text:
Inez Beverly Prosser
Inez Beverly Prosser, teacher and school administrator, was the first African-American female to receive a Ph.D in psychology. Inez Beverly Prosser was born to Samuel Andrew and Veola Hamilton Beverly in San Marcos, Texas on December 30, 1895. Her mother was a homemaker and her father was a waiter. Prosser was the eldest daughter and second eldest of eleven. The family moved between several cities early in Prosser's life, most likely because of the lack of educational opportunity for Blacks in rural Texas during the 1900s. Eventually they relocated to a small town called Yoakum, Texas. To contribute to the household, Prosser started a college fund to support her younger siblings' education. Of the eleven children, all graduated from high school and six went on to earn college degrees (Warren, 1999, 12). Not much is known of her life before college, however her education track record provides insight as to what type of student Prosser was. For Prosser, who always had her mind set on college the opportunity came when her brother decided that he wanted to get married instead of continuing his education. This soon to be two-time valedictorian did not let her parents down. She graduated  ( Wikipedia article )
Personal facts
- Date of birth
- 1895-12-30
- Place of birth
- San Marcos
|Prairie View A&M University
|University of Colorado at Boulder
|University of Cincinnati
- Date of death
- 1934


text:
The Alabama Department of Transportation is planning for the worst but hoping for the best as they wait for congress to find a solution to the shrinking Federal Highway Trust Fund. The fund helps states to pay for transportation projects and is expected to reach dangerous levels in August if congress doesn't take action.
In Alabama, that means the state will have to foot the bill for construction of bridges and highways as well as for repairs and expansions. With not enough money, drivers could see delays in roadwork and in their commutes.
President Barack Obama announced a new program today to help fund transportation projects. The president said the new program will help public and private sectors come up with money for construction.
That won't be enough.
At the beginning of the fiscal year, the Federal Highway Trust Fund had 11.3 billion dollars. Right now the trust fund has less than 6.5 billion dollars, almost a 5.4 billion decrease.
It sounds like a lot of money, but the fund still has to reimburse all 50 states for thousands of projects such as ALDOT's project called 158 extension.
ALDOT has been waiting four years to continue work on a project called the 158 extension. It's an unfinished highway meant to relieve congestion on highway 98, a road known for it's high traffic deaths.
Currently the 158 extension is a four lane facility that has been a dead end for years.
Part of the problem is planning, the other part is funding. Engineers at ALDOT hope to have the plan approved by the beginning of next year, but without funding, they can't go any farther.
The Federal Highway Trust Fund reimburses the state for 80 percent of qualifying projects such as the 158 extension. If, come August 1st, congress doesn't act, the fund can only reimburse states for a smaller percent.
Tony Harris, the Bureau Chief of ALDOT in Montgomery says the state can only foot the bill for so long.
"Initially and at least for a short period of time, we can continue to manage our ongoing projects in the face of prorated funds," Harris said.
If congress delays too long, though, the state will run out of transportation funding and cease dozens of construction projects.
"In the fall we may see it necessary to slow down or even stop awarding new projects if there's not some corrective action in Washington," Harris said.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Robin Williams, Whoopi Goldberg, William Shatner and Blake Shelton, are among those joining Kelly Clarkson for her upcoming holiday special Kelly Clarkson's Cautionary Christmas Music Tale, NBC announced Wednesday.
Clarkson's special will...read more
In this second round of the Iron Chef America Tournament of Champions, Iron Chef Geoffrey Zakarian battles Iron Chef Michael Symon. The judges for this battle are Ree Drummond, Aaron Sanchez and Trisha Yearwood. watch
Geoffrey Zakarian battles Michael Symon in the Tournament of Champions. watch
Her search takes Trisha to England, where she finds an ancestor's history
Garth Brooks opens up to Larry King about his family life and "bonus mom" Trisha Yearwood.
Brothers Osborne talk about getting wardrobe assistance for the CMA Awards.
He explains how it feels to win and what it took to get here.
More Clips & Interviews
In Nashville, there are 10,000 singer-songwriters chasing success... with one chance in a million of getting it. For Miranda "no relation to Elvis" Presley (Samantha Mathis), that's one chance worth taking. Fresh from New York City, Miranda befriends three fellow hopefuls: shy Connecticut cowboy Kyle Davidson (Dermot Mulroney); Southern belle Linda Lue Linden (Sandra Bullock); and James Wright (River Phoenix), a cocky Texan with brooding good looks and a honeyed voice. Together they begin a rocky ride down Music City's well-worn highway, finding hope, heartbreak, happiness... and The Thing Called Love. Acclaimed director Peter Bogdanovich (The Last Picture Show, Paper Moon) presents a dynamic, music-filled film that features Phoenix in one of his final roles (and his only singing one), as well as a showy part for Bullock, who would rocket to stardom the following year in Speed.
Four young people hoping to catch a break in the country music scene arrive in Nashville to live out the dream - love, heartbreak and success are in the wings. With Sandra Bullock, final film for River Phoenix.
In Nashville, there are 10,000 singer-songwriters chasing success... with one chance in a million of getting it. For Miranda "no relation to Elvis" Presley (Samantha Mathis), that's one chance worth taking.
More Trisha Yearwood Movies Videos
Trisha Yearwood and her sister, Beth, prepare their Christmas Eve dinner.
Not everyone is celebrating country music's biggest night.
Also Available On ABC, iTunes, Xfinity, Amazon Instant Video and VUDU
Giancarlo Stanton Agrees to Record-Setting MLB Deal; Serial Killer Charles Manson Issued Marriage License
Trisha is hosting her family for Thanksgiving this year.
More Trisha Yearwood On TV Videos
More Credits (151)
Eight of Hollywood's biggest celebs are delving into their family history to find out where they came from on TLC's Who Do You Think You Are?
Originally broadcast on NBC, Who Do You Think You Are? has been given new life by TLC with eight new episodes. Each hour, a different celebrity takes a globe-spanning journey to uncover mysteries about his or her ancestry.
Check out must-see summer shows
Blake Shelton hosted an emotional Healing in the Heartland: Relief Benefit Concert Wednesday in Oklahoma City to benefit United Way's recovery efforts in tornado-ravaged Oklahoma.
Trisha Yearwood may have been introducing Kelly Clarkson at Sunday's Academy of Country Music Awards, but it was Yearwood's svelte figure that drew a lot of...
read more
Andrew Gold the singer-songwriter behind The Golden Girls theme song "Thank You for Being a Friend," has died. He was 59.
Gold died in his sleep Friday from an heart attack, his sister, Melani Gold Friedman, told the Los Angeles Times. She said he had been responding well to...
read more
"Scorecards here! Get your American Idol scorecards here!" Now that all — OK, most — of the screamers and howlers have been shown the door, Season 5 of Fox's ratings-magnet reality competition is all set to really begin. As you settle in front of the tube for the first two nights, print out this page and keep it handy for the skinny on who's who among the 24 semifinalists.
The male singers scheduled to perform tonight at 8 pm are: BOBBY BENNETT (19, Denver, Colo.) has been singing since the age of 7. He dreams of becoming a performer so he can make people forget about their troubles for a little while. Before making the Final 24, Bobby worked at Target. KEVIN COVAIS (16, Levittown, N.Y.), a junior at Isla
read more
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text:
- - by
- Eliot Glazer
Ikea Floor Map Designed to Confuse Customers
- topic:
- Art / Design
- Marketing
Furniture behemoth Ikea purposely designs their stores to make customers feel like they're caught in a maze, according to The Daily Mail. Even if you're just trying to find a duvet cover before getting the F out, the layout tricks you into buying "impulse purchases," like cheap mugs or that cute bathmat with the half-moons on it.
Neatorama points us to an aerial map of the store that proves, indeed, that Ikea is essentially a maze in which the customers are the mice. The "distinctive labyrinth" is, of course, a hugely successful franchise, with 283 stores in almost thirty countries.
Now check out the sophisticated layout that's worked even better for fast food giant McDonald's.
- link:// Daily Mail
- via:// Neatorama
hot on the web
By Kelly Reeves
Interesting. I love how there is no pausing or buying in the kids area. I know I always just wanna get the eff out of that section.
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text:
On the Street: Color Combo Spotting
Color rules my world at theaccesorator.com, and I look for new combinations every day. Fresh, funny, unique, or quirky, these compositions can be planned by design or happen completely by accident. Wherever one appears, it can offer new ways to experience the world of color and to rethink palettes. I'm sure you'll see things that I missed. And if you do, please share them with us in the comments!
By Judi Roaman, theaccessorator.com
Paul Smith Store
English designer extraordinaire Paul Smith creates the most thrilling, unusual, and unexpected stripe combinations, which are true eye candy! This chic wallpaper with an enormous repeat is perfect at the entrance to Smith's Paris men's store.


text:
RegExr v2: Build, Test, & Lear…
A Meandering Path to an Evolvi…Quick as a FlashThings Every ActionScript Deve…Making Money with Adobe AIRUsing Flash for 3D Game MMO UIUtilizing Flash for Game UI De…Why I (Still) Love FlashMy Favourite Things
Posted on November 3, 2008 by Grant Skinner
Keeping with our yearly tradition of squash mutilation here at gskinner.com, I'm happy to present this year's Great Pumpkin Showdown.
We broke into teams of two, based on seniority, and hacked the crap out of a bunch of defenseless pumpkins while drinking beer, eating pizza, and gorging on candy. Also keeping with tradition, we made the most recent hires build out the pumpkin voting team.
This is our largest batch of jack'o'lanterns to date (five), and definitely our best voting app. Nice work freshmen!
Player 10 is required to view the app below.
We appreciate your votes, and any comments you care to leave about the pumpkins or the app.
If you'd like to check out past years, you can see them here: 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007
Follow @gskinner on Twitter for more news and views on interactive media.
5 Comments
Happy Obama Day!
Posted by: greg on Nov 4, 2008 5:51am
Nice pumpkins! How are you guys rendering that text in 3D so well?
