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- Turnover and fluxes of carbon and nitrogen in a spruce forest under natural and extreme meteorological conditions (2010)
- Climate models predict an increase in the intensity and frequency of extreme meteorological climate events like extended summer droughts, heavy rainfall or intensive frost periods with largely unknown effects on microbial activity and pysico-chemical soil properties and their impact on availability of soil organic matter. The influence of drying/rewetting (A/W) and freezing/thawing (G/A) events on solution chemistry and leaching losses of soils is barely known. This thesis aimed to study the effects of A/W and G/A events on soil solution chemistry and solute fluxes, in particular, of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and inorganic nitrogen (NH4+, NO3-) in a podzol soil under a Norway spruce forest. A field experiment was designed to study the effects of (i) summer drought by exclusion of natural throughfall and subsequent rewetting and of (ii) soil frost by removal of natural snow cover. In complementary laboratory experiments with undisturbed soil columns, (i) drying/rewetting cycles were simulated with different rewetting intensities and (ii) freezing/thawing cycles were induced using different freezing temperatures. In the second part of this work, total C and N stocks as well as radiocarbon signatures of soil organic carbon (SOC) from different soil horizons and density fractions were investigated. A/W increased the DOC concentrations in the organic layer and upper mineral soil. More DOC was released from the organic layer to the mineral soil. However, the effects on total DOC leaching were smaller due to reduced water fluxes. Specific UV absorbance and emission fluorescence detected a switch in the release of easily decomposable DOC to hardly decomposable DOC during the wetting phase. Prolonged summer drought and incomplete rewetting due to hydrophobicity of SOM in the organic layer and upper mineral horizon reduced net N mineralisation as well as concentrations and fluxes of the NH4+ and NO3-. The net nitrification rate in the organic layer was more negatively influenced than net ammonification, indicating that nitrifiers are more sensitive to drought stress than ammonifiers. The effect of soil frost strongly depended on soil freezing temperature. Only soil frost at temperature below -8°C led to short periods of additional DOC production in the organic layer. Spectroscopic properties and ∆14C signatures of DOC implied a disruption of soil aggregates and desorption of older DOC from the mineral associated organic matter fraction of the Oa horizons by G/A events. Severe soil frost below -8°C inhibited the activity of nitrifiers and ammonifiers with decreased NH4+ and NO3- concentrations and fluxes in the mesocosm experiment. A delayed (by 4 months) increase in NO3- concentration in the upper soil horizon by moderate soil frost (-5°C) was attributed to reduced Immobilisation by heterotrophic microorganisms. Summarised, drying and the effect of hydrophobicity led to long-term, severe soil frost to short-term reduction in N mineralisation and N leaching. The effect of increased NO3- concentrations as delayed response to G/A needs further research in case of potentially changes in the N balance. Drying as well as freezing induced changes in the soil structure and properties and led to increased DOC concentrations. Moderate soil temperature had much less effects on C and N in this temperate forest soil. The results of this thesis demonstrated the potential of extreme meteorological events on the quality and availability of dissolved C and N. Both, A/W and G/A cycles decreased C and N mineralisation, increased the sink strength of the soil by the accumulation of SOC and N, considering constant C and N litter input. However, optimal temperature and moisture conditions in other seasons could compensate the sink strength of soils. This work underpins the need for holistic and long-term investigations to understand and model the impact of extreme meteorological conditions on the dynamics of dissolved C and N.
- Gross N turnover and soil solution chemistry as influenced by fluctuations of soil water potential and water table in a Podzol and a fen soil (2011)
- Given the climate scenarios, the higher frequency of drying/rewetting cycles of soils in the future can be expected. These changes of the meteorological conditions likely result in an increasing frequent and intensive drought periods in summer, causing irregular and extreme drought stress in forest soils or a drawdown of water table in wetland ecosystems, which may influence the turnover of nutrients in soils to a larger extend than previously thought. The question arises how these climate changes will influence N and C turnover in forest and fen soils. A growing number of laboratory studies on drying/rewetting of soils have been published during past decades, but many studies used either disturbed soil samples or intact soil cores in laboratory. Although soil drying is a frequent phenomenon in the field, the long-term effects of drying/rewetting and irrigation on in situ fluxes and concentrations of solutes in forest and fen soils are unclear. Several studies have investigated the influence of soil water content on net N turnover rather than gross rates. Net ammonification and nitrification include two major processes: gross ammonification and gross nitrification on the one side and microbial immobilization on the other side. To identify the response of specific processes to soil drying, gross rates need to be measured. This thesis focused on the impact of changing water potential or water table level on gross N turnover rates and soil solution chemistry in two different ecosystems in South-Eastern Germany. In a Norway spruce forest, the effects of decreasing water potential and prolonged periods of summer drought on soil gross N turnover were investigated by laboratory and field experiments. Soil solutions and throughfall were collected and the cumulative in situ fluxes of DIN, DON and DOC with forest floor percolates were calculated. In a minerotrophic fen, we studied the response of N and C mineralization and soil solution chemistry to water table fluctuations in a laboratory experiment. In the field, we collected the soil pore water in 3 depths to clarify the long-term effects of water table level on the concentrations of solutes. Homogenized soil samples of the Oi+Oe, Oa and EA horizons were taken and adjusted to 6 different water potentials in the laboratory. In the field experiment, throughfall exclusion and irrigation plots were established to simulate different precipitation patterns of a dry and wet growing season. Gross N turnover rates were determined in undisturbed soil cores from Oi+Oe and Oa+EA horizons during the drying period and after rewetting. Soil drying decreased gross ammonification rates in the O horizon. The lowest rates were found at the throughfall exclusion plots but the differences to the irrigation and control plots were not statistically significant. A substantial ammonification rate of 14 mg N kg-1 soil day-1 was observed at 3.2 MPa (pF 4.5). The laboratory study showed that gross nitrification decreased with decreasing water potential and was more sensitive to drying than ammonification in the Oa horizon; however, this was not found in the field experiment. The latter might result from the low rates and huge spatial variation, indicating the difference between disturbed samples and intact soil cores. No rewetting pulse of gross ammonification was observed, probably due to its short duration or due to the slow changes of the water potential during the natural rewetting. Although the in situ fluxes of DIN increased at the throughfall exclusion plots after rewetting, the cumulative DIN flux at the throughfall exclusion plots did not significantly exceed that at the control plots. The lowest fluxes of DON and DOC were observed at the throughfall exclusion plots because of the reduction of input with throughfall. In the studies presented here, extended drought periods caused a reduction of gross N turnover in forest soils but gross ammonification continued at considerable rates at low water potential. The hypothesis of increased N turnover and fluxes of DIN, DON and DOC as a consequence of drying/rewetting was not confirmed. In the fen site, undisturbed soil cores were taken and divided to two treatments of water table: permanently flooded and fluctuated. The later was subjected to flooding, drawdown and re-flooding. The permanently flooding enhanced gross ammonification after a lag phase of about 30 days while CO2 emissions were constantly low. The water table drawdown also increased gross ammonification, but again after a lag phase of about 30 days. The first peak of CO2 emissions appeared immediately after water table drawdown, followed by a decrease and a second peak. The ratio of CO2 emission/gross ammonification were close to 2 under anoxic condition which seems to be caused by fast N turnover in the microbial biomass-N pool and low rates of CO2 production. The changes induced by water table drawdown on the N and C turnover were found reversible after re-flooding. Drainage increases SO42- but decrease Fe, DON and DOC concentrations and vice versa when the soils were flooded. Release of DON and DOC was inhibited by increasing SO42- concentrations. Under field conditions, neither drainage nor flooding had an effect on dissolved inorganic N due to the low concentration, indicating the rapid consumption of mineralized N in the field. In the absence of plant uptake and runoff in the laboratory experiment, however, NH4+ increased during the flooding period. Soil desiccation affects the upper soil layers with largest rates of N turnover. While gross N turnover is reduced by soil desiccation, a substantial rate of ammonification was observed even at low water potentials. Nitrification was found more sensitive to desiccation than ammonification which might change the NH4/NO3 ratio of available N under dry conditions. Rewetting of dry soil does not induce a pulse of N turnover and fluxes of DIN, DON and DOC. Overall, an increasing frequency of drying/rewetting cycles seem to have only moderate effect on the N turnover and on N solute fluxes in forest soils. Fluctuations of water table play an important role for the organic matter mineralization, soil solution chemistry and inorganic N availability in minerotrophic fen soils. Acidification by oxidation of S to SO42- can be expected after water table drawdown, causing inhibition of DON and DOC release. The effect of drainage and flooding on gross mineralization and solute concentrations is reversible within a month period. The effect of changing water table regime on N and C turnover in fen soils seems to depend largely on the time scale of the fluctuations. Short term fluctuations at a daily scale will have little effect on N turnover as compared to longer term changes on a monthly scale, while short term changes seem to trigger C losses by CO2.
- Halogens and trace elements in subduction zones (2011)
- This thesis concentrates on solubilities and incorporation mechanisms of halogens and trace elements in minerals and aqueous fluids at high temperatures and pressures. The solubility of fluorine and chlorine in upper mantle minerals (forsterite, enstatite and pyrope) and halogen partitioning between aqueous fluids and these minerals were investigated by piston-cylinder experiments at 1100 °C and 2.6 GPa. Chlorine solubility in forsterite, enstatite and pyrope is below the ppm level, and it is independent of fluid salinity. The fluid-mineral partition coefficient of chlorine is 103-106, indicating extreme incompatibility of chlorine in nominally anhydrous silicates. The fluorine solubility in enstatite and pyrope is two orders of magnitude higher than for Cl, with no dependence on fluid salinity. Forsterite dissolves 246-267 ppm up to a fluid salinity of 1.6 wt. % F. At higher fluorine contents in the system, forsterite is replaced by the minerals of the humite group, which host fluorine in the hydroxyl site. The fluid-mineral partition coefficient of fluorine ranges from 101 to 103. Due to the extreme incompatibility of Cl in a peridotite mineral assemblage, fluid flow from a subducting slab through the mantle wedge will lead to more efficient sequestration of H2O (when compared to Cl) into minerals, thus inducing a gradual increase in the fluid salinity. Mass balance calculations reveal that rock-fluid ratios of (1.3-4)∙103 are required to produce the characteristic Cl/H2O signature of primitive arc magmas. This indicates that fluid flow from subducting slabs into the melting regions in the overlying mantle is not confined to narrow channels but it is sufficient to pervasively metasomatize the bulk wedge. Energetics of fluorine incorporation in forsterite and forsterite-humite chemical equilibria were explored in the system Mg2SiO4-MgF2 by first principles computations. The pressure-volume equations of state and ground-state energies were determined for orthorhombic Mg2SiO4-Mg2F4 solutions, fluorine-bearing end-members of the humite group, and sellaite (MgF2). Humite group minerals and sellaite are energetically more stable than their equivalent solid solution compounds, hence they can act as buffers of fluorine solubility in forsterite. Compressibility increases systematically with the F content for both solid solution compounds and stable minerals. Nevertheless, end member solids are systematically less compressible than the respective solid solution compounds. The pressure-volume equations of state, internal energies, configurational and excess properties were used to set up a thermodynamic model of fluorine solubility in forsterite buffered by humite-group minerals up to 1900 K and 12 GPa. Humite is the stable F buffer in the investigated pressure and temperature range. The fluorine solubility in forsterite increases with temperature, from 0.01 ppm F at 500 K up to 0.33 wt. % F at 1900 K and 0 GPa. By contrast, the effect of pressure on the fluorine solubility is small, leading to its minor decrease as pressure rises to 12 GPa. These results demonstrate that partition coefficients of fluorine between forsterite and aqueous fluid (or silicate melt) are expected to increase with increasing temperature and decreasing pressure. When fluids or melts pass through the mantle wedge, fluorine will most efficiently be stored in the high-temperature portions of the wedge, promoting mantle metasomatism beneath the arc, and it will be released when the metasomatized mantle is advected to colder regions or to higher pressures. The mobility of high field strength elements in aqueous fluids in subduction zones was addressed by in-situ zircon solubility measurements in a hydrothermal diamond anvil cell. The zircon solubilities in aqueous fluids at 865-1025 oC and 6-20 kbar buffered by quartz are very low, ranging from 1.0 to 3.3 ppm Zr, and solubilities weakly increase with temperature and pressure. Experimental results were fitted to a density model: , where c is the Zr concentration in the fluid (ppm), T is temperature (K) and rho is the fluid density (g cm-3). Additional experiments have shown that Zr solubility increases with a decrease in silica activity and with the presence of NaCl and albite due to Zr-Cl or alkali-Zr complexing but it still remains very low. Therefore, the low Zr content observed in arc magmas is due to a very low mobility of Zr in aqueous fluid.
- ExchanGE processes in mountainous Regions (EGER)- Documentation of the Intensive Observation Period (IOP3) June, 13th to July, 26th 2011 (2011)
- Reconstruction of the Late and Mid-Pleistocene climate and landscape history in SE-Central Europe - A paleopedological and geochemical multi-proxy approach in loess-paleosol studies. (2011)
