text:
State defense force
State defense forces (SDF) (also known as state guards, state military reserves, or state militias) in the United States are military units that operate under the sole authority of a state government; they are partially regulated by the National Guard Bureau but they are not a part of the Army National Guard of the United States.[1] State defense forces are authorized by state and federal law and are under the command of the governor of each state.
State defense forces are distinct from their state's National Guard in that they cannot become federal entities. All state National Guard personnel (to include the National Guard of the District of Columbia, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico and the territories of Guam and the Virgin Islands) can be federalized under the National Defense Act of 1933 with the creation of the National Guard of the United States. This provides the basis for integrating units and personnel of the Army National Guard into the U.S. Army and, since 1947, units and personnel of the Air National Guard into the U.S. Air Force[2]
The federal government recognizes state defense forces under 32 U.S.C. § 109 which provides that state defense forces as a whole may not be called, ordered, or drafted into the armed forces of the United States, thus preserving their separation from the National Guard. However, under the same law, individual members serving in the state defense force are not exempt from service in the armed forces (i.e., they are not excluded from the draft). Under 32 USC § 109(e), "A person may not become a member of a defense force . . . if he is a member of a reserve component of the armed forces."
Nearly every state has laws authorizing state defense forces, and 22 states, plus the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, have active SDFs with different levels of activity, support, and strength. State defense forces generally operate with emergency management and homeland security missions. Most SDFs are organized as army units, but air and naval units also exist.[3][4] As governors often use state defense forces to augment their state's Army National Guard and Air National Guard units, state defense forces have been both officially and informally called National Guard Reserves.[5]
- 1 History
- 2 Structure
- 3 Active state defense forces
- 4 Non-recognized State Defense Force
- 5 Notable state defense force members
- 6 See also
- 7 References
- 8 External links
From its founding until the early 1900s, the United States maintained only a minimal army and relied on state militias to supply the majority of its troops, with the training and readiness of the latter varying widely.[6] As a result of the Spanish-American War and the performance of the militias and other volunteer units during that conflict, Congress was called upon to reform and regulate the training and qualification of state militias. In 1903, with passage of the Dick Act, the predecessor to the modern-day National Guard was formed. It required the states to divide their militias into two sections. The law recommended the title "National Guard" for the first section, known as the organized militia, and "Reserve Militia" for all others.[7]
During World War I, Congress authorized the states to maintain Home Guards, which were reserve forces outside the National Guard forces that were then being deployed by the Federal Government as part of the National Army. The Secretary of War was authorized to furnish these Home Guard units with rifles, ammunition, and supplies.[8]
In 1933, Congress finalized the split between the National Guard and the traditional state militias by mandating that all federally funded soldiers take a dual enlistment/commission and thus enter both the state National Guard and the newly created National Guard of the United States, a federal reserve force. In 1940, with the onset of World War II and as a result of its federalizing the National Guard, Congress amended the National Defense Act of 1916, and authorized the states to maintain "military forces other than National Guard."[9] This law authorized the War Department to train and arm the new military forces that would come to be known as State Guards. Many states took advantage of this law and maintained distinct state military forces throughout the war to defend their own territories, shorelines, and airspaces. In 1947, with the establishment of an independent U.S. Air Force, Congress directed yet another reorganization of the National Guard into a separate Army National Guard and a separate Air National Guard. The former would continue to be composed of traditional Army ground units and those aviation assets (certain helicopters and observation/liaison aircraft) unique to Army Aviation, while the latter would consist of those National Guard units that had heretofore been part of the former U.S. Army Air Forces and would now be operationally-gained by the newly established Air Force.
Cold War[edit]
In 1950, with the outbreak of the Korean War and at the urging of the National Guard, Congress reauthorized the separate state military forces for a time period of two years. These state military forces were authorized military training at federal expense, as well as "arms, ammunition, clothing, and equipment," as deemed necessary by the Secretary of the Army.[10] At the end of the two years, however, they were not reauthorized under federal law.
In 1956, Congress finally revised the law and authorized "State defense forces" permanently under Title 32, Section 109, of the United States Code.[11] Two years later, Congress amended the law and changed the name from "State defense forces" to "defense forces."[12] Still, it was not until the early Ronald Reagan administration that many states developed their defense forces into elements that existed beyond paper, when the U.S. Department of Defense actively encouraged states to create and maintain SDF units.[13]
By the late 1980s, however, a series of high-profile reports caused several states to shut down or significantly restructure their forces. In 1987, Utah disbanded their force, the Utah State Guard, after a probe revealed all but 31 of its personnel were "neo-Nazis, felons, and mental patients."[14] Meanwhile, in 1990, the Virginia General Assembly launched an investigation and subsequent overhaul of its state's force after receiving tips that the volunteers were "saving money to buy a tank."[15]
Modern era[edit]
With the end of the Cold War came a general decrease of interest in state defense forces. The attacks of September 11, 2001, however, generated additional attention and, with it, greater scrutiny from some in the United States military who questioned the training and equipment of the units and whether they provided an outlet for "warrior wannabes" who would not otherwise qualify for service in the armed forces.[16] In 2008, Alaska disarmed its state defense force after an investigation concluded the lack of training intensity or standardization was a potential legal liability to the state.[17] By 2010 the status of the force had been downgraded even further, with the Adjutant-General of the Alaska National Guard informing volunteers that they would only be called upon as a "reserve of last resort to be used only in the most extreme emergencies."[18]
Further controversy was stoked by a New York Times report which found many senior officers in the New York Guard had little or no formal military training despite holding, in some cases, general officer ranks. The former commander of the force, Pierre David Lax, noted that, "if you are friendly with the governor and you always wanted to be a general, you ask the governor to make you a general, and poof, you are a brigadier general." Another former commander asserted he regularly awarded titles to members of the New York legislature in exchange for their support of budgetary allocations to the force. The report also noted that a majority of the unit's rare deployments involved providing ceremonial support, such as bands and color guards, to the state government.[19]
A 2003 article in the United States Army War College's Parameters journal recommended that, "...United States Northern Command (NORTHCOM) should ensure that future contingency planning efforts for homeland security operations fully incorporate the valuable capabilities that State Defense Forces can provide." [20] In the decade following that article, however, no significant action has been taken on the recommendation.
Several bills have been unsuccessfully introduced in Congress since the early 1990s seeking to improve the readiness of state defense forces. The most recent, H.R. 206, introduced in 2009 by Rep. Joe Wilson of South Carolina, would have allowed the U.S. Secretary of Defense to transfer surplus U.S. military equipment to state defense forces. Co-sponsors of the bill included Jim Marshall and Frank Wolf. Congress took no action on the measure before adjourning.[21]
Personnel and training[edit]
Some state defense forces have minimal enlistment requirements, permitting virtually any citizen under a prescribed age (usually 66) to join, even if they have no previous military experience, or don't meet conventional military physical standards (California, for instance, requires no physical fitness test prior to entry and has weight/height standards significantly more relaxed than the U.S. military).[22] Others, such as Tennessee, normally require personnel to have been honorably discharged from the U.S. military, or have a professional background in a critical skill such as engineering or medicine.[23]
Many state defense forces allow enlistment "at will" and personnel are under no termed service obligation, as with most conventional military forces, meaning they can simply quit at any time without facing charges of desertion or Absence Without Leave.
Training standards vary widely, but usually require only 15 days of annual drill, compared to the absolute minimum of 38 days (if not more) required of most federal military reserve forces. Unlike the U.S. military, there is generally only a limited period of basic training, often as few as four days for persons with no prior military experience, significantly less than the ten weeks of basic training required, for instance, by the United States Army.
The Military Emergency Management Specialist (MEMS) qualification created by the State Guard Association of the United States has become a common training focal point among state defense forces. Alabama, California, Indiana, Texas, Ohio and others have adopted the MEMS Badge as a basic qualification required of all members desiring promotion. Training is conducted both online, and through MEMS academies in each state, and includes course material provided by FEMA and other agencies, as well as practical experience in local disaster planning and exercise management.[24]
Community Emergency Response Teams (CERTs) are being organized by several SDFs by utilizing training offered by the Federal Emergency Management Agency's Citizen Corps. Some states follow the lead of the Army and offer a permanent tab (worn in a similar manner as the Army's Ranger and Sapper tabs) as an incentive to become certified as part of the local or unit CERT team.
Weapons qualification and training is provided in some SDFs. However, most SDFs do not require weapons proficiency. A 2006 report by the U.S. Freedom Foundation, an organization affiliated with the State Guard Association of the United States,[25] recommended minimum standards for state defense forces, including weapons training, but the report has been largely ignored. Some SDFs have laws that in the event of deployment by order of the state legislature and/or governor, they will become armed.
