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Volume 7, Number 12
Submitted: April 26, 2002
Resubmitted: May 2, 2002
Accepted: May 6, 2002
Publication date: May 10, 2002
Kimberly A. Cameron
University of North Carolina at Greensboro
Julia Zuwerink Jacks
University of North Carolina at Greensboro
Maureen E. OBrien
University of North Carolina at Greensboro
The present research took an experimental approach to examining five strategies that may be effective in conferring resistance to persuasion (i.e., counterarguing, attitude bolstering, source derogation, negative affect, and assertions of confidence). Participants listened to a persuasive message then copied statements consistent with one of the resistance strategies under the ruse of providing handwriting samples for a lie-detection experiment. Compared to those who copied neutral statements, those who copied attitude bolstering statements, assertions of confidence, and negative affect statements were more resistant to change. Surprisingly, copying counterarguments and source derogations did not confer resistance. The results from a speech-only control group that was allowed to respond (i.e., resist) naturally suggested that the counterarguments condition prevented individuals from effectively counterarguing on their own. The implications of these results for each strategy were discussed.
After more than 50 years of activity, persuasion researchers have produced an enormous literature concerning the factors that contribute to successful attitude change and the mechanisms that underlie such change (for a review, see Petty and Wegener 1998). Yet a remaining issue for contemporary persuasion research concerns understanding how people go about resisting attitude change when they encounter a persuasive message (Eagly and Chaiken 1993, 1995; Jacks and Cameron, in press). This issue is a critical one for basic researchers because a comprehensive theory of attitude change must be capable of explaining when and how attitudes change and resist change. Currently, the dominant models of persuasion (i.e., the Elaboration Likelihood Model, Petty and Cacioppo 1986, and the Heuristic-Systematic Model, Chaiken 1987) do a very respectable job of explaining attitude formation and attitude change for certain kinds of attitudes (e.g., "parochial college issues," Zanna 1993, p. 143), but they are less well suited to explain why some attitudes stubbornly resist change (e.g., attitudes toward abortion) and how one might overcome resistance for such hard to change attitudes (Abelson 1988; Zanna 1993). Understanding when and how individuals resist attitude change is also an important issue for applied reasons. Clearly there are times when the goal is to increase resistance to persuasion (e.g., increasing resistance to pro-smoking influences) and times when the goal is to increase vulnerability to persuasion (e.g., increasing the persuasiveness of anti-smoking influences). For both goals, understanding the mechanisms that underlie resistance to persuasion is essential. The purpose of the current research is to advance our understanding of the processes by which individuals resist persuasion by examining these processes experimentally.
Resistance Strategies
Theoretically, people can respond to a counterattitudinal communication in a number of ways that might facilitate resistance. In the present research, we examined five of these strategies: counterarguing, attitude bolstering, source derogation, negative affect, and assertions of confidence. Counterarguing involves the direct rebuttal of message arguments (e.g., Buller 1986; Eagly and Chaiken 1995; Festinger and Maccoby 1964; Jacks and Cameron, in press; McGuire 1964; Wright 1975). Attitude bolstering, on the other hand, involves support arguingthat is, generating thoughts that are favorable toward ones original attitude without directly refuting message arguments (e.g., Jacks and Cameron, in press; McGuire 1964; Sherman and Gorkin 1980). Source derogation is a resistance strategy that involves insulting the source, dismissing his or her expertise or trustworthiness, or otherwise rejecting his or her validity as a source of information (Buller 1986; Festinger and Maccoby 1964; Jacks and Cameron, in press; Wright 1975). Negative affect involves responding to the persuasion attempt by getting angry, irritated or otherwise upset (Abelson and Miller 1967; Jacks and Cameron, in press; Jacks and Devine 2000; Zuwerink and Devine 1996). Finally, the assertions of confidence strategy involves explicitly asserting that nothing or no one could ever change ones opinion (Jacks and Cameron, in press).
Each of these strategies for resisting persuasion was examined recently by Jacks and Cameron (in press). In their first study, participants were asked to explain in an open-ended essay how they go about resisting attitude change for personally important attitudes or beliefs. Each of the previously mentioned strategies was reliably identified in participants essays. Of particular interest was the discovery of the assertions of confidence strategy, which up to that point had not been explicitly identified in the literature. In their second and third studies, Jacks and Cameron asked participants to rate their likelihood of using each of these strategies to resist changing their attitudes toward abortion (Study 2) or the death penalty (Study 3). Participants overwhelmingly preferred the strategies of counterarguing and attitude bolstering, with source derogation and negative affect being their least preferred strategies. (Assertions of confidence fell in between.) In a final study, Jacks and Cameron exposed participants to a persuasive message concerning the death penalty and examined the actual frequency and effectiveness of these various strategies for resisting persuasion1. The most frequent responses to the persuasive message (obtained in an open-ended thought-listing task) were counterarguing, attitude bolstering, and source derogationdespite the self-report findings indicating that source derogation was not a preferred strategy. Source derogations and negative affect were also measured with rating scales, and both these data and thought-listing data were used to predict actual resistance to change. Results revealed that counterarguing and ratings of negative affect were effective in conferring resistance to attitude change (cf. Zuwerink and Devine 1996).
One important means of identifying strategy use is the thought-listing task (Jacks and Cameron, in press), a very commonly used task in the attitude change literature (see Cacioppo, Harkins, and Petty 1981). For this task, respondents are asked to list whatever thoughts (or feelings) came to mind while reading the persuasive message, without concern for whether those thoughts or feelings are positive, negative, neutral, or irrelevant in regard to the message. These responses are then coded on a dimension of interest for the researcher (e.g., valence, affective tone, or the presence of specific resistance strategies). One problem with using the thought-listing task in the study of resistance strategies, however, is that by its very nature the task may be more likely to elicit counterarguing and attitude bolstering than other strategies. That is, when asked to write down what they were thinking, participants may assume that the researcher is interested in their thoughts about the message. Thus, they may be less likely to report reactions that are less message-relevant (e.g., "It doesnt matter what this says, Im not changing my mind.") Consistent with this observation, Jacks and Cameron (in press) found only six assertions of confidence out of 109 relevant cognitive responses, despite the fact that participants reported that they would be fairly likely to use this strategy as a means of resisting persuasion. Thus, measuring resistance strategies by coding thought-listing protocols may not always be the most desirable or informative way of studying these strategies.
Furthermore, treating resistance strategies exclusively as a measured variable limits the kinds of questions one might ask (as well as the answers one might get) concerning those strategies. In contrast, treating resistance strategies as an independent variable allows one to address new questions in informative new ways. For example, the independent variable approach allows one to ask how effective each strategy is in facilitating resistance. Consider the case of assertions of confidence. Using the measurement approach, assertions of confidence are rarely expressed in a thought-listing protocol. Does this result indicate that this strategy is never used and/or is ineffective in promoting resistance persuasion? Or does it mean that people just do not express such thoughts on a thought-listing task? If they were to express assertions of confidence, would such thoughts help them resist? As these questions illustrate, simply measuring the strategies that people typically use does not tell us everything we might want to know about the various strategies for resisting persuasion. If assertions of confidence turns out to be an effective means of resisting persuasion, for example, then people could be taught to use the strategy.
The Present Research
The purpose of the present research was to examine five resistance strategies (i.e., counterarguing, attitude bolstering, source derogation, assertions of confidence, and negative affect) experimentally. Our specific goals were (1) to develop a method for manipulating which strategy would be used by participants and (2) to examine the effectiveness of these strategies in conferring resistance to persuasion. As will be evident in the method section, we exposed individuals to a counterattitudinal message first and then made salient one of five types of responses to the message (e.g., attitude bolstering). To those familiar with McGuires (1964) classic research on the inoculation theory of resistance, this strategy may seem somewhat familiar. It is similar to McGuires procedures in the sense of giving participants thoughts that they might not have had on their own. It is different, however, in a number of critical ways. First, McGuire (e.g., McGuire 1961) gave individuals attitude supportive thoughts or refutational thoughts (i.e., counterarguments) prior to exposure to the persuasive message. This inoculation procedure was shown to both motivate and enable resistance to a subsequent (and different) counterattitudinal message. In the current research, individuals are given the responses (e.g., attitude bolstering or source derogations) after exposure to a single persuasive message. Second, McGuire only examined counterarguing and attitude bolstering, whereas we examine a variety of different strategies. Third, McGuire examined cultural truisms, which are defined as beliefs that are widely accepted and rarely challenged (e.g., its a good idea to brush ones teeth after every meal), whereas we examine attitudes toward an important social policy issue (i.e., the death penalty) that has clearly been the subject of debate and controversy in this culture.
Because no prior research has experimentally examined these resistance strategies, we were reluctant to make predictions regarding which one(s) might be effective in conferring resistance to persuasion. Likewise, we made no predictions as to the relative effectiveness of the strategies. Our primary purpose was to develop a plausible method of manipulating strategy use and to examine which strategy or strategies would be effective in conferring resistance to persuasion in the context of our study. Future research employing this or a similar method is expected to further clarify why and under what conditions each strategy (or combination of strategies) is effective.
Participants and Design
In a pre-testing session conducted approximately four weeks prior to the study, introductory psychology students indicated their overall attitude toward the death penalty (1 = unfavorable, 9 = favorable). Participants were randomly selected from among those who reported a favorable attitude (6 to 9) toward the death penalty. Sixty-six women and six men were recruited by telephone and participated in partial fulfillment of a research requirement in their introductory psychology class. Participants were randomly assigned to one of six conditions: counterarguing, attitude bolstering, source derogation, negative affect, assertions of confidence, or a control group.