- Loess-paleosol sequences (LPSS) potentially are valuable archives for past environmental conditions. In SE-Central European lowlands thick loess plateaus can be found comprising several glacial-interglacial cycles. This work focuses on key sections in the middle and lower Danube Basin to i) investigate the origin of the loess and archive genesis, ii) to set up a reliable chronostratigraphy and iii) to contribute to the reconstruction of the Mid- and Late Pleistocene climate and landscape history of the region by a paleopedological – geochemical multi-proxy approach. Furthermore, methodological investigations aim to evaluate the validity of various paleoenvironmental proxies especially geochemically based weathering indices, as well as biomarker and stable isotope approaches in LPSS research. The results from geochemical analyses reveal that alluvial material of the Danube and its tributaries represent major sources for the loess in the middle and lower Danube Basin. From the geochemical point of view the studied loess can be regarded as a representative sample of the upper continental crust altered by at least one sedimentary cycle. The chronostratigraphy of the studied sections is based on the correlation of characteristic patterns of the magnetic susceptibility to the delta 18O record of benthic foraminifera from the Ocean Drilling Program site 677, a proxy record for the global ice volume. This is supplemented by correlating magnetic susceptibility fingerprints and pedostratigraphic marker horizons to previously established chronostratigraphies from profiles in the region as well as in China. The results show that the Batajnica/Stari Slankamen LPSS (Serbia) and Mircea Voda LPSS (Romania) comprise at least the last 700.000 years of climate history i.e. the last 17 marine isotope stages. The multi-proxy approach for paleoenvironmental reconstruction involves micromorphological parameters, silicate weathering intensity as given by element composition, grain size proxies for pedogenic clay formation and wind strength, as well as determination of sedimentation rates. As most suitable proxy for silicate weathering in calcareous sediments, the molar ratio Al2O3/(Na2O + Al2O3) × 100 is introduced as Chemical Proxy of Alteration (CPA) to loess paleosol research. Moreover, diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, soil color proxies and rock magnetic proxies are applied to gain paleoenvironmental information from the concentration and assemblage of iron minerals. Focusing on the warm periods, these proxies reveal a progressive decrease of interglacial weathering and soil formation intensity over the Mid - and Late Pleistocene. Also soil forming milieu was less oxidative as reflected by the iron mineralogical composition. These findings suggest cooling and a decline of rainfall linked to a change in seasonality from a Mediterranean type of climate to a more continental steppe climate. Results from n-alkane biomarkers support that summer dryness limiting the expansion of trees was a persistent feature of interglacial climate in SE-European lowlands. In the obtained proxy dataset, increase of wind strength, gradual cooling as well as decrease of rainfall since the early Mid-Pleistocene is also evident for glacial periods. After evaluation of potential triggers, this general climatic trend is proposed to be related to Pleistocene uplift of Eurasian mountain ranges. Changes in atmospheric circulation and rain shadow effects due to mountain uplift (Himalaya, Alps, Carpathians) would provide an explanation for the westward expansion of the Eurasian steppe belt into SE-Central Europe. Future studies on LPSS may also involve highly innovative proxies such as n-alkane biomarker and their D/H isotope signature. However, the methodological investigations on modern soil profiles and samples from litterbag experiments suggest that in a LPSS these proxies might be biased by microbial reworking. Procedures for correcting n-alkane ratios based on the odd over even predominance as reworking indicator have been developed. Hence, these studies highlight the limitations but also the persisting potential of innovative approaches from organic and isotope geochemistry in paleoenvironmental investigations of loess-paleosol sequences.
- Formation of secondary organic aerosol and its processing by atmospheric halogen species – A spectroscopic study (2011)
- Atmospheric aerosols play an important role in the global climate system. Through their physicochemical properties, they contribute in various ways to climate change and radiative forcing. Those properties can be considerably changed by processing the aerosols, which is especially significant for organic aerosols processed with atmospheric trace gases like halogens released through sea-salt activation or from other sources. Based on aerosol smog-chamber experiments, the formation of secondary organic aerosols (SOA) from predominantly aliphatic (α-pinene) or aromatic (catechol and guaiacol) precursors and the processing of those model SOAs with simulated molecular and naturally released halogens were studied. Different physicochemical methods were used to study the transformation of those organic aerosols. Infrared and UV/VIS spectroscopy allowed the determination of functional and structural changes during aerosol formation and processing. Using electron microscopy and measurement of the particle size distribution, the formation of the morphology and geometry of the particles was investigated. Temperature-programmed pyrolysis mass spectroscopy and ultra-high-resolution mass spectroscopy delivered detailed information on functional groups, extent of halogenation, and the macromolecular structure. Organic aerosols are significantly influenced by atmospheric halogens. Halogen species from different sources change the aerosol size distribution, the presence of functional groups, and the optical properties. Furthermore, they even form halogenated species in the solid phase of the organic aerosol.
- The carbon speciation in the Earth's interior as function of pressure, temperature and oxygen fugacity (2011)
- The redox state of the Earth's interior will influence the speciation of volatile elements both in the mantle and in mantle derived magmas. Carbon is one of the principal elements to be affected in this way because under reducing conditions it forms graphite or diamond, and under oxidizing conditions carbonate (or CO2-bearing) minerals and melts. The cycling and residence time of carbon in the mantle can be strongly effected by the oxygen fugacity because reduced phases such as diamond and graphite are immobile and likely to remain within the mantle and potentially within subducting slabs, while at more oxidizing conditions CO2-rich fluids or melts can migrate and escape from the interior. The carbon cycle in the Earth may therefore depend on the redox state of mantle rocks. Conversely, an influx of CO2-rich fluids or melts may act to oxidize the mantle as an additional aspect of metasomatism. In the first part of this study experiments were performed to measure the oxygen fugacity at which carbon (graphite or diamond) oxidises to carbonate minerals or melts within mantle peridotite assemblages between 2.5 and 11 GPa at 1100-1600 °C. The experiments were performed up to temperatures where carbonate melts evolve towards more silicate-rich compositions. The dilution of the carbonate melt component was found to lower the relative fo2, expanding the melt stability field with respect to reduced carbon. The results allow the fo2 of the diamond formation process to be determined both as a function of pressure, temperature and melt CO2 concentration. These results also have implications for the onset of melting within up welling mantle material. Several studies have indicated that the mantle may become more reduced with depth. This means that the oxidation of elemental carbon (graphite or diamond) may occur in up welling rocks where the oxidized product is a carbonate bearing magma. When the experimental data are compared with current estimates for the fo2 of mantle rocks the implication is that peridotitic mantle will remain in the diamond stability field up to at least 100-150 km depth. Only at depths shallower than 150 km would Fe3+ in mantle silicates react with graphite to produce carbonate rich melts in a redox melting process. Redox melting should limit the depth interval over which carbonate-rich melts can form beneath ridges. Further experiments were performed to determine the fo2 at which diamond oxidises to carbonate in the transition zone and lower mantle. Experiments at 45 GPa were performed using the MADONNA D-DIA (1500 tons) apparatus with sintered diamond anvils installed at the Geodynamics Research Centre, Ehime University in Japan. The measured oxygen fugacity was found to be approximately 3 log units above the iron-wüstite oxygen buffer (deltaIW+3). As the oxygen fugacity of the transition zone and lower mantle is most likely at or below the IW buffer this confines the stability of solid carbonate to the upper mantle or to unusually oxidized regions of the deeper mantle. The oxygen fugacity at which magnesite and diamond coexist showed a slight decrease with pressure, however, implying the possibility that magnesite may become the stable host for carbon at the very base of the lower mantle. The oxygen fugacity at which mantle xenoliths equilibrated can be determined using oxy-thermobarometry equilibria. For garnet-peridotite rocks the only calibrated and tested oxy-barometer employs the equilibrium, 2Fe3Fe23+Si3O12 = 4Fe2SiO4 + 2FeSiO3 + O2 Garnet Olivine Orthopyroxene In the final section of this thesis Fe3+/ΣFe ratios of garnets produced in a peridotite assemblage in equilibrium with carbon and carbonate melts were measured between 3 and 7 GPa. The oxygen fugacity in these experiments was also constrained, which allowed a test of this widely used oxy-barometer to be made at pressures much higher than previously performed. The results indicate that the pressure dependence of this oxy-barometer may be in error and a preliminary recalibration implies that cratonic lithosphere may not be as reduced as previously considered.
- Soil-Landscape Modelling in an Andean Mountain Forest Region in Southern Ecuador (2010)
- Soil-landscapes are diverse and complex due to the interaction of pedogenetic, geo-morphological and hydrological processes. The resulting soil profile reflects the balance of these processes in its properties. Early conceptual models have by now resulted into quantitative soil-landscape models including soil variation and its unpredictability as a key soil attribute. Soils in the Andean mountain rainforest area of southern Ecuador are influenced by hillslope processes and landslides in particular. The lack of knowledge on the distribution of soils and especially physical soil properties to understand slope failure, resulted in the study of this particular soil-landscape by means of statistical models relating soil to terrain attributes, i.e. predictive soil mapping. A 24 terrain classes comprising sampling design for soil investigation in mountainous areas was developed to obtain a representative dataset for statistical modelling. The soils were investigated by 56 profiles and 315 auger points. The Reference Soil Groups (RSGs) Histosol, Stagnosol, Umbrisol, Cambisol, Leptosol and Regosol were identified according to the World Reference Base for Soil Resources (WRB). While soil profiles and auger points were described in their horizon composition, thickness, soil cohesion, bulk density and texture were analysed in soil profiles only. The prediction of soil parameters was carried out with Classification and regression tree (CART) and Random Forest (RF) method. At this, prediction uncertainty was addressed with hundredfold model runs based on different random Jackknife partitions. Problems with the prediction of the RSGs, likely caused by inconsequence within the WRB (absolute and relative values as decision criteria), resulted in the proposal of "incomplete soil classification", which relates the thickness of the diagnostic WRB horizons to the upper 100 soil centimetres. Histosol and Stagnosol have been distinguished as dominant RSGs within the inves-tigation area. While Histosol probability depended on hydrological parameters; highest Stagnosol probability was predicted on slopes < 40° and above 2146 m a.s.l. Whether the first mineral soil horizon displays stagnic properties or not, likely depends on physical soil properties in addition to terrain parameters. Incomplete soil classification resulted in histic and stagnic soil parts dominating the first 100 cm of the soil volume for most of the research area. Comparing CART and Random Forest (RF) in their model performance to predict topsoil texture and bulk density as well as mineral soil thickness by hundredfold model runs with random Jackknife partitions, RF predictions resulted more powerful. Altitude a.s.l. was the most important predictor for all three soil parameters. Increasing sand/ clay ratios with increasing altitude, on steep slopes and with overland flow distance to the channel network are caused by shallow subsurface flow removing clay particles downslope. Deeper soil layers are not influenced by the same process and therefore showed different texture properties. Terrain parameters could only explain the spatial distribution of topsoil properties to a limited extent, subsoil properties could not be predicted at all. Other parameters that likely influence soil properties within the investigation area are parent material and landslides. Strong evidence was found that topsoil horizons did not form from the bedrock underlying the soil profile. Parent material changes within short distance and often within one soil profile. Landslides have a strong influence on soil-landscape formation in shifting soil and rock material. Soil mechanical and hydrological properties in addition to terrain steepness were hypothesized to be the major factors in causing soil slides. Thus, the factor of safety (FS) was calculated as the soil shear ratio that is necessary to maintain the critical state equilibrium on a potential sliding surface. The depth of the failure plane was assumed at the lower boundary of the stagnic soil layer or complete soil depth, depending on soils being stagnic or non-stagnic. The FS was determined in dependence of soil wetness referring to 0.001, 0.01, 0.1 and 3 mm/h net rainfall rate. Sites with a FS ≥ 1 at 3 mm/h (complete saturation) were classified as unconditionally stable, sites with a FS < 1 at 0.001 mm/h as unconditionally unstable. The latter coincided quite well with landslide scars from a recent aerial photograph.
- Exotic Species Invasion and Biodiversity in Bangladesh Forest Ecosystems (2011)
- Both, biological invasion by exotic plant species and biodiversity including spatial patterns and drivers are two major issues in tropical forest ecosystems. This dissertation deals with these two issues in a tropical forest ecosystem in Bangladesh. Considering the first issue, it comprises two manuscripts: a systematic review and a field survey in Bangladesh forest ecosystem. The review was done based on a formalized literature search in order to summarize the approaches that were hitherto applied as well as to mark gaps in tropical invasion research. A considerable number of primary research papers focused on invasion by plants in tropical forests were reviewed. The results identified ample gaps of research. Adressing these gaps may generate promising future research to understand and mitigate this great challenge in different types of tropical forests. Then a case study was conducted to examine the invasiveness and invasibility characteristics in a forest ecosystem of Bangladesh. This study seeks to find out the characteristics of exotic species and relationships between native species richness, environmental variables, disturbances and exotic plant invasion in this ecosystem. Boosted Regression Trees and Detrended Correspondence Analysis are used to determine these relationships. Most exotics are trees followed by shrubs and herbs. Fabaceae and Asteraceae contribute a large proportion of exotic species. Most of them originated from other tropical areas. Native species richness was found to be the best predictor for the number and percentage of exotic species in the study area. However, a unimodal relationship was found. Multiple other factors also influence the success of exotic species. The number and the percentage of exotic species are positively correlated with frequency of disturbances and with soil attributes (phosphorus and bulk density) but negatively correlated with topography (elevation) and conservation patterns (protection). Considering the biodiversity issue, it encompases another two manuscripts based on a case study conducting a systematic field work in the same forest ecosystem of Bangladesh. They are the first spatially explicit analysis of drivers and patterns of biodiversity in this terrestrial ecosystem based on multivariate approaches, similarity analysis and variation partitioning. One manuscript assesses the relationships between landscape and habitat characteristics, conservation patterns, and plant diversity in this tropical forest ecosystem. This study analyses the effects of soils, topographic conditions, disturbances and nature protection on plant species richness and species composition. The results reveal that biodiversity patterns in the study area are positively correlated with protection and elevation. These patterns are, however, negatively correlated with disturbances. The other manuscript focuses on the stand characteristics and spatial patterns of biodiversity as they are rarely studied in the tropics in general and in Bangladesh in particular. Data on tree species are used as they are the most conspicuous element of these ecosystems. Tree species composition was recorded in a systematic plot design and diameter was measured at breast height for each individual tree. Distance-decay approach was applied to analyze the spatial pattern of biodiversity for the whole study area and two subsamples from Satchari National Park and Satchari Reserve Forest. Analyses showed that biomass increased significantly with protection status. Plots in the Reserve Forest were associated with higher species turnover than in the National Park. This dissertation identifyies, for the first time in a systematic approach, the major drivers for invasion and biodiversity pattern in a forested area in Bangladesh. In conclusion, both, biological invasion by exotic plant species as well as biodiversity are strongly related to the disturbance regime and nature protection.


