text:
How to assemble a cartridge
It is easy to cast bullets and shoot them with reasonable accuracy. Use a
proven cast bullet design in a common caliber with a load that keeps
velocity under 1000 fps in pistols or 1600 fps in rifles, and accuracy
isn't hard to find.
Safety should be of primary importance in the mind of the cast bullet
reloader. Here are some things to watch out for.
Remember that you're touching lead bullets. Wash your hands before eating
or drinking or smoking.
Don't reload or shoot if you're tired or grumpy or worried or in a hurry.
Put the equipment away and stop.
If anything goes in hard or easy or feels funny or looks funny-stop and
figure it out.
Always start with the scale and powder measure zeroed. Do not ever throw a
charge from a powder measure that you didn't set in the past few minutes.
You may think you know what the measure is set for, but your memory is
Always check the powder type against the loading manual and/or your
notebook. After you check, sit back and close your eyes and ask yourself
if the powder charge makes sense. Do it every time.
Low velocity cast bullet shooting is based on small charges of fast
burning powders. Small charges mean that a double charge won't overflow
the case. Keep cases upside-down in a loading tray until charging them
with powder. Never put powder in a case that you didn't pick up upside
down. Always look in every case with a flashlight after charging with
A rifle case that is too long can jam in the chamber, squeezing the bullet
and causing extremely high pressures. Measure cases for length and trim
them if required. Lee makes very inexpensive case trimmers that require no
adjustment or measuring.
Make the first cartridge and try it in the gun. If it is tight or chambers
hard or does anything unusual, stop and figure out what is going on. You
don't want a hundred cartridges that won't go in the gun. We all know
about that.
Don't eat or
smoke or watch TV or talk on the cell phone or read the paper or drink
beer while you reload. It takes all your concentration. If you're sick of
reloading, stop.
Record Keeping
Get a notebook and write down everything that you do. Only by writing
everything down in a notebook will you learn how unreliable and deceptive
your memory is. Write down the bullet number and alloy and cartridge case
head stamp and powder type and charge and primer and OAL and everything.
Measure every, yes every, group that you shoot during your experimenting,
and write down the group size and distance and everything you know about
the load and group including the date and temperature and every darn
thing. If you don't write it down you'll either forget, or worse, your
creative memory will take over.
For more on recording reloading information, see "RECORD
KEEPING" and "M54 WINCHESTER WORKBOOK EXAMPLE".
I recommend the
Lyman Cast Bullet Handbook, First through third Edition and at
least one more manual to verify the other manual.
Assembling The
The steps required
to assemble a cartridge are these:
(Assuming that the
cases have been checked for length and are less than or equal to the max.
1. Remove the
fired primer, clean the primer pocket and prime the case.
2. Full-length
size the case if necessary to allow the cartridge to chamber easily.
Some auto loading and lever action rifles may require full-length
sizing. In my experience the Thompson-Center Contender pistols require
that cases be full-length sized for reliable operation.
If full-length
sizing is not required, then neck-size the case; otherwise the bullet will
fall into the case.
3. Bell the
mouth of the case.
4. Charge the
case with powder.
5. Seat the
bullet in the case.
(One of the editors reminded me that
checking each case for split necks, other damage, or incipient case head
separation should be part of the reloading process.
At first I agreed, but then, after thinking about it, disagreed. A split
case neck is easy to see, and makes itself known during the resizing and
"M" dieing steps; when a marked reduction in force required to push the
case into the die is felt.
(Ken Mollohan: In my experience, this is true, but primarily when the neck
is already badly split. I have seen quite a few incipient splits that were
not caught by differences in processing forces. My personal practice is to
simply insert my fingernail into the mouth of the case as I pick it up,
and spin the case. Even the smallest nick or crack will catch on my
fingernail, alerting me to take a closer look. Rarely, a split will occur
that does not reach the mouth of the case, but this is always caught by
the processing force variations mentioned above.)
I was shooting yesterday and found a case with a split neck. I wipe each
case off with a rag after taking it out of the gun. It was very obvious
that something was wrong when I wiped the case, the split neck was easy to
detect. I can't remember the last time I had a split neck, it doesn't
happen to me with cast bullets very often.
Other case damage is obvious. I love my cases, wipe each case off after
firing, and examine any case that is dropped to the ground for damage.
With auto-loading pistols or rifles that fling cases about, inspecting
cases for damage is necessary.
Examining cases for incipient case head separation involves strong light
and feeling the inside of the case with a tool or paperclip for any groove
that signals trouble.
I've seldom seen split necks on rifle cases, see them now and then on
pistol cases.
I never see other damage to cases since I don't shoot auto-loading guns.
I've never had a case head separation using cast bullets and don't recall
ever reading of one.
So, for cast bullet shooting, I don't believe that the suggested rigorous
case inspection is mandatory.)
Some cast bullet reloaders use the principle of orientation in reloading
and shooting. If a mark-a light and small punch mark-is made in the nose
of the bullet mold, then the bullet will have a mark or dimple. If the
cartridge is put in the chamber of the gun so that that mark is always in
a certain position, (Ex:12 o'clock), then the bullet is oriented with the
chamber. The bullet can be oriented with the head-stamp of the cartridge
case. (Ex: A small file notch is cut in the case rim over the "R" in "R-P"
of each case, and the mark on the bullet is lined up with that notch.) The
sizing die can be oriented in the press, the case can be oriented in the
shell holder, and the case can be oriented in the priming process-the
opportunities for orienting abound.
While there are a lot of good shooters who believe that orientation makes
a difference in accuracy, I believe that orientation is a minor
contributor to accuracy. If your rifle is shooting 2" five shot groups at
100 yards, orientation isn't going to make it shoot 1". I wish it would.
Some cast bullets have crimping grooves at the forward end of the bullet.
Crimping is the process of swaging the case mouth into the crimping
groove. Some pistol die sets have "Taper Crimp" dies that crimp with a
taper of the front end the case into the bullet.
If cast bullet cartridges are loaded into the magazine of a lever action
rifle, the cartridges will most probably need to be crimped or the
magazine spring pressure and recoil will force the bullets into the cases.
Sometimes cartridges loaded into box magazine rifles will have bullets
push into the case under recoil. These cartridges need to be crimped.
Revolver cartridges need to be crimped to keep the bullets from coming out
of the case as the gun is fired, and hanging up the cylinder.
Unless the application requires it, don't crimp, because crimping
overworks the case and diminishes accuracy.
I have a Huntington Die Specialties Compact Press that I've used to full
length size 300 WM cases, and form 300 WM from 375 H&H, and form 6.5X55
from 30/06. But it ain't easy. This small press uses standard dies, and
works great for the apartment/condo dweller or at the range.
The Lee Loader also works well at the range-the 310 tool less so because
of the die changes required.
For serious work, without a lot of
grunting, a larger reloading press is necessary. I've got a Lee Challenger
press bolted to a piece of angle iron that is bolted to a concrete wall. I
bought the press for just under $30 in 2003 from Mid South, a mail order
reloading supplier. I just ran a 30/06 case into a 6.5X55 die to see how
hard it is, and it isn't hard. Of course, I'm extremely strong.
Reloading presses are available from many makers, at prices up to $250 or
so. I haven't had much luck with "C" presses and prefer the compound
linkage press like the Lee Challenger or RCBS Rockchucker. The key to
making a press work is to bolt it to something that won't move. The
upstroke will lift any table or bench off the floor.
Progressive presses are used for large scale reloading. I have no
experience with progressive presses.
My plan is to use the $30 Lee Challenger press until it breaks or wears
out, then buy an expensive press. If I live long enough.
I use dies from any maker, they all seem to work fine. Carbide dies are
wonderful for straight wall pistol cases. Lyman "M" dies are used to
"bell" the case mouth to accept cast bullets without shaving lead. Some
shooters, (not I) forget to lubricate a case, rip off the rim and the case
sticks in the die. I use an RCBS "Stuck Case Remover" to get the case out
of the die. For the advanced shooter, there are specialized dies that
present the opportunity to spend lots of money. For most shooters, a 2-die
rifle set or 3 die Carbide pistol set of dies from a major manufacturer
will work fine.
Measuring Tools A 0-1"
Micrometer Caliper and 0-6" Dial or Vernier Caliper are handy for the
beginner and mandatory for the advanced shooter. Vernier calipers have
been pretty much replaced with dial calipers that are much easier to read.
I find a dial caliper easier to read without a magnifying glass, I need
the glass to read the vernier on the 0-1" micrometer caliper ("set of
A 6" (or any capacity) dial or vernier or electronic caliper reads to
one-thousandth of an inch, .001" A 1" capacity micrometer caliper has a
vernier on the barrel allowing readings to one-ten-thousandth of an inch,
.0001". As an example, a 45/70 case is supposed to be 2.100" long, and is
easily measured with a 6" dial caliper. But 30 caliber bullets have
dimensions varying from .297" to .314", and are best measured to .0001"
with a 1" capacity micrometer caliper.
