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Unwrapping Potential
Wrap Removal Tips and Tricks
By Cassandra Balentine
Excitement surrounding wide format graphics tends to encompass design, production, and installation. However, the technicality of removal is an important consideration. The graphics provider�s name is on the line throughout the entire lifecycle. To avoid issues such as leftover residue and damage to a vehicle�s finish following removal, an uninstall plan should be part of the initial process.
Every vehicle wrap removal is different. Jason Yard, marketing training manager, MACtac Graphic Products, suggests various factors�including the length of time a wrap is in place, how it is installed, and the type of media and print technology used in production�make a difference when it comes time to uninstall the graphic. �For instance, a lightly printed, well installed wrap that�s been on for one year is going to be a lot easier to remove than a heavy ink saturated, five year wrap that was installed using a primer,� he explains.
Additional factors include everything from wrap elements�a full or partial�to the conditions a vehicle endured while a wrap is in place, such as extreme temperatures or body damage. �Even the temperature on the day of the removal is a consideration. Many people like to park the vehicle in the sun on a warm day. Low tech, but it works,� advises Stan Holt, director of sales, North America, Continental Grafix Ltd.
Throughout a wrap�s intended lifecycle, it is important to look out for potential damage to avoid a challenging removal. �Intense exposure to UV rays and surface damage from wear or chipping make removal more difficult,� says Martin Kugler, corporate communications manager, Hexis S.A.
Poor application techniques, such as overstretching of the film or insufficient drying of printed media, can lead to a longer and more complex removal.
The Unwrap
Every vehicle wrap presents a different experience to the installer and uninstaller. However, following a guideline helps keep the unwrapping process of a vehicle graphic effective.
First, start with a clean vehicle to reduce the risk of dirt and sand causing scratches to the paint. Additionally, this step helps remove any flammable contaminates, as heat is used further in the process.
Dione Metnick, product line manager, LexJet Corporation, suggests next inspecting the vehicle and taking high-quality pictures of the entire wrap, focusing on any areas that display possible damage. This helps determine if removal is possible without extra time or undue damage. Address any concerns with the customer prior to removal.
Heat provides an aid to wrap removal. Ritchie Daize, international digital sales manager, Arlon Graphics, LLC, states that the heat source used should provide a stable 50 degree Celsius or 125 degree Fahrenheit temperature. As previously noted, this is often accomplished by leaving the vehicle in the sun.
The heat warms the vinyl and adhesive, making it softer and easier to remove. �Removing vehicle wraps when temperatures are on the colder side is more difficult,� states Josh Culverhouse, senior product technical support specialist, Oracal USA.
Alan Miller, technical service, 3M Commercial Graphics, adds that film becomes brittle in the cold weather, causing it to break into small pieces during removal.
Culverhouse suggests bringing the vehicle indoors and warming it to room temperature in the Fall and Winter months. He advises investing in several heat guns as well as a large handheld torch attachment and a 17-pound propane tank. �These tools will make the removal process much easier during the colder months,� he adds.
Molly Waters, technical specialist, Avery Dennison Graphics and Reflective Solutions, advises steam over a handheld torch method.
Miller warns against damaging the substrate with excessive heat.
The angle and speed one uses to remove a wrap is also important. After properly heated, removal includes gently lifting the edge of the graphic with a blade. Uninstallers must be careful not to damage vehicle paint at this point.
�Just as there is a difference in ease of removal with temperature, the angle in which you pull the graphics can make a big difference in how much it tears and how much adhesive residue is left,� says Holt.
He explains that there are two angles to be aware of, one applies to most self-adhesive products, and this is where material should be pulled at an angle back on itself at about 45 degrees. �This will reduce the amount of residue left,� he says. The other only applies to perforated films. �This is where you want to pull at an angle where the holes in the perforation pattern do not line up in a straight line. This will result in less tearing of the vinyl,� adds Holt.
Remove enough material for a good handhold; lift by pulling away from the vehicle at a 15 degree angle. �Do not pull the vinyl away from the vehicle at an angle greater than 90 degrees, as this could cause the vinyl to delaminate, leaving the adhesive behind,� warns Daize. Then, try to keep the leading edge of the removal in a straight line by spreading your fingers out along the top of the removed graphic. It is important to pull slowly for a clean removal. �If the vehicle cools before the removal is complete, cut off as much of the removed vinyl as possible and reinstall any lifted edges before reheating and repeating the steps,� adds Daize.
Yard says to pull vinyl back 180 degrees onto itself to release the adhesive better. �Use isopropyl alcohol to remove any excess adhesive that may be left behind,� he suggests.
It is imperative not to overheat the vinyl. �If it is scorched and the surface becomes blackened and bubbled, allow the area to cool and then bathe the area with adhesive remover,� suggests Daize. �Before continuing with vinyl removal, rinse the area with soapy water to neutralize adhesive remover,� he adds.
Waters points out cases where people used a knife to cut film into strips to aid in removal, but also inadvertently cut into the clear coat of the paint. �They may not have pulled paint during their removal, but if the car is getting another wrap, the likelihood of pulling clear coat during that removal is very high,� she warns.
Not an Afterthought
It is important to consider removal at the planning stages of a wrap. If not completed correctly, several pre-installation and installation steps could lead to issues down the road, making for a difficult removal or potentially damaging the vehicle underneath.
For instance, the intended length of time a wrap remains on a vehicle helps determine the best media and laminate. Print providers, installers, and the customer should agree to a timeline and choose media accordingly.
Vinyl characteristics also play a role. Laura Schied, marketing manager, Renolit, notes that since calendered films are thicker than cast films, they are less likely to crack when stretched. �When looking at the entire lifecycle, from installation�where calendered films have a similar performance as cast films, but for an affordable price point�to the removal process, calendered films lead,� she adds. �This is something installers should consider when choosing a film for car wrapping.�
Miller flags film properties, the underlying substrate, and the maintenance and location of the vehicle as points of concern. For example, the underlying substrate, which includes the paint or clear coat, can affect removal. He explains that powder-coated paints are considered more low surface energy substrates, which make removal easier but adhesion more difficult in the beginning.
Kugler adds that pigmentation can also influence the properties of the film, as metallic or metalized films tend to be more brittle than plain colors.
Metnick cautions installers against covering any push buttons on door handles, sensors, or emblems. He adds that it is critical to be careful when cutting and trimming.
It is a good idea to present customers with a limited responsibility agreement in regards to the integrity of the vehicle�s paint and bodywork prior to installation. �If areas of a vehicle have been repainted, or repainted without primer or body filler, it is likely that these areas will be damaged when graphics applied to them are removed,� suggests Daize.
Managing Damaged Goods
Since vehicles are subject to a variety of potential hazards, including harsh weather conditions and accidents, removing a wrap is subject to the complication of damaged vehicles. In terms of removal, fewer, larger pieces are the best course of action. However, this is not always an option after damage to the wrap or vehicle has occurred prior to wrap removal.
Culverhouse points out that damaged and abused wraps show signs of being dried out, faded, and cracked. These wraps are challenging to remove. �You may literally have to peel material the size of puzzle pieces. As you can imagine, this kind of painstaking removal will require many hours,� he suggests.
�Stone chipping, holes, or cuts in the film result in the film coming off in several pieces as the film tears along the weak spots,� warns Kugler.
Proper vehicle maintenance is critical to the longevity and visual appearance of a wrap. In addition, clean wraps by hand on a regular basis to prevent staining from environmental contaminates. �These contaminates, when left on the horizontal surfaces of the vehicle, begin to eat into the surface of the film, which results in pitting and staining,� adds Culverhouse. He warns that Carnuba-based waxes are also a culprit of vehicle wrap staining.
In addition to neglect, Yard suggests that wraps baked by the sun or damaged by acid rain can cause laminates to breakdown and result in splitting.
If a wrap is showing signs of cracking, it is a good idea to remove it or the bad section immediately upon recognition of the problem. �If a wrap looks like dried, cracked mud, there is a good chance that acidic dew or moisture can seep down into the cracks and become trapped, thus causing a subtle staining effect in the clear coat of the vehicle,� says Culverhouse.
�If the clear coat on the paint becomes damaged, this can create a failure point when the film is removed. This is why it is important to have a professional remove the wrap. They know how to look for possible damage and try alternate methods of removal to minimize it,� says Waters.
Removal Properties
Using media best intended for a job is a core step for proper installation, durability, and removal of vehicle wraps. Here, we specify properties popular media selections offer in the way of seamless removal techniques.
The adhesive type is the feature that makes 3M�s vehicle wrap media products easy to remove after the application has reached the end of its use. Miller says there are three adhesive categories�changeable, removable, and permanent. Choosing the best adhesive is critical to achieving a good removal. �A product like 3M Controltac Graphic Film with Comply v3 Adhesive IJ180Cv3-10 is thoroughly tested to ensure good results,� he adds.
When producing DPF 6000XRP�a 2-mil cast, clean removing vehicle wrap product�Arlon uses a special process to make sure that the adhesive has a higher bond rate due to the PVC face stock than to the surface of the vehicle. This allows for removal at the end of the expected service life without leftover adhesive residue.
The adhesive used on Avery Dennison�s MPI 1005 Supercast Easy Apply RS is long-term removable. At the end of a graphic�s life, apply heat to the graphic to soften the film and adhesive, and then it removes with little or no adhesive residue, according to Waters.
Continental Grafix features a polymeric vinyl base designed to last longer than products made with monomeric vinyl, allowing the perforated window film to be less brittle over time.
Hexis films are treated so the adhesive stays on the film�not the substrate�during removal. In addition, its high-performance films exclusively use polymeric plasticizers so that even after several years, the media remains flexible enough to make removal easy.
The LexJet Simple Flo Wrap Vinyl and adhesive combination is specifically designed for ease of installation and clean, easy removal, while providing the best bond for the intended life of the wrap. The 2.4-mil conformable film makes it easier to remove than thinner films.
Yard notes that the use of a film laminate is essential to the proper removal of a vehicle wrap. This holds the base media together and prevents splitting. Another deciding factor is the quality of the media itself. MACtac creates high-performance wrap products with removability in mind and its adhesives leave little to no residue upon removal of a five year wrap.
The key to successful removal of Oracal vehicle wrapping films is utilizing heat. With the assistance of heat, Culverhouse notes that Oracal designed its wrapping films to remove cleanly with minimal adhesive residue when removed within three years from the date of installation.
Renolit�s soft, calendered PVC films print with conventional screen and offset processes for self-adhesive applications as well as with digital processes for applications such as vehicle wraps.
All Things Considered
While the removal of a vehicle wrap doesn�t necessarily offer the same excitement as completing one, it is an essential step that can�t be ignored. At the planning stage, print providers and installers should determine customer expectation, choose media best suited for the job, and educate the client on proper care and maintenance to prevent issues down the line.


