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The rate of intracerebral hemorrhage following thrombolytic therapy depends on the agent, dose, timing, route of administration, patient population, concomitant treatments, and the definition of hemorrhage used.
Thrombolytic therapy in myocardial infarction. Intracranial hemorrhage occurs in approximately 1% of patients who receive thrombolytic therapy for myocardial infarction (Hunt et al 1992; Maggioni et al 1992; Simoons et al 1993; Gore et al 1995). In the GUSTO-I trial of 41,021 patients with acute myocardial infarction, 268 patients had a symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage following administration of a thrombolytic agent (Gore et al 1995).
Pilot studies of intravenous thrombolytic therapy in acute stroke. The pilot studies of rtPA in acute ischemic stroke were accomplished in the late 1980s. Both the NINDS pilot study and the Burroughs Wellcome tissue plasminogen activator studies were dose-escalation safety studies (Brott et al 1992; del Zoppo et al 1992). The NINDS pilot study reported 3 symptomatic hemorrhages in 74 patients treated with doses of rtPA greater than 0.9 mg/kg within 90 minutes of symptom onset (Brott et al 1992). Three patients had asymptomatic hemorrhagic transformation. In the Burroughs-Wellcome study treatment had to be started within 8 hours of stroke onset (Wolpert et al 1993). Of the 98 patients treated with varying doses of rtPA, 11 had a symptomatic hemorrhage. The only significant baseline predictor of hemorrhage in this study was treatment greater than 6 hours from symptom onset.
Randomized clinical trials of intravenous thrombolytic therapy in acute stroke. A meta-analysis published by the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews in 2009 summarized the data of 26 randomized controlled trials completed by 2009 in 7152 acute stroke patients (Wardlaw 2009). Most of these trials tested intravenous thrombolysis up to 6 hours after symptom onset. Fifty-five percent of trials tested rtPA. Four trials evaluated intra-arterial thrombolysis. Overall, the odds of symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage were increased 3-fold (odds ratio 3.49, 95% confidence interval 2.81 to 4.33) in patients who received thrombolysis. In spite of this, there was a significantly reduced chance of poor outcome (combined death and dependency) during follow-up in patients who received thrombolytic therapy.
Intravenous thrombolytic therapy.
Recombinant tissue plasminogen activator. The NINDS rtPA Stroke Study formed the basis for FDA approval of intravenous rtPA for acute ischemic stroke within 3 hours of symptom onset (National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke r-TPA Stroke Study Group 1995). In this study, the dose of rtPA was 0.9 mg/kg over 1 hour, with 10% of the dose given as a bolus. All patients were treated within 3 hours of onset of symptoms, and half of them within 90 minutes. Persistently elevated blood pressure before treatment (systolic >185 mm Hg and diastolic >110 mm Hg) was a study exclusion. Symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage attributable to study drug was defined as a CT-documented hemorrhage that was temporally related to a change in the patient's clinical condition in the judgment of the clinical investigator within 36 hours from treatment onset. Of the 312 patients treated with rtPA, 6.4% of patients had a symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage compared to 0.6% of placebo-treated patients. An additional 4.2% of patients treated with rtPA had an asymptomatic hemorrhage on a protocol-mandatory CT scan at 24 hours as compared to 2.8% of placebo patients. These rates of hemorrhage are very similar to the rates in the pilot NINDS studies in which patients were treated within 3 hours, but lower than in the other randomized thrombolytic studies in which the large majority of patients were treated after 3 hours (Table 1). A severe baseline neurologic deficit, as measured by the NIHSS, and the presence of edema or mass effect on the baseline CT scan were independently associated with an increased risk of symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage in the NINDS trial (NINDS t-PA Stroke Study Group 1997). However, these patients were still likely to benefit from use of the medication.
Table 1. Incidence of Symptomatic Intracerebral Hemorrhage in Randomized Clinical Trials Using Thrombolytic Therapy in Acute Ischemic Stroke
No. of
Drug and dose
in treatment
in control
3 hours
rtPA 0.9 mg/kg
6 hours
1.5 million units
6 hours
rtPA 1.1 mg/kg
Australian Streptokinase Study**
4 hours
1.5 million units
6 hours
1.5 million units
0-3 hours
3-6 hours
rtPA 0.9 mg/kg
6 hours
6 mg +
500 IU/hr
for 4 hrs
6 hours
9 mg
3-5 hours
0.9 mg/kg
6 hours
0.9 mg/kg
3 hours
72 hour infusion
6 hours
72-hour infusion
3 to 4.5 hours
0.9 mg/kg
3 to 9 hours
6 hours
90 ìg/kg
125 ìg/kg
0.1 mg/kg in 25 patients0.25 mg/kg in 25 patients
* Symptomatic hemorrhage was defined as a CT-documented hemorrhage that was temporarily related to a change in the patient's clinical condition in the judgment of the clinical investigator.
** Parenchymal hemorrhage type 2 is considered symptomatic/major hemorrhage and is defined as greater than 30% of the infarcted area affected by hemorrhage with mass effect or extension outside the infarct.
*** Parenchymal hematoma-homogenous area of circumscribed hyperdensity, usually with a mass effect and sometimes with ventricular extension.
**** Hemorrhagic transformation associated with neurologic deterioration of 4 or more points on the NIHSS or 1 point deterioration in level of consciousness.
***** Hemorrhagic transformation associated with neurologic deterioration of 4 or more points on the NIHSS at 72 hours or causing death by 90 days.
‡ Streptokinase and aspirin in the treatment group and aspirin alone in the control group.
† The percentages reflect the parenchymal hematoma of larger extent in the intention-to-treat population.
Table 2 lists the most important potential risk factors for intracerebral hemorrhage associated with the use of thrombolytic therapy in stroke based on the various studies that are summarized in this review. A systematic review of the literature reported several risk factors consistently associated with post-thrombolysis intracerebral hemorrhage. Of these, the most frequently found to predict symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage across multiple studies are early CT hypodensity, elevated serum glucose or history of diabetes mellitus, and severe baseline neurologic deficit, as measured by the NIHSS (Lansberg et al 2007a).
Table 2. Risk Factors for Intracerebral Hemorrhage in Patients with Acute Ischemic Stroke
Use of a thrombolytic agent
Dose of thrombolytic agent
Type of thrombolytic agent
CT findings of early infarction prior to treatment
Deeply ischemic brain tissue prior to treatment
Hyperglycemia or history of diabetes mellitus
High severity of stroke as determined by the NIHSS score
Concomitant antithrombotic drug use
Older age
Longer time to treatment
Deviation from established treatment protocols
Elevated systolic blood pressure prior to treatment
Prior antithrombotic drug use
Prior stroke
History of cardiac disease
History of hypertension
Non-smoking status
Magnetic resonance imaging characteristics
CT with leukoaraiosis
Increased matrix metalloproteinase -9 levels
Low platelet count
Low LDL levels
Low plasminogen activator inhibitor levels
In the European Acute Stroke Study (ECASS) of intravenous rtPA (1.1mg/kg) within 6 hours of symptom onset the risk of intracerebral hemorrhage was increased by 8.8% in the treatment group in the intention-to-treat analysis (Hacke et al 1995). Patients with changes on the baseline CT consistent with moderate or large regions of early cerebral infarction and those with a severe clinical deficit had an increased risk on hemorrhagic transformation, whereas advanced age increased the risk of parenchymal hematoma (Hacke et al 1995; Larrue et al 1997). There was no correlation between hemorrhage risk and time to treatment for either type of hemorrhage. The rate of hemorrhage in ECASS was much higher than in the NINDS rtPA study, which may well be related to the rtPA dose (1.1 mg/kg, 100 mg maximum) that was substantially higher than in the NINDS rtPA study. This is further supported by the decreased symptomatic hemorrhage rate in ECASS II, which used a lower rtPA dose than ECASS.
In the European Acute Stroke Study II (ECASS II) 800 patients were randomized to placebo or 0.9 mg/kg intravenous rtPA in the 6 hour time window (Larrue et al 2001). Only 158 patients were enrolled in the 0 to 3 hour time window. The rate of parenchymal hemorrhage was increased significantly in the treatment group as compared to the placebo group (8.1% vs. 0.8%). Risk factors for intracerebral hemorrhage in ECASS II included the extent of hypodensity on the baseline CT scan, congestive heart failure, advanced age, and aspirin use prior to thrombolysis (Larrue et al 2001).
The Alteplase Thrombolysis for Acute Noninterventional Therapy in Ischemic Stroke (ATLANTIS A) study evaluated the safety and efficacy of rtPA given between 0 and 6 hours after stroke onset. The first 142 patients enrolled in the ATLANTIS trial who were treated between 0 and 6 hours were included and evaluated separately as part A whereas part B evaluated those treated in the time window of 0 to 5 hours. The rate of symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage was 11% in the treatment group and 0% in the placebo group, and 90 day mortality rates were 23% vs. 7%, respectively. The relatively high hemorrhage rate in this study has been attributed to the prolonged treatment window; however, the small number of patients in the study makes the observed hemorrhage rates fairly unstable (Clark et al 2000). The Alteplase Thrombolysis for Acute Noninterventional Therapy in Ischemic Stroke (ATLANTIS B) study enrolled 613 patients, 547 of these were treated in the 3- to 5-hour window. Treatment with rtPA increased the rate of symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage in the first 10 days (7.0 vs. 1.1%) without a clear clinical benefit of treatment at 90 days (Clark et al 1999).
A pooled analysis including 2775 patients from the above mentioned randomized placebo-controlled trials of intravenous rtPA indicated that there may be a clinical benefit up to 4.5 hours from symptom onset (Hacke et al 2004).
The ECASS III trial evaluated the efficacy and safety of intravenous rtPA between 3 and 4.5 hours after stroke symptom onset (Hacke et al 2008). Treatment with rtPA significantly increased odds of a favorable outcome at 3 months (odds ratio 1.34, 95% confidence interval 1.02 to 1.76). Symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage, defined as hemorrhage causally associated with a clinical deterioration of 4 or more points on the NIHSS or death, was 2.4% in the rtPA treatment arm and 0.2% in the placebo arm. Using the NINDS trial definition, the rate of symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage in ECASS was 7.9% and 3.5% in the treatment and placebo arms, respectively. Of note, subcutaneous heparin for venous thromboembolism prophylaxis was allowed in the first 24 hours after rtPA, which was not allowed in prior trials. ECASS III also excluded patients older than 80 years, on oral anticoagulants, with NIHSS greater than 25, or with a history of diabetes and prior stroke. An observational study of patients treated with intravenous rtPA between 3 and 4.5 hours reported a 2.2% rate of symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage at 7 days using the ECASS III definition (Wahlgren et al 2008a). Based on these trials, the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association updated its guidelines in 2009 recommending intravenous rtPA for eligible patients with acute ischemic stroke up to 4.5 hours after symptom onset (del Zoppo et al 2009).
rtPA in clinical practice. Many clinical studies of intravenous thrombolytic therapy in acute stroke have reported a rate of hemorrhage complications comparable to the NINDS rtPA trial (Albers et al 2000; Tanne et al 2002), but some studies have reported increased hemorrhage and mortality rates (Lopez-Yunez et al 2001). In a study of 50 stroke patients treated in 10 acute-care hospitals in Indianapolis, the authors found that protocol violations were common (16%) and were associated with an increased risk of symptomatic hemorrhage (Lopez-Yunez et al 2001). The SITS-MOST registry reported that patients treated with intravenous rtPA for acute strokes in clinical practice were similar to those enrolled in clinical trials. The rate of symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage, using the NINDS rtPA trial definition, was 7.3% at 7 days (Wahlgren et al 2007). The STARS study, a large phase 4 study mandated by the FDA, similarly assessed the safety and efficacy of intravenous t-PA therapy in the 3-hour window in clinical practice (Albers et al 2000). The study included 389 patients with a median NIHSS of 13. Protocol violations occurred in 32% of patients but were not associated with an increased symptomatic hemorrhage rate. The overall symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage rate was only 3.3%. Finally, the Canadian Alteplase for Stroke Effectiveness Study (CASES) reported on 1112 patients treated with rtPA at 60 centers throughout Canada. Patients treated between 3 and 4.5 hours had a trend towards increased rate of sICH compared to those treated from 0 to 3 hours (7.8 vs. 3.8%, p = 0.06), but no difference in functional outcome at 3 months was reported (Shobha et al 2010). Despite early concerns of a potentially higher risk of intracerebral hemorrhage associated with intravenous rtPA outside the clinical trial setting, these studies support a safety profile of rtPA in clinical practice that is comparable to the NINDS study.
Other intravenous thrombolytic therapies. Multiple other thrombolytic agents – streptokinase, desmoteplase, tenecteplase, and ancrod – have been studied in randomized trials (Candelise et al 1995; Hommel et al 1995; Donnan et al 1996; Sherman et al 2000; Hacke et al 2005; Haley et al 2005; Furlan et al 2006; Hennerici et al 2006; Hacke et al 2009). However, these medications have not been approved for use in stroke patients because of safety concerns or a lack of established efficacy. Tenecteplase deserves special mention following recent completion of its phase 2B trial. After thrombolysis treatment of ischemic stroke, patients were carefully selected based on CT perfusion imaging (Parsons et al 2012). Tenecteplase was associated with significantly better reperfusion, improved clinical outcomes, and reduced symptomatic hemorrhagic conversion when compared to alteplase.
Intra-arterial thrombolytic therapy. Several teams of investigators have studied whether intra-arterial administration of thrombolytic agents could be more effective and safer than intravenous administration (Zeumer et al 1989; Brott et al 1992; Bollaert et al 1995; Furlan et al 1999). A thrombolytic agent can be delivered via a small arterial catheter at the site of the clot. Theoretically, this intra-arterial delivery increases the chance for lysis and decreases the likelihood of hemorrhage because of a lower total dose and less widespread effects of the agent. Although the reported lysis rates using intra-arterial delivery are higher than those reported for patients treated with intravenous thrombolytic agents, the rates of hemorrhage are similar to or greater than those in studies using intravenous rtPA within 3 hours of onset. A retrospective multicenter analysis comparing stroke patients treated with intravenous tPA to those treated with either intra-arterial thrombolysis or bridging intravenous plus intra-arterial therapy found an increased odds of sICH in patients receiving endovascular treatment (OR 3.47; 95% CI 1.19–10.01, p<0.05) after adjusting for baseline age, stroke severity, and stroke location (Singer et al 2009). Three good-sized randomized controlled studies of intra-arterial therapy have been completed.
Pro-urokinase. The Prolyse in Acute Cerebral Thromboembolism Trial Study (PROACT I), compared 6 mg of intra-arterial pro-urokinase and high-dose heparin (100 units/kg bolus followed by 1000 units/hour for 4 hours) versus high-dose heparin alone (del Zoppo et al 1998). The medications were infused at the site of the clot. The rate of symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage in the combined treatment group was 27% versus 20% for high-dose heparin alone in the first 16 patients. For this reason the heparin dose was decreased to 2000 units bolus followed by 500 units per hour. The subsequent rate of symptomatic hemorrhage with combined pro-urokinase and heparin was 7% versus 11% for low-dose heparin alone (del Zoppo et al 1998).
The PROACT II study randomized 180 patients with an acute middle cerebral artery occlusion of less than 6 hours duration (Furlan et al 1999). The treatment group received 9 mg intra-arterial pro-urokinase over 2 hours plus intravenous heparin 2000 units bolus and 500 units per hour infusion for 4 hours. The placebo group received heparin only. Symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage was observed in 10% of the treatment group and 2% of the control group. The higher rates of hemorrhage compared to other stroke trials probably reflect the greater baseline stroke severity in this study. Nevertheless, the results of this trial support the use of intra-arterial thrombolysis in the 6-hour time window in patients with a middle cerebral artery occlusion based on a 15% absolute increase in favorable clinical outcome in the treatment group in spite of the increased bleeding rate. With that said, it is uncertain whether intra-arterial thrombolysis would be superior to intravenous thrombolysis in the 3- to 4.5-hour window.
Urokinase. The Middle Cerebral Artery Local Fibrinolytic Intervention Trial evaluated the safety and efficacy of intra-arterial urokinase in patients with a middle cerebral artery occlusion of less than 6 hours duration (Ogawa et al 2007). A total of 114 patients were randomized to either the treatment arm, in which subjects were treated with heparinization followed by local delivery of urokinase at the site of occlusion, or the control arm, in which no specific therapy was indicated. Wire clot maceration was allowed in the treatment arm. There was a nonsignificant increase in favorable outcomes in the urokinase treatment group. The 90-day cumulative mortality was 5.3% in the urokinase group and 3.5% in the control group, and symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage within 24 hours of treatment occurred in 9% and 2%, respectively.