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Sub-adult loggerhead released by Mote
Date: September 21, 2009
by: Robin Hartill | Community Editor
Liberty is finally free.
Liberty, a sub-adult loggerhead turtle, was released this morning on Lido Beach by Mote Marine Laboratory officials. The turtle was found on the Fourth of July in the grass flats between Bird Key and north Siesta Beach. Researchers do not know if Liberty is male or female because he or she has not reached adult status.
Liberty was unable to dive when he or she was found, and marks indicated that a boat could have struck him or her. Mote officials treated Liberty with antibiotics.
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- Jan
3 Manatee Audubon -- OPEN HOUSE at Felts Audubon Preserve
8:00 am - 11:00 am
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18 Jewels on the Bay Showhouse
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21 Taste of the Keys & Fashion Show
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8 Sarasota Music Half Marathon
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Joan M. Durante Park installs new playground
The playground is made from post-consumer recycled materials.
Pete Cumming: Bell-ringer in chief
Longboat Key Police Chief Pete Cumming took on a shift that didn't involve police work Tuesday, serving as Salvation Army bell-ringer at Longboat Key Publix.
Turtle T-shirts: Always in season
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We have been rolling out all sorts of great gear over the past few weeks, but there was always two companies missing (for the most part).
Tag Archives | Ohio State
Ohio State Nike Lacrosse Gloves Just Keep Getting Better
The Ohio State University picks up brand new Nike Vapor Elite lacrosse gloves for the 2012 season and they just might be some of the Nike gloves or OSU gloves ever. What a beauty!
2012 Ohio State Buckeyes Lacrosse Gear
STX Lacrosse released a few photos of the 2012 Ohio State lacrosse gear today. Let's have a look, shall we?
NEW STX Ohio State Lacrosse Gloves & Protection
STX keeps dropping new college lax gear on their facebook page, and we keep showing it to you here. The new Assault line has made a HUGE impact in team gear already for 2011. We can't wait to see some of the smaller schools' designs but for now we've got the big boys only!


