text:
BMW's Energy Strategy
the World's Most Common Element
How Hydrogen is Recovered
How Hydrogen is Stored and Distributed
Filling Your Tank:
How Hydrogen Goes into Your Car
Drive Technology:
How Cars Run on Hydrogen
CleanEnergy Partnership, TES
Entering Everyday Life:
Strengthening Current Acceptance.
Other Alternative Drive Concepts Considered
by the BMW Group
Hydrogen stands out clearly from fossil sources of energy by the simple, but all-important fact that in its recovery and use it can be embedded in a regenerating, natural cycle: Whenever hydrogen is recovered through regenerating sources of energy such as solar, wind and water energy, it is indeed available in unlimited quantities and virtually without the slightest emissions.
BMW was the first car maker in the world to focus consistently on the
medium- and long-term development of its cars on the use of hydrogen.
And on this basis the Company has developed a logical, all-round concept:
BMW CleanEnergy, the BMW Group's Energy Strategy. The long-term objective is to avoid emissions and use energy recovered in a regenerating process.
There are important reasons for this strategy: In July 1998 the Association of the European Automobile Industry (ACEA) made a commitment to the European Union to reduce the CO2 emissions of all newly registered European cars to an average of 140 g CO2/km by the year 2008. This equals a reduction in CO2 emissions by 25 per cent versus 1995 and amounts to average fuel consumption of just 6.0 liters/100 km (47.1 mpg Imp).
A further reduction of CO2 emissions by 14 per cent from 2008-2012 is also being considered. It is a fact, however, that ACEA's targets going beyond
140 g CO2/km cannot be achieved by vehicle-related, technical improvements for reducing fuel consumption alone. It also calls for the use of fuel either low in carbon or completely free of carbon. And the long-term solution in this context is hydrogen.
Depending on the type of drive system used, the energy stored in hydrogen can be converted into two forms of energy for driving a car: either through a conventional combustion engine serving to convert this energy directly into drive power or through so-called "cold" combustion in a fuel cell generating electrical energy. BMW uses both of these options, focusing on the combustion engine for the actual process of driving a vehicle. The combustion power unit, given the sum total of its features, still offers the greatest number of benefits. At the same time BMW sees the fuel cell as a source of energy supplying electric power to the on-board network in lieu of a conventional alternator and offering brand-new options in air conditioning the car as well as other comfort functions.
BMW has worked hard for international leadership in hydrogen technology throughout 20 years of research and development. The focus in this process has been not only on engine technology as such, but also on the recovery, storage and transfer of hydrogen into the car itself. Hence, the BMW Group is consistently promoting the introduction of hydrogen as a source of energy, establishing partnerships with other companies in developing components and technologies, and sensitizing both decision-makers in politics and the energy industry to the need to start the actual process of implementation now.
Hydrogen can be stored either in gaseous form or as a cryogenic fluid and is relatively easy to transport. A non-toxic color- and odorless gas, hydrogen is combustible and has approximately one-quarter the calorific value of gasoline in its liquid phase (in terms of volume). In terms of weight, on the other hand, liquid hydrogen has almost three times as much energy as gasoline. Combustion of hydrogen generates water (H2O), but no carbon dioxide (CO2). And given the sum total of its properties, hydrogen, in the opinion of experts, has the potential to become the fuel of the future.
In nature hydrogen is virtually non-existent in its pure form outside of
compounds. It is to be found most frequently in water, in various forms of hydrocarbon, and in other chemical compounds. Therefore it always requiring a conversion process before it can be used for the generation of energy.
Currently more than 600 billion cubic meters of hydrogen is recovered worldwide each year. This hydrogen comes, for example, from the reformation of natural gas, from the production of coke or electrolysis of chlorine alkali, a process which generates hydrogen as a by-product. Annual production of hydrogen in Germany amounts to approximately 30 billion cubic meters.
Half of the hydrogen recovered in this way is required for synthesizing ammonia used for the production of artificial fertilizer and for the synthesis of plastics. A quarter of the ammonia serves for processing petroleum, and the final quarter is used for synthesizing methanol, an alcohol used in the textiles, dye, and plastics industry, and is also applied in a large number of metallurgical production processes.
None of these processes offers a long-term, sustained alternative: First, they are based on finite raw materials and sources of energy; second, undesired substances such as carbon dioxide are released in the processes involved. Working on behalf of the European Union and the German Federal Government, researchers are examining the options for the so-called sequestration of CO2. This is the process of separating and retaining this gas, for example in recovering hydrogen from natural gas. For the purpose of long-term storage, the carbon dioxide is pumped into former, now empty deposits of crude oil, natural gas, or coal. Another point being - critically - debated is the option to deposit such carbon dioxide at the bottom of the sea.
The hydrogen gas generated in this process is retained, as is - where required - the gaseous oxygen. Again, this may be done in various ways:
The highly developed process of alkalic electrolysis is currently the most environmentally-friendly and economical production method among these processes. However, electrolysis makes sense in ecological terms only if the electricity used for the fission of water is obtained from regenerating sources of primary energy.
One way of converting this energy into electric power is through the use of solar cells generating electricity directly in the process of conversion. To try out such scenarios, the BMW Group played an active role from the beginning in the Solar Hydrogen Project in the small Bavarian town of Neunburg vorm Wald. Here, in cooperation with other companies, researchers examined the photovoltaic generation of hydrogen and its use for various purposes.
Judged by the current state of the art, solar power stations with trough-shaped parabolic mirrors are even more interesting in economic terms than photovoltaic conversation facilities. The process applied in this case is to heat oil pumped into a pipe to a temperature of up to 400 °C or 750 °F in the mirror's focal point. This hot oil then serves to evaporate water in a heat exchanger, the steam generated in this way being used in the next step to drive a steam turbine for the production of electric power. Solar-thermal facilities of this kind are already in operation in the Mojave Desert in California where, among others, the Kramer Junction and Harper Lake Solar Power Stations generate environmentally-friendly solar electricity which may also be used for recovering hydrogen.
Here, in the largest solar power complex in the world, 2.3 million square meters of mirrors generate 354 megawatt of electricity - enough energy for approximately 200,000 inhabitants of California. This means that during its overall service life, this solar power plant avoids the emission of 18 million tonnes of CO2 in comparison with facilities running on fossil fuel.
Particularly regions around the 40th latitude are very well suited for solar power plants. But even in Europe solar-thermal plants are seen to have a potential of approximately 1,400 terawatt hours (TWh), equal to almost four million of the solar power plants in California mentioned before. Even photovoltaic technology would be able to generate 600 TWh. The fact nevertheless remains that at least in the mean term wind energy offers the largest energy reserves in Europe not yet tapped, amounting to 1800 TWh offshore and 350 TWh on land. Currently about 60 TWh of electric energy is generated by wind power in Europe, that is roughly 2.4 per cent of the total demand for electricity.
Re-growing raw materials may also be used instead of fossil carbon compounds as input for recovering hydrogen. Using biomass as the source of energy for regenerating hydrogen, the processes applied are unique in two respects: First, they are the only option to recover hydrogen directly from a regenerating source of primary energy. Second, biomass is generally regarded as almost neutral in terms of CO2, since, through photosynthesis, plants take up the same amount of carbon dioxide from the air as they emit themselves when being processed.
Hydrogen can be recovered from biomass either through gasification or
fermentation or through other biological processes. For ecological reasons
numerous experts claim that hydrogen should only be recovered from waste biomass, and not from energy-bearing plants. Clearly, this alone applies
certain strict limits to the availability of biomass really suitable for practical use.
Studies conducted in the context of the TES Transport Energy Strategy state that in Europe hydrogen recovered from biomass has the potential to substitute approximately 30 per cent of the total amount of fuel generated in conventional processes. The assumption made in this case is that all the biomass available, including the cultivation of energy plants, is used exclusively for the production of fuel for road traffic. But since biomass is also used for stationary purposes in the production of electricity and heat, its real potential for substitution is in the region of 15 per cent. In other words, biomass can make a contribution to the reduction of carbon dioxide emissions, but is far from being able to cater to the actual demand.
Very large amounts of hydrogen are stored in so called gasometers, medium quantities are kept in gaseous form in pressure tanks at approximately 30 bar. Small amounts, in turn, may be filled into pressure cylinders made of steel or carbon-fiber-reinforced composite materials up to a pressure of 400 bar. New tank systems able to withstand pressure of up to 700 bar are currently being examined.
Hydrogen can be stored in liquid form at a temperature of -253 °C. Since this kind of storage, as opposed to the storage of hydrogen in gaseous form at 700 bar, provides 1.78 more energy density per unit of volume, BMW advocates the use of liquid hydrogen for storage in the vehicle: The more energy one can take along within an existing tank of given capacity, the longer the range of the vehicle. To achieve the same energy density as liquid hydrogen, gaseous hydrogen would have to be compressed and stored at a pressure of 1250 bar.
Another option is to store hydrogen in a so-called hybrid reservoir, where the hydrogen is kept under pressure in metallic powder and then released again as required through the infusion of heat. Hydrid reservoirs are able to take up
approximately 2 per cent of their weight in hydrogen, which is not enough for use in a motor vehicle.
One more option being examined is the storage of hydrogen in nano-fiber structures or alanates (= chemical hydrogen compounds). Should these technologies prove viable, they would indeed open up new perspectives for the storage of hydrogen energy.
Intercontinental transportation of hydrogen is also a routine procedure these days, with the technical solutions required being largely in place. And since liquid hydrogen takes up only about one-tenth of the volume of gas compressed to 30 bar, ships and trucks are designed to carry cryogenic hydrogen. As in the case of nitrogen, oxygen or argon, the tank systems used in this case are high-vacuum-insulated double-jacket tanks.
These facilities allow efficient transportation of hydrogen from its place of
production all the way to the car: Immediately after recovery, the gas is cooled to a temperature of -253 °C. From here, ships and tank trucks transport the - now liquid - hydrogen to the filling station, where it is again stored in cryogenic form. Then, at the fuel pump itself, the hydrogen flows into the tank of the car either in liquid form or, after being allowed to warm up, is pumped into a pressurized tank under the pressure required. Both of these processes can be applied at one and the same filling station, meaning that the filling station of the future will be able to offer the motorist not only gasoline and diesel, but also gaseous and liquid hydrogen.
The BMW Group advocates the use of liquid hydrogen. The main reason for this decision is that the energy density of liquid hydrogen relative to the tank system is almost twice that of gas compressed to 700 bar, reaching a level of almost 2.5 kilowatt hours per liter.
Cooperating with Magna Steyr in a joint venture, BMW is developing a tank system allowing vehicles to be filled up with liquid hydrogen virtually just as fast, with no loss and no danger of any kind, that is with the same convenience and efficiency as in the case of gasoline or diesel. To offer the customer optimum comfort and convenience, this tank-filling system is already in use at the world's first public "robotized" filling station for liquid hydrogen at Munich Airport. In April 2004 the project partners responsible for installing and operating this filling station were able to look back at five years of experience, so far filling more than 30,000 liters of liquid hydrogen into various vehicles in more than 600 operations.
The procedure applied is very simple and straightforward: Like at every other filling station, cars running on hydrogen drive up to the fuel pump located in the public area of Munich Airport. Then the driver initiates the fully automatic tank-filling process. While the tank is being filled up - this takes roughly as long as a conventional tank-filling process with gasoline or diesel - the driver in theory need not even get out of his car, since he is identified by his tank card or by electronic remote control. Liquid hydrogen at a temperature of -253 °C is subsequently able to "rain" into the tank of his BMW, hydrogen gas in the tank condensing on the droplets via the liquid phase and thus reducing the partial pressure of the hydrogen gas. As a result, absolutely no hydrogen is lost in the process of filling the tank.
In terms of the operations involved, the process of filling the tank manually is again virtually exactly the same as at a conventional filling station. By and large, the system differs only in terms of the pressure- and low temperature-proof connector taking the place of the usual pump nozzle: To fill up the tank, the driver places the connector on the tank filler pipe and locks it in position, enabling the hydrogen to "flow" in.
This process of filling the tank manually is to be studied in a large-scale
demonstration project in Berlin, where the first hydrogen tank in Germany integrated in a public filling station will be opened in autumn 2004. And to develop a standardized liquid hydrogen connector suitable for worldwide use on the automobile as soon as possible, the BMW Group and General Motors/Opel established an open consortium in April 2003 together with Linde and Walter.