Participants were run in groups of four to ten. Upon arriving to the laboratory, they were given a consent form to read and sign if they agreed to participate. No one refused to participate at this point. Participants were told that they were taking part in a pilot study for a study to be conducted the following semester on the analysis of handwriting for the sake of lie detection. They were led to believe that they would be providing confidential handwriting samples by copying typed statements that the experimenter would provide for them. Participants were also told that the statements were possible responses to a taped speech regarding the death penalty and that they would hear this speech before copying the statements. Ostensibly, students in a study the following semester would evaluate these handwritten statements to determine whether the individual who wrote the statements actually agreed with the statements or not. Participants were led to believe that the issue of the death penalty was chosen because its controversial nature insured that some would agree with the copied statements and others would not, thereby providing the experimenters with handwriting samples of both truths and lies. Upon being informed that the speaker was a professor of sociology at another university, in order to bolster the perceived credibility of the communicator, the participants listened to the audiotaped speech.
Following the speech, participants were provided with a page of typed statements and were instructed to read the statements carefully and copy them word-for-word as though they were their own truthful responses to the speech. After this task, participants completed a survey assessing their own attitudes toward the death penalty and the extent to which they agreed with each of the statements they had copied. At the end of the session, participants were fully debriefed and dismissed with credit. No participants indicated any suspicion regarding the procedures, and all data were retained for analysis.
Stimulus Materials
Message. The persuasive message contained five primary arguments against the death penalty. It was 692 words in length, was audiotaped by a 55 year-old male speaker, and lasted approximately four minutes. The five primary arguments were as follows: (a) with the use of the death penalty, there is always the risk of putting an innocent person to death, (b) the death penalty is the same as premeditated murder, (c) no one has the power or moral authority to decide when another person deserves to die, (d) the murder rates are no different in states with or without the death penalty, and so the death penalty does not deter crime, and (e) criminals should be required to work to pay for their life in prison rather than being put to death. The full text of this message can be found in Appendix A.
Eleven pilot participants were asked to listen carefully to a speech given by a sociology professor from another university because they would be evaluating it on a number of dimensions. After listening to the speech, they reported their attitudes toward the death penalty, their impression of the message, and their impression of the speaker. All of these participants were in favor of the death penalty (M = 7.45, SD = 1.13). The message was evaluated using eight 9-point semantic differentials (worth consideringnot worth considering, persuasiveunpersuasive, unclearclear, weakstrong, convincingunconvincing, poorgood, unfamiliarfamiliar, and understandablenot at all understandable). A message-strength index (a = .91) was calculated by averaging these eight items (after reverse scoring when necessary) so that high scores indicated greater perceived strength. Mean message-strength was 7.20 (SD = 1.51), indicating that the message was perceived as fairly strong and well-written.
These pilot participants also indicated their overall impression of the speaker by indicating the extent to which six adjectives (credible, unreasonable, knowledgeable, unintelligent, sincere, and biased) accurately described the speaker (1 = does not apply at all, 7 = applies very much). A speaker-impression index (a = .90) was calculated by averaging the responses to the adjectives (after reverse scoring when necessary) such that high numbers indicate a more favorable impression. The mean of this index was 6.21 (SD =1.49), indicating that the speaker was perceived as reasonably credible.
Resistance Strategies. Six sets of response statements were created, representing six experimental conditions (i.e., counterarguing, attitude bolstering, source derogation, negative affect, assertions of confidence, and a neutral sentence control). Each set of response statements contained four sentences, two of which were approximately 30 words in length and two of which were approximately 50 words in length. These response statements appear in Appendix B. Two of the four sentences for each condition referred directly to statements made in the persuasive message, and two did not. For example, the counterarguing response set contained two sentences mentioning arguments in the message and then directly countered these arguments, and two sentences contained counterarguments that did not refer directly to the message. As much as possible, the content of the response sentences was controlled across conditions. The content of these response statements is very similar in nature to the naturally occurring responses coded by Jacks and Cameron (in press).
Dependent Measures
Final Attitude. Participants indicated their attitudes toward the death penalty using three 9-point semantic differentials (favorableunfavorable, negativepositive, and goodbad). An overall attitude index (a = .95) was computed (after reverse scoring when necessary), such that higher numbers indicated more favorable attitudes.
Agreement with Responses. Participants also reported the extent to which they agreed with each of the four statements they copied using a 9-point scale (1 = completely disagree, 9 = completely agree). An agreement index (a = .85) was calculated by averaging their agreement with each of the four statements.
Attitude change scores were calculated by subtracting posttest attitudes from pretest attitudes. Higher numbers reflect greater attitude change. Data were analyzed in an analysis of covariance (ANCOVA)2. The agreement index was entered as a covariate, and the predictor variable was experimental condition (control, counterarguing, attitude bolstering, negative affect, assertions of confidence, source derogation). As expected, agreement was a significant covariate, F(1, 72) = 20.02, p < .001. The condition effect was also significant, F(5, 72) = 2.80, p < .03. Planned comparisons revealed that three out of five resistance strategies increased resistance to attitude change relative to the control group. As can be seen in Table 1, after adjusting for agreement, participants who copied negative affective sentences, assertions of confidence, or attitude bolstering sentences showed less attitude change compared to those participants who copied neutral sentences, ps < .05. Copying counterarguments or source derogations did not help participants resist attitude change significantly more than the control group (ps > .05).
Table 1. Mean Attitude Change Scores By Condition, Adjusted For Agreement With Copied Statements
3.43 a
2.66 a
|Source Derogation
2.37 a
|Attitude Bolstering
1.61 b
|Assertions of Confidence
1.40 b
|Negative Affect
.89 b
Note. Means with different subscripts differ significantly at p < .05.
How are we to understand these results? To our minds, the results for counterarguing were initially the most puzzling. In the present study, counterarguing did not effectively confer resistance to persuasion relative to the control group. This result is counterintuitive and, in fact, contradictory to much previous research (e.g., Jacks and Cameron, in press; McGuire 1961; Romero, Agnew, and Insko 1996; Zuwerink and Devine 1996). The classic cognitive response approach to persuasion (e.g., Chaiken 1987; Greenwald 1968; Petty and Cacioppo 1986; Petty, Ostrom, and Brock 1981) suggests that negative cognitive responses to a persuasive message should result in resistance to that message. However, a key to this approach is that the responses are idiosyncratic or self-generated. We believe this observation is key to understanding the present null effect. That is, we suggest that providing individuals with prefabricated counterarguments disrupted the natural counterarguing process that participants may have engaged in on their own. Thus, by inhibiting their own idiosyncratic counterarguments, we may have inadvertently decreased their ability to resist the message3.
To test this explanation, we exposed thirty additional participants (a "speech only" control group) to the same death penalty message used in the main experiment and measured both their attitudes and their cognitive responses in a thought-listing task. These responses were then coded for the presence of counterarguments and other resistance strategies4. All thoughts were coded independently by each of the authors. Reliability was high (Cohens Kappa = .76), and disagreements were resolved through discussion. This sample, then, provides us with information as to the natural frequency of occurrence (in a thought-listing task) of the five different resistance strategies under consideration in this research. Interestingly, the most common resistance mode reported in the thought-listing task was attitude bolstering, with 88% of participants offering at least one attitude bolstering thought in response to the counterattitudinal message (range = 0 to 5). Counterarguing was also relatively common, with 50% of participants offering at least one counterargument (range = 0 to 4). Only 9.4% of participants offered any source derogations (range = 0-1) and only 6.2% of participants offered any negative affective statements (range = 0 to 2). No participants generated assertions of confidence.
To assess the effectiveness of these naturally occurring resistance responses, attitude change scores were calculated by subtracting final attitude from initial attitude (measured in a prescreening session, as was done for participants in the main experiment). More positive change scores indicate greater persuasion. The mean attitude change score for this sample was 0.90 (SD = 1.51). Post hoc comparisons involving this sample with the conditions of our main experiment revealed that when left to their own thoughts, participants in this speech only control group resisted persuasion to the same degree as experimental participants who had been given negative affect, assertions of confidence, or attitude bolstering thoughts to copy (ps > .34). This speech only control group was more resistant to persuasion, however, compared to individuals in the source derogation, counterarguing, and neutral sentence control conditions (ps < .01).
One additional way to address the specific question of whether the experimental counterarguing condition disrupted naturally occurring (and perhaps more effective) counterarguments is to examine the effectiveness of counterarguing for this speech only control group in conferring resistance. To that end, attitude change scores for the speech only control group were entered as the dependent variable in a multiple regression with the frequency of attitude bolstering statements and the frequency of counterarguing statements entered as predictor variables. Assertions of confidence, source derogations, and negative affective statements were not entered into the equation because their frequencies of occurrence were zero or negligible5. The overall model was significant, R2 = .59, F(2,27) = 7.196, p < .01. Attitude bolstering (b = -.51) significantly predicted resistance to attitude change, t(1,28) = -3.178, p = .004, independent of counterarguing. Likewise, counterarguing (b = -.46) significantly predicted resistance to attitude change, t(1,28) = -2.828, p = .009, independent of attitude bolstering6. This result suggests that participants naturally occurring counterarguments (and attitude bolstering thoughts) were effective in conferring resistance to attitude change. Thus, it seems probable that the counterarguments provided in the main experiment disrupted participants naturally occurring (and more compelling) counterarguments, which resulted in less resistance to the fairly strong persuasive message.