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Updated: June 5, 2013 6:17AM
An East Chicago man was charged in Lake Superior Court with murder on Thursday, the same day three other men charged in the same case pleaded guilty to a lesser charge and agreed to testify against their co-defendants.
The case against Quinton Anderson Webb, 27, of the 4500 block of Magoun Avenue, was filed and sealed until he was taken into custody. Webb is charged with killing Daviantae Dunham, who was shot in the back of the head about 3:30 a.m. July 21 in a parking lot at 3583 Guthrie St., East Chicago.
In recent weeks, the three men who pleaded guilty to criminal recklessness on Thursday — Nathan Kincaid, 30, Cameo Samuels, 30, and Fabian Villagomez, 29, — along with a fourth co-defendant, Chauncey Hackett Jr., 22, all have given sworn statements to police in Dunham's death.
The men told police Samuels got into an argument with a woman and a fight erupted in the parking lot involving Samuels, Kincaid, Villagomez, Hackett, Dunham and others. Dunham was knocked unconscious.
One of the co-defendants told police that Webb returned to the parking lot, walked toward Dunham, who was lying on the ground, and shot Dunham once before leaving the scene, the probable cause affidavit states.
Other witnesses told police Webb was wearing a different shirt after the shooting, court records indicate.
Webb is being held without bail. He has two pending misdemeanor cases — failure to stop after an accident and carrying a handgun without a license.
Hackett has pleaded not guilty. He had an omnibus hearing on Wednesday.


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Summer melt rates on Penny Ice Cap, Baffin Island: Past and recent trends and implications for regional climate
Article first published online: 10 APR 2012
Copyright 2012 by the American Geophysical Union
Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface (2003–2012)
Volume 117, Issue F2, June 2012
Additional Information
How to Cite
2012), Summer melt rates on Penny Ice Cap, Baffin Island: Past and recent trends and implications for regional climate, J. Geophys. Res., 117, F02006, doi:10.1029/2011JF002248., , , , , , and (
Publication History
- Issue published online: 10 APR 2012
- Article first published online: 10 APR 2012
- Manuscript Accepted: 6 FEB 2012
- Manuscript Revised: 23 JAN 2012
- Manuscript Received: 17 OCT 2011
Correction: Correction to "Summer melt rates on Penny Ice Cap, Baffin Island: Past and recent trends, and implications for regional climate"
Vol. 118, Issue 3, 2000–2001, Article first published online: 29 AUG 2013
- Arctic;
- Baffin Island;
- glaciers;
- paleoclimate
[1] At latitude 67°N, Penny Ice Cap on Baffin Island is the southernmost large ice cap in the Canadian Arctic, yet its past and recent evolution is poorly documented. Here we present a synthesis of climatological observations, mass balance measurements and proxy climate data from cores drilled on the ice cap over the past six decades (1953 to 2011). We find that starting in the 1980s, Penny Ice Cap entered a phase of enhanced melt rates related to rising summer and winter air temperatures across the eastern Arctic. Presently, 70 to 100% (volume) of the annual accumulation at the ice cap summit is in the form of refrozen meltwater. Recent surface melt rates are found to be comparable to those last experienced more than 3000 years ago. Enhanced surface melt, water percolation and refreezing have led to a downward transfer of latent heat that raised the subsurface firn temperature by 10°C (at 10 m depth) since the mid-1990s. This process may accelerate further mass loss of the ice cap by pre-conditioning the firn for the ensuing melt season. Recent warming in the Baffin region has been larger in winter but more regular in summer, and observations on Penny Ice Cap suggest that it was relatively uniform over the 2000-m altitude range of the ice cap. Our findings are consistent with trends in glacier mass loss in the Canadian High Arctic and regional sea-ice cover reduction, reinforcing the view that the Arctic appears to be reverting back to a thermal state not seen in millennia.


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Table of Contents
|Detection of human hematopoietic stem cell engraftment in the livers of adult immunodeficient mice by an optimized flow cytometric method
|Nicole L. Varga, Alicia Bárcena, Marina E. Fomin, Marcus O. Muench | DOI: 10.4081/scs.2011.e1
|Spinal fusion using tissue engineered bone. A prospective, randomized clinical pilot trial
|Takafumi Yoshikawa, Yurito Ueda, Munehisa Koizumi, Yasuhito Tanaka | DOI: 10.4081/scs.2011.e2
|Effects of the physiochemical culture environment on the stemness and pluripotency of human embryonic stem cells
|Kristiina Rajala, Hanna Vaajasaari, Riitta Suuronen, Outi Hovatta, Heli Skottman | DOI: 10.4081/scs.2011.e3
|Treatment of fracture non-union with tissue-engineered bone grafts
|Takafumi Yoshikawa, Yurito Ueda, Munehisa Koizumi, Tetsuji Ohmura, Yasuhito Tanaka | DOI: 10.4081/scs.2011.e4
|Improved differentiation protocol of rat bone marrow precursors to functional islet like cells
|Lakshmi Kiran Chelluri, Ravindranath Kancherla, Nagaraju Turlapati, Sathish Vemuri, Tanya Debnath, Praveen Kumar, Syed Sultan Beevi, Ratnakar Suguna Kamaraju | DOI: 10.4081/scs.2011.e5
|A new in vivo/in vitro model for assessing the capacity of human derived oral mucosa stem cells to colonize the infarcted myocardium
|Yosef Gafni, Heled Rachima, Keren Marynks-Kalmani, Alex Blatt, Zvi Vered, Sandu Pitaru | DOI: 10.4081/scs.2011.e6
|cAMP promotes differentiation of rodent neuronal progenitor cells
|Guilherme Lepski, Cinthia Elim Jannes, Guido Nikkhah | DOI: 10.4081/scs.2011.e9
|An automated continuous monitoring system: a useful tool for monitoring neuronal differentiation of human embryonic stem cells
|Tuomas Tapani Huttunen, Maria Sundberg, Harri Pihlajamäki, Riitta Suuronen, Heli Skottman, Riikka Äänismaa, Susanna Narkilahti | DOI: 10.4081/scs.2011.e10
|A study on the protective effect of bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells on chronic renal failure in rats
|Mohamed Talaat Abd El Aziz, Hazem Atta, Sohair Mahfouz, Hanaa Mohamed Yassin, Laila Ahmed Rashed, Dina Sabry, Zienab Abdel Wahab, Fatma Taha, Ghada Abdel Aziz, Abeer Moustafa El Sayed, Mohamed Sayed | DOI: 10.4081/scs.2011.e11
|Effect of human mesenchymal stem cells on hepatoma cell line
|Mohamed T. Abdel Aziz, Hanan H. Fouad, Nagwa K. Roshdy, Laila A. Rashed, Dina Sabry, Amira A. Hassouna, Fatma M. Taha, Walaa Ibrahim, Mohamed Mahmoud | DOI: 10.4081/scs.2011.e12
|In vitro and in vivo lineage conversion of bone marrow stem cells into germ cells in experimental Azoospermia in rat
|Mohammed T. Abdel Aziz, Taymour Mostafa, Hazem Atta, Soheir Asaad, Hanan H. Fouad, Gamal Mohsen, Laila Rashed, Dina Sabry, Mohammed Abbas | DOI: 10.4081/scs.2011.e15
|Directed therapeutic angiogenesis by mesenchymal stem cells from umbilical cord matrix in preclinical model of ischemic limb disease
|Prathibha Shetty, Anirban M. Thakur, Geeta Ravindran, Chandra Viswanathan | DOI: 10.4081/scs.2011.e16
|Characteristics of human subepicardial adipose tissue-derived stem cells
|Tatjana A. Krylova, Olga A. Bystrova, Tatjana K. Jakovleva, Valerij V. Zenin, Olga M. Moiseeva, Vladimir N. Parfenov, Marina G. Martynova | DOI: 10.4081/scs.2011.e18
|Mesenchymal stem cells derived from bone marrow and leukapheresis show different putative subpopulations
|Hala Gabr Metwally, Raafat Abd El-Fattah, Dina Ahmed, Marwa Farhan, Somaia Mohammed Mousa | DOI: 10.4081/scs.2011.e19
|Stem cells within established cancer cell lines: an impact on in vitro experiments
|Tomasz Drewa, Mateusz Czerwiński, Joanna Olkowska | DOI: 10.4081/scs.2011.e7
|Stem cell therapy for refractory angina
|Sharven Taghavi, Jason M. Duran, Jon C. George | DOI: 10.4081/scs.2011.e8
|Stem cell therapy for peripheral arterial disease: a review of clinical trials
|Sharven Taghavi, Jason M. Duran, Jon C. George | DOI: 10.4081/scs.2011.e17
|The role of resident monocytes and vascular pericytes in the stem cell niche and regenerative medicine
|Antonin Bukovsky | DOI: 10.4081/scs.2011.e20
Letters to the Editor
|Negative results in bio-medicine are urgently needed
|Tomasz Drewa | DOI: 10.4081/scs.2011.e13
|Should we teach regenerative medicine during undergraduate education?
|Anna Bajek, Tomasz Drewa | DOI: 10.4081/scs.2011.e14
|Neural stem cells after brain injury: do they originate developmentally from neural tube, neural crest, or both?
|Takayuki Nakagomi, Tomohiro Matsuyama | DOI: 10.4081/scs.2011.e21
Stem Cell Studies [eISSN 2038-9566] is a new Open Access, online-only, peer-reviewed journal published by PAGEPress®, Pavia, Italy. All credits and honors to PKP for their OJS.


