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Review: Citi Simplicity
Citi offers its version of a simple credit card. But sometimes simple can still be complicated. Is this card right for you?
Citi offers its version of a simple credit card. But sometimes simple can still be complicated. Is this card right for you?
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This is the card for people who like to travel in style. But is it worth its major-league price?
Your pocketbook could take a hit if you post a critical online review.
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This card offers decent cash-back benefits, but better deals on balance transfers can be found.
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This is an inviting credit card if you shop on Amazon frequently, although the bonus for new users is less than generous.
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How do you know 2010 was a rough year? Check out the words we looked up in the dictionary the past 12 months.
Discover stopped offering all of their products except one. But is this card worth "it"?
Edmunds.com has accused a company of spamming its site with fake reviews, and it's gone to court to stop it.
A standards organization in France wants people to prove they really did stay at that hotel in May and thought it was the best thing ever. Is this a good idea, or an obnoxious one?
Fake reviewers on Amazon go wild – but these products sort of deserve it.
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Oregon Pet Friendly Hotels & Lodging
This Pacific Northwest state is well-known for its beautiful and rugged landscape. From the majestic peak of Mount Hood, to the towering pine and redwood forests, to the rocky cliffs of the its coastline, Oregon offers breathtaking and dramatic scenery at every turn, as well as unique cultural experiences and amazing cuisine.
Oregon is a great place to travel with your favorite four-legged family member. Whether you want to take in the impressive scenery on a road trip, head to a quiet and picturesque lake for some fishing, hike through mountain or forest wilderness, or enjoy the surf and sand on one of the state's numerous dog friendly beaches, pet friendly Oregon has what you're looking for.
Oregon even has a wealth of pet friendly hotels and lodging, making your stay easier. From Salem, to Portland, to Eugene, there's plenty to choose from: whether you want a cozy cabin, bed and breakfast, or inn; a hotel or motel room; or a lakeside or mountain vacation rental, you'll find it in this scenic state.
Top 10 Pet Friendly Cities in Oregon
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How to Act When You Run Into an Ex
I don't know about you, but I feel like I always run into my former flames at the most inopportune moments. Like, when I'm wearing an "ERIN GO BRAGH" pom-pom-topped scallycap on St. Patrick's Day, three-sheets-to-the-wind wasted (true story). Since I always seem to freeze up whenever I run into my old boyfriends, hook-ups or whatever…here is a list of what to do when this happens.
1. ACT COOL (DUH): It doesn't matter how it ended, seeing an ex is always awkward (I'm convinced those people who remain "friends" with exes have a screw loose, or their ex has decided to play for the other team, or they've got false hope of reuniting). No matter how many shots of tequila deep you may be when you spot him, try to remember all the reasons why you're better off without this looooooser. You are smart, beautiful, confident, and above all else, you are COOL.
2. DO THE RIGHT AMOUNT OF TALKING: Please don't blabber on about your new Park Ave. apartment, your investment banker boyfriend, your fab job where you get bonuses left and right for choosing an amazing nail polish name. Obviously you want this dude to know you're doing well for yourself (whether you're faking it or not), but drop a few tidbits without overdoing it.
On the other hand, do not freeze up, fall silent and forget all of the great attributes that you have. Remember tip one and treat your boyfriend as you would some random college acquaintance. Offer up a little information about yourself, ask him about this own life, but remember that this isn't an opp to act all Barbara Walters and ask him what his work hours are, where he gets lunch or how his cat his doing. Oh, and if you can't hear him (crowded bar, anyone?), just smile and nod. The key here is politesse, my pretties.
3. SPLIT AFTER A FEW MINUTES: Don't linger. You've probably already stalked his Facebook at some point, so you know he's dating some random six years his junior (say it with me: downgrade). Let bygones be bygones. You're not as pathetic as the whole Carrie and Big thing, right? That's what I thought.
Other issues:
If he is with another girl: Don't go out of your way to introduce yourself. Let him do it. She might be a one-night stand, she might be his girlfriend, she might be his cousin. If he really wants you to know, he'll make an effort. I hate fake-friendliness, and if you grab whatever girl is in his vicinity and shake her hand enthusiastically, you run the risk of trying too hard.
If you are with another guy: Be the bigger person and INTRODUCE HIM. Do not say something awkward when you introduce your ex like, THIS IS MY EX (I've seen people do this). Introducing your past guy as a friend and possibly explaining later to the man you're with now is perfectly appropriate. If you're dating the dude you're with, say this is my BOYFRIEND, _____ (5,000 points for you). If the fellow you're currently with is just some dude you're not realllly seeing, just plainly say this is [YOUR HOOK UP'S NAME HERE]. No need for titles. Let that ex of yours wonder!
If you really hate him (or you see him at a bar and you're wasted): If you can avoid him, try it. If you can't steer clear, have a friend at your side when you two chat for moral support (and to make sure your morals are kept in check).
And if you really, really want to avoid him: Hide, duck out to the bathroom, leave the place where he is. Problem solved.
-Cait Rohan
GIRL TALK TIME: Have you ever run into an ex before? What happened? How did you act? What do you think is the best way to behave? What are your tips for dealing with this awkward situation?
33 CommentsPost a Comment
monica kelly:
After being in relationship with him for 3 years,he broke up with me, I did everything possible to bring him back but all was in vain, I wanted him back so much because of the love I have for him, I begged him with everything, I made promises but he refused. I explained my problem to someone online and she suggested that I should rather contact a spell caster that could help me cast a spell to bring him back but I am the type that never believed in spell, I had no choice than to try it, I mailed the spell caster, and he told me there was no problem that everything will be okay before three days, that my ex will return to me before three days, he cast the spell and surprisingly in the second day, it was around 4pm. My ex called me, I was so surprised, I answered the call and all he said was that he was so sorry for everything that happened, that he wanted me to return to him, that he loves me so much. I was so happy and went to him, that was how we started living together happily again. Since then, I have made promise that anybody I know that have a relationship problem, I would be of help to such person by referring him or her to the only real and powerful spell caster who helped me with my own problem and who is different from all the other ones out there. Anybody could need the help of the spell caster, his email is email@example.com you can email him if you need his assistance in your relationship or any other problem.
It was all so unexpected. I assume he was dating someone but i needed a prove only then i could believe it. So I finish my gym tonight and as i got into my car i saw two couples in arms with each other. Only to find out from my car window that that was him with a new girl. I didn't know what to do so I watched them through my window like a movie, suffering. They took their time walking and some-what look like they were deciding where to go. I guess God answered me and he did it splat on my face, slowly torturing me
I've had a few run-ins with with my ex recently. We hadn't seen each other in a few years. I don't want to assign blame but he blindsided me and left me by saying: "you're too good for me, I don't want to mess up your life." He always appeared to be a troubled spirit and I think the use of that line was an easy way out for him. Fast forward years later, I can still hear him saying that to me as if it were an echo, and it still hurts but not as much. When we did see each other, the conversation between us was good and casual. He immediately wanted to know how I was doing. I wanted to know how I was doing. I wanted to be vindictive and gloat by saying "GREAT and I have you to thank for it!" Because since he left, I've improved my appearance and have gone back to school and I'm working on my bachelor's degree. But I decided not to take that route because he still looked like that same troubled soul. In fact, it was good to know talk we could still talk the way we used to. I did notice that he could not stop staring at me. Perhaps he realized what he walked away from.
I'm a guy and I'm friends with most of my ex-girlfriends. Some become later but when you meet someone you are attracted to the good qualities when you split its because of the bad qualities and in most case you were just no a fit. For me personally although we are friends I don't hang out every weekend with them but a coffee once or twice every few months is ok. It's not awkward unless one of you make it awkward. Like when you see them at a place and brush straight pass you without giving a node and treat you like a criminal when the breakup was agreed by both of you because you felt more like friends instead of lovers. A simple "hi" goes along way and maybe a 1-2min how are you is perfectly fine especially if you two share the same friends. I do like that you made some space for that in your article. Making thing awkward makes it awkward for everyone your friends too and it's easy to avoid by just respecting boundaries and being decent. It didn't work out that's all. (The exceptions would be that if he/she mistreated in a bad way emotionally and physically then that person doesn't deserve you and your friends respect)
I think it all comes down to how it ended.If it was a mutual understanding break up. then yes your freindship can sustain the relationship. However personally if it ended badly. I just kill them with silents. I would not even give them the satisfaction of knowing my thoughts or how I'm doing.All we can do is take from it the lessons.