Many states organize their state defense force parallel to their National Guard (both Air and Army), having them report to the governor through the state's adjutant general. State defense forces are not funded by the federal government, and in most states members are unpaid. Volunteers have to purchase their own uniforms and most, if not all, of their own equipment.[citation needed]
Because many members of state defense forces are veterans who have retained ranks received from service in the armed forces, some state defense forces have an inflated grade structure. Advocates reply that the grades worn by state defense force members accurately reflect the many years of experience that veterans (often military or naval retirees) bring to the state forces. Some SDF soldiers use the two-letter state abbreviation in parenthesis after their rank to indicate the origin of their grade. For example, a major in the California State Military Reserve would give his or her rank as "MAJ (CA)." However, numerous states do not practice this notation because many senior commissioned and noncommissioned officers earned their rank while serving at the federal level. Moreover, Army regulations require the service branch title to appear after the rank and name (e.g., COL John S. Smith, CSMR).[citation needed]
While in the past, many state defense forces were organized as military police brigades or infantry brigades, the experiences of recent events such as Hurricane Katrina has changed attitudes and plans. Civil affairs units and medical units now predominate in some states. Organization levels may be inflated: a battalion may have less than 100 members, and a state defense force brigade may have less than 300 soldiers.
As a general rule, state defense forces wear standard U.S. military uniforms with insignia closely matching those of their federal counterparts. SDF units generally wear red name tags on service uniforms (as specifically prescribed by AR 670-1[26] for SDF units when adopting the Army Service Uniform or Battle Dress Uniform (BDU), and name tapes on Army Combat Uniform (ACU) or BDU uniforms use the state defense force name or state name rather than "U.S. Army." Standard U.S. Army branch insignia are often used or a unique "state guard" branch insignia consisting of a crossed musket and sword is alternatively used.
Where berets are worn, some state defense forces use a beret flash similar to the one the U.S. Army uses, but in bright red thread instead of the Army's blue. Other states have beret flashes based on the state flag. State soldiers in the New York Guard formerly wore a grey beret flash. (Wear of the beret by New York Guard soldiers has been discontinued, replaced by a black patrol cap.)[27] Uniforms vary from state to state and tend to have only subtle differences. For example, the Texas State Guard wears standard U.S. Army camouflage uniforms (but do not wear a beret unless in dress uniform), a state guard unit patch, and the "U.S. Army" name tape replaced with one reading "Texas State Guard." Similarly, the California State Military Reserve wears a uniform identical to their National Guard counterparts except for the unit patch, beret flash, and the "California" name tape. Outer garments such as a Gore-Tex jacket have a subdued "CA" beneath the rank insignia.[28] A similar pattern can be found in the New York Guard. The Georgia State Defense Force often works in tandem with and support of federal troops. The Georgia State Defense Force wears the ACU with a unique Georgia SDF red flash on the U.S. Army's black beret and "Georgia" in place of the "U.S. Army" uniform name tape. The Tennessee State Guard and Alabama State Defense Force can wear either BDU's or the "tactical response uniform" (TRU)[29] in the Woodland pattern but whose cut and accoutrements match the ACU but cannot mix pieces. The Alabama State Defense Force has also recently introduced a new "Standard Service Uniform" composed of a blue "tactical" shirt, and khaki "tactical" pants.[30]
The few states with both SDF air and naval units wear modified USAF and USN/USMC uniforms. Currently, only Ohio and New York have uniformed naval militia. Only California, Texas, Vermont, and Puerto Rico have an air wing, though Indiana formerly had an Air Guard Reserve.
In all cases, the state adjutant general has final say on uniforms worn by state defense forces, though federal service regulations generally shape the policies of each state.
|Branch Tape Reads
|Branch & Name Tape colors
|Head Covering
|Uniform Type
|Alabama State Defense Force[31]
|White on red[30]
|Patrol cap with unsubdued insignia[30]
None, optional baseball cap[30]
Navy blue tactical shirt, khaki tactical pants[30]
|Alaska State Defense Force[32]
|Black on ACU
|Black on ACU
|ACU patrol cap
|Arizona Defense Force
|Black on ACU
|Black on ACU
|ACU Patrol Cap
|California State Military Reserve[33]
|Black on ACU
Blue on ABU
|Black on ACU
|ACU patrol cap
ABU patrol cap
|Georgia State Defense Force[34]
|Black on ACU
|Black on ACU
|ACU patrol cap
Black beret with red flash for special occasions
|Indiana Guard Reserve[35]
|Black on ACU
|Black on ACU
|Black patrol cap
|Maryland Defense Force[36]
|Black on ACU
|Black on ACU
|ACU patrol cap with "Maryland" on back
|Massachusetts State Defense Force[37]
|Black on ACU
|Black on ACU
|ACU patrol cap
|Michigan Volunteer Defense Force[39]
|Black on ACU
|Black on ACU
|ACU patrol cap
|Mississippi State Guard[40]
|Black on ACU
|Black on ACU
|Patrol cap & subdued insignia
Black beret w/red flash
|New York Guard[41]
|Black on grey (ACU)
Black on olive drab (BDU)
|Black on grey (ACU)
Black on olive drab (BDU)
|Black patrol cap w/bright rank insignia
Black beret w/ gray flash (Dress Blues Only)
(BDU authorized until 30 September 2013)[42]
|Ohio Military Reserve[43]
|Black on olive drab
|Black on olive drab
|Patrol cap
|Ohio Naval Militia[4]
|Gold/silver on navy blue
|Gold/silver on navy blue (E-4 & up)
|Naval style 8-point cover
|Oregon State Defense Force[44]
|Black on ACU
|Black on ACU
|ACU patrol cap with subdued insignia
|Puerto Rico State Guard[45]
|Black on ACU
|Black on ACU
|Black beret with yellow & red flash reminiscent of Spanish heraldry
|South Carolina State Guard[46]
|Black on ACU
|Black on ACU
|ACU Patrol Cap
|Tennessee State Guard[47]
|Black on olive drab
|Black on olive drab
|Black beret with red flash
|Texas State Guard[3]
|Black on olive drab/ACU (Army)
|Black on olive drab/ACU
|Patrol cap
|Texas State Guard Maritime Regiment[48]
|Black on MARPAT
|Black on MARPAT
|Eight-point naval cover
|Vermont State Guard[49]
|Black on olive drab
|Black on olive drab
|patrol cap
|Virginia Defense Force[50]
|Black on olive drab
|Gold on olive drab
|patrol cap
|Washington State Guard[51]
|Black on ACU
|Black on ACU
|patrol cap or beret with green flash
Special units[edit]
SDFs include a variety of special units including medical, aviation, and ceremonial units. The following are examples:
- Cyber Security Command, Maryland Defense Force[52][53]
- Cavalry Troop A, Maryland Defense Force[54]
- 121st Engineer Regiment, Maryland Defense Force
- 10th Medical Regiment, Maryland Defense Force
- Judge Advocate Corps, Maryland Defense Force[55]
- Maryland Defense Force Band
- Aviation Battalion, Virginia Defense Force[56]
- Governor's Foot Guard, Governor's Horse Guard & Band, Connecticut State Militia[57]
- Georgia State Defense Force Band[58]
- 1st Medical Company, Georgia State Defense Force[59]
- 1st Platoon – DECON/CBRN-e[60]
- Oregon State Defense Force Pipe Band[61]
- Texas State Guard Medical Brigade[62]
- Quick Reaction Teams (QRT) (Now Disbanded) – Small units attached to a number of Texas State Guard Civil Affairs (CA) regiments. QRT undergo specialized training and qualify with approved NATO 9mm sidearm. QRT compete in the Governor's Twenty competition with the Texas Army National Guard and Texas Air National Guard.
