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Office of Scientific and Technical Information
CDIAC Atmospheric Moisture Data Sets
NLE Websites -- All DOE Office Websites (Extended Search)
Atmospheric Moisture Atmospheric Moisture CDIAC Climate Holdings Containing Atmospheric Moisture Data Global Data Sets Data Set Name Investigators Data Type/Format Period of Record Extended Edited Synoptic Cloud Reports from Ships and Land Stations Over the Globe, 1952-2009 (CDIAC NDP-026C) C.J. Hahn, S.G. Warren, and R. Eastman Six-hourly synoptic observations of dew point depression (combined with air temperature) Land 1971-2009; Ocean 1952-2008 Regional Data Sets Data Set Name Investigators Data Type/Format Period of Record Six- and Three-Hourly Meteorological Observations from 223 Former U.S.S.R. Stations (CDIAC NDP-048) V. Razuvaev et al. Surface stations; 6- and 3-hourly observations of relative humidity, vapor pressure, humidity deficit, and dew point temperature Varies by station; through 2000
CDIAC Atmospheric Pressure Data Sets
Atmospheric Pressure Atmospheric Pressure CDIAC Climate Holdings Containing Atmospheric Pressure Data Global Data Sets Data Set Name Investigators Data Type/Format Period of Record Global Historical Climatology Network (GHCN); Vs. 1 (CDIAC NDP-041) R.S. Vose et al. Surface stations; monthly mean sea-level pressure Varies by station; through 1990 Extended Edited Synoptic Cloud Reports from Ships and Land Stations Over the Globe, 1952-2009 (CDIAC NDP-026C) C.J. Hahn, S.G. Warren, and R. Eastman Six-hourly synoptic observations of sea-level pressure Land 1971-2009; Ocean 1952-2008 Global Historical Climatology Network (GHCN); Vs. 2 (Note: the above link takes you to NOAA's National Climatic Data Center website.) R.S. Vose et al. Surface stations; monthly mean sea-level pressure Varies by station; some through most recent month
CDIAC Climate Data: Available Variables
Climate Variables Available in CDIAC Data Products Temperature Precipitation Cloudiness Sunshine Duration Snowfall and Snow Depth Atmospheric Pressure Atmospheric Moisture Surface...
CDIAC Staff
CDIAC Staff Listing CDIAC Staff Listing photo Bob Andres 865-574-0390 Send Email Gridded fossil-fuel CO2 emissions, fossil-fuel isotopic carbon signatures photos Fred Baes 865-576-2137 Send Email Webmaster photo T. J. Blasing 865-574-7368 Send Email Atmospheric levels of greenhouse gases, fine-resolution U.S. fossil-fuel CO2 emissions photo Tom Boden 865-241-4842 Send Email AmeriFlux data manager, CDIAC Director photo Fredia Glenn 865-574-3645 Send Email Subcontracts, CDIAC executive administrative assistant photo Lianhong Gu 865-241-5925 Send Email Micrometeorology, terrestrial carbon fluxes, data assimilation modeling photo Les Hook 865-241-4846 Send Email Ozone, fine particulates, NARSTO QSSC Director photo Dale Kaiser 865-241-4849 Send Email Meteorology, climatology photo Alex Kozyr 865-576-8449 Send Email
ARM - Measurement - Atmospheric moisture
moisture moisture ARM Data Discovery Browse Data Comments? We would love to hear from you! Send us a note below or call us at 1-888-ARM-DATA. Send Measurement : Atmospheric moisture The moisture content of the air as indicated by several measurements including relative humidity, specific humidity, dewpoint, vapor pressure, water vapor mixing ratio, and water vapor density; note that precipitable water is a separate type. Categories Atmospheric State Instruments The above measurement is considered scientifically relevant for the following instruments. Refer to the datastream (netcdf) file headers of each instrument for a list of all available measurements, including those recorded for diagnostic or quality assurance purposes. ARM Instruments AERI : Atmospheric Emitted Radiance Interferometer
Atmospheric Trace Gases, Carbon Isotopes, Radionuclides, and Aerosols: Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Data from the Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (CDIAC)
DOE Data Explorer (OSTI)
CDIAC products include numeric data packages, publications, trend data, atlases, models, etc. and can be searched for by subject area, keywords, authors, product numbers, time periods, collection sites, spatial references, etc. Some of the collections may also be included in the CDIAC publication titled Trends Online: A Compendium of Global Change Data. Most datasets, many with numerous data files, are free to download from CDIAC's ftp area. Information related to atmospheric carbon dioxide data includes: Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide and Carbon Isotopes � Atmospheric carbon dioxide records from Mauna Loa, Hawaii � Monthly atmospheric CO2 mixing ratios and other data from the NOAA/CMDL continuous monitoring network � Data from the CSIRO GASLAB Flask Sampling Network � Atmospheric CO2 records from continuous measurements at Jubany Station, Antarctica and from 10 sites in the SIO air sampling network � Historical data from the extended Vostok ice core (2003) and the Siple Station ice core (1997) � Historical records from the Law Dome DE08, DE08-2, and DSS ice cores (1998) � AmeriFlux Carbon Dioxide, Water Vapor, and Energy Balance Measurements � Data from the Canadian Background Air Pollution Monitoring Network � Flask Samples from at U.S.S.R.-Operated Sites (1991) � The CISIRO (Australia) Monitoring Program from Aircraft for 1972-1981 � CO2 Concentrations in Surface Water and the Atmosphere during 1986-1989 NOAA/PMEL Cruises in the Pacific and Indian Oceans � Surface Water and Atmospheric CO2 and Nitrous Oxide Observations by Shipboard Automated Gas Chromatography: Results from Expeditions Between 1977 and 1990 (1992) � IPCC Working Group 1, 1994: Modeling Results Relating Future Atmospheric CO2 Concentrations to Industrial Emissions (1995). New datasets are added when available to the category of atmospheric carbon dioxide.
Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (CDIAC)
CDIAC Weather Types Data Sets image Navigate CDIAC image About CDIAC Information on CDIAC's mission, new and frequently used data products, data policies, staff and more Background...
find data of interest. Ocean investigators may submit data to CDIAC here: image Fossil-Fuel CO2 Emissions Trace Gas Emissions Atmospheric Trace Gases Oceanic Trace Gases Carbon...
Atmospheric Trace Gases, Carbon Isotopes, Radionuclides, and Aerosols: Isotopes in Greenhouse Gases Data from the Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (CDIAC)
(Scroll down to find Isotopes in Greenhouse Gases, a subheading under the broader heading of Atmospheric Trace Gases, etc.) CDIAC products are indexed and searchable through a customized interface powered by ORNL's Mercury search engine. Products include numeric data packages, publications, trend data, atlases, models, etc. and can be searched for by subject area, keywords, authors, product numbers, time periods, collection sites, spatial references, etc. Some of the collections may also be included in the CDIAC publication Trends Online: A Compendium of Global Change Data. Most data sets, many with numerous data files, are free to download from CDIAC's ftp area. Information related to isotopes in greenhouse gases includes: � Monthly atmospheric 13C/12C isotopic ratios for 10 SIO stations, (2005) (Trends Online) � Mixing ratios of CO, CO2, CH4, and isotope ratios of associated 13C, 18O, and 2H in air samples from Niwot Ridge, Colorado, and Monta�a de Oro, California, USA (2004) � Estimates of Monthly CO2 Emissions and Associated 13C/12C Values from Fossil-Fuel Consumption in the U.S.A., (2004) (Trends Online) ?13C in CO2 from the CSIRO GASLAB Flask Sampling Network (Trends Online) � In Situ 13CO2 from Cape Grim, Tasmania, Australia: 1982-1993 (2001) (Trends Online) � In situ Carbon 13 and Oxygen 18 Ratios of Atmospheric CO2 from Cape Grim, Tasmania, Australia: 1982-1993 (1995) � Carbon-13 Isotopic Abundance and concentration of Atmospheric Methane for Background Air in the Southern and Northern Hemispheres from 1978 to 1989 (1995) � Measurements of Atmospheric Methane and 13C/12C of Atmospheric Methane from Flask Air Samples (1999) � 14CO 2 Observations from Schauinsland, Germany (1997) (Trends Online) � Carbon-14 Measurements in Atmospheric CO 2 from Northern and Southern Hemisphere Sites, 1962-1992 (1996) � Carbon-14 Measurements in Surface Water CO2 from the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Oceans, 1965-1994 (1998) (Specialized Interface)
CDIAC::Carbon Emission::Introduction
Introduction Introduction Each year the Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (CDIAC) generates estimates of carbon releases from fossil-fuel consumption and cement production. Emissions from fossil-fuel burning represent the largest anthropogenic source of carbon to the atmosphere and are an important contributor to elevated atmospheric CO2 levels. CDIAC produces annual fossil-fuel CO2 emission time series at global and national scales and these time series serve as building blocks for other data products including gridded (1 x 1) emission time series. Details regarding the methods used to produce these time series and data products may be found on the CDIAC website. This new interface allows users to query, visualize, and download the latest CDIAC fossil-fuel CO2 emission estimates. In the future, additional
CDIAC Temperature Data Sets
Temperature CDIAC Climate Holdings Containing Temperature Data Global Data Sets Data Set Name Investigators Data TypeFormat Period of Record NASA GISS Surface Temperature...
on CO2 Effects on Vegetation and Ecosystems image Navigate CDIAC image About CDIAC Information on CDIAC's mission, new and frequently used data products, data policies, staff and...
TDE Ecosystem Model Intercomparison Project Data Archive image Navigate CDIAC image About CDIAC Information on CDIAC's mission, new and frequently used data products, data...
Tropical Africa: Maximum Potential Biomass Density image Navigate CDIAC image About CDIAC Information on CDIAC's mission, new and frequently used data products, data policies,...
Tropical Africa: Percent Forest Cover (By Country) image Navigate CDIAC image About CDIAC Information on CDIAC's mission, new and frequently used data products, data policies,...
Tropical Africa: Area of Open Forests (km2) By Country image Navigate CDIAC image About CDIAC Information on CDIAC's mission, new and frequently used data products, data policies,...
Tropical Africa: Area of Closed Forests (km2) By Country image Navigate CDIAC image About CDIAC Information on CDIAC's mission, new and frequently used data products, data...
Kazakhstan Fossil-Fuel CO2 Emissions image Navigate CDIAC image About CDIAC Information on CDIAC's mission, new and frequently used data products, data policies, staff and more...
Islamic Republic of Iran Fossil-Fuel CO2 Emissions image Navigate CDIAC image About CDIAC Information on CDIAC's mission, new and frequently used data products, data policies,...
Monthly Fossil-Fuel CO2 Emissions: Isomass of Emissions Gridded by One Degree Latitude by One Degree Longitude image Navigate CDIAC image About CDIAC Information on CDIAC's...
Global Fossil-Fuel CO2 Emissions image Navigate CDIAC image About CDIAC Information on CDIAC's mission, new and frequently used data products, data policies, staff and more...
Mexico Fossil-Fuel CO2 Emissions image Navigate CDIAC image About CDIAC Information on CDIAC's mission, new and frequently used data products, data policies, staff and more...
Indonesia Fossil-Fuel CO2 Emissions image Navigate CDIAC image About CDIAC Information on CDIAC's mission, new and frequently used data products, data policies, staff and more...
Fossil-Fuel CO2 Emissions from Centrally Planned Europe (Eastern Europe) image Navigate CDIAC image About CDIAC Information on CDIAC's mission, new and frequently used data...
Latest Estimates Latest Estimates Atmos CO2 Level 397.31 ppm Fossil CO2 Emissions 9,167 MMT Carbon Global Temp Anomaly +0.56°C / +1.01°F Global Sea Level Rise +2.9 ± 0.4 mm/y Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center The Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (CDIAC) is the primary climate-change data and information analysis center of the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE). CDIAC is located at DOE's Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) and includes the World Data Center for Atmospheric Trace Gases. CDIAC's data holdings include estimates of carbon dioxide emissions from fossil-fuel consumption and land-use changes; records of atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide and other radiatively active trace gases; carbon cycle and terrestrial carbon management datasets and analyses; and
CDIAC Cloud Data Sets
Period of Record A Gridded Climatology of Clouds over Land (1971-1996) and Ocean (1954-2008) from Surface Observations Worldwide (CDIAC NDP-026E) C.J. Hahn and S.G. Warren...
CDIAC Snow Data Sets
Snowfall and Snow Depth Snowfall and Snow Depth CDIAC Climate Holdings Containing Snow Data Data Set Name Investigators Data Type/Format Period of Record United States Historical Climatology Network M. Menne et al. Station data; daily snowfall and snow depth Varies by station; through 2010 Daily Snow Depth Measurements from 195 Stations in the United States (CDIAC NDP-059) D. Easterling et al. Station data; daily snow depth Varies by station; max. period is 1893-1992 Six- and Three-Hourly Meteorological Observations from 223 Former U.S.S.R. Stations (CDIAC NDP-048) V. Razuvaev et al. Station data; 6- and 3-hourly state of any snowcover on ground; occurrance of snowfall in past and present weather observations Varies by station; through 2000 Two Long-Term Instrumental Climatic Data Bases of the People's Republic of China
CDIAC Precipitation Data Sets
Precipitation Precipitation CDIAC Climate Holdings Containing Precipitation Data Global Data Sets Data Set Name Investigators Data Type/Format Period of Record Global Historical Climatology Network (GHCN); Vs. 1 (CDIAC NDP-041) R.S. Vose et al. Stations data; monthly totals Varies by station; through 1990 Global Historical Climatology Network (GHCN); Vs. 2 (Note: the above link takes you to NOAA's National Climatic Data Center website.) R.S. Vose et al. Station data; monthly totals Varies by station; some through most recent month A Computer-Based Atlas of Global Instrumental Climate Data (CDIAC DB-1003) R.S. Bradley et al. Monthly, seasonal, and annual anomaly maps of precipitation 1851 - 1989 Regional Data Sets Data Set Name Investigators Data Type/Format Period of Record
Impact of Atmospheric Moisture Storage on Precipitation Recycling
Science Conference Proceedings (OSTI)
Computations of precipitation recycling using analytical models are generally performed under the assumption of negligible change in moisture storage in the atmospheric column. Because the moisture storage term is nonnegligible at smaller time ...
Francina Dominguez; Praveen Kumar; Xin-Zhong Liang; Mingfang Ting
The Choice of Variable for Atmospheric Moisture Analysis
The implications of using different control variables for the analysis of moisture observations in a global atmospheric data assimilation system are investigated. A moisture analysis based on either mixing ratio or specific humidity is prone to ...
Dick P. Dee; Arlindo M. da Silva
Moisture Tendency Equations in a Tropical Atmosphere
Direct diagnostic evaluation of the moisture tendency in the moisture equation is very difficult in practice because two poorly measured terms, moisture convergence and precipitation, dominate the equation. Using the near constancy in space and ...
C. L�pez Carrillo; D. J. Raymond
Estimates of Monthly CO2 Emissions and Associated 13C12C Values from Fossil-Fuel Consumption in the U.S.A. image Navigate CDIAC image About CDIAC Information on CDIAC's mission,...
Annual Fossil-Fuel CO2 Emissions: Isomass of Emissions Gridded by One Degree Latitude by One Degree Longitude image Navigate CDIAC image About CDIAC Information on CDIAC's mission,...
Fossil-Fuel CO2 Emissions from the Middle East image Navigate CDIAC image About CDIAC Information on CDIAC's mission, new and frequently used data products, data policies, staff...
Saudi Arabia Fossil-Fuel CO2 Emissions image Navigate CDIAC image About CDIAC Information on CDIAC's mission, new and frequently used data products, data policies, staff and more...
Monthly Fossil-Fuel CO2 Emissions: Mass of Emissions Gridded by One Degree Latitude by One Degree Longitude image Navigate CDIAC image About CDIAC Information on CDIAC's mission,...
Annual Fossil-Fuel CO2 Emissions: Mass of Emissions Gridded by One Degree Latitude by One Degree Longitude image Navigate CDIAC image About CDIAC Information on CDIAC's mission,...
Fossil-Fuel CO2 Emissions from South Africa image Navigate CDIAC image About CDIAC Information on CDIAC's mission, new and frequently used data products, data policies, staff and...
Annual Fossil-Fuel CO2 Emissions: Global and Gridded del 13C Estimates image Navigate CDIAC image About CDIAC Information on CDIAC's mission, new and frequently used data products,...
CDIAC Surface Wind Data Sets
Surface Wind CDIAC Climate Holdings Containing Surface Wind Data Global Data Sets Data Set Name Investigators Data TypeFormat Period of Record Extended Edited Synoptic Cloud...
CDIAC Climate Reconstruction Data Sets
Climate Reconstructions CDIAC Climate Holdings Containing Climate Reconstruction Data Data Set Name Investigators Data TypeFormat Period of Record Historic isotopic temperature...
Atmospheric Moisture and Cloud Cover Characteristics Forecast by AMPS
Antarctic Mesoscale Prediction System (AMPS) forecasts of atmospheric moisture and cloud fraction (CF) are compared with observations at McMurdo and Amundsen�Scott South Pole station (hereafter, South Pole station) in Antarctica. Overall, it is ...
