumnale (autumn crocus flowering plant) which is used to treat gout.[36] Colchicine is biosynthesized from the amino acids phenylalanine and tryptophan. Paclitaxel in contrast is a tubulin polymerization stabilizer and is used as a chemotherapeutic drug. Paclitaxel is based on the terpenoid natural product taxol which is isolated from Taxus brevifolia (the pacific yew tree).[37]
A widely prescribed class of drugs that is used to lower cholesterol are the HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors that include atorvastatin. These were developed from the mevastatin, a polyketide produced by the fungus Penicillium citrinum.[38] Finally, a number natural product drugs are used to treat hypertension and congestive heart failure. These include the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhbitiors such as captopril. Captopril in turn is based on the peptidic bradykinin potentiating factor (BPF) isolated from snake venom from the Brazilian arrowhead viper (Bothrops jararaca).[39]
Isolation and purification[edit]
All natural products of interest begin as mixtures with other compounds from the natural source, often very complex mixtures, from which the particular product of interest must be isolated and purified. The isolation of a natural product refers, depending on context, either to the isolation of the considerable quantities of pure chemical matter required for chemical structure elucidation, derivitzation/degradation chemistry, biological testing, and other research needs (generally milligrams to grams, but historically, often more),[citation needed] or to the isolation of "analytical quantities" of the substance of interest, where the focus is on identification and quantitation of the substance (e.g., in biological tissue or fluid), and where the amount isolated depends on the analytical method applied (but is generally always sub-microgram in scale).[40][page needed] The ease with which the active agent can be isolated and purified depends on the structure, stability, and quantity of the natural product. The methods of isolation applied toward achieving these two distinct scales of product are likewise distinct, but generally involve extraction, precipitation, adsorptions, chromatography, and sometimes crystallizations. In both cases, the isolated substance is purified to chemical homogeneity, i.e., specific combined separation and analytical methods such as LC-MS methods are chosen to be "orthogonal"—achieving their separations based on distinct modes of interaction between substance and isolating matrix—with the goal being repeated detection of only a single species present in the putative pure sample. Early isolation is almost inevitably followed by structure determination, especially if an important pharmacologic activity is associated with the purified activity.
Structure determination refers to methods applied to determine the chemical structure of an isolated, pure natural product, a process that involves an array of chemical and physical methods that have changed markedly over the history of natural products research; in earliest days, these focused on chemical transformation of unknown substances into known substances, and measurement of physical properties such as melting point and boiling point, and related methods for determining molecular weight.[citation needed] In the modern era, methods focus on mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance methods, often multidimensional, and, when feasible, small molecule crystallography.[citation needed] For instance, the chemical structure of penicillin was determined by Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin in 1945, work for which she later received a Nobel Prize in Chemistry (1964).[41]
|This section needs additional citations for verification. (July 2014)
Many natural products have very complex structures. The perceived complexity of a natural product is a qualitative matter, consisting of consideration of its molecular mass, the particular arrangements of substructures (functional groups, rings, etc.) with respect to one another, the number and density of those functional groups, the stability of those groups and of the molecule as a whole, the numbers and types of its stereochemical elements, the physical properties of the molecule and its intermediates (which bear on the ease of its handling and purification), all of these viewed in the context of the novelty of the structure and whether preceding related synthetic efforts have been successful,[citation needed] see details below. Some natural products, especially those less complex, are easily and cost-effectively prepared via a complete chemical synthesis from readily available, simpler chemical ingredients, a process referred to as total synthesis (especially when the process involves no steps mediated by biological agents). Not all natural products are amenable to total synthesis, cost-effective or otherwise; in particular, those most complex often are not. Many are accessible, but the required routes are simply too expensive to allow synthesis on any practical or industrial scale. However, in order to be available for further study, all natural products must yield to isolation and purification, as described above. In some cases, the isolation may suffice to fulfill all needed quantities at the point in time the natural product is put to use (e.g., as a drug to alleviate disease); drugs such as penicillin, morphine, and paclitaxel proved to be affordably acquired at needed commercial scales solely via isolation procedures (without any significant synthetic chemistry contributing).[citation needed] However, in other cases, needed agents are not available sans synthetic chemistry manipulations.
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At times the process of isolating the ultimately desired natural product from its natural source can be costly in terms of committed time and material expense, and it may challenge the availability of the relied upon natural resource (or have ecological consequences for the resource). For instance, it has been estimated that the bark of entire yew tree would have to harvested to extract enough paclitaxel to provide a patient's single dose over the course of their therapy.[42] Furthermore, the number of structural analogues obtained that are useful for structure-activity analysis (SAR) simply via harvest (if any but a single one are) is defined by the biology at work in the organism, and so outside of the experimentalists control.
In such cases where the ultimate target is harder to come by, or limits SAR, it is sometimes possible to source an middle-to-late stage biosynthetic precursor or analog from which the ultimate target can be prepared. This approach is termed semisynthesis, or partial synthesis. In it, the harvested, related biosynthetic intermediate is then converted to the final product by conventional procedures of chemical synthesis.
This approach can have two advantages. First, the intermediate may be more easily extracted, and in higher yield, than the ultimate desired product. A recent example is paclitaxel, which has been manufactured in past by extracting 10-deacetylbaccatin III from T. brevifolia, needles, then carrying out a four step synthesis.[citation needed] Second, the route designed between semisynthetic starting material and ultimate product may allow for the possibility of synthesizing analogues of the final product. Inroads made into the newer generation semisynthetic penicillins are an illustration of this benefit of the approach.[citation needed]
Total synthesis[edit]
|This section requires expansion. (July 2014)
In general, the total synthesis of natural products is a largely non-commercial research activity, aimed at deeper understanding of the synthesis of particular natural product frameworks, and the development of fundamental new synthetic methods; even so, it is one of tremendous commercial and societal importance, and has played a central role in the development of the field of organic chemistry (by providing challenging synthetic targets).[46][47] As well, no natural product structure is considered fully affirmed by science, until the natural product has been synthesized (so-called proof by synthesis). Early efforts in natural products synthesis targeted complex substances as cobalamin (vitamin B12, at right), an essential cofactor in all of metabolism.[44][45]
When evaluating dimerized and trimerized natural products, it was found that many of these natural products contained an element of bilateral symmetry. Bilateral symmetry refers to a molecule or system that contains a C2, Cs, or C2v point group identity. When evaluating these natural products, it has been observed that of the natural products evaluated that C2 symmetry is in much more abundance than any of the other types of bilateral symmetry which may lead to some understanding of how these compounds are mechanistically created as well as provide insight into thermodynamic properties that make these compounds more favorable. DFT, Hartree Fock, and semiemperical calculations also showed some favorability for dimerization in natural products due to evolution of more energy per bond than the equivalent trimer or tetramer. This is purposed to be due to steric hinderence at the core of the molecule as most natural products dimerize and trimerize in a head to head fashion rather than head to tail.[48]
Research and teaching[edit]
|This section may be unbalanced towards certain viewpoints. (July 2014)
Research and teaching activities related to natural products fall into a number of different academic areas, including organic chemistry, medicinal chemistry, pharmacognosy, pharmacology, and traditional medicine (ethnobotany ethnopharmacology). Other biological areas include chemical biology, chemical ecology, chemogenomics, and systems biology.
Natural products chemistry is a distinct area of chemical research which was important in the history of chemistry, the sourcing of substances in early preclinical drug discovery research, the understanding of traditional medicine and ethnopharmacology, the evolution of technology associated with chemical separations, the development of modern methods in chemical structure determination by NMR and other techniques, and in identification of pharmacologically useful areas of chemical diversity space.[citation needed] In addition, natural products are prepared by organic synthesis, and have played an central role to the development of the field of organic chemistry by providing tremendously challenging targets and problems for synthetic strategy and tactics.[46][47] In this regard, natural products play a central role in the training of new synthetic organic chemists, and are a principle motivation in the development of new variants of old chemical reactions (e.g., the Evans aldol reaction), as well as the discovery of completely new chemical reactions (e.g., the Woodward cis-hydroxylation, Sharpless epoxidation, and Suzuki–Miyaura cross-coupling reactions).[citation needed]
See also[edit]
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A chemical substance produced by a living organism; - a term used commonly in reference to chemical substances found in nature that have distinctive pharmacological effects. Such a substance is considered a natural product even if it can be prepared by total synthesis.
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Natural products include a large and diverse group of substances from a variety of sources. They are produced by marine organisms, bacteria, fungi, and plants. The term encompasses complex extracts from these producers, but also the isolated compounds derived from those extracts. It also includes vitamins, minerals and probiotics.
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Natural products are organic compounds that are formed by living systems.
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Natural product: A single chemical compound that occurs naturally. This term is typically used to refer to an organic compound of limited distribution in nature (often called secondary metabolites).
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- ^ The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1964, Perspectives. Retrieved July 14, 2012.
- ^ "The Story of Taxol" (PDF). The American Society of Pharmacognosy.
- ^ Hodgkin DC, Kamper J, Mackay M, Pickworth J, Trueblood KN, White JG (July 1956). "Structure of vitamin B12". Nature 178 (4524): 64–6. doi:10.1038/178064a0. PMID 13348621.
- ^ a b Woodward RB (1973). "The total synthesis of vitamin B 12". Pure Appl. Chem. 33 (1): 145–77. doi:10.1351/pac197333010145. PMID 4684454.
- ^ a b Eschenmoser A (January 1988). "Vitamin B12: Experiments Concerning the Origin of Its Molecular Structure". Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 27 (1): 5–39. doi:10.1002/anie.198800051.
- ^ a b Heathcock CH (1996). "As We Head into the 21st Century, Is there Still Value in Total Synthesis of Natural Products as a Research Endeavor?". Chemical Synthesis. NATO ASI Series 320. pp. 223–243. doi:10.1007/978-94-009-0255-8_9.
- ^ a b Nicolaou KC, Vourloumis D, Winssinger N, Baran PS (January 2000). "The Art and Science of Total Synthesis at the Dawn of the Twenty-First Century". Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 39 (1): 44–122. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1521-3773(20000103)39:1<44::AID-ANIE44>3.0.CO;2-L. PMID 10649349.
- ^ Voloshchuk T, Farina NS, Wauchope OR, Kiprowska M, Haberfield P, Greer A (2004). "Molecular bilateral symmetry of natural products: prediction of selectivity of dimeric molecules by density functional theory and semiempirical calculations". J. Nat. Prod. 67 (7): 1141–6. doi:10.1021/np049899e. PMID 15270568.
Further reading[edit]
- Hanson JR (2003). Natural Products: The Secondary Metabolites. Royal Society of Chemistry. ISBN 0-85404-490-6.
- Liang X-T, Fang W-S, ed. (2006). Medicinal Chemistry of Bioactive Natural Products. Wiley-Interscience. ISBN 0-471-73933-2.
- Peter B, Kaufman PB (1999). Natural Products from Plants. CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-3134-X.
- Bhat SV, Nagasampagi BA, Sivakumar M (2005). Chemistry of Natural Products (2 ed.). Berlin: Springer. ISBN 3-540-40669-7.
- Journal of Natural Products
- Natural Product Reports
- Natural Product Research
- Chemistry of Natural Compounds
External links[edit]
- Natural Products page, William Reusch (2010) Virtual Textbook of Organic Chemistry, Ann Arbor, Mich.:Michigan State University, Department of Chemistry
- NAPROC-13, Base de datos de Carbono 13 de Productos Naturales y Relacionados (Carbon-13 Database of Natural Products and Related Substances), Spanish language tools to facilitate structural identification of natural products This article incorporates text from the public domain 1913 Webster's Dictionary.