rtPA. Neither pro-urokinase or urokinase are readily clinically available, resulting in intra-arterial administration of rtPA to treat acute ischemic stroke patients with large artery occlusion at many centers. No published randomized controlled trials compare the intra-arterial administration of rtPA to placebo in acute ischemic stroke. However, the Interventional Management of Stroke Study evaluated intra-arterial rtPA given after a reduced "bridging" dose (0.6 mg/kg) of intravenous rtPA (IMS Study Investigators 2004). Eighty subjects were enrolled and comparisons were made to matched controls and rtPA-treated patients from the NINDS stroke study. The 6.6% rate of symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage in treated patients was similar to those treated with intravenous rtPA in the NINDS trial. A second study evaluated this combined intravenous and intra-arterial approach to treatment of moderate to severe strokes within 3 hours of symptom onset (IMS II Trial Investigators 2007). Eighty-one patients were treated and compared to historical controls from the NINDS trial. This trial reported a symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage rate of 9.9%, similar to other studies. Results of the IMS-3 trial are not yet available. The trial was recently stopped early, though not due to safety concerns (Anderson 2012).
Mechanical thrombolytic therapy. Mechanical thrombolysis and thrombectomy has been shown in several uncontrolled trials to promote arterial recanalization. These endovascular techniques may be used alone or in combination with intravenous or intra-arterial administration of thrombolytic drugs. Currently there are 2 catheter systems, the Merci Retriever® (Concentric Medical, Inc., Mountain View, CA) and the Penumbra System® (Penumbra, Inc., Alameda, CA), cleared by the U.S. FDA for revascularization of patients with acute ischemic stroke secondary to large vessel occlusive disease within 8 hours of symptom onset.
Merci retriever. The MERCI trial evaluated the safety and efficacy of the Merci clot retriever system in the treatment of ischemic stroke patients with a large vessel occlusion within 8 hours of symptom onset not eligible for intravenous rtPA (Smith et al 2005). Embolectomy using the Merci catheter was associated with a 7.8% rate of symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage in the MERCI trial, defined as intracranial bleeding within 24 hours of treatment leading to a clinical worsening of greater than 4 points on the NIHSS or death or any subarachnoid hemorrhage. A second trial (Multi MERCI) reported a 9.8% rate of symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage after embolectomy (Smith et al 2008). The Multi MERCI trial included patients that had persistent occlusions after standard dose intravenous rtPA and allowed adjuvant intra-arterial rtPA. Neither of these trials had a control arm. However, mechanical thrombectomy using the Merci Retriever was associated with significantly higher rates of recanalization (MERCI 46%, Multi MERCI 69.5%) than reported in the placebo arm of PROACT II (18%).
Penumbra system. The Penumbra catheter was evaluated in a single-arm study of patients with acute ischemic stroke within 8 hours of symptom onset with a treatable intracranial large vessel occlusion (Penumbra Pivotal Stroke Trial Investigators 2009). Patients that were refractory to intravenous rtPA were included. Symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage was reported in 11.2% of patients. Successful recanalization was reported in 81.6% of treated vessels.
Other mechanical devices. Both the Solitaire™ FR Revascularization Device and Trevo Device retrievable stents show promise given the reportedly low 6.7% incidence of symptomatic hemorrhage when used to treat acute ischemic stroke. However, only a limited number of case series are available to demonstrate this (Novakovic et al 2012).
Potential risk factors for post-thrombolysis symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage. Several studies have evaluated clinical predictors of post-thrombolysis symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage. However, a systematic review of the literature identified a few risk factors that have repeatedly been associated with symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage after thrombolytic treatment of acute ischemic stroke (Lansberg et al 2007a). Lansberg and colleagues identified 12 studies that met their inclusion criteria, of which CT characteristics, elevated serum glucose or history of diabetes, and elevated NIHSS repeatedly were found to be independently associated with post-thrombolysis symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage (NINDS t-PA Stroke Study Group 1997; Demchuk et al 1999; Jaillard et al 1999; Barber et al 2000; Dubey et al 2001; Kase et al 2001; Larrue et al 2001; Tanne et al 2002; Hill and Buchan 2005; Cocho et al 2006). Advanced age, increased time to treatment, high systolic blood pressure, low platelet count, history of congestive heart failure, low plasminogen activator inhibitor levels, prior antiplatelet use, non-smoking status, low density lipoprotein levels, MRI characteristics, and deviations from treatment protocols have also been associated with post-thrombolysis in single studies (Larrue et al 2001; Gilligan et al 2002; Selim et al 2002; Tanne et al 2002; Ribo et al 2004; Hill and Buchan 2005; Bang et al 2007; Marti-Fabregas et al 2007; Uyttenboogaart et al 2008; Wahlgren et al 2008b; Mokin et al 2012). However, the results of these studies remain unclear. Differences in study design, population, symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage definition, statistical model, thrombolytic therapy, and route of administration have lead to variability of findings, and some reports are conflicting. Advanced age was reported to independently predict post-thrombolysis hemorrhage in a post-hoc analysis of ECASS II (Larrue et al 2001); however, in the multicenter rtPA trial the association of age and intracerebral hemorrhage disappeared when CT and lab findings were included in the multivariate model (Tanne et al 2002). It is also difficult to truly determine whether these different factors are truly independent. The extent of early CT changes, advanced age, elevated NIHSS, and hyperglycemia all may just be markers of severe stroke rather than independent predictors of symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage.
CT characteristics. Several studies have demonstrated an increased risk of intracerebral hemorrhage following intravenous rtPA treatment in patients with evidence of early infarct signs on CT (NINDS t-PA Stroke Study Group 1997; Demchuk et al 1999; Jaillard et al 1999; Barber et al 2000; Dubey et al 2001; Larrue et al 2001; Tanne et al 2002; Cucchiara et al 2009). These early ischemic changes include hypoattenuation of the brain parenchyma, loss of cortical grey-white junction differentiation, and swelling with sulcal effacement. The risk of symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage was increased in rtPA-treated patients with prominent signs of edema or mass effect on the baseline CT in the NINDS rtPA Stroke Trial (Patel et al 2001). Despite this increased risk, patients in this group had a more favorable clinical outcome if they received rtPA than if they received placebo.
The Alberta stroke program developed a quantitative CT score, the Alberta Stroke Programme Early CT Score (ASPECTS), to help assess functional outcome and intracerebral hemorrhage following thrombolytic therapy for acute ischemic stroke (Barber et al 2000). This score quantifies early ischemic CT changes in patients with anterior circulation strokes by subtracting points for each area of hypodensity. Two studies have correlated lower ASPECTS with higher rates of post-thrombolysis hemorrhage. Patients enrolled in the ECASS II trial with lower ASPECTS had significantly higher rates of symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage, approaching 40% in the those with the most significant CT changes (Dzialowski et al 2006). Other studies have shown that early CT changes involving more than 33% of the middle cerebral artery territory are particularly predictive of post-thrombolysis symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage. Tanne and colleagues reported that patients with hypodensity involving more than 33% of the middle cerebral artery territory have 6 times higher rate of symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage (Tanne et al 2002).
Leukoaraiosis on CT of the brain is associated with an increased risk of symptomatic hemorrhagic transformation and worse clinical outcomes in tPA-treated stroke patients when compared to patients without leukoaraiosis (Aries et al 2010); however, rtPA should not be withheld in such cases. It should be kept in mind that early widespread CT findings of infarction are uncommon and warrant confirmation of the symptom onset time. In contrast, subtle early infarct signs on CT are common in acute ischemic stroke patients and should not prevent an otherwise eligible patient from being treated with thrombolytic therapy.
Hyperglycemia and history of diabetes. Elevated serum glucose and history of diabetes mellitus were also identified to independently predict hemorrhage in several thrombolytic trials (NINDS t-PA Stroke Study Group 1997; Demchuk et al 1999; Jaillard et al 1999; Kase et al 2001; Selim et al 2002; Tanne et al 2002; Arnold et al 2012). The exact pathophysiologic connection between glucose and post-thrombolysis hemorrhage is unclear. Long-standing hyperglycemia in diabetics leads to damaged blood vessels, which in turn may be more prone to rupture in the setting of ischemic stroke. Acute hyperglycemia may promote or exacerbate brain injury or simply be a marker of stress in severe stroke.
Stroke severity. Several studies have independently shown that stroke severity, as rated by the NIHSS, is associated with an increased risk of post-thrombolysis hemorrhage (NINDS t-PA Stroke Study Group 1997; Dubey et al 2001; Cocho et al 2006; Cucchiara et al 2009). It is likely that in other thrombolytic studies, where stroke severity failed to correlate with hemorrhage risk, closely related covariates, such as infarct volume or CT changes, masked any potential relationship. Despite a higher risk of hemorrhage, patients with severe strokes are still more likely than not to benefit from thrombolytic therapies (NINDS t-PA Stroke Study Group 1997).
Prior antiplatelet use. Prior antiplatelet use may increase the rate of thrombolytic-associated intracerebral hemorrhage. Reports of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) use preceding intravenous tPA-treated strokes have provided conflicting results (Anonymous 1997; Larrue et al 2001; Tanne et al 2002; Uyttenboogaart et al 2008). Patients receiving dual antiplatelet therapy with acetylsalicylic acid and clopidogrel may have particularly greater risk of thrombolysis-related sICH (Cucchiara et al 2009). In the SITS-MOST database, the rates of sICH were reported to be: 1.1% for antiplatelet naïve patients, 2.5% for any antiplatelet use, 2.5% for acetylsalicylic acid monotherapy, 1.7% for clopidogrel monotherapy, 2.3% for acetylsalicylic acid plus dipyridamole, and 4.1% for acetylsalicylic acid and clopidogrel (Diedler et al 2010). Although the rate of sICH is higher in the acetylsalicylic acid plus clopidogrel cohort, this is still below the sICH rate reported in prior clinical trials and should not exclude otherwise appropriate patients from acute therapy.
Other radiographic risk factors. Similar to CT studies, investigators have been interested in specific MRI parameters that might identify patients who are at an increased risk for hemorrhagic transformation of an ischemic infarct in the setting of thrombolytic therapy. One such parameter is a low ADC value in the infarcted tissue on diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI). Studies have demonstrated that the volume of ischemic tissue with an ADC value of less than 500x10(-6)mm2/sec is an independent predictor of intracerebral hemorrhage (Tong et al 2000; Selim et al 2002). Larger infarct volumes, as measured by DWI, and reperfusion status have been shown to independently predict symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage in patients enrolled in a study of rtPA between 3 and 6 hours identified to have a perfusion-diffusion mismatch on pretreatment MRI (Lansberg et al 2007b). DWI lesion volumes also predicted symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage in a retrospective analysis of patients treated with both intravenous and intra-arterial thrombolytics (Singer et al 2009).
A recent stroke within 3 months of an acute infarction is a contraindication to treatment with intravenous thrombolysis because of a perceived risk of increased hemorrhage risk into necrotic tissue. Up to 50% of patients who've experienced a transient ischemic attack have diffusion-weighted positive areas of subclinical infarction on MRI (Redgrave et al 2007). There may an increased risk of hemorrhagic transformation with thrombolysis in stroke patients who report a recent transient ischemic attack; however, one study reported the rate of sICH in this group to be 8.3% (McKinney et al 2012), and another reported no influence of recent transient ischemic attack on post-thrombolysis outcomes (de Lecinana et al 2010).
Other biochemical risk factors. In recent years, studies have focused on the role of biochemical variables that might play a role in predicting thrombolysis-associated hemorrhagic transformation.
Plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI-1) inhibits rtPA. Low levels of PAI-1 have been shown to potentiate the action of rtPA and are a theoretical risk factor for hemorrhagic complications. Ribo and colleagues demonstrated an association between circulating levels of PAI-1 and subsequent hemorrhage risk in patients treated with rtPA (Ribo et al 2004). A subsequent study did not replicate this finding (Cocho et al 2006).
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) belong to a family of endopeptidases that are released from vascular endothelium and white blood cells during ischemia and cleave extracellular matrix proteins leading to microvascular damage and blood-brain barrier disruption. MMP inhibitors appear to decrease hemorrhagic transformation in animal models of thrombolysis in acute ischemic stroke. In a study of 250 patients with hemispheric ischemic stroke, MMP-9 of 140 ng/mL or higher was associated with hemorrhagic transformation (odds ratio 12, p < 0.0001) after adjustment for potential confounders and final infarct volume (Castellanos et al 2003). Another study by the same authors showed that the serum cellular fibronectin concentration also was an independent predictor of hemorrhagic transformation in ischemic stroke patients (odds ratio 2.1, p = 0.0002) (Castellanos et al 2004). Cellular fibronectin levels in this study correlated positively with MMP-9 levels and the hypodensity volume on the CT scan.
Risk factors predicting symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage after intra-arterial thrombolysis. Few data are available on predictors of hemorrhagic transformation in patients receiving intra-arterial thrombolysis for acute ischemic stroke. Based on univariate analyses of 24 variables from the PROACT II study, elevated glucose (baseline glucose >200 mg/dL) was the only independent risk factor for symptomatic hemorrhage (Kase et al 2001). In a retrospective study of 89 patients who were treated with intravenous and intra-arterial or pure intra-arterial thrombolysis, major symptomatic hemorrhage was 7% (Kidwell et al 2002). The rate of hemorrhagic transformation was not different in patients receiving combined intravenous-intra-arterial therapy as compared to intra-arterial therapy alone. Independent predictors for any hemorrhagic transformation in this series were higher NIHSS score, longer time to recanalization, lower platelet count, and higher glucose levels. Suarez and colleagues also reported a significant association between higher NIHSS score and elevated serum glucose levels and intracerebral hemorrhage in 54 patients treated with intra-arterial urokinase in the 6-hour time window (Suarez et al 1999). A large multicenter study retrospectively analyzed data from 645 stroke patients treated with intravenous, intra-arterial, and intravenous plus intra-arterial thrombolysis (Singer et al 2009). This study reported DWI lesion volume on pretreatment MRI, and intra-arterial or intravenous plus intra-arterial thrombolysis independently predicted symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage. Patients treated with intra-arterial or intravenous plus intra-arterial were 3.5 times more likely to develop symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage than those treated with intravenous alone (Singer et al 2009).
Risk scores for predicting post-thrombolysis intracerebral hemorrhage. Two groups have proposed risk-scoring systems to better quantify the hemorrhagic risk associated with thrombolytic treatment of acute ischemic stroke. The Multicenter Stroke Survey Scale was developed using markers identified in the Multicenter rtPA Stroke Survey of post-thrombolysis risk factors (Tanne et al 2002; Cucchiara et al 2008). The risk factors used in this scale are age greater than 60 years, NIHSS greater than 10, admission serum glucose greater than 150 mg/dL, and platelet count less than 150,000. This scoring system was both developed and tested using the Multicenter rtPA Stroke Survey data set and has not been validated in an independent prospective cohort. The rate of symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage using this tool was 0%, 5%, 4%, and 18% for 0, 1, 2, and 3 or more risk factors present, respectively (Cucchiara et al 2008).
The Hemorrhage After Thrombolysis (HAT) Score was developed using a combination of previously published markers of increased post-thrombolysis hemorrhage risk that provided the highest predictive ability in their cohorts (Lou et al 2008). Using this method, the authors identified a history of diabetes or admission glucose above 200 mg/dL, pretreatment NIHSS, and early CT hypodensity as the most important risk factors. The rate of symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage using this scale was 2%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 44% for HAT Scores of 0, 1, 2, 3, and more than 3, respectively. This scale was largely derived and refined from the NINDS trial data set and has only independently been validated in a single small cohort of patients at the authors' institution.
Finally, the GRASPS score assigns points for hemorrhagic risks, including glucose at presentation (G), race (Asian) (R), age (A), sex (male) (S), systolic blood pressure (P), and stroke severity (S) based on the NIHSS score. GRASPS is the first prediction tool validated in a large national data set that is available to assist clinicians in determination of symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage risk following treatment with IV tPA (Menon et al 2012).
If these clinical risk-scoring schemes are validated in large, prospective cohorts, they could provide clinicians with an additional tool to better estimate the risks associated with thrombolytic treatment in an individual patient. It must be emphasized that these tools do not provide information about the potential benefits of thrombolysis. Regardless of the risk of symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage, a patient may still have better odds of a meaningful recovery if treated with thrombolytics.