Posted by: Rob on Nov 4, 2008 10:04am URL: http://www.calypso88.com
Very artsy!! I like the corporate one best! Who built it?
Posted by: jskinner on Nov 4, 2008 5:37pm
The 3D is rendered with the Flash 10 API it looks like. And so the text looking as well as it does must be the result of the new text rendering engine on top of the 3D API. Fonts look amazing with the new text engine.
Posted by: Dustin Sparks - Pixelmixe… on Nov 4, 2008 6:56pm URL: http://djsparks.iweb.bsu.edu/portfolio
@ Dustin;
Posted by: Maurice Leier on Nov 7, 2008 4:22pm URL: http://www.gskinner.com


text:
Clean Air Act Issues in the 106th Congress
James E. McCarthy
Resources, Science, and Industry Division
Congress last enacted major amendments to the Clean Air Act in 1990,
and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is in the midst of implementing numerous
provisions of those amendments. Recent efforts include development of tighter emission
standards for vehicles and fuels, promulgation of programs to control regional haze and
ozone transport, implementation of controls on sources of 188 air toxics, implementation
of Phase 2 of the acid precipitation program, and review of state implementation plans for
attaining ozone air quality standards. EPA decisions regarding implementation of these and
other programs mandated by the Clean Air Act will provide opportunities for oversight in
the remaining days of the 106th Congress.
On the legislative front, bills to diminish the use of MTBE, a
gasoline additive, are at the top of the clean air agenda. MTBE is used to meet Clean Air
Act requirements that gasoline sold in the nation's worst ozone nonattainment areas
contain at least 2% oxygen. The additive makes gasoline burn more cleanly, but it has been
implicated in numerous incidents of ground water contamination. Markup of legislation to
restrict MTBE use or to waive the oxygen requirement is likely in both House and Senate
committees, although the prospects for passage by the full House and Senate remain
clouded. Of particular concern are the potential impacts of any such legislation on the
use of other oxygenates, principally ethanol. Ethanol is made largely from corn; a
sizeable group of Governors, Members and Senators from agricultural states is concerned
that changes in the Act not adversely affect ethanol's use.
The Clean Air Act and its 1990 amendments appear to have contributed
to a marked improvement in air quality nationwide. Of nearly 100 metropolitan areas not
meeting air quality standards for ozone in 1990 more than half now do so. Even greater
progress has been achieved with carbon monoxide: 36 of 42 areas not in attainment in 1990
now meet the standard. Nevertheless, EPA remains concerned about air pollution. In 1997,
the Agency promulgated major revisions to its air quality standards for ozone and
particulates, an action that would require most states and urban areas to establish
additional controls on a wide range of pollution sources. The revised standards were
challenged by numerous parties and the courts have remanded the standards to EPA.
Implementation is currently in limbo, pending resolution of appeals.
Other issues that could be the subject of legislation or oversight
include how and whether to control long-distance ozone transport, including the
desirability of additional regulation for sources of nitrogen oxides such as electric
utilities, and whether plans for new highways must conform to emission budgets under the
Clean Air Act. A Senate subcommittee has also begun hearings concerning reauthorization of
the Act. These hearings are expected to continue this year.
The current Congress has already taken action on one Clean Air Act
issue. On August 5, 1999, the President signed S. 880 (P.L. 106-40), a
bill that modified the Act's risk management planning requirement for facilities that
handle extremely hazardous substances.
Note: This Issue Brief does not discuss the
"greenhouse effect" or issues related to global climate change. For a discussion
of those issues, see CRS Issue Brief IB89005, Global Climate
Change, updated regularly.
House and Senate committees have begun work on
amendments to the Clean Air Act. On February 2, 2000, the Senate Environment and Public
Works Committee reported an amended version of S. 1053. The bill would
ease Clean Air Act restrictions on the funding of highway projects that do not conform
with plans for achieving air quality standards. On September 30, 1999, the House Commerce
Subcommittee on Health and Environment approved an amended version of H.R. 11, a bill to exempt
California reformulated gasoline from federal requirements that it contain at least 2%
oxygen. The oxygenate requirement has led most refiners to use an additive called MTBE,
which has contaminated ground and surface waters in California and other states.
In court, EPA continues to battle for authority to
implement new
air quality standards. On October 29, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of
Columbia Circuit denied EPA's request for a rehearing on its decision in American
Trucking Associations v. EPA. The denial left standing a May 1999 decision that
remanded the Agency's new air quality standards for ozone and particulates. EPA appealed
the decision to the Supreme Court on January 28.
Several important regulatory decisions have been
made recently.
On December 21, the President announced new so-called "Tier 2" standards for
auto and light truck emissions and for sulfur in gasoline. On December 17, EPA took action
under Section 126 of the Clean Air Act, approving petitions from four Northeast states to
control the transport of nitrogen oxides from 392 stationary sources in 12 states and the
District of Columbia. This action achieves some of the results that would have come from
the Agency's Ozone Transport Rule, which has been stayed pending resolution of a court
The Clean Air Act requires the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
to establish minimum national standards for air quality, and assigns primary
responsibility to the states to assure compliance. Areas not meeting the standards,
referred to as nonattainment areas, are required to implement specified air pollution
control measures. The Act establishes federal standards for autos and other mobile sources
of air pollution, for sources of 188 hazardous air pollutants, and for the emissions that
cause acid rain. It establishes a comprehensive state-run permit system for all major
sources of air pollution. It also addresses the prevention of pollution in areas with
clean air, as well as protection of the stratospheric ozone layer.
The last comprehensive amendments to the Act, enacted November 15,
101-549), included the program to control acid rain, new standards for emissions of
hazardous air pollutants, new requirements for motor vehicles and fuels, and stringent new
requirements for nonattainment areas.
Many of these provisions (notably the acid rain and air toxics
provisions, and some of the requirements for autos and fuels) were strenuously debated,
but most have not been subject to controversy since enactment. The new provisions on acid
rain, air toxics, cleaner-burning gasoline, and automobiles have generally been
implemented on schedule, in many cases at less cost than anticipated. There have also been
noticeable improvements in air quality in recent years: of 98 metropolitan areas not
attaining the 1-hour ozone standard in 1990, more than half now do so. Even greater
progress has been achieved with carbon monoxide: 36 of the 42 areas not in attainment in
1990 now meet the standard. Nevertheless, major controversies remain concerning
implementation of the Act.
Issues in the 106th Congress
Implementation of the National Ambient Air Quality Standards
On May 14, 1999, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit, in
a case filed by the American Trucking Associations and 37 other plaintiffs, overturned
National Ambient Air Quality Standards for ozone and particulates promulgated by the
Environmental Protection Agency in 1997. EPA's request for a rehearing was denied October
29, and the Agency appealed the decision to the Supreme Court on January 28.
Under the Clean Air Act, EPA sets national standards for ambient
(outdoor) air quality, and is directed to review the standards every 5 years. On July 18,
1997, the Agency completed its review of 2 of the 6 standards, promulgating a new standard
for fine particulates (referred to as PM2.5) and revised standards for ozone
and coarse particles (PM10). (For background on the standards, see CRS Report
97-8, Air Quality: EPA's
Proposed New Ozone and Particulate Matter Standards.)
The net impact of the promulgated standards would be increased
stringency. Analyses by interested parties have indicated that many areas now considered
to be in compliance with the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) for ozone and
particulates would not meet the new standards. EPA has been reluctant to project the
number of counties likely to be in nonattainment, since the actual determinations for
ozone would be made using monitoring data for 1997-1999 or later periods which have not
yet been compiled; in the case of PM2.5, a monitoring network will not be
complete until this year (2000), so lists of nonattainment counties are even more
tentative. Nevertheless, for PM2.5, the Agency has estimated that about 150
U.S. counties would not have met the standard in 1997, versus 41 under the current
requirement. For ozone, the number of counties out of attainment under the new standard
has been estimated to nearly triple, from 106 to about 300.
Such an increase in the number of nonattainment areas would have
broad implications for the states, affected industries, economic sectors such as
agriculture and transportation, and individuals. As a result, Congress has remained
interested in the standards and decisions regarding their implementation. Industry and
business interests, led by the National Association of Manufacturers and the American
Petroleum Institute, had urged that the ozone and PM standards not be tightened, claiming
excessive costs, lack of significant demonstrable benefits, loss of competitiveness, and
technical infeasibility. Since promulgation of the standards, at least 38 groups have sued
EPA to overturn them. At the same time, health and environmental stakeholders either have
supported the new standards or have proposed tightening them further, while state
reactions have been divided.
As noted, on May 14, 1999, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C.
Circuit remanded both the ozone and particulate standards (American Trucking
Associations v. Environmental Protection Agency). In a split decision (2-1),
the court ruled that EPA had unconstitutionally usurped legislative powers. In Sections
108 and 109 of the Clean Air Act, Congress directed EPA to establish ambient air quality
standards necessary to protect public health with an adequate margin of safety. But the
court found that EPA exercised legislative discretion in actually setting the ozone and PM
standards, since it was not clear from the statute or from EPA's interpretation of it
where the standard should be set. "Although the factors EPA uses in determining the
degree of public health concern associated with different levels of ozone and PM are
reasonable, EPA appears to have articulated no 'intelligible principle' to channel its
application of these factors; nor is one apparent from the statute," according to the
The court also considered several other issues -- rejecting five
arguments the plaintiffs made regarding both standards, but finding in favor of the
plaintiffs on various issues specific to one or the other standard. Regarding ozone, the
court ruled that the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments preclude EPA from enforcing a revised
ozone standard as a result of language in Section 181(a) that requires all nonattainment
areas to be classified on the basis of the old 1-hour ozone standard. The court also held
that the Agency erred in not considering possible benefits of ground-level ozone in its
analysis of the health effects of the pollutant. Regarding particulates, the court
concluded that EPA's choice of PM10 as the indicator for coarse particles was
arbitrary and capricious. The court concluded that there was "ample support" for
the Agency's decision to regulate coarse particles, but argued that the Agency needed to
choose an indicator such as PM10-2.5 (particles smaller than 10 microns but
larger than 2.5) rather than PM10 (all particles smaller than 10 microns,
including fine particles) in its regulations aimed to control the coarse fraction.