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Definitions for otterˈɒt ər
This page provides all possible meanings and translations of the word otter
Random House Webster's College Dictionary
ot•terˈɒt ər(n.)(pl.)-ters; -ter.
any of several aquatic, furbearing, weasellike mammals of the genus Lutra and related genera, having webbed feet and a long, slightly flattened tail.
Princeton's WordNet
the fur of an otter
freshwater carnivorous mammal having webbed and clawed feet and dark brown fur
Kernerman English Learner's Dictionary
otter(noun)ˈɒt ər
a mammal with thick brown fur that lives in and near water
Any aquatic or marine carnivorous mammal, member of the family Mustelidae, which also includes weasels, polecats, badgers, and others.
A hairy man with a slender physique, in contrast with a bear, who is more broadly set
A river whose source in the Blackdown Hills, Somerset, and which flows into Lyme Bay in English Channel.
Origin: From oter. Cognate with Old High German ottar, Old Slavic , and Ancient Greek ὕδρα ("Hydra", "water snake"). More etymology under English water.
An otter is any of 13 living species of semiaquatic mammals that feed on fish and shellfish, and also other invertebrates, amphibians, birds and small mammals. The otter subfamily Lutrinae forms part of the family Mustelidae, which also includes weasels, badgers, wolverines, and polecats.
Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms
In naval mine warfare, a device which, when towed, displaces itself sideways to a predetermined distance.
Anagrams of otter
Translations for otter
Kernerman English Multilingual Dictionary
a type of small furry river animal that eats fish.
- otterAfrikaans
- ثَعْلَب ماءArabic
- видраBulgarian
- lontraPortuguese (BR)
- vydraCzech
- der OtterGerman
- odderDanish
- ενυδρίδαGreek
- nutriaSpanish
- saarmasEstonian
- سمور آبیFarsi
- saukkoFinnish
- loutreFrench
- כֶּלֶב-נָהָרHebrew
- ऊद बिलावHindi
- vidraCroatian
- vidraHungarian
- lingsangIndonesian
- oturIcelandic
- lontraItalian
- かわうそJapanese
- 수달Korean
- ūdraLithuanian
- ūdrsLatvian
- memerangMalay
- otterDutch
- oterNorwegian
- wydraPolish
- سمور آبیPersian
- يو ډول د اوبو حيوانPashto
- lontraPortuguese
- vidrăRomanian
- выдраRussian
- vydraSlovak
- vidraSlovenian
- vidraSerbian
- utterSwedish
- นากThai
- su samuruTurkish
- 水獺Chinese (Trad.)
- видраUkrainian
- اودبلاؤUrdu
- con rái cáVietnamese
- 水獭Chinese (Simp.)
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- Letters to the Editor (12/23/14) Time for Miss Liberty to put on some modern dudsIn reference to Viewpoint by Aron Lawrence in the Nov. 18 issue, I would heartily agree with the idea he proposed of new designs for our coinage.Everyone loves the Standing Liberty quarter, the Morga...
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Viewpoint: Collections are about personal values
What makes a collection valuable and how does that shape the way in which we collect? To answer this question, likely one on the minds of many numismatists at one time or another, we have to consider what the word "value" really means. Continue reading
Viewpoint: West Point silver Eagle a beauty
By William H. Brownstein Let's go back to the question on the special treatment to the 75th anniversary of the West Point Mint silver Eagles and my thoughts on the set issue. Having just seen the U.S. Mint website and … Continue reading
Viewpoint: Cent collector says put end to cent
As a longtime cent collector, I would have no problem if we end its production. Aside from the high cost to mint it, the cent has little value in itself anymore. Continue reading
Viewpoint: Ron Miller's legacy still felt after 20 years
It has been two decades, since March 16, 1993, when Ronald Lee "Ron" Miller was tragically murdered in his Fremont, Calif. coin shop. Continue reading
Viewpoint: Cent no longer useful in commerce
Please forgive the pun, but I'd like to offer my 2 cents' worth on the elimination of the cent. Get rid of it! Continue reading
Viewpoint: Local coin dealer, my best find of all
I have been reading Numismatic News for the last 10 years and always am amazed about collectors complaining about the coin dealers.
The adage, "You get what you pay for" applies equally to finding a reputable coin dealer. Continue reading
Viewpoint: Half dollar vanishes from circulation
In the days of yesteryear, the half dollar used to circulate widely along with other silver coins of the era both in the U.S. and Canada. I can remember as a young boy of 10 or so getting a half dollar in change when I gave a dollar for 50 cents worth of merchandise, or a half and a quarter for 25 cents worth. Continue reading
Viewpoint: Coin shows can't please everyone
For the last few months I have read many letters to the editor about coin shows, both from the dealers' and patrons' points of view. But I have not read about coin shows from the point of view of the people who put on the shows. Continue reading
Viewpoint: Unwary buyers lose with mislabeling
eBay can be good and bad when it comes to finding coins that aren't always at a local shop/show. The letter in the Feb. 12 NN entitled "Is there a name for mislabeled graded coins?" deserves a response from someone who's been there and done that. Continue reading
Viewpoint: Yesterday's silver is today's copper
Here is my theory. I am 48 years old and was born in 1964. Since 1964 was the last year of the circulating 90 percent silver coins, I feel like I missed out. I've heard of all the great stories of collectors finding silver coins from circulation in the late 1960s. Unfortunately, I was 3 years old at this time and unable to do so. Continue reading
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Tickets for Fred Garbo are general admission. For the other two shows, the $33 and $35 tickets correspond to maroon sections on the upper and lower seating levels.
At Cedar Creek Sporting Clays, sharpshooters take aim at clay pigeons that launch in unpredictable patterns and angles from 16 automated stations. As gunslingers take in the range's 75 acres of verdant pineland, a member of Cedar Creek's trained staff guides them through the critical precepts of firearm safety and usage before ushering gun-toting groups out to the first station to field any practical questions about the course. Deadeyes peer over the rifle's barrel, marking and shattering discs that launch in variable sequences like milk saucers hurled by enraged housecats. Two different cages accommodate the ambitions of casual shooters as well as tournament-ready gunslingers. Visitors hunting for comprehensive muzzle mastery can learn directly from owner and NSCA-certified instructor Joseph P. Scull, Sr., whose individualized lessons target proper stance, eye dominance, and catchphrase timing.
Periodically, cries of "Nevermore!" reverberate through The Raven Lounge, which continually reaches out to local celebs such as NBC 10's John Clark to deliver in-house readings of the classic Poe poem. They are among many famous faces that fill the club, where six area DJs spin the latest jams every week, bands frequently blast out their tunes, and comedians H. Foley and Chris Cotton host open mic comedy every Thursday.
Neon lettering scrawled on the ceilings helps illuminate the two-floor lounge, where projectors and flat-screens showcase sports and, as reported on BBC Two, members of the rock, papers, scissors league compete for a spot in the world championship in Las Vegas. To complement optional bottle service from the fully stocked bar, The Raven Lounge's menu of bar classics includes chicken and vegetable dumplings or hot dogs from a late night menu that starts at 2 a.m.
In 2012, a group of well-connected Philly nightlife entrepreneurs transformed an old Spaghetti Warehouse restaurant in the Spring Garden neighborhood into Union Transfer, and it quickly became one of the most popular music venues in the city. Several nights a week, this mid-size, 1,000-capacity club books generally indie and small-label national touring bands: the garagey Heartless Bastards, retro-soul purveyors Sharon Jones and the Dap-Kings and the synthy electronic-music trio Chvrches are the types of bands that grace Union Transfer's stage. Shows are general admission with limited seating available in the upstairs balcony. Most concertgoers stand in the main floor area in front of the stage. During all-ages shows, concertgoers need a wristband to access one of the three bars.
The Mann Center is a prepossessing structure from anywhere you sit in the semi-covered amphitheater—all huge, rough slabs of timber that evoke the setting for a barn dance held by elegant giants. Even the lawn section isn't an ordinary lawn: from the top of the steep hill where the theater perches, audiences can see not only the performers lighting up the stage below but also the canopy of trees in surrounding Fairmount Park and the city skyline just beyond.
Father-and-son team Ken and Terry Sweeney founded Sweeney's in 1985 to fortify sports fans and unaffiliated revelers with family hospitality and hearty pub eats. Like visiting foreign dignitaries, wings arrive smothered in one of eight zesty sauces and sampler platters designed for digital delectation bear chicken fingers, mozzarella sticks, jalapeño poppers, pizza fingers, and onion rings. Eight Philly-steak sandwiches sport tender slices of beef and chicken alongside oven-warmed jewels such as a roast-chicken grinder stacked with bacon and swiss cheese on crisp garlic toast. A pair of house-made broiled crab cakes steps out on dinner platters with potatoes draped in parsley and the vegetable of the day carved to comment on that day's newspaper headlines.