- Small Arms Training Team – Small arms and crew served weapons team of the California State Military Reserve[63]
- Search and Rescue Company, Puerto Rico State Guard
- The 1st Air Base Group, Puerto Rico Air State Guard
- Special Operations (SAR) Branch, Tennessee State Guard
- RAIDER School, South Carolina State Guard
Federal activation[edit]
The U.S. Constitution, coupled with several statutes and cases, details the relationship of state defense forces to the federal government. Outside of 32 USC 109, the U.S. Supreme Court noted: "It is true that the state defense forces 'may not be called, ordered, or drafted into the armed forces.' 32 U.S.C. 109(c). It is nonetheless possible that they are subject to call under 10 U.S.C. 331–333, which distinguish the 'militia' from the 'armed forces,' and which appear to subject all portions of the 'militia' – organized or not – to call if needed for the purposes specified in the Militia Clauses" (Perpich v. Department of Defense, 496 U.S. 334 (1990)). The Court, however, explicitly noted that it was not deciding this issue.[64] The following is an extract of the laws which the Court cited as possibly giving the federal government authority to activate the state defense forces:
10 USC 331 – "Federal aid for State governments"
Whenever there is an insurrection in any State against its government, the President may, upon the request of its legislature or of its governor if the legislature cannot be convened, call into Federal service such of the militia of the other States, in the number requested by that State, and use such of the armed forces, as he considers necessary to suppress the insurrection.
10 USC 332 – "Use of militia and armed forces to enforce Federal authority"
Whenever the President considers that unlawful obstructions, combinations, or assemblages, or rebellion against the authority of the United States, make it impracticable to enforce the laws of the United States in any State or Territory by the ordinary course of judicial proceedings, he may call into Federal service such of the militia of any State, and use such of the armed forces, as he considers necessary to enforce those laws or to suppress the rebellion.
10 USC 333 – "Interference with State and Federal law"
The President, by using the militia or the armed forces, or both, or by any other means, shall take such measures as he considers necessary to suppress, in a State, any insurrection, domestic violence, unlawful combination, or conspiracy, if it -
(1) so hinders the execution of the laws of that State, and of the United States within the State, that any part or class of its people is deprived of a right, privilege, immunity, or protection named in the Constitution and secured by law, and the constituted authorities of that State are unable, fail, or refuse to protect that right, privilege, or immunity, or to give that protection; or
(2) opposes or obstructs the execution of the laws of the United States or impedes the course of justice under those laws.
In any situation covered by clause (1), the State shall be considered to have denied the equal protection of the laws secured by the Constitution.
Active state defense forces[edit]
There are currently 21 active state defense forces. A 2005 Department of Defense report reported twenty-three active SDFs in the United States and Puerto Rico.[65] Since this time, New Jersey has suspended its State Defense Force.[66] Per National Guard Regulation 10-4: "Any State, Territory, or District of Columbia, that creates a SDF under 32 USC §109 is solely responsible for the establishment, organization, training, equipping, funding, management and employment of that SDF in accordance with (IAW) its laws"[1]
The Puerto Rico State Guard includes an air support component., the 1st Air Base Group, that support the operations of the Puerto Rico Air National Guard.
The Texas State Guard's Air Component Command supports the Texas Air National Guard and provides Defense Support to Civil Authorities, (DSCA).[67]
The following is a list of active SDFs in the United States and Puerto Rico:
|State or Territory
|Military Division
|Naval Division
|Air Wing
|State Law
|Weapons Training
|Alabama State Defense Force[31]
|not currently
|Alaska State Defense Force[32]
|Alaska Naval Militia[69]
|Arizona Defense Force
|Not Established
|California State Military Reserve[33]
|California Naval Militia[72]
|Not Established*
|Connecticut State Militia Units[76]
|Connecticut Naval Militia
|Not Established
|District of Columbia
|Not Established
|Not Established
|Georgia State Defense Force[79]
|Not Established
|Not Established
|Indiana Guard Reserve[35]
|Illinois Naval Militia[82]
|Not Established
|Not Established
|Not Established
|Louisiana State Guard
|Not Established
|Maryland Defense Force[36]
|not currently
|Massachusetts State Defense Force[37]
|not currently
|Michigan Volunteer Defense Force[88]
|Not Established
|Mississippi State Guard
|Missouri Reserve Military Force
|Not Established
|Not Established
|Nevada National Guard Reserve
|New Hampshire
|Not Established
|New Jersey
|New Jersey Naval Militia[91][92]
|New Mexico
|New Mexico State Guard[93]
|New York
|New York Guard[41]
|New York Naval Militia[94]
|not currently
|North Carolina
|Not Established
|North Dakota
|Not Established
|Ohio Military Reserve[43]
|Ohio Naval Militia[4]
|Oklahoma State Guard
|Oregon State Defense Force[96]
|Not Established
|Pennsylvania Guard
|Puerto Rico
|Puerto Rico State Guard[45]
|Rhode Island
|Not Established
|South Carolina
|South Carolina State Guard[46]
|South Dakota
|Not Established
|Tennessee State Guard[47]
|Texas State Guard[3]
|Texas State Guard Maritime Regiment[48]
|Not Established
|Vermont State Guard[102]
|Virginia State Defense Force[50]
|Riverine Detachment[103]
|Washington State Guard[51]
|not currently
|West Virginia
|Not Established
|Not Established
|Not Established
* Colorado does not operate an active state defense force, but rather has a statutory state defense force staffed by one individual appointed by the governor.
Non-recognized State Defense Force[edit]
- Some States have State Defense Forces that are not recognized by the State and or the State Guard Association of the United States but are attempting to receive recognition. There is the Pennsylvania Guard Reserve Force / aka the Pennsylvania State Military Reserve, the North Carolina State Guard Association [1] which is the SGAUS North Carolina Chapter that is attempting to revive the former North Carolina State Defense Militia, and the District of Columbia Defense Force [2] which operates in Washington D.C. and while is not recognized by SGAUS, it is recognized by the Federal Emergency Management Agency in the FEMA Citizen Corps and has a formal partnership with the District of Columbia Office of Veterans Affairs.
Notable state defense force members[edit]
- radio host Clark Howard is a member of the Georgia State Defense Force[109]
- former New York state Republican Party chair Joseph Mondello is a member of the New York State Guard
- David P. Weber, former Assistant Inspector General of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, and Bernard L. Madoff whistleblower, is a Lieutenant Colonel JAG officer in the Maryland Defense Force, attached to the Maryland Army National Guard.
See also[edit]
- State Guard Association of the United States
- Awards and decorations of the State Defense Forces
- Militia
- Naval militia
- United States Guards
- ^ a b "NGR 10-4 National Guard Interaction with State Defense Forces". National Guard Regulation. Department of the Army. 2 November 2011. Retrieved 18 November 2011.
- ^ "Legal Basis of the National Guard". Army National Guard. 2013. Retrieved 17 May 2013.
- ^ a b c Rodriguez, M. A. (2013). "Texas State Guard". txsg.state.tx.us. Retrieved 17 May 2013.
- ^ McGarry, T.W. (1986). "State Military Reserve Growing Despite Its Role on Sidelines"., "When the Korean War broke out and the California National Guard was federalized, it (the California State Military Reserve, then called the California Defense and Security Corps) was renamed the California National Guard Reserves and again filled some of its World War II roles (guarding 'bridges, defense plants, armories and other facilities after the California National Guard was drawn into federal service')."
- ^ Halbrook, Stephen P. (2008). The Founders' Second Amendment: Origins of the Right to Bear Arms. pp. 299–309.
- ^ 32 Stat. 775 (1903)
- ^ 40 Stat. 181 (1917)
- ^ 54 Stat. 1206 (1940)
- ^ 64 Stat. 1073 (1950)
- ^ 70A Stat. 600 (1956)
- ^ 72 Stat. 1542 (1958)
- ^ Stentiford, Barry (2002). The American Home Guard: The State Militia in the Twentieth Century. Texas A&M University Press. ISBN 1585441813.
- ^ Anderson, Jack (21 November 1991). "Independent state defense forces costly, without purpose". Kentucky New Era.
- ^ http://www.pewstates.org/projects/stateline/headlines/state-defense-forces-grow-project-new-image-85899393830
- ^ Hall, Mimi (7 September 2003). "State defense forces grow". USA Today. Retrieved 11 January 2014.
- ^ Hollander, Zaz (28 October 2008). "Defense commander resigns after complaints". Anchorage Daily News. Retrieved 11 January 2014.
- ^ Wood, Larry (7 December 2011). "A needless reduction in force?". Mat Su Valley Frontiersman. Retrieved 11 January 2014.
- ^ Vitello, Paul (14 May 2007). "For This Troop, No Battles but Plenty of Brass". New York Times. Retrieved 11 January 2014.
- ^ Tulak, Arthur; Kraft, Robert (Winter 2003). "State Defense Forces and Homeland Security". Parameters (U.S. Army War College): 143.
- ^ "H.R. 206 (111th): State Defense Force Improvement Act". GovTrack. Retrieved 10 January 2014.