Ryan L. Fogt; David H. Bromwich
The Moisture Budget of the Polar Atmosphere in MERRA
The atmospheric moisture budget from the Modern Era Retrospective-Analysis for Research and Applications (MERRA) is evaluated in polar regions for the period 1979�2005 and compared with previous estimates, accumulation syntheses over polar ice ...
Richard I. Cullather; Michael G. Bosilovich
Soil Moisture Memory in AGCM Simulations: Analysis of Global Land�Atmosphere Coupling Experiment (GLACE) Data
Soil moisture memory is a key aspect of land�atmosphere interaction and has major implications for seasonal forecasting. Because of a severe lack of soil moisture observations on most continents, existing analyses of global-scale soil moisture ...
Sonia I. Seneviratne; Randal D. Koster; Zhichang Guo; Paul A. Dirmeyer; Eva Kowalczyk; David Lawrence; Ping Liu; David Mocko; Cheng-Hsuan Lu; Keith W. Oleson; Diana Verseghy
New CDIAC Data Products, Publications, and Activities
New CDIAC Data Products, Publications, and Activities New CDIAC Data Products, Publications, and Activities December 2013 image The Global Carbon Project (GCP) released its Global Carbon Atlas at http://www.globalcarbonatlas.org. CDIAC is an important contributor to the GCP. The Atlas was released at the Warsaw Climate Change Conference in November 2013, and it had more than 24,000 unique visits from 164 countries in the first week after release. One CDIAC data set was updated online: Andres RJ, Boden TA, Marland G (2013) Monthly Fossil-Fuel CO2 Emissions: Isomass of Emissions Gridded by One Degree Latitude by One Degree Longitude, 1950-2010. ORNL/CDIAC, electronic database. doi 10.3334/CDIAC/ffe.MonthlyIsomass.2013. November 2013 image The number of stations in CDIAC's DayRec: An Interface for Exploring U.S. Record-Maximum/Minimum Daily Temperatures has more than
Walker Branch Throughfall Displacement Experiment Data Report: Site Characterization, System Performance, Weather, Species Composition, and Growth (NDP-078A) image Navigate CDIAC...
to first review the excellent guide to recommended data practices provided by the ORNL DAAC, and then contact one of the CDIAC staff members to discuss further data...
Information Analysis Center (CDIAC) generates estimates of carbon releases from fossil-fuel consumption and cement production. Emissions from fossil-fuel burning represent the...
CDIAC catalog of numeric data packages and computer model packages
The Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center acquires, quality-assures, and distributes to the scientific community numeric data packages (NDPs) and computer model packages (CMPs) dealing with topics related to atmospheric trace-gas concentrations and global climate change. These packages include data on historic and present atmospheric CO{sub 2} and CH{sub 4} concentrations, historic and present oceanic CO{sub 2} concentrations, historic weather and climate around the world, sea-level rise, storm occurrences, volcanic dust in the atmosphere, sources of atmospheric CO{sub 2}, plants` response to elevated CO{sub 2} levels, sunspot occurrences, and many other indicators of, contributors to, or components of climate change. This catalog describes the packages presently offered by CDIAC, reviews the processes used by CDIAC to assure the quality of the data contained in these packages, notes the media on which each package is available, describes the documentation that accompanies each package, and provides ordering information. Numeric data are available in the printed NDPs and CMPs, in CD-ROM format, and from an anonymous FTP area via Internet. All CDIAC information products are available at no cost.
Boden, T.A. [Oak Ridge National Lab., TN (United States). Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center; O`Hara, F.M. Jr. [O`Hara (Fred M., Jr.), Oak Ridge, TN (US); Stoss, F.W. [Univ. of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN (US). Energy, Environment, and Resources Center
Global, Hemispheric, and Zonal Temperature Deviations (CDIAC) - Angell
Global, Hemispheric, and Zonal Temperature Deviations Derived From a 63-Station Radiosonde Network Graph graphic Graphics Data graphic Data Investigator J. K. Angell National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Air Resources Laboratory (R/E/AR), SSMC3, Station 3459, 1315 East West Highway, Silver Spring, Maryland 20910, U.S.A. About Jim Angell: From the Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society (2005) - Jim Angell's Contributions to Meteorology DOI 10.3334/CDIAC/cli.005 Period of Record 1958-2010 (relative to a 1958-1977 average) Special Note Nine tropical radiosonde stations in this 63-station network were identified as anomalous in Angell (2003). Upon removal of these nine stations, the resulting 54-station network, also presented on the CDIAC website, results in significant differences in many of the times series and
Investigation of SGP Atmospheric Moisture Budget for CLASIC ?...
of a recently completed investigation of the moisture budget over the Midwestern Corn Belt (Zangvil et al. 2001, 2004) This study will be expanded with * Extended seasons...
The Soil Moisture�Atmosphere Coupling Experiment (SMACEX): Background, Hydrometeorological Conditions, and Preliminary Findings
The Soil Moisture�Atmosphere Coupling Experiment (SMACEX) was conducted in conjunction with the Soil Moisture Experiment 2002 (SMEX02) during June and July 2002 near Ames, Iowa�a corn and soybean production region. The primary objective of SMEX02 ...
William P. Kustas; Jerry L. Hatfield; John H. Prueger
Increase in Near-Surface Atmospheric Moisture Content due to Land Use Changes: Evidence from the Observed Dewpoint Temperature Data
Land use change can significantly affect root zone soil moisture, surface energy balance, and near-surface atmospheric temperature and moisture content. During the second half of the twentieth century, portions of the North American Great Plains ...
Rezaul Mahmood; Kenneth G. Hubbard; Ronnie D. Leeper; Stuart A. Foster
Observation of Atmospheric Fronts Using Raman Lidar Moisture Measurements
This paper presents the results of a field program using a ground-based Raman lidar system to observe changes in moisture profiles as a cold and a warm front passed over the NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland. The lidar ...
S. H. Melfi; D. Whiteman; R. Ferrare
Inference of Marine Atmospheric Boundary Layer Moisture and Temperature Structure Using Airborne Lidar and Infrared Radiometer Data
A new technique for retrieving near-surface moisture and profiles of mixing ratio and potential temperature through the depth of the marine atmospheric boundary layer (MABL) using airborne lidar and multichannel infrared radiometer data is ...
Stephen P. Palm; Denise Hagan; Geary Schwemmer; S. H. Melfi
Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center and World Data Center-A for atmospheric trace gases: FY 1993 activities
SciTech Connect
During the course of a fiscal year, Oak Ridge National Laboratory`s Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (CDIAC) distributes thousands of specialty publications-numeric data packages (NDPs), computer model packages (CMPs), technical reports, public communication publications, newsletters, article reprints, and reference books-in response to requests for information related to global environmental issues, primarily those pertaining to climate change. CDIAC`s staff also provide technical responses to specific inquiries related to carbon dioxide (CO{sub 2}), other trace gases, and climate. Hundreds of referrals to other researchers, policy analysts, information specialists, or organizations are also facilitated by CDIAC`s staff. This report provides an account of the activities accomplished by CDIAC (including World Data Center-A for Atmospheric Trace Gases) during the period October 1, 1992, to September 30, 1993. An organizational overview of CDIAC and its staff is supplemented by a detailed description of inquiries received and CDIAC`s response to those inquiries. An analysis and description of the preparation and distribution of NDPS, CMPS, technical reports, newsletters, fact sheets, specialty publications, and reprints are provided. Comments and descriptions of CDIAC`s information management systems, professional networking, and special bilateral agreements are also presented.
Cushman, R.M. [Oak Ridge National Lab., TN (United States). Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center; Stoss, F.W. [Oak Ridge National Lab., TN (United States). Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center]|[Univ. of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN (United States). Energy, Environment, and Resources Center
Diagnostic computation of moisture budgets in the ERA-Interim Reanalysis with reference to analysis of CMIP-archived atmospheric model data
The diagnostic evaluation of moisture budgets in archived atmosphere model data is examined. Sources of error in diagnostic computation can arise from the use of numerical methods different to those used in the atmosphere model, the time and ...
Richard Seager; Naomi Henderson
Diagnostic Computation of Moisture Budgets in the ERA-Interim Reanalysis with Reference to Analysis of CMIP-Archived Atmospheric Model Data
The diagnostic evaluation of moisture budgets in archived atmosphere model data is examined. Sources of error in diagnostic computation can arise from the use of numerical methods different from those used in the atmosphere model, the time and ...
Seasonal and Interannual Variability of Atmospheric Heat Sources and Moisture Sinks as Determined from NCEP�NCAR Reanalysis
Using the National Centers for Environmental Predictions (NCEP)�National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) reanalysis, distributions of the heat source Q1 and moisture sink Q2 between 50�N and 50�S are determined for a 15-yr period from 1980 ...
Michio Yanai; Tomohiko Tomita
Attribution of Projected Changes in Atmospheric Moisture Transport in the Arctic: A Self-Organizing Map Perspective
Meridonal moisture transport into the Arctic derived from one simulation of the National Center for Atmospheric Research Community Climate System Model (CCSM3), spanning the periods of 1960�99, 2010�30, and 2070�89, is analyzed. The twenty-first-...
Natasa Skific; Jennifer A. Francis; John J. Cassano
Global, Hemispheric, and Zonal Temperature Deviations (CDIAC...
54-Station Radiosonde Network Graph graphic Graphics Data graphic Data Investigator J. K. Angell National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Air Resources Laboratory (REAR),...
available free of charge - include estimates of carbon dioxide emissions from fossil-fuel consumption and land-use changes; records of atmospheric concentrations of carbon...
Investigation of Large-Scale Atmospheric Moisture Budget and Land Surface Interactions over U.S. Southern Great Plains including for CLASIC (June 2007)
The atmospheric moisture budget and surface interactions for the southern Great Plains are evaluated for contrasting May�June periods (1998, 2002, 2006, and 2007) as background for the Cloud and Land Surface Interaction Campaign (CLASIC) of (wet) ...
Peter J. Lamb; Diane H. Portis; Abraham Zangvil
Impact of Initial Soil Moisture Anomalies on Subsequent Precipitation over North America in the Coupled Land�Atmosphere Model CAM3�CLM3
To investigate the impact of anomalous soil moisture conditions on subsequent precipitation over North America, a series of numerical experiments is performed using a modified version of the Community Atmosphere Model version 3 and the Community ...
Yeonjoo Kim; Guiling Wang
Transport of Atmospheric Moisture during Three Extreme Rainfall Events over the Mackenzie River Basin
Lagrangian trajectories were computed for three extreme summer rainfall events (with rainfall exceeding 100 mm) over the southern Mackenzie River basin to test the hypothesis that the low-level moisture feeding these rainstorms can be traced back ...
Julian C. Brimelow; Gerhard W. Reuter
Near-Continuous Profiling of Temperature, Moisture, and Atmospheric Stability Using the Atmospheric Emitted Radiance Interferometer (AERI)
The Department of Energy Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program (ARM) has funded the development and installation of five ground-based atmospheric emitted radiance interferometer (AERI) systems at the Southern Great Plains (SGP) site. The ...
W. F. Feltz; W. L. Smith; H. B. Howell; R. O. Knuteson; H. Woolf; H. E. Revercomb
Evaluation of the Global Atmospheric Moisture Budget as Seen from Analyses
For the period 1987 to 1993, quantities central to the global moisture budget from the global analyses of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF), the U.S. National Meteorological Center (NMC), and NASA/Goddard have been ...
Kevin E. Trenberth; Christian J. Guillemot
Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (CDIAC)-Fossil Fuel CO2
Open Energy Info (EERE)
Dioxide Information Analysis Center (CDIAC)-Fossil Fuel CO2 Dioxide Information Analysis Center (CDIAC)-Fossil Fuel CO2 Emissions Jump to: navigation, search Tool Summary Name: Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (CDIAC)-Fossil Fuel CO2 Emissions Agency/Company /Organization: Oak Ridge National Laboratory Sector: Energy, Climate Topics: GHG inventory, Background analysis Resource Type: Dataset Website: cdiac.ornl.gov/trends/emis/meth_reg.html Country: United States, Canada, Mexico, Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Venezuela, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Belgium, Luxembourg, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Kazakhstan, Lithuania, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, United Kingdom, Uzbekistan, Iran, Kuwait, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Algeria, Egypt, South Africa, Australia, Bangladesh, China, India, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, New Zealand, Pakistan, Philippines, Singapore, South Korea, Taiwan, Thailand
International H2O Project (IHOP) 2002: Datasets Related to Atmospheric Moisture and Rainfall Prediction
IHOP 2002 was a field experiment that took place over the Southern Great Plains of the United States from 13 May to 25 June 2002. The chief aim of IHOP_2002 was improved characterization of the four-dimensional (4-D) distribution of water vapor and its application to improving the understanding and prediction of convection. The region was an optimal location due to existing experimental and operational facilities, strong variability in moisture, and active convection [copied from http://www.eol.ucar.edu/projects/ihop/]. The project's master list of data identifies 146 publicly accessible datasets.
Schanot, Allen [IHOP 2002 PI; Friesen, Dick [IHOP 2002 PI
Atmospheric Moisture Transport over the United States and Mexico as Evaluated in the NCEP Regional Reanalysis
The large-scale atmospheric hydrologic cycle over the United States and Mexico derived from the 23-yr NCEP regional reanalysis (RR) was evaluated by comparing the RR products with satellite estimates, independent sounding data, and the ...
Kingtse C. Mo; Muthuvel Chelliah; Marco L. Carrera; R. Wayne Higgins; Wesley Ebisuzaki
Moisture Origin and Meridional Transport in Atmospheric Rivers and Their Association with Multiple Cyclones
During December 2006 many cyclones traveled across the North Atlantic, causing temperature and precipitation in Norway to be well above average. Large excursions of high vertically integrated water vapor, often referred to as atmospheric rivers, ...
Harald Sodemann; Andreas Stohl
Atmospheric Moisture Transports from Ocean to Land and Global Energy Flows in Reanalyses
An assessment is made of the global energy and hydrological cycles from eight current atmospheric reanalyses and their depiction of changes over time. A brief evaluation of the water and energy cycles in the latest version of the NCAR climate ...
Kevin E. Trenberth; John T. Fasullo; Jessica Mackaro
The Effect of Ambient Stratification and Moisture on the Motion of Atmospheric Undular Bores
A numerical model is used to examine the effects of ambient stratification on the behavior of an atmospheric undular bore. It is shown that stratification reduces the amplitude of the disturbance at low levels by allowing energy to propagate ...
N. Andrew Crook
Localization of Deep Water Formation: Role of Atmospheric Moisture Transport and Geometrical Constraints on Ocean Circulation
A series of coupled atmosphere�ocean�ice aquaplanet experiments is described in which topological constraints on ocean circulation are introduced to study the role of ocean circulation on the mean climate of the coupled system. It is imagined ...
David Ferreira; John Marshall; Jean-Michel Campin
Direct and indirect effects of atmospheric conditions and soil moisture on surface energy partitioning revealed by a prolonged drought at a temperate forest site
The purpose of this paper is to examine the mechanism that controls the variation of surface energy partitioning between latent and sensible heat fluxes at a temperate deciduous forest site in central Missouri, USA. Taking advantage of multiple micrometeorological and ecophysiological measurements and a prolonged drought in the middle of the 2005 growing season at this site, we studied how soil moisture, atmospheric vapor pressure deficit (VPD), and net radiation affected surface energy partitioning. We stratified these factors to minimize potential confounding effects of correlation among them. We found that all three factors had direct effects on surface energy partitioning, but more important, all three factors also had crucial indirect effects. The direct effect of soil moisture was characterized by a rapid decrease in Bowen ratio with increasing soil moisture when the soil was dry and by insensitivity of Bowen ratio to variations in soil moisture when the soil was wet. However, the rate of decrease in Bowen ratio when the soil was dry and the level of soil moisture above which Bowen ratio became insensitive to changes in soil moisture depended on atmospheric conditions. The direct effect of increased net radiation was to increase Bowen ratio. The direct effect of VPD was very nonlinear: Increased VPD decreased Bowen ratio at low VPD but increased Bowen ratio at high VPD. The indirect effects were much more complicated. Reduced soil moisture weakened the influence of VPD but enhanced the influence of net adiation on surface energy partitioning. Soil moisture also controlled how net radiation influenced the relationship between surface energy partitioning and VPD and how VPD affected the relationship between surface energy partitioning and net radiation. Furthermore, both increased VPD and increased net radiation enhanced the sensitivity of Bowen ratio to changes in soil moisture and the effect of drought on surface energy partitioning. The direct and indirect effects of atmospheric conditions and soil moisture on surface energy partitioning identified in this paper provide a target for testing atmospheric general circulation models in their representation of land-atmosphere coupling.
Gu, Lianhong [ORNL; Meyers, T. P. [NOAA ATDD; Pallardy, Stephen G. [University of Missouri; Hanson, Paul J [ORNL; Yang, Bai [ORNL; Heuer, Mark [ATDD, NOAA; Hosman, K. P. [University of Missouri; Riggs, Jeffery S [ORNL; Sluss, Daniel Wayne [ORNL; Wullschleger, Stan D [ORNL
The Effect of Atmospheric Water Vapor on Neutron Count in the Cosmic-Ray Soil Moisture Observing System
The cosmic-ray method for measuring soil moisture, used in the COsmic-ray Soil Moisture Observing System (COSMOS), relies on the exceptional ability of hydrogen to moderate fast neutrons. Sources of hydrogen near the ground, other than soil ...