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|This article's factual accuracy is disputed. (April 2012)
Intermodulation or intermodulation distortion (IMD) is the amplitude modulation of signals containing two or more different frequencies in a system with nonlinearities. The intermodulation between each frequency component will form additional signals at frequencies that are not just at harmonic frequencies (integer multiples) of either, but also at the sum and difference frequencies of the original frequencies and at multiples of those sum and difference frequencies.
Intermodulation is caused by non-linear behaviour of the signal processing being used. The theoretical outcome of these non-linearities can be calculated by generating a Volterra series of the characteristic, while the usual approximation of those non-linearities is obtained by generating a Taylor series.
Intermodulation is rarely desirable in radio or audio processing, as it creates unwanted spurious emissions, often in the form of sidebands. For radio transmissions this increases the occupied bandwidth, leading to adjacent channel interference, which can reduce audio clarity or increase spectrum usage. It should not be confused with harmonic distortion (which has common musical applications), nor with intentional modulation (such as a frequency mixer in superheterodyne receivers) where signals to be modulated are presented to an intentional nonlinear element (multiplied) (see non-linear mixers such as mixer diodes and even single-transistor oscillator-mixer circuits). In audio, the intermodulation products are nonharmonically related to the input frequencies and therefore "off-key" with respect to the common Western musical scale.
Causes of intermodulation[edit]
A linear system cannot produce intermodulation. If the input of a linear time-invariant system is a signal of a single frequency, then the output is a signal of the same frequency; only the amplitude and phase can differ from the input signal. However, non-linear systems generate harmonics, meaning that if the input of a non-linear system is a signal of a single frequency, then the output is a signal which includes a number of integer multiples of the input frequency; (i.e. some of ).
Intermodulation occurs when the input to a non-linear system is composed of two or more frequencies. Consider an input signal that contains three frequency components at, , and ; which may be expressed as
where the and are the amplitudes and phases of the three components, respectively.
We obtain our output signal, , by passing our input through a non-linear function:
will contain the three frequencies of the input signal, , , and (which are known as the fundamental frequencies), as well as a number of linear combinations of the fundamental frequencies, each of the form
where , , and are arbitrary integers which can assume positive or negative values. These are the intermodulation products (or IMPs).
In general, each of these frequency components will have a different amplitude and phase, which depends on the specific non-linear function being used, and also on the amplitudes and phases of the original input components.
More generally, given an input signal containing an arbitrary number of frequency components , the output signal will contain a number of frequency components, each of which may be described by
where the coefficients are arbitrary integer values.
Intermodulation order[edit]
The order of a given intermodulation product is the sum of the absolute values of the coefficients,
For example, in our original example above, third-order intermodulation products (IMPs) occur where :
In many radio and audio applications, odd-order IMPs are of most interest, as they fall within the vicinity of the original frequency components, and may therefore interfere with the desired behaviour.
Passive Intermodulation (PIM)[edit]
As explained in a previous section, intermodulation can only occur in non-linear systems. Non-linear systems are generally composed of active components, meaning that the components must be biased with an external power source which is not the input signal (i.e. the active components must be "turned on"). Passive intermodulation (PIM), however, occurs in passive devices (which may include cables, antennas etc.) that are subjected to two or more high power tones. The PIM product is the result of the two (or more) high power tones mixing at device nonlinearities such as junctions of dissimilar metals, metal-oxide junctions and even loose connectors. The higher the signal amplitudes, the more pronounced the effect of the nonlinearities, and the more prominent the intermodulation that occurs - even though upon initial inspection, the system would appear to be linear and unable to generate intermodulation.
Sources of PIM[edit]
Ferromagnetic materials are the most common materials to avoid and include ferrites, nickel, (including nickel plating) and steels (including some stainless steels.) These materials exhibit hysteresis when exposed to reversing magnetic fields resulting in PIM generation.
PIM can also be generated in components with manufacturing or workmanship defects, such as cold or cracked solder joints or poorly made mechanical contacts. If these defects are exposed to high RF currents, PIM can be generated. As a result, RF equipment manufacturers perform factory PIM tests on components, to eliminate PIM caused by these design and manufacturing defects.
In the field, PIM can be caused by components that were damaged in transit to the cell site, installation workmanship issues and by external PIM sources. Some of these include:
- Contaminated surfaces or contacts due to dirt, dust, moisture or oxidation.
- Loose mechanical junctions due to inadequate torque, poor alignment or poorly prepared contact surfaces.
- Loose mechanical junctions caused during transportation, shock or vibration.
- Metal flakes or shavings inside RF connections.
- Inconsistent metal-to-metal contact between RF connector surfaces caused by any of the following:
Trapped dielectric materials (adhesives, foam, etc.), cracks or distortions at the end of the outer conductor of coaxial cables, often caused by overtightening the back nut during installation, solid inner conductors distorted in the preparation process, hollow inner conductors excessively enlarged or made oval during the preparation process.
- PIM can also occur in connectors, or when conductors made of two galvanically unmatched metals come in contact with each other.
- Nearby metallic objects in the direct beam and side lobes of the transmit antenna including rusty bolts, roof flashing, vent pipes, guy wires, etc.
PIM Testing[edit]
IEC 62037 is the international standard for PIM testing and gives specific details as to PIM measurement setups. The standard specifies the use of two +43 dBm (20W) tones for the test signals for PIM testing. This power level has been used by RF equipment manufacturers for more than a decade to establish PASS / FAIL specifications for RF components.
Intermodulation in electronic circuits[edit]
Intermodulation is caused by nonlinearity or parameter limitations in an amplifier system. This nonlinearity can be characterized in many ways, including the slew rate, crossover distortion, reduced transistor current gain, or saturation of collector-emitter junctions near clipping. Slew-induced distortion (SID) can produce intermodulation distortion (IMD) when the first signal is slewing (changing voltage) at the limit of the amplifier's power bandwidth product. This induces an effective reduction in gain, partially amplitude-modulating the second signal. If SID only occurs for a portion of the signal, it is called "transient" intermodulation distortion.[1] This usually occurs due to soft clipping of the signal peaks.[2]
Intermodulation in audio applications[edit]
|This section does not cite any references or sources. (April 2012)
Any system that produces harmonic distortion also produces intermodulation distortion. The difference between the two types of distortion is the signal used to test it, not the device. Only sine waves produce harmonic distortion; music signals always produce intermodulation.
|This article's factual accuracy is disputed. (April 2012)
Audio engineers usually strive to avoid intermodulation, as for anything other than extremely simple input waveforms, it introduces frequency components that are not harmonically related, which tends to sound unmusical and unpleasant. However, certain audio effects rely on amplitude modulation; these include tremolo and ring modulation. One way to generate such effects is through deliberate intermodulation in a non-linear device, but may also be achieved without intermodulation by an analog multiplier.[dubious ] Transient intermodulation distortion, or TIM, occurs in amplifiers that employ negative feedback when signal delays make the amplifier incapable of correcting distortion when exposed to fast, transient signals.
Harmonic distortion occurs when non-linearity (in an amplifier or loudspeaker, for instance) only creates new frequencies that are harmonically related to the original sine wave signal. Intermodulation distortion occurs when a different type[dubious ] of non-linearity can create new frequencies that are not harmonically related to the original signal. All audio devices give rise to distortion to some extent; harmonic distortion and intermodulation distortion tests highlight different aspects of imperfections, and one type of distortion may be inaudibly low while the other is significantly high for some equipment under certain conditions.[dubious ][citation needed]
In analog recording, wow and flutter are forms of intermodulation distortion caused by speed variations in the medium (usually tape). When the flutter rate is above a certain point, typically about 20Hz, the modulation products impressed into the musical signal no longer present as an audibly obvious flutter, yet continue to interfere with the signal as extraneous frequency modulation, and the resulting sideband products manifest as distortion. This distortion results in a thicker, grainier texture due to the excess non-musical sum and difference components riding above and below the harmonic content of the material.
Intermodulation distortion in audio is usually specified as the Root Mean Square (RMS) value of the various sum-and-difference signals as a percentage of the original signal's RMS voltage, although it may be specified in terms of individual component strengths, in decibels, as is common with RF work. Audio IMD standard tests include SMPTE standard RP120-1994[1] where two signals (at 60 Hz and 7 kHz, with 4:1 amplitude ratios) are used for the test; many other standards (such as DIN, CCIF) use other frequencies and amplitude ratios. Opinion varies over the ideal ratio of test frequencies (e.g. 3:4,[3] or almost -but not exactly - 3:1 for example).
After feeding the equipment under test with low distortion input sinewaves, the output distortion can be measured by using an electronic filter to remove the original frequencies, or spectral analysis may be made using Fourier Transformations in software or a dedicated spectrum analyser, or when determining intermodulation effects in communications equipment, may be made using the receiver under test itself.
Using a modern network analyzer with two internal RF sources and sensitive RF detectors simplifies the measurement setup and also provides a sensitivity level comparable to spectrum analyzers. Furthermore, a calibrated VNA setup also removes mismatch errors from measurements which otherwise would be present in spectrum analyzer measurements. Meanwhile error-corrected IM measurement systems are available. These system support frequency converting vector-measurements of S-parameters.[4] The user can locate IM-sources and perform a vector or time-domain fitting or modelling of the IM-signals and components.
See also[edit]
- Rusty bolt effect
- Beat (acoustics)
- Audio system measurements
- Second-order intercept point
- Third-order intercept point, a metric of an amplifier or system related to intermodulation
- Luxemburg–Gorky effect
External links[edit]
- Lloyd Butler (1997). "Intermodulation Performance and Measurement of Intermodulation Components". VK5BR. "Amateur Radio," August 1997. Retrieved 30 January 2012.
- ^ a b Rane Pro Audio Reference for IM
- ^ http://waltjung.org/PDFs/SID_TIM_TAA77_P1.pdf Slewing Induced Distortion in Audio Amplifiers, Part 1 by Walter Jung in The Audio Amateur Issue 1/1977
- ^ http://www.leonaudio.com.au/3-4.ratio.distortion.measurement.pdf Graeme John Cohen: 3-4 Ratio; A method of measuring distortion products
- ^ Thalayasingam, K. and Heuermann, H., Novel Vector Non-Linear Measurement System for Intermodulation Measurements, European Microwave Conference, Rom, Italy, IEEE, 2009, Available online
This article incorporates public domain material from the General Services Administration document "Federal Standard 1037C" (in support of MIL-STD-188).