- ^ http://www.calguard.ca.gov/unit-policies-procedures?Unit=State%20Military%20Reserve&Org=State%20Military%20Reserve:Leadership:State%20Military%20Reserve
- ^ "Join the Tennessee State Guard". tnmilitary.org. Tennessee State Guard. Retrieved 10 January 2014.
- ^ State Guard Association of the United States, Inc.
- ^ "US Freedom Foundation". freedomfoundation.us. 2013. Retrieved 17 May 2013.
- ^ "Army Regulation 670–1 : Uniforms and Insignia Wear and Appearance of Army Uniforms and Insignia". army.mil. 2012. Retrieved 17 May 2013.
- ^ "New York Division of Military and Naval Affairs". dmna.ny.gov. 2013. Retrieved 17 May 2013. (login required)
- ^ a b "Wear And Appearance of California State Military Reserve Uniforms And Insignia". calguard.ca.gov. 1 April 2008. Retrieved 17 May 2013.
- ^ VA Joe[dead link]
- ^ a b c d e f g h "10-4 Alabama State Defense Force Use and Requirements". sdf.alabama.gov. 2013. Retrieved 17 May 2013.
- ^ a b "Alabama State Defense Force". sdf.alabama.gov. 2013. Retrieved 17 May 2013.
- ^ a b "Alaska State Defense Force". dmva.alaska.gov. 2013. Retrieved 17 May 2013.
- ^ a b "California State Military Reserve". calguard.ca.gov. 2013. Retrieved 17 May 2013.
- ^ "The Georgia State Defense Force". gasdf.com. 2012. Retrieved 17 May 2013.
- ^ a b "Indiana Guard Reserve". in.gov. 2013. Retrieved 17 May 2013.
- ^ a b "Maryland Defense Force". mddf.maryland.gov. 2013. Retrieved 17 May 2013.
- ^ a b "Massachusetts National Guard – The Nation's First". states.ng.mil. 2013. Retrieved 17 May 2013.
- ^ "Massachusetts State Defense Force Briefing". states.ng.mil. 15 December 2009. Retrieved 17 May 2013.
- ^ "Michigan Volunteer Defense Force". mivdf.org. 2013. Retrieved 17 May 2013.
- ^ "Mississippi State Guard". msstateguard.org. 2013. Retrieved 17 May 2013.
- ^ a b "New York Guard State Volunteer Force". dmna.ny.gov. 2013. Retrieved 17 May 2013.
- ^ New York Guard Directive 1334.2 (login required)
- ^ a b "The Ohio Military Reserve". ohmr.ohio.gov. 2012. Retrieved 17 May 2013.
- ^ "Oregon State Defense Force". orsdf.org. 2013. Retrieved 17 May 2013.
- ^ a b "Puerto Rico State Guard". pr.ngb.army.mil. 2013. Retrieved 17 May 2013.
- ^ a b "South Carolina State Guard". sg.sc.gov. 2013. Retrieved 17 May 2013.
- ^ a b "Tennessee State Guard". tnmilitary.org. 2013. Retrieved 17 May 2013.
- ^ a b "Texas State Guard Maritime Regiment". gotxsg.com. 2013. Retrieved 17 May 2013.
- ^ "Vermont State Guard". vermontstateguard.org. 2013. Retrieved 17 May 2013.
- ^ a b "Virginia Defense Force". virginiadefenseforce.net. 2013. Retrieved 17 May 2013.
- ^ a b "Washington Military Department – State Guard". washingtonguard.org. 2013. Retrieved 17 May 2013.
- ^ "Maryland Defense Force : Portal". mddf.maryland.gov. 2014. Retrieved 24 March 2014.
- ^ "MDDF Recruitment Brochure". mddf.maryland.gov. 2014. Retrieved 24 March 2014.
- ^ "Maryland Defense Force : Troop Cavalry A". mddf.maryland.gov. 2013. Retrieved 17 May 2013.
- ^ "Maryland Judge Advocates Corps". Retrieved August 27, 2014.
- ^ "Virginia Defense Force Aviation Battalion". vdfaviation.com. 2013. Retrieved 17 May 2013.
- ^ Cormack, Kevin (2013). "First Company Governor's Foot Guard". governorsfootguard.com. Retrieved 17 May 2013.
- ^ "Georgia State Defense Force Band". gasdf.com. 2011. Retrieved 17 May 2013.
- ^ "1st Medical Company – Georgia State Defense Force". 1medco.com. 2013. Retrieved 17 May 2013.
- ^ "CBRN Platoon – 1st Medical Company". 1medco.com. 2013. Retrieved 17 May 2013.
- ^ "Oregon State Defense Force Pipe Band". odfpipeband.com. 2011. Retrieved 17 May 2013.
- ^ "Texas State Guard Medical Brigade". tmb.txsg.state.tx.us. 2013. Retrieved 17 May 2013.
- ^ "California State Military Reserve Unit Contacts". calguard.ca.gov. 2013. Retrieved 17 May 2013.
- ^ Perpich, at 352, n.25
- ^ GASDF.net[dead link]
- ^ "Report to Governor Jon S. Corzine on Port Security and Utilization of the New Jersey Naval Militia, and New Jersey State Guard". New Jersey Naval Militia Foundation. 30 January 2006. Retrieved 17 May 2013.
- ^ "Texas State Guard Fact Sheet No. 04-11". txsg.state.tx.us. 2013. Retrieved 18 May 2013.
- ^ "Code of Alabama Section 31-2-8". legislature.state.al.us. 1999. Retrieved 18 May 2013.
- ^ http://www.ak-prepared.com/dmva/97report/Naval_Militia.htm[dead link]
- ^ "AS 26.05.100. Alaska State Defense Force". Alaska Statutes. 2011. Retrieved 18 May 2013.
- ^ "26–122. Components of militia". Arizona State Legislature. 2013. Retrieved 18 May 2013.
- ^ Denger, Mark J. (2005). "History of California State Naval Forces (Naval Battalion and the California Naval Militia)". California Center for Military History. Retrieved 18 May 2013.
- ^ "Military and Veterans Code, General Provisions, Division 2, Part 2, Chapter 3, Section 550". California Code. 2013. Retrieved 18 May 2013.
- ^ a b c d "Evaluation of Department of Defense Interaction with State Defense Forces". Department of Defense Inspector General Official Website. Department of Defense Inspector General. 30 April 2014.
- ^ "Colorado Revised Statutes 28-4-103 Supplemental military force (2012)". lexisnexis.com. 2013. Retrieved 18 May 2013.
- ^ "Connecticut Military Dept.: State Militia Units". ct.gov. 2013. Retrieved 18 May 2013.
- ^ "Title 20, Chapter 3. State Defense Forces". Delaware Code. 2013. Retrieved 18 May 2013.
- ^ "Title XVII, Chapter 251, Section 1". Florida Statutes. 2013. Retrieved 18 May 2013.
- ^ "The Georgia State Defense Force". gasdf.com. 2012. Retrieved 18 May 2013.
- ^ Redirecting (login required)
- ^ "Indiana Code 10-16-8". in.gov. 2013. Retrieved 18 May 2013.
- ^ "Executive Order 2 (2006)". illinois.gov. 2013. Retrieved 18 May 2013.
- ^ http://www.kslegislature.org/legsrv-statutes/getStatute.do?number=20266[dead link]
- ^ "37.170 Kentucky State Defense Force". Kentucky Legislature. 2013. Retrieved 18 May 2013.
- ^ "RS 29:5 Louisiana State Guard". legis.state.la.us. 2013. Retrieved 18 May 2013.
- ^ "Title 37-B, §224: Maine State Guard". mainelegislature.org. 2012. Retrieved 18 May 2013.
- ^ "Code of Maryland". lexisnexis.com. 2013. Retrieved 18 May 2013.
- ^ "Michigan Volunteer Defense Force". michigan.gov. 2013. Retrieved 18 May 2013.
- ^ "Chapter 41, Military Forces, Section 41.070". Missouri General Assembly Official Website.
- ^ "10-1-701 : Home guard – organization and composition". Montana Code. 2011. Retrieved 18 May 2013.
- ^ "New Jersey Naval Militia". nj.gov. 2013. Retrieved 18 May 2013.
- ^ "New Mexico State Guard". nmsg-mil.org. 2013. Retrieved 18 May 2013.
- ^ "New York Naval Militia". dmna.ny.gov. 2013. Retrieved 18 May 2013.
- ^ "Article 5, Section 127A‑80. Authority to organize and maintain North Carolina State Defense Militia". ncleg.net. 2013. Retrieved 18 May 2013.
- ^ "Oregon State Defense Force". orsdf.org. 2013. Retrieved 18 May 2013.