The 105th Congress conducted a number of oversight
hearings on standards-related issues, and enacted legislation (P.L. 105-178,
Title VI) to address some of the concerns raised. The legislation codified EPA's announced
implementation schedule, giving the Agency until July 2000 to designate ozone
nonattainment areas and December 2005 to designate PM2.5 areas (the schedule
was longer than that mandated under the Clean Air Act, and some had feared that EPA would
be forced by court challenges to implement a speedier schedule). Beyond concerns over
implementation, many in Congress remain concerned that the ozone standard is too strict
and will not achieve improvements in public health commensurate with its cost. Many have
also questioned the fine particle standard -- particularly whether the Agency had
sufficient information to determine the appropriate level of the standard, and whether the
observed health effects noted in the underlying research were caused by fine particles of
all kinds or by some specific subset. The court's decision did not support many of the
specific concerns raised, but its effect is likely to be a delay in implementation of the
standards. How long will depend on the results of further appeals.
After reviewing the court's decision, EPA Administrator Browner
categorized it as "extreme, illogical, and bizarre." Since numerous
environmental statutes give discretion to the Administrator similar to that termed
unconstitutional in this decision, the decision -- if left unchallenged -- could reshape
dramatically EPA's authority to promulgate regulations. Acting on EPA's behalf, the
Justice Department requested a rehearing by the full (en banc) Court of Appeals, but the
court rejected the request October 29. An appeal to the Supreme Court was filed on January
28. (For a further discussion of the court's ruling, see CRS Report RS20228, The D.C. Circuit Remands the
Ozone and Particulate Matter Clean-Air
Standards: American Trucking Associations v. EPA, June 10, 1999.)
Although legislation on the standards may be introduced, Congress is
likely to function as an interested observer until the appeals process runs its course.
Nevertheless, the case raises important issues regarding congressional delegation of
authority that Members may wish to address at some point in the future.
Mobile Sources and Fuels
Two issues related to automobiles and their fuels have attracted
congressional interest in the 106th Congress: the continued use of methyl
tertiary-butyl ether (MTBE) as an additive in cleaner burning gasoline, and the sulfur
content of fuels.
MTBE and Reformulated Gasoline. The Clean Air Act
Amendments of 1990 required numerous areas with poor air quality to add chemicals called
"oxygenates" to gasoline as a means of improving combustion and, thus, reducing
emissions. The most commonly used of these oxygenates is MTBE. A little more than 30% of
the gasoline sold in the United States contains oxygenates, and of this, 76% contained
MTBE in 1997.
State and local environmental agencies and EPA attribute marked
improvements in air quality to the use of oxygenated and reformulated gasoline (RFG). The
improvements in measured air quality have not come without controversy, however. In Alaska
and Wisconsin, residents complained of a wide array of effects, including headaches,
dizziness, nausea, sore eyes, and respiratory irritation, from exposure to gasoline/MTBE
exhaust, before refiners switched to alternative gasoline formulations using ethanol. MTBE
from a number of sources, including leaking underground storage tanks, has also been
linked to contamination of drinking water supplies.
For a variety of reasons, concerns over MTBE have recently focused
on California. California has the most extensive reformulated gasoline requirements in the
country, with state requirements separate and in addition to the federal. In addition, it
has experienced the most significant contamination of drinking water by MTBE. The
incidents of drinking water contamination led the state legislature in October 1997 to
enact legislation to require state standards for MTBE in drinking water and to require the
University of California (UC) to conduct a study of the health and environmental effects
of MTBE. The UC report, issued in November 1998, recommended a gradual phase-out of MTBE
use in the state. Based on the report and on subsequent public hearings, on March 25,
1999, Governor Davis of California signed an Executive Order to require a phase-out of
MTBE use in the state by December 31, 2002, and requested a waiver of federal requirements
to use oxygenates in reformulated gasoline. EPA has entered discussions with the state,
but at a May 6 House Commerce subcommittee hearing, the Agency expressed uncertainty
whether it has authority under the circumstances to grant the requested waiver. Without a
waiver, ozone nonattainment areas in the state will be required to substitute another
oxygenate (most likely, ethanol) when the MTBE ban takes effect.
The MTBE issue received additional attention in late July when an
advisory panel reported to EPA Administrator Carol Browner. The Blue-Ribbon Panel on
Oxygenate Use in Gasoline, composed of industry representatives, state and local
officials, environmentalists, academics, and others, recommended that Congress remove the
RFG program's oxygenate requirement and clarify state authority to regulate gasoline
components. Subsequently, on August 4, the Senate adopted by voice vote Senator Boxer's
amendment to the FY2000 Agriculture appropriations bill (S. 1233) expressing the
sense of the Senate that use of MTBE should be phased out.
The principal issue for Congress is whether Clean Air Act provisions
concerning oxygenate use in reformulated gasoline should be waived to allow refiners to
discontinue or lessen their use of MTBE. Legislation to provide a waiver for California
refiners (H.R. 11 / S. 266) has the nearly
unanimous support of that state's congressional delegation. The legislation would remove
the oxygenate requirement for refiners and marketers of RFG provided that the fuel
continues to meet all performance (i.e., emission reduction) standards. The bill would
apply in California only -- not in other states.
The House Commerce Subcommittee on Health and Environment approved H.R. 11, with an
amendment, September 30, 1999. Amendments to phase out the use of MTBE, to apply the
bill's provisions to areas outside California, and to address international trade issues
related to MTBE phase-out were offered and withdrawn during markup, and may need to be
addressed before the bill is considered by the full committee. Separate legislation
allowing additional flexibility in all states (S. 645, S. 1886, and H.R. 3449) has also been
introduced, as have four bills (H.R. 1367, H.R. 1398, H.R. 1705, and S. 1037) that would
phase-out or ban the use of MTBE in gasoline. (For additional discussion of the MTBE
issue, see CRS Report 98-290, MTBE in Gasoline: Clean Air and
Drinking Water Issues.)
While support for waiving the oxygenate requirement seems to be
building among environmental groups, the petroleum industry, and states, a potential
obstacle to enacting legislation lies among agricultural interests. About 6% of the
nation's corn crop is used to produce a competing oxygenate, ethanol. If MTBE use is
reduced or phased out, but the oxygenate requirement remains in effect, ethanol use would
likely soar, increasing demand for corn. Conversely, if the oxygenate requirement is
waived by EPA or by legislation, not only would MTBE use decline, but so, likely, would
demand for ethanol. As a result, Members, Senators, and Governors from corn-growing states
have taken a keen interest in MTBE legislation. Unless their interests are addressed, they
might pose a potent obstacle to its passage.
Sulfur in Gasoline and Tier 2 Emission Standards.
Section 202(i) of the Clean Air Act required EPA, after implementing tighter emission
standards for autos and light trucks in 1994-1996 (so-called Tier 1 standards), to study
the need for further (Tier 2) reductions, the availability of technology to achieve such
reductions, and the cost-effectiveness of such technology. The Agency was required to
submit a report to Congress by June 1, 1997, containing the results of the study, and, if
stricter standards were needed, to make that determination by December 31, 1999. On August
4, 1998, the Agency submitted its report to Congress. In it, the Agency concluded that
further reductions in emissions are needed, that technology exists to make those
reductions, and that the technologies can be applied cost-effectively.
On December 21, 1999, President Clinton announced the promulgation
of new standards under this authority. These standards, the Tier 2 standards, will
regulate autos and light trucks and set new requirements limiting sulfur in gasoline. (The
final standards will appear in the Federal Register at a future date, but are similar to
the standards proposed in the Federal Register May 13. For a discussion of the proposed
standards, see CRS Report RL30298, Air Quality and Motor Vehicles: An Analysis of
Current and Proposed Emission Standards.) The new standards are expected to reduce
emissions 77-95% below Tier 1 standards. They will be phased in over a period of 6 years,
beginning in 2004; at the end of the period, in 2009, sport utility vehicles, vans, and
trucks weighing up to 8,500 pounds will have to meet the same emission standards as cars
for the first time.
The new standards will regulate not only vehicle emissions, but also
the sulfur content of gasoline. Recent studies by a number of sources indicate that the
performance of catalysts in vehicle emission control systems is negatively affected by the
presence of sulfur. Sulfur, a contaminant naturally present in crude oil, competes with
other pollutants for "space" on the active surface of the catalyst, limiting the
catalysts's ability to convert pollutants such as nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons to less
harmful gases. Sulfur also interferes with the operation of oxygen sensors, which are key
elements of the on board diagnostic systems used to determine whether vehicle emission
control systems are functioning properly.
The sulfur content of gasoline in the United States averages about
340 parts per million (ppm). Reducing sulfur content to 30 ppm, as currently required in
California, would cut nitrogen oxide emissions in half in new vehicles, and reduce
hydrocarbon emissions by significant amounts as well, without any change in emission
control technology.
Whether sulfur causes permanent damage to catalysts or its effects
are reversible once the catalyst is exposed to lower sulfur exhaust is a key question on
which differing views have been expressed. The answer depends on a number of factors
including the catalyst design and location, the richness of the fuel mixture, engine
calibration and load, and the amount of sulfur in the fuel. If the damage is permanent,
national year-round reductions in sulfur would appear more desirable. If not, regional and
seasonal controls might achieve the desired effects.
In anticipation of the Tier 2 proposal, a number of parties,
including auto manufacturers and most states, urged EPA to set strict national standards
for fuel sulfur content. Petroleum refiners, supported by 9 Western and Midwestern states,
argued for less stringent and more localized controls. In general, the rule leans toward
the position staked out by the former group, setting a nationwide standard of 30 ppm in
2004, but with additional time provided for small refiners to achieve compliance. It is
similar to requirements that would be set by legislation introduced by Senator Moynihan (S. 171) and Representative
Kildee (H.R. 888).