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Upcoming Events
Syble Solomon speaks about the psychology of money, money personality, behavioral finance, money management games, spending habits and financial habits and attitudes. She also does trainings and seminars on Money Habitudes.
- March 28 United Way of Snohomish County (Everett, Washington)
- April 7 Money Smart Week at New Hanover County Public Library (Wilmington, NC)
- May 28-30 Florida Prosperity Partnership (Orlando, Florida)
- June 10 Demystify Credit – Smart investing@your library (Wilmington, NC)
- August 19-23 Community Action Partnership National Convention (Washington, DC)
- September 9-10 Common Cents Conference (Bethesda, MD)
- November 19-21 AFCPE Research & Training Symposium (Bellevue, WA)


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Console, 1958
Joined walnut, pandana cloth. Gift of Natalie Epstein. 2006-18-1-a/h.
- Designed by George Nakashima
What is this?
Long horizontal wooden cabinet; front composed of four large sliding rectangular doors with vertical slats over woven pandana panels; roughly rectangular top with irregular edges extending over cabinet front and sides; two plank feet, notched on bottom edge.
This object has been included in the following exhibitions:
- Looking Forward/ Looking Back: Recent Acquisitions in 20th- and 21st-Century Design, Friday, August 17, 2007 - Sunday, October 14, 2007


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Purchasing Nissan Xterra Fuel Pump parts online from AutohausAZ.com can be a huge benefit to you. Don't miss out on using one of the most secure online shopping experiences on the net. Our catalog is full of Nissan Xterra Fuel Pump parts you can order for wholesale prices. About the only thing we do not carry is sheet metal body parts. Feel secure knowing our website uses up to 256 bit encryption. Every Nissan Xterra Fuel Pump parts order over $75 ships free via UPS Ground. Our extensive catalog of auto parts is sure to impress you. Browsing through our Nissan Xterra Fuel Pump parts category and you will find we have the best selection on the web.
Michael T. - Hatfield, PA: Thanks Tom! I am very pleased with your company and will continue to buy my parts here.