In a further series of tests vehicle tanks filled with liquid hydrogen were subjected to various fire conditions in a special test area: In the process the tanks were surrounded by flames at a temperature of almost 1000 °C or approximately 1850 °F for up to 70 minutes. Again, the tanks did not present any problems, the evaporated hydrogen slowly escaping through the safety valves in a smooth, almost imperceptible flow of gas. In the last series of tests, finally, car tanks containing liquid hydrogen were deformed and seriously damaged by hard, solid objects. None of the tanks exploded.
Thorough and very demanding crash tests were also conducted successfully on the overall vehicle as a complete "system" and are described in greater detail in the Chapter on "How Cars Run on Hydrogen". After these comprehensive examinations, the TÜV Technical Inspection Authority arrived at the conclusion that hydrogen can be used just as safely as gasoline.
Currently it takes about one day for the fuel in a hydrogen tank to reach a
pressure of 5 bar with the engine not running. And whenever the car is driven in the meantime, pressure decreases and the loss of hydrogen during extended standstill periods may be avoided altogether.
BMW has been examining engines and vehicles for the use of liquid hydrogen since 1978. On 11 May 2000 BMW became the first car maker in the world to present a demonstration fleet of 15 hydrogen-powered sedans, in this case the BMW 750hL. "We believe in the combustion engine, since we are convinced that our customers will demand dynamic performance, superior comfort and a long cruising range also in future", states Professor Göschel. The vehicles run by BMW have proven their qualities in everyday use, covering more than 170,000 kilometers.
In 2001 and 2002 some of these vehicles accompanied the BMW Group's CleanEnergy WorldTour, seeking to create an international awareness for hydrogen technology, its benefits and the tasks still to be handled. Visiting five major world cities, the BMW Group invited representatives of political life, the world of science and the media to attend special events held during the WorldTour. And the positive response shown by this international audience made the CleanEnergy WorldTour a great success.
BMW already presented a trendsetting hydrogen concept engine at the 2003 Frankfurt Motor Show. Displacing 6.0 liters, this V12 engine develops maximum output of more than 170 kW or 231 bhp at 5,500 rpm, with maximum torque of 337 Nm or 248 lb-ft at a low 2,000 rpm.
Significantly, the new hydrogen concept engine is able to run on a stochiometric hydrogen/air mixture (lambda = 1). One of the biggest challenges in making this possible was to avoid anomalies in the combustion process overcome by the use of fully variable double-VANOS and Valvetronic drive.
To drastically reduce NOx emissions, BMW's engineers are pursuing a special operating strategy:
As long as the engine is running under part load, load management, as with
a diesel engine, is based on the concept of quality control, meaning that the
engine is run in the lean mode with an air surplus (lambda > 1.7) and with the generation of NOx emissions being kept to a minimum. As a result, there is no need for any subsequent treatment of exhaust gas.
Whenever the engine is required to develop substantial power, on the other hand, engine load is based on quantity control, like in a gasoline engine:
In this case the engine runs on a stochiometric mixture (lambda = 1) which, while generating NOx emissions, remains significantly beneath the SULEV limit through subsequent treatment of exhaust emissions.
Fast electronic engine management and flexible valve control enable the engine to switch from one of these operating modes to the other without virtually any delay.
Further improvements serving the same purpose are the reduction of engine friction, the optimization of ancillary systems as well as the enhancement of overall energy management.
While a conventional battery has to be charged by an alternator, this system operates independently of the engine and is fed with energy from the hydrogen tank. Even when the engine is not running the APU allows the driver to use the air conditioning or heating. And an Auxiliary Power Unit not only supplies three times more power than an alternator, but also restricts this supply of power to the actual period of use, meaning that power is only supplied when actually required, whereas with conventional technology the engine drives the alternator all the time.
Applying this saving to conventional gasoline fuel, this means a reduction of fuel consumption by one liter per 100 km in city traffic. And if the coolant pump, oil pumps, brake servo and by-wire applications are also supplied with electric power in this way, a fuel cell is able to reduce fuel consumption to an even greater extent. Last but not least, the "drain" of power from the engine is more than 10 kW lower, this additional power then being available to drive the vehicle.
An elementary point of fundamental significance in this context is to prove the positive effects of a new technology on the environment. This is why hydrogen is to be recovered to the greatest possible extent through regenerating energy, that is mainly with electricity derived from solar energy, hydro or wind power. This means that in practice no undesired emissions are generated from the initial recovery of hydrogen all the way to its final use in the car. BMW is participating in the project through the operation of hydrogen vehicles.
The compact facility used for this purpose is designed for fully automatic,
ongoing and safe operation. A particular factor is the direct link established between the production of hydrogen and actual demand at the filling pump, with only as much hydrogen being produced as is actually required. A compressor unit compresses the gaseous hydrogen from approximately 15 to 350 bar, that is the pressure at which hydrogen is filled into the cars. And filling pumps are indeed already prepared for a filling process under a pressure of 700 bar.
This supply of liquid hydrogen also serves as back-up for the supply of
gaseous hydrogen: Should the supply of compressed hydrogen run low, liquid hydrogen can be converted into gaseous hydrogen to set off any bottlenecks in the supply process. The filling pumps for liquid hydrogen are equipped with a transfer pump and a cold-draw coupling for rapid tanking. The advantage of such a filling station with liquid hydrogen is that it is able to achieve a potentially greater throughput of energy.
The objective of this initiative is to develop a common strategy for the introduction of alternative energy and drive systems. Further fundamental goals are to make transport less dependent on petroleum, to preserve finite resources, to further reduce emissions such as CO2, and to expand the initiative to the whole of Europe. These objectives are based on the vision of a crisis-resistant, sustained, environmentally-friendly and resource-preserving supply of energy which, in combination with a new generation of highly efficient vehicles, is intended to pave the way into a more ecologically-minded and economical world of mobility in future.
The Transport Energy Strategy has been successfully presented at numerous international events, international corporations in the energy and car industries joining the TES initiative.
A lot has happened recently also in Europe in developing a fully-fledged
hydrogen economy: The new European Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Technology Platform (EHP) held its first General Assembly in Brussels in early 2004,
expressing its commitment to the development and application of low-cost, competitive European energy systems based on hydrogen and fuel cell
technologies for mobile, portable and stationary applications. In the next 10 years the EU will provide up to Euro 2.8 billion in funds in its quest to initiate a hydrogen economy compatible with the environment.
Specialists of the BMW Group have been appointed to bodies such as the
Advisory Council and the Deployment Strategy Panel of the EHP as well as the California Hydrogen Highway Implementation Advisory Panel in order to offer their advice and know-how. This ensures an effective transfer of know-how also on an international level, the BMW Group being able to contribute experience from 25 years of hydrogen research.
Within an open Development Consortium, the BMW Group has joined forces with General Motors in the development of a liquid hydrogen tank coupling to be established as a global standard.
This projected liquid hydrogen coupling is based on the Draft Directive of the European Integrated Hydrogen Project (EIHP) serving in turn as the basis for compiling the future ECE Directives for Hydrogen-Drive Vehicles (ECE = Economic Commission of Europe of the United Nations). The actual process of developing the coupling is being conducted with the support of Linde and Walter, two specialist companies in this area.
Partnership members Toyota, Honda and Nissan will contribute a total of 65 fuel-cell powered vehicles to the project. BMW, as the leader in hydrogen internal combustion engines will provide up to 15 7 Series cars, the only test vehicles using proven internal-combustion engines.
The material is therefore highly suitable for use not only in classes such as Chemistry, Physics, and Technology, but also in subjects such as Geography, Social Science and Economics, where the issue of intelligent and sustained energy supply in future is also of great significance.
The teaching material follows an overriding, interdisciplinary perspective in focusing on the general subject of hydrogen. Particular highlights are the significance of mobility and energy, the reasons for climate problems, regenerating recovery of energy, hydrogen as a source of energy in future in both mobile and stationary applications, and the general topic of switching over to a hydrogen economy.
A touchscreen enables the visitor to get acquainted with the technical highlights of the hydrogen car in greater detail, focusing on the engine, the tank and the supply lines all the way to the exhaust system. The range of teaching material is supplemented by the H2 laboratory even accessible from the internet, together with films and graphics. All this gives the observer a good idea of the many benefits of hydrogen and heightens awareness of the steps still to be taken by society to make the fuel of the future reality in our world.
The fact remains, however, that knowledge on hydrogen is still limited,
particularly young people knowing rather little about the many ways of using hydrogen. Precisely here, therefore, the teaching material provided by the BMW Group makes an important contribution.
A survey has shown that the image of hydrogen crucial to its acceptance is largely neutral: Although respondents subjectively believe that hydrogen involves greater risks in the operation of a vehicle than gasoline and diesel, they agree that hydrogen should replace conventional fuel in future. The introduction of hydrogen powering an all-round or high-tech vehicle would therefore speed up the process of acceptance. And the benefits of hydrogen technology in terms of society and personal use are seen above all in the area of environmental protection.
This Experimental Vehicle not only showed a standard of response never seen before as well as an increase in torque to 1,000 Nm or 737 lb-ft at low speeds, but also enabled the vehicle to reduce fuel consumption by up to 15 per cent in the usual test drive cycle.
A concept imaginable in future is to install a compact "active transmission" integrating both the electric motor and the power electronics into the transmission and thus significantly reducing both the additional weight and the space required for the system. High-performance capacitors in the door-sills could provide a further benefit, offering far higher charge and discharge rates than a battery system. And last but not least, electrical intervention in the drivetrain might serve to optimize driving conditions in, say, stop-and-go traffic or when accelerating.
In the serial hybrid system the combustion engine, alternator, electricity
reservoir and the electric motor connected to the drivetrain all operate in series following the flow of energy. This provides the option to optimize the combustion engine for operating conditions with the highest degree of efficiency, the engine starting only when the battery is not able to provide the amount of energy currently required.
The challenge facing the engineer is to keep the space required and the extra weight - both of which are greater mostly due to the additional battery - within reasonable limits. A further factor is that such a vehicle requires two drivetrains at least in part. And last but not least, complex interaction of the two sub-systems presents greater demands in the management and development of the vehicle as such.
Hence, there are two crucial arguments against hybrid drive: As an add-on solution it makes the vehicle not only heavier but also more expensive.
All concepts for intelligent electrification are therefore nothing but a supplementary solution in the ongoing development of the combustion engine.
The BMW Group introduced an innovative concept for electric drive vehicles in the guise of the E1 as early as in 1991. In terms of its size and range, such a vehicle is suited above all for use in cities and densely populated areas where the inherent disadvantages of the electric motor are less significant:
Unlike the combustion engine, the electric motor develops maximum power at low speeds, while at the usual speeds on the motorway it is far less dynamic and agile than a combustion engine.
Ongoing development of the electric car is moreover linked inseparably to battery performance and efficiency. And it is a fact that battery systems are still quite inadequate in meeting the requirements made by a road vehicle in practical use. The conflict of interests between energy and power density, for example, remains unsolved to this day. While a high-temperature battery is able to store three times as much energy on the same weight as a lead battery, it does not provide the same power output as, say, a nickel metal-hydride battery. To cover a range of 200 kilometers or 125 miles, a battery would have to weigh approximately 500 kilograms.
Yet a further drawback is the battery's inadequate rapid-charging capacity, meaning that "filling up the tank" would take the whole night. And the fuel cell serving as a chemical battery still calls for great concessions in terms of both weight and cost.
Starting in 1995, the BMW Group became the first European car maker to offer series production cars with natural gas drive able to run in a dual mode either on natural gas or gasoline. Indeed, the BMW 316 g running on compressed natural gas was one of the cleanest cars in the world, right from the start fulfilling the strictest emission limits coming into force in California in 2003.
Knowledge gained in the project nevertheless showed that natural gas drive lacks the appropriate long-term perspective: A vehicle running on natural gas still emits sizable amounts of carbon dioxide. A further point is that natural gas is a fossil source of energy subject to finite supply. And the need to establish a natural gas infrastructure complete with filling stations would make this an unfeasible alternative en route to hydrogen technology. With the market acceptance of the natural gas car also being limited, the BMW Group has decided to discontinue its production of natural gas cars, taking the direct step into the world of hydrogen instead.
Accordingly, the BMW Group is continuing this approach through the series development of the hydrogen car with a combustion engine and its consistent commitment to hydrogen as a sustainable source of energy for the future.