Bumped into an Ex yesterday at an event – TOTALLY blanked her and managed to set my gaze as though I was looking through her.
She will be left wondering if I even spotted her because I was artful to not make it look deliberate.
Problem solved
Well my ex broke up with me about a month ago. I will spare all the details…but lets just say we lived together and we were fighting a lot..had an abortion incident, he started acting shady and the sex went down. He finally broke up with me and told me that I made him realize that he is not meant for relationships, that he needs to be single..blah blah.
This has been going on for 3 years. On and off, always a new excuse and he's always breaking up with me and me always looking for him..so we get back together.
I was actually out with my gfs last Friday and to my surprise I spot my ex with 4 girls standing in line to get into a bar. I kept my cool and kept walking. Some short, thick, ok looking girl was in front of him and he kinda held her waist. I ignored it and went on to the next bar.
I thought I wouldn't see him again, BUT, on my way to the car he passes right passed me and that girl is holding on to him, I think they were holding hands, not sure. But she was nothing amazing to look at!! WTF. So I didn't say anything until 2 days after. I confronted him in text:
me: It was refreshing to see how quickly you move to ANYTHING. like I said not even a month…Its like you already had this girl. What we had was a lie and you threw everything away.
Him:I'm glad that it was refreshing to you…I wasn't trying to accomplish anything but please no more…if you text me don't let it be for this.
Him: what we had was not a lie & it isn't. I didn't throw it away for anybody, it cant be replaced so stop.
I mean seriously he doesn't even seem like he's panicking or cares that I seen him! WTF do those texts even mean??? I hate him.
Prior to these texts he had the nerve to text me that there isn't a day that he doesn't think of me or having kept the baby. But he puts no effort in reaching out to me
It's the classic 'have you on a string.' I have dated the same type of guy for three years, always the same thing. He didn't have time for a relationship, work demands were SO hard, but he had time to beg me to come over at 11 at night. But when I needed something, well…………."Oh I would but I have to be up by 3."
What it boils down to is that he figures that you will always be around waiting for his call. And while you're sitting there waiting, he's out playing the field. And his last text that you posted about you and the baby show just how uncaring/full of himself/ selfish he is.
He used emotional aspects of your relationship to keep you on that string. Keeps your head full of "Well, maybe this time he'll change, maybe this time will be IT!!!"
BTW, like you I ran into my ex out with another girl. He was at an outdoor patio at a mexican restaurant with his back to me. I said "Hey so and so" and he turned around with the most "CAUGHT!!!" face EVER!!! Really sweet and upbeat I said "Hey, can't believe I'm running into you here!! So is this like, a date?" When she, then he answered in the affirmative I let him have it. Right in front of her. Then walked away. He texted me telling me that she was just a friend, then she was his ex and had wanted to talk. Although she was talking about the movie they were on their way to see. Yeah……….lots of talking going on in there I'm sure
Just ran into my ex…see my post under the downgrade section! lol!
I work at the movies and I never thought I would see him again he lived about 30 mins away when we started dating then he left me for another girl with a kid after telling me he didn't want anything serious I was heart broken and didn't understand…. I hadn't seen him in almost a year…. the girl he dated lived a few hours away and they ended up moving in together….. (yep Facebook) next thing I know I'm in concessions and I see him walk up I guess he noticed me before I noticed him…. I was frozen for a second then smiled and treated him like a costumer of course the conversation wasn't about the movie in between me getting his order it was more how have you been what have you been up too….I could barely look at him… then he asked for my number so we could talk sometime…. I did give him my number and he left after I felt so nervous I couldn't stop shaking…..in a way I was happy to see him…but then again I was sad too……
Just ran into my ex yesterday, the last day of 2012, and it has been 8 years since I saw him last after dating and living together for 4 years. I pretty much froze, but then again, so did he. Middle of the pasta aisle at the grocery store. No hugs, but a few smiles. I then introduced him to my 4 year old and asked him about his family. He talked about how everyone was doing and asked me about my family. He made a comment about how adorable my daughter is. Gut wrenching because we had an accidental miscarriage when we were together such a long time ago. I told him to take care and walked away. I did turn to look back and he was just standing there but not looking in our direction. Ahhhh…so sad!
i ran into my ex when i went to sams club with my father. he worked there as one of the sample people. i froze when i saw all i did was smile and i walked away. im such a moron huh
I ran into my ex bf and his best friend a month after he dumped me. We were together for a year and our relationship was serious (in my point of view), but one day after an argument, he broke up with me because, according to him, we were not "compatible". Then 3 days later, we talked and make a closure, and I wanted him to stay as a friend in my life (I was so afraid of loosing him forever). Then we never be friends since then.
Today, I unexpectedly ran into him at a social swing dance thing, and I went there for the first time since our breakup (we used to dance together) because I promised to my other friend that I would show up for the dance, also my ex had not been attending there since.
When I encountered him, I briefly had eye contact and said hi. but then pretend I was talking to other people. and he looked so cool with me being around, and he even tap me saying " Hey, good to see ya"..
I don't know how he could be so cool….
I guess I was the only one suffer from our broken relationship.
He probably never into the relationship as I did…probably he lied to me that he loved me…
I am so confused and my heart is still pounding…
I had to ran away from the dance thing….I just did..
I said bye to his best friend but not to him…(cuz he was not facing toward me, he was looking at his friend)
I feel like I am a looser…I was dumped..and now looser…horrible…
I want to cry
im debating going to the pub where he drinks because ive been there before but im worried i'll walk in and he'll be with another woman or he'll walk out and make me look bad. what do you suggest? avoid? re ex girlfriend staying friends – NO! my ex is STILL best friends with his ex, talks to her for over an hour on the phone every month, cares about her more than he did me AND even stayed the night at hers whilst we were together!!!
lol. i literally ran iNTO my ex at a restaurant 1 month to the day that he dumped me. He was there with his female best friend and I was there with my male friend. I went to have a smoke. he had bolted, leaving his phone on the table when he realized I was there. Still makes me wonder what would make the dumper act like a dumpee
that's great advice.im going 2 my ex holiday party & he is not happy about.see he is with a girl he's working with & I caught him on a date with her the day he broke up with me.long story short they both lied,she told me she was a lesbian virgin ha! & he claimed she was just a friend. now he knows that I know what's going on he's nervous I'll flip out when I see them.but the exact opposite. I lost 40ilb look fab & in going 2 act like they don't exist in my world.we were living 2gether 4 2/12 yrs
Wow, what an asshole.!..My boyfriend told me that was his cousin, and she said the same thing.!..I caught em when they were video chatting and i do believe he slept with her, but today I'm going to meet him up he wants to "talk things out"..But I am fersure going to act like I dont wnat him back and just listen to what he has to say. Plus I also lost weight and look fab too ;D <3
AutHor is spot on with nonsense of "being friends" with exs. Best saying I heard sums it all up:
"Friends can become lovers but the opposite is seldom true "
I try as hard as possible to remain friends with my ex's for this reason of the possibility of running in to them after the break up… So I think it's funny that the author puts this down.
I don't mean like best friends… But I like to keep them on good terms so I won't feel too uncomfortable running into them. Yes, I may feel a little weak in the knees, but I know I can say hello and ask what's new, then be on my way…
I'm an advocate of being friends with your ex's.
Always be polite…. Or smile and pretend u don't see them before u slip out.
Good advice!
omg. I wish I read this before my last encounter with my last fling. It ended on bad terms and when I ran into him at a cafe. I didn't say anything to him and kept staring at the corner of my eyes. He noticed me to and when he left he said bye to my friends but not me. It was awkward and I couldn't help but to feel like being a bitch to him the whole time but I just kept my mouth shut and ignored him.


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Natural Peanut Butter
By Susan Westmoreland
Special Offers
QuestionMy family eats only natural peanut butter. Can I use it in recipes, or have they been tested only with processed varieties?
AnswerEven though the consistency of processed peanut butter (which contains vegetable oil, sugar, and usually additives to improve creaminess), and the coarser natural peanut butter (simply ground peanuts with sometimes a little salt or peanut oil added) are different, you can generally use them interchangeably in recipes. The result will be less sweet when you use a natural peanut butter.