R. Rosolem; W. J. Shuttleworth; M. Zreda; T. E. Franz; X. Zeng; S. A. Kurc
The cosmic-ray method for measuring soil moisture, used in the Cosmic-Ray Soil Moisture Observing System (COSMOS), relies on the exceptional ability of hydrogen to moderate fast neutrons. Sources of hydrogen near the ground, other than soil ...
CARINA (Carbon dioxide in the Atlantic Ocean) Data from CDIAC
The idea for CARINA developed at a workshop (CO2 in the northern North Atlantic) that was held at the HANSE-Wissenschaftskolleg (HANSE Institute for Advanced Study) in Delmenhorst, Germany from June 9 to 11, 1999. While the main scientific focus is the North Atlantic, some data from the South Atlantic have been included in the project, along with data from the Arctic Ocean. Data sets go back to 1972, and more than 100 are currently available. The data are also being used in conjunction with other projects and research groups, such as the Atlantic Ocean Carbon Synthesis Group. See the inventory of data at http://store.pangaea.de/Projects/CARBOOCEAN/carina/data_inventory.htm See a detailed table of information on the cruises at http://cdiac.ornl.gov/oceans/CARINA/Carina_table.html and also provides access to data files. The CARBOOCEAN data portal provides a specialized interface for CARINA data, a reference list for historic carbon data, and password protected access to the "Data Underway Warehouse.".
Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center and World Data Center for Atmospheric Trace Gases Fiscal Year 2001 Annual Report
The Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (CDIAC), which includes the World Data Center (WDC) for Atmospheric Trace Gases, is the primary global change data and information analysis center of the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE). More than just an archive of data sets and publications, CDIAC has, since its inception in 1982, enhanced the value of its holdings through intensive quality assurance, documentation, and integration. Whereas many traditional data centers are discipline-based (for example, meteorology or oceanography), CDIAC's scope includes potentially anything and everything that would be of value to users concerned with the greenhouse effect and global climate change, including concentrations of carbon dioxide (CO{sub 2}) and other radiatively active gases in the atmosphere; the role of the terrestrial biosphere and the oceans in the biogeochemical cycles of greenhouse gases; emissions of CO{sub 2} and other trace gases to the atmosphere; long-term climate trends; the effects of elevated CO{sub 2} on vegetation; and the vulnerability of coastal areas to rising sea levels. CDIAC is located within the Environmental Sciences Division (ESD) at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) in Oak Ridge, Tennessee. CDIAC is co-located with ESD researchers investigating global-change topics, such as the global carbon cycle and the effects of carbon dioxide on climate and vegetation. CDIAC staff are also connected with current ORNL research on related topics, such as renewable energy and supercomputing technologies. CDIAC is supported by the Environmental Sciences Division (Jerry Elwood, Director) of DOE's Office of Biological and Environmental Research. CDIAC represents DOE in the multi-agency Global Change Data and Information System (GCDIS). Wanda Ferrell is DOE's Program Manager with overall responsibility for CDIAC. Roger Dahlman is responsible for CDIAC's AmeriFlux tasks, and Anna Palmisano for CDIAC's Ocean Data tasks. CDIAC is made up of three groups: Data Systems, Information Services, and Computer Systems, with nineteen full-time or part-time staff. The following section provides details on CDIAC's staff and organization. The Data Systems Group identifies and obtains databases important to global-change research; analyzes data; compiles needed databases; provides data management and support to specific programs [e.g., NARSTO, Free-Air CO{sub 2} Enrichment (FACE), AmeriFlux, Oceans]; and prepares documentation to ensure the long-term utility of CDIAC's data holdings. The Information Services Group responds to data and information requests; maintains records of all request activities; analyzes user statistics; assists in Web development and maintenance; and produces CDIAC's newsletter (CDIAC Communications), the fiscal year annual reports, and various information materials. The Computer Systems Group provides computer system support for all CDIAC and WDC activities; designs and maintains CDIAC's computing system network; ensures compliance with ORNL/DOE computing security regulations; ensures long-term preservation of CDIAC data holdings through systematic backups; evaluates, develops, and implements software; ensures standards compliance; generates user statistics; provides Web design, development, and oversight; and provides systems analysis and programming assistance for scientific data projects.
Cushman, R.M.
Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center and World Data Center for Atmospheric Trace Gases Fiscal Year 1999 Annual Report
The Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (CDIAC), which includes the World Data Center (WDC) for Atmospheric Trace Gases, is the primary global-change data and information analysis center of the Department of Energy (DOE). More than just an archive of data sets and publications, CDIAC has--since its inception in 1982--enhanced the value of its holdings through intensive quality assurance, documentation, and integration. Whereas many traditional data centers are discipline-based (for example, meteorology or oceanography), CDIAC's scope includes potentially anything and everything that would be of value to users concerned with the greenhouse effect and global climate change, including concentrations of carbon dioxide (CO{sub 2}) and other radiatively active gases in the atmosphere; the role of the terrestrial biosphere and the oceans in the biogeochemical cycles of greenhouse gases; emissions of CO{sub 2} and other trace gases to the atmosphere; long-term climate trends; the effects of elevated CO{sub 2} on vegetation; and the vulnerability of coastal areas to rising sea level. CDIAC is located within the Environmental Sciences Division (ESD) at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) in Oak Ridge, Tennessee. CDIAC is co-located with ESD researchers investigating global-change topics, such as the global carbon cycle and the effects of carbon dioxide on vegetation. CDIAC staff are also connected with current ORNL research on related topics, such as renewable energy and supercomputing technologies. CDIAC is supported by the Environmental Sciences Division (Jerry Elwood, Acting Director) of DOE's Office of Biological and Environmental Research. CDIAC's FY 1999 budget was 2.2M dollars. CDIAC represents the DOE in the multi-agency Global Change Data and Information System. Bobbi Parra, and Wanda Ferrell on an interim basis, is DOE's Program Manager with responsibility for CDIAC. CDIAC comprises three groups, Global Change Data, Computer Systems, and Information Services, with seventeen full-time and part-time staff. The Global Change Data group is responsible for identifying and obtaining databases important to global-change research, analyzing data, compiling needed databases, providing data management support to specific programs (e.g., NARSTO), and preparing documentation to ensure the long-term utility of CDIAC's data holdings. The Computer Systems group provides computer system support for all CDIAC and WDC activities, including designing and maintaining CDIAC's computing system network; ensuring compliance with ORNL/DOE computing security regulations; ensuring long-term preservation of CDIAC data holdings through systematic backups; evaluating, developing, and implementing software; ensuring standards compliance; generating user statistics; providing Web design, development, and oversight; and providing systems analysis and programming assistance for scientific data projects. The Information Services group responds to data and information requests; maintains records of all request activities; assists in Web development and maintenance; and produces CDIAC's newsletter, CDIAC Communications, catalog, glossary, and educational materials. The following section provides further details on CDIAC's organization.
Pathways Relating Soil Moisture Conditions to Future Summer Rainfall within a Model of the Land�Atmosphere System
In this paper, the key pathways and mechanisms through which soil moisture conditions affect future rainfall over the U.S. Midwest are investigated using a regional climate model. A series of numerical experiments are performed to identify these ...
Jeremy S. Pal; Elfatih A. B. Eltahir
Preliminary Results from Long-Term Measurements of Atmospheric Moisture in the Marine Boundary Layer in the Gulf of Mexico*
Measurements of boundary layer moisture have been acquired from Rotronic MP-100 sensors deployed on two National Data Buoy Center (NDBC) buoys in the northern Gulf of Mexico from June through November 1993. For one sensor that was retrieved ...
Laurence C. Breaker; David B. Gilhousen; Lawrence D. Burroughs
Oceanic Trace Gases Numeric Data Packages from the Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (CDIAC)
CDIAC products include numeric data packages, publications, trend data, atlases, models, etc. and can be searched for by subject area, keywords, authors, product numbers, time periods, collection sites, spatial references, etc. Most data sets or packages, many with numerous data files, are free to download from CDIAC's ftp area. CDIAC lists the following numeric data packages under the broad heading of Oceanic Trace Gases: Carbon Dioxide, Hydrographic, and Chemical Data Obtained during the R/V Ronald H. Brown Repeat Hydrography Cruise in the Atlantic Ocean: CLIVAR CO2 Section A16S_2005 ( 01/11/05 - 022405) � Determination of Carbon Dioxide, Hydrographic, and Chemical Parameters during the R/V Nathaniel B. Palmer Cruise in the Southern Indian Ocean (WOCE Section S04I, 050396 - 070496) � Inorganic Carbon, Nutrient, and Oxygen Data from the R/V Ronald H. Brown Repeat Hydrography Cruise in the Atlantic Ocean: CLIVAR CO2 Section A16N_2003a (060403 � 081103) � Carbon Dioxide, Hydrographic, and Chemical Data Obtained During the R/V Maurice Ewing Cruise in the Atlantic Ocean (WOCE Section A17, 010494 - 032194) � Global Ocean Data Analysis Project GLODAP: Results and Data � Carbon Dioxide, Hydrographic, and Chemical Data Obtained During the R/V Knorr Cruises in the North Atlantic Ocean on WOCE Sections AR24 (1102 � 120596) and A24, A20, and A22 (053097 � 090397) � Carbon Dioxide, Hydrographic and Chemical Data Obtained During the Nine R/V Knorr Cruises Comprising the Indian Ocean CO2 Survey (WOCE Sections I8SI9S, I9N, I8NI5E, I3, I5WI4, I7N, I1, I10, and I2; 120 194 � 012296) � Carbon Dioxide, Hydrographic, and Chemical Data Obtained During the R/V Meteor Cruise 28/1 in the South Atlantic Ocean (WOCE Section A8, 032994 - 051294) � Carbon Dioxide, Hydrographic, and Chemical Data Obtained During the R/V Knorr Cruise 138-3, -4, and -5 in the South Pacific Ocean (WOCE Sections P6E, P6C, and P6W, 050292 - 073092) � Global Distribution of Total Inorganic Carbon and Total Alkalinity below the deepest winter mixed layer depths � Carbon Dioxide, Hydrographic, and Chemical Data Obtained During the R/V John V. Vickers Cruise in the Pacific Ocean (WOCE Section P13, NOAA CGC92 Cruise, 080492 � 102192) � Carbon Dioxide, Hydrographic, and Chemical Data Obtained During the R/V Hesperides Cruise in the Atlantic Ocean (WOCE Section A5, 071492 - 081592) � Carbon Dioxide, Hydrographic, and Chemical Data Obtained During the R/V Thomas G. Thompson Cruise in the Pacific Ocean (WOCE Section P10, 100593 � 111093) � The International Intercomparison Exercise of Underway fCO2 Systems during the R/V Meteor Cruise 36/1 in the North Atlantic Ocean � Carbon Dioxide, Hydrographic, and Chemical Data Obtained during the R/V Meteor Cruise 22/5 in the South Atlantic Ocean (WOCE Section A10, Dec. 1992-Jan, 1993) � Carbon Dioxide, Hydrographic, and Chemical Data Obtained in the South Pacific Ocean (WOCE Sections P16A/P17A, P17E/P19S, and P19C, R/V Knorr , Oct. 1992-April 1993) � Surface Water and Atmospheric Underway Carbon Data Obtained During the World Ocean Circulation Experiment Indian Ocean Survey Cruises (R/V Knorr, Dec. 1994 � Jan, 1996) � Carbon Dioxide, Hydrographic, and Chemical Data Obtained During the R/V Akademik Ioffe Cruise in the South Pacific Ocean (WOCE Section S4P, Feb.-April 1992) � Carbon Dioxide, Hydrographic, and Chemical Data Obtained During the R/V Thomas Washington Cruise TUNES-1 in the Equatorial Pacific Ocean (WOCE section P17C) � Carbon Dioxide, Hydrographic, and Chemical Data Obtained During the R/V Thomas Washington Cruise TUNES-3 in the Equatorial Pacific Ocean (WOCE section P16C) � Carbon-14 Measurements in Surface Water CO2 from the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Oceans, 1965-1994 � Carbon Dioxide, Hydrographic, and Chemical Data Obtained During R/V Meteor Cruise 18/1 in the North Atlantic Ocean (WOCE Section A1E) � Carbon Dioxide, Hydrographic, and Chemical Data Obtained in the Central South Pacific Ocean (WOCE Sections P17S and P16S) during the TUNES-2 Expedition of the R
Global Coastal Carbon Program Data from the Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (CDIAC)
CDIAC provides data management support for the Global Coastal Carbon Data Project. The coastal regions data are very important for the understanding of carbon cycle on the continental margins. The Coastal Project data include the bottle (discrete) and surface (underway) carbon-related measurements from coastal research cruises, the data from time series cruises, and coastal moorings. The data from US East Coast, US West Coast, and European Coastal areas are available. CDIAC provides a map interface with vessel or platform names. Clicking on the name brings up information about the vessel or the scientific platform, the kinds of measurements collected and the timeframe, links to project pages, when available, and the links to the data files themselves.
CDIAC::Carbon Emission::Time Series Global Data
The 2013 version of this database presents a time series recording 1° The 2013 version of this database presents a time series recording 1° latitude by 1° longitude CO2 emissions in units of million metric tons of carbon per year from anthropogenic sources for 1751-2010. Detailed geographic information on CO2 emissions can be critical in understanding the pattern of the atmospheric and biospheric response to these emissions. Global, regional, and national annual estimates for 1751 through 2010 were published earlier (Boden et al. 2013). Those national, annual CO2 emission estimates were based on statistics about fossil-fuel burning, cement manufacturing and gas flaring in oil fields as well as energy production, consumption, and trade data, using the methods of Marland and Rotty (1984). The national annual estimates were combined with gridded 1° data on
Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center and World Data Center for Atmospheric Trace Gases, Fiscal Year 2002 Annual Report
The Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (CDIAC), which includes the World Data Center (WDC) for Atmospheric Trace Gases, is the primary global change data and information analysis center of the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE). More than just an archive of data sets and publications, CDIAC has, since its inception in 1982, enhanced the value of its holdings through intensive quality assurance, documentation, and integration. Whereas many traditional data centers are discipline-based (for example, meteorology or oceanography), CDIAC's scope includes potentially anything and everything that would be of value to users concerned with the greenhouse effect and global climate change, including atmospheric concentrations and atmospheric emissions of carbon dioxide (CO{sub 2}) and other radiatively active gases; the role of the terrestrial biosphere and the oceans in the biogeochemical cycles of greenhouse gases; long-term climate trends; the effects of elevated CO{sub 2} on vegetation; and the vulnerability of coastal areas to rising sea levels.
Atmospheric Measurements of Climate-Relevant Species
Atmospheric Measurements of Climate-Relevant Species Atmospheric Measurements of Climate-Relevant Species CDIAC's data collection includes measurements of the following climate-relevant chemical species. A summary of recent greenhouse gas concentrations is also available. To determine how compounds are named, see the CDIAC "Name that compound" page. Butane (C4H10) Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Carbon Isotopes Carbon Monoxide (CO) Carbon Tetrachloride (CCl4) Chlorofluorocarbons Chloroform (CHCl3) Deuterium (2H) Ethane (C2H6) Ethyl Nitrate (C2H5ONO2) Ethyne (C2H2) Fluoroform (CHF3) Halogenated Compounds (modern records) Halons (fluorocarbons) Hydrogen (H2) Hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) i-Propyl Nitrate (C3H7ONO2) Methane (CH4) Methyl Bromide (CH3Br) Methyl Chloride (CH3Cl) Methyl Chloroform (CH3CCl3)
Investigation of the Large-Scale Atmospheric Moisture Field over the Midwestern United States in Relation to Summer Precipitation. Part II: Recycling of Local Evapotranspiration and Association with Soil Moisture and Crop Yields
The relative contributions of locally evapotranspired (i.e., recycled) moisture versus externally advected water vapor for the growing-season precipitation of the U.S. Corn Belt and surrounding areas (1.23 � 106 km2) are estimated in this paper. ...
Abraham Zangvil; Diane H. Portis; Peter J. Lamb
ABS>Electrolytic moisture monitors which continuously analyze the moisture content of gases are commercially available. After a period of operation, these instruments may give erroneous readings, frequently because of damage to the electrolytic cell. A gas with a known and reproducible moisture content within the operating range would be useful for making operational response tests on these monltors and for checking their calibration. A paired- hydrate system of a chemical compound exhibits a water vapor pressure that is constant at a constant temperature. ff an unreactive gas is allowed to equilibrate with a paired-hydrate system, the moisture content of the gas is determined by the vapor pressure of the hydrate pair, the total pressure, and the temperature. Hydrated magnesium perchlorate was prepared which contained between four and six moles of water per mole of perchlorate. This material was pulverized lightly then packed into a stainless steel column and 100 cc/minute of air at atmospheric pressure was passed through the bed. The exit air from the column was analyzed with a moisture monitor. A gas residence time of two minutes in the column was found to be sufficient for establishing moisture equilibrium in the exit flow. The moisture content of the exit air was found to vary from 34 to 70 ppm by volume as the temperature of the paired-hydrate system varied from 20 to 28 un. Concent 85% C. Other paired-hydrate systems can extend this range to higher moisture levels. (auth)
Montgomery, C.D.; Googin, J.M.; Phillips, L.R.