With the auto industry, environmentalists, and most states largely
pleased with the rule, objections have come mostly from the petroleum industry and from
states where oil is produced and refined. A Senate Environment subcommittee held three
days of hearings on the proposal May 18, May 20, and July 29, and a House Science
subcommittee held a hearing July 21. No legislation has been introduced to scale back the
proposal. (For additional information, see CRS Report RS20163, Sulfur
in Gasoline, updated July 12, 1999.)
Risk Management Plans
One Clean Air Act issue that has been the subject of enacted
legislation in the 106th Congress is the requirement in Section 112(r) of the
Act that operators of stationary sources which produce, process, handle, or store certain
extremely hazardous substances prepare risk management plans. The plans are required for
facilities that possess more than threshold levels of any of 77 acutely toxic substances
or 63 flammable gases; more than 64,000 facilities were believed to be covered by the
requirement when it was promulgated. The plans had to be submitted to EPA by June 21,
1999, and the Act requires that they be made available to the public.
An issue raised by these regulations that generated substantial
numbers of complaints was the inclusion of small businesses that use or store propane
among the regulated entities. Propane users and dealers argued that they were already
governed by standards of the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) and that further
regulation was unnecessary. Furthermore, they believe that propane should not be regulated
because it is not toxic. EPA argued, however, that numerous incidents, including the
second most deadly chemical accident in history, have involved propane explosions.
Flammable and combustible liquids, other than gasoline, were involved in more than 128,000
reported accidental releases from 1987 through 1996, according to federal databases.
Further, according to EPA, NFPA's standards do not cover the full range of requirements
under Section 112(r). EPA has worked with NFPA to coordinate EPA and NFPA standards, and
planned to raise the threshold quantity that would lead to regulation of propane users. In
the meantime, the D.C. Circuit of the U.S. Court of Appeals granted a stay of the rule for
all propane facilities.
Two bills in the 106th Congress addressed these issues. H.R. 1301 (Blunt) would
have prohibited the listing of liquefied petroleum gas (including propane) under the risk
management planning requirements of Section 112(r); S. 880 (Inhofe) exempts
flammable fuels that are not acutely toxic from the risk management planning provision. S. 880 was reported,
amended, by the Environment and Public Works Committee June 9, 1999 (S.Rept. 106-70).
It passed the Senate June 23. The House passed the bill, with amendments, July 21. The
Senate agreed to the House amendments, August 2, and the bill was signed by the President
on August 5.
A second issue affects all reporting facilities. Under Section
112(r), each risk management plan must include a hazard assessment and an evaluation of
worst case accidental releases. EPA had initially planned to make this information
available to the public via the Internet, but the chemical industry and others, including
the Federal Bureau of Investigation, raised concerns that terrorists might use such
information to identify and target facilities. EPA subsequently changed its mind
concerning Internet access and worked with the FBI and other security experts to develop a
system preventing access to sensitive information. Nevertheless, many interested parties,
including the FBI, remained concerned that the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) might be
used to gain access to information that might subsequently be posted on the Internet.
Environmental groups, on the other hand, are concerned that the
public should be aware of potential risks. Given the wide range of information already
publicly available, some argued that affected industries were using security concerns as a
red herring to avoid wider public disclosure of risks, not to keep information from
terrorists. In any event, under current law, EPA would have little recourse but to make at
least a summary of the information available in some form.
To address the security concerns raised by the Section 112(r)
requirements, the Clinton Administration submitted draft legislation to Congress May 7,
1999. In the House, Representative Bliley introduced EPA's bill as H.R. 1790. In the
Senate, the Administration's provisions were attached with minor changes as an amendment
to S. 880 and reported
by the Environment and Public Works Committee June 9. Negotiations ensued among the
committee's leaders, producing a manager's amendment that passed the Senate by unanimous
consent June 23, 1999. A slightly amended version passed the House July 21. As noted
previously, the Senate agreed to the House amendments, August 2, and the bill was signed
by the President (P.L.
106-40) on August 5.
As enacted, the bill establishes a one-year moratorium on public
electronic release of detailed information about worst-case accident scenarios. Qualified
state and local officials, including fire fighters, will have access to the data during
this period, but the general public will not. EPA is to use the moratorium period to
regulate distribution of detailed off-site consequence analysis information in order to
minimize increases in risk of terrorist and criminal activity, the likelihood of
accidental releases, and the likelihood of harm to public health and welfare. In addition,
the bill requires companies that file risk management plans, with some exceptions, to hold
public meetings to discuss their off-site consequence analyses. (For additional
information, see CRS Report RL30228, Accident Prevention Under
the Clean Air Act Section 112(r): Risk Management Planning by Propane Users and Internet
Access to Worst-Case Accident Scenarios.)
Sanctions and "Conformity"
Under the Clean Air Act, there are two provisions that can result in
denial of federal highway funding to local areas: sanctions and a lapse in what is called
"conformity." The sanction authority is found in Sections 179 and 110(m) of the
Act. Under these sections, the EPA Administrator is required to impose highway fund and
other sanctions on areas that have not submitted or not implemented adequate plans to
attain air quality standards. Conformity requirements are found in Section 176. This
section prohibits federal departments and agencies from approving, permitting, or
providing financial support to transportation improvements in areas that have not attained
air quality standards, unless such improvements conform with the State Implementation Plan
for achieving air quality.
Sanctions. If the EPA Administrator determines that
a state has failed to submit an acceptable implementation plan for achieving or
maintaining air quality standards, or has failed to implement the requirements of an
approved plan, a finding is made notifying the state of the deficiency. This starts what
EPA refers to as the "sanctions clock." Sanctions must be imposed 18 months
after the Administrator makes such a determination, but they may not be imposed if the
deficiency has been corrected within the 18-month period. It is not failure to attain air
quality standards that leads to sanctions, but failure to submit an acceptable plan or to
implement the measures identified therein.
In such cases, Section 179 of the Clean Air Act authorizes EPA to
use two types of sanctions: 1) imposing what are called "2:1 offsets" on new or
modified sources of emissions; and 2) withholding certain federal highway funds. Under
regulations issued pursuant to Section 179, the Administrator first imposes the offset
sanction. If the deficiency has not been corrected within 6 months, both sanctions are
When highway fund sanctions are imposed, not all funding is
affected. Projects are exempt from sanctions when the Department of Transportation
determines -- based on accident or other appropriate data -- that the principal purpose is
an improvement in safety. In addition, despite sanctions, DOT may approve several types of
projects geared toward the improvement of air quality, including transit projects, HOV
lanes, breakdown lanes, projects to improve traffic flow, and park-and-ride lots.
The threat of sanctions is a powerful tool; but, perhaps because the
threat is powerful, the imposition of sanctions is a rare event. EPA has formally notified
the states of its intent to use this tool 858 times since 1990. Actual imposition of
sanctions, which cannot occur until 18 months after formal notification, has occurred 18
times in that time period; in most of these cases, the issue was resolved after the
imposition of offset sanctions. Only 2 areas have had highway sanctions imposed. As of
October 1999, they were in effect for one small area (East Helena, Montana).
Conformity Lapse. Conformity determinations are
also a powerful tool -- one meant to integrate transportation and air quality planning.
Areas in 29 states have experienced a lapse of conformity at some time since 1993, and 5
areas, the largest of which is Atlanta, currently have lapsed conformity.
Conformity lapses operate in a fashion similar, in some respects, to
highway fund sanctions. As with sanctions, exceptions are provided for highway projects
that will improve safety or air quality. Further limiting their impact, conformity lapses
have, until recently, been applied only to new projects. In many cases, an area simply
waits until its next revision of its Transportation Improvement Program (TIP) or its State
Implementation Plan to revise the proposed project or through other measures to return to
conformity. Thus, few areas have lost funding despite a conformity lapse.
In Atlanta, for example, the area continued until recently to
receive its full share of federal highway funding because exempt and grandfathered
projects (from previously approved TIPs) were allowed to proceed. New projects, however,
including Atlanta's Outer Perimeter highway, have been stalled.
One reason that conformity has come to the attention of Congress
this year is a court decision: on March 2, 1999, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the
District of Columbia Circuit ruled that the Clean Air Act limits grandfathering of funding
in conformity situations, overturning EPA's regulations and considerably raising the
stakes for Atlanta and other areas that are subject to a conformity lapse. EPA and the
Department of Transportation subsequently reached agreement on procedures to implement the
court's decision, and the Agency announced on April 16 that it would not appeal the
This decision and another case that awaits trial in Missouri have
aroused congressional interest in the sanctions and conformity issues. Two bills (Senator
Bond's S. 495 and
Representative Baker's H.R.
1626) would repeal the highway fund sanction provisions, and two other bills (Senator
Bond's S. 1053 and
Representative Talent's H.R.
1876) would restore the grandfather provisions of the conformity rule overturned by
the March 2 court ruling.
The Senate Environment and Public Works Committee held a hearing on
the conformity issue July 14 and ordered S. 1053 reported, with
substantial amendments, September 29. (The report, S.Rept. 106-228,
was filed February 2.) As amended, the bill would restore the grandfather provisions in
effect prior to the March 2 court decision for a period of one year while EPA writes new
regulations. The bill also stipulates that certain projects, including any project
approved prior to March 2, may be implemented even if conformity lapses. It establishes
new requirements regarding approval of emissions budgets by EPA, allows the use of
non-federal funds for right-of-way acquisition and highway design during periods of
conformity lapse, and delays the application of conformity to areas that may be designated
nonattainment under the pending 8-hour ozone standard. (For additional background, see CRS
Report RL30131, Highway Fund Sanctions and Conformity Under the Clean Air Act,
updated October 15, 1999.)