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Contains the keyword Play--Psychological aspects
Children and play. Chichester, West Sussex, U.K. ; Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell; 2010.
"The role of play in development is a source of ongoing interest and debate. In this book, renowned expert Peter Smith offers an expansive definition of the term 'play,' taking an in-depth look at its impact on children, as well as its adaptive value in animals."
The role of play in human development. Oxford ; New York: Oxford University Press; 2009.
"In this book, Pellegrini argues that play is an excellent example of the ways in which biology and culture influence each other, especially during childhood. Specifically, the innovative possibilities associated with different forms of play behavior during the juvenile period can influence individuals' skill acquisition, and possibly influence the development of the species."

subset: commoncrawl


text:
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Business & Technology
BOV shareholders approve dividend and bonus issue
Bank of Valletta shareholders approved a gross final dividend of €0.13 per share, which represents a gross payment of €35.1 million for the financial year ending September 30, 2012.
BOV Chairman Frederick Mifsud Bonnici and Chief Executive Officer Charles Borg explained the macroeconomic context in which the bank operated during the financial year, as well as giving a breakdown of what led to the €110.7 million pre-tax profit made by the bank.
Mr Mifsud Bonnici gave an overview of the international economic situation in which he noted that the European Commission, the European Central Bank and the International Monetary Fund had, since earlier this year, all revised downwards their growth forecasts for the coming year. He noted that following a short recession, economic growth in Malta recovered moderately in 2012, noting that while there had been a marked contraction in construction, other sectors like specialised manufacturing, tourism, health, recreation and professional services had seen increased activity.
The CEO highlighted a number of the operational achievements of the Bank – including its launch of mobile banking. Mr Borg explained why the Bank was a "shaper" of the Maltese economy, and a catalyst for its growth – mainly because, as in previous years, it remained committed to support the Maltese economy in a responsible manner
He noted that the growth in deposits and take-up of the Bank's products and services showed the trust that Bank of Valletta enjoyed in the Community.
A number of resolutions relating to share capital and directors' remuneration in addition to the standard statutory resolutions were approved during the Annual General Meeting, which was held at the Hilton Hotel.
The shareholders voted to choose six directors out of eight candidates who submitted their nomination: Joseph Borg, Ann Fenech, George Portanier, Publio Danny Rosso, Robert Martin Suban, Paul Testaferrata Moroni Viani, George Wells and Franco Xuereb.
In this regard, Mr Mifsud Bonnici and Gordon Cordina were appointed by the Government until the 2013 AGM, while Roberto Cassata was appointed by UniCredit until the 2015 AGM.