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NEW DOWNTOWN HIGH-RISE HOTEL PROPOSEDThis #%&*! Town Comments Permalink 11 months 5 days ago
DOWNTOWN CLINIC PROMISES "NEW MODEL" OF HEALTH CAREThis #%&*! Town Comments Permalink 11 months 4 weeks ago
Inspire Theater schedules first event Dec. 27This #%&*! Town Comments Permalink 12 months 3 days ago
The long-ish-ly awaited Inspire Theater at Fremont Street and Las Vegas Boulevard has an opening date.
In the bygone days of a couple of years ago, there was a 7-11 at the downtown...
MEDIA - FAIL?This #%&*! Town Comments Permalink 1 year 2 weeks ago
The Washoe County Republican Party "Media Team" sent this out to the media/public. Although we at CityLife are responsible for any number of grammatical infractions, this one takes the cake....
RADIOACTIVE EQUIPMENT LOST OFF TRUCKThis #%&*! Town Comments Permalink 1 year 3 weeks ago
Update: Metro Police said Friday afternoon that Geo Tek, the engineering company that lost the nuclear density gauge, has recovered the instrument, apparently without harm to the public.
NLV shutting down Craig Ranch skate park for graffiti cleanupThis #%&*! Town Comments Permalink 1 year 1 month ago
Well, that didn't take long.
North Las Vegas officials announced today they will close the skate park at the newly opened Craig Ranch Regional Park from 8 a.m. to 5 p.m. on Friday for...
VEGAS' BOSTON FANS CELEBRATE SERIES VICTORYThis #%&*! Town Comments Permalink 1 year 1 month ago
"I'll have some chowder."
"You have to say it right."
Wednesday night, anyway, it was chow-DUH at Hammer & Ales and the bar's World Series party. Expat Bostonians and those who...
Las Vegas celebrates the 25th anniversary of National Coming Out DayThis #%&*! Town Comments Permalink 1 year 1 month ago
Representatives from Gay and Lesbian Community Center of Southern Nevada and Metropolitan Community Church helped UNLV's LGBT students set up tables outside the student union Thursday afternoon to...
SHADE TREE CUTTING EMPLOYEES, SERVICES DUE TO GOV'T SHUTDOWNThis #%&*! Town Comments Permalink 1 year 1 month ago
One of the Las Vegas Valley's critical service providers is scaling back operations because of lost funding from the federal government shutdown.
Shade Tree Women and Children's Shelter has...
PEGGY PIERCE: A WARRIOR FOR THE PEOPLEThis #%&*! Town Comments Permalink 1 year 2 months ago
My friend Peggy Pierce, a stalwart defender of the environment and a champion for social justice, died today.
I met her almost 15 years ago, when I arrived to be a...