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text:
Contact: Johannes Overgaard
(45) 27-14-26-34
Aarhus University
Caption: Fruit flies have been the model for a study that has shown how climate change may affect insect distribution in the future.
Credit: Ary A. Hoffmann
Usage Restrictions: May be used in relation to this subject.
Related news release: Extreme weather decides distribution of insects


text:
We subdivide our voice biometrics interests into broad categories. The first one is the commercial space and the second one is the public security space. Then within those two broad market segments, we go after specific verticals. So in the commercial space the top three verticals that we go after are finance, telecommunications and government. And in the public security space the three key verticals are military, intelligence agencies and law enforcement. Those would definitely be the key markets that we go after in the voice biometric business although there are definitely applications for voice biometrics beyond the 6 markets that I just mentioned.
fB: Where are you seeing the greatest growth right now Brett?
N: We are definitely seeing a lot of growth in finance; this is definitely a new trend as finance has been very conservative and only in the last year or two have we seen a significant push within the banking sector. Traditionally this (voice biometrics) has been a space that various government agencies have been very active in. Therefore, we believe that the government vertical will…
Fingerprint Cards (FPC) has received its second Design Win (DW) for its swipe sensor technology from one of Japan's leading and most innovative mobile phone manufacturers.
The initial volume is estimated at minimum one million mobile phones and the first model launch is scheduled for the second quarter of 2013. Due to the competitive situation, the mobile phone manufacturer wants to remain anonymous for the time being.
Johan Carlström, President and Chief Executive Officer of FPC, comments: "We are happy and proud to announce our second DW for mobile phones in Japan and the third globally in just two months. Due to FPC's world-leading capacitive fingerprint technology, image quality and low power consumption we have seized the position as the leading alternative for fingerprint sensors in mobile phones and tablets. Feedback from several leading Japanese mobile phone manufacturers and from a number of other ongoing negotiations demonstrates that FPC is at the very cutting edge. We are continuously working hard to build upon this foundation and to expand our leading position in the market for smartphones and tablets. We expect multiple additional DW:s in the coming months"
Neurotechnology, a provider of high-precision biometric identification technologies, today announced the release of MegaMatcher 4.4 multi-biometric technology for large-scale applications and updates to its entire line of biometric Software Development Kits (SDKs) for fingerprint, iris, voice, face and multi-biometric identification. Neurotechnology also released updates to its similar line of SDKs specially designed for the development of embedded biometric systems for smartphones, tablets and other devices.
Product updates include: VeriFinger 6.6 for fingerprint identification, VeriSpeak 1.2 for voice identification, VeriLook 5.3 for facial identification and VeriEye 2.6 for iris identification. MegaMatcher 4.4 includes all of these latest individual biometric algorithms, plus palmprint identification, to enable the development of fast, accurate large-scale multi-biometric solutions using any combination of fingerprint, face, iris, voice or palm biometrics. VeriLook Surveillance 2.2 for facial identification from surveillance camera video was also released today.
Neurotechnology's identification algorithms are used in millions of biometric system installations around the world and have consistently earned the highest honors in some of the industry's most rigorous competitions.
Fiji has marked another significant milestone in its path to true parliamentary democracy with the announcement that more than half a million Fijians have registered to vote in the scheduled elections in 2014.
The 504,588 registered Fijian voters represent more than 80% of the estimated number of eligible voters, and registration will continue in 2013, notably for Fijians living overseas.
The Attorney-General and Minister Responsible for Elections, Aiyaz Sayed-Khaiyum, said this marked another significant achievement in Fiji's Electronic Voter Registration [EVR]. "We are happy and proud that the Fijian people have shown such a strong commitment to this process. The impressive turn-out is a clear indication that Fijians are keen to participate in true parliamentary democracy for the first time in Fiji's history".
With some registration teams from the outer islands still to report their figures, the current tally for the second round of EVR – which ran from November 10th to December 7th – stands at 17,295. This is in addition to the 487,293 who registered during the first round of registration from July to September.
Northstar uses their industry knowledge to recruit top talent for Biometric and Identity Management companies.
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6th Annual Biometrics for National Security and Law Enforcement Summit
Jan-30-13 – Jan-31-13
Alexandria, VA
2013 Payments Summit
Feb-5-13 – Feb-7-13
Salt Lake City, UT
ASIS Middle East Security Conference & Exhibition
Feb-17-13 – Feb-19-13
Dubai, United Arab Emirates
RSA Conference USA 2013
Feb-25-13 – Mar-1-13
San Francisco, CA