Other Strategies
We now proceed to a discussion of the other resistance strategies, beginning with source derogation. Source derogation is a classic resistance strategy that has long been assumed to contribute to resistance to persuasion (e.g., Festinger and Maccoby 1964). Jacks and Cameron (in press) found that source derogation is perceived to be a relatively ineffective strategy that individuals prefer not to employ, and individuals who scored high on a dispositional measure of social desirability in that research were especially averse to the strategy. Furthermore, in their fourth study, source derogation (as measured by both a thought-listing task and a rating scale) was not especially effective in conferring resistance, even though it was a much more common response than self-reported likelihood of using the strategy suggested. Thus, it seems that individuals are somewhat conflicted in regard to derogating the source as a means of resisting persuasion.
In the present study, making source derogations salient was ineffective in conferring resistance. One potential explanation for this result is the same as that for counterarguments: Perhaps the provision of source derogations disrupted the naturally occurring resistance process while not providing a sufficiently compelling or novel reason to reject the communication. To suggest that the source derogations we provided were not compelling in this context is reasonable give that the source was identified at the outset as a sociology professor. Therefore, the source derogations we provided may not have helped these college students resist because these derogations (e.g., ignorant, stupid, closed-minded) were inconsistent with the speakers identity as a sociology professor. Given these conditions, we are reluctant to conclude that source derogations do not work as a resistance tool. It is very likely that source derogations work well at least sometimes. Additional research will be necessary to determine the conditions under which this strategy will be an effective and/or likely means of resisting persuasion.
Regarding attitude bolstering, this research demonstrated that making attitude-supportive arguments salient to participants increased resistance to persuasion relative to the neutral sentence control group. That is, giving participants potentially novel reasons for retaining their original attitude was an effective strategy for enhancing resistance. This effect is consistent with classic inoculation research (McGuire 1964), which shows that giving participants attitude-supportive arguments before exposure to a counterattitudinal message also confers resistance (e.g., McGuire 1961). It is also consistent with the results of our speech only control group, for whom it was found that attitude bolstering facilitated resistance, over and above the effects of counterarguing. Thus, it seems that providing participants with potentially novel supportive arguments may be a particularly effective means of conferring resistance to persuasion immediately following a persuasive message.
Finally, this research also showed that making negative affect and assertions of confidence salient were effective ways of conferring resistance. As previously alluded to, individuals in Jacks and Camerons (in press) research were very unlikely to generate cognitive responses that could be coded as either negative affect or assertions of confidence. Likewise, the current speech only control group generated few, if any, assertions of confidence or statements of negative affect. Yet previous research has shown that negative affect can be an important mediator of resistance to persuasion (Jacks and Devine 2000; Zuwerink and Devine 1996). The current results show that making negative affective reactions to the message salient to participants is effective in heightening resistance to the message (cf. Abelson and Miller 1967). This result further corroborates the idea that negative affective reactions contribute to resistance to persuasion. Thus, encouraging individuals to get angry or irritated by an unwanted persuasive appeal may significantly bolster their resistance to that appeal.
Regarding assertions of confidence, the current research adds to our limited knowledge of this strategy. Jacks and Cameron (in press) were the first to identify this strategy as a potential response to persuasion attempts, and their research indicated that it is perceived to be a moderately likely and effective strategy. However, as noted, it is not very readily produced in the thought-listing task. Thus, prior to this research, it was virtually unknown what the true effectiveness of this strategy might be. The present results suggest that making statements such as "I would never change my mind" salient is an effective means of bolstering resistance to persuasion. Perhaps one reason for the effectiveness of this strategy is that it disrupts thinking about the issue and prevents any cognitive responses that might be favorable toward the persuasive message. (This could be said of the other strategies as well.) In addition, this strategy likely increases the perceived certainty with which an attitude is held, leading to greater resistance (cf. Tormala and Petty 2002). Of course, much more research is needed to develop our understanding of assertions of confidence as a strategy for resisting persuasion.
Caveats and Conclusion
This research highlights the fact that individuals have a number of different strategies for resisting persuasion at their disposal. Because of our interest in examining the efficacy of each strategy independently, we attempted to make one strategy salient above others. As we have argued, this procedure disrupts naturally occurring responses to persuasive attempts. Although this fact could be seen as a limitation, we think that our procedure nonetheless has advantages over a pure measurement strategy. Simply measuring how people resist tells us what they naturally do. However, it cannot inform us as to what kinds of strategies could be effective and could thus be taught and encouraged. Our methodology can be used to further investigate the conditions under which a given strategy might be effective. For example, future research could manipulate the expertise of the source and/or the strength of message arguments to see when source derogations might be effective in conferring resistance. Although they were ineffective in the present context, perhaps with a weak message and/or an inexpert source they would do nicely in facilitating resistance.
Another caveat to the present research is the fact that individuals were given a fairly elaborate cover story designed to reduce the likelihood that they would perceive the study as being concerned with persuasion processes. Would the results have been different if we had instructed individuals to resist persuasion? Very probably. Our goal, however, was to examine the effectiveness of each strategy in isolation. If individuals had been explicitly motivated to resist persuasion, they would probably have had a number of different resistant responses to the message (e.g., attitude bolstering, counterarguing, and negative affect). While acknowledging this as a potential limitation of the present study, we also see this as an invitation to further research that examines the effectiveness of various combinations of strategies in conferring resistance to persuasion.
In conclusion, the present research contributes to a growing body of literature indicating that individuals have a number of different tools in their resistance toolbox. In the present context (i.e., for participants who were not explicitly motivated to resist and who heard a fairly strong message by an expert source), attitude bolstering, assertions of confidence, and negative affect each were effective means of resisting the persuasive message. Source derogations and prefabricated counterarguments were ineffective. In other contexts, however, it seems that individuals may be willing to employ whatever tools are necessary in order to protect their attitude. This is particularly true when the attitude is personally important in some way (Ahluwalia 2000; Jacks and Devine 2000; Zuwerink and Devine 1996). We look forward to additional research that explicates when, why, and for whom each resistance strategy, alone or in combination, is effective in conferring resistance to persuasion.
1. A source expertise manipulation was also employed, but without any significant effects.
2. Data were also analyzed using pretest and posttest scores as a repeated measures factor in a mixed-model ANOVA. The effects of these analyses were essentially the same as the ANCOVA on change scores. Change-score analyses are reported for ease of presentation.
3. This argument may also explain the increased effectiveness of negative affect and assertions of confidence. These responses are not commonly generated in a thought-listing task (Jacks and Cameron, in press). Thus, providing these responses helped to bolster resistance because participants are less likely to generate such responses on their own.
4. Thoughts were coded as message favorable, message neutral, message irrelevant, or as one of five possible resistance modes (i.e., source derogations, assertions of confidence, negative affect, attitude bolstering, counterarguing). Each thought received only one code, such that a thought that seemed to be expressing negative affect and counterarguing was forced into the single most representative category. Source derogations were thoughts that expressed a negative evaluation of the person who gave the speech (e.g., "That man is an idiot"). Assertions of confidence were thoughts that expressed certainty or confidence in ones favorable view toward the death penalty, without mentioning any direct support for ones attitude (e.g., "Im not going to change my mind about supporting the death penalty"). Negative affective thoughts were those that simply expressed a negative emotional reaction to the speech or the issue (e.g., "That speech made me so angry"). Attitude bolstering thoughts were those that provided a reason for ones favorable attitude toward the death penalty without directly countering any arguments in the message (e.g., "Without the death penalty, murderers could escape and kill again"). Finally, counterarguments were thoughts that disagreed with specific points made in the message (e.g., "Innocent people are not at risk for being executed wrongly, unlike what he said").
5. Including source derogation and negative affect as predictor variables does not change the effects reported.
6. An analysis of the relative effectiveness of these modes in conferring resistance was not possible because the same participants who counterargued also attitude bolstered.
Death Penalty Speech
Thank you for having me here today to present my views concerning the use of the death penalty in this country. As we all know, this issue is controversial and there are many good reasons to be for or against the death penalty. In this talk I will briefly discuss just the key issues that have led me to the conclusion that the use of the death penalty is wrong.
First, consider that with the use of the death penalty there is always the risk of putting an innocent person to death. Unfortunately, as we are all aware, our justice system is not perfect. Guilty people sometimes go free, while innocent people get convicted. In fact, Newsweek recently published an article reporting that over the past decade, several wrongly convicted people on death row proved their innocence during the appeals process and were set free. What if these people had been put to death before they could prove their innocence and obtain real justice? Once a wrongly convicted person has been killed, the horrible injustice can never be undone.
Second, I believe that it is morally wrong to kill a person except in immediate self-defense of ones own life. The laws of the land clearly establish that premeditated, planned murder is a heinous crime that deserves severe punishment. But I dont believe that death is an appropriate punishment for murderbecause what is the death penalty if not systematic, planned killing? There is obviously a double standard in saying that murder is wrong but the death penalty is not.