Mesoscale Monitoring of Soil Moisture across a Statewide Network
Soil moisture is an important component in many hydrologic and land�atmosphere interactions. Understanding the spatial and temporal nature of soil moisture on the mesoscale is vital to determine the influence that land surface processes have on ...
Bradley G. Illston; Jeffrey B. Basara; Christopher A. Fiebrich; Kenneth C. Crawford; Eric Hunt; Daniel K. Fisher; Ronald Elliott; Karen Humes
Attribution of Seasonal and Regional Changes in Arctic Moisture Convergence
Spatial and temporal changes in high-latitude moisture convergence simulated by the National Center for Atmospheric Research Community Climate System Model, version 3 (CCSM3) are investigated. Moisture convergence is calculated using the ...
PACIFICA (PACIFic ocean Interior CArbon) Database: A Data Synthesis Resource (NDP-92, ORNL/CDIAC-159)
PACIFICA (PACIFic ocean Interior CArbon) was an international collaborative project for synthesis of data on ocean interior carbon and its related parameters in the Pacific Ocean. The North Pacific Marine Science Organization (PICES), Section on Carbon and Climate (S-CC) supported the project. Hydrographic/hydrochemical datasets have been merged from a total of 272 cruises, including those from cruises conducted between the late 1980s and 2000 but not included in GLODAP, as well as CLIVAR/CO2 Repeat Hydrography datasets from the 2000s. Adjustments were calculated to account for analytical offsets in dissolved inorganic carbon, total alkalinity, salinity, oxygen, and nutrients (nitrate and nitrite, phosphate, and silicic acid) for each cruise as a result of the secondary quality control procedure, based on crossover analysis using data from deep layers (Tanhua et al., 2010). A total of 59 adjusted datasets from Line P off the west coast of Canada were also merged. Finally, the authors have produced the adjusted PACIFICA database that consists of datasets from a total of 306 cruises that also includes 34 datasets from WOCE Hydrographic Program cruises in the Pacific Ocean conducted in the 1990s. The PACIFICA database is available free of charge as a numeric data package (NDP-92) from the Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (CDIAC) and the primary PACIFICA data site at pacifica.pices.jp. The NDP consists of the original cruise data files, adjusted data product, and the documentation.
Suzuki, T.; Ishii, M.; Aoyama, M. R; Christian, J. R.; Enyo, K.; Kawano, T.; Key, R. M.; Kosugi, N.; Kozyr, A.; Miller, L. A.; Murata, A.; Nakano, T.; Ono, T.; Saino, T.; Sasaki, K.; Sasano, D; Takatani, Y.; Wakita, M.; Sabine, C.
Diagnosis of Tropospheric Moisture over Saudi Arabia and Influences of IOD and ENSO
A diagnostic study of atmospheric moisture data over Saudi Arabia derived from a 43-yr National Centers for Environmental Prediction�National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP�NCAR) reanalysis revealed that moisture convergence in the lower ...
Arun Chakraborty; Swadhin K. Behera; Milind Mujumdar; Ryohji Ohba; Toshio Yamagata
Soil Moisture Memory in Climate Models
Water balance considerations at the soil surface lead to an equation that relates the autocorrelation of soil moisture in climate models to 1) seasonality in the statistics of the atmospheric forcing, 2) the variation of evaporation with soil ...
Randal D. Koster; Max J. Suarez
Global Energy and Moisture Budgets from Rawinsonde Data
Vertically integrated budgets of moisture and energy for the global atmosphere are presented, based on the GFDL 10-year rawinsonde data analyses of Oort. The extratropical free atmospheric mean wind divergence is derived from vorticity balance, ...
H. I. Savij�rvi
Carbon Flux to the Atmosphere From Land-use Changes: 1850 to 1990
Carbon Flux to the Atmosphere From Land-use Changes: 1850 to 1990 Carbon Flux to the Atmosphere From Land-use Changes: 1850 to 1990 (NDP-050/R1) DOI: 10.3334/CDIAC/lue.ndp050 data Data PDF PDF The PDF of NDP-050/R1 (body of report, plus appendices A through E) and tellus51b.pdf (Appendix F, reprint of Houghton paper in Tellus, Vol. 51B; copyright 1999 Blackwell Publishing Ltd and reprinted with kind permission from the publisher) Contributors Richard A. Houghton Joseph L. Hackler The Woods Hole Research Center Woods Hole, Massachusetts Please Note: Revised data through the year 2000 are available in CDIAC's Trends Online. Prepared by Robert M. Cushman Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center Environmental Sciences Division Publication No. 5054 Date Published: February 2001 Prepared for the Environmental Sciences Division Office of Biological and Environmental Research
Influence of temperature, moisture, and organic carbon on the flux of H/sub 2/ and CO between soil and atmosphere: field studies in subtropical regions
Production and deposition rates of atmospheric hydrogen and carbon monoxide were studied during field measurements in subtropical regions, i.e., Transvaal (South Africa), Andalusia (Spain), and the Karoo (South Africa). Measurements were carried out by applying static and equilibrium box techniques. The equilibrium technique has been introduced as a novel method to measure production and destruction rates simultaneously even when soil conditions (e.g., temperature) change during the course of the measurements. Deposition velocities of H/sub 2/ and CO were virtually independent of the soil temperature measured in 3- to 10-mm depths and agreed with those measured in the temperate regions. The deposition velocities were inhibited or stimulated by irrigation water depending on the conditions of the individual field sites. H/sub 2/ production by soil was not observed. By contrast, CO was produced by soil in a dark chemical reaction. Production rates increased exponentially with soil temperatures, giving activation energies of 57-110 kJ mol/sup -1/ and increased linearly with soil organic carbon content. CO production rates followed a diel rhythm parallel to soil surface temperatures. Production generally exceeded CO deposition during the hot hours of the day, so that arid subtropical soils act as a net source of atmospheric CO during this time. On a global basis, CO production by soil may reach source strengths of 30 Tg yr/sup -1/, which is considerably less than the global deposition of CO estimated to be 190-580 Tg yr/sup -1/. Global H/sub 2/ deposition rates were estimated to 70-110 Tg yr/sup -1/.
Conrad, R.; Seiler, W.
Role of Subsurface Physics in the Assimilation of Surface Soil Moisture Observations
Root-zone soil moisture controls the land�atmosphere exchange of water and energy, and exhibits memory that may be useful for climate prediction at monthly scales. Assimilation of satellite-based surface soil moisture observations into a land ...
Sujay V. Kumar; Rolf H. Reichle; Randal D. Koster; Wade T. Crow; Christa D. Peters-Lidard
Assimilation of Disaggregated Microwave Soil Moisture into a Hydrologic Model Using Coarse-Scale Meteorological Data
Near-surface soil moisture retrieved from Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS)-type data is downscaled and assimilated into a distributed soil�vegetation�atmosphere transfer (SVAT) model with the ensemble Kalman filter. Because satellite-based ...
O. Merlin; A. Chehbouni; G. Boulet; Y. Kerr
Influence of Soil Moisture on Urban Microclimate and Surface-Layer Meteorology in Oklahoma City
The influence of soil moisture on surface-layer atmosphere is examined in this paper by analyzing the outputs of model simulations for different initial soil moisture configurations with particular emphasis on urban microclimate. In addition to a ...
Syed Zahid Husain; St�phane B�lair; Sylvie Leroyer
Michael H. Jones and Peter S. Curtis, editors ORNL/CDIAC-129
VEGETABLES 525 Deyton, D.E., C.E. Sams, and J.C. Cummins. 1992. Application of dormant oil to peach-trees modifies bud twig internal atmosphere. Hortscience 27(12):1304-1305....
Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center and World Data Center-A for Atmospheric Trace Gases catalog of databases and reports
Data products and reports made available by the US Department of Energy's (DOE) Environmental Sciences Division, Office of Biological and Environmental Research (OBER), and the Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (CDIAC) provide coverage in a number of areas relevant to the greenhouse effect and global climate change. Such areas include records of the concentration of carbon dioxide and other radiatively active gases in the atmosphere; the role of the terrestrial biosphere and the oceans in the biogeochemical cycles of greenhouse gases; emissions of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere; long-term climate trends; the effects of elevated carbon dioxide on vegetation; and the vulnerability of coastal areas to rising sea level. Currently, in its eighth revision, this catalog provides information about the data products and reports available through CDIAC.
Burtis, M.D. [comp.
Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center and World Data Center for Atmospheric Trace Gases Fiscal Year 2000 Annual Report
The Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (CDIAC), which includes the World Data Center (WDC) for Atmospheric Trace Gases, is the primary global change data and information analysis center of the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE). More than just an archive of data sets and publications, CDIAC has, since its inception in 1982, enhanced the value of its holdings through intensive quality assurance, documentation, and integration. Whereas many traditional data centers are discipline-based (for example, meteorology or oceanography), CDIAC's scope includes potentially anything and everything that would be of value to users concerned with the greenhouse effect and global climate change, including concentrations of carbon dioxide (CO{sub 2}) and other radiatively active gases in the atmosphere; the role of the terrestrial biosphere and the oceans in the biogeochemical cycles of greenhouse gases; emissions of CO{sub 2} and other trace gases to the atmosphere; long-term climate trends; the effects of elevated CO{sub 2} on vegetation; and the vulnerability of coastal areas to rising sea levels.
GOES-VAS Simultaneous Temperature-Moisture Retrieval Algorithm
Vertical soundings of temperature and moisture derived from the GOES VISSR Atmospheric Sounder (VAS) measurements have been produced operationally since summer 1987 at the VAS Data Utilization Center (VDUC). The algorithm which was developed for ...
Christopher M. Hayden
Turbulent Moisture Measurements aboard Instrumented Aircraft with a Capacitive Sensor
The authors show how a capacitive device measuring moisture can be used aboard instrumented atmospheric aircraft as an alternate sensor for turbulence measurement. Using a calibrated Lyman-? sensor as a reference, the time response of the ...
Pierre Durand; Gabriel Abadie; Aim� Druilhet
Precipitation Recycling: Moisture Sources over Europe using ERA-40 Data
Atmospheric moisture within a region is supplied by both local evaporation and advected from external sources. The contribution of local evaporation in a region to the precipitation in the same region is defined as �precipitation recycling.� ...
B. Bisselink; A. J. Dolman
Combination moisture and hydrogen getter
DOE Patents (OSTI)
A combination moisture and hydrogen getter comprises (a) a moisture getter comprising a readily oxidizable metal; and (b) a hydrogen getter comprising (i) a solid acetylenic compound and (ii) a hydrogenation catalyst. A method of scavenging moisture from a closed container uses the combination moisture and hydrogen getter to irreversibly chemically reduce the moisture and chemically bind the resultant hydrogen.
Harrah, Larry A. (Albuquerque, NM); Mead, Keith E. (Peralta, NM); Smith, Henry M. (Overland Park, KS)
Controlling moisture in houses
Most moisture problems in homes in Canada and the Northern United States during the winter are related to too-high indoor humidity. Excessive moisture sourecs such as damp crawl spaces, and lack of ventilation cause this humidity problem. Exhaust fans or air-to-air heat exchangers can easily and economically provide sufficient ventilation.
TenWolde, A.; Suleski, J.C.
Investigation of Soil Moisture - Vegetation Interactions in Oklahoma
E-Print Network (OSTI)
and-atmosphere interactions are an important component of climate, especially in semi-arid regions such as the Southern Great Plains. Interactions between soil moisture and vegetation modulate land-atmosphere coupling and thus represent a crucial, but not well understood climate factor. This study examines soil moisture-vegetation health interactions using both in situ observations and land surface model simulations. For the observational study, soil moisture is taken from 20 in situ Oklahoma Mesonet soil moisture observation sites, and vegetation health is represented by MODIS-derived normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI). For the modeling study, the variable infiltration capacity (VIC) hydrologic model is employed with two different vegetation parameterizations. The first is the model default vegetation parameter which is interannually-invariant leaf area index (LAI). This parameter is referred to as the control parameter. The second is MODIS-derived LAI, which captures interannual differences in vegetation health. Soil moisture simulations from both vegetation parameterizations are compared and the VIC-simulated soil moisture�s sensitivity to the vegetation parameters is also examined. Correlation results from the observation study suggest that soil moisture-vegetation interactions in Oklahoma are inconsistent, varying both in space and time. The modeling results show that using a vegetation parameterization that does not capture interannual vegetation health variability could potentially result in dry or wet biased soil moisture simulations.
Ford, Trenton W.
Practical Considerations of Moisture in Baled Biomass Feedstocks
Agricultural residues make up a large portion of the immediately available biomass feedstock for renewable energy markets. Current collection and storage methods rely on existing feed and forage practices designed to preserve nutrients and properties of digestibility. Low-cost collection and storage practices that preserve carbohydrates across a range of inbound moisture contents are needed to assure the economic and technical success of the emerging biomass industry. This study examines the movement of moisture in storage and identifies patterns of migration resulting from several on-farm storage systems and their impacts on moisture measurement and dry matter recovery. Baled corn stover and energy sorghum were stored outdoors in uncovered, tarp-covered, or wrapped stacks and sampled periodically to measure moisture and dry matter losses. Interpolation between discrete sampling locations in the stack improved bulk moisture content estimates and showed clear patterns of accumulation and re-deposition. Atmospheric exposure, orientation, and contact with barriers (i.e., soil, tarp, and wrap surfaces) were found to cause the greatest amount of moisture heterogeneity within stacks. Although the bulk moisture content of many stacks remained in the range suitable for aerobic stability, regions of high moisture were sufficient to support microbial activity, thus support dry matter loss. Stack configuration, orientation, and coverage methods are discussed relative to impact on moisture management and dry matter preservation. Additionally, sample collection and data analysis are discussed relative to assessment at the biorefinery as it pertains to stability in storage, queuing, and moisture carried into processing.
William A. Smith; Ian J. Bonner; Kevin L. Kenney; Lynn M. Wendt
Evaluation of Soil Moisture in the NCEP�NCAR and NCEP�DOE Global Reanalyses
This study compares soil moisture analyses from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction�National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP�NCAR) global reanalysis (R-1) and the later NCEP� Department of Energy (DOE) Atmospheric Model ...
Cheng-Hsuan Lu; Masao Kanamitsu; John O. Roads; Wesley Ebisuzaki; Kenneth E. Mitchell; Dag Lohmann
Control of Moisture Ingress into Photovoltaic Modules
DOE Green Energy (OSTI)
During long-term exposure of photovoltaic modules to environmental stress, the ingress of water into the module is correlated with decreased performance. By using diffusivity measurements for water through encapsulants such as ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA), we have modeled moisture ingress using a finite-element analysis with atmospheric data from various locations such as Miami, Florida. This analysis shows that because of the high diffusivity of EVA, even an impermeable glass back-sheet alone is incapable of preventing significant moisture ingress from the edges for a 20-year lifecycle. This result has led us to investigate ways to protect modules from moisture through the use of different encapsulating chemistries and materials.
Kempe, M. D.
ARM - Measurement - Soil moisture
moisture moisture ARM Data Discovery Browse Data Comments? We would love to hear from you! Send us a note below or call us at 1-888-ARM-DATA. Send Measurement : Soil moisture The moisture of the soil measured near the surface. This includes soil wetness and soil water potential. Categories Surface Properties Instruments The above measurement is considered scientifically relevant for the following instruments. Refer to the datastream (netcdf) file headers of each instrument for a list of all available measurements, including those recorded for diagnostic or quality assurance purposes. ARM Instruments AMC : Ameriflux Measurement Component CO2FLX : Carbon Dioxide Flux Measurement Systems SOIL : Soil Measurement from the SGP SWATS : Soil Water and Temperature System SEBS : Surface Energy Balance System
Fiber optic moisture sensor
A method and apparatus for sensing moisture changes by utilizing optical fiber technology. One embodiment uses a reflective target at the end of an optical fiber. The reflectance of the target varies with its moisture content and can be detected by a remote unit at the opposite end of the fiber. A second embodiment utilizes changes in light loss along the fiber length. This can be attributed to changes in reflectance of cladding material as a function of its moisture content. It can also be affected by holes or inserts interposed in the cladding material and/or fiber. Changing light levels can also be coupled from one fiber to another in an assembly of fibers as a function of varying moisture content in their overlapping lengths of cladding material.
Kirkham, R.R.
Moisture, Microbes and Health
effects and their mechanisms. Prevalence studies have shown that half of the housing stock has signs of previous or present moisture faults, and the problems are also common in...