Belling Case
If a single case is used for shooting using the breech seating method,
then after a while the case neck gets dirty and then powder particles blow
back between the case and the chamber. Eventually the case will have dents
where the powder particles are. Ultimately the cartridge case will begin
to collapse as gas blows around the case.
This condition is easily avoided by slightly belling the case mouth every
few shots. If the case neck is kept polished, and is wiped clean every
shot, then inspection shows the beginning of gas blow by and signals the
shooter to bell the case mouth.
When competitively bench rest shooting with single shot rifles I bell the
case mouth slightly for each shot. (Con Dearth is the only other shooter
that I know of who does this.) This step is just one in the procedure
which I try to follow faithfully for each shot. I believed that this step
made velocities more uniform, but had never rigorously tested that
opinion. My goal is to have the case be a snug fit in the chamber, to feel
definite resistance when chambering the case. This requires some
experimentation-a little excess enthusiasm will make the case impossible
to chamber.
When testing loads or rifles, I wipe off the case between shots and bell
the case mouth every time I load it.
Case necks can be belled using a variety of tools. A reloading press with
a Lyman "M" die does a good job, but is sort of cumbersome at the range.
Rotating the case on a leg of a Simmons style re-de-capper will do it, as
will twisting the case on an appropriately sized pair of scissors or
needle-nosed pliers. The object is to increase the diameter of the case
mouth, the very end, so that the next shot will expand the case and
eliminate blow by of gas.
This condition of blow by of gas is most obvious when using the breech
seating method of loading, but occurs with fixed ammunition also. A higher
PSI load with a faster powder may reduce or eliminate the blow-by; of
course, it must be an accurate load.
My Pope-Arisaka showed wide velocity variations and poor accuracy until
the case mouths were belled so that the empty case was a snug fit in the
chamber. The last test resulted in: without belling-9 shots at 200 yards
in 6 3/4 inches (1 shot was lost) with belling- 5 shots at 200 yards in 2
5/8 inches, this group about 9" higher than the first group.
While testing a New England Firearms Handi-Rifle in 30/30 on May 14, 1995;
I noticed several unusually high velocity readings. I was using one case,
seating the bullet in the case with my fingers before putting the loaded
cartridge in the rifle, and was belling the case mouth every few shots.
The results of testing:
Remington Large
Pistol #2 1/2 primer
311299 Lyman
bullet sized in a .312 sizing die (which changes diameter of the bullet
only .001" or so) lubed with Alox lube.
Wolf No Grease
Groove bullet lubricated with liquid Alox.
I was not
happy with these results and with the wide velocity swings, and decided to
see what effect belling the case mouth had on velocity.
Using the Wolf bullet and 14 grains of IMR 4227, and carefully belling the
case mouth before each shot so that there was definite resistance to the
case going into the chamber, velocities were:
1625, 1694, 1663,
1673, 1649, 1613, 1676, 1632, 1637, 1665 Average = 1653, S. D. = 25.7
I then stopped
belling the case mouth, velocities for four shots were:
1655, 1391, 1369,
Then ten shots for
average velocity:
1402, 1368, 1407,
1371, 1389, 1387, 1380, 1376, 1383, 1391 Average =
There was no obvious visible evidence of gas blow by on the last 14 shots.
The case was wiped off after each shot.
Accuracy has been averaging about 2" for five shots at 100 yards with this
rifle. No detectable difference in accuracy was seen between the first ten
and last ten shots.
The elevation difference between the higher and lower velocity groups is
small, perhaps an inch and a half or so, certainly less than I would have
While this is not a rigorous test, the velocities for the original test
(1450 f/s), with belled cases (1653 f/s) and not-belled cases (1385 f/s)
are different enough to strain my credibility.
I think we should bell the case mouth every time a cast bullet is loaded.
How to measure
maximum cartridge LENGTH
The overall length of a cartridge is important.
If the cartridge is too long, then chambering and then removing a
cartridge from the gun can result in the bullet sticking in the rifling,
the cartridge case being removed from the gun and the powder being spilled
all over the inside of the gun. The resulting mess is a bother to clean
Conversely, if the cartridge is too short, accuracy may suffer. Best
accuracy is most frequently found with the bullet close to the origin of
the rifling.
Different bullets will have different maximum overall lengths (Max. OAL)
in the same gun.
A given bullet will have different Max. OAL's in the same cartridge (Ex:
30/06) in different guns.
Here's how to measure the Max. OAL for a given gun and bullet combination.
1. Close the action of the gun and put the
cleaning rod with brass screw all the way into the barrel from the
muzzle until it touches the breechblock or bolt.
2. Wrap a 5" piece of masking tape on the
cleaning rod starting 1" outside the muzzle. Then with the cleaning rod
all the way in the gun, the masking tape will be visible 1" outside the
muzzle and will be 4" inside the barrel.
3. With the cleaning rod all the way in the
barrel, mark the masking tape at the muzzle.
4. Put a bullet into the chamber of the
rifle. Push the bullet into the rifling with a pencil. Push with one
finger on the end of the pencil until the bullet won't go in any
further. Now take the cleaning rod with brass screw and put it in the
muzzle of the rifle. Gently push the rod in until it touches the nose of
the bullet. Mark the masking tape on the cleaning rod at the muzzle.
5. Take the cleaning rod out, and measure
the distance between the marks. This is the maximum overall length of a
cartridge with the given bullet for that gun.
6. Do this several times until you are
confident that your answer is correct. Make a sketch of the case and the
bullet with dimensions.
John Alexander uses this method with the
cleaning rod and two shaft collars.
1. Start with
both collars on the rod.
2. With the rod
against the bolt face or breechblock, push both collars against the
muzzle and tighten the screw on the shaft collar furthest from the
3. With the
bullet pushed into the bore with a pencil, place the rod screw against
the bullet tip, push the other shaft collar against the muzzle and
tighten the screw in the shaft collar.
4. The
distance between the collars is the Max. OAL.
An alternative method is to slightly deform = make oval the mouth of a
fired case. Put the bullet in the case mouth, seated way out. Put the case
in the gun. The bullet will meet resistance at the rifling and be pushed
back into the case mouth. Remove the case and measure Max. OAL. Do this
several times until you have confidence in the resulting measurement.
Ken Mollohan: This is an excellent
description of basic principles, but it falls slightly short in those
cases where it is desired to seat the bullet into the throat / rifling.
This is not an uncommon situation as such seating reduces gas blow-by and
gives better alignment of the bullet and the bore of the rifle. The
difference is seldom great in terms of OAL, but can be very substantial in
terms of good groups.
My personal preferred definition is to determine the distance that the OAL
can be set without causing undue interference with closing the action of
the rifle, usually a bolt. I usually do this in a series of steps:
1. I load a round with much of the bullet
body projecting from the mouth of the case, and make note of how far the
bolt has to go before the action will close. I withdraw the round and
seat the bullet about 3/4 of this distance into the case and try again.
Then I repeat the 'withdraw and seat the bullet deeper' procedure,
deepening the bullet seat (and reducing the OAL) by gradually screwing
the seating stem deeper into the die until the bolt will at least begin
to close without noticeable resistance.
2. This repeated seating usually damages
the lead band of the bullet, making the OAL reading at this point just a
good approximation. Now I produce several rounds seated to this OAL, and
continue the process, using a different round for each trial. I turn the
seating screw down in increments of one turn at first, and finish up
with 1/4 turn increments to find my final setting. This is all very
empirical, but it works very well. I usually find that the cam action of
the bolt will let me seat the bullet out by the length of the lead band,
or nearly so. My max OAL is thus slightly greater than the preceding
procedure will provide.
3. Then I like to refine that OAL by sizing
a bullet somewhat smaller and trying again. If I come out with
substantially the same max OAL, it tells me that I'm really measuring
the distance to the end of the throat, but with a less than ideal
diameter selection. So I'll adjust the diameters until I get a sudden
sharp reduction in apparent max OAL. That tells me that I've exceeded
the throat diameter, and I need to standardize on one step smaller for
this particular gun.
This brings me to the second method I sometimes employ with a new rifle /
bullet: Simply pinch the neck of a fired case somewhat oval, and
hand-start a sized bullet in it. For 30 cal, I use a 0.311 Dia. slug for
this crude approximation, and refine it later. Chambering this dummy round
will seat the bullet into the throat, and give me something very close to
the final OAL value for this combination. I then use the dummy to adjust
the seating die by running the seating stem down until it makes contact
with the bullet. This will almost always bring me within a few thousandths
of the optimum OAL for this bullet, at this diameter, in this rifle.