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Qatar took the next step in proving their World Cup credentials by advancing to the third round of Asian qualifying despite a 2-1 loss at Vietnam on Thursday.
The result was not enough to overturn Qatar's 3-0 win from the first leg, and the 2022 World Cup host moved into the group-stage third round with a 4-2 aggregate win.
Striker Yusef Ahmed Ali put Qatar ahead 4-0 on aggregate with a powerful volley from outside the penalty area in the ninth minute, before Vietnam responded through Nguyen Trong Hoang in the 60th and a Nguyen Quang Hai header in the 78th.
In the World Cup qualifier between Myanmar and Oman play was abandoned on Thursday after angry fans hurled rocks and glass bottles at the referee, the visiting coach Paul Le Guen and one of his players, witnesses said.
Oman were leading the second leg 2-0 and 4-0 on aggregate.
Despite a heavy police presence, Myanmar fans turned unruly when Japanese referee Ryuji Sato awarded a penalty to Oman with the home side trailing 1-0 and staring at early elimination from Asian qualifying for the 2014 finals in Brazil.
Oman's Ismail al Ajmi converted the spot kick to put his side 2-0 ahead after 39 minutes, sparking anger among the crowd at the Thuwunna Stadium and prompting players to flee for cover in the dressing room.
Soccer is popular in Myanmar and its league is growing fast, but hooliganism is rare.
Myanmar's soccer association president Zaw Zaw tried to calm the fans at the stadium and said he would try to find out whether the game would be replayed or Oman would be awarded the victory.
El Hadji Diof will be playing no part in Senegal's World Cup qualification campaign after being suspended for five years from all soccer-related activity in his home country.
The controversial Blackburn Rovers striker has been involved in several on and off the field disputes during his career, criticised Senegal after they failed to select him for African Nations Cup qualifying matches.
"I can confirm Diouf has been suspended for five years during which he will not take part in games organised by the federation," secretary general Victor Cisse told Reuters.
The former Liverpool, Sunderland and Bolton Wanderers player was recently summoned to a meeting with Senegal football federation officials after he told Radio France International "the whole system of African football is corrupt".
Diouf also said he would "go to war" with the federation if they took action against him.
The 30-year-old started his career in France with Sochaux, Stade Rennes and Racing Lens.
Diouf then shone for Senegal at the 2002 World Cup to earn a big-money move to Liverpool. He ended last season with a loan spell at Scottish champions Rangers.
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Mariners Release Todd Coffey
The Mariners have released right-hander Todd Coffey so that he can search for an opportunity with a contender that can use his services, reports Jon Heyman of CBS Sports (on Twitter).
Coffey, who turns 34 next week, signed a minor league deal with the Mariners earlier this summer after missing the 2013 campaign following his second Tommy John surgery. Somewhat curiously, he didn't crack Seattle's big league roster despite fairly dominant numbers in the minors; the veteran righty pitched to a 1.93 ERA with 8.2 K/9 and 3.9 BB/9 in 37 1/3 at Triple-A Tacoma.
Coffey has a lifetime 4.10 ERA as a big leaguer, and that mark is accompanied by 6.8 K/9, 2.8 BB/9 and a solid 51.9 percent ground-ball rate. Among contending clubs, the Tigers have had the most glaring bullpen issues this season, although the Pirates, Dodgers and Yankees have all hunted for relief help at times. The Brewers, too, were in the market for relief upgrades, although they may feel set in that department following their acquisition of Jonathan Broxton on Aug. 31.
Of course, the Mariners themselves are contenders, but the club apparently feels content with its bullpen depth. Fernando Rodney has been excellent as the team's ninth-inning man after signing a two-year, $14MM deal this offseason. Meanwhile, Danny Farquhar, Dominic Leone, Tom Wilhelmsen, Joe Beimel and Yoervis Medina all have ERAs south of 2.50 in at least 40 innings of work.
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West Notes: Padres, Diamondbacks, Coffey
The Padres need to make a great hire when they find a permanent replacement for former GM Josh Byrnes, Matt Calkins of the San Diego Union-Tribune writes. The Padres shouldn't worry about hiring a big name, which might excite their fans but might not help rectify the organization's problems. Here are more notes from around the West divisions.
- As they approach this year's trade deadline as sellers, the Diamondbacks could look for starting pitchers and outfielders, GM Kevin Towers tells FOX Sports Arizona's Jack Magruder. The club will also look to shed salary, although Towers says that's not their only consideration. "When a ball club is 15 games under .500, it's going to affect attendance. The performance affects attendance. It puts us behind what our projections were. Dollars are part of the equation," says Towers. "That said, it is not all about saving money." Infielders Aaron Hill and Martin Prado could be trade candidates, as could lefties Oliver Perez and Joe Thatcher.
- Perez and Thatcher are trying to ignore any trade rumors, AZCentral.com's Zach Buchanan reports. "It's something that you can't really prepare for unless you've been through it," says Thatcher. "I'd heard my name a couple years before, but last year was the first I felt like I was getting traded. It takes a toll on you." Both players have been traded near the July deadline before — Perez went from the Pirates to the Mets in 2006, and Thatcher went from the Brewers to the Padres in 2007 and the Padres to the Diamondbacks in 2013.
- Right-hander Todd Coffey, who signed a minor league deal with the Mariners roughly five weeks ago, has a June 30 opt-out date in his contract, reports Jon Heyman of CBS Sports (on Twitter). The 33-year-old has pitched well in his return from Tommy John surgery, allowing just one run in 9 1/3 innings. Coffey has walked six in that time, but he's also allowed just four hits and struck out 10 batters. With a number of clubs looking for bullpen help, he figures to generate some interest if the Mariners can't make room for him in their big league bullpen.
Steve Adams contributed to this post.
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Mariners Sign Todd Coffey
THURSDAY: Coffey has passed his physical, making his deal with the Mariners complete, reports Jon Heyman of CBS Sports (via Twitter). Coffey's base salary upon making the Major League roster will be $750K, and his contract contains $350K of incentives. He'll earn $15K per month in the minor leagues, Heyman adds.
TUESDAY: The Mariners are set to sign right-hander Todd Coffey to a minor league deal, reports Bob Dutton of the Tacoma News Tribune (Twitter links). The Beverly Hills Sports Council client's deal is pending a physical, and he'll fly to Arizona on Wednesday or Thursday to take that exam, Dutton adds.
Coffey missed the 2013 season after undergoing the second Tommy John surgery of his career. His most recent Major League action came in 2012, when he posted a 4.66 ERA in 19 1/3 innings. Coffey was in the midst of a strong 8 2/3 inning scoreless stretch that season but was hit hard in his final outing — his final appearance before undergoing surgery.
Coffey had posted a 3.62 ERA in 59 2/3 innings the year prior, and has had similar ups and downs throughout his entire career. He's had fairly wild swings in his year-to-year ERA, but xFIP has consistently pegged him for something in the 3.90 to 4.00 range, while SIERA has been a bigger fan, suggesting marks between 3.50 and 3.80.
Coffey has averaged 93.2 mph on his heater throughout his career, and Yahoo's Jeff Passan recently reported that he was sitting at 91-92 mph in his most recent workout for teams. The Mariners rank ninth in the Majors in bullpen ERA (3.29), and Coffey will provide them with a nice option, should one of their current arms go down to injury. Seattle also had interest in Heath Bell recently, so it does appear they've been actively pursuing additional depth.
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Quick Hits: Trades, Coffey, Holland, Draft
While we're a ways off from seeing trades of major significance come in bulk, ESPN's Jim Bowden lists five summer deals that he think should happen to improve some fringe contenders (ESPN Insider required and recommended). Among his scenarios are the Blue Jays acquiring Jeff Samardzija, the Orioles acquiring Kurt Suzuki and the Braves acquiring Nick Franklin. Here are some more links from around the baseball world…
- Free agent right-hander Todd Coffey is deciding between offers from two teams and could choose a destination as soon as tonight, reports Chris Cotillo of MLB Daily Dish (Twitter link). The Phillies are said to be one team in on Coffey, Cotillo reported over the weekend.