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Today is the birthday of my mother, she is 48 years old ! But 21 in her heart and she's full of wisdom ! ^.^ I'm going to make her a card but I'm a bit disappointed because there's no ink in my printer and I did her birthday card on Photoshop... =( Oh well, I'll draw something ! I hope it won't look crappy =SWhile I was working today, my sister came to see my mom. Well, "see" my mom.... This story is so long but I need to get this off my chest because I'm going to kill my sister. Where do I begin.. well... My sister is living with her boyfriend. Since Day One they have financial problems. Why ? Because they moved in and they both didn't had a job. Her boyfriend's mother was giving him money while he was searching for a job. It took him more than six months. Then, finally my sister found a job too. But guess what ? My parents had to pay them their grocery and my sister's lunches for school.THEN, they finally leaved my parents alone for a while. SHORT TIME ! I found out today that it has been a month since my parents started to gave them food again and now my sister impose my parents to pay her bike (which cost $100 and my sister said she would pay 50 and my parents 50. But my sister and her boyfriend both have jobs and both said they wanted to live their life like adults. BUT THEY'RE NOT RESPONSIBLES ! They want people to treat them like adults but we just CAN'T !!!!!!!!So. My mother does not agree with feeding them and paying my sister's bike. Which is totally normal. Why would she do it like she still live with us !?! My sister finally came here and didn't even said "Happy birthday ma !" NO. She said "Where is dad?" Because she needed him to go to buy her bike. So my mother told her he did overtime at work and he'll need to rest when he'll get home. Then, my father arrived like 5 minutes after that and my sister(Melissa) asked him "Are we going ?!" so my mom replied "well I told you why it can't work !! " and guess what beautiful Melissa said ? " I want to hear it from him " HOW CAN SHE SAY THAT ! Like my mother was telling LIES ! ARGH !My father told her the same thing my mother did and then my mom decided it was the right moment to tell my sister she won't get the bike nor food with their money anymore and then the big fight started. She told my mom was heartlessly because she didn't want to "help her buy her bike" and that it's her duty as a mother to help her until the day she dies ! HOW CAN SHE SAY THAT ?! HOOOOW ! My mother gave up her career and her life for US ! She has no life and she's a housewife with a boring life. She complains about it all the time but I know she would do it again it she had too. My sister always got whatever she needed with my parents, always ! And she's saying those words to my mother on her birthday ?! I DARE HER ! ARG ! She bought my mom a stupid card with nice words but everybody knows that WORDS ARE CHEAP !The only time you'll hear from my sister here it's when she wants something. She'll never call just to say hi. She'll never come just to see us. Never. She's fuckin' self-centered and selfish ! I cannot believe it !!!!!!!!!!!!I can't wait to talk to her about her fuckin' attitude ! Maaann, she's gonna get it right in her face. If my parents don't want to be rude and gave her reality checks, man, I'm so going to do it ! HELL YEAH. If our sister ship has to suffer from it, be it, as long as she learn something out of it. If not, well she can fuckin' die alone like all the selfish people should. She lost my respect today. Man, it feels good to have that off my chest !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! But I still want to kill her. Ugh. What a bitch.
I think that's what the sentence says in the story Peter Pan. Or it's something close to it. Anyway's, just wanted to point that out loll--This evening, Ghyslain came to see me. We watch the movie Finding Neverland and it made me thought about things in my life. Some minutes before Ghys had to go, I started crying. At first, I didn't know why and thought it was stupid so I hide it from him(it was easy because we were in the dark) but he found out I was crying so I told him and he kept on asking questions and I found out why I was crying.The thoughts I had during the movie made me realize many things about me and the way I treat myself and how I've been treating myself in the past years. I make myself unhappy by believing and telling myself harsh things. I convinced myself that I was nothing and now I'm afraid that's what people will see when they'll look at me. I don't want that to happen. I know I worth something, I just have to realize it. Everyone worth something ! I stopped believing in my dreams because I thought I didn't worth anything and that I didn't have talent. This must change. Everything that is negative inside me must change.I really need to start this novena that Morticia was talking about ! Never in my entire life I understood religion(s) but now I do. If we don't believe into something, we won't appreciate the things we want out of life when they'll come. We won't be able to make it in the bad times. If we believe that good things will come after the bad ones, it will happen because we surround ourselves with positive thoughts. Positive attracts positive, negative attracts negative. And unfortunately, I've been surrounding myself with negative thoughts all my life (well... most of it).It's time that I teach myself a lesson and start doing the opposite of what I've been doing for years. I'm happy that I gave myself some reality checks. It was about time. I need courage and strength to make it though and I truly hope I'll have it.I'm a bit scared because... I don't know what to expect. I'm afraid of changes. Err. I didn't want to sound self-centered but I feel better that I have this confession off my chest. =^.^=
...I'm still dreaming to be your fiance but I'll never tell you that again...sorry, I just can't....
Twistedland is an idea that just "pop!" into my head. I was looking at this picture :
When I arrived at school this morning, I walked to my locker and started taking my binders when someone touched my shoulder. I turned around and a man gave me a card. On the card it was written that he was a def man and that we could give him anything we wanted and that he was thankful of our generosity. On the back of the card, there was a calendar and the signs of all the letters in the "def alphabet" (I don't know how you call it in English).There was nothing I could gave him. I need my lunch and I forgot my wallet at home. I wasn't able to make him understand that I didn't have anything to gave him. It made me feel bad about myself. I wish I could had gave him a little something....
Ghyslain is coming over tonight !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ^.^ I can't wait to see him ! WAH ! We're going to take a walk and buy ice cream ! lol That's what I planned ! lol CAN'T WAIIIT ! Seeing him will make me forget that Nicole is alive and that my stupid font is so stupid dumb ugly. lol ^.^''
FIRST REASON:In my previous post, I was bitching about Ghys' stepmother well... I GOT TO SAY SOMETHING ELSE ABOUT HER !Ghys just told me that he won't be able to come over tomorrow because there's a supper for Mother's Day and it's "obligatory" (to quote his stepmother) for him to be present. She's not even his mother and she does not act like one either !!! And of course, his father is taking her side because he don't have balls. Right on moron. Go wear your g-strings and hide. Pff. What bothers me is that now that Ghys had to go back at his father's (AHEM, I should say his STEPMOTHER's) house, it's like things have continued where he left them. Nicole still get what she wants from him. Why the hell can't he stand up for himself, Christ ! He's 19 years old !!!!!!!!! I wouldn't care if it was for his mother but his mother is Jehovah (or whatever how you spell that) and those people don't celebrate any holidays. ARG !SECOND REASON:I CAN'T FUCKING CHANGE MY FONT AND SIZE OF MY FONT ! WWHHHYYY ! I've been trying to fix that stupid problem but nothing works. NEED HELP !Too bad "Feel like throwing something heavy in the room" is not in the mood list. -_-''
My day was OK. I went to work at Gen's and it was cool. We saw the movie Spanglish and we both liked it a lot ! I almost cried a few times but didn't because I hate crying in front of people ... just like Flora in the movie ! LMAOWhen I got home, my mom told me that Ghyslain's stepmother called in the afternoon. I was like "What the hell does that bitch wants ?!" and my momma told me she didn't know where Ghyslain was. And then I understood everything when I called Ghyslain. She called to be sure he wasn't at my place but that he really went to the doctor and see his boss to get his paycheck. Big bitch, all she cares about is money money money money and manipulating people. I can talk for hours about her but I won't because I'll get so pissed that someone that fucked up exist.My sister was supposed to come over today. SUPPOSED. Yeah. She didn't came. She told my mom she was too tired and wanted to sleep. Couldn't she come in the evening INSTEAD of the afternoon ?! JEEBUS ! I can't believe it. My momma was so disappointed =( It's been one month since she came here. The last time was on my father's birthday. It's like she only show up on holidays to make believe she cares. Anyways, karma will visit her too.Aww God, my back hurts !! I don't know how the hell I slept but I guess I should not do it again ! lol I think I fought with myself again... I destroy my pajamas like that... *teehee* I know, it's weird. I go to bed with a nice Tinker Bell pajama and the next day it's like I've been to war. LOLI'm angry. This stupid blog host in French sucks big time. I can't really customize my blog like I want it to be and some things don't show up when they should. I found another one but it got adds but that's not the problem. The problem is that the adds are ANNOYING ! It's at the bottom of the page but it's BIG ! It destroy the whole style of your blog. I should invent a blog host like blurty but in French. If only I was that smart... *cries* lol
My day started like all the other days except that I noticed something that I interpreted like a good sign... It was sunny outside and the weather was warm. I tried not to think that it might meant that my day will be awesome because I didn't want to jinx it. Then, I had to concentrate on doing maths but I couldn't because I had a headache so I slept and I felt better.The good part is when I leave school at noon. Yes yes, I did skip my afternoon. For good reasons.lol Ghyslain and I had to meet had metro Henri-Bourassa. I arrived before so I waited a little bit but thank God, I didn't wait too long. *whew*Then, we missed our station so we had to do a transfer... -_-'' We missed Berri-Uquam station... Finally, we arrived at the cinema and had to choose the movie we wanted to see because Ghyslain brought us to the wrong cinema lol We decided to go see Robots ! This movie is SO good and funny ! ! ! ! Everyone have to see that movie ! I think what made the animation better was the we saw the movie in the Imax presentation... I think it's brand new in the cinema. The quality of the image and the sound is better than a usual presentation. We had some difficulty to find where the room for the movie was because it was not with the other movies... Ghyslain finally found it and we were totally alone waiting for the movie to start ! lol So we decided to get naughty a little bit....lol...until a couple came into the room too ! lol After the movie, we went back to Laval. We didn't thought of another place to go in Montreal so we head back to my stupid shit hole and went to the library. I have chooses two books of Anne Rice (Violin and Servant Of The Bones) and a book of Stephen King (Desperation). I can't wait to start reading them !!!! *giggles* And Ghyslain chooses a book of Edgar Allan Poe, I can't remember the title right now... lolWhat made that day so special to me is that we didn't fight at all and laughed all day. We were carefree. It felt good to have those moments back. I think we made the right choice to continue with our relationship. I love him so much. God, I might sound pathetic... lol Maybe I'm just too emotional and sensitive. lol I finally found a good blog host in FRENCH ! It was about time ! lol Now, the only thing I have to do is to choose a username and I just can't think of a good one right now ... hum...
xoticxtc wrote this post and it made me think about me so much... it sadden me to think that this was the good old days. What happened to me ?! I can barely recognize me sometimes. I used to be joyful and happy all the time and now it's the opposite. I used to enjoy people and being surrounded by them and now it's the opposite. It's like people fear me. I don't have the same glow. I WANT TO HAVE WHAT I HAD BACK !!!!!! But I just don't know how ... Do I even love myself enough to have it back, anyways ...
Nothing better thanA gray dayFor the broken heartsWill there beNo jet of poetryTo set me free of this melancholy ?And when I'll be releasedWill I be alone or accompagnied ?Will I be more bitterOr would I be relieved?And yet, I always hope for youNothing better thanA gray dayFor the broken heartsWill you be able to understand, by my sides,That you are the only one I want to loveOr will you understand it, alone,In your dark world ?And yet, I always hope for you...
"asliceofdi" was nice enough to give me a layout.
Well, today wasn't exciting at all. I had to write my essay on the computer in my French class but the stupid printer didn't want to print anything so I never knew if my work was good or bad. And I won't know it until next week because tomorrow I skip my afternoon and I have French in the afternoon. Muhahaha ! I bet my teacher will be mad because I won't be there. Oh well.Sara and Emily skipped they're classes today. It was really boring without them. At lunch time, Greg and I ate together and talk a little bit. I was uncomfortable with him at first because he's not very social and either am I. lol Anyway, I think it's better now that we talked... we kind of "know" each other.. like acquintances..if you know what I mean and if I make any sense with this.. lolTomorrow afternoon is going to be so much F U N. I'm going to the cinema with Ghyslain. We're going downtown to see "Itch". I heard that movie was funny and the previews I saw were funny so I hope they didn't put all the good jokes in the previews or I want my money back ! lol After the cinema, maybe we'll go to the library because I freaking need a book to read. I almost finish the one I'm reading now and I can't survive without a book. I want to read Stephen King's "The Shining". I've seen the movie and I loved it so I presume the book is 10 times better. It's like with the movie "Dreamcatcher". The movie was good but the book was 100 times better ! I think I'm gonna try to find a lot of books of Stephen King... I really feel like reading his books...*cross fingers* They have to have many books of him available or I just go there and shoot everyone ! lol Right now, I'm really bored and I'm still hungry even if I ate my supper and I'm thinking about doing more designs on my jean jacket.Too plain, I hate it. If someone have any cool ideas, let me know because I don't really have any... lolPS - I think I've found someone NICE enough to help me with my layout ! ^.^
Finally, I decided that I would not use the Placebo logo. I browsed Deviantart's tattoo design gallery and found that design. I fell in love with it and tatam ! It's on my jacket now ! =D The stars are pink but you can't really tell because of the bad lightning. Poo.The only thing that is missing on my jacket are the words "Noir Star". But I won't do it. I do not have a good calligraphy... ^.^''Enjoy and comment/critic :
The beggining of the day was painful. I was tired as hell because I went to bed very late. Damn me for talking on the phone that much with Ghyslain..lol I think we hung up at 12:55am and I still had my migraine. I don't know how I survived. lolIn my math class, I slept on my desk and I didn't even noticed I fell asleep. o___O I was thinking about the problem I was trying to do and... ZzzzzZzzzz.... and of course my teacher gave me shit because I slept. Then, I told her I was going to sit somewhere else because I was freezing where I was(near the windows and the conditioned air). BUT I couldn't sit where I wanted because there's already someone there SO I have to sit in front of her desk. U G H ! I hate being in the front and near the teacher's desk. I feel like I'm observed... o_O I know, I'm paranoiac.Lunch time was OK. I had a good time laughing with Emily and Greg. Too bad Sandra decided to skip her afternoon, we would have had more fun with her... you know, the more you are, the more fun you have ! =pThe best part of my day is when I was in French class. I was waiting after the teacher to say my name so I can go ask her my stupid questions but she was doing some stuff and it was taking forever so I started thinking.... thinking about what I could wear tomorrow ! (wow, I wasn't bored at all heh ! *roll eyes*) So, I thought I could wear my jean jacket if the wind wasn't too cold tomorrow and that's the exact moment where creativity hit me. lol I had the BEST clothing idea ever since .... I'm born : I thought of making the logo of Placebo on the back of my jean jacket.ISN'T THAT AN AWESOME IDEA ?! *faint*I also thought to write Noir Star on it. I don't know but I freakin' love that name. Maybe it's one of my many disorders, of well. Here's what the logo looks like : (click on the image to see the full image size).
Can anyone help me with the overrides ?! I tried to understand the whole thing but what can I say, I'm stupid ! ^.^''Can someone give me overrides I can edit myself or do it for me or... something ? Anything ? Please ? Anyone ? =/_Sin*
C'mon guys, admit it ! Mondays does sucks. Maybe it's just me, because I'm like Garfield, I don't know ... but I hate mondays. For a lot of reasons. I never get to sleep well on Sunday nights so I'm exhausted when I wake up and I always have French on monday mornings... Poo. I don't know why I never get to sleep well on Sundays... well, yes, I think I know. Because I'm imsomniac and then it's because I know that when morning comes, it'll means that I'll have to wait six more days to see Ghyslain. And that totally sucks. I hope we could live closer... *sigh*Today was like all the other days of the past weeks and the ones to come : boring. At least, I worked a little on my essay... but I didn't do anything in Maths because I was doing my essay... ^.^'' Oh well.The week-end was........ devastating. I wish I'll never have to live something like that again. To be brief, my boyfriend(Ghyslain) and I had a big fight and we decided to take a break last Wednesday and then it got worst buuuut we finally worked things out and we're still together. I just hope we took the right choice. Time will tell I guess.Anyways, I have to go take my shower and try to get rid off my migraine.If anyone of you noticed that I made some mistakes when I wrote, it's probably because my first language is French. I decided to write in English to improve my vocablury and all that jazz. Fun, fun.Anyways, comments are always appreciated and I always always comment back. Yay for us._Sin*