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Filmswap with WarningThis photo was shot on film. Taken by iaki with a Lomo LC-A+ (available in our Online Shop) loaded with Fuji Velvia 100F film in Viña del Mar/Madrid, Chile. These tags describe this photo: lc-a, filmswap, warning, double, fuji, fisheye, chile, and españa. This photo can also be found in the album Filmswap with Warning.
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DIY Floral Letters
These DIY floral letters were designed for Valentine's Day, but they would be a loving touch any time of year. Via Honestly WTF Read more »
These DIY floral letters were designed for Valentine's Day, but they would be a loving touch any time of year. Via Honestly WTF Read more »
When I proposed to my wife-to-be, I took to my knee and I had a glowing, 3D printed ring in my hand. Read more »
Looking for a last-minute gift for your valentine? Our own Meg Allan Cole--along with her two adorable pups--will show you how to make super-quick kissing lips and conversation hearts coasters! Read more »
I combined a strip of WS2812B addressable RGB LEDs with an Arduino, a real-time clock and a beautiful heart-shaped boutique paper box to make an ornament for my wonderful Valentine. It displays the time, in seconds, in binary, since we met… (of course, it's slightly approximate — I forget the... Read more »
Still looking for that perfect printable Valentine's Day card? I'm loving this charming bicycle valentine from German illustrator and designer Tina Kraus! Read more »
My fiance is a biology geek, so I wanted to incorporate science into her engagement ring. I worked with the jeweler to make a ring that includes a DNA double helix and a waveform of a recorded message cast on the inside of the band. It took six different models... Read more »
Start your Valentine's Day celebration in colorful handmade style with these super-cute DIY stacked ombre heart candles! Read more »