A further caveat is that all of the preceding discussions assume that the
distance from the breech to the rifling or throat is THE determining
factor in measuring OAL. This is not true. It is often the case that the
gun's clip length will not accept or feed a cartridge that will chamber
easily. Similarly, some lever action rifles feeding mechanisms won't
accept rounds grater than factory length. These restrictions also apply to
handguns as well.
Cookbook Loads
That Work In Any Gun:
"Each rifle is a law unto itself, what works in one rifle won't work in
another." I've heard and read that for the past forty-odd years. It's not
true. There are simple recipes that produce reasonable accuracy in all
rifles of a given caliber.
"The name of the reloading and shooting game is the same. You must perform
each step precisely the same way each time to get accuracy." This is
another theme running through the literature that is at least partly
wrong. If you do the wrong thing consistently, the gun won't shoot
accurately. The important thing is to perform the correct steps in
reloading and shooting. Then consistency starts to pay off. Precisely
controlling the composition of the casting alloy doesn't help if the
bullet is too small for the gun.
There are hundreds of variables in the rifle/loading/shooting equation,
such as powder type and quantity, bullet alloy, primer type, and so on.
Some of these variables are very important, but most are of little or no
Small changes in alloy composition, powder charge, seating depth or bullet
lubricant will not make large changes in accuracy.
Accuracy can vary substantially with the bullet used. It is not
unusual to find that bullets from one cavity of a two-cavity mold shoot
better than bullets from the other cavity. Bullets must be big enough, as
big as or bigger than the throat of the gun.
For the beginner, success with cast bullets comes easiest with reloading
and shooting calibers of 30 and above. Some reloaders can get excellent
accuracy from the smaller calibers; but it is difficult. The degree of
difficulty increases as the caliber decreases. The 22 Hornet is
particularly maddening, each 3/4" 100 yard five shot group is followed by
a 3" pattern.
Here is a "cook book" for getting a rifle of .30 to .45 caliber to shoot.
Use a bullet
that fits the gun, and that is not too long.
Cast the bullets
from any reasonable (mostly lead) alloy. Wheel weights work fine.
Use Alox or
Liquid Alox or Darr or any commercial lube.
Clean the primer
pocket every time the case is de-primed.
Every now and
then clean the front half-inch of each case so it is bright and shiny.
Slightly bell
each case mouth before reloading.
Seat the bullet
out as far as possible while allowing the cartridge to be removed from
the gun without de-bulleting.
Shoot from a
comfortable bench position. Use Remington Large Pistol Primers, #2 1/2
or other large pistol primers.
Winchester, 30 Remington, 303 Savage
308 Winchester, 300
Savage, 307 Winchester, 303 British, 30/40 Krag, 7.7 MM Japanese
30 Caliber Magnums,
Norma, H&H, Winchester, Weatherby
.32/35 Stevens
and Maynard
.32/40 Ballard
and Winchester, 32 Winchester Special, 32 Remington, 33/40, 33/47
Use any
bullet from 165 to 210 grains. Some rifles won't stabilize the
heavier bullets.
8 mm Mauser
Use any bullet from
165 to 210 grains.
Winchester and Ballard, 375 Winchester
Use bullets from 250
to 330 grains.
Loads for all
"STRONG" .45/70 rifles
The Lyman 457191 at 300 grains gives good accuracy to 300 yards with
minimum recoil in most rifles.
Use bullets between 300 and 525 grains.
In 3 different 300 Winchester Magnum rifles, the Lyman 311299 with 24
grains of IMR 4227 or 15 grains of Unique averaged five five-shot groups
under an inch at 100 yards.
.45/70 Govt.
Loads for the 1873 Springfield Trap Door and other weak actions.
Recommended powder charges for the Trap Door Springfield have been reduced
in Lyman loading manuals over the years. I don't know if the guns are
getting weaker with age, or if we're learning more, or what. The Lyman
47th Reloading Handbook does not have Unique loads for cast bullets in
Trap Door Springfield's.
I have used the Lyman 457191 and 457193 bullets with 14-15 grains of
Unique and Dacron or toilet paper wad in many .45/70 rifles, including
Trap Doors, for years. I have also used 21-24 grains of SR4759 with the
same bullets and Dacron or toilet paper wads in the same rifles, including
Trap Doors, with no problems and excellent accuracy.
Because I don't know what caused Lyman to stop recommending Unique, I
don't dare to recommend Unique in the Trap Door, and instead suggest SR
4759 in charges of 19 to 23 grains with bullets weighing from 300 to 525
We used to shoot Trap Door Springfield's with a minimum of equipment. A
plastic mallet, a Lee base and punch de-priming set, a powder scoop made
from a small cartridge case with a wire handle soldered on (or one of the
Lee set of powder scoops), a funnel and a plugged cartridge case were all
that was required.
Here's how we did it:
De-prime the
fired case with the Lee base and punch (originally we used an ice pick
with the point filed down).
Clean the primer
pocket with the Lee punch, start a primer in the primer pocket with your
thumb, put the case in the rifle and close the door. The trap door will
seat the primer.
Remove the case
from the gun and bell the case mouth lightly by turning it on the end of
the hammer.
Put a bullet in
the chamber and then put in the plugged case. Close the door on the
plugged case and the bullet will be breech seated.
Remove the
plugged case from the chamber.
Scoop a charge
of powder into the primed cartridge case, put the case in the rifle, and
shoot. It's easier to do than to explain.
Fiddling with the powder scoop charge and the length of the plugged case
improved accuracy.
We sometimes
shot 5 and occasionally 10 shot 200 yard groups around 4 inches using this
loading method.)
There are the recipes. The rifle will shoot with good accuracy using these
recipes, if it will shoot with any load.
Thanks to John Bischoff for his help.
When gunpowder is set alight by the primer it burns and makes a great deal
of gas with a great deal of pressure. This gas pressure is what sends the
bullet down the barrel on its way to the target.
Smokeless gun powders vary in burning speed from fast through medium to
slow. Bullseye is a fast powder, burning quickly even in a short revolver
barrel. IMR 4895 is a medium powder, good for target loads in cartridges
around 30/06 size. IMR 4831 is a slow powder, producing high velocities in
large capacity cases.
One end of the cast-bullet-rifle-shooting crowd (my end) uses fast powders
for low velocities. Powders include IMR4227, AA#9 and H108 in cartridges
such as 308 Win, 32/40 and 32 Miller Short. Velocities run 1400 to 1600
fps. These fast powders burn quickly, peak pressure occurs toward the
breech end of the barrel.
The other end of the cast-bullet-rifle-shooting crowd uses slower powders
such as Varget, N133 and N135 in cartridges such as the 30 BR. Velocities
are reported at 1700 to 2200 fps, sometimes higher.
It is difficult, dangerous and improper to attempt to get high velocities
with fast powders or low velocities with slow powders. Increasing charges
of fast powder yields small velocity increases and large pressure
increases. Reducing charges of slow powder introduces the possibility of a
pressure excursion. It has been reported that reduced charges of slow
powder caused extremely high pressures and damaged cartridge cases or
With less-than-full charges of some medium-slow and slower powders there
is reported to be a second pressure peak which occurs when the bullet is
maybe half way to the muzzle. It is suspected that this is the peak which
results in burst rifles. Nobody has yet figured out what causes that
second pressure peak, though there are several conjectures.
It is thought that choosing powder charges which fill at least 85% of the
case tends to avoid this problem. On the other hand, a few powders,
notably H4895, seem to work just fine with a mere 60% of whatever a full
charge would have been for the bullet being used.
Opinions abound. Until you can afford to damage your rifle and maybe
yourself, stick with the recommended powders and charges from the good
loading manuals.
Here is a drawing showing how I think of chamber pressure in a gun.
(Thanks to Tim Kuntz for the drawing) The traces are of Fast, Medium and
Slow powders. Somewhere in here the bullet starts to move, and somewhere
else the barrel ends. I think of fast powders and short barrel revolvers,
slow powders and long barrel rifles, and my choice for cast bullets, fast
powders with low velocities in rifles.
We are told that the energy and
velocity imparted to the bullet is proportional to the area under the
curve of chamber pressure (x) vs. bullet travel (y). This could very well
be true.
Chamber Pressure is measured in three ways, with a copper or lead crusher
or with a strain gauge. Detailed explanations of these methods may be
found in the 47th and 48th editions of the Lyman Reloading Handbook.