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Disney Villains Maleficent Collector Edition Doll
This limited edition Disney Maleficient doll is approximately 12" tall. This rare collector's item was only sold in Disney theme parks in the 90's, not retail stores. Unopened box, excellet condition. Stand included.
Nov 30 -
Salt Lake City
Musical Vintage Bear - Love Story
Musical bear is approx. 14" tall. Dark cream velour dress with Victorian lace at collar, cuffs & hem, ribbon & pearl decorations, white pantaloons & straw hat. Bear moves gently to music from Love Story.
"Classic Pooh" Crystal Winnie the Pooh Figurine
This Charpente Classic Pooh figurine (Model 66820) is about 5" high and 3.5" wide. Figurine is solid crystal with a frosted finish -- Pooh's eyes and nose are clear and smooth. Excellent condition. Original packaging.
18" Disney Sleeping Beauty Plush Maleficent Dragon
Excellent condition. Sold exclusively in Disney theme parks in the 1990's. Made in China of polyester materials.
Classic Pooh & Hunny Pots Ceramic Coin Bank
This Classic Pooh With Hunny Pots ceramic bank is approximately 7.5" x5.5"x6.25" and has separate pots for quarters, dimes, nickels & pennies. Excellent condition. Original packaging. Made by Charpente for Disney.
DOLL Miniature Solid Wood & Wrought Iron Park Bench
14 ½ in Wide (arm to arm), 11 ¼ in floor to top of back, and 5 ½ in deep. (front to back)
The doll park bench is made of wood and Wrought Iron
This has been stored in a box and never used.
I had an antique & reproduction store I closed in the 1987.
I put everything in ...
Nov 12 -
Almost 1,200 pieces from full to empty. Many whole sets, even 2 books showing prices paid when collection first began. Must take all or none $3,500. Calls only 208-734-9807.
Dec 8 -
Idaho :
Twin Falls
hand carved made of wood, w.w.2.
Nov 21 -
Idaho :
This is a Coke Magazine, 100 Year Retrospective, It has been looked through, and displayed behind glass. It is in Great Condition
I will ship Free in USA
Oct 29 -
Provo :
Coke Lunch Box, Great Condition, didn't come with a thermos or strap, I bought it new, Never Been Used Display Only
Shipping will be 6.99 in USA