- Fangraphs' Jason Collette wonders if the emergence of Wade Davis as a dominant reliever in the back of the Royals' bullpen will lead them to explore trades of Greg Holland. Davis is striking out batters at a higher clip than anyone in baseball, and he's cost-controlled over the next two seasons, while Holland is a lock to get expensive via arbitration. Holland is already earning $4.68MM, and as Collette notes, his agent would likely use Craig Kimbrel's contract as a comp in extension talks. A trade of Holland could address other needs on the budget-conscious Royals' roster.
- While some have talked about a perceived drop in draft prospect Jacob Gatewood's stock, MLB.com's Jonathan Mayo writes that the industry was "probably a little too over-zealous" with him last summer. Mayo has spoken with several scouts and cross-checkers who believe the powerful prep shortstop should go in the mid-to-late first round. Gatewood's mix of power and swings/misses is reminiscent of sluggers Joey Gallo, Kris Bryant and Giancarlo Stanton, Mayo adds.
- Mayo also profiles prep right-hander Touki Toussaint, noting that his affable personality is an excellent complement to his three-pitch arsenal — each of which has the potential to be above average down the line. Toussaint, who is of Haitian descent but was born in Florida, nearly gave up on baseball at the age of 9 to focus on soccer because of his difficulty hitting. However, he gave it another shot three years later and has been focused entirely on baseball — as both a closer and a starter — ever since. MLB.com ranked Toussaint 16th among draft prospects.
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Free Agent Notes: Burres, Carbonell, Coffey, Feliciano
Three clubs were willing to offer major league deals to Kyle Farnsworth, tweets Jon Heyman of CBSSports.com. Farnsworth chose the Astros in part because he could see high leverage chances and due to his relationship with manager Bo Porter. Here are some notes on a few other players who are still looking for their next professional opportunity:
- Brian Burres, who has been throwing well this year in the independent Atlantic League, has recently received interest from a few clubs, MLBTR has learned. The 33-year-old southpaw carries a 1.80 ERA through 20 innings, striking out 6.3 and walking 1.8 batters per nine. Burress has 358 1/3 MLB innings under his belt; he last saw MLB time in 2011 with the Pirates.
- The Yankees and Mariners are two of the five finalists to sign Cuban outfielder Daniel Carbonell, Ken Rosenthal of FOX Sports reports on Twitter. The Twins attended Carbonell's most recent showcase, tweets Darren Wolfson of 1500 ESPN, and are "monitoring" him. Carbonell, 23, was declared a free agent back in April.
- The Phillies are in on Todd Coffey, a source tells Chris Cotillo of MLBDailyDish (via Twitter). The Orioles, meanwhile, are likely out on Coffey after signing Heath Bell (link). Coffey has multiple offers in hand and could decide soon, according to sources.
- Lefty Pedro Feliciano is getting a hard look from the Cardinals, according to Steve Nations of KSDK Sports. Feliciano threw live BP to Cards minor leaguers yesterday, and will appear in a simulated game today in hopes of convincing the St. Louis brass to give him a minor league deal. The 37-year-old has seen time in nine MLB campaigns, returning to the bigs for 25 appearances (but just 11 1/3 innings) with the Mets last year, putting up a 3.97 ERA. His career mark stands at 3.33 earned per nine over 383 2/3 frames.
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Quick Hits: Draft, Coffey, Hill, Bradley, Rockies, Gomes
Baseball America has released its list of the top 100 amateur prospects for this year's draft. Interestingly, both Jeff Hoffman and Erick Fedde are still listed in the top ten, despite the fact that the pair of collegiate righties will enter the draft fresh off of Tommy John surgery. Here are some notes from around the game:
- Free agent reliever Todd Coffey impressed in a workout today, throwing his fastball consistently in the low-90s, reports Jeff Passan of Yahoo Sports (Twitter links). He could sign by the weekend, according to Passan. Twelve to fifteen clubs were represented at the showcase today, tweets Ken Rosenthal of FOX Sports. Chris Cotillo of MLBDailyDish lists some of the clubs in attendance. From the American League, the Tigers, Mariners, Astros, Athletics, and Orioles sent scouts, while the Braves and Diamondbacks were among the NL clubs on hand.
- Reliever Rich Hill of the Red Sox has an opt-out date from his minor league deal tomorrow, tweets Cotillo. The nine-year MLB veteran has been strong at Triple-A, throwing to a 2.84 ERA through 19 innings pitched with 10.4 K/9 against 4.7 BB/9.
- Diamondbacks top prospect Archie Bradley is set to begin throwing and move towards a return to the rubber, reports Jack Magruder of FOX Sports Arizona (via Twitter). GM Kevin Towers said that the club does not have any further medical tests planned at present for the young hurler. Given his current situation, it seems that the club will exercise plenty of caution in promoting the 21-year-old.
- With the Rockies off to a hot start, Mark Kiszla of the Denver Post opines that the club should act decisively to seize the momentum by exploring a trade for Cubs pitcher Jeff Samardzija. While the price will surely be steep, Kiszla sas that the team should be willing to deal either of the team's two prized young prospect arms — Jonathan Gray and Eddie Butler — to make a deal.
- The Blue Jays never saw in Yan Gomes the potential that has been unleashed since he was dealt to the Indians, writes Shi Davidi of Sportsnet.ca. In some part, says Davidi, that could be due to the fact that Gomes was buried in the minor league depth charts, such that he never caught more than 58 games in a single season. "Ultimately you wonder if we didn't have other prospects that were so talented, if Yan had played more, would the development path have changed, would we have had a better feel for him?" Jays GM Alex Anthopoulos said. "We were finding places for him to play, but he was never the everyday catcher because there was always someone else who was there." Gomes, of course, has excelled (and been rewarded with an extension) in Cleveland after coming over with Mike Aviles in exchange for reliever Esmil Rogers. "We always liked Yan," said Anthopoulos. "Clearly he's become a better player sooner than we would have expected. That's not a slight against him, that's a full credit to him."
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Quick Hits: Rincon, Coffey, Ibanez, Kolek
Here are some stray notes from around the game to finish up the evening:
- 35-year-old former big leaguer Juan Rincon, who has not thrown in the bigs since 2010, is looking to mount a comeback, tweets Jon Heyman of CBSSports.com. Rincon, a righty who owns a 4.03 ERA in 507 MLB innings, has thrown for several clubs already, says Heyman.
- Meanwhile, another veteran — 33-year-old right-hander Todd Coffey — is set to put on a showcase tomorrow, Heyman tweets. Heyman says that the eight-year veteran, whose career ERA stands at 4.10, has amped his fastball up into the 92mph to 94mph range as he looks to return after sitting out all of 2013 recovering from Tommy John surgery.
- Besting both of the aforementioned players in both age and MLB service is Angels outfielder Raul Ibanez, who is now in his 19th big league campaign at age 41. But with a disappointing .139/.248/.267 slash through 117 plate appearances, Ibanez could be in danger of losing his roster spot, writes Bill Shaikin of the Los Angeles Times. With rookie C.J. Cron off to an outlandish 1.128 OPS start (albeit in only 29 plate appearances), and having shown the ability to hit righties at the Triple-A level, Ibanez could prove superfluous. On the other hand, manager Mike Scioscia appeared to downplay that possibility. "I don't know that it's going to be C.J. versus Raul," he said. "We'll find at-bats for guys who are swinging the bat well."
- While hard-throwing young arms are the story of this year's amateur draft, none has more power than Texas prep righty Tyler Kolek, writes Baseball America's John Manuel. The mountainous Kolek has consistently hit triple-digits on the radar gun, leading scouts to tell Manuel that he throws harder than any high school pitcher in the draft era. Of course, that kind of radar reading comes with risks, as all observers of the game are aware. Fellow BA writer J.J. Cooper breaks down the rise of power arms in the high school ranks, discussing the risks — and, of course, the immense upside — that come with top-end speed at a young age.
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Quick Hits: Platoons, Taveras, Billingsley, Coffey, Shoppach, Berroa
Baseball America's Matt Eddy's latest piece is a fascinating look back at the history of platoon usage in Major League Baseball and the increasing role of specialized relievers in Major League bullpens. Last season, more pure left-handed relievers (i.e. lefties who made zero starts) appeared in a season than any year in Major League history. Eddy's piece is rife with tables and charts to provide the breakdown on the numbers behind left-on-left matchups as opposed to right-on-right matchups (not surprisingly, the former leans more heavily in the pitcher's favor) and is well worth the read. Here are some more links from around the league for some late-night Thursday reading…
- The Cardinals optioned top prospect Oscar Taveras to Triple-A today, putting an early end to a Spring Training that didn't allow him to fully showcase his talents, writes MLB.com's Jen Langosch. Taveras received just six plate appearances in a pair of games after sitting out the first week due to what Langosch calls "hesitancy to fully trust his surgically repaired right ankle." He also left his second and final Spring Training game with a minor hamstring injury.