text:
- Like
- Thanks for voting!
- Download
- Collection
Muppet4 February 8, 2012
Oh that was hot! Very naughty.. I wanna do that.
swee Pea June 13, 2014
hey Muppet4.. if your cock is nice I'll fuck you and lick your cock.
omgyesss March 6, 2011
cumswapping ladies; so hot. My wife has done it a cpl times, thats got to change to a lot of times. even though I've just cum, the second their lips meet, I'm instantly hard again.
yaya830 January 15, 2011
What the heck are you doing to our babysitter??? lmao
singledude69 March 13, 2011
I seen a few different videos involving the one couple and this baby sitter. I wonder if she even got any sleep that night.
Elspwth March 18, 2011
I'd love to fuck the babysitter from behind - such a lovely ass. Love the tow kissing cum off each other - hard as nails watching this!!
Tramp March 18, 2011
Un orgia molto eccitante,specie nel finale
brad December 5, 2010
i live in a house like this and we do this stuff all the time and always naked
greco March 19, 2011
keep quiet you fuckers, the damn baby's gonna wake up!
bulldog November 30, 2010
video gets me everytime
jb October 30, 2010
I wonder how they raise the kids. lol
nidal October 29, 2010
fuck you porn
sarah November 2, 2010
they made the bed before they had sex in it lol
sex slave November 3, 2010
pretty sure these are americans..is this how they live ....wowow can they still see themselves in the malls..what a job...!!
Zaza March 30, 2011
Oh il son tous exiter j'aime sa.
junebug November 27, 2010
She's a good girl. Incredible.
Sexy Momma December 1, 2010
Damn...So need to get me some...I love this video....So want to be that babysitter...Someone please come & make me wet and scream for more
Ravenxxx May 9, 2011
Obviously this baby sitter isn't getting payed for watching over the kids, can't get a feeling of any kids around either. Anyhow, one of my favorite videos on youporn. Everybody wants to fuck the babysitter!
willy August 1, 2011
That older broad is hot, I'd fuck that in a instantm :)
Anon July 31, 2011
Something tells me they're all related to each other LOL
gg August 2, 2011
a would them all 1 man in my ass n 1 in my pussy n suckin that woman pussy
arb August 5, 2011
noooo the older broad is FUGLY !!!!
Hutch September 4, 2011
Like the story the turtle and the hare has tought us, slow and steady wins the race, and at 03:27 that was the case there
porn man September 4, 2011
wow great women.
www July 27, 2011
thats casual for that family i guess
danno July 5, 2011
Gimme the older bird anyday............
Just Curious June 8, 2011
Since the coule that hired the babysitter are...FUCKING OLD...my guess the "kids" being babysat are about 30-35...
TaatewedDude May 17, 2011
Great video but next time keep granny out of it...The first guy couldnt even keep a boner because granny was sucking him off....Funny shit!!!
m81 June 12, 2011
Ya the baby sitter is super hot.
Boby June 30, 2011
bastard July 4, 2011
thats funny as shit that the thing they all have in common is they fucked the babysitter
Daviea99 October 29, 2010
That young girl has a great ass - would love to be the guy playing with it. The wife is hot too and knows how to suck a cock - or two.
Cockgangsta October 28, 2010
LOL... everyone is naked 24/7 on that house
hot sauce February 19, 2013
hass..i want dem..:)
Leg lover January 25, 2013
Lol someone has to pay the rent some how
Wtf+man April 15, 2013
gi April 17, 2013
ladooda September 12, 2013
dam cum hop on myndick
NH lez June 13, 2013
Makes my pussy drip.......
xiphoguy November 28, 2012
THIS VID IS SO FUCKIN HOT but especially from about 640 on - GREAT shot of both girls sucking dick. Then one guy cums in the older girls mouth, she swaps cum with the other girl. A few minutes later the second guy cums in the babysitters mouth and again they swap. Mmmmmm. i wish there was more likr this
pc September 12, 2012
I want to move to this trailer park
PUSS January 16, 2012
ID fuck the older one anyday
Lola January 5, 2012
Babysitter is ugly
Wow March 17, 2012
Hot so hot
BowTie May 31, 2012
Swapping cum like that is hot... Good fucking.. Older woman is hot as well.. Nice vid!
Uwe1 June 20, 2012
Die beiden weiber würd ich auch gern ficken und voll spritzen :-)
Xiphoguy November 1, 2013
I fuckin love this vid! I get hard as a rock every time i watch it and i watch it many times
Falcon87 January 5, 2014
This was anthor good follow up to the other video where the wife & baby sitter got it on. I like how they are all taking turns with the babysitter. Like the saying goes they are turning her into a door knob and taking a turn with her. I would love to be in line with both the wife & babysitter too.
Woody October 28, 2010
Excellent Flick. Nice sex. Nice script. Everybody wants to fuck the babysitter!
LOL October 28, 2010
"Foo mont gum??"
Big69 October 28, 2010
I like this house where everyone sleeps in the nude.
Zeek October 28, 2010
I want to live in a trailer park!!!
random October 28, 2010
the old men are hot
Tschak October 28, 2010
Thats the Florida Connection. There was a movie on here long time ago where at least 4-5 couples were having fun...no actors, just great fucking. :-)
mature_lover October 28, 2010
Would love to fuck the older broad. She's hot!
pilotbigcock November 16, 2014
could I get a babysitter like that
Hojoo March 3, 2014
skydiver October 5, 2014
I'm a man and I would love to kiss the girls with cum in their mouths. That's hot.
pilotbigcock October 20, 2014
Our babysitter can fuck better
pilotbigcock October 28, 2014
where can I find a nice young babysitter with a cunt like that?
DP January 4, 2012
Water Wenches of Tampa Bay! That Old Whore is fucking SWEET!
Loading Comments
- A couple heard their babysitter fucking and decided to join in!


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USA Today writes about longtime South Florida resident and Gulfstream Park trainer Kathy Ritvo and her Derby hopeful Mucho Macho Man.
Robert LaPenta's Dialed In, winner of Gulfstream Park's Florida Derby (G1) and Holy Bull (G3), was made the 4-1 morning line favorite for Saturday's 137th Kentucky Derby (G1) at Churchill Downs.
Joyful Victory, who drew the rail, was made the 5-2 favorite in Friday's Kentucky Oaks (G1). Kathmanblu and Zazu co-second choice at 4-1.
Gulfstream Park Racing & Casino's storied history of "giving back" to communities, principally through philanthropic partnerships, grants, donations and outreach programs, continued throughout its 2011 racing season.
Gulfstream's track announcer Larry Collmus has been named the new voice of the Triple Crown
BOYNTON BEACH, FL – Florida Derby (G1) winner and likely Kentucky Derby (G1) favorite Dialed In worked an easy half-mile Thursday morning at Palm Meadows in :48 2/5.
Ron Nicoletti, Gulfstream's popular host and track analyst, won the track handicapping title with 201 winners over the course of the meet.
Eibar Coa returned to the Gulfstream Park winner's circle on closing day Sunday to present fellow jockey Paco Lopez with a trophy to commemorate his second straight riding title.
The 2011 thoroughbred meeting at Gulfstream Park was undeniably a spectacular artistic success, providing a program of 33 graded stakes that was supported by the most talented fields in memory from beginning to end.
Gulfstream Park is dedicated to providing world-class thoroughbred racing and gaming entertainment. We take pride in our continuous effort to maximize our guests' experiences. Click below to access convenient information about our entertainment destination.
Read More
Reserve a day at the races for an unforgettable birthday, office party, family reunion, fundraiser or association gathering. With a variety of all-inclusive packages that include value added extras, like a trip to the Winner's Circle and a picture with the winning jockey, your next gathering is sure to be a memorable one.
Read More
Horse racing offers a unique, interactive experience like no other sport. Learn the terms and techniques to place your first bet.
The Gulfstream Park Advantage Club Card
Thoroughbred's racing's Premier Rewards Program
Read More
Copyright © 2011 All rights reserved.


text:
Sharp LC-60UD20 review
A new 60-inch 4K TV from Sharp with a killer combination of a native Ultra HD pixel count and an aggressive price.
A new 60-inch 4K TV from Sharp with a killer combination of a native Ultra HD pixel count and an aggressive price.
One of the most affordable 48-inchers around, this great value quad core-powered smart TV makes a great all-rounder for a living room
LG's new second-gen OLED TV pushes 1080p performance to new heights, and tempts streamers with webOS Smart TV.
This aggressively priced, strong-performing 48-inch TV proves Philips is still a forced to be reckoned with.
With Smart Hub apps, good looks, a quad core and great all-round pictures, this pricey 32-incher from Samsung is one of the finest around.
Meet Samsung's signage solution for what it calls "micro businesses," a display between enterprise grade and everyday HDTV.
IFA 2014With a 4K resolution, a pop-up camera and more screen space than you could possibly need, this is Panasonic's new flagship TV.
IFA 2014LG shows off its OLEDs with a rip-roaring demonstration of 4K.
IFA 2014A built-in 4.2-channel soundbar and a wireless subwoofer gives this 4k "surround TV" a reason to be curved.
IFA 2014Toshiba kills-off the fat-boy flat TV with this super-slim £379 40-incher with PVR recording from Freeview HD.