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Wow, i havnt updated in ages, i knew that would happen, i can never keep a paper written journal but i thort the novelty of a net based one would help, but it hasnt. Lifes bin really shite lately i wouldnt really know how else to describe it. Firstly i keep hearing everyone around me has broken up with their boyfriends/girlfriends which is really sucky, then i broke up with my boyf 2!, technically thou i had to because of the fact that he is seriously possessive and very jealous and it got to the extreme. Il fill in soon about it
Hahaha epitomy of lazyness i only just remembered this journal existed! I prmise 2 update in a couple of days
Havnt updated in ages!!! not that a great deal of interesting things have happened. I got new sneakers yesterday wooooo finally, nice black ones..to replace my poor battered army green ones that i cant bear to throw away! Last night we went out to dinner which was hysterical because the waiter completly got our orders wrong and we were to polite to say anything..then he left all the dirty dishes on the table?! wot a waiter...ooooh visitors gtg
Oh my god the day i just had!!! i have the biggest headache. Today mumsy decided to invite like 20 peeps ova for dinner for no apparent reason that i can see, one f which being an extremelly annoying little brat who spent the entire day whinging, jumping up and down, screaming and crying. It got to the point where i had to just completly shut my brain down or i mite have killed her! extreme i know, im a brilliant cousin to have. MC my best m8 was round, which made it slightly more on the bearable side but right now i feel like i have a hell of a hangova, been dragged through two blenders, spat out the other side then fallen down a large ditch. Lol brilliant describing techniques.On a happier note i FINALLY watched lord of the rings II today, it was soooooooo got, i love smeagal/gollum hes so lurvly bless his heart. Lol.okies bie bie my precious's
My cousins arrived earlier and the fun began. They are both completly wacko, the little one walked in with a huge guitar on her back (almost as big as her) and the other came out with the funniest stuff and managed to fall of my bed twice. We then went out to a cafe where the both procceded to order food which they didn't touch, they just made a complete mess all over the table and embaressed everyone at the table. Pip (the older one) decided to tell the waiter that Rex (the little guitar one) was a savage when he came to collect her ice cream which had begun in a sundae glass and ended up squashed in the saucer with a tissue on top, so that it look like she had eaten something. They like refering to themselves as the glitters randomly and there staying overnight, 2nite should be funni.Also found out that flea (their cousin) badmouths HIM all the time, i'll have to have words me thinks. Meh. 3rd post today, i must be bored!!
Urgh!!! im so annoyed, i was supposed to go shopping today, got all set, sposed to go with my sister and mother but she says shes gotta go food shopping first so id better be ready for wen she gets back, so i get ready and sit there waiting and waiting then get a bloody phone call telling me she still hasn't gone food shopping coz she's gone to some womans house first. So now im sitting here bored, i could go by myself but then i don't get the lift to the shops and getting there with the shitty trains/buses is so long and annoying that i just can't be bothered to go. Now i'm just gonna go watch sum stonesour/ murderdolls dvd's methinks "eagerly" awaiting the arrivel of my cousins who are coming to stay for the weekend. Happy Happy Joy Joy
Do you ever get the feeling that it would be so much simpler just to stay in bed snuggled away under a huge duvet instead of coming out to face the world? I've had a completely weird year and the strangest christmas day ever. Im usually realli excited wen its like approaching christmas time but this year i didn't feel it at all. And then on christmas day i found out my friends grandad died and my cousin had a baby (congrats btw) all on christmas day. It was completly mind blowing. Overall though excepting for the weird moods and bad news christmas was ok, got most excited coz i got a new HIM tshirt with Villes gorgeous face on the front. Hehehe. Oh joy i betta get of im gonna brave demon hords of people in the shops, see wot fun the sales have to offer me, aiming for sum nice new baggy jeans. Try to update properly later.