- ^ "Chapter 399 – Organized Militia". leg.state.or.us. 2012. Retrieved 18 May 2013.
- ^ "Title 51, Chapter 13 Pennsylvania Guard". legis.state.pa.us. 2014. Retrieved 2 November 2014.
- ^ "33-14-1 South Dakota Codified Laws". legis.state.sd.us. 2013. Retrieved 18 May 2013.
- ^ "Texas State Code, Chapter 431 : State Militia". statutes.legis.state.tx.us. 2012. Retrieved 18 May 2013.
- ^ "Utah Code, Title 39, Chapter 1". le.utah.gov. 2013. Retrieved 18 May 2013.
- ^ "Vermont State Guard". vermontstateguard.org. 2013. Retrieved 18 May 2013.
- ^ "The Virginia Defense Force – Riverine Detachment". vdf.virginia.gov. 2012. Retrieved 18 May 2013.
- ^ "Code of Virginia > 44–54.4". leg1.state.va.us. 2012. Retrieved 18 May 2013.
- ^ "RCW 38.14.006: Availability and composition of state guard". apps.leg.wa.gov. 2013. Retrieved 18 May 2013.
- ^ "West Virginia Code Section 15-4-1". legis.state.wv.us. 2008. Retrieved 18 May 2013.
- ^ "Chapter 321, Department of Military Affairs". Wisconsin State Legislature. 2013. Retrieved 18 May 2013.
- ^ "Wyoming Statues, Title 19, Chapter 10, Article 1". lexisnexis.com. 2013. Retrieved 18 May 2013.
- ^ Howard, Clark (Nov 4, 2011). "Clark talks about serving in the state guard". http://www.clarkhoward.com/. Retrieved 23 January 2014.
External links[edit]
- National Guard Regulation 10-4, "National Guard Interaction With State Defense Forces", 2011.
- U.S. Army War College Paper "State Defense Forces and Homeland Security"; Arthus Tulak, Robert Kraft, and Don Silbaugh, 2004.
- DoD Report to the Senate and House Armed Services Committees on Homeland Defense Force for Homeland Defense and Homeland Security Missions, November 2005 HR Report 108-491.
- "US State Defense Forces". Retrieved 6 December 2012.
- American Legion Magazine "A well-regulated militia," 2008.


text:
That's An Easy One
October 30th, 2008 - 5:03 am
Prediction: Should Obama win, Biden will be the least visible Vice President since John Nance Garner.
Or at least Obama will wish he would be.
Prediction: Should Obama win, Biden will be the least visible Vice President since John Nance Garner.
Or at least Obama will wish he would be.
Were there any Quayle sightings from 89-92? I can't recall any. Then again, Cheney hasn't exactly been visible since 9/11, aside from the hunting incident. Can't really recall much of VP Gore's activity either. Vice-Presidents really do pretty much sit in the wings, either actively or not.
Biden loves microphones and won't be controlled. Obama knew that he was a gaffe-o-matic when he picked him, but he was also a competent actor in Washington (meaning: offset Obama's weakness in terms of DC experience.) But Obama will be the one getting the requests for interviews and the one giving the news conferences (maybe.) I have a strong feeling Biden is cool with that.
I sort of look forward to The Messiah's Ascension for multiple reasons, this being in the top three. Listening to Joey B. fuck up is the highlight of my day.
Maybe Biden will serve the dual role as VP and Ambassador to Micronesia.
He's already the ambassador from Microcephalia.
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October 13, 2012 to November 4, 2012 – Various Locations including: Roy Thomson Hall, Mysteriously Yours Dinner Theatre, Le Meridian King Edward Hotel, etc. As a Toronto city-wide event, the Toronto CHOCOLATE FESTIVAL is back for its seventh year. This is the event where CHOCOLATE is featured in all its magnificent and tasty forms. THE TORONTO CHOCOLATE… Created by Joey Cee | Type: consumer, educational, festival, tasting, competition
October 16, 2012 to October 17, 2012 – Amsterdam The second annual Amsterdam Chocolate Festival. This two-day festival includes a professional component (on the 16th) and a day for the general public (the 17th). Created by Vera Hofman | Type: festival, tasting, education
© 2014 Created by Clay Gordon.


text:
- Critic & User
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& FAQs
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- Similar
Game Details
- Release Date 9/12/2007
- Publisher UFO Interactive
- Platform Wii
- Genre Action Adventure
- Number of Players 1
Game Description
The evil spirit Mumm'hotep has returned from beyond the grave, and the land of Egypt has fallen into darkness. As the Protector of Tombs, it's your duty to uncover ancient relics that will send Mumm'hotep back to the underworld. In this mystical world, the action is fast and furious. Survive locust swarms, battle against living stone statues, outrun mummies gone mad, and confront other mythological terrors. The Egyptian land is rich in detail and ripe for exploration. Along the way, you'll harness the full power of the Wiimote, using it to target enemies, unleash attacks, and even control the camera angle.
Critic Reviews
GamesRadar Review (3.0 out of 10)
Anubis II A gold-plated turd steaming-fresh off the assembly line Nov 26, 2007 The third installment of Data Design's cheapo reskinnable platform game has an Egyptian theme and sounds like some kind of ointment for piles. Strangely, there was no Anubis 1. Okay... ...more
User Reviews
Average Member Rating: 2.6 out of 10
Anubis II. (1 out of 10)
posted by Orionv (JAMESTOWN, ND) on Sep 18, 2007
Member since Sep 2003
6 out of 6 gamers (100%) found this review helpful
Member since Sep 2003
6 out of 6 gamers (100%) found this review helpful
This is one of the worst games I have ever played. The controls are horrid. You jump by moving the nunchuk up but you also use the stick on the nunchuk. So running and jumping in a straight line is almost impossible. The attack is terrible...you are supposed to hit enemies with your staff but you al...more
Specs & Requirements
Controllers Nunchuk Controller
Modes Story, Full Mission Single-Player
Similar Games
- Grand Theft Auto IVRelease 4/28/2008
- God of War IIIRelease 3/15/2010
- Disney Epic MickeyRelease 11/29/2010


text:
Comic for your thoughts?
Got some demo news for you. First of all, if you have yet to play Max Payne 2, you should grab the demo here and give it a whirl.
Also check out Beyond Good and Evil if you're into action/adventure stuff. I thought it was pretty entertaining.
The CAD Exclusives! for November will be going out in just a little over a week, so be sure to get your donation in so you get your bonus comic and wallpaper, as well as a chance to win free shirts and posters.
I've also got some projects lined up for myself. I'm considering creating a new poster, super high quality, and large poster size. I'm talking like 17"x24". I'm going to have to get around to creating a poll so that I can figure out if you guys actually want one though.
I also should be debuting the first XBox CADSkin in the next week or two. I want to get that nailed down before xmas.
When life gets hectic...Wednesday, November 19, 2003 | 06:55 AM | by
Hrmm..Thursday, November 20, 2003 | 02:05 PM | by
Well, it would appear that I've made it into the finalists for that Sexiest Gamer thing.


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Geek News Central Audio
Todd Cochrane
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Description: Tech, Science, New Media and more from a Pioneer in Podcasting
Now Playing
GNC-2012-03-26 #753 Privacy Soapbox Time!
Feeling a 100% better and it is time to have a serious discussion about privacy and actions in the internet and public space. Looking for your feedback in a big way on these issues. Lots of great tech stories to share with you tonight as well.Sponsored by:
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Links to all the articles talked about in this Podcast are on the GNC Show Notes Page [Click Here]
Released March 27, 2012 Comments »


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Pronunciation: Manfred Kielnhofer
Added on: 2012-01-31 Listened: 33 timesin: Call for entries, light, art, lighting, installation, Biennial, Biennale, Lichtkunst, public, modern, contemporary, visual, Arts, ars, art and architecture, art and construction, design, sculptur
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1807 North Ashley Street
Valdosta, GA 31602
Phone: (229) 242-0610
Email Us
M-F: 8am - 6pm
Sat: 8am - 4pm
Sun: Closed
Our National 12 month/ 12,000 mile service warranty is valid at any of our centers coast to coast.
Expert technicians agree that the oil change is the single most important maintenance service your vehicle can receive.
Most manufacturers recommend an oil change every three months or 3,000 miles under severe driving conditions - city driving, stop and go traffic, short trips, dusty conditions - just about every case except steady highway driving.
Please note that individual PTAC centers may offer various automotive oil change options. Be sure to ask the center manager about the different options available.