Atmospheric Methane at Cape Meares, Oregon, U.S.A.: A High-Resolution Data
Atmospheric Trace Gases » Methane » Atmospheric Trace Gases » Methane » Atmospheric Methane, Cape Meares Atmospheric Methane at Cape Meares, Oregon, U.S.A.: A High-Resolution Data Base for the Period 1979-1992 DOI: 10.3334/CDIAC/atg.db1007 data Data (DB1007) Investigators M. A. K. Khalil and R. A. Rasmussen Description This data base presents continuous automated atmospheric methane (CH4) measurements taken at the atmospheric monitoring facility in Cape Meares, Oregon, by the Oregon Graduate Institute of Science and Technology. The Cape Meares data represent some 119,000 individual atmospheric methane measurements carried out during 1979-1992. Analysis of ambient air (collected 12 to 72 times daily) was carried out by means of an automated sampling and measurement system, using the method of gas chromatography and
Statistical Analyses of Land�Atmosphere Feedbacks and Their Possible Pitfalls
In some regions of the world, soil moisture has a typical memory for atmospheric processes and can also feed back to the latter. Thus, a better understanding of feedbacks between soil moisture and the atmosphere could provide promising ...
Boris Orlowsky; Sonia I. Seneviratne
Propagating Subsurface Uncertainty to the Atmosphere Using Fully Coupled Stochastic Simulations
Feedbacks between the land surface and the atmosphere, manifested as mass and energy fluxes, are strongly correlated with soil moisture, making soil moisture an important factor in land�atmosphere interactions. It is shown that a reduction of the ...
John L. Williams III; Reed M. Maxwell
Globally Averaged Atmospheric CFC-11 Concentrations: Monthly and Annual
Chlorofluorocarbons » Chlorofluorocarbons » Atmospheric CFC-11 Concentrations Globally Averaged Atmospheric CFC-11 Concentrations: Monthly and Annual Data for the Period 1975-1992 DOI: 10.3334/CDIAC/atg.db1010 data Data (DB1010) Investigator M. A. K. Khalil and R. A. Rasmussen Description This data set presents globally averaged atmospheric concentrations of chlorofluorocarbon 11, known also as CFC-11 or F-11 (chemical name: trichlorofluoromethane; formula: CCl3F). The monthly global average data are derived from flask air samples collected at eight sites in six locations over the period August 1980-July 1992. The sites are Barrow (Alaska), Cape Meares (Oregon), Cape Kumukahi and Mauna Loa (Hawaii), Cape Matatula (American Samoa), Cape Grim (Tasmania), Palmer Station, and the
Roofing Moisture Tolerance
Moisture Control in Low-Slope Roofing: Moisture Control in Low-Slope Roofing: A New Design Requirement A.O. Desjarlais and J.E. Christian, Oak Ridge National Laboratory N. A. Byars, University of North Carolina Charlotte This calculator performs the calculations described in Moisture Control in Low-Slope Roofing: A New Design Requirement. This calculator allows the roofing practitioner to determine if a roofing system design requires a vapor retarder or if the system can be modified to enhance its tolerance for small leaks. To use the calculator, simply supply the following information and click on the "Check Roof" button at the bottom of the form. Insulation Type and Thickness (in inches): Fiberboard Polyisocyanurate 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 Layer 1 None Fiberboard Polyisocyanurate 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 Layer 2
Moisture Control | Department of Energy
Energy.gov (U.S. Department of Energy (DOE)) Indexed Site
Moisture Control Moisture Control Moisture Control May 30, 2012 - 10:41am Addthis Controlling moisture can make your home more energy-efficient, less costly to heat and cool, more comfortable, and prevent mold growth. Controlling moisture can make your home more energy-efficient, less costly to heat and cool, more comfortable, and prevent mold growth. What does this mean for me? Moisture can support the growth of mold and mildew and can even rot structural members in extreme cases. Effective strategies for addressing moisture in your home will depend on your climate and how your home is constructed. How does it work? Moisture can enter a home as water vapor and as liquid water. Sealing air leaks and providing paths for liquid water to move away from the building can prevent moisture from causing health and comfort problems in your home.
Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Record from Mauna Loa
SIO Air Sampling Network » Mauna Loa SIO Air Sampling Network » Mauna Loa Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Record from Mauna Loa DOI: 10.3334/CDIAC/atg.035 graphics Graphics data Data Investigators R.F. Keeling, S.C. Piper, A.F. Bollenbacher and J.S. Walker Carbon Dioxide Research Group Scripps Institution of Oceanography University of California La Jolla, California 92093-0444, U.S.A. Period of Record 1958-2008 Methods Air samples at Mauna Loa are collected continuously from air intakes at the top of four 7-m towers and one 27-m tower. Four air samples are collected each hour for the purpose of determining the CO2 concentration. Determinations of CO2 are made by using a Siemens Ultramat 3 nondispersive infrared gas analyzer with a water vapor freeze trap. This analyzer registers the concentration of CO2 in a stream of air flowing at ~0.5
Rainfall and Radiative Heating Rates from TOGA COARE Atmospheric Budgets
Atmospheric heat and moisture budgets are used to determine rainfall and radiative heating rates over the western Pacific warm pool during the Tropical Ocean Global Atmosphere Coupled Ocean�Atmosphere Response Experiment (TOGA COARE). Results are ...
Richard H. Johnson; Paul E. Ciesielski
Moisture Metrics Project
the goal of this project was to determine the optimum moisture levels for biomass processing for pellets commercially, by correlating data taken from numerous points in the process, and across several different feedstock materials produced and harvested using a variety of different management practices. This was to be done by correlating energy consumption and material through put rates with the moisture content of incoming biomass ( corn & wheat stubble, native grasses, weeds, & grass straws), and the quality of the final pellet product.This project disseminated the data through a public website, and answering questions form universities across Missouri that are engaged in biomass conversion technologies. Student interns from a local university were employed to help collect data, which enabled them to learn firsthand about biomass processing.
Schuchmann, Mark
CSIRO GASLAB Network: Individual Flask Measurements of Atmospheric Trace
GASLAB Network GASLAB Network CSIRO GASLAB Network: Individual Flask Measurements of Atmospheric Trace Gases (April 2003) data Data Investigators L.P. Steele, P.R. Krummel, and R.L. Langenfelds Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) DOI 10.3334/CDIAC/atg.db1021 Data are available for four atmospheric trace gases at nine stationary sites and one moving platform (aircraft over Cape Grim, Tasmania, and Bass Strait, between the Australian continent and Tasmania). The trace gases are carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), carbon monoxide (CO), and hydrogen (H2). Measurements of δ13C from CO2 are also included in this database. The nine stationary sites are, from north to south: Alert, Canada; Shetland Islands, Scotland; Estevan Point, Canada; Mauna Loa, Hawaii; Cape Ferguson,
Precision moisture generation and measurement.
In many industrial processes, gaseous moisture is undesirable as it can lead to metal corrosion, polymer degradation, and other materials aging processes. However, generating and measuring precise moisture concentrations is challenging due to the need to cover a broad concentration range (parts-per-billion to percent) and the affinity of moisture to a wide range surfaces and materials. This document will discuss the techniques employed by the Mass Spectrometry Laboratory of the Materials Reliability Department at Sandia National Laboratories to generate and measure known gaseous moisture concentrations. This document highlights the use of a chilled mirror and primary standard humidity generator for the characterization of aluminum oxide moisture sensors. The data presented shows an excellent correlation in frost point measured between the two instruments, and thus provides an accurate and reliable platform for characterizing moisture sensors and performing other moisture related experiments.
Thornberg, Steven Michael; White, Michael I.; Irwin, Adriane Nadine
Intercomparison of Soil Moisture Memory in Two Land Surface Models
A heavy rain or a dry period can produce an anomaly in soil moisture, and the dissipation of this anomaly may take weeks to months. It is important to understand how land surface models (LSMs) used with atmospheric general circulation models ...
Sarith P. P. Mahanama; Randal D. Koster
Assessing the Influence of Soil Moisture on Seasonal Climate Variability with AGCMs
Ensembles of boreal summer atmospheric simulations, spanning a 15-yr period (1979�93), are performed with the Action de Recherche Petite Echelle Grande Echelle (ARPEGE) climate model to investigate the possible influence of soil moisture (SM) on ...
H. Douville
The Effect of Moisture on Layer Thicknesses Used to Monitor Global Temperatures
Mean layer virtual temperature estimates, based on geopotential height measurements, form the basis for one approach being used to monitor changes in upper-air temperature. However, virtual temperature is a function of atmospheric moisture ...
W. P. Elliott; D. J. Gaffen; J. K. Angell; J. D. W. Kahl
Surface Emissivity Impact on Temperature and Moisture Soundings from Hyperspectral Infrared Radiance Measurements
An accurate land surface emissivity (LSE) is critical for the retrieval of atmospheric temperature and moisture profiles along with land surface temperature from hyperspectral infrared (IR) sounder radiances; it is also critical to assimilating IR ...
Zhigang Yao; Jun Li; Jinlong Li; Hong Zhang
Local Advection of Momentum, Heat, and Moisture during the Melt of Patchy Snow Covers
A numerical atmospheric boundary layer model, based on higher-order turbulence closure assumptions, is developed and used to simulate the local advection of momentum, heat, and moisture during the melt of patchy snow covers over a 10-km ...
Glen E. Liston
Retrieval of Clear Sky Moisture Profiles using the 183 GHz Water Vapor Line
A technique for retrieving vertical moisture profiles from downlooking radiometric measurements of atmospheric radiation near the 183 GHz water vapor line is described. A simulation experiment utilizing this retrieval technique and temperature ...
Ramesh K. Kakar
A Study of Satellite-derived Moisture with Emphasis on the Gulf of Mexico
Visible-Infrared Spin Scan Radiometer (VISSR) Atmospheric Sounder (VAS) moisture retrievals are compared to the National Meteorological Center Regional Analysis and Forecast System (RAFS) 12-h forecast and to 1200 UTC rawinsondes over the United ...
Anthony J. Schreiner; Christopher M. Hayden; Cecil A. Paris
Where Does the Iberian Peninsula Moisture Come From? An Answer Based on a Lagrangian Approach
This study investigated the main sources of moisture in the atmosphere over the Iberian Peninsula (IP) at annual and seasonal scales using FLEXPART, a powerful new 3D Lagrangian diagnosis method that identifies the humidity contributions to the ...
Luis Gimeno; Raquel Nieto; Ricardo M. Trigo; Sergio M. Vicente-Serrano; Juan Ignacio L�pez-Moreno
Analysis of Soil Moisture from Near-Surface Parameters: A Feasibility Study
The main purpose of this paper is to demonstrate that it is possible to estimate soil moisture from the evolution of atmospheric parameters near the surface (temperature and relative humidity) if a realistic surface transfer model is available. ...
Jean-Fran�ois Mahfouf
The Impacts of Convective Parameterization and Moisture Triggering on AGCM-Simulated Convectively Coupled Equatorial Waves
This study examines the impacts of convective parameterization and moisture convective trigger on convectively coupled equatorial waves simulated by the Seoul National University (SNU) atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM). Three different ...
Jia-Lin Lin; Myong-In Lee; Daehyun Kim; In-Sik Kang; Dargan M. W. Frierson
Comparing Aerosol and Low-Level Moisture Influences on Supercell Tornadogenesis: Three-Dimensional Idealized Simulations
Four three-dimensional, nested-grid numerical simulations were performed using the Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (RAMS) to compare the effects of aerosols acting as cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) to those of low-level moisture [and thus ...
David G. Lerach; William R. Cotton
Influence of MODIS-derived dynamic vegetation on VIC-simulated soil moisture in Oklahoma
Soil moisture-vegetation interactions are an important component of land-atmosphere coupling, especially in semi-arid regions such as the North American Great Plains. However, many land surface models parameterize vegetation using an interannually-...
Trent W. Ford; Steven M. Quiring
water. Sealing air leaks and providing paths for liquid water to move away from the building can prevent moisture from causing health and comfort problems in your home....
6. Impact of smoke and moisture on shortwave radia7ve hea7ng profile Dynamical and Radia7ve Influences of Smoke Transport on the Southeast Atlan7c Atmospheric Ver7cal Structure
Office, United Kingdom Email: firstname.lastname@example.com 1. Introduc7on Seasonal of Miami, Rosens=el School of Marine & Atmospheric Science, Miami, FL; 2UK Met over the southeast Atlan:c ocean, with the peak in aerosol loading occurring
Zuidema, Paquita
Atmospheric CO2 Concentrations from Aircraft for 1972-1981, CSIRO
Atmospheric Trace Gases » CO2 » Concentrations from Aircraft for Atmospheric Trace Gases » CO2 » Concentrations from Aircraft for 1972-1981 Atmospheric CO2 Concentrations from Aircraft for 1972-1981, CSIRO Monitoring Program DOI: 10.3334/CDIAC/atg.ndp007 data Data (NDP-007) PDF PDF Investigators D. J. Beardsmore and G. I. Pearman Methods From 1972 through 1981, air samples were collected in glass flasks from aircraft at a variety of latitudes and altitudes over Australia, New Zealand, and Antarctica. The samples were analyzed for CO2 concentrations with nondispersive infrared gas analysis. The resulting data contain the sampling dates, type of aircraft, flight number, flask identification number, sampling time, geographic sector, distance in kilometers from the listed distance measuring equipment (DME) station, station number of the
In situ Carbon 13 and Oxygen 18 Ratios of Atmospheric CO2 from Cape Grim,
Oxygen Isotopes and Ratios » 13C and 18O Oxygen Isotopes and Ratios » 13C and 18O Ratios, Atmospheric CO2, Cape Grim In situ Carbon 13 and Oxygen 18 Ratios of Atmospheric CO2 from Cape Grim, Tasmania, Australia: 1982-1993 DOI: 10.3334/CDIAC/atg.db1014 data Data Investigators Francey R. J. and C. E. Allison Description Since 1982, a continuous program of sampling atmospheric CO2 to determine stable isotope ratios has been maintained at the Australian Baseline Air Pollution Station, Cape Grim, Tasmania (40°, 40'56"S, 144°, 41'18"E). The process of in situ extraction of CO2 from air, the preponderance of samples collected in conditions of strong wind from the marine boundary layer of the Southern Ocean, and the determination of all isotope ratios relative to a common high purity CO2 reference gas with isotopic δ13C close to
Interannual Variability of Land-Atmosphere Coupling Strength
Recent studies in the Global Land-Atmosphere Coupling Experiment (GLACE) established a framework to estimate the extent to which anomalies in the land surface state (e.g., soil moisture) can affect rainfall generation and other atmospheric ...
Zhichang Guo; Paul A. Dirmeyer
Foundation and Moisture Control Research Project | Department...
Project The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) is currently conducting research into building foundation and moisture control technologies. Moisture is a significant market...
Fiber optic moisture sensor with moisture-absorbing reflective target
Kirkham, Randy R. (Richland, WA)
Soil moisture modeling and scaling using passive microwave remote sensing
Soil moisture in the shallow subsurface is a primary hydrologic state governing land-atmosphere interaction at various scales. The primary objectives of this study are to model soil moisture in the root zone in a distributed manner and determine scaling properties of surface soil moisture using passive microwave remote sensing. The study was divided into two parts. For the first study, a root zone soil moisture assessment tool (SMAT) was developed in the ArcGIS platform by fully integrating a one-dimensional vadose zone hydrology model (HYDRUS-ET) with an ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) data assimilation capability. The tool was tested with dataset from the Southern Great Plain 1997 (SGP97) hydrology remote sensing experiment. Results demonstrated that SMAT displayed a reasonable capability to generate soil moisture distribution at the desired resolution at various depths of the root zone in Little Washita watershed during the SGP97 hydrology remote sensing experiment. To improve the model performance, several outstanding issues need to be addressed in the future by: including "effective" hydraulic parameters across spatial scales; implementing subsurface soil properties data bases using direct and indirect methods; incorporating appropriate hydrologic processes across spatial scales; accounting uncertainties in forcing data; and preserving interactions for spatially correlated pixels. The second study focused on spatial scaling properties of the Polarimetric Scanning Radiometer (PSR)-based remotely sensed surface soil moisture fields in a region with high row crop agriculture. A wavelet based multi-resolution technique was used to decompose the soil moisture fields into larger-scale average soil moisture fields and fluctuations in horizontal, diagonal and vertical directions at various resolutions. The specific objective was to relate soil moisture variability at the scale of the PSR footprint (800 m X 800 m) to larger scale average soil moisture field variability. We also investigated the scaling characteristics of fluctuation fields among various resolutions. The spatial structure of soil moisture exhibited linearity in the log-log dependency of the variance versus scale-factor, up to a scale factor of -2.6 (6100 m X 6100 m) irrespective of wet and dry conditions, whereas dry fields reflect nonlinear (multi-scaling) behavior at larger scale-factors.
Das, Narendra N.
An Analysis of Simulated Long-Term Soil Moisture Data for Three Land Uses under Contrasting Hydroclimatic Conditions in the Northern Great Plains
Soil moisture (SM) plays an important role in land surface and atmosphere interactions. It modifies energy balance near the surface and the rate of water cycling between land and atmosphere. The lack of observed SM data prohibits understanding of ...
Rezaul Mahmood; Kenneth G. Hubbard
Atmospheric Entropy. Part I: Climate Dissipation Structure
Atmospheric entropy and its association with climate dissipation are investigated. The balance equation for entropy is derived through the mean and transient thermal and moisture equations. The entropy production contains the internal and external ...