Pressure measurements made with copper or lead crushers are in COPPER
UNITS OF PRESSURE = CUP, (infrequently LEAD UNITS OF PRESSURE = LUP)
Pressure measurements made with strain gauges are in pounds per square
inch = psi (or sometimes, across the water, in those baffling metric
things). The Lyman handbooks report pressure in CUP, other sources use
psi. To confuse the novice, thousands of pounds of pressure are sometimes
abbreviated to "ksi", so 20,000 psi would become "20 ksi"
The Lyman 47th Handbook has a table of CUP and psi values for a series of
cartridges (pg. 93) and says (pg. 92) "It (the table) clearly points out
that it would be an error to assume any correlation between the two test
However, I found this on the Internet: http://www.steyrscout.org/intballi.htm
"New statistical data analysis suggests that for most cartridges
ANSI/SAAMI Maximum Average Piezo (PSI) and Maximum Average copper crusher
(CUP) taken in a "standard" barrel can be related by the following formula
which has an R^2 value (a statistical measurement of certainty) of .927.
While the relationship is generally within Kpsi (it assumes that the CUP
was determined using ANSI/ SAAMI standards) one should not rely on this
conversion for absolute maximum loads."
The Lyman 47th Handbook table, pg. 93, shows both CUP and psi pressures
for a set of cartridges. This table was developed by the Hercules Powder
I applied the formula to the CUP pressures in the Lyman table and the
formula worked pretty well.
The left three
columns in this table duplicate the Lyman table.
223 Rem
22-250 Rem
222 Rem
6MM Rem
243 Win
25-06 Rem
257 Roberts
257 Roberts +P
270 Win
7MM-08 Rem
7X57 Mauser
7MM Rem Mag
280 Rem
30 Carbine
30-06 Spr.
30-30 Win
300 Savage
300 Win Mag
303 British
308 Win
8X57 Mauser
8MM Rem Mag
338 Win Mag
35 Rem
45-70 Gov't.
"ESTIMATED PSI" shows the pressure estimated
using the formula above, from the CUP values in the Lyman table.
"ESTIMATED PSI/MEASURED PSI" shows percentage
values indicating how close the estimated pressure is to the measured
The largest percentage is 110.77% (estimated pressure was 110.77% of
measured pressure), the smallest percentage was 87.65%, and average was
Given the fuzziness of chamber pressure measurements this appears to be a
reasonably accurate method of converting CUP to PSI and the reverse.
Heed the warning on the Internet site "one should
not rely on this conversion for absolute maximum loads."
Ric Bowman
I spent one whole shooting season working with one rifle, '03 Springfield,
and some 15 sets of reloading dies.
By far, with no exceptions, the arbor press dies by Wilson will make the
most concentric ammo. You just have to have them adjusted for your chamber
and size of bullet. For modern 7/8 X 14 screw-in dies, brass preparation
was very important:
1. Polish the
inside of every neck with 0000 steel wool and keep it mirror bright
2. Chamfer the
neck well
3. After adding
powder, wipe inside of neck with Imperial sizing die wax sparingly
1. Use an "M"
die exactly the same size as the bullet, the case will spring back just
enough to hold the bullet in the neck
2. If the bullet
was made to use Lyman press on gas checks, use them; it made for
Hornaday crimp on gas checks, use them.
3. Anneal your
gas checks if they are hard
4. Use Lee die
"O" rings between your dies and the press, the die should wiggle when
pushed from the side
5. Use the same
brand of shell holder as the press and make sure that the ram, shell
holder and press are square with each other.
6. Each seating
die is an individual, as no brand makes all good ones or all bad ones
At the end of the year, in a nice NM barrel, all ammo with 0.003 run-out,
or less, shot in the same group size. Ammo with greater than 0.004 run-out
were measurably larger on the 100 yard target.
There were several groupings of dies that would consistently make ammo of
0.003 run-out or less, but any time you had to force the bullet into the
neck, run out increased.
Bullets were Lyman 311299 and Lyman
311284, cast from WW's +2% tin, and sized 0.311 to fit the ball seat
between the case neck ledge and the 0.309 throat. Seated so that the top
driving band was hard against the 0.309 throat. Noses of both bullets were
engraved by the lands.
The rifle is a 1934 Springfield NRA Sporter with a Star gauged barrel.
While NM and Sporters have standard chambers, the throats are smaller and
about 0.025 longer with a different contour than issue throats. The
chambers are also burnished to a finer finish. At least that is my
experience after making chamber casts as of 5 from 1924 thru 1934 barrels.
Scope is an early Unertl 14 power. The load is 20.0 grains of SR4759,
weighed on an electronic scale. All groups were 10 shots on the 100 yard
small bore target used by the CBA.
The same 100 pieces of WW brass was used, primer pockets uniformed and
neck turned to even out about 1/2 the area after FL resizing in a Wilson
press die.
Primers (WW-LR) were all from the same carton, and there were 30 left, if
memory serves me, so I shot about 970 rounds all together. That doesn't
count dummy rounds made up to try seating and concentricity test with the
run out fixture.
Bullets were both '299 and '384 as that is what I had weighed and sorted
in 0.1 grain groups. Only the bottom lube groove was lubed with Grey's 24.
Both shoot equal groups and neither was more consistent than the other.
Smallest group was 0.82 inches, but four more sets of this die combination
averaged a little over 1.1 inches. This was a Redding FL resizer set 0.080
above the shell holder, a RCBS seating die that I sent back to have the
punch set up for the 311284 bullet and a Lyman "M" die (31 caliber L)
polished down to 0.3105. Shell holder was a Texan #1 in my Texan turret
press. That just happened to be my best combination that would hold run
out to 0.003 or less. BUT it would still throw a round out of the run out
criteria if there was dirt or bullet lube in the die to cock the bullet
during seating.
The largest combination that I shot was from a Lee collet die, Lyman 30
caliber "M" die and a Lachmiller (sp) seater. Runout was random 0 to 0.006
but something unseemly was happening to the bullets on seating or on
trying to orient the case and bullet in the chamber, something I always
Groups were 8 rounds in 1 1/2 or so and flyers out to about 2 1/4".
I'm not a statistician (we all know what Mark Twain said about numbers
right?) so didn't keep all the data. I was looking for general principles
and what I needed to make the best ammo for my Springfield's.
In a tight chamber and throat, run out makes a difference, but as the
chamber is bigger, it matters less, relatively.
Know your tools and dies.
Don't bend your bullets trying to seat them in too tight of neck.
Read my original post for general tips and advice.
HTH, Ric
Attached is my fixture. It is a commercial model, but unmarked. It is made
from three one inch bars and bored for a common rod that the bars slide
The bars are adjustable along the length of the rod. I try to place the
center bar 1/4 inch behind the shoulder to use the maximum length of the
case for a reference line. The end bar has the dial indicator mounting rod
and the indicator is infinitely adjustable. The whole thing sets on the
base of ground plate glass. See picture #1.
The case rests on four stainless steel ball bearings centered over the
bar. The case then rotates on these bearings. The dial indicator digit
then rides on the chosen part of the neck. This gives you a "relative" run
out compared to the line between the ball bearings. As long as you have
everything tightened down, it is 100% repeatable
and reproducible. I roll
the back of the case to move the digit over the neck. You can also add a
magnetic base and second dial indicator, that I do for brass to check on
how square the base is to the body. Now, to check bullet run out, you seat
a bullet, move the digit to some point on the bullet, roll and read the
run out. The major problem is that cast bullets are not round! Run out on
the nose of bore riding bullets that I make can be up to 0.006 " depending
upon the mould. A well lapped and polished mould with good technique will
make bullets about 0.001 or 0.002" run out over the whole circumference of
the bullet. (I have worked a little with these and can't prove that
rounder ones shoot better groups than not rounder ones if you orient the
bullet to the bore, for nose riding designs.) If possible, I try to read
from the top driving band of the seated bullet. For short nose designs or
ones with the top driving band at least 50% up the length of the bullet, I
think this gives a reasonable reading for bullet run-out. To compare run
out between rounds with cast bullets, you have to read from the same
relative point on the bullet. This requires that the bullet and case be
oriented in the same relative position to each other. I use a point 90
degrees from the casting line on the side that doesn't have a punch mark
on the nose. All of my testing has been with Model 1903 Springfield's. The
extractor is adjusted so that when the case is chambered, the hook is
floating in the groove and doesn't touch the case. I have no idea at all
if any of this makes a difference with Remington type actions that have a
clip extractor and spring loaded ejector pushing on the bottom of the
case! Ask any questions, as I don't know how well I have explained all of
this. Best wishes,
Target and Hunting Ammo, the Way I do it
Bill McGraw
For the best results, make some match brass from your favorite brand,
de-prime, clean in a case cleaner, weigh out how many you want of equal
weight, +/-0.5 grains or less. Neck turn (for bottleneck cases) to equal
neck walls, 0.009-0.015" depending on use, uniform the primer pockets and
flash holes, and weigh them again to be sure they remain within your
weight standards. If you want to load them in orientation as Frank "Ole
Duke" Marshall did, then a small file mark on each rim will help identify
the orientation for chambering. Neck size or FLS depending on the rifle
action used. Try to keep the neck tension so that the bullets will not be
deformed on seating or so that they won't be de-bulleted if the loaded
rounds need to be extracted.