Receive email service reminders, coupon savings & vehicle service history. Sign up today – it's free!
No interest if paid in full within 6 months*. $299 minimum purchase required. Minimum payments required. The
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Tune centers.


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Mon, May 10, 2010
The EBAA announced Monday
that business aircraft operator Pietro Zaccari of ALBA Servizi
Aerotrasporti as the official launch customer for its newly
released Emergency Response Planning Guidance Manual.
The International Civil Aviation Organization's
mandatory compliance deadline for a Safety Management System -
which includes an Emergency Response Plan – is November 2010.
To that end, EBAA and Associate Member Gates Aviation have
developed, together with members of an ERP Steering Committee,
comprehensive guidance materials on Emergency Response Planning to
assist business aircraft operators in meeting the forthcoming
Subjects included in the Manual are:
"We already have an Emergency Response Plan, but
it's nearly ten years old," explains Zaccari. "We
ordered the EBAA's Guidance Manual so that we could benchmark
what we've compiled against new ideas and best practices,
which could then be integrated into our newest version expected to
be ready by this July."
(L-R) Brian Humphries, Pietro Zaccari
Brian Humphries, President and CEO of the European Business
Aviation Association adds: "We've published this ERP
Guidance Manual with very good reason. A survey we conducted last
year showed that just under one-third of business aircraft
operators did not possess an Emergency Response Plan at all and
just under half had never tested or exercised their response plans.
Providing generic guidance on policies and procedures, the new
manual will assist operators in compiling specific
responsibilities, duties and tasks in preparation for a major
event. An ERP is simply something you must have and have right
– even though you hope to never have to use it."
Produced in the form of a digital Emergency Response Planning
Guidance Manual on CD-Rom, it is also available to order via the
EBAA website. The Manual is offered to European Business Aviation
Association members and all interested operators, and will be
subject to periodic updates, which will be made readily available
to users.
The ERP Guidance Manual was developed by EBAA and Gates Aviation
LLP, together with members of an ERP Steering Group comprising
representatives from the following companies: Gates and Partners;
Bombardier Aerospace; Execujet Aviation Group; IBAC; Dassault
Aviation; Flight Safety International; British Helicopter
Association; Tyrolean Jet Services; and VistaJet.
Airborne 12.19.14: Falcon 8X Unveiled, Sporty's 172LITE, Bizarre CA AvGas Lawsuit Settled
Aero-TV: Redbird's Roger Sharp -- Pushing The Aero-Educational Envelope
Airborne 12.17.14: Evergreen Woes, Foolish Pilot Tricks, No 757 Replacement -- Yet
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Remember Me
Icon welcomes individuals and organisations from all backgrounds who identify with the conservation and preservation of our cultural heritage. Our membership embraces the entire conservation community as well as members of the public who are keen to learn more or show their support for conservation work.
Introduction Access Using the Web Resources page
The Chantry Library's Web Resources page uses Delicious, third-party software, to create a well organised, easy to use system for housing details of conservation-related websites and direct links. Access to the site, and instructions on how to use it can be found below.This is a growing resource and contributions of useful websites are most welcome. To contribute a site please send details of the URL (Web address) to the Librarian:
Simply type in chantrylibrary to the end of the url link at the top of the page to gain access - use of the service is completely free.
Using the Web Resources pageThe Web Resources page is split into two distinct columns
The left-hand column displays a list of resources, each one with a heading, a brief resource description, and a series of "tags". The right-hand column contains a list of all the tags that have been used - use these subject-specific tags to navigate, and to investigate resources that may be of interest to you. Some of the tags have been compiled into subject categories and are included in "tag bundles". For example the tag bundle Online-Reference Resources includes tags such as abstracting_services and blog. Tag bundles can help refine your search to specific subject areas or categories.
SearchingThere are now four ways of searching the Web Resources page itself:
Accessing a resourceOnce you have found an interesting resource in the Web Resources page, accessing it couldn't be easier. Simply position the cursor over the title of the relevant resource (the text in blue in the left-hand column) and left-click on your mouse. You will then be directed to the resource you are interested in. To access a site found by the Heritage Conservation Search Engine simply left-click on the relevant search result and left-click - just as you would in a standard search engine.


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Volcom Going Back Canvas Backpack
$35.00 $49.50*
Save $14.50 (30%)
Product Information:
Stylish and functional, the Volcom® Going Back Canvas backpack is your go-to style when the school year starts up. With two compartments, this Volcom® backpack provides storage for all your essentials. Made with 100 percent cotton, the Going Back backpack gets you noticed with its distinct style, which features deboss PU trims.
- Two compartments increase storage
- Deboss PU trims add style
- Volume: 17 L
- Weight: 1.2 lb
- Fabric: 100% cotton
- Dimensions: 11.75" x 5.5" x 17.25"
- Style: E6431307
- Volcom
Country of Origin: ChinaWeb ID: 21582156


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From Our Readers...
Dear Comptroller Strayhorn:
Your proposal for TexasNextStep for Texas high school graduates is a much-needed step to a stronger economy. Thank you for being persistent in trying to get this bill passed. Even with the stall in the House Higher Education Committee in 2003, your continued tenacity in the 2005 Legislature exposes more Texans to the critical value of an educated populace.
Other states, examples: New Mexico and Wyoming have already enacted similar programs for their states' high school graduates. In the past Texas has been known for its' championing of what is right and leading the way in innovative ideas. Why can the Texas Legislature not see the progress in these states and emulate them?
Your article in the March 2005 issue of Fiscal Notes was very informative. It is obvious that you and your staff have studied this issue thoroughly. The Texas Legislature needs to be reminded that the state's future is based on educated, taxpaying citizens, not on how many deadbeats are incarcerated. Texas' greatest commodity is not cattle, oil, wheat or cotton, but a work force that is trained to meet the challenges of tomorrow.
State Board of Nurse Examiners, Olney, Texas


text:
What is the general dose of flecainide? How many times a day is it taken? Does it have to be paired up with metroprolol?
- Q: What is the general dose of flecainide? How many times a day is it taken? Does it have to be paired up with metroprolol?
- A: Flecainide (Tambocor) is classified as a class Ic antiarrhythmic medication. Flecainide is approved for the prevention and suppression of ventricular arrhythmias that are life threatening, for controlling supraventricular tachycardia in specified patients. The medication works in the body to affect the way in which the heart beats. According to medical references, the normal adult dosing for flecainide is as follows: Treatment of life threatening ventricular arrhythmias (oral dosage): 100 mg every twelve hours. Medication can be increased by 50-100 mg/day (given in 2 doses per day) every four days. The maximum recommended dose normally is 400 mg per day. However if patients are at 400 mg per day and are not controlled and they have a trough concentration of less than 0.6 mcg/ml, then dosages can be increased to 600 mg per day. Prevention of paroxysmal supraventricular arrhythmias (oral dosage): Initial 50 mg every twelve hours, increase by 50 mg twice daily at 4 day intervals. The maximum dosage recommended is 300 mg/day. There is also an unlabeled use for flecainide for the treatment of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation which is called "pill in the pocket" dose. This oral dosage is 200 mg in patients that weigh less than 70 kg and 300 mg in patients that weigh greater than or equal to 70 kg. The dose cannot be repeated in less than or equal to 24 hours. Patients must be taking an AV nodal-blocking agent (eg, beta blocker, nondihyropyridine calcium channel blocker) prior to initiation of antiarrhythmic. *Metoprolol (Lopressor) that you ask about is classified as a beta-1 selective beta blocker.* Talk to your physician regarding the questions you have about using metoprolol along with flecainide. According to medical references, during flecainide trials, patients that were using beta blockers along with flecainide did not experience an increase in side effects. However, there is a risk of taking a beta blocker with flecainide causing additive inotropic effects. Inotropic effects are defined as affecting the force with which the heart contracts. Jen Marsico, RPh
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Welcome to the United Nations. It's your world.