- Dodgers right-hander Chad Billingsley is well ahead of schedule in his rehab from Tommy John surgery and could be ready to pitch in the Majors as soon as late April, reports ESPNLosAngeles.com's Mark Saxon. Billingsley will face live hitters next week and begin a minor league rehab assignment on April 3. Billingsley's return further crowds the competition for the team's fifth starter. Josh Beckett or Paul Maholm figures to occupy that role to open the season.
- Right-hander Todd Coffey has drawn interest from as many as nine to 10 teams and expects to sign right around Opening Day, according to MLB Daily Dish's Chris Cotillo (Twitter links). Coffey is currently throwing 91 to 92 mph in bullpen sessions, he adds. Coffey last pitched in the Majors for the Dodgers in 2012.
- Cotillo also tweets that free agent catcher Kelly Shoppach is looking to play in 2014 "if the right situation/opportunity presents itself." The 33-year-old isn't close to a deal at this time. He slashed just .199/.288/.339 in 127 PAs between the Mariners and Indians last season.
- Lastly, Cotillo tweets that former AL Rookie of the Year Angel Berroa, now 34, is seeking a minor league deal to return to affiliated baseball. Berroa spent 2012 playing independent ball and was in the Mexican League last season, where he slashed .293/.362/.462 in 460 trips to the plate.
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Quick Hits: Rauch, O'Flaherty, Betancourt, Coffey
Jon Rauch is close to signing with a team, MLBTR's Zach Links reports (Twitter link). The 35-year-old posted a 7.56 ERA in 16 2/3 IP with the Marlins last season and also made 10 appearances for the Orioles' Triple-A affiliate after signing a minor league contract with the O's in June. Despite his outlier of a 2013 season, Rauch has been a solid right-handed bullpen arm for much of his career, posting a 3.65 ERA, 2.79 K/BB and 7.2 K/9 over 549 2/3 IP from 2004-2012.
Here's some more news as we wrap up a busy Wednesday around baseball…
- The Braves only offered Eric O'Flaherty a one-year contract to remain with the team, David O'Brien of the Atlanta Journal-Constitution reports (via Twitter). Though O'Flaherty underwent Tommy John surgery last May and will miss at least part of the 2014 season, he still scored a two-year, $7MM deal from the A's earlier today.
- Yuniesky Betancourt will decide on his new club within the week, MLB Daily Dish's Chris Cotillo reports (Twitter link). Betancourt was drawing interest from several teams, potentially even as a starter.
- Also from Cotillo, there is "strong interest" in right-hander Todd Coffey. At least nine of the 14 teams who attended Coffey's throwing session last week want to see his second session. Coffey is looking to return to action after missing all of 2013 recovering from Tommy John surgery.
- Much of the Indians' success at the plate last season was due to their lineup flexibility and use of bench players, a trait that MLB.com's Anthony Castrovince believes could be somewhat difficult to duplicate in 2014, though Carlos Santana's proposed attempt to play third base would be a great help in that department.
- The Twins didn't have any interest in Grady Sizemore this winter, though the club checked in on him last summer, 1500 ESPN's Darren Wolfson reports (via Twitter).
- "Another issue with a physical does nothing to enhance the Orioles' reputation in the industry, which is taking a two-fisted beating this winter," Roch Kubatko of MASNsports.com writes in regards to the news that Baltimore's agreement with Tyler Colvin has been delayed due to a problem with the outfielder's physical. Kubatko wonders if the O's could be trying to get Colvin to sign a minor league contract instead of a Major League deal, as the club did last offseason when it wasn't satisifed with Jair Jurrjens' physical.
- The Phillies liked Masahiro Tanaka and engaged in "cursory negotiations" with his representatives, but GM Ruben Amaro told Matt Gelb of the Philadelphia Inquirer that the team wasn't prepared to go beyond five years to sign the Japanese righty. The Phillies seem likely to go into 2014 with their current pitching options, as they only would've exceeded their payroll limitations for "an exception" like Tanaka.
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Full Story | Comments | Categories: Atlanta Braves | Baltimore Orioles | Cleveland Indians | Eric O'Flaherty | Grady Sizemore | Jon Rauch | Masahiro Tanaka | Minnesota Twins | Philadelphia Phillies | Todd Coffey | Tyler Colvin | Yuniesky Betancourt
NL Notes: Cardinals, Nationals, Betancourt, Coffey
The Cardinals' Shelby Miller had an excellent rookie campaign with 15 victories (the most by any rookie) and the NL's tenth-best ERA at 3.06. But, the 23-year-old right-hander made only one appearance during the Cardinals' post-season run. During the team's annual Winter Warmup, Miller addressed the issue (as quoted by the Associated Press via ESPN.com). "I was a little upset I didn't pitch but I just put it away. I didn't want to dwell on the past and why I didn't pitch in October. I'm not worried about it anymore. I'm just going to let it be a mystery. A mystery unsolved." Miller added he felt fine physcially: no "better or worse than I did during the season." In other news and notes involving the Cardinals and the National League:
- The Cardinals have not gone to an arbitration hearing since 1999, but GM John Mozeliak admits it is a possibility with Daniel Descalso, reports MLB.com's Jenifer Langosch. Descalso asked for $1.65MM while the Cardinals countered with $930K. MLBTR contributor Matt Swartz projected a $1.2MM salary for Descalso.
- Also within Langosh's article, Mozeliak does not anticipate any contract extensions during Spring Training this year. The Cardinals have extended Yadier Molina, Adam Wainwright, and Allen Craig during the last two Spring Trainings.
- Jason Motte, the Cardinals' closer before undergoing Tommy John surgery last May, is heading to the Cardinals' training camp in Florida to continue his throwing program, Langosch tweets.
- The Nationals remain in the market for a backup catcher and that piece will likely come in a trade, according to MLB.com's William Ladson.
- There is a good chance reliever Rafael Betancourt returns to the Rockies, a source tells Chris Cotillo of MLB Daily Dish. The source adds Betancourt prefers Colorado because of his relationship with the club, but both sides are "trying to figure out the timing with his rehab" before coming to terms. The 38-year-old underwent Tommy John surgery last year leading the Rockies to decline his 2014 option, but is working on a comeback.
- Fourteen teams were on hand for Todd Coffey's showcase on Friday, tweets Cotillo. The right-handed reliever missed all of last year after undergoing his second Tommy John surgery in 2012. Before being sidelined, the 33-year-old appeared in at least 57 games and pitched at least 51 innings in six of his previous seven seasons.
Aaron Steen contributed to this post.
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text:
Back to Journal Cover Page
Volume 7, Number 14
Submitted: June 11, 2002
Resubmitted: June 26, 2002
Accepted: June 26, 2002
Publication date: June 27, 2002
Alexia Andreopoulou
Department of Psychology, University of Kent at Canterbury, UK.
Diane M. Houston
Department of Psychology, University of Kent at Canterbury, UK.
The present study examines the impact of personal success or failure feedback on collective self-esteem and bias. The second corollary of the self-esteem hypothesis - that low or threatened self-esteem will motivate intergroup discrimination and Crocker and Luhtanens (1990) self-enhancement hypothesis were examined. Collective self-esteem was affected by status, and, contrary to the second corollary of the self-esteem hypothesis, participants with high collective self-esteem were found to show more ingroup bias (c.f. Abrams and Hogg 1988). However, status and self-esteem had interactive effects on evaluations of the ingroup and outgroup. High self-esteem was associated with more positive ingroup evaluations only when the ingroup had high status, whereas low self-esteem was associated with more positive outgroup evaluations only when the ingroup had low status. Results are discussed in terms of Crocker and Luhtanens (1990) self-enhancement hypothesis.