Select a bullet mould or two that fits your rifle's chamber and throat as
has been described in other articles. The alloy you use will depend on
your local supply and the intended use for target or hunting whether for
handguns (revolver or semi-auto), or rifles (bolt action, lever action, or
The alloy should be repeatable as close as possible for each furnace-full.
I try to keep a large supply of cleaned WW, Pb (6 BHN cable or roofing
sheathing), some Tin (Sn), and maybe some linotype or other type metals
for making up some harder alloy for auto-pistol ammo. My favorite alloy is
WW : Pb at 1:1 or 1:2 ratios without adding any Sn. It ranges from 8-9 BHN
and is suitable for lo-vel revolver and some rifle loads and is what I use
for most of my heat-treated-quenched and nose-annealed hunting ammo (HT-Q
NA). I tend to HT-Q most of my alloy for all shooting as long as the
bullets are fitted well for the gun's chamber throat or cylinders as the
hard alloy shoots best with minimal or no fouling.
I HT the bullets at 450F for 45 minutes (verify the temperature with a
separate temperature gauge in the oven) and quickly quench the container
in cold tap water. I use a coffee percolator aluminum strainer, the one
with holes in the bottom. Use oven mitts to pick it up and transfer it
quickly to a plastic pail of water; don't drop it in, just gently put it
in the water. Then dry the bullets on a towel until they are dry; age them
at least 30 hours, 72 is best. The BHN should be 27-28. If any sizing or
tapering is needed, do that first; seating gas checks is best done after
HT-Q. The HT-Q NA bullets with the 1:2 ratio will have a nose BHN of 8-9
and a base of 24-26; the base loses a few points of BHN with the nose
anneal process.
To anneal the nose of an HT-Q bullet, place the bullet in a small bottle
cap, metal cap is best, so that the base is covered with water; then heat
the nose with a flame from a torch-type butane lighter (tobacco shops) or
other source of flame. Typical propane torches have too much velocity and
are balky to use. There are various types to use; Radio Shack may have
some. I also use a Dental Lab grain alcohol hand-pumped torch that works
well. A FN bullet with a drop of water on the nose will boil off the water
within about 5 seconds and another 5 seconds will anneal the nose quite
well. It is entirely possible to melt the nose; some timing is necessary
to get consistent results. Verify the nose and base if you have a BHN
tool; if not, use side-cutters to cut sample bullets to test the hardness
of the nose compared with the base hardness; the difference is obvious.
Now, once the process is working, just repeat the process until you have
10 or 15 HT-Q NA hunting bullets; they are ready to seat gas-checks, lube
and ready to hunt. You don't need any complicated ovens or special trays
for quenching or nose-annealing.
Bullet lube is not a major factor, but use what you like. I do not prefer
any with paraffin, but use beeswax, anhydrous lanolin, and Neat's-foot
mixed to suit me. I have made a number of lubes over the years and tried
many factory lubes; none seemed to make any difference once everything
else is done right. Hard lubes aren't necessary; softer seems to work
better for all applications.
I use either Winchester or Remington primers for all powders and get the
most consistent ignition with all charges. I have used CCI and Federal and
they have their places for my pistol ammo.
My favorite powder for pistol loads is AA#2 (two) and it works unusually
well for target loads in rifles; a 30% of case capacity is about maximum
and a 20% is a good starting load for working up to a load that will
headspace the cartridge, and I expect the charges to open the case necks
consistently; note the wall thicknesses above—thin opens quicker than the
thicker ones. AA#2 is obviously not a rifle powder and there are no book
loads for them. Other powders just don't work as well; I've tried all the
Hercules flake-types and they work OK up to a point, then foul the throats
with alloy. Others, 2400, 4227, 4198 are good ones but the PSI must be
high enough to headspace and open the necks consistently.
For high velocity target, hunting and long-range target loads in
bottle-necked cases, I like to use a powder that fills the case for 100%
density. AA3100, 4831, and 4350 of either brand works well. Just make sure
the load is a safe book load. I have used 4895, 3031, 4064, 4320
single-based stick powders and they work well, but when working up the
loads I get to a point where increased charges don't shoot as well; MV's
are lower. In 250 Sav, 308 Win, and 30-06 I can range from 2400 fps with
308, and 2550-2850 fps with the others depending on bullet weight and
powder choice. My 30-06 loads are the 314299 (fitted), 58-AA3100 for 2550
fps; with 58-4350 the RCBS 30-165 Sil for 2850 fps; in 250 Sav 42-3100
with 90 gr custom CB for 2775 fps. All three will shoot into 1.5 MOA out
to 600 Yds, but hunting effective range is not more than 300 Yds, and in
reality is 150 Yds in hunting conditions.
On white tail deer the HT-Q NA bullets are as effective as any partition
bullet. The bullet nose expands on entry and the shank will travel
straight thru without tumbling and will generally exit thru 30 + inches of
animal. They are effective. FN CB's do not necessarily need to be
nose-annealed unless shot at lower MV's as with a 30-30 Winchester. At
close range, the RN and SP CB's do not need to be nose annealed as long as
the MV is high, about 2550 MV.
Standard disclaimer. All data is to be verified with loading manuals. Eye
and hearing protection is required. Work up all loads carefully.
William W. McGraw, Dec. 22, 2005
Always consult recognized reloading manuals.


text:
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HomeOur HotelsMacdonald Botley Park Hotel, Golf & SpaWeddingsWedding Packages
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Set in 176 acres of lustrous parkland, the Macdonald Botley Park
Hotel, Golf & Spa offers a secluded and picturesque wedding
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photo opportunities in the private grounds make this Southampton
hotel the perfect venue for your big day.
Large receptions of up to 280 guests can be catered for in the
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Please call a member of the Weddings and Events team on 0844 879
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Celebrate you magical day with out Pearl Package. Please note that we offer an additional 10% discount on weddings booked Sunday to Friday.
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May 29th 2012, Whittingehame Estate, Haddington
Do you want to lower the heating costs for your business and home?
The Renewable Heat Incentive (RHI) is a Government financial incentive scheme to promote the uptake of renewable heat. It provides index linked payments over 20 yrs for eligible technologies installed since July 2009. The RHI represents a golden opportunity for rural businesses to benefit from reduced fuel costs and income generated from the production of renewable heat. Producing fuel (biomass) from your own woodlands or surplus straw and grain can further increase fuel savings and, in the case of woodfuel production, potentially make overall woodland management economically viable.
With thanks to Whittingehame Estate, you are invited to come along to this free event to:
Hear how you can benefit from the RHI, how you can source your fuel, how BMR can help you and
where you can go for further information and advice
See a working biomass boiler in action and hear how it works
Talk with experts who can help you take steps to realise opportunities presented by biomass
For further information and to register: Contact email@example.com / 01896 758 091 ( by 22nd May)
Tweets by @SoilAssociation
Innovative farming
Visit an organic farm
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Grow organic
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Buy organic
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Contact us
We wish to thank the Esmée Fairbairn Foundation for supporting the development of our website


text:
Is this meant to be used with shades from other sources, or is there something special that I'm missing? I'm thinking a paper lantern.A. The ET2 ES92001 is meant to be used with a shade of your choice or used as it is, whatever your preference is. Paper lantern would be just fine as it uses cfl or incandescent bulbs.
what is the cord/rod made of? how long?A. This item has a cord (wire) with a maximum hanging length of 60"
ET2 ES92001 Single Light Pendant Incandescent Frame from the Carte Collection
Offer Ends
We still have product details, accessories, replacement parts and reviews below, scroll down to see them!
Buy the ET2 ES92001 at Build.com. Research ET2 ES92001 online. Find ET2 ES92001 features and specifications. Get the best deal by comparing the ET2 ES92001 today.


text:
sunday brunch : cranberry orange whole wheat muffins
In the world of weight loss and dieting, the word muffin has long been a four-letter word. Basically, muffin equals cake. Cake dressed up in a disguise to look like breakfast.
I've had a bag of unsweetened, dried cranberries hanging around my pantry for a few weeks now and decided they needed to make their way into muffins. As I searched the far reaches of my favorite cookbook—the internet—I discovered a million recipes chock full of white flour and cups (!) of sugar.