subset: commoncrawl


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Tandem Sport Officials Amenity Kit
Be sure to select a color, size and quantity below
Item # 13229029
|Eligible for 25% Off A Single Item! (see promotion details)
|Eligible for Free Shipping, No Minimum! (see promotion details)
|Members of The League get 5% back when you spend $100! (see promotion details)
Product Details
The Tandem Sport officials' amenity bag is crafted from durable canvas and can hold all of your accessories, like a whistle, lanyard, net setter, penalty cards and more.
- Durable canvas bag
- Holds gear officials need
- Bag only (gear sold separately)


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Sexism in Gaming 'Isn't a Joke or a Meme,' Says a Gaming Tournament Founder, Finally
As a pretty avid Xbox aficianado and also a person with two X chromosomes, this Betabeat reporter was unsurprised to read in the New York Times today about the seriousness of sexism in gaming culture. We gave up using a mic on Xbox Live long ago, the slew of vicious insults hurled at us just for having a girly voice not worth it when we could happily kick friends' asses on local co-op mode, no slurs necessary.
But the Times's piece hammers home just how rampant the degradation is, and it's pretty jarring. In one video clip embedded in the article, a female gamer's coach threatens to "smell her" as punishment for losing a round in Cross Assault. It's not the creepiest thing we've ever seen, but it comes damn close.
Read More


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This item is temporarily out of stock. However, we can notify you as soon as this product becomes available.
Thank you
We have received your request and you will be notified as soon as this product becomes available.
Description: Shabby Fabrics Vintage Rose Pattern. "Love is in the air everywhere you look around". Or perhaps that should be "love is in the center" in the case of this quilt. A large center block is appliqued with a frilly heart, wrapped with a bow, and then surrounded by 12 different pieced blocks, and a handful of borders, to make this romantic quilt. Finished size 66 x 66 inch. Includes instructions, color diagrams, and paper patterns.
See more Shabby Fabrics Patterns.
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7 years ago when I was young and STUPID I was having sex with two guys. One was pulling out and the other was not. I cried and prayed the whole 9 months the father would be the one who was not pulling out. Guess what? The one who did pull out was the f
Several years ago I was very briefly in a poly/ open relationship. The logistics were different than yours but I'm familiar with situations like yours. I had several other poly friends. Usually in situations like these the group considered themse