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Elizabeth A. Duke
Elizabeth A. Duke (born July 23, 1952) is a member of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System of the United States. She was confirmed by the Senate June 27, 2008 to fill an unexpired term ending January 31, 2012. She is the seventh woman to be appointed to the Board. Elizabeth Duke was born in Portsmouth, Virginia and grew up in Virginia Beach, Virginia. She first studied physics at North Carolina State University before transferring to the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, where she graduated with a bachelor of fine arts in drama in 1974. After graduating, she worked as a part-time teller at First and Merchants National Bank in Virginia Beach because she "needed a job." In 1978, she became the vice president and chief financial officer of the Bank of Virginia Beach. While working full time, she attended Old Dominion University part time and received her MBA in 1983. She transferred to the Bank of Tidewater in 1985 as vice president and chief financial officer. She became its president in 1987 and chief executive officer in 1991. She was selected as a director of the Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond in 1998 and, in 1999, she was elected president of the  ( Wikipedia article )
Personal facts
- Known as
- Elizabeth Duke
- Date of birth
- 1952-07-23
- Place of birth
- Portsmouth
|Old Dominion University
|University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
|North Carolina State University


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Communication error please reload the page.
Dale Steyn is pumped after claiming the wicket of Michael Hussey, Australia v South Africa, 3rd Test, Perth, 4th day, December 3, 2012
© ESPN Sports Media Ltd.
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Sun Nov 10, 2013 12:00PM
Manatee Galleries Inc., 1007 10th Avenue West, Palmetto, FL 34221
941-722-4800 • email@example.com • www.manateegalleries.com
Asian Art and Antiques
from the Burdin Estate
Sunday,November 10th, 2013
at 12:00 pm ET
Preview:Wednesday November 6th –Saturday November 9th
11:00-5:00 or By Appointment • 9:00-3:00 Day of Sale
On Sunday November 10th at 12 noon we will present the remainder of the collection from Ambassador Petri's family home in Sweden. This includes fine sculpture, artwork and Gustavian pieces, along with a Important 18th century Gustavian Commode from the Georg
Haupt Workshop; In addition, we are delighted to offer the rest of the G.V. Burdin collection of Important Chinese Porcelain, which comes to us from Elisabeth Dufeu, sister of Mrs. Ingrid Petri, from the south of France.
Please join us as we feature an exquisite Karl van Mander 'Allegory Scene' in addition to a Toulouse Lautrec double sided sketch, Salvador Dali original lithographs, a collection of Anders Zorn, A. Bricher watercolors, a Christian Berg sculpture, a Jan van Ravesteyn Old Masters, a rare Silver Carl Milles sculpture and many more wonderful pieces of art. Included in the sale is a 21 inch Famille Rose Mandarin punchbowl of the finest quality porcelain and many beautiful Famille Verte Kangxi period pieces as well as a vast variety of important Chinese porcelain and works of art. We will also have a nice variety of ivory, jade and Chinese paintings. We also have from the ambassador's family a collection of Frenchen Stoneware Bartmann jugs and fine Delft ceramics.
15th through 18th century Ceramics
17th century Chinese Kangxi
Carl Milles (1875 – 1955, Sweden)
Silver Sculpture
Chinese Antique Tortoiseshell Vase
Chinese Export American Eagle Circa 1790
Chinese Export Masons Tankard
Chinese Famille Verte
Chinese Guangxu and of the Period
Chinese Kangxi (1662-1722)
Chinese Kangxi Famille Verte
Chinese Qianlong Period
Chinese Qing Dynasty (2)
Chinese Qing Dynasty (3)
Chinese Qing Dynasty
Christian Berg
Collection of Chinese Kangxi
Famille Verte
Collection of Tibetan Bronzes
Frechen Stoneware Jug
Bartmann Krug
Gustavian Comode from the Georg Haupt Workshop (1)
Gustavian Kings Chair (2)
Gustavian Signed Mirror
Gustavian Important Chinese Scrolls
Important Maki-e Japanese Edo
Period Incense Box
Jan van Ralsteyne signed and dated 1650
Kangxi Period 1662-1722 Large Charger
Karl van Mander Allegory Painting
Mandarin Vase
Rare 18th century Delft
Salvador Dali (2) Rare Wan Li Teapot
Toulouse Lautrec two sided sketch
Alfred Bricher
Blue and White Chinese- Shunzhi Transitional Period Gu Vase


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In 2013, Terex Port Solutions will supply 17 Terex NSC 624 E sprinter carriers to Global Container Terminals for its operations in Bayonne, N.J.
The diesel-electric sprinter carriers will transfer containers between the quayside and the container stackyards. The 1-over-1 carriers can travel up to about 20 mph and are equipped with a twin-lift spreader, enabling them to move 20-foot, 40-foot and 45-foot containers up to a maximum load of 66 tons under spreader. The machines can lift and deposit two 20-foot containers separately and stack one high-cube container on another.
GCT ordered the sprinter carriers to support the expansion of the terminal by its subsidiary Global Terminal & Container Services.


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News In Evidenza
Eclipse Foundation encourages the grow of Eclipse Working Groups, that are formed to facilitate collaboration between companies and organizations, to focus, promote and augment Eclipse technologies on a certain topic. In this article we'll speach about Eclipse M2M Working Group, … Continue reading
It's been a long time since Google contributed to Eclipse Community with tools like Window Builder. Furthermore Eclipse is the best Android IDE thanks to ADT plugin. And Now Google is going to join the Eclipse Community formally as a … Continue reading
RCP Vision, in partnership with Vogella, is pleased to announce the first course in Italy on Eclipse e4. This important event, not to be missed, will be held in Milan on November the 19th during the Eclipse Training Series – … Continue reading
The third Eclipse Testing Day, organised by BREDEX GmbH and the Eclipse Foundation, will take place in Darmstadt on 5th September.The full day event is the chance to meet other testers and developers who work with Eclipse, hear talks from … Continue reading
Learn from the Jubula experts in a one-day intensive course! In conjunction with the Eclipse Day Florence, BREDEX GmbH and RCP Vision are pleased to offer a Jubula Training Day on May 3rd 2012. This one-day workshop is designed to … Continue reading
The news was already interesting enough less than a year ago, when we published the article Visual Editor or WindowBuilder Pro. Since then however many other things have happened. In short: december 15th, 2010 Google Open Sourced the source code … Continue reading
Ottawa, Canada – July 20, 2011 The Eclipse Foundation is pleased to announce the creation of a new open source initiative to define and implement a standard platform for the software development tools used in the automotive industry. BMW Group, … Continue reading
Sorry, this entry is only available in Italiano.
Indigo is the name of the annual relase of Eclipse: this year 62 projects are part of the release.


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11936 W. 119th St, #314
Overland Park, KS 66213-2216
Archaeological evidence indicates that man began controlling fire 1.8 million years ago. Since that time, man has sought bigger and better ways to use fire to his advantage, including the cooking of meat. Sometime in the 20th century, a group of men were drinking beer and bragging about their barbecue prowess. And the barbecue contest was born.
In 2005, a group of people with a combined total of over 100 years of barbecue experience came together as the 25 to 1 Fund - a non-profit organization dedicated to raising money for charity through the spirit of "Food, Fun and Philanthropy". Our goal is to become one of the premier culinary events in the country while doing good for others. In 2005, the 25 to 1 Fund held the first Great American Barbecue Contest at the Woodlands Racetrack in Kansas City, KS. That first contest attracted over 180 teams for the invitational and open contests. By 2008, the number of teams had grown to well over 200 and continues to grow every year. We pride ourselves in being a truly family-oriented event. In 2011, the Great American BBQ has changed locations and continues it's motto of: CELEBRATING BBQ - HELPING OTHERS
In our six years, the 25 to 1 Fund, through The Great American Barbecue, has donated over $180,000 to a number of worthy local and national charities. Oversight for charitable giving is provided by the Greater Kansas City Community Foundation. Our Board of Directors and General Committee include people with a passion for the carnivorous arts and for helping others less fortunate than ourselves.
Oh, yes, we also have a great time doing it! We welcome like-minded people to join our cause! For further information about how you can get involved, email us at email@example.com.


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Tips For "Child-Sick" Parents
Camp directors, counselors and parents have tried-and-true methods for helping homesick children adjust to being at camp.
But what happens when it's the parents who are "homesick"?
Dropping a child off at camp can be a difficult and emotional adjustment for Mom and Dad.
Here's an article that can help parents deal with their own separation anxiety: http://nymetroparents.com/newarticle.cfm?colid=42668
Related posts:


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POLITICAL WRAPS: John McCain, Cindy McCain, Barack Obama and Michelle Obama host MADtvs political "Best Of" episode. PRESIDENTIAL DEBATE: George Bush and John Kerry debate. OBAMA VIDEO: A political parody of the video "Umbrella." SWIFT#1: An anti-John McCain swift boat style ad. ANGELA RIGHT: Angela Right attempts to get President George W. Bush to sign a document. SWIFT#2: An anti-Barack Obama and Hillary Clinton ad. POLITICALLY INCORRECT: MARRAIGE: A parody of Bill Mahers "Politically Incorrect" featuring Bill Clinton and Oprah Winfrey. WEST WING: A parody of the television series, "West Wing." AL JAZEERA NEWS: A parody of the Al Jazeera news network that has the anchors and commentators repeating the phrase "death to America." LETTERS TO LINCOLN: Morgan Freeman hosts a television program that features John Madden, Ellen Degeneres, Woody Allen, Brad Garrett and Jackie Chan reading letters written to Abraham Lincoln. GNARLY: A parody of the Gnarls Barkley "Crazy" music video.
Download the TV Guide app for iPhone, iPad and Android!