A third and related reason for being against the death penalty is that it is not my place or anyone elses to decide who should live and who should die. Who on this earth is really qualified to determine the value of someones lifeno matter what theyve done. I dont believe that anyone has the authority or the wisdom to judge who should be allowed to live and who should die. That judgment should be left up to God alone. No one has the power or moral authority to decide when another person deserves to die. On these grounds alone I am against the death penalty.
But, as a fourth point against the death penalty, I would also like to point out that the National Institute for Crime Prevention recently reported that murder rates are no different in states with or without the death penalty. These statistics prove that the death penalty does not deter crime. Obviously, we want to do whatever we can to prevent crimes from ever taking place. But the threat of the death penalty simply isnt working as a deterrent. I dont believe that the thought of having to die for a crime ever enters peoples mindsthats why the threat of death doesnt prevent them from committing horrible acts of violence, especially crimes of passion. Thus, the death penalty is not defensible as a deterrent to crime.
As a fifth and final point, I believe that instead of putting criminals to death, this country should require them to pay for their life in prison by working on federal and community projects. In fact, the New York Times recently reported that several maximum-security prisons have already instituted such work programs with great success. It is an essential component of our justice system that criminals pay back society for their crimes. What better way to have them pay than by putting them to work? That way we get a return on our tax dollars instead of paying for their incarceration while they sit around all day on death row.
In sum, the death penalty is morally wrong. It is ineffective as a deterrent to crime. It poses a serious risk to those who are wrongly accused and convicted. And there are reasonable alternative punishments for those who might otherwise receive the death penalty. For all of these reasons, I oppose the use of the death penalty in this country. I appreciate the invitation to come and speak to you today, and I thank you for your attention. Now I would be glad to answer questions
Response Statements
Im in favor of the death penalty because it is much less expensive than keeping convicted murderers in prison for life, even if they are working under guard to pay for their life in prison.
He argued that instead of putting criminals to death, we should require them to work; but there are no jobs a violent criminal could do because of the risk of using work-related materials as weapons or tools for escape.
He mentioned the risk of putting an innocent person to death, but that risk is negligible because the death penalty is only given to criminals who have been convicted of murder by a unanimous jury that has seen the evidence and concluded that the person is guilty beyond a shadow of a doubt.
I recently read an article in the New York Times reporting that in the past 10 years no one on death row has proved his innocence during an appeal and been released from prison.
Attitude Bolstering
Im in favor of the death penalty because I believe that people who intentionally murder others deserve to die themselves.
He said that the death penalty is wrong because there is always the risk of putting an innocent person to death; I say that its more important to consider that the use of the death penalty communicates that in the United States we will not let convicted murderers just get away with their violent crimes.
He said that instead of putting criminals to death, this country should require criminals to work to pay for their life in prison; but its much more important to realize that the death penalty establishes justice and closure for the victims family and friends.
I believe that if we do not use the death penalty with first degree murderers, there is a good chance that they could escape or be released later and commit murder again.
Source Derogation
Im in favor of the death penalty and I know that the man who gave the speech was not worth listening to because he was totally biasedI mean he really came off as incredibly closed-minded.
When he argued that the death penalty is wrong because there is always the risk of putting an innocent person to death, I realized just how narrowminded and manipulative he really was.
The speaker was obviously stupid because no intelligent person would argue against the use of the death penalty by saying that instead of putting criminals to death, this country should require criminals to work to pay for their life in prison.
When I heard the beginning of the speech, I began to think that the speaker was actually rather ignorant, but I continued to listen to him anyway, and by the end of the speech I knew that the man was a complete idiot.
Negative Affect
Im in favor of the death penalty, and I get really irritated when I listen to arguments against the death penalty that I just dont agree with.
I was quite annoyed when he said that the death penalty is wrong because there is always the risk of putting an innocent person to deaththat kind of argument just really annoys me a lot.
I became very agitated and angry when he suggested that instead of putting criminals to death this country should require criminals to work to pay for their life in prison.
I really get disgusted in response to the whole debate over the use of the death penalty because I guess I have a hard time being nice and calm when people are expressing views that are the exact opposite of my own strongly held views.
Assertions of Confidence
Im in favor of the death penalty and there is no way I would ever change my mind about the merits of the death penalty for our society as a whole.
Even when the man argued that the death penalty is wrong because there is always the risk of putting an innocent person to death, I was not convinced to change my views on this issue because I know that my opinion is right.
I listened when he said that instead of putting criminals to death, this country should require criminals to work to pay for their life in prison, but Im not about to change my mind about this issue because I am very confident in my opinion.
I just cant see myself changing my views because I am certain that I have thought through all the arguments and I know that I am in favor of the use of the death penalty.
The man who gave the speech sounded like he was older (probably in his 50s) and from the southwest; I can imagine that it cost a lot of money for him to fly here in order to give the speech.
The man who gave the speech said that he believed the death penalty is wrong because there is always the risk of putting an innocent person to death.
The man who gave the speech argued that instead of putting criminals to death, this country should require them to work to pay for their life in prison.
Although this issue has been in the news a lot, I think it will probably be discussed in the news a lot more before any new laws are passed because people in this country typically debate a great deal about an issue before they come to any conclusion.
Abelson, R. P. 1988. "Conviction." American Psychologist, 43:267-275.
Abelson, R. P. and J. C. Miller. 1967. "Negative persuasion via personal insult." Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 3:321-333.
Ahluwalia, R. 2000. "Examination of psychological processes underlying resistance to persuasion." Journal of Consumer Research, 27:217-232.
Buller, D. B. 1986. "Distraction during persuasive communication: A meta-analytic review." Communication Monographs, 53:91-114.
Cacioppo, J. T., S. G. Harkins and R. E. Petty. 1981. "The nature of attitudes and cognitive responses and their relationships to behavior." In R. E. Petty, T. M. Ostrom and T. C. Brock (Eds.), Cognitive responses in persuasion (pp. 31-54). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Chaiken, S. 1987. "The heuristic model of persuasion." In M. P. Zanna, J. M. Olson and C. P. Herman (Eds.), Social influence: The Ontario symposium (Vol. 5, pp. 3-39). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Eagly, A. H. and S. Chaiken. 1993. The psychology of attitudes. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.
Eagly, A. H. and S. Chaiken. 1995. "Attitude strength, attitude structure, and resistance to change." In R. E. Petty and J. A. Krosnick (Eds.), Attitude strength: Antecedents and consequences (pp. 413-432). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Festinger, L. and N. Maccoby. 1964. "On resistance to persuasive communications." Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 68:359-366.
Greenwald, A. G. 1968. "Cognitive learning, cognitive response to persuasion, and attitude change." In A. G. Greenwald, T. C. Brock, and T. M. Ostrom (Eds.), Psychological foundations of attitudes (pp. 147-170). New York: Academic Press.
Jacks, J. Z. and K. A. Cameron. (in press). "Strategies for resisting persuasion." Basic and Applied Social Psychology.
Jacks, J. Z. and P. G. Devine. 2000. "Attitude importance, forewarning of message content, and resistance to persuasion." Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 22:19-29.
McGuire, W. J. 1961. "The effectiveness of supportive and refutational defenses in immunizing and restoring beliefs against persuasion." Sociometry, 24:184-197.
McGuire, W. J. 1964. "Inducing resistance to persuasion: Some contemporary approaches." In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 1, pp. 191-229). New York: Academic Press.
Petty, R. E. and J. T. Cacioppo. 1986. "The elaboration likelihood model of persuasion." In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 19, pp. 123-205). New York: Academic Press.
Petty, R. E., T. M. Ostrom and T. C. Brock (Eds.). 1981. Cognitive responses in persuasion. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Petty, R. E. and D. T. Wegener. 1998. "Attitude change: Multiple roles for persuasion variables." In D. T. Gilbert, S. T. Fiske and G. Lindzey (Eds.), The handbook of social psychology (Vol. 1, 4th ed., pp. 323-390). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
Romero, A. A., C. R. Agnew and C. A. Insko. 1996. "The cognitive mediation revisited: An empirical response to methodological and theoretical criticism." Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 22: 651-665.
Sherman, S. J. and L. Gorkin. 1980. "Attitude bolstering when behavior is inconsistent with central attitudes." Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 16:388-403.
Tormala, Z. L. and R. E. Petty. 2002. "Resisting persuasion and attitude certainty: A meta-cognitive analysis." Chapter to appear in E. Knowles and J. Linn (Eds.), Resistance and Persuasion. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
Wright, P. 1975. "Factors affecting cognitive resistance to advertising." Journal of Consumer Research, 2:1-9.
Zanna, M. P. 1993. "Message receptivity: A new look at the old problem of open- versus close-mindedness." In A. A. Mitchell (Ed.), Advertising exposure, memory, and choice. Advertising and consumer psychology (pp. 141-162). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Zuwerink, J. R. and P. G. Devine. 1996. "Attitude importance and resistance to persuasion: Its not just the thought that counts." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70:931-944.
We would like to thank Mark Choate, Lisa Harbison, Jennifer Jones, Lawrence Nicholson, and Anders Selhorst for their dedicated research assistance.
Kimberly A. Cameron received her Ph.D. in social psychology from The University of North Carolina at Greensboro. She is currently working for a market research firm in Philadelphia, PA. E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com.
Julia Zuwerink Jacks received her Ph.D. in social psychology from the University of Wisconsin at Madison. She is currently an Assistant Professor at The University of North Carolina at Greensboro. Her main research interests are in the area of attitudes and resistance to persuasion. E-mail: email@example.com.
Maureen E. OBrien is a Ph.D. student in social psychology at The University of North Carolina at Greensboro. Her main research interests involve attitude functions and prejudice. E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com.