Department of Economic and Social Affairs
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2nd meeting of the High-level Political Forum on Sustainable Development, 30 Jun 2014 - 9 Jul 2014 New York
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Topic: Energy
Date of completion: 2016-05-01
Click for more information
Action network
This voluntary initiative came from Partnerships for SD (CSD11/WSSD)
Global Bioenergy Partnership (GBEP)
Government of Italy - (Ministry for the Environment, Land and Sea);
Government of Brazil - (Ministry of Foreign Affairs)
Government of Canada - (Natural Resources Canada)
Government of China - (National Development and Reform Commission - NDRC)
Government of France - (Prime Minister's Office; Ministry of Agriculture and Fishery)
Government of Germany - (BMU/ Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety; BMELV/ Federal Ministry for Food, Agriculture and Consumer Protection)
Government of Japan - (Ministry of Foreign Affairs)
Government of Mexico - (Department of Energy)
Government of Netherlands - (Ministry of Housing, Spatial Planning and the Environment)
Government of Russian Federation - (Ministry of Education and Science; Federal Agency on Science and Innovations)
Government of Spain - (Ministry of Industry, Tourism and Trade; Institute for Diversification and Saving of Energy)
Government of Sudan - (Ministry of Environment and Physical Development)
Government of Sweden - (Ministry of Enterprise, Energy and Communications)
Government of United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland - United Kingdom (Department of Environment and Climate Change)
Government of United Republic of Tanzania - (Minister of State, Vice President's Office, Environment)
Government of United States of America - (U.S. Department of State; US Department of Energy; US Department of Agriculture Rural Development)
Major Groups:
European Biomass Industry Association (EUBIA), Brussels, (Belgium)
World Council for Renewable Energy (WCRE), Brussels, (Belgium)
United Nations Foundation (UNF), Washington D.C., (United States of America)
UN System:
United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), Rome (Italy)
United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO), Vienna, (Austria)
United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), Paris, (France)
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United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), New York (United States of America)
Other intergovernmental organizations:
International Energy Agency (IEA), Paris, (France)
Description/achievement of initiative
The purpose of the Global Bioenergy Partnership is to provide a mechanism for Partners to organize, coordinate and implement targeted international research, development, demonstration and commercial activities related to production, delivery, conversion and use of biomass for energy, with a particular focus on developing countries. GBEP also provides a forum for implementing effective policy frameworks, identifying ways and means to support investments, and removing barriers to collaborative project development and implementation.
The Partnership's main objectives are to:
1. Create a global high-level policy dialogue on bioenergy, support national and regional bioenergy policy-making and market development, and facilitate international cooperation.
2. Favour more efficient and sustainable uses of biomass and develop project activities in the bioenergy field.
3. Foster the exchange of information, knowledge skills and technologies by identifying and promote potential areas of bilateral and multilateral collaboration.
4. Facilitate bioenergy integration into energy markets by tackling specific barriers in the supply chain.
5. Act as a cross-cutting initiative, working in synergy with other relevant activities, avoiding duplications.
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text:
A Practical Grammar of the Latin Language
From Wikisource
(Redirected from A practical grammar of the Latin Language with perpetual exercises in speaking and writing for the use of schools, colleges, and private learners)
|A Practical Grammar of the Latin Language (1858)
|Note to contributors: We are striving to mark all long vowels in this work, even though they are not all marked in the book as printed. This includes all vowels before -nf- and -ns-. Thank you for cooperating!
Lesson 2 will be the model for all other lessons. Please style all pages after that one!
An asterisk before a word denotes a neologism or a new meaning attached to an ancient word. Please link the asterisk to the Abbreviations page.
"Atque hōc modō inter empericam et ratiōnālem facultātem (quārum mōrōsa et inauspicāta dīvortia et repudia omnia in hūmānā familiā turbāvēre) conjugium vērum et lēgitimum in perpetuum nōs firmāsse existimāmus"
"Iter autem ..... per experientiae et rērum particulārium silvās perpetuō faciendum est"
Franciscus De Verulamio, Instaur. Magn. Praef.
Note: Much of the information given in Lesson 1 is now known to be inaccurate. We include it for historical purposes only.
- Lesson 8
- Lesson 9
- Lesson 10
- Lesson 11
- Lesson 12
- Lesson 13
- Lesson 14
- Lesson 15
- Lesson 16
- Lesson 17
- Lesson 18
- Lesson 19
- Lesson 20
This work was published before January 1, 1923, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.


text:
Jazz Fest Poster 2013
HEART SONG: A Portrait of Aaron Neville
By James Michalopoulos
In 1960, a teenager named Aaron Neville with the voice of an angel joined brother Art in the family music business. Art had a 1954 hit with the Hawketts classic, Mardi Gras Mambo. Aarons solo career began promisingly with Allen Toussaints (Jazz Fest 2009 by Michalopoulos) "Over You," rising to #21 on the national R&B charts. Despite this early success, Aaron was working as a longshoreman when Hawkett George Davis came calling in 1965 with a song he co-wrote, "Tell It Like It Is." Getting no takers for the recording from any big label, Davis started Par-lo Records and pressed 2,000 copies of it in late 1966. Aarons vocalization went on to own #1 on the R & B chart for a month, #2 on Billboard's Hot 100 for 14 weeks and is #391 on Rolling Stones 500 Greatest Songs. The docks would have to make do without Aaron who earned more gold in 1989 for Dont Know Much, (#2 on the Pop charts) and 1991 with Everybody Plays the Fool, a top-10 Pop hit.
Beyond his still sought-out early work, Aaron lent his transcendent voice to recordings by The Wild Tchoupitoulas (led by uncle George Big Chief Jolly Landry), The Neville Brothers (Jazz Fest 1997 by Pavy), Linda Ronstadt and Trisha Yearwood, among others. His collaborations have garnered four Grammys, two with Linda Ronstadt (with a double-platinum album), one with Trisha Yearwood and one with The Neville Brothers. His mastery ranges gracefully across jazz, R&B, pop, rock, blues, funk, soul, country, gospel and urban styles. The simple purity of his voice led to his being named Best Male Singer two years running in Rolling Stones critics poll.
Aaron Nevilles modulating vibrato tenor falsetto is the greatest instrument born in New Orleans. And he keeps it finely polished, as evidenced by the just-released My True Story, his Blue Note album debut produced by Keith Richards and Don Was. NPRs All Things Considered named it one of the most anticipated releases of 2013. All the angels sing when Aaron opens his heart.
James Michalopoulos deeply felt portrait distills Aarons twin inspirations: New Orleans and spirituality. The city is fully captured by the artists distinguished minimalist architectural elements, a wrought iron fence and gas lampposts. Ethereal doves embody spirits set aflutter by an angelic voice. Trees bow in natures embrace, and of course, a yellow moon tops the harmoniously lighted dusk scene. Michalopoulos has created five definitive contributions to this, the worlds most collected poster series (1998, 2001, 2003, 2006 & 2009) including three of its most valuable. Michalopoulos is a celebrated representational New Orleans artist best known for his spiritually imbued architectural renderings. His vivid pigmentation is fully realized in this silkscreen printing, which applies each color individually to museum standard papers. Michalopoulos exhibits extensively in the art capitals of Europe and the United States. He maintains studios and galleries in Burgundy France and New Orleans.
10,000 Numbered prints on archival paper, 19 x 35
2,500 Artist-signed & numbered prints on 100% rag paper, 20 x 37"
750 Artist signed and pencil remarqued, signed by Aaron Neville & numbered Remarque prints on 100% rag paper, 21 x 39
300 Artist-overpainted and signed, signed by Aaron Neville & numbered C-Marque canvas screen prints, suitable for stretching, 24 x 40
Poster and specifications may vary slightly.Poster originally sold for $69 unsigned, $235 signed, $595 remarque, $895 c-marque
Image ©2013 New Orleans Jazz & Heritage Foundation, Inc. Text ©2013 ProCreations Publishing Company
Subtotal: $0.00
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Every day!!!! 5 years ago
10 years after introducing 43 Things to the world, we have decided we have met our last goal: completing the incredible experience that has been 43 Things. Please join us in giving one last cheer to all the folks who have shared their goals with the world, as well as all the people who have worked at The Robot Co-op to build this incredible website. We won a Webby Award, published a book, and brought happiness to a lot of people.
Starting today, 43 Things users can export their goals and entries from the site. Starting August 15, we will make the site "read only". 43 Things users will still be able to view the site and export their content, but we won't be taking any new content from users. We hope to leave the site up for folks to see and download their content until the end of the year. Ending on New Year's Eve takes us full circle.
It has been a long ride (one of our original goals was to "build a company that lasts at least 2 years" - we beat that one!) While we wish the site could live on, it has suffered from a number of challenges - changes in how people use the site, the advertising industry, and how search engines view the site. We wish the outcome was different – but we've always been realistic about when our goals are met and when they aren't.
As of today, you will be able to download your goals and entries. See more about that on the FAQ page. Thanks for 10 great years of goal-setting and achieving.
- The Robots.