Jiangnan Li; Petr Chylek
ARM - Measurement - Soil moisture flux
moisture flux moisture flux ARM Data Discovery Browse Data Comments? We would love to hear from you! Send us a note below or call us at 1-888-ARM-DATA. Send Measurement : Soil moisture flux A quantity measured according to the formula B = {lambda}(dq/dz), where {lambda} is the conductivity of the soil that the moisture is moving through. Categories Surface Properties Instruments The above measurement is considered scientifically relevant for the following instruments. Refer to the datastream (netcdf) file headers of each instrument for a list of all available measurements, including those recorded for diagnostic or quality assurance purposes. ARM Instruments CO2FLX : Carbon Dioxide Flux Measurement Systems External Instruments ECMWFDIAG : European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasts
Moisture Advection Using Relative Humidity
This study introduces a moisture advection formulation that contains relative humidity. In the sigma coordinate system, rewriting the mixing ratio conservation equation in terms of relative humidity leads to an equation that explicitly contains ...
William H. Raymond
Differential atmospheric tritium sampler
An atmospheric tritium sampler is provided which uses a carrier gas comprised of hydrogen gas and a diluting gas, mixed in a nonexplosive concentration. Sample air and carrier gas are drawn into and mixed in a manifold. A regulator meters the carrier gas flow to the manifold. The air sample/carrier gas mixture is pulled through a first moisture trap which adsorbs water from the air sample. The mixture then passes through a combustion chamber where hydrogen gas in the form of H.sub.2 or HT is combusted into water. The manufactured water is transported by the air stream to a second moisture trap where it is adsorbed. The air is then discharged back into the atmosphere by means of a pump.
Griesbach, Otto A. (Langhorne, PA); Stencel, Joseph R. (Skillman, NJ)
An Examination of Meteorological and Soil Moisture Conditions in the Babocomari River Basin Before the Flood Event of 2008
The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Hydrometeorology Testbed (HMT) program has deployed a soil moisture observing network in the Babocomari River Basin located in southeastern Arizona. The Babocomari River is a major ...
Robert J. Zamora; Edward P. Clark; Eric Rogers; Michael B. Ek; Timothy M. Lahmers
An Intercomparison of ERS-Scat and AMSR-E Soil Moisture Observations with Model Simulations over France
This paper presents a study undertaken in preparation of the work leading up to the assimilation of Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) observations into the land surface model (LSM) Interaction Soil Biosphere Atmosphere (ISBA) at M�t�o-...
Christoph R�diger; Jean-Christophe Calvet; Claire Gruhier; Thomas R. H. Holmes; Richard A. M. de Jeu; Wolfgang Wagner
A Composite Life Cycle of Nonsquall Mesoscale Convective Systems over the Tropical Ocean. Part II: Heat and Moisture Budgets
The heat and moisture budgets associated with five large nonsquall cloud clusters observed during Phase 3 of the Global Atmospheric Research Program's Atlantic Tropical Experiment (GATE) are investigated. The input data for the budget ...
Steven K. Esbensen; Jough-Tai Wang; Edward I. Tollerud
Sensitivity of Convective Initiation Prediction to Near-Surface Moisture When Assimilating Radar Refractivity: Impact Tests Using OSSEs
The Advanced Regional Prediction System (ARPS) three-dimensional variational (3DVAR) system is enhanced to include the analysis of radar-derived refractivity measurements. These refractivity data are most sensitive to atmospheric moisture content ...
Nicholas A. Gasperoni; Ming Xue; Robert D. Palmer; Jidong Gao
Simulations of the Effects of Water Vapor, Cloud Liquid Water, and Ice on AMSU Moisture Channel Brightness Temperatures
Radiative transfer simulations are performed to determine how water vapor and nonprecipitating cloud liquid water and ice particles within typical midlatitude atmospheres affect brightness temperatures TB's of moisture sounding channels used in ...
Bradley M. Muller; Henry E. Fuelberg; Xuwu Xiang
Mixed Boundary Conditions versus Coupling with an Energy�Moisture Balance Model for a Zonally Averaged Ocean Climate Model
The Wright and Stocker oceanic thermohaline circulation model is coupled to a recently developed zonally averaged energy moisture balance model for the atmosphere. The results obtained with this coupled model are compared with those from an ocean-...
H. Bjornsson; L. A. Mysak; G. A. Schmidt
Modeling and application of soil moisture at varying spatial scales with parameter scaling
The dissertation focuses on characterization of subpixel variability within a satellite-based remotely sensed coarse-scale soil moisture footprint. The underlying heterogeneity of coarse-scale soil moisture footprint is masked by the area-integrated properties within the sensor footprint. Therefore, the soil moisture values derived from these measurements are an area average. The variability in soil moisture within the footprint is introduced by inherent spatial variability present in rainfall, and geophysical parameters (vegetation, topography, and soil). The geophysical parameters/variables typically interact in a complex fashion to make soil moisture evolution and dependent processes highly variable, and also, introduce nonlinearity across spatio-temporal scales. To study the variability and scaling characteristics of soil moisture, a quasi-distributed Soil-Vegetation-Atmosphere-Transfer (SVAT) modeling framework is developed to simulate the hydrological dynamics, i.e., the fluxes and the state variables within the satellite-based soil moisture footprint. The modeling framework is successfully tested and implemented in different hydroclimatic regions during the research. New multiscale data assimilation and Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) techniques in conjunction with the SVAT modeling framework are developed to quantify subpixel variability and assess multiscale soil moisture fields within the coarse-scale satellite footprint. Reasonable results demonstrate the potential to use these techniques to validate multiscale soil moisture data from future satellite mission e.g., Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) mission of NASA. The results also highlight the physical controls of geophysical parameters on the soil moisture fields for various hydroclimatic regions. New algorithm that uses SVAT modeling framework is also proposed and its application demonstrated, to derive the stochastic soil hydraulic properties (i.e., saturated hydraulic conductivity) and surface features (i.e., surface roughness and volume scattering) related to radar remote sensing of soil moisture.
Das, Narendra Narayan
An apparatus is presented for removing moisture from the air within tanks by condensation upon a cartridge containing liquid air. An insulating shell made in two halves covers the cartridge within the evacuated system. The shell halves are hinged together and are operated by a system of levers from outside the tank with the motion translated through a sylphon bellows to cover and uncover the cartridge. When the condensation of moisture is in process, the insulative shell is moved away from the liquid air cartridge, and during that part of the process when there is no freezing out of moisture, the shell halves are closed on the cell so thnt the accumulated frost is not evaporated. This insulating shell greatly reduces the consumption of liquid air in this condensation process.
Miller, O.E.
Moisture Research - Optimizing Wall Assemblies
The Consortium for Advanced Residential Buildings (CARB) evaluated several different configurations of wall assemblies to determine the accuracy of moisture modeling and make recommendations to ensure durable, efficient assemblies. WUFI and THERM were used to model the hygrothermal and heat transfer characteristics of these walls.
Arena, L.; Mantha, P.
The Global Soil Moisture Data Bank
Soil moisture is an important variable in the climate system. Understanding and predicting variations of surface temperature, drought, and flood depend critically on knowledge of soil moisture variations, as do impacts of climate change and ...
Alan Robock; Konstantin Y. Vinnikov; Govindarajalu Srinivasan; Jared K. Entin; Steven E. Hollinger; Nina A. Speranskaya; Suxia Liu; A. Namkhai
To ensure safe storage, plutonium-bearing oxides are stabilized at 950 C for at least two hours in an oxidizing atmosphere. Stabilization conditions are expected to decompose organic impurities, convert metals to oxides, and result in moisture content below 0.5 wt%. During stabilization, the specific surface area is reduced, which minimizes readsorption of water onto the oxide surface. Plutonium oxides stabilized according to these criteria were sampled and analyzed to determine moisture content and surface area. In addition, samples were leached in water to identify water-soluble chloride impurity content. Results of these analyses for seven samples showed that the stabilization process produced low moisture materials (< 0.2 wt %) with low surface area ({le} 1 m{sup 2}/g). For relatively pure materials, the amount of water per unit surface area corresponded to 1.5 to 3.5 molecular layers of water. For materials with chloride content > 360 ppm, the calculated amount of water per unit surface area increased with chloride content, indicating hydration of hygroscopic salts present in the impure PuO{sub 2}-containing materials. The low moisture, low surface area materials in this study did not generate detectable hydrogen during storage of four or more years.
Crowder, M.; Duffey, J.; Livingston, R.; Scogin, J.; Kessinger, G.; Almond, P.
Designing for Absolute Moisture Control
Rarely is an industry trade journal published without at least one article included concerning the topic of Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) or the related Sick Building Syndrome (SBI). Whether the subject of the article is a school, an office building or a public assembly building, chances are the origin of the IAQ problems stem from excessive moisture in the space. Excessive moisture in the space can either come from water damage (leaking pipes or poor integrity of the building envelope), or it comes from uncontrolled, excessive humidity in the space. This paper pertains to the latter of these two sources. With the air conditioning technologies available, and the published design data available through ASHRAE today, appropriate HVAC systems can be designed to adequately control not just the temperature in the spaces, but also the humidity.
Nunnelly, R. M.; Fex, J. P.
Revisiting GLACE: Understanding the Role of the Land Surface in Land�Atmosphere Coupling
The Global Land�Atmosphere Coupling Experiment (GLACE) established a method for quantifying and comparing the influence of soil moisture on the atmosphere in AGCMs. The models included in the GLACE intercomparison displayed a wide range in the ...
Ruth E. Comer; Martin J. Best
Atmospheric Aerosols
measuring equipment Atmospheric Aerosols Atmospheric aerosol research at Berkeley Lab seeks to understand the air quality and climate impacts of particles in the atmosphere. On...
Diagnosis of Local Land�Atmosphere Feedbacks in India
Following the convective triggering potential (CTP)�humidity index (HIlow) framework by Findell and Eltahir, the sensitivity of atmospheric convection to soil moisture conditions is studied for India. Using the same slab model as Findell and ...
O. A. Tuinenburg; R. W. A. Hutjes; C. M. J. Jacobs; P. Kabat
An Assessment Of Atmospheric Water Budget Components Over Tropical Oceans
Balancing global moisture budgets is a difficult task that is even more challenging at regional scales. Atmospheric water budgets components are investigated within five tropical (15�S, 15�N) ocean regions, including the Indian Ocean, three ...
Paula J. Brown; Christian D. Kummerow
Intraseasonal Land�Atmosphere Coupling in the West African Monsoon
Via its impact on surface fluxes, subseasonal variability in soil moisture has the potential to feed back on regional atmospheric circulations, and thereby rainfall. An understanding of this feedback mechanism in the climate system has been ...
Christopher M. Taylor
A TOVS Dataset for Study of the Tropical Atmosphere
Temperature and moisture data from the TIROS Operational Vertical Sounder (TOVS) archives are examined for applicability to studies of the tropical atmosphere on time scales ranging from intraseasonal to interannual. Comparisons with monthly mean ...
Siri Jodha Singh Khalsa; Ellen J. Steiner
Climate Drift in a Coupled Land�Atmosphere Model
A coupled land�atmosphere climate model is examined for evidence of climate drift in the land surface state variable of soil moisture. The drift is characterized as pathological error growth in two different ways. First is the systematic error ...
Paul A. Dirmeyer
GAPEX: A Ground-Based Atmospheric Profiling Experiment
During the week 29 October�4 November 1988, a Ground-based Atmospheric Profiling Experiment (GAPEX) was conducted at Denver Stapleton International Airport. The objective of GAPEX was to acquire and analyze atomspheric-temperature and moisture-...
W. L. Smith; H. E. Rvercomb; H. B. Howell; H. M. Woolf; R. O. Knuteson; R. G. Decker; M. J. Lynch; E. R. Westwater; R. G. Strauch; K. P. Moran; B. Stankov; M. J. Falls; J. Jordan; M. Jacobsen; W. F. Dabberdt; R. McBeth; G. Albright; C. Paneitz; G. Wright; P. T. May; M. T. Decker
Boundary Layer Evolution within a Canyonland Basin. Part I: Mass, Heat, and Moisture Budgets from Observations
Individual terms of the mass, heat, and moisture budget equations are evaluated for an atmospheric control volume in Colorado's Sinbad Basin using tethered balloon and surface energy budget data obtained during a 16.5-h period on 15?16 July 1988. ...
C. David Whiteman; Thomas B. McKee; J. C. Doran
Tropical Precipitation Rates during SOP-1, FGGE, Estimated from Heat and Moisture Budgets
This study presents global estimates of precipitation rates from 30�N to 30�S, derived from the �apparent� heat source (Q1) and �apparent� moisture sink (Q2) budgets using the NASA Goddard Laboratory for Atmospheres Level III-b analyses collected ...
Catherine B. Pedigo; Dayton G. Vincent
Impacts of Shallow Convection on MJO Simulation: A Moist Static Energy and Moisture Budget Analysis
The role of shallow convection in Madden�Julian oscillation (MJO) simulation is examined in terms of the moist static energy (MSE) and moisture budgets. Two experiments are carried out using the NCAR Community Atmosphere Model, version 3.0 (CAM3.0)...
Qiongqiong Cai; Guang J. Zhang; Tianjun Zhou
A Numerical Study to Investigate the Relationship between Moisture Convergence Patterns and Orography in Central Mexico
This study examines small-scale orographic effects on atmospheric moisture convergence at the ridge�valley scale in the Grande de Santiago River basin in central Mexico during a major monsoon storm on 13�14 August 1999. The simulation was ...
S. Bhushan; A. P. Barros
Warm conveyor belts in the ERA-Interim data set (1979-2010). Part II: Moisture origin and relevance for precipitation
The role of moisture for extratropical atmospheric dynamics is particularly pronounced within warm conveyor belts (WCBs), which are characterized by intense latent heat release and precipitation formation. Based on the WCB climatology for the ...
Stephan Pfahl; Erica Madonna; Maxi Boettcher; Hanna Joos; Heini Wernli
Effects of Surface Heat and Moisture Exchange on ARW-WRF Warm-Season Precipitation Forecasts over the Central United States
The evolution of the daytime planetary boundary layer (PBL) and its association with warm-season precipitation is strongly impacted by land�atmosphere heat and moisture exchange (hereafter surface exchange). However, substantial uncertainty ...
S. B. Trier; M. A. LeMone; F. Chen; K. W. Manning
Interactions between Boreal Summer Intraseasonal Oscillations and Synoptic-Scale Disturbances over the Western North Pacific. Part II: Apparent Heat and Moisture Sources and Eddy Momentum Transport
The interactions between the boreal summer intraseasonal oscillation (ISO) and synoptic-scale variability (SSV) are investigated by diagnosing the atmospheric apparent heat source (Q1), apparent moisture sink (Q2), and eddy momentum transport. It ...
Pang-Chi Hsu; Tim Li
Flour moisture control for maximum water addition.
??This thesis examines flour moisture control and how this control can be an effective tool for cost minimization in a flour mill. Specifically, this thesis� (more)
Bontrager, Chad
Soil Moisture: Empirical Data and Model Results
A unique dataset of soil moisture in the upper 1-m soil layer at sites with natural plant cover in the Soviet Union is compared to simulations of soil moisture for the present climate by the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, Oregon State ...
K. Ya Vinnikov; I. B. Yeserkepova
A Soil Moisture Climatology of Illinois
Ten years of soil moisture measurements (biweekly from March through September and monthly during winter) within the top 1 m of soil at 17 grass-covered sites across Illinois are analyzed to provide a climatology of soil moisture for this ...
Steven E. Hollinger; Scott A. Isard
Soil Moisture Monitorization Using GNSS Reflected Signals
The use of GNSS signals as a source of opportunity for remote sensing applications, GNSS-R, has been a research area of interest for more than a decade. One of the possible applications of this technique is soil moisture monitoring. The retrieval of soil moisture with GNSS-R systems is based on the variability of the ground dielectric properties associated to soil moisture. Higher concentrations of water in the soil yield a higher dielectric constant and reflectivity, which incurs in signals that reflect from the Earth surface with higher peak power. Previous investigations have demonstrated the capability of GPS bistatic scatterometers to obtain high enough signal to noise ratios in order to sense small changes in surface reflectivity. Furthermore, these systems present some advantages with respect to others currently used to retrieve soil moisture. Upcoming satellite navigation systems, such as the European Galileo, will represent an excellent source of opportunity for soil moisture remote sensing for vario...
Egido, Alejandro; Caparrini, Marco; Martin, Cristina; Farres, Esteve; Banque, Xavier
Tom Kirchstetter with aerosol measurement instrument Atmospheric Aerosols Atmospheric aerosol research at LBNL seeks to understand the air quality and climate impacts of particles...
Soil Moisture Modeling Based on Multiyear Observations in the Sahel
Two simple soil moisture models useful for drought monitoring and climate change studies were proposed, based on 4-yr ground observations of root-zone soil moisture in Sahelian Niger. One is a water balance model that calculates soil moisture ...