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Aug. 13, 2013 -- Crime Stoppers
Authorities asked for help finding two fugitives.
In the first case, police said they are looking for Amos Collins, 26.
Authorities said Collins is wanted on a Buchanan County, Mo., warrant for violating the terms of a sex offender registration.
Collins is black, 5 feet 6 inches tall, 145 pounds, and has black hair and brown eyes. Police said he has tattoos on his arms, back, chest, neck and face.
Investigators said his last known address was in St. Joseph, Mo. Police said he has known to be physically violent and should be considered dangerous.
In the second case, police said they are looking for Thomas Cobb, 21.
Cobb is wanted on a Lafayette County, Mo., warrant on a charge of deviate sexual assault and theft.
Cobb is white, 5 feet 9 inches tall, 145 pounds, and has brown hair and blue eyes.
His last known address was in Lexington, Mo., police said.
Anyone with information on either case is asked to call the TIPS Hotline at 816-474-8477.
Copyright 2013 by KMBC.com All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.

subset: commoncrawl


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Intestinal Gas
Symptom Checker: Symptoms & Signs Index
Medical Author: William C. Shiel Jr., MD, FACP, FACR
Symptoms & Signs
Gas or "intestinal gas" means different things to different people. Everyone has gas and eliminates it by belching or farting (passing it through the rectum).
The ability to belch is almost universal. Belching, also known as burping, is the act of expelling gas from the stomach out through the mouth. The usual cause of belching is a distended (inflated) stomach caused by swallowed air. The distention of the stomach causes abdominal discomfort, and the belching expels the air and relieves the discomfort. The common reasons for swallowing large amounts of air (aerophagia) are gulping food or drink too rapidly, anxiety, and carbonated beverages.
Excessive air in the stomach is not the only cause of belching. For some people, belching becomes a habit and does not reflect the amount of air in their stomachs. For others, belching is a response to any type of abdominal discomfort and not just to discomfort due to increased gas.
Most people produce 1 to 3 pints of intestinal gas in their large intestines (colons) every 24 hours and pass gas an average of 14 times a day. The gas is made up primarily of carbon dioxide, hydrogen, and in some families, methane, that is mixed with nitrogen and oxygen from room air that is inhaled or swallowed. The carbon dioxide, hydrogen, and methane are produced by bacteria in the large intestine while they digest undigested food that reaches the large intestine. Although these gases are odorless, the bacteria also may produce small amounts of sulfur-containing gases that are foul-smelling. It is important to distinguish between increased flatulence (farting) and foul-smelling flatulence.
Bloating is the subjective sensation (feeling) that the abdomen is larger than normal. Thus, bloating is a symptom akin to the symptom of discomfort. In contrast, distention is the objective determination (physical finding) that the abdomen is actually larger than normal. Bloating and distention may be due to increased amounts of gas in the abdomen, but there also are other causes.
Health concern on your mind? Visit the Symptom Checker.
Fauci, Anthony S., et al. Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine. 17th ed. United States: McGraw-Hill Professional, 2008.
Causes of Gas
Abdominal Adhesions (Scar Tissue) Abdominal adhesions (scar tissue) bands of scar tissue that form between abdominal organs and tissues. Symptoms of abdominal...learn more »In This ArticleAbdominal Adhesions (Scar Tissue) Article
- Abdominal adhesions facts*
- What are abdominal adhesions?
- What causes abdominal adhesions?
- How can abdominal adhesions cause intestinal obstruction?
- How can abdominal adhesions cause female infertility?
- What are the symptoms of abdominal adhesions?
- What are the symptoms of an intestinal obstruction?
- How are abdominal adhesions and intestinal obstructions diagnosed?
- How are abdominal adhesions and intestinal obstructions treated?
- Can abdominal adhesions be prevented?
Celiac Disease Celiac disease is a condition in which a person has inflammation of the small intestinal mucosa when exposed to gluten in the...learn more »In This ArticleCeliac Disease Article
- Celiac disease definition
- What causes celiac disease?
- What are the signs and symptoms of celiac disease?
- Are there other diseases or conditions associated with celiac disease?
- How is celiac disease diagnosed?
- What is latent celiac disease?
- What is silent celiac disease?
- What is the treatment for celiac disease?
- What is refractory celiac disease?
- What is the treatment for refractory celiac disease?
- What are the complications of celiac disease?
- What is a gluten-free diet?
Gastroparesis Gastroparesis is a medical condition in which the muscle of the stomach is paralyzed by a disease of either the stomach muscle...learn more »In This ArticleGastroparesis Article
- Gastroparesis facts
- What is gastroparesis?
- What causes gastroparesis?
- What are gastroparesis symptoms and signs?
- How is gastroparesis diagnosed?
- How is gastroparesis treated?
- What is the prognosis (long-term outcome) for patients with gastroparesis?
- What is new in gastroparesis?
Indigestion (Dyspepsia, Upset Stomach) Dyspepsia (indigestion) is a functional disease in which the gastrointestinal organs, primarily the stomach and first part of the...learn more »In This ArticleIndigestion (Dyspepsia, Upset Stomach) Article
- Dyspepsia (indigestion) facts
- What is dyspepsia (indigestion)?
- What are the symptoms of dyspepsia (indigestion)?
- What causes dyspepsia (indigestion)?
- What is the course of dyspepsia (indigestion)?
- What are the complications of dyspepsia (indigestion)?
- How is dyspepsia diagnosed (indigestion)?
- Exclusion of other diseases
- Specific tests of gastrointestinal function
- How is dyspepsia (indigestion) treated and relieved?
- What is a reasonable approach to the diagnosis and treatment of dyspepsia (indigestion)?
- What is in the future for dyspepsia (indigestion)?
Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a GI (gastrointestinal disorder) with symptoms of abdominal pain, bloating, increased flatus,...learn more »In This ArticleIrritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) Article
- Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) definition
- What causes irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)?
- What are the symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)?
- How is the diagnosis of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) made?
- What are the treatments for irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)?
- What medications are used to treat irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)?
- What about IBS and diet?
- Is irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) related to small bacterial overgrowth (SIBO)?
- What is the prognosis for irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)?
Lactose Intolerance In lactose intolerance, the digestive system cannot digest lactose (the main sugar in milk). Symptoms of lactose intolerance...learn more »In This ArticleLactose Intolerance Article
- Lactose intolerance facts
- What is lactose intolerance?
- What causes lactose intolerance?
- What are the symptoms of lactose intolerance?
- How are lactase deficiency and lactose intolerance diagnosed?
- Elimination diet
- Milk challenge
- Breath test
- Blood glucose test
- Stool acidity test
- What are the sources of lactose in the diet?
- How is lactose intolerance treated?
- What are the long-term consequences of lactose intolerance?
- What is new in lactose intolerance?
Sick Building Syndrome Multiple chemical sensitivity (MCS) or also referred to as sick building syndrome or environmental illness is the name given by...learn more »In This ArticleSick Building Syndrome Article
- Sick building syndrome facts
- What is sick building syndrome?
- Why is sick building syndrome controversial?
- What causes sick building syndrome?
- What are risk factors for sick building syndrome?
- What are sick building syndrome symptoms and signs?
- How is sick building syndrome diagnosed?
- What is the treatment for sick building syndrome?
- What are complications of sick building syndrome?
- What is the prognosis of sick building syndrome?
- Is there a way to prevent sick building syndrome?
Other Causes of Gas
- Dietary Fat, Starchy Grains
- Digestive Disease
- Intestinal Blockage
- Pancreatic Insufficiency
Examples of Medications for Gas
- metoclopramide, Reglan, Reglan ODT, Metozol ODT, Octamide, (Maxolon discontinued)
- simethicone, Phazyme, Flatulex, Mylicon, Gas-X, Gas X Extra Strength, Mylanta Gas, Gas-X Ultra
Symptoms & Signs A-Z List
GI Disorders
Get the latest treatment options.


text: More than a dozen states offer in-state tuition to undocumented students, according to the National Conference of State Legislatures. Could Tennessee be next? A Republican lawmaker from Chattanooga is sponsoring legislation to do just that. WPLN's Bradley George talks through the proposals with Andrea Zelenski. She covers state government for the Nashville Post and the Nashville Scene.