Call me crazy, but I'd like to believe the natural sweetness of the cranberries and oranges could mostly stand on its own in a breakfast muffin. Eating a ton of refined sugar for breakfast is fun and all, but it also is the precursor to a nasty 11am sugar crash. Which is fine on the weekends. Not so fine if you want to consume something before your huge work presentation. These muffins keep you full and focused.
And white flour? To start your day off right you need your flour to be bigger, better, strong, whole-wheatier. No need for real flour's sad, bleached and processed relative to steal the spotlight.
So I went rogue. I created a muffin that is dense, rich, lightly-sweet and fulfilling enough to actually make for a good breakfast (or snack). Now that's my kind of non-cake muffin.
Of note, we stashed these in the freezer in a zip-top bag. Before we head out the door in the morning, we wrap one in a paper towel, microwave for 30 seconds, smear on a pat of butter and go! Doesn't get much quicker than that.
Cranberry Orange Whole Wheat Muffins
- 1 cup dried cranberries
- 2 cups hot water
- 1 1/2 cups whole wheat flour
- 1/2 cup all-purpose flour
- 1/4 cup sugar, plus more for sprinkling on top
- 1 1/2 tsp. baking powder
- 1 tsp. salt
- 1/2 tsp. baking soda
- 1 tbsp. orange zest (about 1 large orange)
- 1/2 cup fresh orange juice (about 2 large oranges)
- 1/4 cup water
- 1/4 cup canola oil
- 1 egg, lightly beaten
- Cooking spray or muffin tin liners
- Preheat oven to 400°.
- Mix cranberries and hot water in a bowl to plump cranberries, set aside.
- Combine flours, sugar, baking powder, salt and baking soda in a large mixing bowl. Make a well in the middle of the dry ingredients.
- Add in orange zest, orange juice, water, canola oil and egg. Stir until just mixed.
- Drain cranberries and add to batter, fold in.
- Spoon batter into a muffin tin coated in cooking spray or filled with muffin liners.
- Sprinkle with extra sugar.
- Bake at 400° for about 13 minutes, or until golden brown and middle is springy.
- Cool 5 minutes in muffin tin, then transfer to wire rack to cool completely.
Makes 12 muffins.
4 Comments
heya! I noticed you changed your tag line it's probably old news but I like it.. vintage lifestyle for a healthy future.. very good! Almost as good as these muffins look
lookin' good!! I love muffins made with whole grain flours…have you tried kamut (hmm…am I spelling that right?) or spelt? I also like to mix in some flax seed or sunflower seeds…my next new thing is going to be hemp seed…I see a trip to Sahara Mart or Bloomingfoods in my immediate future…oh…and the farmers' market starts next Saturday…woohoo!!!!
made these muffins this morning! love that they are whole wheat and low sugar. i feel so much better about eating them for breakfast…and lunch…and a snack…haha! the only change i made was to use a cup of fresh cranberries left over from thanksgiving. delish, thanks!
Just made a half recipe of these, keeping the egg the same. They're great! I also used all fresh squeezed orange juice instead of juice + water. Thanks for the recipe. Will be making these often and may try this as a base for other flavors.


text:
Loose Terry Pant
Reviewed by 1 customer
- Easy To Use
- Great Value
- Soft
- Waist Tie Is Just Deco
Best Uses
Comments about Favorite Terry Pant:
(for 2T:) I love the fabric, it is very soft and strechy !
I wish I could find this in my size :)
Only downside: the little cord at the waist is just a decoration, it is sown and cannot be tightened. However, the waistband is very stretchy, so I guess, this won't be that big of an issue.
- Was this a gift?:
- No


text:
City Newsroll
W. Weatherly Drive Reconstruction Project
Oak Creek Health Department to Offer Free Online Developmental Screening
Oak Creek Police Department asks for Help with Investigation
Moody's Investors Service Assigns Aa2 to Oak Creek, WI's $2.7M GO Bonds
Carbon Monoxide Threat Grows in Cold Weather
Youth Basketball Registration
Oak Creek Power Plant Fishing Pier to Close for the Winter on November 15th
2014 Property Tax Information
Property Tax Bills were mailed on Friday, December 12, 2014Read More »
Around the Town with Mayor Steve: Oak Creek Accepts Ownership of Lakefront Property
Our lakefront plans are beginning to take shape. This week the City of Oak Creek took a big step in reclaiming our lakefront. Here's the press release we issued this week announcing the transfer of ownership of the Epic and DuPont properties.Read More »
Oak Creek Common Council Approves Budget for Lake Vista Redevelopment
In an effort to make Oak Creek's lakefront accessible to everyone, the Oak Creek Common Council approved allocating $14.6 million in funds to the Lake Vista Redevelopment project at its Tuesday, October 7th meeting.Read More »
Oak Creek Plan Commission Approves Plans for Water Street Brewery at Drexel Town Square
On Tuesday, September 30, the Oak Creek Plan Commission approved site and building plans for the property purchased by Water Street Brewery located at 7941 S. Howell Avenue.Read More »
Packers Radio Network Sweepstakes!
The City of Oak Creek is teaming up with the Packers Radio Network to give away autographed team memorabilia each week all season long. Enter for you chance to win!Read More »
Oak Creek Public Library Expands Program Schedule for the Fall Season
One of the largest draws to the library in recent years has been the development of library programs for children and teens. These programs have only expanded since their inception three years ago.Read More »


text:
Zealotry was originally a political movement in the 1st century Second Temple Judaism which sought to incite the people of Iudaea Province to rebel against the Roman Empire and expel it from the Holy land by force of arms, most notably during the Great Jewish Revolt (66-70). Zealotry was described by Josephus as one of the "four sects" at this time. The zealots have been described as one of the first example of the use of terrorism.[1]
The term Zealot, in Hebrew kanai (קנאי, frequently used in plural form, קנאים (kana'im)), means one who is zealous on behalf of God. The term derives from Greek ζηλωτής (zelotes), "emulator, zealous admirer or follower".[2][3]
Josephus' Jewish Antiquities[4] states that there were three main Jewish sects at this time, the Pharisees, the Sadducees, and the Essenes. The Zealots were a "fourth sect", founded by Judas of Galilee (also called Judas of Gamala) and Zadok the Pharisee in the year 6 against Quirinius' tax reform, shortly after the Roman state declared (what had most recently been the territory of Herod Archelaus) a Roman Province, and that they "agree in all other things with the Pharisaic notions; but they have an inviolable attachment to liberty, and say that God is to be their only Ruler and Lord." (18.1.6)
According to the Jewish Encyclopedia article on Zealots[5]:
|Following Josephus ("B. J." ii. 8, § 1; "Ant." xviii. 1, §§ 1, 6), most writers consider that the Zealots were a so-called fourth party founded by Judas the Galilean (see Grätz, "Gesch." iii. 252, 259; Schürer, "Gesch." 1st ed., i. 3, 486). This view is contradicted, however, by the fact that Hezekiah, the father of Judas the Galilean, had an organized band of so-called "robbers" which made war against the Idumean Herod ("B. J." i. 10, § 5; "Ant." xiv. 9, § 2), and also during the reign of Herod, if not long before by the fact that the system of religious and political murders practised by the Zealots was in existence during the reign of Herod, if not long before.
In either case, it has also been argued that the group was not so clearly marked out (before the first war of 66-70/3) as some have thought.[6]
The Crisis under Caligula (37-41) has been proposed as the "first open break between Rome and the Jews", even though problems were already evident during the Census of Quirinius in 6 and under Sejanus (before 31).[7] See also Anti-Judaism in the pre-Christian Roman Empire.
Two of Judas' sons, Jacob and Simon, were involved in a revolt and were executed by Tiberius Alexander, the procurator of Iudaea province from 46 to 48.[8]
When Rome introduced the imperial cult, the Jews unsuccessfully rebelled in the Great Jewish Revolt. The Zealots continued to oppose the Romans.
The Zealots had the leading role in the Jewish Revolt of 66. They succeeded in taking over Jerusalem, and held it until 70, when the son of Roman Emperor Vespasian, Titus, retook the city and destroyed Herod's Temple during the destruction of Jerusalem.
The Zealots objected to Roman rule and violently sought to eradicate it by generally targeting Romans and Greeks. Zealots engaged in violence against other Jews were called the Sicarii[9]. They raided Jewish habitations and killed Jews they considered apostate and collaborators, while also urging Jews to fight Romans and other Jews for the cause. Josephus paints a very bleak picture of their activities as they instituted what he characterized as a murderous "reign of terror" prior to the Jewish Temple's destruction.
According to Josephus, the Zealots followed John of Gischala, who had fought the Romans in Galilee, escaped, came to Jerusalem, and then inspired the locals to a fanatical position that led to the Temple's destruction.