Y. Yamaguchi; M. Shinoda
A Coupled Soil Moisture and Surface Temperature Prediction Model
A model for soil moisture and soil surface temperature prediction for bare soil is considered in this paper. In describing evaporation rate. soil structure and moisture were taken into account as much as possible. Soil moisture prediction was ...
F. �cs; D. T. Mihailovi?; B. Rajkovi?
The Measurement of the Moisture Concentration of Selected Test...
The Measurement of the Moisture Concentration of Selected Test Model Ore Zones (April 1977) The Measurement of the Moisture Concentration of Selected Test Model Ore Zones (April...
Induction of enhanced methane oxidation in compost: Temperature and moisture response
Landfilling is one of the most common ways of municipal solid waste disposal. Degradation of organic waste produces CH{sub 4} and other landfill gases that significantly contribute to global warming. However, before entering the atmosphere, part of the produced CH{sub 4} can be oxidised while passing through the landfill cover. In the present study, the oxidation rate of CH{sub 4} was studied with various types of compost as possible landfill cover. The influence of incubation time, moisture content and temperature on the CH{sub 4} oxidation capacity of different types of compost was examined. It was observed that the influence of moisture content and temperature on methane oxidation is time-dependent. Maximum oxidation rates were observed at moisture contents ranging from 45% to 110% (dry weight basis), while the optimum temperature ranged from 15 to 30 deg. C.
Mor, Suman [Centre for Energy Studies, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi-110016 (India) and Department of Applied Analytical and Physical Chemistry, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent (Belgium)]. E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com; Visscher, Alex de [Department of Applied Analytical and Physical Chemistry, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent (Belgium); Ravindra, Khaiwal [Micro and Trace Analysis Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Antwerp (Belgium); Dahiya, R.P. [Centre for Energy Studies, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi-110016 (India); Chandra, A. [Centre for Energy Studies, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi-110016 (India); Cleemput, Oswald van [Department of Applied Analytical and Physical Chemistry, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent (Belgium)
Illinois Soil Moisture under Sod Experiment
Long-term data collection of volumetric soil moisture under sod has been conducted in Illinois for more than 25 years. Numerous applied and modeling studies have been undertaken with these data, often relating results to regional conditions under ...
Robert W. Scott; Edward C. Krug; Stephen L. Burch
The Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) Mission
The Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) mission is one of the first Earth observation satellites being developed by NASA in response to the National Research Council's Decadal Survey. SMAP will make global measurements of ...
Entekhabi, Dara
Wellbore stress distribution produced by moisture adsorption
For this study, the authors evaluated the stress distribution produced by moisture adsorption around a wellbore by applying the mechanics of deformable solids. This paper shows that the moisture-adsorption process is governed by a diffusion equation and that the equations governing the moisture-induced stress around the hole are similar to those equations used in thermoelasticity. A computational method is developed for calculating the stress distribution around the borehole, and the experimental procedure for obtaining the material constants needed in the computation is presented. This paper also studies the effect of borehole pressure on the stress distribution around the hole. Results show that the magnitude and distribution of stresses around the borehole are very sensitive to the adsorption characteristics and the moisture-induced modulus change of the material.
Yew, C.H.; Chenevert, M.E.; Wang, C.L.; Osisanya, S.O. (Univ. of Texas, TX (US))
Mississippi Moisture Budgets on Regional Scales
Two years of regional analyses based on the Eta Data Assimilation System (EDAS) are used to examine the mesoscale features of the moisture budgets of the Mississippi River basin and its subbasins. Despite the short period, basic aspects of the ...
Ernesto H. Berbery; Eugene M. Rasmusson
Heat and moisture transfer through clothing
R. C. Eberhart (ed), Heat transfer in medicine and biology.Convective and radiative heat transfer coefficients for2008. Study of heat and moisture transfer within multi-layer
Voelker, Conrad; Hoffmann, Sabine; Kornadt, Oliver; Arens, Edward; Zhang, Hui; Huizenga, Charlie
Soil Moisture Impacts on Convective Margins
An idealized prototype for the location of the margins of tropical land region convection zones is extended to incorporate the effects of soil moisture and associated evaporation. The effect of evaporation, integrated over the inflow trajectory ...
Benjamin R. Lintner; J. David Neelin
A Global Climatology of Tropical Moisture Exports
In a recent paper, a climatology of tropical moisture exports (TMEs) to the Northern Hemisphere (NH) was constructed on the basis of 7-day forward trajectories, started daily from the tropical lower troposphere, which were required to reach a ...
Peter Knippertz; Heini Wernli; Gregor Gl�ser
Moisture Flux Convergence in Regional and Global Climate Models: Implications for Droughts in the Southwestern United States Under Climate Change
The water cycle of the southwestern United States (SW) is dominated by winter storms that maintain a positive annual net precipitation. Analysis of the control and future climate from four pairs of regional and global climate models (RCMs and GCMs) shows that the RCMs simulate a higher fraction of transient eddy moisture fluxes because the hydrodynamic instabilities associated with flow over complex terrain are better resolved. Under global warming, this enables the RCMs to capture the response of transient eddies to increased atmospheric stability that allows more moisture to converge on the windward side of the mountains by blocking. As a result, RCMs simulate enhanced transient eddy moisture convergence in the SW compared to GCMs, although both robustly simulate drying due to enhanced moisture divergence by the divergent mean flow in a warmer climate. This enhanced convergence leads to reduced susceptibility to hydrological change in the RCMs compared to GCMs.
Gao, Yanhong; Leung, Lai-Yung R.; Salathe, E.; Dominguez, Francina; Nijssen, Bart; Lettenmaier, D. P.
Precipitation and soil impacts on partitioning of subsurface moisture in Avena barbata: Observations from a greenhouse experiment
The primary objective of this study was to assess the impact of two grassland soils and precipitation regimes on soil-moisture dynamics. We set up an experiment in a greenhouse, and monitored soil moisture dynamics in mesocosms planted with Avena barbata, an annual species found in California grasslands. By repeating the precipitation input at regular intervals, we were able to observe plant manipulation of soil moisture during well-defined periods during the growing season. We found that the amount of water partitioned to evapotranspiration, seepage, and soil storage varied among different growth stages. Further, both soil type and precipitation regimes had a significant impact on redistributing soil moisture. Whereas in the low-precipitation treatments most water was released to the atmosphere as evapotranspiration, major losses from the high-precipitation treatment occurred as gravity drainage. Observations from this study emphasize the importance of understanding intra-seasonal relationships between vegetation, soil, and water.
Salve, R.; Torn, M.S.
Evaluation of Reanalysis Soil Moisture Simulations Using Updated Chinese Soil Moisture Observations
Using 19 yr of Chinese soil moisture data from 1981 to 1999, the authors evaluate soil moisture in three reanalysis outputs: the 40-yr European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) Re-Analysis (ERA-40); the National Centers for ...
Haibin Li; Alan Robock; Suxia Liu; Xingguo Mo; Pedro Viterbo
Investigations of Possible Low-Level Temperature and Moisture Anomalies During the AMIE Field Campaign on Manus Island
This document discusses results stemming from the investigation of near-surface temperature and moisture �oddities� that were brought to light as part of the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO) Investigation Experiment (AMIE), Dynamics of the Madden-Julian Oscillation (DYNAMO), and Cooperative Indian Ocean experiment on intraseasonal variability in the Year 2011 (CINDY2011) campaigns.
Long, CN; Holdridge, DJ
Coupled LandAtmosphere Intraseasonal Variability of the West African Monsoon in a GCM
Coupled LandAtmosphere Intraseasonal Variability of the West African Monsoon in a GCM SALLY L of intraseasonal variability in the West African monsoon. This hypothesis is investigated with a set of three in the West African monsoon can exist independently of soil moisture; however, soil moisture and land
Matthews, Adrian
Estimating the Influence of Evaporation and Moisture-Flux Convergence upon Seasonal Precipitation Rates. Part II: An Analysis for North America Based upon the NCEP�DOE Reanalysis II Model
In this paper, a diagnostic metric�termed the local-convergence ratio�is used to analyze the contribution of evaporation and atmospheric moisture-flux convergence to model-based estimates of climatological precipitation over the North American ...
Bruce T. Anderson; Alex C. Ruane; John O. Roads; Masao Kanamitsu
Understanding Spatio-Temporal Variability and Associated Physical Controls of Near-Surface Soil Moisture in Different Hydro-Climates
Near-surface soil moisture is a key state variable of the hydrologic cycle and plays a significant role in the global water and energy balance by affecting several hydrological, ecological, meteorological, geomorphologic, and other natural processes in the land-atmosphere continuum. Presence of soil moisture in the root zone is vital for the crop and plant life cycle. Soil moisture distribution is highly non-linear across time and space. Various geophysical factors (e.g., soil properties, topography, vegetation, and weather/climate) and their interactions control the spatio-temporal evolution of soil moisture at various scales. Understanding these interactions is crucial for the characterization of soil moisture dynamics occurring in the vadose zone. This dissertation focuses on understanding the spatio-temporal variability of near-surface soil moisture and the associated physical control(s) across varying measurement support (point-scale and passive microwave airborne/satellite remote sensing footprint-scale), spatial extents (field-, watershed-, and regional-scale), and changing hydro-climates. Various analysis techniques (e.g., time stability, geostatistics, Empirical Orthogonal Function, and Singular Value Decomposition) have been employed to characterize near-surface soil moisture variability and the role of contributing physical control(s) across space and time. Findings of this study can be helpful in several hydrological research/applications, such as, validation/calibration and downscaling of remote sensing data products, planning and designing effective soil moisture monitoring networks and field campaigns, improving performance of soil moisture retrieval algorithm, flood/drought prediction, climate forecast modeling, and agricultural management practices.
Joshi, Champa
Distributed fiber optic moisture intrusion sensing system
Method and system for monitoring and identifying moisture intrusion in soil such as is contained in landfills housing radioactive and/or hazardous waste. The invention utilizes the principle that moist or wet soil has a higher thermal conductance than dry soil. The invention employs optical time delay reflectometry in connection with a distributed temperature sensing system together with heating means in order to identify discrete areas within a volume of soil wherein temperature is lower. According to the invention an optical element and, optionally, a heating element may be included in a cable or other similar structure and arranged in a serpentine fashion within a volume of soil to achieve efficient temperature detection across a large area or three dimensional volume of soil. Remediation, moisture countermeasures, or other responsive action may then be coordinated based on the assumption that cooler regions within a soil volume may signal moisture intrusion where those regions are located.
Weiss, Jonathan D. (Albuquerque, NM)
VISSR Atmospheric Sounder (VAS) Simulation Experiment for a Severe Storm Environment
The GOES satellites launched in the 1980's are carrying an instrument called the VISSR Atmospheric Sounder (VAS), which is designed to provide temperature and moisture profile-sounding capability for mesoscale weather systems. As a controlled ...
Dennis Chesters; Louis W. Uccellini; Anthony Mostek
A Modeling and Observational Framework for Diagnosing Local Land�Atmosphere Coupling on Diurnal Time Scales
Land�atmosphere interactions play a critical role in determining the diurnal evolution of both planetary boundary layer (PBL) and land surface temperature and moisture states. The degree of coupling between the land surface and PBL in numerical ...
Joseph A. Santanello Jr.; Christa D. Peters-Lidard; Sujay V. Kumar; Charles Alonge; Wei-Kuo Tao
Characteristics of Landfalling Atmospheric Rivers Inferred from Satellite Observations over the Eastern North Pacific Ocean
Narrow elongated regions of moisture transport known as atmospheric rivers (ARs), which affect the West Coast of North America, were simultaneously observed over the eastern North Pacific Ocean by the polar orbiting CloudSat and Aqua satellites. ...
Sergey Y. Matrosov
Combined Atmospheric Sounding/Cloud Imagery�A New Forecasting Tool
A method for displaying sounding and cloud information in a composite image is described. Examples are shown to illustrate how a forecaster may use a time sequence of these images to monitor changes in atmospheric moisture and stability ...
William L. Smith; Gary S. Wade; Harold M. Woolf
Impact of Land Model Calibration on Coupled Land-Atmosphere Prediction
Land-atmosphere (L-A) interactions play a critical role in determining the diurnal evolution of both planetary boundary layer (PBL) and land surface heat and moisture budgets, as well as controlling feedbacks with clouds and precipitation that ...
Joseph A. Santanello; Jr.; Sujay V. Kumar; Christa D. Peters-Lidard; Ken Harrison; Shujia Zhou
Characterization of Turbulent Latent and Sensible Heat Flux Exchange between the Atmosphere and Ocean in MERRA
Turbulent fluxes of heat and moisture across the atmosphere�ocean interface are fundamental components of the earth�s energy and water balance. Characterizing both the spatiotemporal variability and the fidelity of these exchanges of heat and ...
J. Brent Roberts; Franklin R. Robertson; Carol A. Clayson; Michael G. Bosilovich
Land Surface Hydrology Parameterization for Atmospheric General Circulation models Including Subgrid Scale Spatial Variability
Parameterizations are developed for the representation of subgrid hydrologic processes in atmospheric general circulation models. Reasonable a priori probability density functions of the spatial variability of soil moisture and of precipitation ...
D. Entekhabi; P. S. Eagleson
Breakdown and Reformation of the Intertropical Convergence Zone in a Moist Atmosphere
The effects of moisture on the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) over the eastern Pacific on the synoptic time scale are investigated using an intermediate complexity atmospheric circulation model, the quasi-equilibrium tropical circulation ...
Chia-Chi Wang; Chia Chou; Wei-Liang Lee
Advantages of a Topographically Controlled Runoff Simulation in a Soil�Vegetation�Atmosphere Transfer Model
Two methods to incorporate subgrid variability in soil moisture and runoff production into soil�vegetation�atmosphere transfer (SVAT) models are compared: 1) the variable infiltration capacity model approach (VIC), and 2) a modified �TOPMODEL� ...
Kirsten Warrach; Marc Stieglitz; Heinz-Theo Mengelkamp; Ehrhard Raschke
Evaluation of Global Atmospheric Solvers Using Extensions of the Jablonowski and Williamson Baroclinic Wave Test Case
The hydrostatic and nonhydrostatic atmospheric solvers within the Model for Prediction Across Scales (MPAS) are tested using an extension of Jablonowski and Williamson baroclinic wave test case that includes moisture. This study uses the dry test ...
Sang-Hun Park; William C. Skamarock; Joseph B. Klemp; Laura D. Fowler; Michael G. Duda
An Idealized Prototype for Large-Scale Land�Atmosphere Coupling
A process-based, semianalytic prototype model for understanding large-scale land�atmosphere coupling is developed here. The metric for quantifying the coupling is the sensitivity of precipitation P to soil moisture W, . For a range of prototype ...
Benjamin R. Lintner; Pierre Gentine; Kirsten L. Findell; Fabio D�Andrea; Adam H. Sobel; Guido D. Salvucci
Evaluation of global atmospheric solvers using extensions of the Jablonowski and Williamson baroclinic wave test case
The hydrostatic and nonhydrostatic atmospheric solvers within the Model for Prediction Across Scales (MPAS) are tested using an extension of Jablonowski and Williamson baroclinic wave test case that includes moisture. We use the dry test case to ...
One-Dimensional Soil Moisture Profile Retrieval by Assimilation of Near-Surface Measurements: A Simplified Soil Moisture Model and Field Application
The Kalman filter assimilation technique is applied to a simplified soil moisture model for retrieval of the soil moisture profile from near-surface soil moisture measurements. First, the simplified soil moisture model is developed, based on an ...
Jeffrey P. Walker; Garry R. Willgoose; Jetse D. Kalma
Moisture transport in silica gel particle beds
A theoretical and experimental study of the performance of silica gel packed particle beds is described. A bench-scale test rig was used to obtain data for parameter values pertinent to solar air-conditioning applications. Both adsorption and desorption experiments were performed for Regular Density (RD) silica gel for a wide range of particle size. Adsorption data were also obtained for Intermediate Density (ID) gel. A model of heat and mass transfer in the bed was developed with special attention paid to the modeling of solid side resistance. For this latter purpose an extensive review of the available literature on moisture adsorption and moisture transport in silica gel was made. Both Knudsen and surface diffusion are found to be important mechanisms of moisture transport in Intermediate Density gels while surface diffusion is dominant in Regular Density gels. A general equation for moisture transport in a spherical silica gel particle was developed and was incorporated into the model equations governing heat and mass transfer between the gel particles and air flowing through a packed particle bed. A computer code DESICCANT was written to solve the coupled set of partial differential equations using a finite difference numerical method. The agreement between theory and experiment for adsorption on RD gel is satisfactory, and is somewhat better for the outlet water vapor concentration than for the outlet air temperature. The agreement for desorption from RD gel and adsorption to ID gel is satisfactory, but not as good as for adsorption on RD gel.
Pesaran, A.A.
Assessment of NGNP Moisture Ingress Events
An assessment of modular HTGR moisture ingress events, making use of a phenomena identification and ranking process, was conducted by a panel of experts in the related areas for the U.S. next generation nuclear plant (NGNP) design. Consideration was given mainly to the prismatic core gas-cooled reactor configurations incorporating a steam generator within the primary circuit.