Ozone Transport Rule
While not the subject of legislation so far in this Congress,
another subject of concern may be the ozone transport rule promulgated by EPA on October
27, 1998, and subsequent EPA actions related to ozone transport. The rule, a major element
of the ongoing effort to reduce ozone concentrations in the Northeastern states,
implements a regional strategy for reductions in emissions of NOx, a pollutant that
combines with volatile organic compounds to form ozone in areas downwind of its release.
The ozone transport rule grew out of the efforts of the Ozone
Transport Assessment Group (OTAG) to develop a regional strategy for NOx reductions. In
June 1997, OTAG (a group composed of the 37 easternmost states) completed its work,
recommending regional measures to reduce NOx emissions, but specifying only a broad range
rather than an agreed percentage for the targeted reductions. EPA promulgated its
regulations implementing the OTAG recommendations on October 27, 1998, calling for average
reductions of 28% in NOx emissions in 22 Eastern states and the District of Columbia
(later revised to 25%). These reductions would be implemented through State Implementation
Plans, beginning in May 2003. The SIPs were to be submitted to EPA by September 30, 1999.
The degree to which the regulations impose additional requirements
on utilities and other sources of NOx is the prime area of controversy. The accuracy of
the modeling used to determine the distribution of the needed reductions, the form of
emissions trading to be allowed under the regulations, and the amount (or lack) of
flexibility EPA will give to the states in planning reductions are other issues.
The rule was also a centerpiece of the Agency's implementation plan
for the new 8-hour ozone air quality standard, which was overturned on May 14, 1999. The
trigger for the ozone transport rule was the statutory 1-hour standard, not the 8-hour
standard. However, it was coupled with the 8-hour standard in the final rule. Apparently,
EPA's commingling of the standards was sufficient for the U.S. Court of Appeals for the
D.C. Circuit to issue an indefinite stay of the transport rule on May 25 (Michigan
v. EPA). Whether EPA will revise the rule to base it on violations of the 1-hour
standard only, or will await the judicial appeals process on the final rule as
promulgated, remains to be seen.
In a related action, in the wake of the court decision, EPA has
decided on an approach to what are referred to as the "Section 126 petitions."
Under Section 126, any state or political subdivision may petition EPA for a finding that
stationary sources in another state are significantly contributing to nonattainment
problems in their state. In response to petitions from 8 Northeastern states, EPA found in
April, 1999, that 19 Midwestern and Southern states (and D.C.) contributed to
nonattainment problems in 6 of the petitioning states with respect to the 8-hour standard,
and 12 Midwestern and Southern states (and D.C.) contributed to nonattainment difficulties
with respect to the 1-hour standard. Implementation of this finding was to be contingent
and coordinated with the state's response to the Ozone Transport Rule. In June, however,
in response to the court decision, EPA stayed that finding and announced its intention to
decouple the Section 126 findings from the Ozone Transport Rule, and its findings under
the 1-hour and 8-hour standards. This meant that Section 126 implementation will involve
only the 12 states and D.C. until the situation with the 8-hour standard and the transport
rule is clarified. EPA took final action on four Section 126 petitions December 17, 1999,
imposing NOx control requirements on 392 stationary sources located in the 12 states and
D.C. The required controls take effect in May 2003.
The transport rule has come to the attention of Members of Congress
from some of the affected states, but there has been no action in the 106th
Congress. In the last Congress, two bills introduced by Representatives Wise and Ney (H.R. 3690 and H.R. 4136) would have
required additional data collection before promulgation of a final ozone transport rule
and would have postponed the rule's effective date until no earlier than 2005. No action
was taken on these bills. (For additional information on the OTAG process and the
promulgated rule, see CRS Report 98-236, Air Quality: EPA's
Ozone Transport Rule, OTAG, and Section 126 Petitions -- A Hazy Situation?)
P.L. 106-40, S. 880 (Inhofe)
Amends the Clean Air Act to remove flammable fuels from the list of substances with
respect to which reporting and other activities are required under the risk management
plan program of Section 112(r). Introduced April 26, 1999; referred to Committee on
Environment and Public Works. Reported, amended, June 9, 1999 (S.Rept. 106-70).
Passed Senate June 23, 1999. Passed House, amended, July 21, 1999. Senate agreed to House
amendments, August 2, 1999. Signed into law August 5, 1999.
H.R. 11 (Bilbray)
Amends the Clean Air Act to permit exclusive application of California state regulations
regarding reformulated gasoline in federal RFG areas within the state. Introduced January
6, 1999; referred to Committee on Commerce. Hearing held, May 6, 1999, by Subcommittee on
Health and Environment. Approved, amended, by Subcommittee on Health and Environment,
September 30, 1999.
H.R. 25 (Boehlert)
To reduce acid deposition by requiring additional controls on sources of sulfur dioxide
and nitrogen oxides and to provide for a study and controls on emissions of mercury.
Introduced January 6, 1999; referred to Committee on Commerce.
H.R. 236 (Rogan)
Amends the Clean Air Act to exempt prescribed burning on National Forest lands from
regulation under the Act for a period of 10 years after enactment. Introduced January 6,
1999; referred to Committee on Commerce.
H.R. 657 (Sweeney)
To reduce acid deposition. Similar to H.R. 25. Introduced
February 9, 1999; referred to Committee on Commerce.
H.R. 888 (Kildee)
Clean Gasoline Act of 1999. Amends the Clean Air Act to limit sulfur concentrations in
gasoline. Introduced March 1, 1999; referred to Committee on Commerce.
H.R. 1367 (Franks)
Amends the Clean Air Act to prohibit the use of the fuel additive MTBE in gasoline.
Introduced April 12, 1999; referred to Committee on Commerce.
H.R. 1395 (Hunter)
Amends the Clean Air Act to prohibit imports of gasoline to California and to suspend the
application of RFG and oxygenated fuel requirements of state and federal law in California
when the retail price of gasoline in the state is 20% greater than its average in the most
recent 3-year period. Introduced April 13, 1999; referred to Committee on Commerce.
H.R. 1398 (Pombo)
Amends the Clean Air Act to prohibit the use of the fuel additive MTBE in gasoline.
Introduced April 14, 1999; referred to Committee on Commerce.
H.R. 1626 (Baker)
Amends the Clean Air Act to repeal the highway fund sanctions. Introduced April 29, 1999;
referred to Committee on Commerce.
H.R. 1705 (Pallone)
Amends the Clean Air Act to waive the oxygenate requirement for reformulated gasoline and
to phase out the use of the fuel additive MTBE in gasoline; requires a study by the
National Academy of Sciences on the health and environmental effects of all gasoline
oxygenates. Introduced May 5, 1999; referred to Committee on Commerce.
H.R. 1755 (Filner)
Border Smog Reduction Accountability Act. Provides for reimbursing states for the costs
they incur in implementing the Border Smog Reduction Act of 1998. Introduced May 11, 1999;
referred to Committee on Commerce.
H.R. 1790 (Bliley)
Chemical Safety Information and Site Security Act of 1999. Limits public disclosure of
accidental release scenario information in risk management plans required under Section
112(r) of the Clean Air Act. Introduced May 13, 1999; referred to Committees on Commerce,
Government Reform, and Judiciary. Hearings held by Commerce Subcommittee on Health and
Environment May 19 and 26.
H.R. 1876 (Talent)
Amends the Clean Air Act to incorporate the grandfather provisions of the transportation
conformity regulations, as in effect on March 1, 1999. Introduced May 19, 1999; referred
to Committee on Commerce.
H.R. 2427 (Cox)
Amends the Clean Air Act to remove a provision limiting air pollution grants to individual
states to no more than 10% of the total amount appropriated or allocated. Introduced July
1, 1999; referred to Committee on Commerce.
H.R. 2556 (Wolf)
National Telecommuting and Air Quality Act. Requires the Secretary of Transportation to
make a grant to a nonprofit private entity to design a pilot program on telecommuting as a
means of reducing emissions of air pollutants that are precursors to ground level ozone.
Introduced July 19, 1999; referred to the Committees on Commerce and on Transportation and
H.R. 2667 (Allen)
Omnibus Mercury Emissions Reduction Act of 1999. Amends the Clean Air Act to establish
requirements for operation of fossil fueled electric utility generators, commercial and
industrial boilers, incinerators, chlor-alkali plants, and Portland cement plants to
reduce mercury emissions. Introduced August 2, 1999; referred to Committee on Commerce.
H.R. 2900 (Waxman)
Clean Smokestacks Act of 1999. Amends the Clean Air Act to require reductions in emissions
of sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, mercury, and carbon dioxide from electric power plants
and to subject older power plants to New Source Performance Standards. Introduced
September 21, 1999; referred to Committee on Commerce.
H.R. 2980 (Allen)
Clean Power Plant Act of 1999. Amends the Clean Air Act to require reductions in emissions
of sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, mercury, carbon dioxide, and hazardous air pollutants
from electric power plants and to provide assistance for workers and communities adversely
affected by reduced consumption of coal. Introduced September 30, 1999; referred to
Committees on Commerce, on Education and the Workforce, on Transportation and
Infrastructure, on Banking and Financial Services, and on Science.
H.R. 3298 (Barr)
Amends the Clean Air Act to exclude from nonattainment areas all counties within a
metropolitan statistical area that do not have monitoring data showing violations of air
quality standards. Introduced November 10, 1999; referred to Committee on Commerce.
H.R. 3326 (Nadler)
Cleaner Buses for Cleaner Cities Act. Prohibits the making of grants for transportation
projects to any local government or entity that has in the previous year purchased
diesel-fueled buses for use in an ozone, carbon monoxide, or particulate nonattainment
area. Introduced November 10, 1999; referred to Committees on Commerce and on
Transportation and Infrastructure.
H.R. 3449 (Greenwood)
Amends the Clean Air Act to provide that petitioning states may waive the requirements
concerning the oxygen content of RFG and to provide for a scheduled phasedown of MTBE use.