text:
MONROE (AP) — DTE Energy Co. and Monroe County Community College are celebrating the opening of a solar power generating system on Monday.
U.S. Rep. John Dingell, D-Dearborn, is scheduled to join officials from DTE, the college and the state Legislature at the ribbon-cutting ceremony. It's at 9:30 a.m. at the college's Physical Plant Building.
The power company and the college announced in July that they were entering a 20-year agreement for generating renewable energy. The installation is part of DTE's SolarCurrents pilot program.
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text:
Logano picks up crucial Michigan win
BROOKLYN, Mich. (AP)
Joey Logano boosted his chances of reaching the Chase for the Sprint Cup, winning for the first time this season in a fuel-mileage race at Michigan International Speedway on Sunday.
Logano and Kevin Harvick both breezed past Mark Martin with just over three laps to go in the 400-mile, 200-lap race. Martin had been trying to stretch fuel, but when he faltered, Logano was able to hold off Harvick.
Logano entered the weekend in 16th place in the points standings. After winning the pole Friday, he took Sunday's race by 1 second over Harvick, who is safely near the top of the standings.
There are three races left before the Chase.
Points leader Jimmie Johnson lasted less than 60 laps before engine trouble knocked him out.
It was the third Cup win of Logano's career, and it came after he posted the ninth-fastest pole-winning speed in NASCAR history during Friday's qualifying.
Johnson, Kyle Busch and Dale Earnhardt Jr. were among the big names to have problems, but the race was a clean one for Logano in his No. 22 Ford. He was battling Kurt Busch for the lead at the very start and needed only to outlast Harvick at the end.
Kurt Busch did finish third, improving his chances of reaching the Chase as well. He moved from 11th to ninth in the standings.
Logano is now 13th, just seven points and one spot behind Martin Truex Jr. for the second wild card.
Sunday's race began with 10 of the first 17 laps under caution. There were nine cautions in all, and Logano and Kurt Busch led for 94 of the 200 laps - nearly half the race.
The 54-year-old Martin emerged late, making a bid for his first Cup win since 2009, but his fuel didn't hold up. He finished 27th.
Johnson finished 40th and is now winless in 24 Cup starts at MIS. His lost weekend began when a practice crash Saturday forced him to use a backup car and start in the back of the field. He quickly made his way into contention before the engine problem ended his day.
Logano's win gave Ford a sweep of the two Cup races at Michigan this year. Greg Biffle won in June and finished ninth Sunday.
Two of Logano's three wins have come from the pole.
Johnson still leads the standings by 41 points over Clint Bowyer.
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text:
Not too long ago, getting a computer virus or falling for a phishing scam was something that happened to other people. It was like hearing about a tragic earthquake or tsunami– it happened and it was awful, but it was far away and didn't affect you very much.
My, how the times have changed! Today, viruses, worms, and phishing attacks are everywhere. They invade email, websites, blogs, and even popular social networking sites such as Twitter. Some of the phishing scams are very sneaky: emails come in the form of someone or a company with whom you are familiar, such as your best friend or local bank. The email asks you to click on the link and you are directed to a sign in page in your browser. If you enter your information- BAM- it's stolen.
To start at the beginning, here's a quick rundown of the various threats we computer users face today:
A virus is a software program or piece of code that infects a computer and reproduces itself to spread throughout the computer or to other computers. Viruses are spread through executable code, which means it must be activated to affect a system and spread. Viruses can sit dormant in computer system until they are activated, either remotely or with a countdown in the code itself.
Malware is short for malicious software. There are different types of malware. A trojan is a type of malware that is surreptitiously downloaded with other software; trojans do not replicate as viruses do, but trojans are generally more malicious because they steal information and "phone home" that information to its master. The name "trojan" comes from the Greek mythology story about the Trojan Horse. Other malware might include spyware or adware, which track the computer's user's computing habits, history, or online shopping browsing and buying. Spyware is intended to keep a record of the the activity, while adware is intended to blast the user with targeted ads based on web browsing and online habits. Both do so usually without the user's knowledge.
Phishing is the name given for one of the worst computer crimes: identity theft. Phishing attempts usually come in the form of emails, instant messages, or hacked websites. They direct the user to what appears to be a legitimate website or application. The user, assuming the website/application is legitimate, enters his username and password, which is promptly stolen.
Although it is increasingly difficult as crooks become more sophisticated, you can prevent viruses and phishing attacks. Some of these tips may require you to radically change your computer use and Internet browsing, however. But if you have ever experienced a virus or trojan, and tried to fix your computer after getting one, you probably realize very quickly that the ounce of prevention really was worth the pound of cure.
How to Avoid Viruses, Phishing Schemes, and other Malware Infestations
- Install firewall and anti-virus software, and use it. There are many excellent programs available for free. Keep the software updated and current, because viruses and malicious software changes all the time.
- Never click on a link in an email that directs you to a webpage to sign in. Even if the email and website are harmless, it's too risky. Criminals have become very sophisticated with their crimes, and even the experts have difficulty detecting if a website is legitimate or not. Clicking links in emails remains the most common way viruses and phishing scams are propagated.
- Avoid opening attachments in emails. I also avoid opening all emails labeled "Fw" or "Re" unless I am expecting it. A lot of those "Fw" emails are junk, filled with bandwidth-clogging images and urban legends. It's just not worth it to get a virus or a worm so I can look at another "inspirational-story-with-sparkly-pictures-pass-this-on-to-100-friends!!" email. Not worth it.
- Use Email Properties to view email text. If you absolutely MUST know what is in the email, there is a backdoor way to read the text of the email without opening the images or any spyware that may be lurking. Here's a video I made that shows how you can view the message coding. This is also helpful if you want to view the IP header to see from where the email is originating. Most of what you will see is in HTML coding (and therefore, gobblydegook), but you can make out the text in the email if you look for it.
- Disable email image viewing by default. If you use Windows Mail or Windows Live Mail, you can disable images from showing in the email, unless you allow it. See my tutorial on How to Block Images in Emails Until You Allow Them.
- Avoid seedy sites, such as p*rn*graphic sites, music-sharing sites, and video-sharing sites. These sites are havens for criminals, and the people who frequent them are easy targets.
- Install or activate the pop-up blocker for your browser. Trojans are sometimes installed in the code of pop-ups, called "drive-by downloads." NEVER click on any pop-up that tells you that your computer is infected or that there is some impending doom that awaits you. If you worry that your computer really is infected, run your anti-virus software; if you worry that the sky is falling, check the news.
- Be wary of download websites. I used to download new software all the time; but now I am more conservative. Download.com, from the C|Net writers, is a reliable and respectable website. I also look at the Kim Komando website and search for downloads, too. Avoid P2P (peer-to-peer) websites that offer you music, videos, images, etc.
- Use a different browser than Internet Explorer, such as Firefox, Safari, or Opera. Because Internet Explorer is so common, it's become a popular target. Internet Explorer also has slightly fewer security measures, and can be slow to plug security holes.
Students interested in learning about viruses and phishing to a larger extent should consider an intelligence degree from an online university.