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Bears coach Lovie Smith hopeful Matt Forte will play vs. Cowboys
BY JOE COWLEY email@example.com September 24, 2012 9:42PM
With Matt Forte out against the Rams, Michael Bush (above) started and gained 55 yards on 18 carries. Coach Lovie Smith is hopeful Forte will be able to play Monday night against the Cowboys. | Tom Cruze~Sun-Times
Updated: October 26, 2012 2:23PM
Running back Michael Bush said Sunday that he expected Matt Forte to play against the St. Louis Rams, even with the bad right ankle.
It didn't happen.
On Monday, coach Lovie Smith said Forte could return to practice this week, and he was hopeful Forte could play against the Cowboys on Monday night in Dallas.
"We have an extra day this week, so we're hopeful,'' Smith said. "Eventually we'll get him back out there. Exactly when, I don't know right now. I just know every day I see him doing a little bit more, so I'm hopeful.''
The running game definitely will welcome Forte back to his starting job. With Bush starting, the Bears gained 77 yards on 19 carries in the first half against the Rams but only 26 yards on 15 carries in the second half — including 21 from Jay Cutler on a scramble.
"We started off good early, and I guess they figured out the scheme, and they stopped it at the end,'' Bush said.
Smith said rookie fullback Evan Rodriguez has a knee injury, and ''we'll continue to monitor him.''
Bush gets his Bell rung
Bush had 18 carries — and only four in the second half — when backup Kahlil Bell was stopped for a one-yard loss on a third-and-one play in the fourth quarter. That short-yardage play is Bush's specialty. Though Bush left for one play earlier in the game after taking a big hit, Smith indicated Bell ran the short-yardage play because it was his turn in the rotation.
Stand-up guy
The Bears used rookie defensive end Shea McClellin in a stand-up role, roving behind the line on one play in the second half against the Rams.
''That's just a special package we have to mix up the looks we're giving,'' McClellin said. ''I think it's good to mix it up. It feels natural to be standing up. I did a lot of that in college.''
But Smith was coy when asked if the Bears would expand that role for McClellin.
''Don't put too much into one play,'' he said. ''We've moved all our linemen to different places. That's the beauty of having the type of athletic ability we have. But he can do an awful lot. We'll see this week.''
No offense, but ...
Since scoring 41 points against the Indianapolis Colts in the season opener, the Bears' offense has scored 27 — only two touchdowns — in the next two games.
''Every time our offense goes out ... we expect to score 50 points, rush for 300 yards, pass for 500 — that's not going to happen,'' Smith said. ''There are some things we have to do better offensively. We controlled the ball and made some plays when we had to. You have games like that.''
Contributing: Mark Potash


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Neilson Copier Sales is located at the address 132 Bear Christiana Rd, Bear, DE in Bear, Delaware. They can be contacted via phone at (302) 832-1889 for hours and directions.
For more information contact Dave Beard, PRINCIPAL.
For maps and directions to Neilson Copier Sales view the map above. For reviews of Neilson Copier Sales please click on Reviews link.
Neilson Copier Sales is a business which falls under the category Copying and Duplicating Machines and Supls. It is located in the city of Bear within Delaware state. This is one of the Copying and Duplicating Machines and Supls in Bear . Browse our Delaware yellow pages website us.tubiba.com for more businesses in Delaware.
Neilson Copier Sales of Bear has not provided a description yet


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Order what you need to make Graduation picture perfect.
Caps, gowns, hoods, and tassels can be purchased from ODU's Bookstore during the Countdown to Commencement, which will take place November 3 and 4 from 1 - 6 p.m. for Fall Commencement.
If you can't make those times, you can purchase items during regular Bookstore hours.
The deadline to purchase regalia is November 14. If we need to special order after this date, you will incur a $25 rush shipping fee.
Items are also available individually. Call the Bookstore at (614) 251-4545 for pricing.
The Bookstore accepts cash, check (with valid id), and credit cards. Please bring your RSVP email confirmation as caps and gowns are non-returnable.
We recommend that caps and gowns be steamed or pressed with a cool iron prior to the ceremony.
Please be aware of the colors of your hood and tassel when purchasing them from the bookstore.
Tassels worn during graduation reflects a graduate's discipline. The graduates degree and the institution that granted it are indicated by color and design.
The hood is lined with the colors of the university (for Ohio Dominican, white and gold) and is faced with a color indicating the discipline of study. Hoods are worn only by those earning a Master's degree.
Master of Arts (Theology)
Master of Arts
Master of Business Administration
Drab (Brown)
Master of Science
Master of Education
Light Blue
Bachelor of Arts
Bachelor of Science
Bachelor of Science in Education
Associate of Arts
Associate of Science
For information on Class Rings and Graduation Announcements, visit Jostens at www.jostens.com. Order forms and ring pamphlets are also available in the ODU Bookstore.
Please order graduation announcements at least of 4 weeks prior to your intended mail date. It is recommended that announcements be mailed to friends and relatives 10 days prior to the event.
Student DevelopmentStudent Center, Suite 249Ohio Dominican University1216 Sunbury RoadColumbus, Ohio 43219
Phone: (614) 251-4595Fax: (614) 251-4442studentdevelopment@ ohiodominican.edu


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DeWalt 0977718301 - Construction Estimating Reference
Chock-full of practical advice in bidding construction jobs, this essential reference explores such key topics as forms and checklists, subcontractors and suppliers, procedures, trade evaluation, costs, profit, and overheads, and much more!
We are currently offering FREE SHIPPING on DeWalt orders over $150!
Burns Tools
Contact & Directions


text: I've only been unhappy with one aspect of the iPhone: having to use AT&T as the carrier. Now I discover that in addition to providing lousy service, the company has been subservient to the police state, happy to betray its customers and other companies' to the National Stasi Agency. Shame on AT&T, and God bless Mark Klein for revealing its crimes. (Thanks to Kev Hall)8:51 am on November 8, 2007 Email Llewellyn H. Rockwell, Jr.


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North Hall Library's Federal Depository print collection is available to anyone who comes to the library. The library's digital Depository collection can be accessed by anyone through the library's online public access catalog or the library's government document web pages.
Mansfield University is a community in the best sense of the word. We look out for each other. We push ourselves to dream big. We work hard to achieve success. We care. Mansfield welcomed its first student in 1857 – and to this day, the University continues to seek and serve students with big dreams for their futures.
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- Home
- Dance
- Masterplan
- Disco Loco
Win $10 in the Anime Wallpapers.Com August 2013 Wallpaper Contest or Origami Sticky Notes!
Disco Loco
Description: -
From Urusei Yatsura
Disco loco
I am the man with the master plan
Psycho tempo
I am the man with the master plan
Doctor Mabuse the trouble maker is here
To move your body say you will get down to the rhythm
I've got party people move your body to the beat don't stop
>From the lemon to the lamp
The bram to the rhythm let your body sly from side to side
Cause I got a mic in my hand I am the man with the master plan
Doctor Mabuse the boo boo bike bike a man
Shake your body to the left shake it to the right to the break at dawn
Shake it shake it right now from the age of panic let's go psychadelico
Cause we won't wait for a last click
Let the beat shake your body with the flow
When the tempo dawn cause I got the rhythm I am a rubber party
People move to your body to the beat don't stop
Cause I got a rhythm I am a rubber party
People let me take to another level here my girl singing nanana
Listen to the groove and we take you high to a disco loco move
Your feet to the psycho tempo feel the beat what you gonna do
Who you gonna be keeping light
Like a full with a king of the party
Typed from the lyrics booklet for Dancemania X6
Contributed by James Edge (LockeVanish) <email@example.com>
[Submit an English translation for this song]
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My Little Pony Ties
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Commercial Council
The Commercial Council is a council of NEFBA supporting the commercial builders, tradespersons and other companies who have an interest in the commercial industry.
In supporting this council, its members are able to communicate industry issues and solutions, as well as network with other commercial leaders. The council is also supported by the NEFBA Governmental Affairs and offers continued education courses throughout the year.
For more information on this council and to inquire on upcoming events please contact,
Palmer Kuder, email@example.com
|Find a Builder
NEFBA member Directory
|Find out how to become
a member of NEFBA
|Business questions
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business questions
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We need to know


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California is the only U.S. state where the cost of auto insurance decreased over two decades through 2010, according to a consumer group that attributes the decline to a law that gave regulators more control over rates.
Telephone repairman Josh Smith lives in Jasper, which is Florida's most inland city, according to the state's Geological Survey.
After her mother died, Jasmine Williams was assured by MetLife Inc. that her $101,819 in life insurance benefits were safe and was sent what the company called a guaranteed money market "checkbook" in 2002.
The U.S. authorized as much as $37 billion of arms sales to Saudi Arabia and other Persian Gulf nations over five years without always documenting the potential effect on foreign policy and national security, government investigators found.
The U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs is investigating life insurance companies' practice of putting veterans' death benefits in corporate accounts and keeping most of the investment profits instead of paying the survivors.
The largest U.S. auto insurers weigh occupation and education levels more than driving records to set rates for minimum-liability coverage, the Consumer Federation of America said today, citing a review of a dozen cities.
Harleysville Mutual Insurance Co. directors may draw scrutiny for potential conflicts of interest when customers are asked to approve the sale of the company and its Nasdaq-listed subsidiary, Harleysville Group Inc., to Nationwide Mutual Insurance Co.
American International Group Inc. , the bailed-out U.S. insurer, failed to report $18.7 billion of policyholder guarantees at two property-casualty subsidiaries in 2008, a Pennsylvania regulator said.
Egypt, grappling with sectarian violence, labor strikes and the highest borrowing costs since 2008, may be forced to ask the International Monetary Fund for the $3 billion loan it spurned in June.
A half-dozen members of President Barack Obama 's Cabinet sit on an advisory council overseeing life insurance for U.S. military forces, a program facing investigations of whether insurers are unfairly profiting from policies of dead soldiers and veterans.
"No other state has put in place the kind of strong oversight that California voters created in 1988, and no other state has seen auto insurance prices decline."
- Robert Hunter on Jun 14, 2013