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ExteNet Systems Expands Its Presence In Key Markets By Acquiring DAS Assets From SBA Communications
ExteNet Systems, Inc., a leader and innovator in the implementation and operation of distributed networks, today announced the purchase of multiple Distributed Antenna System (DAS) assets from SBA Communications Corporation (NASDAQ: SBAC), an investor in the company.
These DAS networks, which SBA Communications acquired in April 2012 from Mobilitie, LLC, include extensive outdoor DAS networks in Manhattan and Chicago, marquee indoor DAS networks in Las Vegas, and a DAS network at Auburn University.
Ross W. Manire, President and CEO of ExteNet Systems stated, "We are thrilled to add these distributed networks to our portfolio, extending ExteNet's footprint throughout North America. This is a significant milestone in our effort to bring new distributed networks and innovative solutions to our customers."
"We are pleased to conclude this transaction with ExteNet, and believe this addition will further increase the scale and capabilities of the company," said Jeffrey A. Stoops, President and CEO of SBA. "As a significant investor in ExteNet, we are committed to help the company grow its core competency in the ownership of DAS and in-building infrastructure, and we are excited to continue to support ExteNet in what we believe is a fast-growing segment of the wireless network ecosystem."The acquisition of outdoor and indoor networks from SBA Communications is integral to ExteNet's strategy of building a portfolio of reliable and scalable distributed networks in locations that are especially important for the leading North American wireless carriers as they seek to provide superior wireless service for their customers. ExteNet Systems financed the acquisition in part with a credit facility from a group of lenders including Barclays Private Credit Partners Fund, LP, advised by Barclays Private Credit Partners LLC, and Suntrust Robinson Humphrey, Inc. Reed Smith LLP acted as legal counsel to ExteNet Systems. About ExteNet Systems Lisle, IL-based ExteNet Systems, Inc. designs, builds, owns and operates distributed networks in key strategic markets for use by wireless carriers and venue owners. Using distributed antenna systems (DAS), small cell and other technologies, ExteNet networks enhance coverage and capacity and enable superior wireless service in both outdoor and indoor environments. Primary markets addressed by ExteNet include outdoor distributed networks for use by wireless carriers, and a host of indoor verticals, including sports and entertainment venues, commercial real estate, healthcare, higher education, hospitality and government agencies. For more information, visit www.extenetsystems.com. "ExteNet" is a registered trademark of ExteNet Systems, Inc.
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Dns question
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15th August 2006, 00:22
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Step by step procedure to configue a DNS server
For Mahir: some explanations about DNS system
First you need to tell your registrar (the location you buy your domain) that you would like to use your ispconfig server for the primary domain name server for your domain.
For me (broutille.com), i give gandi.net (my registrar) this information:
ns1.broutille.com 22.214.171.124
As you can see, the first line is the primary DNS server and the second line is the secondary DNS server. The secondary DNS server is provided gracefully by my registrar (most registrar do that).
The most important information on those lines is that when a DNS server is not known by the REGISTRY (dont confuse with the registrar) you must provide two informations, the name of the DNS server (ns1.broutille.com) AND the IP ADDRESS (188.8.131.52) so the registry (Verisign for .com or .net, i dont known who is the registry for .nl) can register your DNS server in the internet registry, this is very very important, if not it will not work.
Lets go further.
After you do that you need to wait almost 24 hours for a .com domain, less for another tld like .net or .nl it depends on the registry ...
In the mean time you can configure your ispconfig server.
For the moment go under "DNS Manager" section (ispconfig server) and check the primary DNS server for your domain, it must be ns1.broutille.com (for me, for you you need to replace it with ns1.ermedia.nl) and as second DNS server you must put ns6.gandi.net for me and for you the secondary DNS server provided by dootall.com (i guess it is your registrar). This is the section DNS, tab "Options" (the second tab) => Names server1 and Name server2 ...
You need to check if you have a "A" entry for ns1.ermedia.nl with the correct IP@ 184.108.40.206
Now you need to wait until the registry is updated with you ns1.ermedia.nl IP@ ... it can take 24 hours.
But you can check with dig @126.96.36.199 ermedia.nl to see if your DNS server is working or not, when the registry is updated you can check with dig @ns1.ermedia.nl ermedia.nl ....
But if you want to manage the two DNS servers (primary and secondary) keep in mind that it must be two IP@ and if possible two differents servers (not on the same computer in case of a failure) because the secondary DNS server receive half of the DNS requests for your domain, it is not here only when the primary DNS server is offline ...
In that case you need a second ispconfig server and to configure a slave dns server on it (and dont forget to give this IP@ of the secondary DNS server to the primary DNS server) ...
I hope it was clear enough, at least it is working fine for me.
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Let's be honest here, cooking Persian food can be time consuming. When I lived in Iran with my grandmother, I remember during my days off from school, she used to disappear in the kitchen in the early morning. At lunch time she used emerge from the kitchen with a delicious and perfectly cooked Persian meal. It's safe to say that Ghormeh Sabzi is one of the most loved Persian Stews, but is also true that it is probably one of the most time consuming recipes because of the amount of herbs that are used.
In recent months I have been experimenting more and more with ways in which I can expedite Persian recipes. Today's recipe is an example of how modern gadgets can help having a delicious recipe ready when you come home at the end of the day. As I have said before in my first slow cooker recipe, I am a fan of using slow cookers. With that said, I think that it's important to do some prep work before loading the ingredients in the slow cooker. I have found that when it comes to meat, it's pretty important to give it a quick sauté before adding it to the pot. The difference in taste is very noticeable.
For this recipe you can get everything ready the night before and load all ingredients in the morning before leaving your home. Alternatively, on a day off you can sauté everything in the morning, which takes about 30 minutes and then let the slow cooker do its thing. Regardless of when you choose to do the cooking, I suggest having the herbs cleaned and ready to go. A good way to save time when it comes to herbs is to follow the suggestion from my Frozen Persian Herbs post.
Now onto this recipe. The first time I made this recipe in the slow cooker I simply followed my original recipe for Ghormeh Sabzi. By the time it was all done, while the taste was good, the amount of water was way too much. So I made a few adjustment to the ingredients and amount of water and did a couple of test runs. I am happy to say that I am pretty happy with the results!
Ingredients (serves 4 to 6)
1 onion
4 cloves garlic
1 tsp turmeric
1 lb stewing meat
4 dried Persian limes
1/3 cup kidney beans, dried – soaked over night
2 cups leeks, chopped
5 cups fresh parsley, packed
3 cups fresh cilantro,packed
1 cup fresh feenigreek
1 cups fresh chives
salt & pepper
Small dice onion and mince garlic. Sauté in oil until translucent. Add turmeric and stir well.
Cut meat in cubes and add to onion. Season with salt and pepper and allow to brown on all sides.
Place meat in the slow cooker's pot.
Add soaked beans. Make a couple of holes in dried limes with a fork, then add to the pot.
Add some oil to the same pot that the meat and onion was cooked in and sauté leeks for a couple of minutes. I highly suggest not skipping the herb sautéing part.
Chop all the herbs and add to the leeks. Season with salt and sauté for another 5 minutes.
Add two cups of water to the pot where the herbs were sautéd in and scrape the bottom of the pot.
Add the water to the slow cooker pot, cover and cook on high for 8 hours. Adjust seasoning as needed before serving.
Before leaving in the morning I loaded both my slow cooker and rice cooker. When I came home each time I made this recipe, our house smelled divine and it was such a wonderful welcoming feeling. I turned on my rice cooker and within a half an hour we had a fantastic meal ready!


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By CIndy
from IL
About Me Casual Cook
Comments about Heat Plate:
expensive drip tray for plants
Bottom LineNo, I would not recommend this to a friend
Was this review helpful? Yes / No
- You may also flag this review
(2 of 2 customers found this review helpful)
Not really
By Sag
from Maryland
I purchased the heat plates and after a few uses they became covered with a white coating. I washed them and placed the black paste on them again they had the white covering. I purchased some plates about 15 yrs ago from wdrake and the metal was very heavy and they lasted for years. These are not the same the material is not the same. I would not recommend these for that reason.
(1 of 2 customers found this review helpful)
Not good
By Unhappy, disappointed
from NC
Use for decoration only :(
(4 of 4 customers found this review helpful)
Cast iron plates are made of steel
By Drakeduke
from Northampton, MA
About Me Avid Cook
Not as good as I thought it would be.
(3 of 3 customers found this review helpful)
Good idea but bad quality
By Adnaw
from Winthrop, MA
Looked nice in catalog and on receipt. Covered ugly electric burners.
I love the cast iron heat plates!
By Pam
from Salem, OR
I have an older stove and these burner plates make it look brand new. Just love them. Bought two sets, one small and one large.
Bottom LineYes, I would recommend this to a friend
(7 of 7 customers found this review helpful)
Don't spend your money on this.
By Stanley Hughes
from Athens, Alabama
They will not stay black. After you use them the very first time paint will come off them and they will be white and black. Made my stove look bad and I had to remove them, there a waste of money. Don't Buy that is a warning. You can say I told you so.
(6 of 6 customers found this review helpful)
Can't use at high temp-
By Mama Kay
from Las Vegas NV
So disappointed. Covers really neaten stovetop. But after 1 week, covers are totally discolored. Black finish has been replaced by white/grey discoloration. Never put in dishwasher, I only hand-washed. Don't waste your time.
Works great and saves on electricy.
By fishy
from Quitman, Tx.
Works great and saves on electricty.


text:
The Not So Many Faces of Jack Black
It's hard to tell one premiere from the others in this time-lapse photo gallery of Kung Fu Panda voice Jack Black.
In addition to recycling his favorite t-shirt, Jack sticks to one tried-and-true wacky face to amuse the various press lines.
The portly comedian must have burned loads of calories at each successive premiere, landing kicks and striking kung fu poses.
But if there are any "before and after" pictures here, you won't know by looking at his mug.


text:
Scott Rosen, M.A., M.L.S.Associate Professor, University Libraries
|Phone: (626) 815-6000, Ext. 3271
Email: email@example.com
Liaison Areas:
History and Political Science
Theater, Film and Television
History and Political Science
Theater, Film and Television
EducationM.L.S. - California State University, San Jose
M.A. - University of California, Los Angeles
B.A. - University of California, Santa Barbara
- University Libraries
Office Location
William V. Marshburn Memorial Library, Room 111, East Campus


text:
August 4, 2013
Stories this photo appears in:
Fair week expected to return to all August in 2015
Sunday, August 4th, 2013 12:00 p.m.
The Monroe County Fair will start in July again next year, but then the week-long event will return to an all-August affair for at least one year.
[ report these comments ]
Comments are welcome, but require a Facebook login. Please be considerate of our rules when posting a comment. We do not allow swearing, name calling, slander or advertisements. We operate under a zero tolerance policy; If a rule is broken once, you will no longer be able to leave a comment. To see a complete list of rules that apply to commenting, see our Terms of Service If you see a user breaking the rules, use the "report these comments" link.