text:
Return to Laws Page
To amend sections 9.81, 4117.03, 4117.09, and 4117.11
of the Revised Code to remove any requirement
under the Public Employees Collective Bargaining
Law that public employees join or pay dues to any
employee organization and to prohibit public
employers from requiring public employees to join
or pay dues to any employee organization.
Section 1. That sections 9.81, 4117.03, 4117.09, and 4117.11
of the Revised Code be amended to read as follows:
Sec. 9.81. After an authorization adopted under section 9.80
of the Revised Code, any public officer or employee of any
department or division of the state, any political subdivision or
school district thereof, or of any institution supported in whole
or in part by the state, a county, or municipal corporation, who
desires to make a contribution by the payroll deduction plan to
one or more of the specified charitable agencies which are
corporations not for profit, community chests, united funds, or
other similar united community fund organizations, may be
permitted to have such contribution payments deducted from the
salary or wages due such public officer or employee by filing a
written request and authorization signed by such public officer or
employee and specifying the amount of the deduction in each
payroll period with the fiscal officer of the state, political
subdivision, or school district, or institution by which such
public officer or employee is employed. Such authorization may be
withdrawn in writing by such public officer or employee at any
time. No funds may be withheld from the salary or wages of any
such public officer or employee for the purposes permitted by
sections 9.80 and 9.81 of the Revised Code unless the withholding
is specifically, freely, and voluntarily authorized by that public
officer or employee in writing.
Upon receipt of evidence of such request by the appropriate
fiscal officer, or upon receipt of a written deduction
authorization under division (B)(2) or (C) of section 4117.09 of
the Revised Code, such fiscal officer shall make such deduction
and shall, at periodic intervals to the extent of the amount
collected, pay the designated charitable agencies which are
corporations not for profit, community chests, united funds, or
other similar united community fund organizations, or the
exclusive representative designated under section 4117.05 of the
Revised Code.
Sec. 4117.03. (A) Public employees have the right to:
(1) Form, join, assist, or participate in, or refrain from
forming, joining, assisting, or participating in, except as
otherwise provided in Chapter 4117. of the Revised Code this
chapter, any employee organization of their own choosing;
(2) Engage in or refrain from engaging in other concerted
activities for the purpose of collective bargaining or other
mutual aid and protection;
(3) Representation by an employee organization;
(4) Bargain collectively with their public employers to
determine wages, hours, terms and other conditions of employment
and the continuation, modification, or deletion of an existing
provision of a collective bargaining agreement, and enter into
collective bargaining agreements;
(5) Present grievances and have them adjusted, without the
intervention of the bargaining representative, as long as the
adjustment is not inconsistent with the terms of the collective
bargaining agreement then in effect and as long as the bargaining
representatives have the opportunity to be present at the
(B) Persons on active duty or acting in any capacity as
members of the organized militia do not have collective bargaining
(C) Except as provided in division (D) of this section,
nothing in Chapter 4117. of the Revised Code this chapter
prohibits public employers from electing to engage in collective
bargaining, to meet and confer, to hold discussions, or to engage
in any other form of collective negotiations with public employees
who are not subject to Chapter 4117. of the Revised Code this
chapter pursuant to division (C) of section 4117.01 of the Revised
(D) A public employer shall not engage in collective
bargaining or other forms of collective negotiations with the
employees of county boards of elections referred to in division
(C)(12) of section 4117.01 of the Revised Code.
(E) Employees of public schools may bargain collectively for
health care benefits.
Sec. 4117.09. (A) The parties to any collective bargaining
agreement shall reduce the agreement to writing and both execute
(B) The agreement shall contain a provision that:
(1) Provides for a grievance procedure which may culminate
with final and binding arbitration of unresolved grievances, and
disputed interpretations of agreements, and which is valid and
enforceable under its terms when entered into in accordance with
this chapter. No publication thereof is required to make it
effective. A party to the agreement may bring suits for violation
of agreements or the enforcement of an award by an arbitrator in
the court of common pleas of any county wherein a party resides or
transacts business.
(2) Authorizes the public employer to deduct the periodic
dues, initiation fees, and assessments of members of the exclusive
representative upon presentation of a written deduction
authorization by the employee.
(C) The agreement may contain a provision that requires as a
condition of employment, on or after a mutually agreed upon
probationary period or sixty days following the beginning of
employment, whichever is less, or the effective date of a
collective bargaining agreement, whichever is later, that the
employees in the unit who are not members of the employee
organization pay to the employee organization a fair share fee.
The arrangement does not require any employee to become a member
of the employee organization, nor shall fair share fees exceed
dues paid by members of the employee organization who are in the
same bargaining unit. Any public employee organization
representing public employees pursuant to this chapter shall
prescribe an internal procedure to determine a rebate, if any, for
nonmembers which conforms to federal law, provided a nonmember
makes a timely demand on the employee organization. Absent
arbitrary and capricious action, such determination is conclusive
on the parties except that a challenge to the determination may be
filed with the state employment relations board within thirty days
of the determination date specifying the arbitrary or capricious
nature of the determination and the board shall review the rebate
determination and decide whether it was arbitrary or capricious.
The deduction of a fair share fee by the public employer from the
payroll check of the employee and its payment to the employee
organization is automatic and does not require the written
authorization of the employee.
The internal rebate procedure shall provide for a rebate of
expenditures in support of partisan politics or ideological causes
not germaine to the work of employee organizations in the realm of
collective bargaining.
Any public employee who is a member of and adheres to
established and traditional tenets or teachings of a bona fide
religion or religious body which has historically held
conscientious objections to joining or financially supporting an
employee organization and which is exempt from taxation under the
provisions of the Internal Revenue Code shall not be required to
join or financially support any employee organization as a
condition of employment. Upon submission of proper proof of
religious conviction to the board, the board shall declare the
employee exempt from becoming a member of or financially
supporting an employee organization. The employee shall be
required, in lieu of the fair share fee, to pay an amount of money
equal to the fair share fee to a nonreligious charitable fund
exempt from taxation under section 501(c)(3) of the Internal
Revenue Code mutually agreed upon by the employee and the
representative of the employee organization to which the employee
would otherwise be required to pay the fair share fee. The
employee shall furnish to the employee organization written
receipts evidencing such payment, and failure to make the payment
or furnish the receipts shall subject the employee to the same
sanctions as would nonpayment of dues under the applicable
collective bargaining agreement.
No public employer shall agree to a provision requiring that
a public employee become a member of, or pay dues or fees to, an
employee organization as a condition for securing or retaining
(D) As used in this division, "teacher" means any employee of
a school district certified to teach in the public schools of this
The agreement may contain a provision that provides for a
peer review plan under which teachers in a bargaining unit or
representatives of an employee organization representing teachers
may, for other teachers of the same bargaining unit or teachers
whom the employee organization represents, participate in
assisting, instructing, reviewing, evaluating, or appraising and
make recommendations or participate in decisions with respect to
the retention, discharge, renewal, or nonrenewal of, the teachers
covered by a peer review plan.
The participation of teachers or their employee organization
representative in a peer review plan permitted under this division
shall not be construed as an unfair labor practice under this
chapter or as a violation of any other provision of law or rule
adopted pursuant thereto.
(E) No agreement shall contain an expiration date that is
later than three years from the date of execution. The parties may
extend any agreement, but the extensions do not affect the
expiration date of the original agreement.
Sec. 4117.11. (A) It is an unfair labor practice for a
public employer, its agents, or representatives to:
(1) Interfere with, restrain, or coerce employees in the
exercise of the rights guaranteed in Chapter 4117. of the Revised
Code this chapter or an employee organization in the selection of
its representative for the purposes of collective bargaining or
the adjustment of grievances;
(2) Initiate, create, dominate, or interfere with the
formation or administration of any employee organization, or
contribute financial or other support to it; except that a public
employer may permit employees to confer with it during working
hours without loss of time or pay, permit the exclusive
representative to use the facilities of the public employer for
membership or other meetings, or permit the exclusive
representative to use the internal mail system or other internal
communications system;
(3) Discriminate in regard to hire or tenure of employment or
any term or condition of employment on the basis of the exercise
of rights guaranteed by Chapter 4117. of the Revised Code this
chapter. Nothing precludes any employer from making and enforcing
an agreement pursuant to division (C) of section 4117.09 of the
Revised Code.
(4) Discharge or otherwise discriminate against an employee
because he the employee has filed charges or given testimony under
Chapter 4117. of the Revised Code this chapter;
(5) Refuse to bargain collectively with the representative of
his the employer's employees recognized as the exclusive
representative or certified pursuant to Chapter 4117. of the
Revised Code this chapter;
(6) Establish a pattern or practice of repeated failures to
timely process grievances and requests for arbitration of
(7) Lock out or otherwise prevent employees from performing
their regularly assigned duties where an object thereof is to
bring pressure on the employees or an employee organization to
compromise or capitulate to the employer's terms regarding a labor
relations dispute;
(8) Cause or attempt to cause an employee organization, its
agents, or representatives to violate division (B) of this
(B) It is an unfair labor practice for an employee
organization, its agents, or representatives, or public employees
(1) Restrain or coerce employees in the exercise of the
rights guaranteed in Chapter 4117. of the Revised Code this
chapter. This division does not impair the right of an employee
organization to prescribe its own rules with respect to the
acquisition or retention of membership therein, or an employer in
the selection of his the employer's representative for the purpose
of collective
bargaining or the adjustment of
(2) Cause or attempt to cause an employer to violate division
(A) of this section;
(3) Refuse to bargain collectively with a public employer if
the employee organization is recognized as the exclusive
representative or certified as the exclusive representative of
public employees in a bargaining unit;
(4) Call, institute, maintain, or conduct a boycott against
any public employer, or picket any place of business of a public
employer, on account of any jurisdictional work dispute;
(5) Induce or encourage any individual employed by any person
to engage in a strike in violation of Chapter 4117. of the Revised
Code this chapter or refusal to handle goods or perform services;
or threaten, coerce, or restrain any person where an object
thereof is to force or require any public employee to cease
dealing or doing business with any other person, or force or
require a public employer to recognize for representation purposes
an employee organization not certified by the state employment
relations board;
(6) Fail to fairly represent all public employees in a
bargaining unit;
(7) Induce or encourage any individual in connection with a
labor relations dispute to picket the residence or any place of
private employment of any public official or representative of the
public employer;
(8) Engage in any picketing, striking, or other concerted
refusal to work without giving written notice to the public
employer and to the state employment relations board not less than
ten days prior to the action. The notice shall state the date and
time that the action will commence and, once the notice is given,
the parties may extend it by the written agreement of both.
(C) The determination by the board or any court that a public
officer or employee has committed any of the acts prohibited by
divisions (A) and (B) of this section shall not be made the basis
of any charge for the removal from office or recall of the public
officer or the suspension from or termination of employment of or
disciplinary acts against an employee, nor shall the officer or
employee be found subject to any suit for damages based on such a
determination; however nothing in this division prevents any party
to a collective bargaining agreement from seeking enforcement or
damages for a violation thereof against the other party to the
(D) As to jurisdictional work disputes, the board shall hear
and determine the dispute unless, within ten days after notice to
the board by a party to the dispute that a dispute exists, the
parties to the dispute submit to the board satisfactory evidence
that they have adjusted, or agreed upon the method for the
voluntary adjustment of, the dispute.
Section 2. That existing sections 9.81, 4117.03, 4117.09,
and 4117.11 of the Revised Code are hereby repealed.
Section 3. This act applies to all collective bargaining
agreements entered into pursuant to Chapter 4117. of the Revised
Code on or after the effective date of this act.