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Every day!!!! 5 years ago
Max: 14! Although I just hurt my hand and probably can't do any pushups for a couple days, beh. 5 years ago
Current max: 11. I could have done more today, strengthwise, but I started feeling faint so I stopped there. It was more than the recommended minumum in the hundred Pushups program anyway. 5 years ago
Since I managed to do 10, I pretty much fell off the tarck and stopped exercising for a week. But that always happens, and I know better now than be all disouraged and stop doing this altogether. I practiced again yesterday, and will do so tomorrow. 20 pushups here I come… 5 years ago
I did ten, now it's time to aim for 20! I want to keep the goals small so that I'll feel accomplished often enough. Still following the program at http://hundredpushups.com/.
Oh, and I'm aiming at 20 CONSECUTIVE pushups, without resting in the middle, not just 20 in one workout session. (That I can already do.) 5 years ago
I went from not being able to do one, to cranking out 55.
The key is to do absolutely as many as you can in as perfect form as you can manage all at once. "Girl", or modified, pushups from the knees may be necessary to build up a bit of strength at first. Do as many as you can all in a row until you fail. Do this every day, or twice a day for a week. Then switch to regular pushups. If you can only do one, then do one, and make it good. Take a short break. Do another, and keep doing this until you absolutely cannot do another, and you fall on the floor.
If you do this every day or every other day, you will soon gain enough strength to do 20. Sometimes is helps a lot to do pushups after warming up (running, preferably) and stretching- they'll be much easier and you will be able to do more because there will be blood, and thus oxygen, flowing to your muscles.
When I trained with a climbing team for about 6 weeks, we met 3 days a week and after warming up and stretching, we would do a pushup ladder going 1-2-3-4-5-6-7-6-5-4-3-2-1, so 49 total, with rest in between (rest = 1 second per # pushups previously completed, ie- after the set of 5 pushups, 5 seconds rest). At first I had to do all modified pushups, and could hardly complete it, but by the end I could do all of them regular with the rest of the kids.
All it takes is some motivation. Remember to do each set until complete failure. Keep doing pushups at a good pace until you literally fall on the floor (hopefully on a soft one, or a mat).
Sorry for the essay, hope this helps! Now I have to go get back into pushup shape myself… I can only do about 15 :/ 5 years ago
it took be hardly a month to complete 20 push ups at a stretch… woww… now am concentrating on pull ups.. 5 years ago
Going to break it into sets. So far I've done two sets of ten and a third set of six. I want to get to sets of twenty. 5 years ago
sucking at this one. I've only added one more pushup in 5 days. I'm up to 12, only 8 additional to go. 5 years ago
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You want to look great but have trouble finding a medical aesthetic clinic that you can get to easily, without fighting traffic and stressing out about missing an appointment. If you live in Ajax, a beautiful, vibrant complexion, slimmer body and total spa experience is just minutes away!
15 Westney Road North Unit 1C
Ajax, Ontario
Skin Vitality Ajax is located in Westney Heights Plaza on the North East corner of Westney Road North and Kingston Road West (highway 2), just north of the 401.
Skin Vitality Ajax is one of our largest facilities. Featuring the top quality medical aesthetic treatments that have made Skin Vitality a leading clinic in Canada, the Ajax location also houses a complete spa with a full range of procedures that complement our mandate: to make you Look up to 10 Years Younger!
Visit our Ajax location for a 20 minute procedure that will instantly smooth away your wrinkles or experience a full day of luxury as you are pampered and cared for by our expert medical aestheticians, massage therapists, and stylists who will chase away your stresses and transform you into the beautiful person you truly are.
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You'll walk out of our Ajax clinic looking fantastic and feeling great about yourself!
Contact Skin Vitality in Ajax at 1 (877) 356-7776 or (905) 619-2639.
Ajax – Skin Vitality Medical Clinic
With Lake Ontario at its doorstep, five massive golf courses, and a number of shopping hubs, there's always something to do in Ajax. The town, founded in 1941, is located east of Toronto and is home to close to 100,000 residents. It experienced rapid growth in the 1980s onward.
Although considered part of the Greater Toronto Area, its popularity as a "town" will ensure that it becomes a city all on its own!
Did you know that Ajax is named after the first major British naval victory of WWII? The HMS Ajax was part of a flotilla of ships that successfully overpowered the German battleship Admiral Graf Spee.
A tribute to the town's origins is expressed in their motto: BORN IN CONFLICT · SETTLED IN PEACE.
Find a Clinic
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We're so confident you'll like our servicesthat for a limited time we're offering newclients a free or discounted treatment!Click a deal below for details:


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Mac OSX
iPhone / iPad
BlackBerry10 / PlayBook
Orbs Match
Orbs Match is a fun and very addictive game for match-3 lovers!, playing it is very easy: just move the orbs to make matches of 3 or more before the orbs overflow or time runs out.
Mac Screenshots
iPhone Screenshots
Need support ?, want to give feedback ?, we love to hear from you.
Check more games..
© BovioSoft 2010


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Who Did the Seating at Mark Fast? Sarah Brown Squeezed Out
Did no one recognize the prime minister's wife?
Skip to content, or skip to search.
Skip to content, or skip to search.
Did no one recognize the prime minister's wife?
Mark Fast showed downright plump models — and they looked tremendously chic.
Also, Henry Holland loves Mary-Kate Olsen's style.
But we were distracted by the catty front rows.
See the latest runway slideshows from London Fashion Week.
They were model hunting, and sadly disappointed.
Zac Posen, Thakoon, and Halston all showed off fur footwear.
This season's runways proved that a grown-up girl could use some sparkle and still look divine.
It's okay to get a little sentimental every now and then.
These are just a few items you'll see in our details slideshows.
Also, Anna and Carine will attend.
New and veteran girls alike walked the runways this week. But Jac's pristine look helped her nab the top spot.
And that makes one of us.
"I haven't seen so many scary-looking girls this time."
This is at once genius and ridiculous.
"When the going gets tough the chic get classier."
See the latest runway, backstage, details, and party slideshows from New York Fashion Week.
Looks like we've got a serious star on our hands.
The audience was not happy.
Brooke's eyebrows have already secured her legacy.


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Tax Lawyers and Law Firms in Mason, MI
Tax Lawyers
Kronzek & Cronkright, PLLC
Michigan Criminal Defense, Family Law and Chilren's Protective Services defense(517) 886-1000 or 800 576-6035
Kronzek and Cronkright PLLC is a trial law firm based in Michigan. Attorneys in the firm's criminal defense division are aggressive in defending their clients against misdemeanors, felonies and juvenile cases throughout the state of Michigan. The lawyers have nearly a century of...
Law Firm's Overview Free ConsultationCredit Cards
National Law Firm in Chicago, Dallas, Detroit, Los Angeles & Washington, D.C.517.374.9100
Midwest based Dykema Gossett PLLC is one of the country's most respected law firms. Since inception, their mission has been to provide the best possible legal advice and service to their clients. They offer experience and expertise in a broad range of areas including corporate law,...
Law Firm's Overview
Miller Canfield
Full-Service Global Law Firm(517) 487-2070
Founded in 1852 in the United States, Miller Canfield was the first in Michigan to expand internationally by opening offices in Canada, Mexico, Poland and China. With a global presence and clients and connections around the world, we are where you are--and need to be to help you...
Law Firm's Overview
Advocatus Law Firm, PLCEast Lansing, MI - Law Firm near Mason
Taxation and Business Organization & Transactions(734) 358-2113
Bert Carrier & Associates, PLLCLansing, MI - Law Firm near Mason
Tax, Bankruptcy, Real Estate, Business, DUI/DWI5175292600
We are honest attorneys with affordable fees who are committed to providing exceptional and responsive legal services. We understand that many people avoid seeking legal representation due to a general lack of trust in lawyers or a worry that attorneys charge too much. We are not pleased with the...
Fahey Schultz Burzych Rhodes PLCOkemos, MI - Law Firm near Mason
Michigan Municipal, Franchise and Public Utilities Law Firm(517) 381-0100
Fahey Schultz Burzych Rhodes PLC, a Lansing, Michigan based law firm, was founded in 2008 by four lawyers who shared a common vision of how a firm could best serve its clients. We are attorneys committed to a 21st Century approach to legal services in serving municipalities, franchised businesses,...
Foster, Swift, Collins & Smith, P.C.Lansing, MI - Law Firm near Mason5173718100
Fraser Trebilcock Davis & Dunlap, P.C.Lansing, MI - Law Firm near Mason517-377-0865
Miller, Canfield, Paddock and Stone, P.L.C.Lansing, MI - Law Firm near Mason(517) 487-2070


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