Introduced November 18, 1999; referred to Committee on Commerce.
H.R. 3522 (Andrews)
Amends the Clean Air Act to establish voucher systems for motor vehicle inspection and
maintenance in States that have contracted out vehicle testing and inspection services.
Introduced January 24, 2000; referred to Committee on Commerce.
S. 171 (Moynihan)
Amends the Clean Air Act to limit sulfur concentrations in gasoline. Introduced January
19, 1999; referred to Committee on Environment and Public Works.
S. 172 (Moynihan)
To reduce acid deposition. Similar to H.R. 25. Introduced
January 19, 1999; referred to Committee on Environment and Public Works.
S. 266 (Feinstein)
Senate counterpart to H.R.
11. Introduced January 20, 1999; referred to Committee on Environment and Public
S. 268 (Feinstein)
Strengthens emission standards for gasoline-powered marine engines. Introduced January 20,
1999; referred to Committee on Environment and Public Works.
S. 495 (Bond)
Repeals the highway fund sanction provisions of the Clean Air Act. Introduced March 2,
1999; referred to Committee on Environment and Public Works.
S. 645 (Feinstein)
Amends the Act to waive the oxygen content requirement for reformulated gasoline.
Introduced March 17, 1999; referred to Committee on Environment and Public Works.
S. 673 (Leahy)
Amends the Clean Air Act to establish requirements concerning the operation of fossil
fuel-fired electric utility steam generating units, commercial and industrial boiler
units, solid waste incineration units, medical waste incinerators, hazardous waste
combustors, chlor-alkali plants, and Portland cement plants to reduce emissions of
mercury. Introduced March 19, 1999; referred to Committee on Environment and Public Works.
S. 1037 (Boxer)
Amends the Toxic Substances Control Act to provide for reduction in the use of MTBE.
Introduced May 13, 1999; referred to Committee on Environment and Public Works.
S. 1053 (Bond)
Amends the Clean Air Act to incorporate the grandfather provisions of the transportation
conformity regulations, as in effect on March 1, 1999. Introduced May 14, 1999; referred
to Committee on Environment and Public Works. Reported, amended, February 2, 2000 (S.Rept. 106-228).
S. 1470 (Lautenberg)
Chemical Security Act of 1999. Amends the Clean Air Act to ensure that adequate actions
are taken to detect, prevent, and minimize the consequences of accidental releases that
result from criminal activity that may cause substantial harm to public health, safety,
and the environment. Introduced July 30, 1999; referred to Committee on Environment and
Public Works.
S. 1521 (Santorum)
National Telecommuting and Air Quality Act. Similar to H.R. 2556. Introduced
August 5, 1999; referred to Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation.
S. 1731 (Chafee)
Amends the Clean Air Act to provide that certain environmental reports shall continue to
be required to be submitted. Introduced October 14, 1999; referred to Committee on
Environment and Public Works. Reported October 14 (S.Rept. 106-191).
S. 1886 (Inhofe)
Permits Governors to waive the oxygen requirements for reformulated gasoline, and allows
the development of voluntary standards to control the release of MTBE from underground
storage tanks. Introduced November 9, 1999; referred to Committee on Environment and
Public Works.
S. 1949 (Leahy)
Clean Power Plant and Modernization Act of 1999. Promotes the modernization and efficiency
of electric power generation capacity, requires reduction of emissions of mercury, carbon
dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and sulfur dioxide, requires that all fossil fuel-fired electric
utility generating units meet new source review requirements, and promotes the use of
clean coal technologies and alternative energy sources. Introduced November 17, 1999;
referred to Committee on Finance.
U.S. Congress. House. Committee on Commerce. Subcommittees on Health
and Environment and Oversight and Investigations. Internet Posting of Chemical
"Worst-Case" Scenarios: A Road Map for Terrorists? February 10, 1999.
U.S. Congress. House. Committee on Commerce. Subcommittee on Health
and Environment. H.R. 11. May 6, 1999.
-----. H.R. 1790, the Chemical
Safety Information and Site Security Act of 1999. May 19 and 26, 1999.
U.S. Congress. House. Committee on Science. Subcommittee on Energy
and Environment. Reducing Sulfur in Gasoline and Diesel Fuel. July 21, 1999.
----- Reformulated Gasoline. September 14 and 30, 1999.
U.S. Congress. Senate. Committee on Environment and Public Works. Conformity
Regulations. July 14, 1999.
U.S. Congress. Senate. Committee on Environment and Public Works.
Subcommittee on Clean Air, Wetlands, Private Property, and Nuclear Safety. EPA's Risk
Management Plan Program of the Clean Air Act. March 16, 1999.
----- Proposed Sulfur Standard for Gasoline. May 18 and 20
and July 29, 1999.
-----. MTBE. October 5, 1999.
-----. Clean Air Act Reauthorization. October 14, 1999.
CRS Issue Briefs
CRS Issue Brief IB97003. Stratospheric
Ozone Depletion: Implementation Issues, by Larry B. Parker. (Updated regularly)
CRS Reports
CRS Report 98-236. Air Quality: EPA's
Ozone Transport Rule, OTAG, and Section 126 Petitions -- A Hazy Situation?, by
Larry Parker and John Blodgett. Updated June 15, 1999. 22 p.
CRS Report RL30298. Air Quality and Motor Vehicles: An Analysis
of Current and Proposed Emission Standards, by David M. Bearden. September 2, 1999.
21 p.
CRS Report RL30131. Highway Fund Sanctions and Conformity Under
the Clean Air Act, by James E. McCarthy. Updated October 15, 1999. 8 p.
CRS Report 98-290. MTBE in Gasoline: Clean
Air and Drinking Water Issues, by James E. McCarthy and Mary Tiemann. Updated
October 15, 1999. 15 p.
CRS Report 96-737. Nitrogen Oxides and
Electric Utilities: Revising the NSPS, by Larry Parker. Updated October 13, 1998.
6 p.
CRS Report RL30228. Accident Prevention
Under the Clean Air Act Section 112(r): Risk Management Planning by Propane Users and
Internet Access to Worst-Case Accident Scenarios, by Linda-Jo Schierow. June 10,
1999. 8 p.
CRS Report RS20163. Sulfur in Gasoline,
by Stephen Thompson and James E. McCarthy. Updated July 12, 1999. 6 p.
CRS Report RS20228. The D.C. Circuit
Remands the Ozone and Particulate Matter Clean-Air Standards: American Trucking
Associations v. EPA, by Robert Meltz and James E. McCarthy. June 10, 1999. 6 p.
Return to CONTENTS section of this issue brief.


text:
Recipes for Athletes: 8 Pre-Workout Ways to Fuel With Bananas
By Sabrina Grotewold
Bananas provide an ideal pre-race or pre-workout snack because they're portable, convenient and a natural source of carbs and potassium. These recipes
Eating right not only helps you feel and look good, but it also provides energy to carry you through any challenging race, training or work day. From sports nutrition to healthy recipes, fuel your body with the right nutrients to stay in top shape, and perform your best.


text:
There are 31 results - Show results on a map Print this page
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This hotel is conveniently located by the M1, and is ideal for exploring Derby and Nottingham. The bedrooms are modern and smart. The restaurant offers a wide range of dishes for breakfast, lunch and ...More about Holiday Inn Derby/Nottingham


text:
Tips & Tricks
Hiding Purchased Books in iBooks 3
iBooks 3 introduces a new Purchased Books feature that gathers all of a user's iBooks that have been purchased from the iBookstore into a single collection for quick and easy access, allowing books not already on the device to be easily downloaded from iCloud at the tap of a finger. For users who may not want to see some or all of their purchases right in the iBooks app, however, the good news is that you can either turn this feature off entirely, or selectively hide individually purchased items from the Purchased Books collection. To disable the collection entirely, simply go into the iBooks section in your iOS Settings app and toggle off the option to Show All Purchases; the Purchased Books collection will disappear entirely, although you can still download your purchases via the iBookstore as you could in prior versions of iBooks.
On the other hand, if you simply want to hide one or more specific items from your previous purchases, you can go into your iTunes Store account, using iTunes on your computer, and hide it from the Purchased section in there. This works in much the same way as it does for apps, described in our Ask iLounge article on Deleting unwanted apps from iCloud.
Be sure to check out Instant Expert: Secrets & Features of iBooks 3 for more on this and what else is new in Apple's latest iBooks update.
Sharing Photo Streams as a Web Site
The new Shared Photo Streams feature in iOS 6 is a great way of quickly and easily sharing photos directly with friends and family directly into the Photos app or into iPhoto or Aperture on OS X. For those who don't own a Mac or iOS device, however, Apple also allows you to publish your Shared Photo Stream as a public web album directly from your device. When creating a Shared Photo Stream, simply toggle on the Public Website option—you can even leave the "To" field blank if you only want to share your Photo Stream on the web. Once the Shared Photo Stream has been given a name and saved, simply tap on the blue arrow beside the Shared Photo Stream name to return to the sharing screen where you will see the URL displayed along with a Share Link button to easily allow you to send the link out to friends and family via e-mail, Messages, Facebook or Twitter. The web version of the Shared Photo Stream uses a fixed Apple template that cannot be customized, with photos presented in a tiled view in order by date added to the Shared Photo Stream with the most recent at the top. You can also toggle the Public Website option on for any of your existing Shared Photo Streams or turn it off at any time if you want to make your Shared Photo Stream private again.