According to social identity theory (Tajfel and Turner 1986), one important reason why people display ingroup bias is that this enhances social identity, thereby elevating the self-esteem of group members. This prediction of social identity theory has become known as the self-esteem hypothesis. Abrams and Hogg (1988) identified two corollaries of the self-esteem hypothesis. The first is that successful intergroup discrimination enhances social identity and thus elevates self-esteem, self-esteem is a dependent variable, a product of specific forms of intergroup behavior. The second corollary suggests that, because of a motivational need for positive self-esteem, low or threatened self-esteem will motivate intergroup discrimination, self-esteem is an independent variable, a motivating force for specific forms of intergroup behavior.
Tajfel (1981, p. 255) defined social identity as "the individuals knowledge that they belong to certain social groups together with some emotional and value significance to them of their group membership." According to social identity theory (Tajfel and Turner 1979) the self-concept can be divided into aspects of personal and social identity. Personal identity is concerned with ones individual characteristics, whereas social identity concerns the characteristics of the groups to which one belongs. The characteristics of one' s groups may or may not also be characteristics of the individual. Deaux (1992) has argued that social identity is not necessarily claimed by all those who fall into a defined category and that the meaning associated with a particular identity category may be subjectively defined. However, it remains the case that some category memberships are more fluid than others are. Certain categories are fixed throughout the lifespan, it is virtually impossible to change age, disability, race or gender. Other categories are defined by one' s performance or status and are only changeable by a combination of luck and effort such as socio-economic status, performance in school, or on the sports field. Finally, some categories are chosen and could be changed at will such as the sports team one supports, or the political party one votes for.
Studies of the relationship between self-esteem and ingroup bias have considered widely varying types of group and identity, from those employing a minimal group paradigm (e.g. Lemyre and Smith 1985; Wagner, Lampen and Syllwasschy 1986), to those employing fixed categories such as gender and ethnicity (e.g. Hunter, Stringer and Coleman 1993; Ruttenberg, Zea and Singleman 1996). Similarly some studies have manipulated status of groups by feedback at an individual level (Hogg and Sunderland 1991); others have used group-level feedback (Crocker and Luhtanen 1990).
Crocker and her colleagues have investigated the impact of self-esteem on reactions to success and failure at both a personal and group level. Crocker, Thompson, McGraw and Ingerman (1987) found that people who are high in personal self-esteem who received success feedback, rated other successful individuals much more positively than those who had failed; those who received failure feedback rated successful individuals no more positively than those who had failed. By contrast, low self-esteem participants consistently rated success individuals higher than failure individuals regardless of their own personal score. Crocker et al., (1987) argued that the high self-esteem participants were enhancing the implications of their success and minimizing the implications of their failure. Crocker and Luhtanen, (1990) extended this work at a group level in a study in which they divided participants into two groups in a manner consistent with the minimal group paradigm.
Participants were then asked to complete a measure of collective self-esteem based on their minimal group membership and then to take part in a test of interpersonal and intellectual competency. They were given feedback on their groups performance on the test with their own score excluded from the calculations of the group average. Feedback was randomly allocated as either group success or failure. Following this, participants rated themselves, above average scorers, below average scorers, and the minimal groups to which they had been allocated on a series of adjectives. Crocker and Luhtanen found that those with high collective self-esteem varied their ratings of above and below average scorers as a function of their own group performance. Those with high collective self-esteem whose group succeeded rated above average scorers higher than those whose group had failed; those whose group failed gave higher ratings of below average scorers than did those whose group succeeded. Participants low in collective self-esteem did not alter their ratings as a function of group performance. Whilst all participants showed ingroup bias in relation to their minimal group allocations, the ratings of the groups did not vary as a function of collective self-esteem. Crocker and Luhtanen (1990) concluded that people who are high self-esteem are more likely to engage in self-enhancing strategies than those who are low in self-esteem, and that the same process operates at an individual or group level.
Whilst Crocker and Luhtanens (1990) findings do seem to support the notion of a self-enhancement process there is a lack of external validity in the manner in which group status was manipulated. Participants were allocated to minimal groups and then told of their groups status on a test (above or below average) but with their own score excluded from the scoring process. As participants knew that their own score had been excluded, the true status of their group (with their own score included) remained a mystery. Although groups do receive performance feedback at a group level, in contexts such as sports performance, it highly unusual to find a real life situation in which one receives feedback about ones groups performance from which ones own performance has been excluded. If a person competes as part of a team they are aware of their own performance, and the comparison between their own performance that of the overall team. The implications for collective self-esteem and ingroup bias of not knowing whether one is "representative" of ones group, or whether ones group status might change as a result of ones own performance, are unclear.
Moreover, outside the laboratory it is often the case that the criteria for group membership are based on individual performance or behavior. In particular, within the education system people frequently receive individual feedback which determines their eligibility for membership of educational groups. For example, in the UK individual academic performance can determine which school one is able to attend and which class within the school one will be allocated to (Kerckhoff 1986). At a more advanced level, individual performance will determine whether one continues into higher education and which University one is able to attend. Similar processes continue to operate throughout the lifespan in terms of job and promotion opportunities.
A further issue relates to the effects of collective self-esteem on evaluation. In Crocker and Luthanens study the effects of self-esteem on evaluation are not strictly at the group level; ratings of the minimal groups did not vary as a function of collective self-esteem whereas ratings of above and below average scorers did. It could be argued that these ratings focused on individuals rather than people who represent a particular group. Further, the measurement of collective self-esteem was related to the minimal group level not the categories referring to above or below average scorers. Crocker and Luthanen (1990) discuss these issues in their conclusion and suggest that the role of self-esteem in ingroup bias may be more significant than that demonstrated by research using the minimal group paradigm.
The present study examines the impact of individual success or failure feedback on collective self-esteem and bias. In so doing we aim to compare the second corollary of the self-esteem hypothesis, that low or threatened self-esteem will motivate intergroup discrimination, with Crocker and Luhtanen' s (1990) self-enhancement hypothesis. In order to do this we designed a study similar in method to that by Crocker and Luhtanen, but one in which participants were clearly allocated to high and low status groups on the basis of their performance on a test. Participants were told that assignment was on the basis of their score on a test of reasoning style. In fact, group assignment was purely random and the tests remained unmarked. Therefore, the group identity was based on a characteristic with clear evaluative connotations - "superior" and "average" reasoning style. Once participants were assigned to groups they completed a collective self-esteem scale. Following recent developments in the measurement of collective self-esteem (Deaux 1992; Branscombe and Wann 1994; Long and Spears 1997) we focused on collective self-esteem derived from the specific social category implicated in the intergroup situation, rather than in a decontextualized manner. To do this, we adapted Luhtanen and Crocker's (1992) collective self-esteem scale to measure collective self-esteem specific to the group to participants are allocated. Finally participants were asked to rate the superior and average group on a series of adjectives. Following social identity theory, we predicted that status would be related to collective self-esteem, such that those in the high status group would have higher collective self-esteem than those in the low status group. We tested SITs prediction that the low self-esteem should motivate more ingroup bias than high self-esteem. The contrasting predictions are drawn from Crocker and Luhtanens (1990) findings - that those high in collective self-esteem would be more likely to enhance the ingroup by altering their evaluations of superior and average scorers as a function of status. Further, that those low in collective self-esteem would not show such self-enhancing bias.
Forty-nine undergraduate students participated in the study, 29 were female, and 20 were male. All received partial course credit for their participation.
The AH5 Group Test of General Intelligence (Heim 1968). This is a well-established measure of verbal and spatial ability. This test was presented to the participants as a test of reasoning style. It was structured for use in a twenty-minute period. The items that were used were randomly chosen and they remained unmarked.