In the Talmud, the Zealots are also called the Biryonim (בריונים) meaning "boorish", "wild", or "ruffians", and are condemned for their aggression, their unwillingness to compromise to save the survivors of besieged Jerusalem, and their blind militarism. They are further blamed for having contributed to the demise of Jerusalem and the second Jewish Temple, and of ensuring Rome's retributions and stranglehold on Judea. According to the Babylonian Talmud, Gittin:56b, the Biryonim destroyed decades' worth of food and firewood in besieged Jerusalem to force the Jews to fight the Romans out of desperation. This event directly led to the escape of Yochanan ben Zakkai out of Jerusalem, who met Vespasian which led to the foundation of the Academy of Yavneh which produced the Mishnah.
The Zealots advocated violence against the Romans, their Jewish collaborators, and the Sadducees, by raiding for provisions and other activities to aid their cause.
After the destruction of Jerusalem and the Second Temple in AD 70, 960 Zealots under the lead of Elazar ben Yair took refuge by capturing the Roman fortress of Masada and taking no prisoners. Rome sent the Tenth Legion to retake the stronghold, but it failed for three years. It is estimated that they took over 1,000 casualties in the process. The Zealots held the fortress even after the Romans invented new types of siege engines. Finally, in the third year of the siege, 73, The Romans completed a massive earthwork siege ramp up one face of the mountain on which Masada sat. This allowed them to bring the full strength of their siege to bear and penetrate the walls, a feat impossible before due to the topography of the mountain itself. When the Romans stormed in to capture the Zealots, they found that the fighters and their families had all committed suicide.
Today, members of some units of the Israel Defense Forces, climb Masada and declare "Masada Shall Not Fall Again", in Hebrew, at their graduation from basic training.
One particularly extreme group of Zealots was also known in Latin as sicarii, meaning "violent men" or "dagger men"(sing. sicarius, possibly a morphological reanalysis), because of their policy of killing Jews opposed to their call for war against Rome. Probably many Zealots were sicarii simultaneously, and they may be the biryonim of the Talmud that were feared even by the Jewish sages of the Mishnah.
According to historian H.H. Ben-Sasson, the Sicarii, originally based in Galilee, "were fighting for a social revolution, while the Jerusalem Zealots placed less stress on the social aspect" and the Sicarii "never attached themselves to one particular family and never proclaimed any of their leaders king". Both groups objected to the way the priestly families were running the Temple.[10]
The term sicariii also referred to a class of gladiators who fought with a long, curved knife.
A Simon who is referred to as "the Zealot" is found among the disciples of Jesus[11], see Simon the Zealot. It is unknown if this is also the same Simon the Zealot mentioned by Josephus, though the two Simons would be contemporaries.
Taking the Greek word zelotes in Acts 22:3 and Galatians 1:14 of the New Testament to mean a 'Zealot' with capital Z (the earliest Greek manuscripts are uncials or all capital letters), an article[12] by Mark R. Fairchild suggests that Paul the Apostle may have been a Zealot, which might have been the driving force behind his persecution of the Christians (see stoning of Saint Stephen) before his conversion to Christianity, and his incident at Antioch even after his conversion.
While most English translations of the Bible render this Greek word as the adjective "zealous", the word is a noun meaning 'adherent, loyalist, enthusiast; patriot, zealot'. A 'Zealot' with capital Z, however, would suggest a member of the particular Zealots, the group that emerged in Jerusalem ca. AD 6 according to Josephus, see above. In the two cited verses Paul literally declares himself as one who is loyal to God, or an ardent observer of the Law, but see also Antinomianism in the NT. This does not necessarily prove Paul was revealing himself as a Zealot. A translation (the Modern King James Version of Jay P. Green) renders it as 'a zealous one'. Two modern translations (Jewish New Testament and Alternate Literal Translation) render it as 'a zealot'. The Unvarnished New Testament (1991) renders Galatians 1:14 as "...being an absolute zealot for the traditions...". These translations may not be inaccurate, but it is disputed by those who claim it gives the wrong association with the "Zealots".


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Juriaan Moolhuysen
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My name is Juriaan Vincent Moolhuysen (Leidschendam, 4 October 1983). During my study Interaction Design at the Utrecht School of the Arts in the Netherlands, I developed a passion for producing films and events. It started with a journey I made in 2004 through Latin America which I documented in moving images, sounds and writings. Back home I made my first documentary films about the TodaysArt Festival. My fascination for design and technology inspired me to experiment with the effects of images and sounds in multilineair film. During a study trip to Bangalore in India (2007) I developed together with a design company an online platform for my graduation project Pure Nature (2007). This project displays my film archive of South America in multiple video layers. Pure Nature is exhibited at various exhibitions and is permanently hosted at The Cologne Online Film Festival Video Art Database.
The Hague
My desire for adventure stimulated me to start a company to develop cultural and creative productions. My involvement with the local art scene in The Hague inspired me to initiate projects within the culturele taboo sphere. One of them, the mindfuckmondays (2008), quickly became a known underground music night. More than 150 times we extended the weekend to the Monday night with over 450 performances of experimental artists. With the art project micronations I organized two clubnights in the Irma La Douce. A bar in the obscure environment of the Red Light District. Around this time the foundation Stichting Langweiligkeit asked me to set up the Delta Festival (2009) in Theater de Regentes. After this ambitious cooperation I became Managing Director. From 2008-2011 we organized three major music events and smaller productions. In 2011 we established the new art venue Langweiligkeit Klub.
Please take a look at my portfolio at moolhuysen.com. There are plenty of documentaries, short video impression and picture galleries.
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Hello everybody!
Today I want to share with you my little online store wich I'm working on since a few weeks: The Item Shop es.dawanda.com/shop/theitemsho…
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Thank you very much for your time. Enjoy!! ^_^


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99 Cents Only
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I applied through a recruiter. The process took 5 days – interviewed at 99 Cents Only.Interview Details
I was called by a recruiter and had a great 30 minute screening and conversation. I was then scheduled for an interview with the Regional Director and Human Resources Manager. I arrived 15 minutes early for the interview and let an employee know that I was there to meet with the Regional Director. About 20 minutes later the HR Manager came looking for me and asked if I had a resume because they couldn't find one. I then gave him two copies and he said he would be with me shortly. After another 15 minutes, the HR Manager again came out and said they were ready. They asked me one question about why I left my previous company and proceeded to ask several follow ups about that, which was fine. The RD then asked the HR Manager if he had any questions and he asked one question and then they asked me if I had any questions for them. The RD also threw in there, that their District Managers are required to work 6 days a week. The interview was over in 11 minutes. It was the most disrespectful waste of my time ever. I strongly believe that as an RD or HR Manager, you are the face of the Company and are representing them. I am a potential customer that lives in the area and you should always treat people with dignity and respect. Because of the way that I was treated, I would not want to work for a company that treats people this way.Interview Questions
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With more than 30 years of operating experience, 99¢ Only Stores is the leading operator of extreme value retail stores in the southwestern United States with 341 stores as of January 2014 located in the states of California, Texas, Arizona and Nevada. Our stores offer a wide variety of consumable products with an emphasis on name brands and our items are primarily priced at 99.99¢ or less.
We believe that our differentiated merchandise mix, combined with outstanding value, enable us to appeal to a broad consumer demographic, increase overall traffic and frequency of... More


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Additional Information
Haymarket launches Forever Sports magazine
Haymarket Network, the contract publishing arm of Haymarket Media Group, has launched Forever Sports, the biggest new men's magazine to hit the newsstand in a decade.
Forever Sports: Haymarket launches men's monthly magazine
The magazine is published through a partnership with Sports Direct and will be available to buy at more than 400 Sports Direct stores and over 100 outposts of USC, Flannels and Cruise, as well as on the newsstand.
The 132-page first issue of the magazine includes interviews with the boxer Floyd Mayweather, the world marathon record holder Wilson Kipsang and the Sky Sports presenter Charlie Webster.
Brands advertising in the launch magazine include Volkswagen, DKNY and Nissan.
The magazine will extend online at Foreversports.com and on social media, including Twitter, Instagram and Facebook.
Simon Kanter, the editorial director of Haymarket Network, said: "It's a fantastic challenge and one we are all relishing. Coming just a month after the launch of Porter magazine it's also a further demonstration of the power that print still has in a modern multi-channel, multi-media world.'
The monthly magazine will be available to buy in-store tomorrow 15 March, and on the newsstand, including in Tesco, Sainsbury's, Asda, Waitrose, WHSmith, Co-op stores and Morrisons on 18 March, for £2.
Haymarket already publishes the Sport Direct magazine, which launched in July 2012.
Haymarket Media Group also publishes MediaWeek.co.uk.