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Every Toyota Corolla Tail Light part you could ever ask for can be found in our online store. Our web store guarantees a secure environment to order your Toyota Corolla Tail Light parts. We care about you, our customer. We service hundreds of thousands of customers online. Buying Toyota Corolla Tail Light parts from us is uber convenient. Our website has been live for nearly a decade now. Stock up on Toyota Corolla Tail Light parts for your maintenance needs so you qualify for free shipping. Don't miss out on using one of the most secure online shopping experiences on the net.
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Why prepare Microsoft's 70-511 TS exam with campusMVP.Net?
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Trust in Nadia—she spends more time on the hill then that crusty dude who lives at the mountain in his pickup.
Pro shredder Darrah Redi-McLean is back at it again, inspiring another timeless jacket design from L1TA. Allow us to introduce you to the Women's Nadia Jacket. On the outside, 20k-rated waterproof-and-breathable fabric protects you from the elements, and on the inside, 80-grams of synthetic insulation fends off the chilly bite of winter. L1TA even stacked this jacket with an array storm-day features that keep you extra comfy so you can really enjoy cashing in a sick day when it drops hard in the mountains.
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Share your thoughts
What do you think of the
L1TA Nadia Jacket - Women's
? Share a...
great jacket
love this jacket. very comfy, durable and flattering
can anyone tell me how long this jacket...
can anyone tell me how long this jacket is? I'm looking for a longer than normal jacket this year without having to buy a guys jacket. Thanks!
its a pretty long jacket just below ass
does it have draw strings on the bottom?
does it have draw strings on the bottom?


text:
Summerhays Music
Center offers a Harp Showroom with a large selection & diverse
variety of Lever & Pedal Harps from which to choose in a
pleasant & relaxing environment. Come in and take all the
time you need to select the perfect harp for you in a relaxing
home-like setting.
The MERLIN is the result of twenty years of harp building and three years of research and development. The goal was to make a very large sounding instrument in the smallest package possible.
The Merlins pillar is reinforced by a powerful adjustable truss rod system to ensure rigidity. This unique design eliminates the need for the massive pillar found on traditional harps and promotes lower and mid-range frequencies.
The sound board is reinforced by nine suspended non-fatiguing struts. Thanks to these braces, the sound board is relaxed and ready to respond without being choked by its own string tension. Its possible that the Merlin may be the first harp ever to be tension balanced. Some well-built harps will last for decades. This harp will sing for generations.
• 35 Strings - A down to B
• Full set of Loveland Levers
• 8-sided coopered maple staveback
• Aircraft-quality birch soundboard
• Baltic birch neck and column
• 9 non-fatiguing suspended struts
• Bass: Silk with steel wrap
• Mid: Flourocarbons
• Treble: Nylon
• 22 pounds
PRICE: $3,475 with pickup, $3,275 without pickup
Includes key and carrying bag.
We carry a variety of used pedal
and lever harps in our store. Our
selection of Used Harps changes almost daily, so please call
our store
Below are harps we regularly carry in our store.
Please call to see if the harp you're interested in is currently in stock.
SALVI Daphne Pedal
• Walnut Finish (Maple shown)
• 47 Strings
• Straight Soundboard
SALVI Diana Pedal
• Ebony
Polish Finish
• 47 Strings
• Hand-decorated soundboard made of Flemme Valley Red Spruce
• Known for it's durability, clarity and evenness of tone
• Brighter projection and stiffer string tension
SALVI Apollo Pedal
• Mahogany
• Harp played by the Utah Symphony
• 47 Strings
• Ultimate equilibrium of harmony & power
• Extended soundboard made of Flemme Valley Red Spruce
SALVI Livia Lever
• Mahogany Finish
• Straight Soundboard
• 36 Strings
SALVI Daphne Pedal
• Mahogany Finish
• 47 Strings
• Extended Soundboard
PRATT debutante lever
• 36 strings
• Great for Beginners
• Blond or Natural Maple
• Includes Padded Transport Cover Set
• 59 inches tall, 31 lbs.
PRATT Princessa Harp
• New Design!
• 36 strings
• Straight Soundboard
• Sapeli Mahogany
• Includes a 2-Piece Padded Transport Cover
• 60 inches tall, 31 lbs.
here to see more pictures!
PRATT Chamber
• 36
• Extended Soundboard
• Soundboard border inlay
• Side strip corner bead inlays
• Available in Bubinga, Flamed Maple or Sapele Wood.
• 63" tall, 47 lbs.
here to see more pictures!
can also customize your own Pratt Chamber harp!
There are several options available.
Click here for Custom Ordering Information
PRATT empress
• 36
string lever harp
• Extended Soundboard
• 2 Additional strings, 6A & 6B belwo C
• Available in Bubinga, Curly Maple or Sapele Wood.
• 64" tall, 46 lbs.
can also customize your own Pratt empress harp!
There are several options available.
CAMAC Atlantide
Prestige Pedal Harp
• Concert
Size: 186 cm
• Weight: 35 kg
• Range: 47 strings from G00
(above 1st octave) to C45 (7th
• Available in natural, mahogany, cherry, ebony woods
SALE PRICE: from $27,950
CAMAC Athena Pedal
• Available
with Straight or
Extended (shown) Soundboard
• Range: 47 strings from G00 (above 1st octave) to C45 (7th octave)
• Available in mahogany, cherry, natural or ebony.
PRICE: $14,950 to $18,950
RENT to OWN: $225 to 275 per month*
"Blue" Pedal Harps
The little Big Blue, The Blue,
and the Big Blue
• Acoustic/Electric Pedal
• 44 Strings, 47 Strings, and Concert Grand
• Woods used: maple and spruce for the soundboard
• Finish: blue, or any finish on request
SALE PRICE: from $17,950
- $25,950
CAMAC Clio Pedal
• Available
with Straight or Extended (shown) Soundboard
• 44 strings
• Woods used: maple, and spruce for the soundboard
• Finishes: mahogany, cherry-wood, natural or ebony.
PRICE: $12,450 to $14,750
RENT to OWN: $150 to $225/month*
CAMAC Trianon &
Trianon Clio Pedal Harps
• 44 Strings &
47 string Concert
Grand (shown)
• Extended Soundboard
• Carved
• Woods used: maple, and spruce for the soundboard
• All finishes possible on request
SALE PRICE: $24,950 to
CAMAC Hermine Lever
• Straight Soundboard
• 34 strings from A1 to C34
• Woods used: maple and beech for the body, spruce for the soundboard
• Finishes: mahogany, cherry-wood, natural or ebony
• Size: 122 cm
• Weight: 11kg
RENT to OWN: $55/month*
CAMAC Korrigan Lever
• Straight
• 38 strings from C00 to A36
• Woods used: maple and beech for
the body,
spruce for the soundboard
• Finishes: mahogany, cherry-wood, natural or ebony
• Size: 142 cm
• Weight: 14 kg
RENT to OWN: $65/month*
CAMAC Aziliz Lever
• 34 strings from A1 to C3• Fully levered
• Folk tension
• Woods used: maple and beech for the body,
spruce for the soundboard
• Finishes: mahogany, cherry-wood, natural, ebony or princess
• Decorated soundboard (optional)
• Size: 116 cm
• Weight: 9 kg
CAMAC Madmoiselle Lever
• Straight Soundboard• Woods used: maple and
beech for the body, spruce for the soundboard
• Finishes: mahogany, cherry-wood, natural or ebony
• Size:
159 cm
• Weight: 22 kg
• Range: 40 gut strings from E00 to A36
VENUS Classic Pedal
• Available
in Natural
• Extended Soundboard with 24 karat Gold Soundboard decorations
• Hand carved
• 47 string concert harp
VENUS Protege Pedal
• Available
in Mahogany or Natural
• Extended Soundboard with 24 karat Gold Soundboard decorations
• Hand carved
Venus Protigy Pedal Harp
• 44 Strings: Low D to High E
• 72 lbs. Approx
• Extended Soundboard
• 70" Hgih x 22.5" Soundboard
Sale Price: $11,735
Penti Pedal Harps
• Concert Model and Grand Concert
Model (shown)
• 46 to 47 strings
• Extended Soundboard
Sale Price: $14,500 - $18,925
tax. OAC. Some restrictions apply. 6 month minimum rental period. See
store for further details.
harp is a unique and beautiful instrument with many versatile qualities.
It can be used as a gentle, warm-toned therapy instrument that has
been noted for its healing and soothing capacities. It is a complex
classical instrument essential to many symphonies and orchestral compositions.
As an accompaniment tool, the harp provides a lovely new alternative
to standard piano. The folk music of Ireland, Scotland, and Wales relies
heavily on the harp, and for these nations it is an important cultural
symbol. The many functions and facets of the harp make it a versatile
instrument full of possibilities for any player! You may hear someone
called a harper while another musician is referred to as a harpist.
Harper is generally used to describe one who plays on a traditional
Folk or Celtic harp. Harpist refers to someone who plays classical
music or pedal harp.
Children as young as five and six years old
can start their classical training on smaller lever harps and
eventually graduate to a larger instrument as they and their
abilities grow.
Older children and teens usually learn quickly
on this instrument, and it can be an excellent alternative for
students to the traditional band and orchestra instruments. As
a rare instrument, the harp provides many opportunities for scholarships
and special placement in colleges across the country.
Adults who have always wanted to play a musical
instrument and have not had an opportunity to do so until later
in life will find great satisfaction in taking up the harp. Contrary
to many popular beliefs, the harp is not any more difficult to
learn than most instruments, and a broad repertoire of music
for all skill levels makes even beginning playing a delight.
As a gentle toned, warm sounding instrument, daily practice and
playing on the harp is delightful.
There are
three different types of Harps for you to choose from. Read below to
learn the different styles.
Lever Harps
lever harp is a mid-sized instrument consisting of 30-38 strings. The
height of the harp ranges from 41-66 inches, weighing from 15-48 lbs.
The "levers" are located along the neck of the harp and
easily flip up and down. While in the down position the string will
play a natural note. When the lever is flipped up the string will play
a sharp note. Many new harpists begin learning on this harp. The lever
harp is assessable and holds a beautiful sound, which makes it a great
place to start!
The Lap Harp
lap harp usually consists of 22-26 strings and weighs from 5-10 lbs.
The height of the harp ranges from 28-35 inches. It holds the basic
original shape of traditional harps and may or may not have levers
on one or more of the strings. The primary benefit of the lap harp
is its portability. Many lap harps come with carrying bags or cases
and some resemble "back packs" allowing for hands free
transportation. Another important benefit of the lap harp is affordability.
The lap harp is generally about one-third of the cost of the mid size
lever harps. The price will vary depending on the number of levers.
A lap harp can be useful as a practice harp while on vacation. Its
portability makes it convenient to play at family reunions and for
friends and family.
"Lap harp" is perhaps not the best name
for this small harp as it is not always comfortable to play in ones
lap and consequently other devises have been developed to facilitate
ease of performance. One such devise is a lap bar which sits across
both legs, stabilizing the harp. Another such devise is a strap much
like a guitar strap. It attaches to the harp with the same type of
buttons found on guitars and crosses your shoulder then stretches diagonally
across your back.
Pratt has introduced a harp, which is called the
Sprite, and was designed as a "therapy harp." The harp
comes standard with quick release lock buttons and a shoulder strap.
The strap allows you to play while standing bed side or walking from
bed to bed. It also stabilizes the harp while playing in a sitting
position. An optional lap bar is also available.
The Pedal Harp
pedal harp contains 7 pedals and 40-48 strings. The pedals have three
notches that change the strings from sharp, natural and flat. This
allows the advanced harpist to continue playing while the feet change
to the key that is needed. The pedal harps have an exceptional sound
and classic design.
There are smaller pedal harps such as the Clio or
Semi-Grand with a height from 60-65 inches and weighing 55-65 lbs.
This harp allows the performer the use of pedals while also providing
an instrument with a manageable size and weight.
The Concert Grand is the standard harp most often
seen in symphonies, concerts and weddings. This harp weighs from 74-80
lbs with a height of 77-86 inches. Most often containing hand carving
on the column, this harp is catching to the eye, complimenting its
extraordinary sound.
Right Environment for Your Harp:
Environmental conditions surrounding your harp are
critical to its maintenance and lifespan. A harp needs to be kept in
conditions of relative humidity between 45% and 75%. If kept at humidity
levels below 45% for a prolonged period, the wood of the instrument
may shrink and crack. Also, an extremely humid atmosphere will lead
to swelling of the wood, which can compromise its structural integrity.
A hygrometer is a device that measures humidity and should be kept
in close proximity to your harp. Monitoring the humidity levels around
the harp using a hygrometer will allow necessary action to be taken
if the conditions fall outside of these guidelines. Hygrometers, as
well as temperature conditions should be kept at an average of 70 degreed
Exposure to temperatures above 130 degrees will cause
the glues used in manufacturing to melt. Because the harp is a high-tension
instrument, this could cause the harp to literally pull itself apart.
Exposing your harp to extremes in cold temperatures can cause cracks
in the wood. Do not allow your harp to enter conditions below freezing
(0 degrees Fahrenheit).
Keep your harp away from all heating and air-conditioning
vents and windows. Avoid exposure to direct sunlight.
Metronomes: A
metronome is very important to help the harpist establish and learn
Pickups: The electronic tuners make it easy to
keep your instrument in tune. Almost daily, one or more harp
string is bound to need to be tuned therefore an electronic tuner
is essential. The tuners are very easy to help keep your harp
in top tuned condition!
Keys: A tuning key should come with the rental
or purchase of your harp. It is a good idea to have an extra tuning
key to use when performing and traveling with the harp.
Stools/Benches: A
matching stool or bench not only looks nice with your harp, but also
will adjust to best fit the needs of the harpist. The top of the harpists' head
should be from 1-6 inches
below the top of neck of the harp while the harpist is sitting up straight.
For the harpist that is still growing, or if more than one person will
be playing the harp, an easily adjustable bench is suggested. A cushion
or pillow should never be used to heighten a child at the harp. Sitting
on a padded surface may have lasting negative effects on the mid to
lower back.
Harp Caddy: While we carry a selection of harp
caddy's for all brands of harps, this particular Caddy is for Camac
harps only.
It is specially built to use pressure to hold your
Camac harp in place, even down stairs and around corners. It has an
adjustable handle, and great ease of use.
of these items are available in our store,
stop by today to see our wonderful harp department!
HOME | BRASS | WOODWIND | STRINGS | HARPS | GUITARS | DRUMS | Accessories
Rental Programs
HISTORY | Our
People | PRIVACY POLICY | CHARITABLE DONATIONS | CONTACT