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From Oz: The Great and Powerful to Dead Man Down, get the scoop on what's playing in theaters!
Rebecca Iannucci
Feb 28, 2013 at 2:09PM
Walt Disney Pictures
Short Story:We know the story of Dorothy and Toto. We know the story of Wicked. But what about the story behind the wizard himself? Oz: The Great and Powerful takes us on that journey, revealing how small-time magician Oscar Diggs (James Franco) landed the job for which he is now famous. Also starring Mila Kunis as the Wicked Witch of the West and Michelle Williams as Glinda.Click here for the official movie site!
What They're Saying:"I suspect that even [kids] will be fidgeting during the last 45 minutes; like so many other recent tentpoles, the film is stuffed with three endings too many." -- Entertainment Weekly
Rotten Tomatoes Rating:64%
Good for Kids?No childhood is complete without many repeat viewings of The Wizard of Oz. But according to Common Sense Media, even this PG-rated prequel contains "dark surrealism, wicked witches and ominous imagery [that] could make this film quite scary for young kids."Click here for the full Common Sense review!
Yummy recipes, DIY projects, home decor, fashion and more curated by iVillage staffers.
The very dirty truth about fashion internships... DUN DUN @srslytheshow http://t.co/wfewf
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We have available for hire a privately owned two bedroomed holiday chalet set on the secluded Elmrise Park. The park is situated two miles by car from Llansteffan and six miles from the county town of Carmarthen. Fully equipped for a quiet rural retreat, visitors can enjoy peace and tranquility with beautiful rural views across […]Read More
Where To Stay
Tan y Lan Fach Cottages
Come and enjoy a tranquil, relaxing break in either of our two 4 star graded cottages designed for a couple or single that are set in a secluded area in Carmarthenshire. There are spectacular views from these Award winning eco-friendly cottages based at Llangain, centrally 5 miles from Llansteffan and Carmarthen.Read More
Eureka Cottage
Eureka Cottage is a contemporary beach cottage, only 30 metres from the beach at Ferry Point, with spectacular views from the cottage windows over to Llansteffan Castle, the Gower Peninsula and Ferryside. "A really nice place next to the beach" The cottage is situated on the outskirts of the picturesque village of Llansteffan at the […]Read More
Pantyrathro International Hostel
The Hostel and Country Inn is located in the beautiful countryside 2 miles from the beach at Llansteffan and is six miles form the bustling market town of Carmarthen birthplace of the wizard Merlin who appeared in Arthurian Legend. The accommodation consists of 50 bunk beds and 1 double room with a shared kitchen and […]Read More
Pentowyn Holiday Cottages
Pentowyn is situated on the Taf estuary with wonderful views directly across to the historic castle at Laurgharne and Dylan Thomas's boathouse. There are strong connections with Dylan Thomas as he spent time at Pentowyn as a child where his aunt and uncle were farming. In later life when he lived at the Boathouse in […]Read More
Within walking distance of the beautiful sandy beaches in Llansteffan, this comfortable Grade II listed terraced holiday cottage is situated in the centre of Llansteffan's quaint village. 100 yards from the local shop/cafe and 2 village pubs. The well equipped cottage provides a warm welcome all year round with a log fire in the spacious […]Read More
Hill House Retreats
"Hill House offers 3 self catering apartments in a Victorian villa of great character. Set in grounds of 1 acre with stunning views over Llansteffan, we offer a quiet and peaceful environment. Holistic therapies are available.Read More
Pantyrathro Mansion
Great food and a warm welcome according to Michelin Star chef Raymond Blanc on twitter after his most recent stay in May 2012. Chef Anwen Morris prides herself in using the highest quality locally produced ingredients, whether you call in for a lunch-time snack or an a la carte meal in the evening.Read More
Ty Bach Twt
"Ty Bach Twt" is a small but high quality (4 star) self-catering holiday cottage, ideal for a couple on their own, or maybe a couple with one or two children. It is situated right in the centre of the village, just 10 minutes walk from the beach and the castle. Saturday change-over. No smoking, no dogs.Read More
Allt Yurts – Holidays with a difference!
Allt Yurst offer an alternative to the traditional holiday B&B or hotel – why not stay in a Yurt? It's is a magical experience. The roundness of the structure, the window to the starry sky through the crown, the wood burning stove to keep you warm and snug and the Luxurious furnishings cannot fail to […]Read More
Sunrise Bay Caravan Park
Enjoy the luxury of owning your very own Caravan Holiday Home on this small friendly, exclusive private owner park. Sunrise Bay is set in the unique unspoilt picturesque village of Llansteffan at the mouth of the river Towy under the shelter of it's very own Norman castle. The Park is situated only yards from the […]Read More
The Sticks Hotel
WATCH THIS SPACE!!! WATCH THIS SPACE!!! WATCH THIS SPACE!!! As you are all probably aware by now the Sticks has closed since January but the good news is that there is a very strong rumour that it has been bought by a local family so hopefully it will reopen inn the near […]Read More
Ger y Berllan
Ger y Berllan is gloriously located overlooking one the most attractive villages in Carmarthenshire, a designated area of outstanding natural beauty. Llansteffan is situated on the mouth of Carmarthen bay. The coastline is a magical area to explore with breathtaking panoramic views, where Llansteffan Castle and Hills fall gracefully to meet the sea. As a […]Read More
Awel Y Môr B&B
Gill a Elgan welcome you to Awel Y Môr. A small Friendly B & B – Home from Home. We are one minute walk from all amenities. A view of Llansteffan Castle and Beach can be seen from the-Driveway. No-need to worry about Car Parking. A game of Cricket can be seen on a warm Summer's Evening.Read More
Trehyddion Barns – Holiday Let
Trehyddion Barns is an 18th century converted stone and slate barn with many original features set in an idyllic peaceful rural location on a smallholding, with views towards the Gower Pennisular and 2 miles from a sandy beach. Recently converted into a holiday let with a courtyard patio and garden, this barn sleeps six in two […]Read More


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Sundance Must-Haves, Jamie-Lynn's Jeans
The standard in casual wear also finds its place at a film festival. Stars can show off their assets, in a hip brand in a traditional bootcut (read: nothing too trendy; this is Utah, after all).
BUY JEANS LIKE JAMIE-LYNN'S Bootcut jean, Iron Army, $83; at revolveclothing.com
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The Way We Penalize Pass Interference
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Atwater His Ass
Ring of Famer
Join Date: Jul 2006
Posts: 6,042
No to review. Games already take way way way too long to play. Adding more downtime by default is ridiculous.
Replays need to be less, not more. Also no to reviewing penalties in general. Bad idea. The fix for some of the bull**** that happened in the Baltimore game is to stop this ridiculous idea of making "all-star" officiating crews and somehow expect them to be consistent and work well together in the biggest games of the year. The league should rate crews as a whole (probably already do) and then promote those crews that have been together the entire year to do the playoff games.
Yes to removing the spot foul. I don't like 15 yards either. Make it a 10 yard penalty, automatic first down. If you purposely and flagarantly PI down field, make that one a spot foul and perhaps even an ejection for unsportsmanlike conduct if the situation warrants it.
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Make Your Year-End Gift by Dec. 31st - your donation will be matched, dollar-for-dollar, and change more lives.
Special Olympics videos show how the simple power and joy of sport transforms lives throughout Europe and Eurasia.
Now, thanks to Microsoft, athletes, coaches and families will have rapid access to useful information about their scores, times, personal bests, fitness and health. Special Olympics can use this capability to dramatically improve the lives of people in our Movement. read more »
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Beth Mowins
Beth Mowins (born May 26, 1967) is a play-by-play announcer and reporter for ESPN and CBS. She mostly calls women's college sports but became only the second woman to call nationally televised football games for ESPN in 2005. She and Pam Ward are the network's main female play-by-play broadcasters. Mowins was a basketball, softball and soccer player at Cicero-North Syracuse High School. She was captain of the varsity basketball team for two seasons at Lafayette College. She graduated Lafayette with a BA in 1989, and Syracuse University with a master's degree. Mowins began her career 1991 as news and sports director for WXHC-FM Radio in Homer, NY. She is one of the inductees for the 2009 Greater Syracuse Sports Hall of Fame. As of 2005, Mowins resides in Tampa, Florida. Mowins was paired with Cat Whitehill on ESPN's tertiary broadcast team for the telecasts of the 2011 FIFA Women's World Cup.  ( Wikipedia article )
Personal facts
- Date of birth
- 1967-05-26
- Place of birth
- Syracuse
- Nationality
- United States of America
- Profession
- Announcer
|Syracuse University
|Lafayette College