State Collective Self-Esteem Scale based on Luhtanen and Crocker (1992). This consists of four subscales that assess various aspects of collective self-esteem: private collective self-esteem (assesses ones personal judgements of how good ones social groups are), membership esteem (evaluations of oneself as a group member of the social group that one belongs), public collective self-esteem (assesses ones judgements of how others evaluate one's social groups) and importance to self-concept (assesses the importance of ones social group memberships to ones self-concept). The collective self-esteem scale, and each of its subscales has high internal consistency (alphas > .83) and acceptable test-retest reliability (r = .68 for the total scale) over a six week interval (Luhtanen and Crocker 1992). Luhtanen and Crocker's (1992) instructions require participants to consider their "gender, religion, nationality, ethnicity, and socioeconomic class" (p.305) simultaneously while responding to each item. This scale was modified to measure self-esteem derived from the specific identity implicated in the intergroup situation. Participants were required to consider their membership in the average or the superior reasoning style group in relation to each item (e.g. "I am glad to be a member of this group"). Answers were recorded on 7-point Likert scales (1-Agree Strongly, 7-Disagree Strongly). The negative items of the scale were reverse scored. Crocker and Luhtanen (1990) report results pertaining to the private subscale of the collective self-esteem scale. For the purpose of our study we used the total scale as a measure of collective self-esteem. The scale was constructed by computing the mean across the set of items in the scale. Findings from this study relating to the private subscale do not differ significantly from those employing the total scale. The CSE scale showed reliability consistent with that reported by Luhtanen and Crocker (1992) with a Cronbach's alpha of .86.
Ingroup Evaluation. Following Crocker and Luhtanen (1990) ingroup evaluations were measured using 16 adjectives, half of which were positive and half of which were negative. The adjectives were related to reasoning style because participants were told that they were categorized according to their reasoning style. The adjectives were, bright, uncreative, clever, ineffective, slow, gifted, effective, dull, creative, incompetent, unable, competent, able, intelligent, stupid, ungifted. Subjects rated the ingroup on each adjective, using a 7-point scale (1 = not at all, 7= extremely). The negative adjectives of the scale were reverse scored. The scale was constructed by computing the mean across the set of items in the scale. The adjectives were presented in the same random order to all subjects. The mean score of the ingroup evaluation scale was 80.60 and the alpha was .90.
Outgroup Evaluation. Following Crocker and Luhtanen (1990) outgroup evaluations were measured using the same 16 adjectives used for ingroup evaluations. Subjects rated the outgroup on each adjective, using a 7-point scale (1 = not at all, 7= extremely). The negative adjectives of the scale were reverse scored. The adjectives were presented in the same random order to all subjects. The scale was constructed by computing the mean across the set of items in the scale. The mean score of the outgroup evaluation scale was 80.17 and the alpha was .92.
Ingroup Bias. A measure of ingroup bias was calculated by subtracting outgroup evaluation scores from ingroup evaluation scores.
Six to ten participants took part in each experimental session. They were told that the purpose of the experiment was to complete the validation of tests designed to measure different styles of reasoning. Participants were told that the tests were designed to categorize people according to their reasoning style. It was explained that University students could be divided into two groups of superior and average reasoning style, according to the types of strategy they employed in problem solving tasks. They were given the test of "reasoning style" and were told that they would be separated into two groups according to their performance on this test. Half of the participants were informed that they had superior reasoning styles and the other half were told that they had average reasoning style. In fact, group assignment was purely random. The two groups were separated and sat at different tables. Thus, participants believed that they shared category membership with the physical group they were with. Participants then completed the collective self-esteem scale. Finally they were asked to complete ingroup and outgroup evaluation scales. No interaction was permitted throughout the experiment. At the end all participants were debriefed as to the real aim of the experiment and were shown that their assignment to groups had been completely random and that the tests remained unmarked.
Status Manipulation
In line with our predictions, a t-test revealed that high status participants had higher CSE (M=64.96) than low status participants (M=59.29, t(47)= 1.79, p <.04, 1-tailed). To examine the possibility of interactions between status and self-esteem, in line with Crocker and Luhtanen (1990), we divided participants by median split into high versus low collective self-esteem categories. We find the same results when the analyses are conducted using multiple regression with CSE as a continuous variable. For ingroup ratings there was a significant effect of status (beta = .29, t = 2.01, p=.05), and a significant status x CSE interaction (beta = .63, t = 2.70, p=.01). For outgroup ratings there was also a significant effect of status (beta = -.29, t = 2.01, p=.05), and a significant status x CSE interaction (beta = .64, t = 2.70, p=.01). The analysis for ingroup bias revealed a highly significant main effect of status (beta = .60, t = 5.83, p <.001) and a marginally significant main effect of CSE (beta = .35, t = 1.87, p = .069, two-tailed).
Ingroup Bias
An ingroup bias score was computed by subtracting outgroup evaluations from ingroup evaluations. There were significant main effects of both status (F(1,45) = 21.48, p <.001), and self-esteem (F(1,45) = 10.62, p =.002). High self-esteem participants showed more bias than low self-esteem participants (means = 6.85, -5.74, respectively). High status participants showed more ingroup bias (M=7.92) in comparison to low status participants (M= -6.33). The interaction between status x self-esteem was not significant.
Ratings of Ingroup and Outgroup
Because self-esteem may affect ingroup and outgroup ratings differently we analyzed each separately. The means for these analyses are provided in Table 1.
Table 1. Evaluations of the Ingroup and the Outgroup as a Function of Collective Self-Esteem and Ingroup Status
High CSE
Low CSE
High Status
Low Status
High Status
Low Status
Group Evaluated
Following Crocker and Luhtanen (1990) it can be predicted that participants high in CSE would alter their ratings of targets as a function of status in a manner that enhanced their ingroup, whereas low CSE participants would not. For ratings of the ingroup, the main effect of CSE was non-significant, but there was a significant main effect of status (F(1,45) = 4.20, p=.046) and a significant CSE x Status interaction (F(1,45) = 7.01, p=.011). The simple effect of CSE was significant within the high status condition (F(1,45) = 4.41, p=.041), but not within the low status condition (F(1,45) = 2.68, p = .11). The simple effect of status was significant amongst high CSE participants (F(1,45) = 10.92, p = .002, but not amongst low CSE participants (F(1,45) = 0.29).
For ratings of the outgroup, the main effect of status was non-significant (F(1,45) = 1.63, but there was a significant main effect of CSE (F(1,45) = 4.11, p= .049) and a significant status x CSE interaction (F(1,45) = 5.54, p =.023). The simple effect of CSE was significant within the low status condition (F(1,45) = 9.56, p =.003), but not within in the high status condition (F(1,45) = .09). The simple effect of status was significant amongst low CSE participants (F(1,45) = 6.73, p = .013), but not amongst high CSE participants (F(1,45) = 0.45).
Relationships Among the Variables
As shown in Table 2, comparisons of the correlations between different status conditions revealed that the correlation between CSE and ingroup evaluations differed significantly depending on ingroup status (Z = 2.68, p =.002), as did the correlation between CSE and outgroup evaluations (Z = 2.50, p=.001).
It is informative to compare of the relationships between CSE and ingroup and outgroup ratings within each status condition. This comparison is made after statistically adjusting for the correlation between ingroup and outgroup ratings. When participants were in a high status group CSE was positively correlated with ratings of both groups, but the relationship was significant only for ratings of the ingroup. Moreover, this correlation was significantly larger than the correlation between CSE and outgroup ratings (t(22) = 2.47, p<.05). When participants were in a low status group CSE was negatively correlated with ratings of both groups, but this was only significant for outgroup evaluations. The difference in correlations between CSE and ingroup vs. outgroup evaluations was not significant.
Table 2. Correlations Among Variables as a Function of Ingroup Status
|Collective Self-Esteem
|Ingroup Evaluation
|Outgroup Evaluation
|Ingroup Bias
Collective Self- Esteem
Ingroup Evaluation
Outgroup Evaluation
Ingroup Bias
Note: *p<.05, **p<.01. Correlations above the diagonal are for the high ingroup status condition, those below the diagonal for low ingroup status condition. For ingroup ratings and outgroup ratings correlations with unique superscripts differ significantly (p <.05).
Consistent with both social comparison theory (Festinger 1954) and social identity theory (Tajfel and Turner 1986), collective self-esteem was affected by status. High status participants had higher collective self-esteem scores than low status participants. This effect, and the relationships between collective self-esteem and group evaluations confirm that our status manipulation was meaningful and relevant to the participants.
Both status and collective self-esteem had independent effects on ingroup bias. High status participants showed more ingroup bias in comparison to low status participants. This is consistent with the findings of Finchilescu (1986) and Sachdev and Bourhis (1987). Contrary to the second corollary of the self-esteem hypothesis, but consistent with more recent research (e.g. Rubin and Hewstone 1998; Aberson, Healy and Romero; Abrams and Hogg 2001), participants with high collective self-esteem were found to show more ingroup bias.