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Just because you're on vacation, doesn't mean you should be lazy. When I visited Punta Cana, Dominican Republic last week, I spent plenty of time relaxing on the beach and lounging in the pool, but I also got plenty of exercise. I swam in the ocean, jogged along the sand or played tennis every day [...]
Stretching Your Boundaries
Pushing The Limits!
Raising The Bar
Popular Videos
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Essential Articles:Mastering Your Bodyweight
Calisthenics and Body Awareness
Minimal Equipment Workouts
Learning To Do a Pull-up
Pull-ups For Women
Getting Your First Muscle-up
Building A Backyard Pull-up Bar
Beginning Running
The Best Exercise For Weight Loss
Death To Cardio
Diet and Exercise
Sifting Through The Madness


text: One by one the students were introduced with vignettes about their lives, vignettes about being orphans, vignettes about growing up homeless.Vignettes about meeting whatever challenges life threw them, tossing them aside, and excelling in college.More than 100 people turned out for the 17th annual EOPS Recognition Dinner entitled "Against All Odds" on May 3 at the MiraCosta College Student Center Dining Hall."These students come from a background that is not always conducive to success and education," said Teresa Cerda, MiraCosta College's EOPS/CARE faculty director. "They are very capable, but they haven't always had the support they need to succeed." That's where EOPS comes in.EOPS – an acronym for Extended Opportunity Programs & Services – is a state funded program designed to recruit and retain students who are economically, socially and educationally disadvantaged. EOPS assists students in the development of their potential ability through academic support and financial assistance. The services of EOPS are designed to give students individualized attention and support to improve their chances for success.There were 583 students in EOPS this past academic year, and 8 out of every 10 students were the first in their family to go to college. Twenty-nine made the President's List with a grade point average of 3.5 or higher, and 135 are graduating in May. Among their destinations are UCLA, UC Berkeley, UC San Diego and San Diego State University."They sacrifice a lot to be here," Cerda said. "A lot of them are single parents. A lot of them have to ride five buses to get their kids to day care and then get to school. This event represents a year of struggle, of tears, and joy."Among those being honored Alice Conover, who earned a J. Arthur & Pauline Drielsma Scholarship of $500. The 63-year-old grandmother of seven has volunteered an untold number of hours with the MiraCosta College Umoja Program, an African-American studies and support effort that falls under the EOPS umbrella."I'm just trying to encourage the younger generation," Conover said of her volunteer during a later interview. Conover knows about struggle. She is a first-generation college student who enrolled at the Oceanside campus in the fall of 2011 after finding herself unemployed during the Great Recession."The job market was just very tough, my career wasn't doing too well, and I couldn't get hired," Conover said. "The Lord was telling me, `You need to get an education.'"Conover plans to transfer next year to Cal State San Marcos, where she'll earn a business degree. From there she plans on starting an event planning and wedding coordination business. David Jimenez was also among those honored at the May 3 dinner. Jimenez, a 22-year-old Oceanside resident, said he began attending classes at MiraCosta College to earn a certificate in graphic arts. With the help of EOPS, he was encouraged to take additional classes and earn an associate of arts degree. He plans on transferring to Long Beach State University in the fall. His message to others: "Don't be afraid."Students, however, weren't the only people honored at the dinner. Lisa Level and Emelio Mejares were cited for going above and beyond their duties in creating a computerized tracking program for EOPS students who borrow their textbooks. John Benefield, a financial aid technician, was cited for his endless hours of volunteering with the Encuentros Program. "He has made a difference in the lives of hundreds of Latino boys who at one time never thought they could be college material," said MiraCosta College trustee David Broad.Said MiraCosta College trustee George McNeil: "This is a wonderful event highlighting a stellar program serving students who have been faced with challenges and who have overcome those challenges."


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Principal Investigator in Sea Ice Physics
Jeremy Wilkinson has almost 15 years experience studying climate related processes in the polar oceans such as sea ice dynamics, mechanics and thermodynamics, as well as deep convection and water mass modification in the polar seas. Jeremy is one of the most experienced observational sea ice physicists in Europe having participated in about 20 polar field expeditions, in almost all latitudes and seasons. His research has been performed from many different platforms, including ships, helicopters, airplanes and ice camps. Logistically his experience includes the planning, mobilization, participation and demobilization of the above mentioned platforms.
Jeremy is one of only a handful of people who have used Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs) in the polar oceans and is very familiar with this technology. In addition he plays a crucial role in guiding technological development of autonomous polar instrumentation at the Scottish Marine Institute, including automatic weather stations, drifting buoys, tilt-meters and sea ice mass balance buoys. Over the past five years he has deployed over 30 autonomous drifting platforms on sea ice and is highly experienced in the interpretation of data from these platforms. He has developed a high resolution oil spill model that can predict the movement of oil under sea ice.
Jeremy has substantial experience in large internationally funded multidisciplinary programmes such as ESOP-1, ESOP-2, CONVECTION, SITHOS and DAMOCLES. Jeremy publishes widely in high impact journals. He is presently coordinator or co-PI on a number of UK (INUIT and ICEBELL), EU (ACCESS) and ESF (SATICE) programmes.
Jeremy is Head of the Sea Ice Group.
At the SAMS Jeremy is a member of the ...
- Arctic Seas Research Theme
- Department of Physics, Sea Ice and Technology
- Centre for Smart Observations
Education / career
|Principal Investigator, SAMS
|Scott Polar Research Institute, University of Cambridge, UK
|Antarctic Co-operative Research Centre, Hobart, Australia (part-time whilst studying)
|Exploration Geophysicist Australia and Canada
|PhD: Sea ice, Convection and the Greenland Sea. Southampton Oceanography Centre, UK (Supervisor: Professor Peter Killworth)
|Graduate Diploma with Honours: Volcanic horizons located in teh DSS ice core. Institute for Antarctic and Southern Ocean Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
|Bachelor of Science, Griffith University. Major in Physical Mathematics


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July 19, 2011
Senate Banking Committee Chairman Tim Johnson (D-SD) held a hearing entitled "Enhanced Consumer Financial Protection After the Financial Crisis." The Committee heard testimony about how the Wall Street Reform Act will improve the financial lives of consumers, by promoting a fair and transparent marketplace and protecting consumers from unfair, deceptive and abusive financial products and services.
Below is Chairman Johnson's statement as prepared for delivery:
"Today, the Committee will examine "Enhanced Consumer Financial Protection After the Financial Crisis."
"As we approach the one-year anniversary of the Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, we should all be reminded of a basic lesson we learned from the Great Recession – failing to protect consumers has consequences not only for individuals and families, but also for the health of America's economy.
"The failure by regulators to hold Wall Street banks and unscrupulous mortgage lenders accountable for complying with consumer protection laws was detrimental to American families and brought the global financial system to near collapse.
"The cost of that failed oversight and accountability has been the loss of millions of American jobs, millions of homes, and trillions of dollars in retirement, college and other savings.
"In numerous hearings in recent years the Committee documented these failures by big banks and predatory subprime lenders to comply with consumer protection laws and the failure of banking regulators to hold them accountable.
"Passed in the wake of that thorough review with a bipartisan vote, the Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act created a robust, independent consumer financial protection regulator.
"Congress established the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau to be the first financial regulator solely focused on consumer protection, but with more checks on its authority than the regulatory agencies that fell asleep at the switch.
"In fact, an independent bipartisan poll released this morning shows that three-quarters of Americans are in favor of having a single agency with the single mission of protecting consumers from financial companies.
"And, it is important to remember that most of the checks and balances imposed on this new regulator come from bipartisan ideas that were incorporated into the reform law during the months it was considered, and that the CFPB is modeled on the structure of existing financial services regulators.
"Putting partisanship aside, all of us here have a deep concern for American consumers. And we all believe that the small community institutions that had no hand in the abusive practices that led to our financial crisis should not pay a price for being honest brokers.
"The CFPB will help – by promoting an equitable and transparent marketplace and leveling the playing field between those responsible actors and the unregulated companies that preyed unchecked on consumers.
"That is why undermining this cornerstone of the Wall Street Reform law would be irresponsible.
"It would also ignore our responsibility to America's consumers and risk taking us back to the same unstable financial system that ushered in the Great Recession.
"Thank you and I look forward to working with all of you on these important issues."
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Opera Riot feast when you can, and dream when there's nothing to feast on
I'm glad you're doing this, and it's something I'm really interested in personally. What did you do to start on the Fulbright path?
atinygoat is thankful for this community.
I'm glad we are doing it too!
Both my husband and I applied for a Fulbright, but I was the only one awarded a grant.
To begin, we looked over years of data on how many people applied to each country, and how many of those people were accepted to get a feel for acceptance percentages and to try to determine patterns in where people were applying. We combined that information with our qualifications to look at where we had the best shot. He applied to Moldova and I applied to Poland..
I wrote a bit more about it here too:
If you are thinking about going for it, you totally should, and sooner rather than later.


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Volkswagen GTI Recall Information
AUGUST 2009 -- Volkswagen is recalling certain model year 2009 and 2010 passenger cars manufactured between September 2008 and August 2009. The wiring harness of a temperature sensor in the direct shift gearbox (DSG) may have connector wires that were insufficiently crimped. With insufficiently crimped connector wires, a temperature sensor has the potential to falsely detect a high gearbox oil temperature, causing the transmission to abruptly shift to neutral. If this happens, the selector lever position indicator within the instrument panel will flash. In addition, the "Depress Brake Pedal" indicator light will be illuminated, alerting the driver to apply the brakes. The abrupt shift to neutral could lead to a crash without warning. Volkswagen will notify owners, inspect the DSG and, if necessary, replace an affected DSG temperature sensor free of charge. The manufacturer has not yet provided a notification schedule. 09V-333
NEWS: VW recalling 13,500 vehicles over transmission
August 20, 2009 -- Yahoo News -- WASHINGTON – Volkswagen of America is recalling 13,500 vehicles to fix problems with a dual-clutch transmission that could lead to a warning on the dashboard.
The recall affects 2009 model year and a limited number of 2010 Jetta, Jetta SportsWagen, GTI and Eos vehicles built between September 2008 and August 2009. Volkswagen says some of the vehicles could have a faulty temperature sensor in the transmission, which could lead to the warning lamp lighting up on the dashboard. They said in rare cases, the transmission could shift into neutral.
SEPTEMBER 2007 -- VW is recalling 340,000 MY 2005-2008 Jetta and MY 2006-2008 Rabbit, GTI, and R32 vehicles for failing to comply with the requirements of Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard No. 108, "Lamps, Reflective Devices, and Associated Equipment." Some vehicles may not have had a required cap installed which disables the headlight horizontal aim and some vehicles may contain a cap that disables the vertical aiming screw. Noncompliance can inhibit proper headlamp aim adjustment for roadway illumination. Improperly aimed headlamps could cause reduced road visibility, increasing the risk of a crash. Dealers will inspect for the presence of a cap in the socket of the low beam horizontal aiming screw and install one if missing, and inspect for the presence of a cap in the socket of the vertical aiming screw and if present, the cap will be removed. The recall is expected to begin on or about October 31, 2007. This recall was the subject of an investigation, OA-108-070412I, conducted by the Office of Vehicle Safety Compliance. 07V442
NEWS: Volkswagen recalls nearly 800,000 cars
February 26, 2007 - NEW YORK (CNNMoney.com) -- Around 800,000 Volkswagen vehicles have been recalled Monday because of faulty brake lights, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration said.
The 790,000 vehicles include Jettas, New Beetles, Golfs, GTIs and R32s...all in the United States.
The specific years and models affected are:
The malfunctioning brake lights and brake light switches could fail to come on or remain stuck on.
This recall expands on one announced by Europe's No. 1 carmaker last year, when 362,000 Jettas and New Beetles were recalled due to the same defective part.
Volkswagen said that dealers will immediately be prepared to accept service appointments to perform the repair at no charge, but the notification process isn't scheduled to begin until April.
NHTSA did not say if any injuries had been reported linked to the defective brake lights.