Downloading Genius Mixes from iTunes Match
By placing a user's entire music library in the cloud, Apple's iTunes Match service makes the Genius Mixes feature particularly useful, since these mixes now have your entire music library to choose from without potentially taking up a lot of space on your iOS device—tracks are downloaded and played on-demand as you listen to a given Genius Mix. This works great if you're on a good Wi-Fi or cellular data connection, but users who are frequently offline or have limited cellular data plans may find this option less appealing. Fortunately, the iPhone and iPod touch Music app do allow you to use your Genius Mixes offline, at least partially, by using any already-download portions of a Genius Mix and even allowing you to pre-download a Genius Mix on demand. Simply go to the Genius Mixes section in your Music app and you should see a small iCloud download icon in the top left corner of the screen. Tapping on this will download 25 selected tracks from the current Genius Mix, making them available for offline listening. The Genius Mix will also include any additional tracks that have already been downloaded to your device from other albums or playlists, or simply from normal listening; if the iCloud download icon doesn't appear for a given Genius Mix, this means that there are already enough tracks on your device and there's no need to manually download additional tracks to listen to the Genius Mix offline. Note that the manual downloading option is unfortunately not available in the iPad Music app.
Removing Devices from iTunes in the Cloud
- September 18, 2012
- iTunes,
If you've subscribed to iTunes Match, or used any of your computers or iOS devices to re-download or automatically download purchased content, these devices become registered to your iTunes Store account. While there's normally little need to worry about this, Apple does enforce a maximum limit of ten (10) devices that can be used to access iTunes in the Cloud with a single iTunes account, which can become a problem for larger families and those who regularly upgrade or replace devices. Fortunately, you can easily remove these devices from your account if you've hit the maximum or simply want to clean out devices you're no longer using. Simply go to your iTunes Store account settings by selecting View My Account from the Store menu in iTunes, and then choose "Manage Devices" from the Account Information screen. This will display a list of all of the devices currently associated with your iTunes Store account for use with iTunes in the Cloud features with a "Remove" button beside each one. Keep in mind that removing a device in this manner does not automatically disable features such as iTunes Match on the device—you'll still need to do that directly on the device.
Manually Backing up your iOS device
With the release of iOS 6 scheduled for next week, it's a good idea to make sure you have a current backup of your device before taking the update plunge. While most iOS updates install without any problems, preserving your existing data, making a backup is always a sensible precaution. iOS 5 devices can be configured to use either iTunes or iCloud for automatic backups, but not both. However, if you're normally backing up to iCloud, you can still easily make a manual backup in iTunes any time you like; simply right-click on your iPhone, iPad or iPod touch in the iTunes Devices list and select "Back Up" and iTunes will immediately make an on-demand backup of your device, even if you're normally backing up to iCloud. Automatic backups to iCloud occur once every 24 hours provided your device is plugged in and on a Wi-Fi network, however you can also check the last backup time for your iCloud Backup and force a manual backup to iCloud as well by going into the Settings app on your device and choosing iCloud, Storage & Backup and scrolling down to the bottom.
Sorting and Filtering Apps in iTunes
- September 11, 2012
- iTunes,
If you have a lot of apps in your iTunes library, it can sometimes be a challenge to keep track of them all. While finding an individual app is easy enough simply by using the search box, sometimes you may not know the name of the app you're looking for, or you may simply want to browse through your list of apps by genre or see which apps have recently been purchased or updated. iTunes actually makes this pretty simple since the Apps section can be viewed and organized in the same manner as any other part of your iTunes library. Simply switch to a "List" view from the View menu, and you can sort on any column, add more columns, and even call up the Browser view to quickly filter by device type and genre.
Hiding Categories in the iTunes Source List
- September 6, 2012
- iTunes,
The iTunes Source list on the left side of your iTunes window helps keep your content organized to make it easier to browse by content type, such as Music, Movies and TV Shows. However, not every uses every type of content, and there's an easy way to hide those categories you don't actually need to see. Open your iTunes Preferences, and on the General tab you will see a list of checkboxes; simply uncheck the categories you don't want to see in your iTunes Source list and they'll vanish from view. These same settings can also be used to hide and display additional features such as Ping, iTunes DJ, Genius, and Shared Libraries.
Filtering Content Listings in iTunes sync settings
- September 4, 2012
- iTunes,
If you're syncing your iPhone, iPad or iPod to an iTunes library with a large collection of apps or media content you may have grown weary of the seemingly endless scrolling required to find that one app, artist or movie that you're looking to sync to your device. Fortunately, there's an easy way to filter these long lists of content on at least some of the sync screens in iTunes. If you're on the Music, Apps, Movies or Books tab, the standard iTunes Search field in the top-right corner of the iTunes window will become active allowing you to dynamically filter the list of content displayed in each of those sections; simply start typing in the search field and the list is filtered as you type, helping you quickly find the specific item(s) that you're looking for. Sadly, this doesn't work on all tabs—TV Shows, Podcasts and iTunes U seem to be left out—but it's still a handy way to filter down long content lists in at least some categories.
Taking control of iTunes' visualizer from the keyboard
- July 12, 2012
- iTunes,
iTunes' built-in visualizer has been improved and changed many times over the years, but one thing that's been constant in recent versions is a series of undocumented keyboard shortcuts for controlling it once the action's started. While you can see a brief rundown by hitting the /? key, here's a quick list: Tap M to change the current mode, P to change the palette, I to display track info, C to toggle auto-cycle on and off—it's on by default—F to toggle freeze mode, N to toggle the mysterious "nebula" mode, and L to toggle the camera lock on and off. Now there's no excuse for staring at a particularly nauseating color combo for longer than it take to tap a key.
Changing your Apple ID email address
- June 21, 2012
- iTunes,
Not everyone sticks with the same email address forever — even though the Apple ID system was seemingly built with that idea in mind. Luckily, if you happened to sign up for an Apple ID using a non-Apple—as in not @mac.com or @me.com—address, switching your Apple ID to a new email address is easier than you might think. To do so, simply visit the My Apple ID page and then click on Manage your account. Once logged in with your current address and password, you'll be able to change the name, password, email, physical address, and other information regarding your account. [via NYT]
Forcing an iOS device to Update or Restore
Typically, getting an iOS device to update is as easy as plugging it into your computer and hitting the Update button in iTunes—or even easier if you have an iOS 5 device, as you can handle the update directly from the Settings app. But what if you need to downgrade your OS, or install an Update image that iTunes can't retrieve from the server—such as the just released iOS 6 beta? Doing so is easy. Simply connect your device to your PC or Mac, make sure you have the latest version of iTunes installed and the necessary update image downloaded, click on your device in the iTunes sidebar, and when the main tab appears, hold the option (on Mac) or shift (on Windows) key in and hit the Update or Restore button, then choose the location of the update image. Click done, and iTunes will begin its normal process of updating or restoring the device's software, no separate download required.
Enabling Closed Captioning on iOS and iTunes
Most folks are familiar with Closed Captioning (CC)—the system for displaying text during a TV or video to help those with hearing disabilities follow along. But the system isn't useful solely to them—if you'd like to watch a movie or TV show silently, for instance. Luckily, there's lots of CC-enabled content available from the iTunes Store, and enabling the service on Apple's devices is fairly simple. In iTunes on a Mac or PC, open up the Preferences, select Playback, and turn on the "Show closed captioning when available" option. On an iPad, iPhone, or iPod touch, open the Settings app, tap on Video, and turn Closed Captioning on. Last but not least, you can access the same option on the Apple TV by visiting the Settings menu, selecting Audio & Video, and then turning Closed Captioning on. Now you can enjoy your content—and some peace and quiet. [via OS X Daily]
Showing links to library in iTunes Ping listings
- May 17, 2012
- iTunes,
Ever notice how the Ping button in iTunes always tries to send you back into the iTunes Store? Ever wish it would show options to explore your own Library instead? If you're on a Mac and can work the command line, you can make it do just that. Make sure you've quit iTunes, then launch Terminal, and type or paste in the following instruction:
defaults write com.apple.iTunes invertStoreLinks -bool YES
When you open iTunes back up, you'll notice that the Ping button now shows you options to look through your own Library instead of the Store. If you'd like your Store links back, simply repeat the process, but replace the "YES" at the end with a "NO". [via CoM]
Boost iTunes' automatic conversion bit rate
- March 13, 2012
- iTunes,
Have an iTunes library full of uncompressed audio? Then you're probably familiar with iTunes' built-in option to automatically convert higher bit rate songs to a lower bit rate—and thus smaller file size—when filling up an iDevice. Previously, this option was not so audiophile friendly, due to its 128 kbps restriction, but with iTunes 10.6, you have some freedom to lower the file size of AIFF and Apple Lossless files while maintaining better sound quality. On the Summary page for your device, check down in the Options box, make sure you have the Convert higher bit rate songs box checked, and then take your pick from 128, 192, or 256 kbps, and enjoy the extra space on your device while also enjoying your music.
Hiding app purchases in iTunes in the Cloud
- February 14, 2012
- Apps + Games, iPad, iPhone, iPod, iTunes,
The ability to re-download apps you've bought in the past is great, but if you're anything like us, you've downloaded plenty of apps that you don't actually use. Luckily, Apple has built in a super-simple way to hide those purchases, so they aren't cluttering up your Purchased list. To do this from an iOS device, simply find an app you'd lie to hide and swipe across it, and you'll see the iCloud download button replaced with a red Hide button, which you can tap to hide the app. To unhide purchases, visit the account management pane of the App Store, and tap on Hidden Purchases. You can also achieve this trick from iTunes on the PC or Mac by visiting your Purchased apps and hovering over the icon of any app you'd like to hide until a small x button appears in the corner; you can likewise unhide purchases by visiting your account settings page.
Freeing up space in iTunes by deleting SD TV shows
- February 9, 2012
- iTunes,
Freeing up extra space in your iTunes Library—and thus on your hard drive—has long been a part of dealing with Apple's media management software, but with the arrival of iTunes in the Cloud, it's become easier than ever. If you have a few HD TV shows that you've downloaded from the iTunes Store, odds are you also have SD versions of those same videos hanging around. Assuming your portable devices support the HD version—and all current models do—you can easily get rid of the SD version, freeing up large amounts of storage space in the meantime.