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Drowning deemed accidental
The drowning of a Denton man over the weekend has been deemed accidental according to the Davidson County Sheriff's office.
Deputies announced Monday that the body of Tim Strickland, 36, will be sent to the medical examiners office for an autopsy.
On Saturday, deputies were called after a body was discovered in a creek, behind the 2700 block of Regan Road, in the Silver Valley community.
Deputies determined that the body was Strickland who had been reported missing by his family Thursday. According to a press release, Strickland's family said he had been missing since March 16.
Deputies said that they had interviewed a number of people concerning Strickland's disappearance and that he often stayed at a home near the creek where he was discovered. The investigation is ongoing.
--Chanel Davis


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Isn't life interesting? I find it to be like a scavenger hunt with clues that can make our journey more successful, more courageous, more insightful, and closer to God. The key seems to be applying those clues to every-day life!
Several months ago, I discovered a 'clue' that has done wonders for my life in terms of daily motivation for all aspects of my life. It's a concept that involves prayer, something I've always done; but with a little extra 'twist'.
Have you ever considered the STARTING POINT for any goal? The latest craze in motivation has been visualization and positive thought. But what comes before that? What makes us decide to create something in our life? The answer is DESIRE. We must have the DESIRE to make things happen. So, what if I don't HAVE a desire? What if I would love to have a clean house, but I just can't find the DESIRE to make it happen? Well, here's the clue that I learned: PRAY for a desire!!
In a message by Dallin H. Oaks, he asserts:
"Desires dictate our priorities, priorities shape our choices, and choices determine our actions. The desires we act on determine our changing, our achieving, and our becoming."
If we have even just a GLIMPS of what we want to become, we can ask God for a daily desire to achieve it. Just think about the opportunities... Friendships, parenting, work ethic, the possibilities for change are endless. And it all starts with a simple prayer for desire!


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McMinnville 7-Eleven robbed Saturday morning
Aug 13, 2012 | 29 Comments
News-Register Staff
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He probably should have listened to it, now it is to become a jail bird.
Troy Prouty*
Well I have that answer.
when america put consumption first for everything it does. This is why people have huge amounts of debt, why Corporations can be irresponsible and how come government is often ineffective.
I have not met an addict who is very responsible and America is an addict of consumption. If we weren't this guy wouldn't of even been thiking of stealing or robbing or whatever he was doing. so there is your answer.
Troy Prouty*
That's a rather large assumption on your part.. People have been robbing or stealing since ancient times, well before America was founded.
Immorality is on the rise all over this planet.
I could be wrong, but I don't think so. Any thoughts?
Obviously, the Puritans, here long before George Washington was born. were devout Christians.
It's not an asumption. it's the truth. "yes" stealing and crime have always been around. However, to the level we see it and even we allow (and do nothing) because it's accepted in certain circles is the biggest difference.
Let me use another example with the same problem.
Gun violence. Everyone looks and ask why is America so violent?.. Some say guns etc..etc.. However other countries have guns. so how do you find the answer. You simply look at other things that we do that nobody else does. Guess what that is. We consume more than anyone by a LONG ways.
Comsumption is an action (behavior) and we know before any behavior two things happen. Thoughts and Feelings. Now what does consumption teach us to do. Act on impulse. (Capitalism is good) It feels good so do it, use it, work so you can spend more .. etc..ect.. and blah..blah.. It's basicallyCognitive.
We have become a nation of impulse taught by consumption and applied to life. In doing so we make choices on emotion without thinking of consequences. (I call it emotion mind). This I know for fact, (it impacts crime stats including murder). do't believe me, go to the court room sit and listen "I wasn't thinking straight" - Nobody ask how come? I did on myself and came up with an answer.
So how out of control are we as a nation "If you wait to afford children you will never have them" Thats how out of touch we are. Then two divorces later (because of money problems), and children scared fro it .. We just say that's life..
My friend there was no assumption there, experience and insight only.
Troy Prouty*
Library of Congress.
Religion and the Founding of the American Republic.
I gota work for my money just like most people who weren't born to rich families do, why can't people learn to do the same thing? Want beer? Go work, get some money and pay for it like the rest of us!
Troy Prouty*
Great idea regarding the prison, yet it is being done in many all ready, however, jobs need tools and equipment, so this can become a safety issue when used in certain prison populations. I find that having a self-sustaining prison to be a more useful idea. Inmate grown food, tend crops year round, tend compost to help grow food, supply their own clothes for use- thereby cutting the expenses needed. create water conservation stations to supply gardens with water, as well as toilets. Even heard of this toilet that also has a sink on the back. As you wash your hands the water wasted goes into the toilet bowl to be used for flushing. Can you imagine how much that could save tax payers if used correctly?
A prison of the future I guess, but I am sure we will never see such a idea come to fruition.
PV/ASSLT IV CT.1***091812 Sentenced 0 YRS 90 DAYS
PV/HARASS CT.2***101512*** Sentenced 0 YRS 30 DAYS
PV/DIS CON CT.3***111112*** Sentenced 0 YRS 30 DAYS
PV/HARASS CT.4***120812*** Sentenced 0 YRS 30 DAYS
So, I'd made a call to the Sheriff's office, a nice lady answered the phone, listened to my suggestions, and 'boolya' it's now much easier to keep up with the Jone's without having to leave the relative safety of ones bunker....
....oH!...and I'd also sent an email to the OSP offering some suggestions about what..or..what not to bring along with them the next time they show up at 04:19 in the morning to lob grenades at my neighbor's, and I receiveieve a nice, friendly reply, concerning my suggestions.
Here's the documentary I'd referred to---> www.monumentalmovie.com
It's a film produced by Kirk Cameron. Enjoy.
"Child-star-turned-fundamentalist Christian activist Kirk Cameron's pseudo-documentary Monumental is coming to over 500 theaters across the country on March 27, and from the clips available online, it's clear that Cameron's movie promises to be packed with the same Christian nationalist historical revisionism that David Barton is so well known for. In fact, Barton himself appears in Cameron's film. One of the clips available online shows Cameron visiting Barton's personal museum in Texas, and hearing a few of Barton's lies about the early Congress and Thomas Jefferson printing Bibles to spread the word of God to all American families."
Glenn Beck has praised it effusively, of course. Facts don't count, I guess, when some sort of mythical tale sounds the right themes.
It's B.S. It has no historical foundation.
I regret posting information that proved to be false and/or hurtful. As for historical foundations, they all seem to crumble over time.
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text:
The real key appropriate right here lies in picking out solely the sweetest and present-day ripe mangoes, not sour nor over-riped being an outcome of they will totally smash the entire recipe. Who'd want to try to eat it with sour african mango or over-riped types? Simply just an FYI, african mango aren't entirely delicious, they are tremendous balanced. They are really rich in anti-oxidants, natural vitamins An and E, iron, calcium and protein.
Pears have a very significant articles in vitamin c and B nutritional vitamins as well as the minerals potassium, phosphorus and iron, pear juice is good to the digestive process, and will help to normalise the bowel. It is really a valuable addition to elimination weight loss plans on account of its moderate diuretic and laxative effects. Pears are top-of-the-line urinary and gastrointestinal cleansers due to its high stage of pectin.
For those who remember once i started off using this type of on Working day 1 I really experienced a clear goal, which was to get rid of 32 kg spherical 70 kilos in 56 days. And that has remained my continual objective each individual working day. As well as in genuine real truth yesterday I was capable to mention that I've satisfied, or had attained to 25% of my plans. So I'm within the degree of saying that i am 25% in the way there.
I'd personally basically similar to the excess weight for being heading a tad bit faster. I wish to see extra frequent half a kilogram or .nine a kilogram with the day, which I used to be suffering from earlier from the eating plan. However with that mentioned, and even after i caught to .three of the kilogram, even with that loss, which can be .6 of a pound, if I missing .a few of the kilogram each day that may nevertheless be more than 2 kg for each week, which it can be substantially fast. I presume I'm merely employed on the supremely brief fat reduction which was there from the initially number of days. But in any case, I am planning to keep at it.
Mangoes are thoroughly employed in delicacies and we are ready to uncover a whole whole lot of recipes use african mango as the primary component. Even unripe african mango that has sour taste is used in chutneys, pickles, or aspect dishes. I usually eat raw mango with salt, chili, or soy sauce. Mangoes might be utilized to help make juices, smoothies, desserts, pies and candy chili sauce, and also has function as flavoring and main ingredient in ice product.
In addition, it truly is ordinarily beneficial to generate some plan adjustments on your consuming behaviors by having a lot less foods higher in sugar and fat. In that approach, you'd get the exceptional lead to using nutritional supplements and consuming the native african mango fruit should you take place to desire. African mangoes are pure and threat free of charge. It is qualifications in offering superior food plan and very well becoming advantages will not be just a fantasy. Like, any fruit it provides plenty of dietary content substance desired from the human body nonetheless with all the profit in facilitating deficiency of fat, a unique supplemental really helpful advantage.
The dietary capsule is undoubtedly an excellent nutritional enhance instantly. Numerous capsules and dietary nutritional health supplements have been released to lots of men and women but entirely nothing has ever ahead of matched the efficiency with the capsules intended from African mangoes. Usefulness is not going to be the one attribute that might make this goods in want, even so its most important safety, to be a consequence of it truly is the only healthy food stuff strategy capsule throughout the existing market place that could existing favourable results.
Fruits and inexperienced veggies will present you with a brighter and even more healthier human body. Fruits are well-known for being the nice source of abnormal concentrations of anti-oxidants, crucial minerals, and crucial nutritional vitamins. Keep in thoughts that greens consist of Vitamins K, E, C, as well as a, zinc, potassium, iron, magnesium, and calcium. Broccoli, cabbage, mustard greens, and kale are simply just a few of those balanced vegetables that you may pick.
I really should provide you with a reputation for this could not I, and definitely promote it, like my 'Slim Swift Food stuff routine Plan' or a single matter like that! Like a consequence of that is certainly in fact a strategy to drop some pounds fast, must you can dangle in there with the juice rapidly. So there may be perhaps something else for people, as I stated, who won't be able to, or will not want to do juice fasts. Handle it as a mix. As being a consequence of just about anything you do, even a person juice quick per day goes to be serving on your physique out a great deal quite frankly. Mainly because it really is in the really the very least some fantastic vitamin, you are aware of, nature's diet regime, coming into your whole body.
The alphonso mango is determined as the king of fruits and aptly so. Come summer period, in Maharashtra and most surely in my property town Pune, individuals view for your mango to reach in the market place. In the course of the mango year, the gross profits from the other fruits fall substantially. Appears like folks just reside to take in mangoes. The alphonso mango is certainly not lower price tag, however nobody who may have tasted an alphonso will settle for several other assortment of mango. There are plenty of other forms of the fruit, this kind of as being the 'payari' which happens to be added juice, not pulpy, the 'langda' the 'totapuri' and heaps of other folks. Having said that it can be the "hapoos" or maybe the alphonso that principles.
You will practical experience long-lasting surplus unwanted fat reduction in all over your total physique within just weeks. This is the way it works. The "dikka seed" extracts from the African mango fruit comprise houses that empower the body to create for alone two incredibly highly effective protein hormones which can be identified as Leptin and Adiponectin. Adiponectin goes after and gets rid of unsafe blood impurities these as extra fat lipids, particular cholesterols, and triglycerides. Leptin, does anything absolutely distinctive. It stops overeating by regulating urge for food hormones and suppressing your appetite. Together, these hormones allow you to eliminate weight quickly.
Both of these hormones mentioned previously mentioned operate in harmony to improve the metabolic methods with your body making high-energy ranges. In addition they prevent can prevent complications like hardening from the blood vessels. African Mango In addition is extremely safe and sound and doesn't have any facet effects.
African Mango As well as is also packed filled with fiber that's a major benefit in serving to you to definitely eliminate body weight quickly at the same time as permitting you not to be hungry when having it. The reason being is mainly because the body works more challenging as a way to digest fruit. Since fiber is tough to your system to digest, it lowers the digestion process making it possible for food to stay within your abdomen lengthier, thus encouraging you to experience not hungry to get a lengthier length of time. No more uncontrollable urges to consume foodstuff affording you no option but to get rid of pounds rapid!
African Mango In addition is often a innovative products that creates an envelope of protecting and preventative homes that can help a great number of men and women who look for solutions to standard weight loss enable and weight problems. All over again, it's a secure and a highly effective tactic to shedding pounds and also the conditions associated in obesity. In a very couple of limited months of normal intake, you can see the fats begin to disappear. In 2 months, users' point out that their strength concentrations have started to surge, as well as their complexion improves. Click hyperlink on this post to seek out out where to buy African Mango Furthermore Diet plan Tablet direct to love significant personal savings. African Mango Additionally can help deal with quite a few over weight and obesity-related wellness complications.
Feel free to click on the backlinks on this short article for weight loss support, answer the concern "What am i able to use to lose weight" also to study where to buy African Mango Additionally Diet regime Pill. Order direct from url listed here and start to knowledge increased energy and health, enhanced support as well as advancement of a much more beneficial and healthful overall body impression.