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All ages
Bundle of gap clothes, great condition. Mainly for summer. Great for summer holiday or to pack up for next year. Age 2-3 years. Over £300+ happy for you to come and view.Dresses, tshirts, jeans, long sleeve tops. Grab a bargain - 23 items!! No idea why photos are upside down, they were taken the right way round....:)


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The Chief Business Office Purchased Care (CBOPC) values the services you provide to our beneficiaries and offers electronic claim filing (EDI) to all health care providers for VA programs. Many of our providers already enjoy the benefits of electronic filing, available through our health care clearinghouse, Emdeon®. Electronic filing offers many advantages: increased precision for claims processing, reduction of duplicate submissions from your office and an accelerated payment determination.
If you are not an Emdeon customer and are interested in submitting electronic claims, you may contact your clearinghouse or software vendor to add our Emdeon Payer IDs to your system for electronic claim transactions: 84146 for medical claims and 84147 for dental claims. In addition to medical and dental transactions, 835 Health Care Claim Remittance Advice and Real-Time 270 Eligibility transactions are available through EDI. You can search our Web site for information on EDI transactions in the Provider News section, where you will find information on filing requirements and electronic funds transfer as well as provider fact sheets. For more detailed information on electronic filing, please click the "How to file a claim electronically" link under the Provider News section.
We can also receive EDI pharmacy claims through our pharmacy benefit manager, SXC Health Solutions, Inc. (SXC). If you are not a part of the SXC network and are interested in getting more information, you can contact the SXC Provider Network Line at 480-362-5227.
Here are tips for avoiding seven common pitfalls in claims processing.


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Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh
Politician + Environmentalist + Duke
Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh is the husband of Queen Elizabeth II. He is the United Kingdom's longest-serving consort and the oldest serving spouse of a reigning British monarch. A member of the Danish-German House of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg… Read More
Check out the latest love interests for Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh.
Patrick "Pat" KirkwoodFling 1948
Elizabeth IIMarried 1947
Princess AuroraMarried
Merle OberonDated
Discover the family history of Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh.
Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh
Prince Andrew of Greece and DenmarkFather, d.1944
Princess Alice of BattenbergMother, d.1969
Princess Sophie of Greece and DenmarkSister, d.2001
Princess Margarita of Greece and DenmarkSister, d.1981
Princess Theodora of Greece and DenmarkSister, d.1969
Princess Cecilie of Greece and DenmarkSister, d.1937
Prince Andrew, Duke of YorkSon, Age 54
Charles, Prince of WalesSon, deceased
Anne, Princess RoyalDaughter, deceased
Follow Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh and discover his favorite places.
News + Updates
Browse recent news and stories about Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh.
Queen Elizabeth Ii To Make Rare Address To The Nation, Capping Jubilee CelebrationsFox News - Jun 05, 2012
Prince Philip Rushed To The Hospital To Treat Bladder Infection (Stephen M. Silverman/People.Com)Wesmirch.com - Jun 04, 2012
Queen And Prince Philip Get Into The Royal Taxi For London Theatre TripDaily Mail (UK) - Mar 07, 2012
Comment On Prince Philip Recovering From Heart Surgery By StaffordThe Royal Forums - Feb 20, 2012
Learn about the memorable moments in the evolution of Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh.
1921 Birth Prince Philip of Greece and Denmark was born at Mon Repos on the Greek island of Corfu on 10 June 1921, the only son and fifth and final child of Prince Andrew of Greece and Denmark and Princess Alice of Battenberg. … Read More
1922 1 Year Old The war went badly for Greece, and the Turks made large gains. On 22 September 1922, Philip's uncle, the reigning King Constantine I of Greece, was forced to abdicate, and Prince Andrew, along with others, was arrested by the military government. … Read More
1928 7 Years Old Philip was first educated at an American school in Paris run by Donald MacJannet, who described Philip as a "rugged, boisterous... but always remarkably polite" boy. In 1928, he was sent to the UK to attend Cheam School, living with his maternal grandmother at Kensington Palace and his uncle, George Mountbatten, 2nd Marquess of Milford Haven, at Lynden Manor in Bray, Berkshire. … Read More
1933 12 Years Old In 1933, he was sent to Schule Schloss Salem in Germany, which had the "advantage of saving school fees" because it was owned by the family of his brother-in-law, Berthold, Margrave of Baden. … Read More
1937 16 Years Old In 1937, his sister Cecilie, her husband (Georg Donatus, Hereditary Grand Duke of Hesse), her two young sons and her mother-in-law were killed in an air crash at Ostend; Philip, then sixteen years old, attended the funeral in Darmstadt. … Read More
1939 18 Years Old After leaving Gordonstoun in 1939, Prince Philip joined the Royal Navy, graduating the next year from the Royal Naval College, Dartmouth, as the top cadet in his course. … Read More
1940 19 Years Old 1 More Event
1942 21 Years Old In June 1942, he was appointed to the V and W class destroyer and flotilla leader, HMS Wallace, which was involved in convoy escort tasks on the east coast of Britain, as well as the allied invasion of Sicily. … Read More
1943 22 Years Old During the invasion of Sicily, in July 1943, as second in command of HMS Wallace, he saved his ship from a night bomber attack. … Read More
1944 23 Years Old In 1944, he moved on to the new destroyer, HMS Whelp, where he saw service with the British Pacific Fleet in the 27th Destroyer Flotilla. … Read More
1946 25 Years Old 1 More Event
In January 1946, Philip returned to the United Kingdom on the Whelp, and was posted as an instructor at HMS Royal Arthur, the Petty Officers' School in Corsham, Wiltshire. … Read More
1947 26 Years Old 2 More Events
By March 1947, Philip had abandoned his Greek and Danish royal titles, had adopted the surname Mountbatten from his mother's family, and had become a naturalised British subject. The engagement was announced to the public on 10 July 1947.
1949 28 Years Old From 1949, he was stationed in Malta, after being posted as the first lieutenant of the destroyer HMS Chequers, the lead ship of the 1st Destroyer Flotilla in the Mediterranean Fleet.
1950 29 Years Old In July 1950, he was promoted to lieutenant commander and given command of the frigate HMS Magpie.
1952 31 Years Old 1 More Event
1953 32 Years Old … For six months over 1953–54 Philip and Elizabeth toured the Commonwealth; again their children were left in the United Kingdom. … Read More
1956 35 Years Old From 1956 to 1957, Philip travelled around the world aboard the newly commissioned HMY Britannia, during which he opened the 1956 Summer Olympics in Melbourne and visited the Antarctic. … Read More
1957 36 Years Old Philip was appointed to the Queen's Privy Council for Canada on 14 October 1957, taking his Oath of Allegiance before the Queen in person at her Canadian residence, Rideau Hall. … Read More
1961 40 Years Old He served as UK President of the World Wildlife Fund from 1961 to 1982, International President from 1981 and President Emeritus from 1996.
1964 43 Years Old He is patron of The Work Foundation, was President of the International Equestrian Federation from 1964 to 1986, and has served as Chancellor of the Universities of Cambridge, Edinburgh, Salford, and Wales.
1979 58 Years Old In 1979, when Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip were guests of President Carter, Prince Philip was approached by White House butler Lynwood Westray and another unnamed butler. … Read More
2008 87 Years Old In April 2008, Philip was admitted to the King Edward VII Hospital for "assessment and treatment" for a chest infection, though he walked into the hospital unaided and recovered quickly, and was discharged three days later to recuperate at Windsor Castle. … Read More
2011 90 Years Old In June 2011, in an interview marking the occasion of his 90th birthday he said that he would now slow down and reduce his duties, stating that he had "done his bit". … Read More
2012 91 Years Old 2 More Events
Philip is currently the oldest living great-great grandchild of Queen Victoria, as well as her oldest living descendant following the death of Count Carl Johan Bernadotte of Wisborg in May 2012. … Read More
Original Authors of this text are noted on http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Philip,_Duke_of_Edinburgh.
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Not the person you were looking for? Search Prince Philip Duke Of Edinburgh


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On the Road...Literally!
Hey everyone. Just checking in from the iPhone in the car (don't worry I'm not driving right now)! I'm out on tour this week with guitarist/singer extraordinaire Ryan McGiver. We played our debut concert at the Jalopy Theater in Brooklyn last Friday night. Since then we have rocked the house in York, PA, Cleveland, OH, and Pittsburgh, PA. We are having a great time and meeting some great people along the way. Right now we're trekking down to Knoxville, TN where we are offering workshops and a concert tomorrow night at Morelock Music (see the "Gigs" page for details). After that is the Main Event--2 prime spots at the Bristol Rhythm and Roots Reunion in Bristol, TN! Hope you can make it down, it will be a weekend of amazing music all around. Stay tuned for picture and video updates coming soon. Thanks to everyone who has come out and supported the music this week, and everyone who has hosted us. We really appreciate it!!
Reply to comment | Patrick Mangan
The more time and attention you give to it, the more likely it
is that you will have a litter box trained ferret.
Instead of courting athlete's foot, you should at
least try to train your ferret to use a litter box. They come in brown, black,
white, or mixed fur with some having a "raccoon like"
mask around their eyes.
On the Road...Literally! | Patrick Mangan
Using this gives you the feeling of being outdoors
while it is raining. Steam cooking gently cooked fish, meat, rice, vegetable,
fruits and desserts, so that foods rich in vitamins, minerals and food flavor are
preserved. You can get a good practice at computer gaming,
Reply to comment | Patrick Mangan
I don
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Unemployment rates rise in most US states in July
By CHRISTOPHER S. RUGABER | AP Economics Writer August 19, 2013 10:34AM
WASHINGTON — Unemployment rates rose in more than half of U.S. states in July and fewer states added jobs, echoing national data that show the job market may have lost some momentum.
The Labor Department says unemployment rates increased in 28 states. They were unchanged in 14 and fell in eight states — the fewest to show a decline since January.
In Illinois, the seasonally adjusted jobless rate increased to 9.2 percent in July from 9.1 percent in June, the Labor Department reported Monday. The state's unemployment rate was 9.0 percent in July 2012. The Chicago area's jobless rate was unchanged at 9.4 percent from June to July; it was 8.9 percent in July 2012.
Indiana's jobless rate was unchanged from 8.4 percent in June 2013 and June 2013.
Hiring increased in 32 states in July compared with June, the fewest in three months. Seventeen states reported job losses. California, Georgia and Florida reported the largest job gains, while New Jersey and Nevada lost the most.
Nationwide, hiring has been steady this year but slowed in July. Employers added 162,000 jobs, the fewest since March. The unemployment rate fell to 7.4 percent, a 4 ½ -year low, from 7.6 percent.