The analyses that considered ingroup and outgroup ratings separately provide an informative picture. Those with high collective self-esteem responded to the status manipulation by evaluating the ingroup in line with actual status. By contrast their evaluations of the outgroup did not differ according to status. Those with low collective self-esteem responded by evaluating the outgroup in line with actual status. By contrast their evaluation of the ingroup did not differ according to status. Thus, we find that those who experience high collective self-esteem in the high status group proclaim their groups superiority, whereas those with low collective self-esteem do not acknowledge the superiority of their ingroup. Those who experience high collective self-esteem in the low status group do not recognize the relative superiority of the outgroup, whereas those with low collective self-esteem do.
These findings are in partially consistent with those of Crocker and Luhtanen (1990) who found that high collective self-esteem participants, whose group succeeded, rated above average scorers higher than did those whose group failed. Those with high collective self-esteem whose group failed showed higher ratings of below average scorers than did those whose group succeeded. In contrast to our findings, Crocker and Luhtanen (1990) found that participants who were low in collective self-esteem did not significantly alter their ratings as a function of their own group's performance. They suggest that their findings are consistent with the idea that those high in self-esteem engage in self-enhancing social comparisons following threat. Our findings would support this explanation and also lend further support to the concept of self-protection (Baumeister, Tice and Hutton 1989). Our findings seem to indicate that the self-protection theory used in examining personal self-esteem may be extended to collective self-esteem in contexts where the group has meaningful connotations. Brown,
Collins and Schmidt (1988) divided participants into four groups on the basis of a dot estimation task two groups over over-estimators and two of under-estimators. They then divided these groups into two rooms with one group of over-estimators and one group of under-estimators in each. They then asked participants to perform a brainstorming task and evaluate the solutions of all groups. High self-esteem participants showed favoritism when evaluating a task outcome that they had been involved with personally, by over evaluating their own groups performance rather than devaluing the outgroups performance. Those with low self-esteem did not show favoritism in relation to their own groups performance, but over evaluated the other ingroup relative to the outgroups performance. Brown et al., argued that people high self-esteem will self-enhance directly whereas those with low self-esteem will self-enhance indirectly. This is consistent with Baumeister, Tice and Hutton (1989) who concluded that high self-esteem individuals are motivated to enhance their public images whereas low self-esteem individuals are primarily concerned with protecting their images. Those low in self-esteem try to appear competent and avoid failure whereas high self-esteem individuals try to appear outstanding.
The findings from the present study are derived from a context of a meaningful group allocation, in which the evaluative dimension has important connotations for its participants, students academic ability. The findings suggest that those with higher collective self-esteem may concentrate their evaluative activity on the ingroup whereas those with lower collective self-esteem may prefer to leave the ingroup unaffected by status, and instead concentrate their evaluative activity on the outgroup. This seems consistent with the idea that those with high self-esteem engage in self-enhancement, whereas those with lower self-esteem engage in self-protection.
Aberson, C. L, Healy, M., and Romero, V. (2000) "In-group bias and self-esteem. A meta-analysis." Personality and Social Psychology Review, 4:157-173.
Abrams, D. and Hogg, M. (1988). "Comments on the motivational status of self-esteem in social identity and intergroup discrimination." European Journal of Social Psychology, 18:317-34.
Abrams, D. and Hogg, M. (2001). "Collective identity: Group membership and self-conception." In M.A. Hogg and R.S. Tindale (Eds.) Blackwell Handbook of Social Psychology: Group processes. pp. 425-460. Oxford: Blackwell.
Alloy, L. B. and Abramson, L. Y. (1979)." Judgement of contingency in depressed and non-depressed students: Sadder but wiser?" Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 108:441-485.
Baumeister, R. F. and Tice, D. M. and Hutton, D. G. (1989). "Self- presentational motivations and personality differences in self-esteem." Journal of Personality, 57:547-79.
Branscombe, N. R. and Wann, D. L. (1994). "Collective self-esteem consequences of outgroup derogation when a valued social identity is on trial." European Journal of Social Psychology, 24:641-58.
Brown, J. D., Collins, R. L. and Schmidt, G. W. (1988). "Self-esteem and direct versus indirect forms of self-enhancement." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 55:455-53.
Crocker, J., Thompson, L., McGraw, K. M. and Ingerman, C. (1987)." Downward comparison, prejudice, and evaluation of others: Effects of self-esteem and threat." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52:907-916.
Crocker, J. and Luhtanen, R. (1990), "Collective self-esteem and ingroup bias." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58:60-7.
Crocker, J., Blaine, B. and Luhtanen, R. (1993)." Prejudice intergroup behavior and self-esteem: Enhancement and protection motive." In M. Hogg and D. Abrams (Eds.), Group Motivation: Social psychology perspectives (pp. 52-67). New York: Harvester-Wheatsheaf.
Deaux, K. (1992). "Personalizing identity and socializing self." In G. Breakwell (Ed.), Social psychology of identity and the self-concept. London: Academic Press.
Festinger, L. (1954). "A theory of social comparison processes." Human Relations, 7:271-82.
Finchilescu, G. (1986). "Effect of incompatibility between internal and external group membership criteria on intergroup behavior." European Journal of Social Psychology, 16:83-7.
Heim, A. W. (1968). The AH5 Group Test of General Intelligence. NFER-Nelson.
Hogg, M. A. and Sunderland, J. (1991). "Self-esteem and intergroup discrimination in the minimal group paradigm." British Journal of Social Psychology, 30:51-62.
Hunter, J. A., Stringer, M., and Coleman, J. T.(1993). "Social explanations and self-esteem in Northern Ireland." Journal of Social Psychology, 26:643-650.
Kerchoff, A. C. (1986). "Effects of Ability Groups in British Secondary schools." American Sociological Review, 51: 842-858.
Lemyre, L. and Smith, P. M. (1985). "Intergroup discrimination and self-esteem in the minimal group paradigm." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 49:660-70.
Long, K. M., Spears, R. and Manstead, A. S. R. (1994). "The influence of personal and collective self-esteem on strategies of social differentiation." British Journal of Social Psychology, 33:313-29.
Long, K. M., and Spears, R. (1998). "Opposing effects of personal and collective self-esteem on interpersonal and intergroup evaluations." European Journal of Social Psychology, 28:913-930.
Luhtanen, R. and Crocker, J. (1992). "A collective self-esteem scale: Self-evaluation of one's social identity." Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 18:302-18.
Rubin, M., and Hewstone, M. (1998). "Social identity theorys self-esteem hypothesis: A review and some suggestions for clarification." Personality and Social Psychology Review, 2:40-62.
Ruttenberg, J., Zea, M. C.,and Seligman, C.K.(1996). "Collective identity and intergroup prejudice among Jewish and Arab students in the United States." Journal of Social Psychology, 136(2):209-220
Sachdev, I. and Bourhis, R. Y. (1987). "Status differential and intergroup behavior." European Journal of Social Psychology, 17:277-93.
Tajfel, H. (1981). Human groups and social categories: Studies in Social Psychology. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
Tajfel, H. and Turner, J. (1979). "An integrative theory of intergroup conflict." In W. G. Austin and S. Worchel (eds.), The Social Psychology of Intergroup Relations (pp. 33-48). Monterey, CA: Brooks/Cole.
Tajfel, H. and Turner, J. C. (1986). "The social identity theory of intergroup behavior." In S. Worchel and W. G. Austin (Eds.), The psychology of Intergroup Relations (pp. 7-24). Chicago: Nelson-Hall.
Wagner, U., Lampen, L. and Syllwasschy. J. (1986). "Ingroup inferiority, social identity, and outgroup devaluation in a modified minimal group study." British Journal Social Psychology, 25:1-23.
Alexia Andreopoulou received her Ph.D. from the University of Kent at Canterbury and her main research interests are intergroup relations and self-esteem. E-mail address: email@example.com.
Diane M. Houston is a Senior Lecturer at the University of Kent at Canterbury. Most of her research examines issues of performance and well-being in work and academic performance. She has a particular interest in theories of social comparison, efficacy, attributional style and identity. Email address: firstname.lastname@example.com.


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The California Public Utilities Commission has made a deal with Uber, that will allow the company's black car service continue to operate while rules are finalized that specifically address mobile apps that allow users to arrange for rides with black car drivers and private citizens.
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