text:
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To view documents in PDF format you will require the free
Adobe Acrobat Reader
A vehicular crossing is an area of lowered pavement and kerb which is used to give access to vehicles from a road across the footway and onto a driveway or parking area.It is against the law to drive across a public footway without an authorised vehicular crossing, as damage will be caused to the footway or services underneath.We will give permission for a vehicular crossing to be built and will inspect and approve the built crossing as to specification and legality. A single £41.20 administration fee is the only charge.We do not construct new vehicular crossings you will need to select a contractor to undertake the work.Guidance notes and leaflets are available in the Documents section on this page to assist with your application.To begin the process of applying for permission to construct a vehicular crossing, ring the Highways Helpline on 0113 222 4407 (Minicom 0845 1271113).Alternatively you can write to:Leeds City CouncilHighways & TransportationRing Road MiddletonLeeds LS10 4AX
0113 222 4407
Official local authority website for Leeds providing information on local services.
© LCC Leeds City Council | 2013


text:
Norma Geronimo
November 3, 1966 - January 13, 2014
Norma Geronimo, 47, of Mescalero passed away Monday, January 13, 2014 in Albuquerque. She was born November 3, 1966 at Mescalero and had lived there all of her life. She married Snyder Geronimo Jr. on January 6, 2004 in Alamogordo.She is survived by her husband, Snyder; her children, Siebert Chee, Frederick Chee, Hope Geronimo, Trey Geronimo, Bryar Geronimo and Snyder Geronimo III; brothers and sisters, Rubena Shields, Brandon Mendez, Clyde Davis Jr.,Jerilyn Morgan, Myrtle Johnson and Timothy Johnson and 4 grandchildren.Prayer service will be Thursday, Jan. 16, at 6:00 PM at St. Joseph's Mission at Mescalero where the funeral mass will be on Friday, Jan. 17, at 10:00 AM, burial will follow at the Mescalero Cemetery.


text:
Synonyms for collapsekəˈlæps
This thesaurus page is about all possible synonyms and similiar words for the term collapse
Princeton's WordNet
collapse, prostration(noun)
an abrupt failure of function or complete physical exhaustion
flop, collapse, prostration, crash
a natural event caused by something suddenly falling down or caving in
flop, prostration, crash
flop, collapse(noun)
the act of throwing yourself down
flop, floating-point operation, dud, bust, washout, collapse, fizzle, crash, prostration
crash, collapse(verb)
a sudden large decline of business or the prices of stocks (especially one that causes additional failures)
clangour, flop, prostration, clank, collapse, smash, clangoring, crash, clangor, wreck, clash, clang
collapse, fall in, cave in, give, give way, break, founder(verb)
break down, literally or metaphorically
crack, consecrate, break away, give way, unwrap, devote, contribute, chip in, give out, split up, conk out, part, have, afford, collapse, hold, die, transgress, founder, weaken, crumple, bump, discover, snap off, turn over, go, demote, ease up, break out, separate, split, hand, gift, crack up, damp, smash, render, move over, feed, pay, get out, fracture, relegate, bring out, violate, reveal, divulge, pause, let on, open, get around, interrupt, wear out, grant, establish, break-dance, stop, check, break up, breach, develop, fall flat, give, return, apply, present, better, cave in, make, offend, go bad, impart, generate, break off, disclose, bust, erupt, give away, reach, recrudesce, tumble, break dance, go against, dampen, throw, fall in, soften, break in, let out, dedicate, ruin, fall apart, kick downstairs, burst, pass, break down, infract, fail, come apart, bankrupt, crumble, fall through, join, expose, break, crock up, discontinue, intermit, flop, leave, yield, get together, commit, sacrifice, wear, kick in, pass on
break down, collapse(verb)
collapse due to fatigue, an illness, or a sudden attack
go, conk out, give way, crack up, founder, give, break down, collapse, cave in, crush, dissect, analyse, break, take apart, die, lose it, snap, crumble, decompose, burst, break up, give out, tumble, crack, fall in, analyze, fail, crumple, crock up, go bad
fold or close up
crack up, break down, give, break up, crumple, give way, tumble, crumble, crock up, fall in, founder, cave in, break, crack, burst
crumble, crumple, tumble, break down, collapse(verb)
fall apart
topple, crease, collapse, analyze, buckle, crack, crack up, rumple, cave in, fail, snap, twig, whirl, go bad, tumble, break up, decay, cotton on, give, crock up, knit, get wise, conk out, analyse, whirl around, fall apart, give out, crumble, cockle, catch on, go, fall in, get onto, wrinkle, break, crumple, pucker, die, decompose, get it, latch on, dissect, break down, give way, crush, take apart, dilapidate, burst, lose it, crinkle, founder, tip
collapse, burst(verb)
cause to burst
bristle, split, give way, crack up, break down, give, crack, cave in, founder, break open, break, crumble, crock up, erupt, burst, break up, bust, tumble, fall in, abound, crumple, collapse, explode
crack up, crack, crock up, break up, collapse(verb)
suffer a nervous breakdown
fragmentise, fragmentize, decompose, collapse, interrupt, crash, burst, split up, pick, break through, snap, dismantle, break up, recess, fall in, cave in, part, crock up, sever, cut off, fragment, split, disperse, separate, disrupt, give, dissolve, crumble, founder, give way, crack, disassemble, break apart, crumple, calve, dissipate, scatter, break down, resolve, take apart, dispel, adjourn, break, crack up, tumble, check
lose significance, effectiveness, or value
crack up, break down, give, break up, crumple, give way, tumble, crumble, crock up, fall in, founder, cave in, break, crack, burst
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"collapse." Synonyms.net. STANDS4 LLC, 2014. Web. 18 Dec. 2014. <http://www.synonyms.net/synonym/collapse>.