text:
Unlock the entire Houzz
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Tube Anemone in seabed, Pachycerianthus longistriatis
Last Updated: 8 December 2009
Tube Anemone larva View full size
Peter Parks © Image Quest 3-D
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Become a Member for free admission, Explore magazine subscription and more.
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Interval Leisure Group To Announce Third Quarter 2012 Financial Results And Host Conference Call On November 6, 2012
Interval Leisure Group (NASDAQ: IILG) will release its third quarter 2012 financial results after the market closes on Tuesday, November 6, 2012. Interval Leisure Group will also host a related conference call beginning at 4:30 p.m. ET that same day, accessible via telephone and the Internet.
Craig M. Nash, chairman, president, and chief executive officer of Interval Leisure Group, and William L. Harvey, chief financial officer, will review the company's third quarter financial results. Following the review, there will be a question and answer session. The conference call is expected to last approximately one hour and an audio webcast will be available on the Investor Relations section of Interval Leisure Group's website at www.iilg.com.
Investors and analysts may participate in the live conference call by dialing (866) 356-4281 (toll-free domestic) or (617) 597-5395 (international); participant pass code: 96619649. Please register at least 10 minutes before the conference call begins. A replay of the call will be available for fourteen days via telephone starting approximately two hours after the call ends. The replay can be accessed at (888) 286-8010 (toll-free domestic) or (617) 801-6888 (international); pass code: 32316708. The webcast will be archived on Interval Leisure Group's website for 90 days after the call. A transcript of the call will also be available on the website.
About Interval Leisure GroupInterval Leisure Group (ILG) is a leading global provider of membership and leisure services to the vacation industry. Headquartered in Miami, Florida, ILG has more than 3,500 employees worldwide. The company's primary business segment is Membership and Exchange, which offers travel and leisure related products and services to about 2 million member families who are enrolled in various programs. Interval International, the segment's principal business, has been a leader in vacation ownership exchange since 1976. With offices in 15 countries, it operates the Interval Network of approximately 2,700 resorts in more than 75 nations. ILG delivers additional opportunities for vacation ownership exchange through Trading Places International (TPI) and Preferred Residences.
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- Home
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- >
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- > Protein
Designer Whey 100% Natural Whey Protein Vanilla
Size/Count 4.0 lb
- French vanilla flavor
- 100 calories
- 18 grams of protein
Receiving Options
Check product availability at a Walgreens near you.
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New Look Great Taste!
America's #1 Protein Since 1993®
Designed for your active lifestyle.™
Our passion for health and fitness continually drives us to deliver smart, simple and convenient products - designed with your body in mind™ - so that you can easily reach your wellness goal, even with today's hectic schedules. As the innovators of whey protein powders since 1993. we strive to create products that evolve with your needs while being delicious, balanced for optimal health, and easy to fit into your daily routine. Give us a try and tell us what you think!
Why Designer Whey?
Designer Whey's Unique Amino Acid Profile
Essential Amino Acids
Isoleucine 1,276mg
Lysine 1,740mg
Leucine 1,982mg
Threonine 1,494mg
Valine 1,245mg
Methionine 558mg
Phenylalanine 450mg
Tryptophan 360mg
Total Essentials 9,105 mg
Conditionally Essential Amino
Arginine 480mg
Histidine 303mg
Total Conditional Essentials 783mg
Non-Essential Amino Acids
Alanine 900mg
Glycine 288mg
Aspartic Acid 1,630mg
Proline 630mg
Cysteine 360mg
Serine 702mg
Glutamic Acid 3,062mg
Tyrosine 540mg
Total Non-Essentials 8,112mg
Good to Know Facts
A scoop is included in this container.
Get Healthy. Get Strong. Get Results.™
With Designer Whey!
This product is packed by weight and not volume. Some settling may have occurred during transportation.
Combine 1 scoop of Designer Whey® wutg 8 fl oz (or less for more flavor) of cold water or milk and mix thoroughly. Keep out of direct sunlight and store in a cool, dark place. Best Times to Use: Take first thing in the morning to kick start your metabolism OR take 20 minutes after a workout to help recover and build muscle OR take mid-morning or mid-afternoon to curb cravings.
©Next Proteins
Notice: For weight reduction, use only as directed in the meal plans at Designerwhey.com. Do not use in diets supplying less than 400 calories per day without medical supervision.
|Nutrition Facts
|Serving Size : 1 Scoop
Serving per Container : 65
|Amount Per Serving
|% Daily value*
|Total Fat 2 g
|Saturated Fat 1 g
|Cholesterol 60 mg
|Sodium 80 mg
|Potassium 100 mg
|Total Carbohydrate 6 g
|Sugars 2 g
|Protein 18 g
|Vitamin D IU
|Thiamin (B1) mg
|Riboflavin (B2) mg
|Vitamin B6 mg
|Pantothenic acid mg
|Calcium mg
|Phosphorus mg
|Magnesium mg
|Zinc mg
|Calories 100 Calories
|Calories From Fat 20 Calories
© Copyright 2014 Walgreen Co. All rights reserved.


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Thank You for visiting Feed My Sheep!
Thank you for visiting our site and supporting us as we raise funds and awareness for Michaels Childrens Village. We hope to provide you with perspective on who we are, what we do, and what God has done for us. We hope that you will read "Our Story" and be blessed.
Check out our ever-expanding Auction Catalogue to browse our outstanding auction items for our upcoming spring 2013 event! Be sure to follow our social networks profiles to stay informed.
Stay updated about our efforts and progress as we watch the Lord at work in South Africa and find prayer requests and updates to aid you in intercession for this amazing ministry.
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Photo Credit: iVillage
If she loves all things floral, sparkly and rainbow, make her Halloween completely unforgettable with our super cute rainbow flower face paint tutorial. It's the perfect finishing touch for mermaids, fairies and princesses alike!
For more awesome face painting ideas, check out DIY Halloween Face Paint Any Mom Can Do.
Carina Belles is a contributing writer at iVillage. Follow her on Twitter, Instagram and Google+.


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Get involved in SAMHSA's National Prevention Week 2014 – May 18-24, 2014!
National Prevention Week is a SAMHSA-supported annual health observance dedicated to increasing public awareness of, and action around, substance abuse and mental health issues. This observance is powered by communities nationwide that host prevention-themed events to:
SAMHSA invites your organization to participate in National Prevention Week 2014.
Here's how to get started:
Keywords: national, prevention, week, samhsa, public, health, awareness, substance, abuse, mental, health, community, events
Recovery Month promotes the societal benefits of prevention, treatment, and recovery for mental and substance use disorders, celebrates people in recovery, lauds the contributions of treatment and service providers, and promotes the message that recovery in all its forms is possible. Recovery Month spreads the positive message that behavioral health is essential to overall health, that prevention works, treatment is effective and people can and do recover.
National Recovery Month 2014


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On Thu, Jul 24, 2008 at 5:41 AM, Alan Mackenzie <acm@...> wrote:
> Hi, excellent people!
> Having got X11 installed and "working", I need a window manager. Why
> not XFCE, as supplied on the installation disk?
> # emerge xfce didn't work - "Portage: Don't know what xfce is".
> Scrabbled aroud /usr/portage, then # emerge xfce4 started working.
> Why the 4 do I have to type xfce4, not xfce? Anyhow, that's a minor
> point.
> The major point was that portage refused to install xfce because it said
> that
> [blocks B ] net-print/lprng (is blocking net-print/cups-1.3.7-r1)
> [blocks B ] net-print/cups (is blocking net-print/lprng-3.8.28)
> * Error: The above package list contains packages which cannot be
> * installed at the same time on the same system.
> . I.e., it wants to override my decision to use lprng as print program
> and put in cups instead. This is a bit of a cheek!
> Why isn't xfce configured merely to install "some print daemon", rather
> than specifically cups? For that matter, why must it install a print
> daemon at all? Not every X user has a printer or wants to print.
> What can I do about this? I really don't want to have to install cups.
> --
> Alan Mackenzie (Nuremberg, Germany).
Like Sebastian said. Just disable the cups useflag (add -cups to the
USE section of your make.conf) and Xfce should no longer depend on
Updated May 04, 2012
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Synonyms for hereticˈhɛr ɪ tɪk; həˈrɛt ɪk
This thesaurus page is about all possible synonyms and similiar words for the term heretic
Princeton's WordNet
heretic, misbeliever, religious outcast(noun)
a person who holds religious beliefs in conflict with the dogma of the Roman Catholic Church
religious outcast, misbeliever, heretic
a person who holds unorthodox opinions in any field (not merely religion)
religious outcast, misbeliever
English Synonyms and Antonyms, by James Champlin Fernald
Etymologically, a heretic is one who takes or chooses his own belief, instead of the belief of his church; hence, a heretic is one who denies commonly accepted views, or who holds opinions contrary to the recognized standard or tenets of any established religious, philosophical, or other system, school, or party; the religious sense of the word is the predominant one; a schismatic is primarily one who produces a split or rent in the church. A heretic differs in doctrine from the religious body with which he is connected; a schismatic differs in doctrine or practise, or in both. A heretic may be reticent, or even silent; a schismatic introduces divisions. A heresiarch is the author of a heresy or the leader of a heretical party, and is thus at once a heretic and a schismatic. With advancing ideas of religious liberty, the odious sense once attached to these words is largely modified, and heretic is often used playfully. Dissenter and non-conformist are terms specifically applied to English subjects who hold themselves aloof from the Church of England; the former term is extended to non-adherents of the established church in some other countries, as Russia.
dissenter, heresiarch, non-conformist, schismatic
PPDB, the paraphrase database
List of paraphrases:
Find a translation for the heretic synonym in other languages:
Select another language:
Discuss these heretic synonyms with the community:
Use the citation below to add these synonyms to your bibliography:
"heretic." Synonyms.net. STANDS4 LLC, 2014. Web. 22 Dec. 2014. <http://www.synonyms.net/synonym/heretic>.