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C&C Energia Ltd. Is Acquired By Pacific Rubiales Energy Corp.
TORONTO, Dec. 31, 2012 /PRNewswire/ - C&C Energia Ltd. (C&C Energia) is pleased to announce that today Pacific Rubiales Energy Corp. (TSX: PRE; BVC: PREC; BOVESPA: PREB) (Pacific Rubiales) closed the acquisition of C&C Energia by way of plan of arrangement (the Arrangement).
With the completion of the Arrangement, Pacific Rubiales has acquired all of the issued and outstanding shares of C&C Energia and each share of C&C Energia has been exchanged for 0.3528 common shares of Pacific Rubiales, Cdn. $0.001 cash and one common share of a new exploration company, Platino Energy Corp. (TSXV: PZE).
The shares of C&C Energia are expected to be delisted from the Toronto Stock Exchange on or about January 3, 2013.
AdvisoriesCautionary Note Concerning Forward-Looking Statements This press release contains forward-looking statements and information concerning the anticipated date of the delisting of the shares of C&C Energia from the Toronto Stock Exchange. C&C Energia has provided this anticipated date in reliance on certain assumptions that it believes are reasonable at this time, including assumptions as to the timing of receipt of the necessary regulatory approvals. This date may change for a number of reasons, including the inability to secure necessary regulatory approvals in the time assumed or the need for additional time to secure such approvals. Accordingly, readers should not place undue reliance on the forward-looking statements and information contained in this press release concerning the time for the delisting of the shares of C&C Energia from the Toronto Stock Exchange. SOURCE Pacific Rubiales Energy Corp.
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text:
NYC news anchor resigns after wife-choking arrestFebruary 20, 2013 @ 10:34 am
NEW YORK (AP) - An embattled New York City television news anchor resigned Wednesday, three days after he was charged with choking and threatening his wife at their Connecticut home.
WCBS-TV released a statement saying that anchor Rob Morrison had quit, effective immediately.
Morrison said in the statement that his family is his "first and only priority right now" and that he told station management "that I need to put all of my time and energy into making sure that I do what's best for my wife and my son."
Morrison was arrested Sunday in Darien, Conn., on charges that he threatened and choked his wife, Ashley Morrison, a fellow television journalist who anchors "CBS Moneywatch."
In court papers, Darien police said Ashley Morrison had red marks on her neck after the encounter. An officer also said that Morrison threatened to kill his wife if he was released from police custody.
The arrest apparently followed years of domestic squabbles in the household. New York City police said they had been to the couple's home 11 times when they lived in Manhattan, including one incident that led to an arrest that was later sealed.
Morrison's lawyer, Robert Skovgaard, confirmed Wednesday that his client had resigned from his TV job.
Morrison has yet to enter a formal plea in his case, but said outside the courthouse Monday that he had never "raised my hands to my wife," and had not choked her.
At WCBS, he had anchored the news programs "This Morning" and "News at Noon."
(Copyright 2013 The Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.)
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text:
The Perceptionists Black Dialogue
- Words: Mars Black
- Label: Def Jux
This track is a throwback to the early '90s and sounds like the heyday of East New York rappers like Gangstarr, Group Home, and Blahzay Blahzay. The beat is definitely a head-nodder; unfortunately it's easy to ignore because the message is dated-the same thing listeners have heard from rappers for the last 10 years.
XLR8R Downloads Player


text:
- Product Line
- School Furniture on Sale
- Art Room and Drafting Furniture
- AV Equipment
- Breakroom Furniture
- Bulletin Boards & Cork Boards
- Chairs
- Church Furniture
- Classroom Rugs
- Computer Furniture
- Daycare and Preschool Furniture
- Desks and Student Desks
- Display Cases and Literature Racks
- Dry Erase Boards and Chalkboards
- Easels
- Facility Equipment
- Furniture Carts and Dollies
- HealthCare Furniture
- Industrial & Vocational Arts Furniture
- Lecterns and Podiums
- Library Furniture
- Lockers
- Office Desks
- Office Furniture
- Outdoor Furniture
- Partitions and Room Dividers
- Projector Carts
- Risers and Stages
- School Furniture
- Science Lab Furniture
- Storage Cabinets and Shelving
- Tables
- Training & Seminar Room Furniture
- Eco-friendly Furniture
Green Computer Tables
Green eco-friendly computer tables are becoming more popular as the growing trend of computers in the classroom increases. Students are spending more time in front of a computer and you can rest assured that their health is being considered when you purchase clean indoor air products that have been Greenguard Certified. Shop for brands like Virco, Smith System and Bretford that offer quality computer tables and computer workstations that are healthy enough for any classroom or computer lab.
Furniture Fast Facts: Computer Tables and Workstations


text:
- Implementation Issues
- Implementation Issues Working Group (IIWG)
- Strategic Implementation Planning Framework (SIP)
- Implementation Library
- National Risk Assessment
- Financial Inclusion
- Non-Profit Organisations
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- Implementation Issues News
- Enquiries for Implementation Issues
- Documents
Implementation Library
Implementation guidance papers, best practices and members' examples of implementation of the FATF Standards is available in "Documents" under Implementation Issues.
We are updating the library as part of the launch of the new APG website. Additional documents will be added progressively. Please go to the Documents section of this website under Implementation Issues to find documents on lessons learned.


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GRAND RAPIDS, MI – The Ancilla College women's basketball team used a 21-5 run in the final six minutes to defeat MCCAA Western Conference rivals Grand Rapids Community College 58-46 at Grand Rapids, MI, on Wednesday.
Shalana Murray scored 21 points and grabbed 16 rebounds – most of those coming in the final six minutes – as Ancilla (6-15, 4-9 MCCAA Western) moved into sole possession of the seventh and final playoff spot.
"Our players did a great job in the last six minutes taking care of the ball and getting it inside to Shalana," said Ancilla women's basketball coach Dave Liverance. "It was a great game by our post players. Our guards the last six minutes did a great job of taking care of the ball and knocking down free throws at the end."
Katrina Vannoy added 12 points to help Ancilla claim a one game lead over Kellogg Community College in the playoff race.
Up until those final six minutes, Grand Rapids (4-19, 1-12 MCCAA Western) made life very difficult on the Lady Chargers. Ancilla scored just 15 points in the first half and trailed 41-37 with a little over six minutes remaining in the contest.
Fortunately, Ancilla was able to rely on its defense and rebounding to keep the game within reach. The Lady Chargers held Grand Rapids to just 35 percent shooting while forcing 21 turnovers on the night. Ancilla also dominated on the glass, out-rebounding Grand Rapids 51-26.
"We struggled on the offensive end the first half, but we played great defense and we owned the boards," said Liverance.
The Lady Chargers resume play on Feb. 19 when they host conference rival Kellogg Community College at the LifePlex in Plymouth. Tipoff is scheduled for 1:00 p.m. EST.


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I was sick all weekend and Saturday was a cold rainy day, so I cozied up on the couch with my wife and coded. For a while I messed around with animation on AWT. AWT is like ancient technology, but it comes stock on BUG's JVM and runs pretty well on BUG. Then, sometime saturday afternoon, I started playing with mtpaint and making pixel art.
I am inspired by a Zen rock garden I saw in Japan last year. This rock garden, at Ryoan-ji Temple in Kyoto, has three walls, and, on the fourth side, a raised viewing platform. Viewer's are expected to rest on the viewing platform and quietly contemplate the garden. The garden itself is a large rectangle of perfectly raked stones interrupted by 15 large rocks. There is no place on the viewing platform where all 15 rocks can be viewed. One is meant to contemplate the meaning of that.
So, mixing AWT, pixel art, and the garden inspiration, I came up with ZenGarden for BUG. The app is usable but far from complete. Click on a spot to cycle through the rock features. Right now I only have 3, so I need12 more. I also need to somehow incorporate the idea of not being able to view all 15 at once. Finally, the rock placement is tied to the tile grid, which means they start to line up and, in my mind, detracts from the Garden's 8-bit wabi-sabi.