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By LJeffTheChef
on August 04, 2012
Fantastic tequila-based drink for a cocktail party. You won't spend your entire night in the kitchen chained to a blender. I was behind the eight ball so opted for store-bought lemonade and limeade (Simply brand or Paul Newman's. I also skipped the vanilla bean since I had tons of guests but made up for it with a few water glasses brimming with fresh bunches of mint.
I had two pitchers of the lemonade and tequila mix already set (and kept replacing them. I then added ice to each glass, poured the mix to an inch or two from the rim, topped off with club soda, light stir and then garnish. YUM!
Everyone loved the presentation and the taste even more. PERFECT!
By Shamshair
France (Paris)
on July 25, 2012
Ann Arbor
on July 29, 2011
Just finished my first. As Chuck would say, "AMAZING". I will be using this cocktail for my friends and family soon.
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W Magazine: "Where Troubles Melt Like Lemondrops"
W Magazine's editorial titled "Where Troubles Melt Like Lemondrops." Kloss poses in some of the most elegant and whimsical haute couture pieces. For stylist Jacob K., there was no end to the amount of organza, lace, taffeta, and tulle used. The iconic nursery rhyme character, Humpty Dumpty even makes an appearance!
Peep the rest of the editorial at MyFDB.


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Richard Warner
Richard Warner
Professor, Acting
While working as an actor in New York City, Richard studied with Michael Howard and Nikos Psacharopoulous and performed at Manhattan Theatre Club, Chelsea Theatre Center, W.P.A. Theatre and Douglas Fairbanks Theatre. He has acted regionally in over eighty roles in such theatres as Hippodrome State Theater, GEVA Theatre, Florida Studio Theatre, SideShow Theatre Company, Paper Mill Playhouse, P.A.F. Playhouse, Olney Theatre, Theatre Virginia and Heritage Repertory Theatre. As a director, he has staged Hamlet, A Streetcar Named Desire, The Glass Menagerie, Hedda Gabler, Hay Fever, A Raisin in the Sun, Cloud Nine, Fuddy Meers, The Foreigner, A Man for All Seasons, Misalliance, Suddenly Last Summer, Six Characters in Search of an Author, Laramie Project, Lend Me a Tenor, Lost in Yonkers, Driving Miss Daisy, The Last Night of Ballyhoo and True West. Film credits include: Homer Benson in Steven Spielberg's Lincoln (2011); Vic LeClue in Patriot Son; produced by former UVa alumni, David Koplan; winner of the 1998 LA Film Fest's independent short category and selected to screen at the Telluride Festival. He appeared as L.P. Everett in the episode, 'The 20% Solution' for the television program, Homicide, Life on the Street. Richard is the author of five entries in Theatrical Directors: A Biographical Dictionary. He received the University Outstanding Teacher Award in 1991, the Mayo Distinguished Teaching Professorship in 1998 and was selected as an inaugural member of the University Academy of Teaching in 2011. He is a member of Actors' Equity Association, American Federation of Television and Radio Artists and Screen Actors Guild.


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Business on Maui
Over the past 20 years, Maui County has continued to undergo an economic transformation from a market once defined by agriculture, and more recently tourism, to an increasingly diversified economy.
Today Maui is home to some of the best-known companies – Boeing Company, Northrop Grumman Corporation, Lockheed Martin Orincon – award-winning local businesses such as the more than 125-year-old Hawaiian Commercial and Sugar Company (HC&S), and innovative start-ups gaining national recognition.
Maui Business News
- Maui's Noni Biotech Recognized as Top Exporter by Mayor
- Maui Smart Grid Project Underway
- A123 Systems to Supply Advanced Energy Storage Solution to Maui Electric Company to Support Maui Smart Grid Project
- Pacific Biodiesel Recognized as 2011 Green Job Award Honoree
- Maui Smart Grid Project Now Recruiting Volunteers
Category Archives: Agricultural Biotechnology
Maui's Noni Biotech Recognized as Top Exporter by Mayor
(Reprinted by permission of MauiNow.com. Original story is available at http://mauinow.com/2012/05/09/mayor-arakawa-visits-noni-biotech-lab/.) By Sonia Isotov On May 4, Maui Mayor Alan M. Arakawa toured the headquarters of Noni Biotech International LLC and invited the company to join a County of Maui … Continue reading
Posted in Agricultural Biotechnology, News Tagged Noni Biotech Comments Off


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THE ATHEIST'S COMPLAINT:At what time of day was Jesus crucified? Was it at the third hour (Mark 15:25) or some time after the sixth hour (John 19:14-15). Is there a contradiction?
RESPONSE:The Jews and Romans reckoned time differently. The Roman clock began at midnight, as our's does, and thus at about the sixth hour (6 a.m.), Jesus was in the presence of Pilate, the governor, who was in small fashion pleading for Jesus' life before His envious accusers. At some point after this, Jesus was led away to be crucified.
Mark, using the Jewish way of rendering time tells us that Jesus was nailed to the cross at the third hour (9 a.m.). What filled the time between the sixth hour (Roman time) and the third hour (Jewish time)? Throughout this period, Jesus was beaten and bruised, ridiculed and blasphemed. Pilate attempted to release Jesus, setting him beside Barabbas, a notorious prisoner. When all attempts failed, he released him to the custody of the guards, who further molested Him (Mark 15:16-20).
There is no contradiction.
This article is a response to Skeptic's Annotated Bible


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Comment: Re:Busy databases (Score 1) 464
> It's not a good solution if you can use SATA spindles, but you'll require 6 times as many spindles and a bunch of SSDs, to get average acceptable performance, the cost will be high.
Why is it? Are not seek times inverse proportional to RPMs? So 7K SATA drives should give 30% less IOPS than 10K RPM drives. Does transport make any difference? I was under impression that SATA and SCSI variants are very alike nowdays. Is there difference in drives' firmwares? But then what is stopping manufacturers to put a better performing firmware on consumer devices? I really don't understand what factors can make 6x difference, could you please elaborate?