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SAN DIEGO -- Scientists are gaining a new level of understanding of multiple sclerosis (MS) that may lead to new treatments and approaches to controlling the chronic disease, according to new research released today at Neuroscience 2013, the annual meeting of the Society for Neuroscience and the world's largest source of emerging news about brain science and health.
MS is a severe, often crippling, autoimmune disease caused by the body's immune system attacking the nervous system. Today, more than two million people worldwide suffer from MS and other neuroinflammatory diseases. MS usually strikes in early adulthood and manifests with symptoms including vision loss, paralysis, numbness, and fatigue. The disease can be intermittent or progressive and currently has no cure.
Today's new findings show that:
Other recent findings discussed show that:
"The findings shown today represent real promise for the millions suffering from MS," said press conference moderator Jeffrey Rothstein of Johns Hopkins University and an expert in neurodegenerative diseases. "These studies are breakthroughs in understanding and treating a disease that remains uncured, difficult to diagnose, and for which it is very difficult to prevent progression."
This research was supported by national funding agencies such as the National Institutes of Health, as well as private and philanthropic organizations. Find more information on MS at BrainFacts.org.
AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert! system.


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The puzzle around the Air Max 90 infused Nike SB Eric Koston, due to be released Fall/Winter 2012, has been lifted. It looks like it actually is reality and now there is also an official name for it – the Nike SB Eric Koston Heritage. The sneaker drops October 2012 according to Dom Deluca from Brooklyn Projects.
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Playa de Usgo
Genial día de playaThis photo was shot on film. Taken by artiach with a Lomo LC-A+ RL (available in our Online Shop) loaded with Lomography Color Negative 100 (35mm) film (available in our Online Shop) in Santander, Spain. These tags describe this photo: playa, usgo, santander, beach, lca, 100, asa, cielo, azul, blue, and sky. Date: 2012-08-12. Time: Afternoon. This photo can also be found in the album FRIENDS AND PLACES.
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I brewed with another person at his house and used a counterflow chiller for the first time. I was impressed at the timesavings using a CFC vs an immersion chiller.
What about the hops? If one uses a hop containment system do the hops stay in the kettle during the drain to the CFC or are they removed? My question is based on late hop additions and the effect steeping in hot wort has on them. Would I lose hop flavor or aroma if left in the kettle?
If you don't use a containment system there is no choice to be made but the steeping effects question remains the same.
Depends what kind of hops. Pellet hops will go through a large diameter CFC just fine. But if you have a large enough pellet hop bill, or use whole hops, ANYTHING can plug. If it could plug a valve or tubing... it could plug the CFC. But CFC's are way less susceptible to plugging than a plate chiller is.
Personally... I try and leave most of the trub/hops in the boil kettle. I use hop bags for my pellet hops, have a false bottom in my kettle for whole hops, and whirlpool. Others use a stainless mesh braid, or hop blocker. Lots of ways to skin that cat!
Primary: Pliny the Elder, Smoked Porter
Secondary: Apfelwein
Kegged: Bee Cave Pale Ale, Belgian Dubbel, Apfelwein
Bottled: Vinnie's Blind Pig IPA
Next up: Pliny the Elder, my own IPA, Sake, homemade ginger ale
I use a CFC and I put all my hops into a hop bag that hangs down into the BK. There are many ways to handle hops, but this way works for me.