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Bank CD Interest Rates
Looking for up-to-the minute and daily CD rates information? CD.com reports on the most current interest rates when searching for where to put your money. Invest in CDs by using our daily research brought to you exclusively from CD.com today!
The blogosphere has some interesting stuff today, including a couple of top deals on CDs, a look at whether savings bonds (specifically Series I bonds) are better investments than certificates of deposit, and some good advice on how to save more and pay less in bank fees.» Read more
Bernanke meets the press, a new leader in 2-year CD rates, a great deal for Vermont kiddies and more
It's been an interesting couple of days. The Federal Reserve is not going to allow higher interest rates until fall – if then. But we have a new leader paying a better return on 2-year CDs and a great deal on 5-year CDs for children whose parents belong to a Vermont credit union. Check out [...]» Read more
The Federal Reserve's rate-setting committee has begun two days of meetings, but don't expect any official word on when the government-controlled bank might allow interest rates to start going up. Here's our latest roundup of the best deals and advice for CD buyers: Dr. Don Taylor, the investment advisor at Bankrate.com, tells a reader to [...]» Read more
Tax time isn't the only time to think about H&R Block. The well known tax preparation company based in Kansas City, Mo., also has an online bank that has at least one top deal on CD rates. It's offering 0.75% APY on 3-month CDs, one of the 10 best nationally available returns on those short-term [...]» Read more
Hudson City Savings Bank says it is "consistently recognized as The Most Efficient Bank in the United States," allowing it to offer some of the top nationally available CD rates in the country. Indeed, the Paramus, N.J.-based bank offers one of the 10 best nationally available returns in three different certificate of deposit terms. As [...]» Read more
Visit the White House or the Lincoln Memorial or smell the Cherry Blossoms, no matter where you are in Washington D.C., you still need to save your money. Bank CD rates can be researched to give you the highest yields so you can save your money and look forward to an enjoyable retirement. When looking [...]» Read more
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As the crisp, cool breeze of autumn approaches and the leaves are changing colors, it's that time of the year to start thinking about investing your money and research CD rates in New York City, NY. When looking to save money, CDs are paying higher yields than liquid savings accounts. If you have the money [...]» Read more


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Singing is something I love doing however I have very little confidence when it comes to performing in front of others. I'm working on that though because obviously I can't become a singer if I'm not going to perform in front of people. I'm decent at it but I could do with a lot of improving. I'd really like to sing in a band in the indie or punk genre. I'm going to try to find a band to sing in as soon as I build up my confidence.:)
mtothaunit's Life List
1. Become a model
1 entry
2,080 people
2. sing in a band
1 entry
719 people
3. Smoke weed in Amsterdam
129 people
Modeling is a job I pretty much have my heart set on although I know it can not be perminant. Next year I'm going to send my pictures to a few angencies but I'm not too sure which agencies I should send them too though so if you know any it'd be much appreicated if you told me. Another problem is that I am only 5"3 and most models are much taller so I'm not sure if modeling is gonna be something I can do. I'd really like to become a really an extreamly succsessful model such as Kate Moss; that would be a dream come true for me.


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Y Dining TablePrice: $825.00
Design by John Zheng.
Y Dining Table adds understated elegance to the modern dining room. The clever use of bent plywood table legs gives Y Dining Table its name. The bent plywood Y-shaped legs create an incredibly strong and stable table that seats four to six diners. The table top is made of solid wood and finished with wood veneer. Available in your choice of wood finishes.
Some assembly required. Covered by a 1-year limited warranty against manufacturing defects.
Material(s): Birch veneer core, ash veneer exterior, clear coat finish
Dimensions: 63" W X 31.5" D X 28.3" H
Manufacturer: Osidea
Osidea. Wood-based furnishings with timeless design and international flair.
Osidea is well-established in the European furniture design world and known for creating elegant and visually striking wood-based furnishings. The accomplished design team hails from various countries and each piece offered by Osidea combines classic, modern design with international flair.
If you desire furnishings that offer understated elegance, clean lines and classic silhouettes, Osidea's refined wood pieces are the perfect addition to the modern home. The beautiful designs and meticulous construction go hand-in-hand to produce a family of furnishings that are exquisite and lightweight, yet remarkably strong and durable.View other products from Osidea


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Today we officially launched the Blurb Business to Business program in Europe, and we're excited to welcome in a new batch of professionals from across the pond.
For those of you who aren't familiar with B3, Blurb recently launched this members-only program to offer extended services to business and creative professionals alike. For our professional members, this premium program delivers the extra print control and quality needed to support their businesses. The program has been successful here in the U.S., and we're thrilled to open it up in Europe.
The benefits include Custom Workflow, a premium upgrade featuring a custom ICC profile that enables soft proofing, as well as dedicated printing machines with super-precise calibration that result in more neutral blacks, better contrast, color saturation and fidelity, and improved shadow detail.
At the moment, B3 is in a closed charter phase, but Blurb is offering a limited number of complimentary 2008 charter memberships to creative professionals. If you're a professional and you'd like to request an invite, please click here for more information.
And in the meantime, please call us Blürb.


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The best way to find the lowest rate is to use our price and book feature, which gives you all the latest special promotional prices!
Save up to 65% off
Up to $755 Instant Air Credit
1 Free Night
Up to $250 in Spa or Tour Credit
Offers vary by date, length of stay, and room category. Blackout dates may apply. New bookings only.
We always guarantee the best price on a Sandals Resort vacation! When you book online, your personal agent will review your booking to make sure you get any extra discounts or add-ons that are available. Please don't hesitate to call one of our Platinum Certified Sandals Specialists.
With 403 rooms and 24 room categories at Sandals Royal Bahamian, there's a room for every budget. The rooms are located in 3 areas: Manor, Windsor and the Royal Village. Within these 3 areas are 3 types of rooms: rooms, club level rooms and suites and butler suites. No matter what room you choose, the resort's all inclusive plan is included.
Rooms | Club Level Rooms and Suites | Butler Suites
Sandals Royal Bahamian Accommodations
All Rooms at Sandals Royal Bahamian Include:
Balmoral Premium - PE
Complimentary Honeymoon Package at Sandals Royal Bahamian Includes:
Online check-in required at least 4 days prior to arrival. Sandals Resorts must receive via fax or email a copy of your marriage license or wedding invitation prior to travel. Please include your arrival date or booking number. You may send a copy via fax to 305-468-6321 or email email@example.com. You must show proof that your marriage took place within 30 days of travel dates.
Q. What will I need money for at Sandals Royal Bahamian?
A. You might want to take money for island tours, spa treatments, tips for airport porterage, gift shop items and souvenirs, beauty salon, dry cleaning, car rental, private tennis lesson, scuba lessons, pilates, yoga, WiFi access and Gordon's restaurant if not staying in a Butler Suite.
Q. Is there a casino on property?
A. No, but there are many close by and the famous Atlantis Casino is only 15 minutes away.