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About Us
Explore Transplant's mission is to increase informed transplant decision-making to promote the highest possible quality-of-life for patients. We educate medical professionals, patients, potential living donors and the public about transplant and living donation and improve access to transplant education in underserved communities.
The Explore Transplant education team are employed by Washington University School of Medicine (WUSM) and founded this nonprofit corporation in order to disseminate transplant education nationally. Explore Transplant is affiliated with but financially independent of WUSM.
The Explore Transplant nonprofit corporation is currently overseen by a fourteen-member Board of Directors representing the United Network of Organ Sharing (UNOS), dialysis and transplant centers, ESRD Quality Improvement Networks, organ recovery organizations, and the kidney patient and living donor communities. If you would like to learn more about us, our partners, or accomplishments, please click on the links below:
Explore Transplant Education Team
Board of Directors
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Awards and Endorsements
Publications and Press


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Women's Cross Country Nabs Nesheim
February 27, 2014
SANTA CLARITA, Calif. – The Master's College women's cross country and track programs have signed Amanda Nesheim for the 2014-15 campaign.
"This team's legacy is something I have wanted to be a part of since I was a high school freshman," commented Nesheim. "I am hoping to become a stronger and faster runner and competitor. I hope to contribute a godly, positive, and determined character to the team."
Nesheim, a Stevenson Ranch, California, native has competed for the West Ranch Wildcats over the last four years and is expected to make an immediate impact for the Lady Mustangs.
The future Lady Mustang harrier boasts an impressive resume consisting of 2010 Rookie of theYear honors, a 2012 CIF Southern Section prelim finalist, a recipient of West Ranch's 2012 Team Leadership award, and recently set a new personal record in the marathon with a time of 3 hours and 48 minutes.
Commenting on why she chose The Master's College, Nesheim stated, "To quote John MacArthur, "If you don't have a Christian education are you even educated?" I chose The Master's College because it is so solidly grounded in the truth. I am so excited to grow spiritually and in my love for my Savior and knowledge of His Word through the professors and students. I love the cross country team and coaches."
When not competing, Nesheim plans to major in Liberal Studies to prepare for a desired career as an elementary school teacher.
The Lady Mustang cross country program manufactured strong marks in 2013, producing four All-GSAC cross country athletes: Karis Frankian, Katrina Graham, Rachel Ingoldsby, and Hannah Kellerman.
Looking to another fruitful 2014-15 season, the Lady Mustangs will be graduating three key seniors, but returning six seasoned veterans.


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Remedies for Nasal Polyps
Nasal polyps are soft, jelly-like overgrowths occurring within the lining of head. They seem as gray grape-like mass within the nasal cavity. Polyps within the nose and head are hardly ever malignant. But large polyps may cause nasal blockage, which makes it difficult to breathe. Nevertheless, most nasal polyp problems could be assisted.
Nasal polyps exist in around one in 200 people. More often than not, the reason isn't known. Some might be a direct result swelling from the sinus infection. Additional factors like bronchial asthma or aspirin sensitivity and allergic reactions could also trigger polyps making them grow faster. Also, the risk of reoccurrence is bigger despite sinus procedures.
Polyps block the nose, and often there's home loan business the olfaction. Since a lot of our feeling of taste relates to our olfaction, patients with polyp may describe a loss of revenue of both taste.
Nasal obstruction also occurs – the paths in which the head drain in to the nose could be blocked by polyp. This could make the mucous to stay within the head, leading to congestion. Additionally, it may cause pressure within the temple and face. When mucous is incorporated in the head too lengthy, there's a bad risk of infection.
Although many people with nasal polyps don't have any signs and symptoms and require no treatment, individuals that do experience signs and symptoms have different treatments.
When the polyps are due to a sinus infection, they frequently is going to be treated as how sinus problems signs and symptoms are treated. Aggressive treatment of sinus infection is useful to deal with polyp abnormal growths. Nose oral sprays are the very best simply because they allow easy topical use of medication towards the infected areas.
Other Nasal Polyps Treatments Include:
Surgery – the polyp is removed surgically in the affected region. Getting rid of the polyps with surgery usually enables individuals to breathe simpler with the nose. The surgery lasts roughly forty-five minutes to at least one hour. The surgery can be achieved under general or local anaesthesia, and also the polyps are removed using endoscopic surgery. Recovery from this kind of surgical treatment is between 1 to 3 days. However, there's a danger of re-development in 50% of patients.
Cortisone or anabolic steroids – the polyp will shrink lower temporarily and decelerate polyp growth. Cortisone can't be taken long-term due to high-risk of unwanted effects.
Sinus Rinse or Nasal Lavage – Sinus rinses with tepid to warm water combined with a tiny bit of salt can be quite useful to obvious head. This process may also be used like a safety measure to discourage the polyps from growing back and really should be utilized in conjunction with a nasal steroid.
Allergy desensitization injections- sometimes utilized in allergic patients with hay fever and polyps. Although this frequently aids in hay fever and for that reason cuts down on the fever's unwanted effects around the polyps, there's no be certain that the injections help shrink the polyps directly.
Although there's no possible way to avoid or eliminate nasal polyps completely, therapy targeted in the cause might help.
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The STIP Enhance project application that was used in this STIP cycle is available for your review and comment. Note: the application period for the 2015-2018 STIP closed on November 27, 2012. Please see the links below for information on the application and the new STIP process for 2015-2018, as well as a timeline for the entire Enhance process.
For questions on how to fill out the application, see the FAQs below or call your region contact.
If you have questions about submitting an application for your proposed STIP Enhance project, please contact your ODOT region representative. What region am I in? Map of ODOT regions What ACT am I in? Oregon ACTs
The webinar, held on October 11, 2012, covered the details of the STIP Enhance application and allowed participants to ask questions about how to fill out the application. Anyone considering applying for STIP Enhance Funds is encouraged to read through the Webinar Q & A and Matching Funds FAQ& below prior to applying for funds.
Citizen's Primer Brochure and User's Guide The Citizen's Primer and STIP Users' Guide were developed for prior STIPs, so they do not reflect the new Enhance and Fix-It process or recent transportation authorization (MAP-21) changes. However, they do contain useful background information about the STIP.
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Buckle up and get ready for Real Mini Road Racing!
This exciting and highly addictive racing game takes you to the streets to test your driving skills as you weave through traffic at constantly increasing speeds! How far will you go?
Challenge your friends for the highest score and collect keys to unlock new cars!
- Simple and fun one-touch gameplay
- Collect keys to unlock all 10 cars
- Enjoy amazing graphics and sound
- Game Center support, compete with your friends!
- Available for iPad, iPhone and iPod Touch
- Multiplayer coming soon!
How far will you go?
Check out more of our games at www.TapThatApp.ca