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It is not clear for me from the publisher's guide is it possible to publish Symbian package (.sisx) which contains more than one executable file.
I have an application which is split in separate parts (executables): Server, Gui settings, Widget...
So I creating a single package which have the UID like one of that executables.
Can I publish such package to the Nokia Store?


text:
ScionNew Cars > Scion
Invoice Pricing: $23,720
Local Blue Book Values
Invoice Pricing: $15,371
Local Blue Book Values
Invoice Pricing: $18,519
Local Blue Book Values
Invoice Pricing: $16,690
Local Blue Book Values
Invoice Pricing: $15,687
Local Blue Book Values
Toyota's youth-oriented division made its first appearance at the New York Auto Show in 2002, with a concept model. Naturally, the Japanese-brand automaker had built cars that appeal to younger motorists before, but marketers felt it was time for a strictly-youthful division.
One of the first two products, the unabashedly boxy little xB wagon, turned into something of a minor phenomenon. Not only did the xB attract the sought-after youthful customers, but it also drew plenty of buyers from older age groups who appreciated the little wagon's practical merits. The relatively tall, boxy shape made it easy to get in and out of xBs, and all-around visibility was hard to beat. Scion, on the other hand, saw the xB largely as a foundation for add-on accessories, appealing to the customization crowd.
With its 108-horsepower, 1.5-liter four-cylinder engine, the first-generation xB proved short on performance, but plenty of owners fell in love with those Scions and regretted their disappearance after just three seasons.
Somewhat overshadowed by the xB wagon, Scion's xA-also introduced for 2004-was a more conventional-looking four-door subcompact hatchback. Seating five, the xA was similar in structure to the xB, with the same engine but built on a shorter wheelbase. Like the first-generation xB, the xA lasted only three seasons.
Next up for Scion was a semi-sporty tC hatchback coupe, introducing for 2005. Seating four, the tC held a 160-horsepower, 2.4-liter engine and could have manual or automatic shift.
Except for the tC coupe, Scion essentially sat out the 2007 model year, awaiting total redesigns of its other two models. For 2008, a new xD model replaced the xA, which had dropped out a year earlier. Built on a 4-inch longer wheelbase than its predecessor, the xD held a 128-horsepower, 1.8-liter engine that mated with a five-speed manual or four-speed automatic transmission. Special Release Series editions were issued periodically, to try and stimulate customer interest.
Purists weren't so pleased with the second-generation Scion xB, which also debuted for 2008. The new xB was bigger than the original, more rounded in appearance, with a more powerful engine-but less thrifty on the road and, some insisted, lacking an essential sense of character. Others disagreed, praising the second-generation xB as an improvement over the original. With 55 more horsepower, the 2008 xB promised considerably more performance, and second-row passenger space qualified as nearly enormous.
A redesigned tC sport coupe emerged for 2011, with 19 more horsepower and what company head Jack Hollis called a "throaty exhaust note." Meanwhile, at the 2010 New York Auto Show, Scion unveiled its next product: the iQ, first seen in concept form. A near-production version appeared at the 2011 show, billed as the "world's smallest four-seater." Billed as a "premium micro-subcompact vehicle," the iQ measured 120 inches long and stood 59 inches tall, with large door openings to ease entry/exit.
Going from concept to production for the iQ took longer than some potential customers might have liked, and was delayed by a year, but the stubby-profiled subcompact is scheduled to go on sale as a 2012 model. The iQ gets a 90-horsepower engine and a continuously variable transmission (CVT). Coming up for the 2013 model year is the sporty Scion FR-S, with rear-wheel drive and a 200-horsepower "boxer" (horizontally-opposed) engine.


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To say that Cloak and Dagger Wines are among the most unique in the wine industry is literally a mouthful – and the statement is absolutely true. There are numerous reasons to back up the aforementioned.
First of all, Cloak and Dagger won't reveal the location, nor any really pertinent information about the company's background. Some details of the wines are derived from the labeling necessities ordained by the federal government. The wines are all from the Paso Robles AVA, the new darling of the Central Coast. That much is known. According to company spokesman Ray Schofield, 54, and a transplanted Englishman, very little else will be forthcoming about the wines.
"All I can say is that our project started almost ten years ago and it involved buying some property (15 acres) to produce fine wine grapes," he recalled. "For various reasons, it was necessary to conclude the deal with a degree of secrecy. For the first few years of our existence, everything was done on an undercover basis, and the details were a closely held secret." Schofield also stated that the original principals came from outside the wine industry, and knew little about the business and its multiple complexities. "The only real experience we had with wine was drinking it," Schofield confessed, "so there was quite a learning curve involved for us to overcome." In 2011, the first 1,000 cases of Cloak and Dagger Wines were released, to some excellent reviews and plaudits. But, Cloak and Dagger Wines has since scaled back to around 450 cases, and for good reason.
"We are basically a tiny operation that only produces a limited amount of wine," Schofield continued. "It was not enough production to interest distributors or middle men. We found it was smarter to sell the wines ourselves and so we scaled back our production. This does not mean that we aren't open to increases for the future, but we will let the market dictate where and when." At this point, only selected high line restaurants and bottle shops sell Cloak and Dagger Wines throughout California, mostly in areas that Los Angeles based Schofield can easily access by driving. The company also has an excellent website that appeals to both young and old.
"We wanted to do something different," Schofield explained. "So we hired a design firm in Malibu to come up with some ideas and so far the reaction has been incredibly positive." The website conveys Cloak and Dagger Wines' ongoing attempt at secrecy with a helping hand from author Dan Brown (The Da Vinci Code, Angels and Demons, etc.). Labels are well thought out and convey a degree of surprise along with a helping of the mysterious. Ray Schofield admitted to being a fan of Brown and other authors whose works he found "speculative in nature." Oh, by the way, the wine inside the bottles is also amazing in its own right.
"We have been pleasantly satisfied with the degree of success the wines have enjoyed," Schofield added. "Almost all of our on premise (restaurants) placements have resulted in multiple reorders. We also have a wine club that is sold out, so that is a really good sign." Schofield also admitted that he decided not to sell to certain restaurants and shops "who really didn't seem to get the brand. We really wanted to keep our wines at a manageable level with regard to fruit so that places limitations that we need to observe."
About fifty percent of Cloak and Dagger Wines come from its home vineyards, one of which is called, of course, "Hidden Vineyard." The remainder of the fruit is sourced from neighboring vineyards all located within a mile of Cloak and Dagger's home vineyards. There is no tasting facility at this time for Cloak and Dagger's wines, nor is there any access to the vineyards. Since no one knows the location of the vineyards, it would seem impossible to visit them anyway. The most amazing aspect of these wines is the quality achieved in a relatively short period of time. Many wineries take several years to achieve high quality levels, but Cloak and Dagger has done so since its inception.
"Great fruit begets great wine," concluded Schofield. "And our area around Templeton (a non-veiled hint) produces some of the finest fruit on the Central Coast. It's a tribute to our winemaker (who is unknown) that we have achieved such recognition and accolades. We just helped by supplying the very best fruit that we could."
Cloak and Dagger - Garagiste Wine
A tiny operation that only produces a limited amount of wine
To say that Cloak and Dagger Wines are among the most unique in the wine industry is literally a mouthful – and the statement is absolutely true. There are numerous reasons to back up the aforementioned.
- Cloak & Dagger2010 Syrah
- the conspirator's reserve
- Paso Robles
- 75 cases producedid: 2304
Ray Schofield, spokesperson
Dear Garagiste Series Members,
We are thrilled to have this opportunity to share with you our 2010 "The Conspirator's Reserve" Syrah. The 2010 harvest gave us extraordinarily good fruit to work with. After extended aging and rigorous tasting, we carefully selected and blended the barrels we considered to be the best of the vintage for this limited production Reserve.
Our single vineyard Syrah is as dark and brooding as it is complex and delicious. Deep purple in color with a nose full of dark, brambly fruit. The palate bursts open with raspberry, cocoa, vanilla and just a hint of smoky oak. Smooth tannins enhance the long, elegant finish.
In case you were wondering, "The Conspirator" is the founder and ringleader of Cloak & Dagger Wines. He takes great pride in his wines but also in his degree of preparedness for any type of cataclysmic emergency. Should the need arise to take refuge in the bunker for an extended period, The Conspirator plans to have a plentiful supply of his Reserve Syrah on hand. He trusts, however, that you will be able to experience the wine under much less challenging circumstances.
On behalf of The Conspirator, we hope you will enjoy this wine in the company of trusted friends. Please pour carefully. Secrets may be spilled.
Ray Schofield, spokesperson
Cloak & Dagger Wines


text:
Trip Start Apr 09, 2006
148Trip End Jun 09, 2007
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Those back home in America will wake up in the next few hours to this story. Dahab is on the Sinai Peninsula in Egypt and I've been looking forward to going there for a very long time. Dahab is where I planned to get my diving certification. I have been talking about it in depth just the last two days as I've shared hostels with people who are doing the reverse of my trip and have recently been to the region.
I'm spooked...and a bit freaked out. I think I've had a healthy understanding of the risks associated with my path but this is the first time an actual "threat" has arisen for me (I'm currently nowhere near there and am fine).
Now might be the time for flexibility. It's much too early to say, but I may need to consider some other options to skip the Sinai or Egypt all together.
We'll see.
On a brighter note I'm catching a bus in a few hours to Bodrum, a city on the sea known for its nightlife. :-) I've also booked a 4 night, 3 day cruise from Fethiye to Olympos leaving Sunday for only $175USD - meals included!