This article was first published on mediaweek.co.uk
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- Marketing Manager Fidelity Worldwide Investment Dependent on Experience, Surrey
- Marketing & Communications Executive AF Selection Up to £25,000, Derbyshire
- Brand Manager Ball & Hoolahan £40,000 + Car/ Car Allowance, South East England
- Senior Designer Gabriele Skelton £40000 per annum, City of London
- Creative Director, PR Agency, London Office + Great Benefits Fleishman-Hillard Up to £100,000, dep on experience, London (Central), London (Greater)
- ACCOUNT DIRECTORS - Integrated/ATL/TTL/BTL/SP/Shopper/Retail - London - up to £50k Judi Patton £40k-£50k plus excellent benefits, London (Central), London (Greater)


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Novice 5 Points Launch 1 mile (5,280ft) Medal Stats.
in Space 10 Points Reach space Medal Stats.
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MvC3: Captain America Rated 4.3483 Stars Captain America + She-Hulk = BOING Comedy - Parody MvC3: Iron Man Rated 4.4353 Stars Tony Stark has no class. Comedy - Parody Awesome Chaotix Rated 4.4088 Stars Knuckles Chaotix is awesome and so is this movie. Comedy - Parody A Men's Room Monologue Rated 4.3239 Stars I hate public bathrooms, don't you? This toon touches on all the problems of men's rooms. Comedy - Original
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Rail of War Rated 3.5177 Stars An action packed rail strategy game Strategy - Tower Defense Dravalanche Rated 3.3808 Stars Defeat the evil ice dragon and save the villagers! Action - Other Epic Battle Fantasy 2 Rated 4.3849 Stars Battle through waves of enemies... again. Now with upgrades and stuff! Adventure - RPG Super Smash Flash Rated 4.1793 Stars An amazing flash clone of Super Smash Bros. Melee! Action - Fighting - VS


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Corozal, a 3063 gross ton freighter, was built in 1911 at Newport News, Virginia. She was turned over to the U.S. Navy in March 1918 and commissioned later in that month as USS Corozal (with no registry ID # assigned then, or later). During the rest of that year the ship made three voyages to France with coal and other cargo. A fourth such trip took place in January-March 1919. USS Corozal was decommissioned in late April 1919 and returned to her owners, the New York & Porto Rico Steamship Company, of New York City. Returned to commercial service, she operated through World War II and was sold to Chinese interests in 1946.
This page features the only view we have concerning the freighter Corozal, which was USS Corozal in 1918-1919.
|If you want higher resolution reproductions than the digital images presented here, see: "How to Obtain Photographic Reproductions."
Click on the small photograph to prompt a larger view of the same image.
Photo #: NH 100881
S.S. Corozal (American Freigher, 1911)
Photographed by E.P. Griffith, Newport News, Virginia, probably when she was first completed in 1911.
Acquired by the Navy on 18 March 1918, this freighter was commissioned as USS Corozal (with no registry ID #) on 29 March 1918. She was returned to her owners on 28 April 1919.
The original print is in National Archives' Record Group 19-LCM.
U.S. Naval Historical Center Photograph.
Online Image: 60KB; 740 x 520 pixels
|If you want higher resolution reproductions than the digital images presented here, see: "How to Obtain Photographic Reproductions."
Page made 26 March 2005


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Aries 2014 Horoscope
(March 21 – April 19)
The owner of your
zodiac sign
is Mars which represents the signals of success in 2014. Your hard work will give you positive outcome in every field. You are competent, skillful, investigative and fundamental by nature. Moreover, you are imaginative and can think out of the box. If you want to get status in the society, you will have to show your intelligence.
Status of Wealth 2014
As per the predictions of
Aries Yearly Horoscope
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Family Life 2014
will be the balanced year for you in terms of family issues. In the first half of the year, you will not be able to give more time to your family due to hectic schedule.
The position of Rahu and Saturn
in the seventh house may create some bitterness in life but you can avoid it with restraint and discretion. It might be possible that you will do some family work but anyone can get credit. Self-reliance would be very important this time because your friends and relatives will not give you as much time as you are expecting. May be you feel some change in the behavior of your family members. So it will be better to stay self sufficient.
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Love Life 2014
On the basis of
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, love life for this year is generally better. Young people will succeed in their quest. Your beloved one can be a highly elite or wealthy. But keep in mind that you are not looking for new ones if you are already engaged in true love with someone. You will have to maintain a balance between the love affair and domestic issues in this year. Those who are indulged in interracial love would have to take some precautions. If you are married, you may be affected from health related problems of your spouse or life partner. It will be better to avoid making an issue out of insignificant matters.
Business 2014
Aries yearly Horoscope for 2014
is favorable from the perspective of your business. Your self-confidence will give you profits in this period. Also, you will receive the honor and reputation. At the beginning of the year, you may get fraud business proposals that can result in some false bait. So the big decisions or implementing development plans will require thorough investigation before assay. You will earn unexpected profits if you do the business of
Molasses, chili, lentils, gold, copper and minerals.
Education 2014
Year 2014
is going to be advantageous for the students. You will get good marks in the subjects of Physical science, culture and mathematics. The students who are in the field of engineering and architecture will get marks as per their expectations.
Students of the graduating class will succeed according to their deeds.
Your fortune is likely to benefit you in the studies this year and you will find even more success in fewer efforts. But do not depend on your luck because destiny favors those who believe in doing work. This year is suited for secondary learners. If you are planning to go far in the country in order to get education, your wish is going to be fulfilled.
Health 2014
Your health will be normal this year.
Aries Yearly Horoscope
predicts that there is not a particularly distressing thing about health. However, you may face throat related problems but will get the right treatment at the right time. Seasonal viral illness may upset you. If you are the asthma patient so take extra care of your health in the year 2014. Reduction of the blood cells in your body may reduce your energy. It is advisable that you should do worship of
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In the year 2014, yours lucky numbers are 1 and 9 and yours lucky colors are red, yellow, orange and golden. If you want to improve the positions of your planets in 2014, then you should follow the below remedies.
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Make your party extra special with a High Definition (HD) personalized photo banner! We use the latest in high definition technology to bring your personalized banner to life. Simply select your photo, font and color choices, and add your customized message to make your banner truly unique! Our preview image allows you to see exactly how your banner will print, to make sure it is perfect for your party!
Photo Banner is available in three sizes; Standard (18" x 61"), Medium (24"x 80"), Large (30" x 100").
Our banners offer outstanding quality at an affordable price. Banners are made of heavy duty vinyl so they are durable enough to withstand serious kids-play and all types of weather. Banners also feature metal grommets for easy hanging indoors and out. In addition to birthdays, our huge selection of customizable banners is ideal for school functions, sporting events, company gatherings and more! Personalized banners also make wonderful photo opportunities.
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Reviewed by: Rhon
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Location: Lithonia, GA
Title: Great Photo Quality
Date: Nov 05, 2012
I purchased this banner for my Grandson First Birthday. It was Great. The photo was crisp. The writing was crisp and it was received just when they said it would. Love! Love! Love this company.
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text: Just a little FYI....If I'm missing at the next pop meeting it will only be due to medical situations keeping me from you all. I missed last populous because I've hurt my back. Had an MRI yesterday and discovered I am the proud possesor of two herniated disks. So, I now await an appointment with a neurosergeon (sp?) and am taking medication that prohibits the operation of my new horseless chariot. I'm not at work, and I'm bored to tears and can't even stand up straight. I feel like an old crone! (Hush matthias...have some sympathy). So, if anyone needs to get in touch with me, this is the way to do it. And, for Owen & Co. We enjoyed the visit, and there are more sand plums ripening to a lovely cherry red! God be with you in every pass. Jesus be with you on every hill. Spirit be with you in every stream, headland, ridge and law, each seaand land, each moor and meadow, lying down and rising up, in the troughof the waves or on the crest of the billow. Each step of the journey yougo, go with God.Samarrah bint Annaan --------------------------------- Do you Yahoo!? New and Improved Yahoo! Mail - Send 10MB messages! -------------- next part -------------- An HTML attachment was scrubbed... URL: /pipermail/namron-ansteorra.org/attachments/20040618/fc9eeed2/attachment.html


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ATHENS, Ala. (AP) -- The father of a 19-year-old Tennessee man credits God for giving him the strength to climb up a 30-foot ravine with a broken shoulder and a broken leg after spending three days trapped near the wreckage of his pickup truck.
Tyler Campbell was spotted Tuesday by a truck driver who saw him lying beside Interstate 65 in Limestone County, just south of the Tennessee border.
Authorities had been looking for Campbell since he was reported missing over the weekend.
His father, Lee Campbell, tells The News-Courier that his son initially tried to get up the slope of the ravine and failed. Campbell said he laid down a while and rested before trying again. His father said in a telephone interview that "the Lord brought him up the slope."
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