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Speak to our Specialist Nurses
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It's time to fight back and help more men survive. You can help
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We campaign for men with prostate cancer to receive the best treatment and care wherever they live.
Your company support is vital in helping us raise money for and awareness of prostate cancer.
Our volunteers support men affected by prostate cancer, raise awareness of the disease and help us fight for change.
Black men are more likely to get prostate cancer than men of other ethnicities. 1 in 4 Black men will get prostate cancer at some point in their lives.
We don't fully understand why Black men have a higher risk of developing prostate cancer and we are investing in research to try and find more answers.
Movember, the month formerly known as November, is when brave and selfless men around the world grow a moustache, and women step up to support them, all to raise awareness and funds for men's health - specifically prostate and testicular cancer.
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"Avalon," Stephanie Bennett. Traditional Welsh, Scottish and Irish arrangements and original songs for massage and relaxation composed and performed by Bennett and accompanying musicians.
"Soothing Sanctuary," David and Steve Gordon. The Gordon brothers combine the gentle instrumentals of harp, flute and piano with nature sounds.
"Canyon Trilogy: Native American Flute Music," R. Carlos Nakai. Nakai is able to play duets with his own echo, in an effort to emulate the echoes of the past that haunt ancient cliff dwellings.
"On Wings of a Dove: Harp Music to Soothe the Soul," Christine Grace Magnussen. A meditative, healing journey of solo harp used in hospitals and in complementary therapy sessions.
"Conferring with the Moon: Pieces for Guitar," William Ackerman. Solo acoustic guitar selections.
"December, Piano Solos 20th Anniversary Edition," George Winston. Mixes traditional carols, a couple of classical works, and his own originals.
"Tibetan Meditation Music," Nawang Khechog. The Tibetan flutist marks 20 years as a professional musician with this collection of 11 original compositions based on traditional meditative themes.


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A US federal judge in Louisiana has blocked a six-month moratorium on new deepwater drilling projects imposed in response to the Gulf of Mexico oil spill.
The White House said on Tuesday that the administration would appeal the ruling.
The moratorium had halted approval of any new permits for deepwater drilling and suspended drilling at 33 exploratory wells in the Gulf of Mexico.
Martin Feldman, the US district judge in New Orleans, said the moratorium was arbitrarily imposed and that the US interior department failed to provide adequate reasoning for the moratorium.
In a statement released on Tuesday, Feldman wrote: "An invalid agency decision to suspend drilling of wells in depths of over 152 metres feet simply cannot justify the immeasurable effect on the plaintiffs, the local economy, the Gulf region, and the critical present-day aspect of the availability of domestic energy in this country."
The moratorium was imposed after the April 20 explosion on the Deepwater Horizon drilling rig that killed 11 workers and blew out the well that has spewed millions of litres of oil into the Gulf of Mexico.
Al Jazeera's John Terret, reporting from New Orleans, said: "This was certainly a surprising decision. Feldman said the Obama administration had failed to provide adequate reasoning for the moratorium and assumed that just because one rig had failed that all companies presently engaged in deep drilling were in imminent danger as well."
Lucrative business
The interior department said it imposed the moratorium so it could study the risks of deepwater drilling, but the case filed by Hornbeck Offshore Services of Covington, Louisiana, claimed there was no proof the other operations posed a threat.
The moratorium was declared May 6 and originally was to last only through the month.
Barack Obama, the US president, announced on May 27 that he was extending it for six months.
Bobby Jindal, the governor of Louisiana, along with corporate leaders has opposed the moratorium, saying it will result in drilling rigs leaving the Gulf of Mexico for lucrative business in foreign waters.
They say the loss of business will cost the area thousands of lucrative jobs, most paying more than $50,000 a year. The state's other major economic sector, tourism, is a largely low-wage industry.
Moratorium justification
In its response to the lawsuit, the interior department said the moratorium is necessary as attempts to stop the leak and clean the Gulf continue and new safety standards are developed.
"A second deepwater blowout could overwhelm the efforts to respond to the current disaster," the interior department said.
The government also challenged contentions the moratorium will lead to long-term economic harm.
Although 33 deepwater drilling sites were affected, there are still 3,600 oil and natural gas production platforms in the Gulf of Mexico, the government said.
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Thriving In Your Entrepreneurial Role
Featured content from Entrepreneurship.org — As an entrepreneur, you may sometimes feel like you are stranded alone on an island — unsure of where to go or what to do to survive. Don't forget the key to both surviving and thriving is written into your business plan. This section will help you prioritize what you need to do to start implementing your plan. Read the eight tips and use the task and resource lists to develop your own "Survival Guide to Growing My Business."Read The Article >>
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How have you made your business plan work? What are your key elements for success? Share your one-minute video story with Build A Stronger America and tell us how you've created jobs to fuel the U.S. economy.Tips For Video Upload Success:
Build A Stronger America Joins Global Entrepreneurship Week Nov. 16-22, 2009
Global Entrepreneurship Week is an initiative to inspire young people around the world to embrace innovation, imagination and creativity. You can be one of more than 1,000 U.S. organizations that have joined the Week to help build a stronger America by encouraging young people to consider entrepreneurship...Here's how:
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Between 1980 and 2005, new companies less than five years old were responsible for all net new jobs created in the U.S. economy.
XM Radio Interview: Opportunities for Entrepreneurs Featured content from Entrepreneurship.org: Thom Ruhe, director of Entrepreneurship at the Kauffman Foundation, speaks with entrepreneur, CPA, lawyer and author Lou Hutt on his XM Radio show about investment and other opportunities for entrepreneurs in the U.S. Download Part 2 of This 2-Part Podcast at Entrepreneurship. org >>
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ACE Fit Share
Add some diversity to your fitness program with these butt and hip exercises from the American Council on Exercise. We'll help you tone up those glutes and get that butt into shape. Choose from a wide variety of hip flexibility and strengthening exercises including glute bridges, BOSU lateral jumps and more. These exercises come with detailed instructions, step-by-step guidance and tutorials on proper equipment use. For full workout routines featuring butt and hip exercises, be sure to visit our Workouts section.
Fit Life Articles
The pain of shin splints can be debilitating and derail even the most dedicated exerciser. Whether you experience shin splints regularly or rarely, the following guide to short- and long-term care and prevention will help get you back on track and enjoying all your favorite...
If you're struggling to meet your health and fitness goals, despite major efforts to clean up your diet and stick to your workouts, it could be that you're eating and training for a body type other than your own. There are three dominant body types—mesomorphs, endomorphs...
Research suggests that sedentary kids may be destined to become sedentary adults, and too many kids are exiting childhood without first developing a regular exercise habit or mastering basic fundamental movement skills. Here are some great beginner moves and games that are...
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