To do so, simply open up your TV Shows list in iTunes and look for episodes that have the HD/SD icon next to the title. Right-click on these episodes, select Show in Finder from the pop-up menu, and then drag the version of the episode that doesn't contain an (HD) designation to the trash. Repeat these steps for each episode that has two versions, then empty the trash. Should you ever need the SD version again, a quick visit to the iTunes Store's Purchased section should allow you to re-download it. Unfortunately, Movies have yet to hit iTunes in the Cloud status, but as soon as they do, feel free to use the same technique to rid your Library of unnecessary SD movies — and free up gigabytes of space at the same time.
Finding iTunes U content on an iOS device
If you've been used to finding your iTunes U content in its normal home inside the iTunes Store or Videos apps, the recent release of Apple's dedicated iTunes U app may have thrown you for a loop. But fear not—all the content is still available. Just not where you remember it. To access iTunes U content today, you need to download and/or launch Apple's official iTunes U app. A simple Catalog button on the Library screen will take you to the same iTunes U content you've accessed before, only now it will live inside the iTunes U app—on that aforementioned Library screen—instead of in your Videos app.
Top Tips of 2011
Continuing our end-of-year roundup, we've decided to use today's Tip to give you a list of links to our top tips of the past year. Below, you'll find links to tips for iTunes, iPhone, iPad, iPod, and Apple TV users, with a little something for both new users and experienced pros.
Sharing Multiple Photos on iOS
Taking control of your iTunes Library with Smart Playlists
Getting the most out of iOS' software keyboard
Setting up Automatic Downloads in iOS and iTunes
Getting rid of Wi-Fi network pop-ups on iOS
Navigating the Music app with one hand
Mastering the Apple TV remote
Setting up an iTunes Store Allowance account
Setting up Notification Center on iOS 5
Making Siri work with Facebook + Twitter
Sharing an iCloud account for multi-device access
Customizing your Mail signature on iOS
Opening a second window in iTunes
- September 22, 2011
- iTunes,
For all its power and wide range of features, iTunes sure does like to keep everything in the same, arguably cluttered window. Luckily, there's a super-easy way around this limitation. Next time you've got music playing and want to check out the iTunes Store, your library of media, or another playlist, simple double click on the sidebar item of whatever you'd like to see. iTunes will graciously open it in a new window on top of your first one, leaving your currently-playing selection undisturbed.
Setting up an iTunes Store Allowance account
- September 8, 2011
- iTunes,
Making purchases on the iTunes Store is simple—a little too simple, if you ask some parents. If you'd like to give a child or loved one an account of their own while keeping their spending in check, an iTunes Store Allowance account is the way to go. Here's how to set one up.
First, make sure you're logged into the store with your own account, then click on the "Buy iTunes Gifts" link on the front page of the store. From there, scroll down to the "Allowances" section and follow along with the instructions, making sure to take advantage of the option to create a new Apple Account for the recipient. Once all the necessary info is entered, the recipient will get an email explaining how to access their account and information on the allowance itself. Once it's setup, you can manage the allowance from the main iTunes Store account management screen. For more information on iTunes Store Allowance accounts, see our Complete Guide to Using the iTunes Store.
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text:
Book your room at Hotel Campanile Paris 11 - Bastille
We are unable to search for rooms at this time. Please try again in a few minutes.
Hotel in Paris (Bastille - Republique) near Place des Vosges
This hotel is located in Paris (Bastille - Republique), close to Place des Vosges, Opera Bastille, and Picasso Museum. Also nearby are Notre Dame Cathedral and Louvre Museum.
Hotel Features
In addition to a bar/lounge, Hotel Campanile Paris 11 - Bastille provides complimentary wireless Internet access, a 24-hour front desk, and self parking (subject to charges).
Room Amenities
In addition to complimentary wireless Internet access and air conditioning, guestrooms feature coffee/tea makers along with complimentary weekday newspapers and hair dryers.Information missing or incorrect? Tell us!
At your hotel
At your hotel
Hotel Campanile Paris 11 - Bastille features a terrace and a television in the lobby. High-speed wireless Internet access is complimentary. A bar/lounge is on site where guests can unwind with a drink. Onsite parking is available (surcharge).
Hotel Campanile Paris 11 - Bastille is a smoke-free property.
- Bar/lounge
- Number of buildings/towers - 1
- 24-hour front desk
- Total number of rooms - 161
- Number of floors - 6
- Terrace
- Self parking (surcharge)
- Smoke-free property
- Breakfast available (surcharge)
- Television in lobby
- Free Wi-Fi
Stay connected
Available in all rooms: Free Wi-Fi
Available in some public areas: Free Wi-Fi
Park your car
Self parking (surcharge)
In your room
- Air conditioning
- Complimentary weekday newspaper
- Coffee/tea maker
- Free Wi-Fi
- Private bathroom
- Complimentary toiletries
- Hair dryer
- Bathtub or shower
- Cribs/infant beds available
- Flat-panel TV
Eat and drink
Buffet breakfasts are available for a surcharge and are served each morning.
To make requests for specific accessibility needs, complete the "Special or Accessibility Requests" section of "Trip Preferences" when you book your hotel.
- In-room accessibility
The fine print for Hotel Campanile Paris 11 - Bastille
When you arrive
Check-in time starts at 2 PM
When you leave
Check-out time is noon
How you can pay
Your pets
Pets allowed, Pet maximum weight in kg is 10
You need to know
Extra-person charges may apply and vary depending on hotel policy.
Government-issued photo identification and a credit card or cash deposit are required at check-in for incidental charges.
Special requests are subject to availability upon check-in and may incur additional charges. Special requests cannot be guaranteed.
- A city/local tax will be charged
- Breakfast fee: EUR 9.90 for adults and EUR 4.75 for children (approximately)
- Self parking fee: EUR 27 per day
- Pet fee: EUR 5 per pet, per night
We should mention
A resort fee is included in the total price displayed.
National Rating
This hotel has received its official star rating from the French Tourism Development Agency, ATOUT France.


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As part of Kerry Education Service we are committed to providing a quality education service with equal opportunity for people of all ages and abilities.
For those wishing to continue or return to education we offer a wide variety of Post-Leaving Certificate and other courses. These courses offer ideal preparation for those choosing a career path leading directly to employment or a progression route to Higher Education. Many of our courses are linked to courses at the Institute of Technology, Tralee with whom we have a close relationship.
Formal Certification is provided by FETAC and other awarding bodies. Tralee Community College also offers a comprehensive Night Class programme. (For more information on night classes or to apply for one, please select "Tralee Community College" on the "Centre" drop down menu on this link)
Every effort is made to ensure a friendly environment at Tralee Community College. There is a welcoming and supportive atmosphere to enable all to develop their full potential for life and work. The dedicated and caring staff at the college offer students every help to succeed.
We hope that you find a course that meets your needs on this site and I look forward to meeting you and welcoming you to our college.


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Dr. Detrane has one office in Virginia.
Specializing in the field of Gastroenterology, Dr. Detrane is prepared to diagnose and treat patients suffering from diseases and complications of the gastrointestinal (digestive) tract, treating conditions such as irritable bowel syndrome or gastroesophageal reflux disease, among many others.
Dr. Detrane works with six doctors including Dr. Radha Menon and Dr. Jayme Tishon.
Manages and treats disorders of the digestive system (gastrointestinal disorders), such as IBS or lactose intolerance.


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Though he is best known for his recording career -- and by his iconic moniker as "the Man in Black" -- Cash also enjoyed success as an actor, making his film debut in Door-to-Door Maniac (1961) and launching his own small-screen variety shows with "The Johnny Cash Show" (1969) and "Johnny Cash and Friends" (1976).
Other career highlights include A Gunfight (1971), in which he starred opposite Kirk Douglas; the made-for-television movie The Gospel Road: A Story of Jesus (1973), which he co-wrote, produced and starred in; and "The Simpsons" (1997), in which he voiced the role of an animated coyote. He died Sept. 12, 2003.


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text:
Strep throat and meds
Find a Conversation
Strep throat and meds
|Tue, 11-15-2011 - 12:22pm
I woke up yesterday feeling like I was swallowing fire ants and decided to go to the Urgent Care when hubby got home. Turns out I do have strep and a sinus infection. The doctor gave me the Z pack, and loratabs, which I thought was strange. Is it safe to take the pain meds while pregnant?
|Tue, 11-15-2011 - 8:07pm
Hmm, no idea, but I know I've never seen a doctor prescribe a pregnant woman loratabs.
Ask your OB doctor, in the mean time, I would stick to my home remedies to keep the infection and inflammation at bay.
Hope you get better soon! Must be terrible, it's been years since I suffered from it :(


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Advanced Search
E-Learning | News
Trunity Holdings has partnered with Houghton Mifflin Harcourt to bring HMH content to the Trunity Knowledge Exchange platform.
Trunity Knowledge Exchange is a cloud-based e-learning platform that provides multimedia capabilities, content management functionality, collaborative tools and support for mobile devices. Through the partnership, Trunity will deliver HMH content to education systems around the world.
"Because we share HMH's commitment to providing learning solutions that represent the best our industry can offer, we are looking forward to working closely with them to combine and optimize our respective strengths and resources to make learning more dynamic, engaging and effective," said Arol Buntzman, Trunity chairman and CEO, in a prepared statement. "To that end, we are particularly excited about ongoing opportunities to distribute HMH's 'Trunitized' educational content through our platform to educational systems internationally, where we have successfully established or are working to establish partnerships with national governmental leaders and education ministries."
"Education has a powerful role to play in overcoming the barriers facing many developing nations," said Tim Cannon, HMH executive vice president, alliances and services, also in a prepared statement. "Given the robust and scalable architecture of the Trunity eLearning Platform, coupled with its innovative sharing and content management capabilities, our new strategic alliance with Trunity will greatly complement our digital growth in key international markets while enhancing our abilities to reach and empower lifelong learners around the world with our proven education content."
Additional details about the Trunity Knowledge Exchange platform can be found on Trunity's site.
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