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Dick Clark, who introduced U.S. to countless pop acts, dies at 82
By THOMAS CONNER Pop Music email@example.com April 18, 2012 9:02PM
"American Bandstand" host Dick Clark sorts through singles in a Philadelphia radio station's library in 1959. | AP
Article Extras
Updated: May 21, 2012 8:42AM
A young Dick Clark — was there any other kind? — was once pictured underneath a bold headline: "He thinks his show will last 30 years."
Mr. Clark hit that goal on the nose. The original "American Bandstand" was one of network TV's longest-running series, airing on ABC from 1957 to 1987 and in syndication a short while after that.
In 1985, his optimism was bolder. "I say the show will be on forever," he told the Chicago Sun-Times then. "I think it will be on as long as there is television."
Given his nickname, "The World's Oldest Teenager," and his perpetually youthful appearance, that prognostication once seemed perfectly plausible.
But Mr. Clark, surprisingly, didn't live forever. He died Wednesday of a heart attack at age 82.
Mr. Clark's career included dozens of TV and music ventures, including "The $25,000 Pyramid," "TV's Bloopers and Practical Jokes," the American Music Awards and all those rockin' New Year's Eves.
"There's hardly any segment of the population that doesn't see what I do," Mr. Clark told the AP in 1985. "It can be embarrassing. People come up to me and say, 'I love your show,' and I have no idea which one they're talking about."
Those 30 years of "Bandstand," though, were Mr. Clark's greatest musical impact, bringing a bevy of rock and pop acts into the mainstream. "AB" was the A-to-Z TV showcase for performers in the 1950s (Bill Haley & His Comets, Buddy Holly & the Crickets); '60s (the Temptations, Ike & Tina Turner); '70s (Mac Davis, Dr. Hook), and '80s (a-ha, Adam Ant).
"Bandstand" ushered rock into a crucial space where it wasn't always welcome but eventually conquered — living rooms — and fertilized the culture for the next step in the marriage of music and television, MTV, which eventually and perhaps inevitably made "Bandstand" irrelevant.
Three "Bandstand" memories leap immediately to mind: (1) Madonna declaring during her in-show interview in 1984 that she fully intended to rule the world; (2) a highly reticent David Byrne confounding Mr. Clark's attempts to conduct a chatty interview in 1979, and (3) several appearances by Dwight Twilley (with the late great Phil Seymour and a rail-thin, leotarded Tom Petty playing bass).
"The music, the people and the show is part of practically everybody's life who grew up in this country in the last 30 years, and we all share a piece of it," Mr. Clark told the Sun-Times in 1985. "This show is very much like leafing through the family album."
Contributing: AP


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Kafi Bib Necklace
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The Festival and the Mass
Like Marx himself, the Marxist sociologist Henri Lefebvre was a firm believer in the dictum that "the criticism of religion is the premise of all criticism," though he dissented from Marx's prior claim that the criticism of religion is essentially complete. He includes a vicious, sarcastic, Marxist diatribe against the Catholicism of his youth in the introductory volume of his Critique of Everyday Life, but along the way he gives a thick portrait of "traditional society" that reminded me of portions of Charles Taylor's A Secular Age. A number of Lefebvre's comments are stunningly on target.
In a chapter called "Notes Written One Sunday in the French Countryside," Lefebvre imagines, with some condescension, the world we have lost, a world embodied particularly in peasant festivities. "Peasant celebrations," he writes, "tightened social links and at the same time gave rein to all desires which had been pent up by collective discipline and the necessities of everyday work. In celebrating, each member of the community went beyond himself, so to speak, and in one fell swoop drew all that was energetic, pleasurable and possible from nature, food, social life and his own body and mind." Festival was not radically separated from daily life, but different "only in the explosion of forces which had been slowly accumulated in and via everyday life itself." Peasant celebrations embodied both the liminal experience of communitas and expressed and even reinforced the social order.
Festivals, he argues, accomplished this double task through a variety of "sacrificial" gestures and rites. Peasants sacrificed in a specific sense: "in one day they devour all the provisions and stocks it has taken months to accumulate. Generously, they welcome guests and strangers. It is a day of excess. Anything goes." But this "orgy of eating and drinking" is shadowed by "a deep sense of foreboding." Peasants know how vulnerable they are to the whims of weather. Excessive feasting and hospitality may come back to bite them. Thus, "Festival is a risk, a wager on the future." But it is worth the sacrifice, because it is by such festive sacrifices that one proves himself a participant in the community. Refusing to participate in festival for fear of loss placed one outside the community, and this would "risk interrupting the normal, fertile course of nature and human life." In a very concrete way, the excesses of Festival forged and strengthened the bonds of community.
According to Lefevre, the church was an agent of alienation. Instead of fulfilling the communal effects of Festival, the medieval Mass undermined the human goods of peasant celebrations. Far from standing staunchly against paganism, "The Church is nothing more and nothing less than the unlimited ability to absorb and accumulate the inhuman." What he means can be indicated by his account of the "tragic" character of the Mass. Among other things, the tragedy lies in the church's absorption of Festival into its own social life, which produces the holy meal that is only an alienated, attenuated version of Festival: The Mass is "torn away from community to be accomplished by those who mediate between us and the absolute – torn away from the life of the senses and from real festivity to become symbolic, abstract, distant. Transferring entirely another plane – a spiritual and 'interior' plane, apparently." But the result is no community at all but "a caricature of community": "people in black . . . their eyes half-closed, their hands clasped piously together, absorbed in the dreariness of what their mouths and souls have just tasted."
The Mass's neutralization of Festival was not isolated. It is the primary instance of the church's conquest of life, a conquest that Lefebvre naturally wants to reverse (he talks of his youthful fantasies of inventing a crippling heresy). The church is able to "accumulate all human (or rather 'inhuman') alienation" because "it penetrates everyday life." He explains: "On the one hand it has created a dehumanized ceremonial, an official magnificence, an extra-national State, an abstract theory; on the other, it has produced an extremely subtle and precise psychological and moral technique." Because of the latter, religion is present "in every act of one's immediate life, no matter how insignificant," either in "'internalized' form of a ritual or in the external form of the priest who listens, understand, advises, reprimands or 'pardons.'"
Religion has its moral doctrines that "tell us what we must do . . . in an everyday life which seems all the more derelict, uncertain and humiliated for the fact that the life of the mind, of knowledge, of art, of the State, is getting more and more vast, more 'elevated' and more ritualized." In this way, "Religion 'snowballs'" until it becomes an "immense obstacle," present "in life's most infinitesimal detail, knowing the weaknesses and provoking them, breathing in the positive substance of everyday life and concentrating its negative aspects." Religion becomes virtually inescapable: "The ritual gesture when a funeral goes by, words of insult, an 'A-Dieu' when we part, a wish, a propitious phrase of greeting or thanks – all such everyday attitudes still come down to us from magic and religion." And this inescapable practice simply reinforces the illusion: "the illusion by which religion deceives us . . . tends to be born again with every action in our everyday lives."
In a Nietzschean vein, Lefebvre concludes that religion "accumulates all man's helplessness. It offers a critique of life; it is itself that critique: a reactionary, destructive critique." To say it is Nietzschean is not to dismiss it: There is too much truth in Lefebvre's diatribe for Christians to ignore it.
Criticism of religion, criticism of anything, is never, for a Marxist like Lefebvre, an end in itself. The aim is never to critique but to change, and if religious has penetrated everywhere, so must Marxism. The end is "the transformation of life in its smallest, most everyday detail." The end is the Marxist humanist aim of making "thought – the power of man, the participation in and the consciousness of that power – intervene in life in the humblest detail." It is "to change life, lucidly to recreate everyday life."
One doesn't normally think of turning to Marxists for insight into sacramental theology, but perhaps one should. Marx himself, after all, had a strong sense of the sacred and the sacramental, recognizing a secular version of relic devotion in the "fetishization" of commodities in capitalistic systems. For all his scorn for Christianity as such, Lefebvre's analysis of the distortions of the medieval Mass, which grew out of a faulty nature-grace dichotomy, has much to recommend it. He pinpoints the flaws in the anti-Festival Mass that the Reformers attacked, an anti-Festival that has too often taken root in the churches of the Reformation themselves. (If you doubt it, re-read the paragraph above about people in black with eyes closed, and then look around your church during the Supper!). And he shows what is at stake in debates about liturgy.
Marxist though he is, Lefebvre is a better sacramental theologian than most theologians.
Peter J. Leithart is President of Trinity House in Birmingham, Alabama, and Senior Fellow of Theology and Literature at New St. Andrews College, Moscow, Idaho.


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#3 - reaperssprint (07/09/2013) [-]
I don't really understand. The yellow light's only purpose is to let oncoming traffic know that the red light is coming up. It does not mean to slam on your brakes to stop. You have to use your judgment.