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We're sorry, this frame is currently sold out.
Regular Price: $118.00
(1) reviews
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- Progressive Eligible:
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- 50 mm
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Product DescriptionCalvin Klein CK5169 001 Black eyeglasses come with a magnetic polarized clip-on. This oval shaped black metal frame looks stylish with and without the clip-on attachment. The black acetate arms have a white striped border and a white peek-a-boo CK logo on the tips.
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Within 365 day of purchase, you may return your order in its original condition. See Return Policy.
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Jeff Gordon, driver of the #24 DuPont Chevrolet, met with media and discussed how he feels there is speed in the car and the results are improving for the team, upcoming races, the AJ Allmendinger issue, and more.
TALK ABOUT WHERE YOU ARE IN THE SEASON GOING INTO NEW HAMPSHIRE THIS WEEKEND "Obviously our season hasn't gone the way that we had hoped it would. We've shown a lot of speed. We're capable of leading laps and we just haven't come up with the results. But I feel like we've turned a corner. I feel like the last few weeks we've putting some good results together and getting to the finish with the car in one piece and having good runs. These next several weeks are obviously crucial for us. This is a great track for us. We had a shot, I felt, of winning both these races last year. We're certainly hoping to redeem ourselves this weekend and this year here in New Hampshire because it's such a great track for us and thinking back to last year. So, you've got here, you've got Indianapolis and we've got a bunch of tracks coming up that we're definitely capable of winning at. And we know that we're going to have to win at those in order to get ourselves in the championship Chase."
YOU'VE NEVER REALLY BEEN IN THIS SITUATION BEFORE AND PEOPLE HAVE COMMENTED ABOUT HOW YOU'VE HANDLED IT IN THE LAST MONTH OR SO (BY) CONSTANTLY ANSWERING QUESTIONS AND HOW YOU'VE WORKED WITH YOUR TEAM. HAVE YOU HAD TO MAKE ANY MENTAL ADJUSTMENTS TO REALLY DEAL WITH THAT OR DO YOU EVEN THINK ABOUT THAT OR DO YOU NATURALLY REMAIN POSITIVE THE WHOLE TIME? "Well, there are definitely moments in the heat of the moment, especially, when you sense the frustration and it comes out in things you say on the radio or how you handle some of those situations behind closed doors. But, when it comes to how to handle it publicly, I just don't think it does the team or myself or anybody any good to handle that negatively.
"And so whatever frustrations and challenges that we've been dealt this year, we've just continued to try to handle internally. And I would say that there has been very little questioning of anyone. It's really been just how do we turn these great runs into great results. Obviously what makes that even more challenging as the weeks go by and you don't get the results and the fans, the media, the social media and all those things start to weigh on you heavily. So, it's nice to have a lot of support out there as well, like our sponsors and our fans. But most importantly, it's what the team does. This team is one that has gotten through some pretty tough times this year and has stuck together.
"And like I said, I feel like we've turned a corner because I certainly hope that the worst is behind us, but I just feel like the last few weeks with things going more our way at the end of these races, that's helped us to understand that hey, we've just got to keep sticking together and we're going to get the results. Now, are they going to be enough to get us in the Chase? We'll see. If we get in the Chase, are they going to be enough to win the championship? We'll see. But I've been very proud of the way we've handled ourselves through all this."
DO YOU EXPECT THAT WHEN YOU GET TO INDIANAPOLIS, YOU WILL THINK THIS IS THE NO. 24 CAR OF PAST INDY RACES? DO YOU GET A NEW INVIGORATION WHEN YOU ARRIVE AT INDIANAPOLIS? "Well, most importantly right now is what we did there last year. I think it's the same tire, so that's always good. But we've made some gains this year and the speed has shown many times this year, just the results haven't. But I think back to last year at Indianapolis and how good we were and that's what memory I'm going to have going in there this year is how can we be that good and improve on our performance versus our competition in these next several weeks."
AS WE GET CLOSER TO THE CHASE, THE COUNTDOWN IS ON. IS THERE A GREATER SENSE OF URGENCY FOR YOU AND THE TEAM NOW TO CHANGE THE APPROACH OR IS IT BUSINESS AS USUAL? "The urgency to win starts in Daytona in February (laughs). So, we're not doing anything different than we have all year long. We're just trying to cross our T's and dot our I's and just do everything right. We know how hard it is to win and we also know how easy it can be when you do things right and have a fast race car. And so, is there urgency? Yeah, absolutely. One win is going to be great, but it's still not going to get us into the Chase, I don't believe. So, we know we've got to put a string of races together here to get ourselves in that opportunity to win more than one race. But, I think most people look at us while we're in 17th or 18th or wherever we are in the points and no wins, as these guys don't have a shot. We look at it as gosh, we've run so good at this track and this track and this track and this track (and being) capable of winning multiple races this year and we've got to put all the things together to pull off those victories. But we feel like we've run good enough to do it and are continuing to run good. And this is a good stretch of races for us to pull it off."
WHAT WAS YOUR REACTION TO THE AJ ALLMENDINGER ISSUE? MATT KENSETH SAID HE DIDN'T THINK NASCAR WOULD HAVE DONE ANYTHING IF THEY DIDN'T HAVE SOME ROCK-SOLID EVIDENCE. "I think we've got to wait to hear more results. I hope we get a full story. I haven't asked anybody or talked to anybody that has any real details and I don't even know if they're capable of giving those details. But you'd certainly like to know what it is. Obviously the test came back with something positive. So, I have pretty strong faith in that system that when it happens, that they're right. But what could have caused it? Is it something very minor that could have caused it or is it yeah, somebody made a mistake or that it definitely should have shown up that way. So, I was shocked. I didn't expect it. I definitely have had a great relationship with AJ on and off the race track and didn't see that one coming."
HOW DISAPPOINTING IS IT FOR YOU THAT THE ATTENDANCE FOR THE BRICKYARD 400 IS GOING THE WRONG DIRECTION? "Very. I think it is such an amazing event to be a part of. From day-one, it never felt like it was the best fan-spectator race track if you look at NASCAR tracks. If it's a mile-and-a-half, you can see three-quarters of the track from the grandstands, where at Indy (Indianapolis Motor Speedway), you see them flash by down the front straightaway. If you are sitting in the corner, you see them coming into the corner and going off the corner. But, from a spectacle, and just hype and excitement and energy to be a part of, I think it's a huge event. Still, for the drivers, it still holds just as much prestige as it ever did. So, it is disappointing. As we've seen, many times over the last couple of years, many different factors weigh in as to why the fans fill the stands at some tracks and don't at others. I would think Indianapolis would be one of those tracks that a lot of people typically travel to. When you have that many grandstands, it's not just everybody Indiana filling it up. It's other people traveling from further out. And, it's expensive to travel these days with gas prices and hotel prices, and everything else. So, hopefully see a good crowd this year."
ARE YOU GOING BACK TO RWANDA THIS YEAR? WHAT IS DIFFERENT ABOUT THIS YEAR'S TRIP FROM LAST YEAR'S TRIP? "Last year's trip we went and looked at what PIH (Partners in Health) is doing there with their hospitals. We had already made a commitment to fund a cancer center there. Now, we are actually doing the grand opening and the ribbon cutting ceremony of it actually starting. It took a little while to get…the hospital is there, but to get the cancer center, which is the part that we're helping to fund. It also took a while to get some pretty important people scheduled there. I am excited that Paul Farmer, he's kind of master-minded it all, will be there. But we'll also have President Clinton there, and the president of Rwanda, President Kagame. I'm excited. I leave Monday. It's going to be a very short trip, but it's one that I'm really looking forward to getting back there. It is such a beautiful area. That Butaro Hospital and it rural area. I'm able to be a part of something that is ground-breaking in rural East Africa. This is the first of its kind of any cancer center. When they look at the projections in a developing country like East Africa, cancer is on the rise there, and can be very curable and treatable in many cases. It's just not happening. This is a big step, and I can't wait to get there and be a part of this event."
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Monthly Archives: May 2011
My girl
Ani had a tough time coughing and dealing with her runny nose this week. She was thankfully feeling better on Friday (the wonders of a good night's sleep!) and on Saturday we went to Oli's birthday pirate party – the … Continue reading
Posted in Birthday Tagged Love, Photography 1 Comment
Monkeying around
He's licking his dad instead of his lollipop. Well at least his attention was diverted until the food arrived. I love them so much.
Posted in Uncategorized Tagged Love, Photography 1 Comment
I just looking
I am sitting at my laptop, trying to type while my little girl is looking through my schedule book and repeating "I just looking, what does this spell mama?", hence the title of this post… I am really happy to … Continue reading
Posted in Uncategorized Tagged Inspiration, Love, Photography 3 Comments
I am sharing another couple of pages from my little book today. Some famous words by artist Gerhard Richter written by my then fellow student and photographer, Frauke Eigen. I know that my friend Britta (more on Britta later as she … Continue reading
Posted in Uncategorized Tagged Life, Photography 1 Comment
This was my contribution today for the Bench Monday Flickr group. Our kids' worlds are so full of joy and I love the way they can switch from sad to happy in a split second. I am trying to keep … Continue reading
Posted in Uncategorized Tagged Life, Love, Photography 1 Comment
There is nothing consistent about the weather in Vancouver. We had a great late spring/early summer's day yesterday and pouf, it's vanished into thin air and rain and a somewhat colder clime have settled in for the upcoming few days. … Continue reading
Posted in Uncategorized Tagged iPhoneography, Life, Love, Photography 1 Comment
I try to carry my DSLR everywhere and although I did do it religiously for a few weeks I then realised that it is not very practical while trying to manage a two year old, let alone along with a … Continue reading
Posted in Uncategorized Tagged Creativity, Life, Photography 1 Comment
Another excerpt from my little book. "The future is liquid. In fact, Everything is liquid. There is no location, island or harbour but the water can be warm or cold, clean or murky. And we have to keep swimming" – … Continue reading
Posted in Uncategorized Tagged Inspiration, Life, Photography 1 Comment
Weekend away
My work had a retreat at the weekend. Due to some work circumstances my hubs and the kids couldn't come with me so I hopped on the float plane by myself (needless to say that we wouldn't have all hopped … Continue reading
Posted in Uncategorized Tagged Inspiration, Life, Photography 1 Comment
Unpredictable beauty
There are flowers everywhere, for those who bother to look. ~Henri Matisse This picture reminded me of this quote. Today I am thankful for this (and yay, blog is active again!).
Posted in Beauty Tagged Life, Photography 2 Comments


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Wipeout Create & Crash review. http://www.ClassicGameRoom.com Shop CGR shirts & mugs! http://www.CGRstore.com Classic Game Room presents a CGR Undertow review of Wipeout Create & Crash for the Xbox 360 developed by Behaviour Interactive and published by Activision. ABC s popular game show returns to consoles in Wipeout Create & Crash, the first game in the series to offer players the ability to create their very own courses.
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|List A - Z | Top 1000 | Random | Origins
ButlerRate Butler: Do you like this name?
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Meaning and name origin
Butler \b(u)-tler, but-ler\ as a boy's name is of Old English origin, and the meaning of Butler is "bottle bearer". Occupational name. Originally the household servant in charge of wines and liquors. Nicholas Murray Butler was an influential president of Columbia University in the early 20th century.
Butler has 1 variant form: Buttler.
Suggested similar baby names are Buhler and Cutler.
Butler is not a popular first name for males but a very popular surname or last name for all people (#91 out of 88799) (2000 U.S. Census).
Displayed below is the baby names popularity of Butler name for boys (2012 statistics). Compare Butler with its variant form and related boy baby names.
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USC should rebound this week against Cal, with "should" being the operative word.
But will the Trojans bounce back in a more-than-16-points kind of way?
Click here for my breakdown of the matchup and predicted score. Then come back and voice your opinion:
More from the USC blog:
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