Bill Landman
Evaluation of the Effective Moisture Penetration Depth Model for Estimating Moisture Buffering in Buildings
Evaluation of the Effective Evaluation of the Effective Moisture Penetration Depth Model for Estimating Moisture Buffering in Buildings J. Woods, J. Winkler, and D. Christensen National Renewable Energy Laboratory Technical Report NREL/TP-5500-57441 January 2013 NREL is a national laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy, operated by the Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC. National Renewable Energy Laboratory 15013 Denver West Parkway Golden, Colorado 80401 303-275-3000 * www.nrel.gov Contract No. DE-AC36-08GO28308 Moisture Penetration Depth Model for Estimating Moisture Buffering in Buildings J. Woods, J. Winkler, and D. Christensen National Renewable Energy Laboratory Prepared under Task No. BE12.0201
New Soil Property Database Improves Oklahoma Mesonet Soil Moisture Estimates
Soil moisture data from the Oklahoma Mesonet are widely used in research efforts spanning many disciplines within Earth Sciences. These soil moisture estimates are derived by translating measurements of matric potential into volumetric water ...
Bethany L. Scott; Tyson E. Ochsner; Bradley G. Illston; Christopher A. Fiebrich; Jeffery B. Basara; Albert J. Sutherland
Simulated Water Table and Soil Moisture Climatology Over North America
We demonstrate the link between two terrestrial water reservoirs: the root-zone soil moisture and the groundwater, and contribute our simulated climatologic water table depth and soil moisture fields over North America to the community. Because ...
Gonzalo Miguez-Macho; Haibin Li; Ying Fan
Soil Moisture Feedbacks to Precipitation in Southern Africa
The effects of increased soil moisture on wet season (October�March) precipitation in southern Africa are investigated using the Community Climate System Model version 3 (CCSM3). In the CTRL case, soil moisture is allowed to interact dynamically ...
Benjamin I. Cook; Gordon B. Bonan; Samuel Levis
Impact of Moisture Transport on the Release of Constituents ...
12 December 2006 firstname.lastname@example.com 3 Moisture Transport Full Saturation Capillary Saturation Continuous Liquid Discontinuous Gas Transition ...
Grain Moisture Meter Technical Training - 2013-04-23
Grain Moisture Meter Technical Training. Purpose: This seminar provides participants ... nist.gov. Technical Contact: G. Diane ...
Process for treating moisture laden coal fines
A process is provided for making a free flowing granular product from moisture laden caked coal fines, such as wet cake, by mixing a water immiscible substance, such as oil, with the caked coal, preferably under low shear forces for a period of time sufficient to produce a plurality of free flowing granules. Each granule is preferably comprised of a dry appearing admixture of one or more coal particle, 2-50% by weight water and the water immiscible substance.
Davis, Burl E. (New Kensington, PA); Henry, Raymond M. (Gibsonia, PA); Trivett, Gordon S. (South Surrey, CA); Albaugh, Edgar W. (Birmingham, AL)
Surface moisture measurement system electromagnetic induction probe calibration technique
The Surface Moisture Measurement System (SMMS) is designed to measure the moisture concentration near the surfaces of the wastes located in the Hanford Site tank farms. This document describes a calibration methodology to demonstrate that the Electromagnetic Induction (EMI) moisture probe meets relevant requirements in the `Design Requirements Document (DRD) for the Surface Moisture Measurement System.` The primary purpose of the experimental tests described in this methodology is to make possible interpretation of EMI in-tank surface probe data to estimate the surface moisture.
Crowe, R.D., Westinghouse Hanford
Diagnosing the strength of land-atmosphere coupling at sub-seasonal to seasonal time scales in Asia
This paper focuses on diagnosing the strength of soil moisture-atmosphere coupling at sub-seasonal to seasonal time scales over Asia using two different approaches, the conditional correlation approach (applied to the GLDAS data, the CFSR ...
Di Liu; Guiling Wang; Rui Mei; Zhongbo Yu; Huanghe Gu
Understanding the Sensitivity of Different Drought Metrics to the Drivers of Drought under Increased Atmospheric CO2
A perturbed physics Hadley Centre climate model ensemble was used to study changes in drought on doubling atmospheric CO2. The drought metrics analyzed were based on 1) precipitation anomalies, 2) soil moisture anomalies, and 3) the Palmer drought ...
Eleanor J. Burke
Similarity Relationships in the Marine Atmospheric Surface Layer for Terms in the TKE and Scalar Variance Budgets
Measurements of the momentum, heat, moisture, energy, and scalar variance fluxes are combined with dissipation estimates to investigate the behavior of marine surface layer turbulence. These measurements span a wide range of atmospheric stability ...
J. B. Edson; C. W. Fairall
Carbon Flux to the Atmosphere from Land-Use Changes: 1850 to 1990
The database documented in this numeric data package, a revision to a database originally published by the Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (CDIAC) in 1995, consists of annual estimates, from 1850 through 1990, of the net flux of carbon between terrestrial ecosystems and the atmosphere resulting from deliberate changes in land cover and land use, especially forest clearing for agriculture and the harvest of wood for wood products or energy. The data are provided on a year-by-year basis for nine regions (North America, South and Central America, Europe, North Africa and the Middle East, Tropical Africa, the Former Soviet Union, China, South and Southeast Asia, and the Pacific Developed Region) and the globe. Some data begin earlier than 1850 (e.g., for six regions, areas of different ecosystems are provided for the year 1700) or extend beyond 1990 (e.g., fuelwood harvest in South and Southeast Asia, by forest type, is provided through 1995). The global net flux during the period 1850 to 1990 was 124 Pg of carbon (1 petagram = 10{sup 15} grams). During this period, the greatest regional flux was from South and Southeast Asia (39 Pg of carbon), while the smallest regional flux was from North Africa and the Middle East (3 Pg of carbon). For the year 1990, the global total net flux was estimated to be 2.1 Pg of carbon.
Houghton, R.A.
Moisture Control Handbook: New, low-rise, residential construction
Moisture problems are prevalent all over North America, almost independent of climate. They are viewed as one of the single largest factors limiting the useful service life of a building. Elevated levels of moisture in buildings also can lead to serious health effects for occupants. Until recently, very little consensus on moisture control existed in the building community. The information available was typically incomplete, contradictory, usually limited to specific regions, and in many cases misleading. A need to develop a document which presented the issues relating to moisture from a building science or ``systems`` approach existed. This handbook attempts to fill that need and illustrates that energy-efficient, tight envelope design is clearly part of the solution to healthy buildings when interior relative humidity, temperature, and pressure are controlled simultaneously. The first three chapters of the handbook present the basic principles of moisture problems and solutions in buildings. Chapter 1 -- Mold, Mildew, and Condensation, examines surface moisture problems. Chapter 2 -- Moisture Movement, examines how building assemblies get wet from both the exterior and interior. Chapter 3 -- Wetting and Drying of Building Assemblies, introduces the concepts of acceptable performance, moisture balance, and the redistribution of moisture within building assemblies. Chapters 4 through 6 apply the concepts outlined in the previous chapters and present specific moisture control practices for three basic US climate zones. The advantages and disadvantages of several wall, foundation, and roof assemblies are discussed for each climate zone.
Lstiburek, J. [Building Science Corp., Chestnut Hill, MA (United States); Carmody, J. [Minnesota Univ., Minneapolis, MN (United States). Underground Space Center
Reducing the moisture content of clean coals
Coal moisture content can profoundly effect the cost of burning coal in utility boilers. Because of the large effect of coal moisture, the Empire State Electric Energy Research Corporation (ESEERCO) contracted with the Electric Power Research Institute to investigate advanced coal dewatering methods at its Coal Quality Development Center. This report contains the test result on the high-G solid-bowl centrifuge, the second of four devices to be tested. The high-G solid-bowl centrifuge removes water for coal by spinning the coal/water mixture rapidly in a rotating bowl. This causes the coal to cling to the sides of the bowl where it can be removed, leaving the water behind. Testing was performed at the CQDC to evaluate the effect of four operating variables (G-ratio, feed solids concentration, dry solids feed rate, and differential RPM) on the performance of the high-G solid-bowl centrifuge. Two centrifuges of different bowl diameter were tested to establish the effect of scale-up of centrifuge performance. Testing of the two centrifuges occurred from 1985 through 1987. CQDC engineers performed 32 tests on the smaller of the two centrifuges, and 47 tests on the larger. Equations that predict the performance of the two centrifuges for solids recovery, moisture content of the produced coal, and motor torque were obtained. The equations predict the observed data well. Traditional techniques of establishing the performance of centrifuge of different scale did not work well with the two centrifuges, probably because of the large range of G-ratios used in the testing. Cost of operating a commercial size bank of centrifuges is approximately $1.72 per ton of clean coal. This compares well with thermal drying, which costs $1.82 per ton of clean coal.
Kehoe, D. (CQ, Inc., Homer City, PA (United States))
CDIAC: NLCD92 single file coverage
Winzip (http:www.winzip.com) or Stuffit (http:www.stuffit.com) may be used to open .zip files. Due to the size limitation in earlier versions of these softwares, only Winzip...
CDIAC: NLCD2001 single file coverage
metadata for this dataset corresponds to these regions and zones. The file allregions.zip contains a zipfile for each region shown in the graphic. These zipfiles are composed of...
Key resources related to carbon cycle and climate change research Recent Greenhouse Gas Concentrations Latest Global Carbon Budget Estimates Illustration of the Global Carbon...
Emissions Carbon Dioxide Fossil-Fuel CO2 Emissions Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Fossil-Fuel Consumption and Cement Manufacture, (2011) Kyoto-Related Fossil-Fuel CO2 Emission...
image Estimates of Monthly CO2 Emissions and Associated 13C12C Values from Fossil-Fuel Consumption in the U.S.A. USA Monthly CO2 Emissions from Fossil-Fuel Consumption image...
North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin...
Evaluation of moisture damage within asphalt concrete mixes
Pavements are a major part of the infrastructure in the United States. Moisture damage of these pavements is a significant problem. To predict and prevent this kind of moisture damage a great deal of research has been performed on this issue in past.
This study validates an analytical approach based on surface energy aimed at assessing moisture damage. Two types of bitumen and three aggregates are evaluated in the study. The two types of bitumen represent very different chemical extremes and the three aggregates (a limestone, siliceous gravel, and granite) represent a considerable range in mineralogy. Moisture damage was monitered as a change in dynamic modulus with load cycles. The analysis demonstrates the need to consider mixture compliance as well as bond energy in order to predict moisture damage.
Mixtures with the two types of bitumen and each aggregate with and without hydrated lime were evaluated. The hydrated lime substantially improved the resistance of the mixture to moisture damage.
Shah, Brij D.
Assimilation of Remote-sensing Soil Moisture in Short-term River Forecasting M. Pan1, E. F. Wood1, W. Crow2, J. Schaake3
Assimilation of Remote-sensing Soil Moisture in Short-term River Forecasting M. Pan1, E. F. Wood1 Hydrology and Remote Sensing Lab, US Department of Agriculture 3 National Weather Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 1. Introduction This study focuses on evaluation of hydrologic remote sensing
Pan, Ming
Evaluating the influence of antecedent soil moisture on variability of the North American Monsoon precipitation in the coupled MM5/VIC modeling system
The influence of antecedent soil moisture on North American monsoon system (NAMS) precipitation variability was explored using the MM5 mesoscale model coupled with the Variable Infiltration Capacity (VIC) land surface model. Sensitivity experiments were performed with extreme wet and dry initial soil moisture conditions for both the 1984 wet monsoon year and the 1989 dry year. The MM5-VIC model reproduced the key features of NAMS in 1984 and 1989 especially over northwestern Mexico. Our modeling results indicate that the land surface has memory of the initial soil wetness prescribed at the onset of the monsoon that persists over most of the region well into the monsoon season (e.g. until August). However, in contrast to the classical thermal contrast concept, where wetter soils lead to cooler surface temperatures, less land-sea thermal contrast, weaker monsoon circulations and less precipitation, the coupled model consistently demonstrated a positive soil moisture � precipitation feedback. Specifically, anomalously wet premonsoon soil moisture always lead to enhanced monsoon precipitation, and the reverse was also true. The surface temperature changes induced by differences in surface energy flux partitioning associated with pre-monsoon soil moisture anomalies changed the surface pressure and consequently the flow field in the coupled model, which in turn changed moisture convergence and, accordingly, precipitation patterns. Both the largescale circulation change and local land-atmospheric interactions in response to premonsoon soil moisture anomalies play important roles in the coupled model�s positive soil moisture monsoon precipitation feedback. However, the former may be sensitive to the strength and location of the thermal anomalies, thus leaving open the possibility of both positive and negative soil moisture precipitation feedbacks.
Zhu, Chunmei; Leung, Lai R.; Gochis, David; Qian, Yun; Lettenmaier, Dennis P.
??Gas phase biofilters are used for controlling odors from animal facilities. Some characteristics can affect their performance and moisture content is one very important. A� (more)
Dutra de Melo, Lucas
Grain Moisture Air-Oven Reference Methods in the United ...
... Sunflower ground 50/50 with celite None (for moisture cor? rection of crude oil results Icing Mix Powder Triticale ? 16 % Lasagna ...
Lake-atmosphere feedbacks associated with paleolakes Bonneville and Lahontan
A high-resolution, regional climate model nested within a general circulation model was used to study the interactions between the atmosphere and the large Pleistocene lakes in the Great Basin of the United States. Simulations for January and July 18,000 years ago indicate that moisture provided by synoptic-scale atmospheric circulation features was the primary component of the hydrologic budgets of Lakes Lahontan and Bonneville. In addition, lake-generated precipitation was a substantial component of the hydrologic budget of Lake Bonneville at that time. This local lake-atmosphere interaction may help explain differences in the relative size of these lakes 18,000 years ago.
Hostetler, S.W. (Geological Survey, Boulder, CO (United States)); Giorgi, F.; Bates, G.T. (National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO (United States)); Bartlein, P.J. (Univ. of Oregon, Eugene, OR (United States))
Experimental thermal/moisture mapping of industrial safety helmets
This paper presents the research on thermal/moisture mapping of typical industrial safety helmets using match-head-sized sensors. Three types of the industrial safety helmet were tested, one without ventilation openings, one with small ventilation holes ... Keywords: comfort, industrial helmet, micro climate, perception, thermal/moisture mapping
Z. W. Guan; A. R. Dullah; H. L. Zhou
High-R Walls for Remodeling: Wall Cavity Moisture Monitoring
The focus of the study is on the performance of wall systems, and in particular, the moisture characteristics inside the wall cavity and in the wood sheathing. Furthermore, while this research will initially address new home construction, the goal is to address potential moisture issues in wall cavities of existing homes when insulation and air sealing improvements are made.
Wiehagen, J.; Kochkin, V.
Moisture Management of High-R Walls (Fact Sheet)
The following report explains the moisture-related concerns for High R-value wall assemblies and discusses past Building America research work that informs this study. Hygrothermal simulations were prepared for several common approaches to High R-value wall construction in six cities (Houston, Atlanta, Seattle, St. Louis, Chicago, and International Falls) representing a range of climate zones (2, 3, 4C, 4, 5A, and 7, respectively). The simulations are informed by experience gained from past research in this area and validated by field measurement and forensic experience. The modeling program was developed to assess the moisture durability of the wall assemblies based on three primary sources of moisture: construction moisture, air leakage condensation, and bulk water leakage. The peak annual moisture content of the wood based exterior sheathing was used to comparatively analyze the response to the moisture loads for each of the walls in each given city. Walls which experienced sheathing moisture contents between 20% and 28% were identified as risky, whereas those exceeding 28% were identified as very high risk. All of the wall assemblies perform well under idealized conditions. However, only the walls with exterior insulation, or cavity insulation which provides a hygrothermal function similar to exterior insulation, perform adequately when exposed to moisture loads. Walls with only cavity insulation are particularly susceptible to air leakage condensation. None of the walls performed well when a precipitation based bulk water leak was introduced to the backside of the sheathing, emphasizing the importance of proper flashing details.
Not Available
Soil Moisture Drought in China, 1950�2006
Four physically based land surface hydrology models driven by a common observation-based 3-hourly meteorological dataset were used to simulate soil moisture over China for the period 1950�2006. Monthly values of total column soil moisture from the ...
Aihui Wang; Dennis P. Lettenmaier; Justin Sheffield
On the Nature of Soil Moisture in Land Surface Models
The soil moisture state simulated by a land surface model is a highly model-dependent quantity, meaning that the direct transfer of one model�s soil moisture into another can lead to a fundamental, and potentially detrimental, inconsistency. This ...
Randal D. Koster; Zhichang Guo; Rongqian Yang; Paul A. Dirmeyer; Kenneth Mitchell; Michael J. Puma
Moisture Management for High R-Value Walls
Lepage, R.; Schumacher, C.; Lukachko, A.
CPAC moisture study: Phase 1 report on the study of optical spectra calibration for moisture
This report discusses work done to investigate the feasibility of using optical spectroscopic methods, combined with multivariate Partial Least Squares (PLS) calibration modeling, to quantitatively predict the moisture content of the crust material in Hanford`s waste tank materials. Experiments were conducted with BY-104 simulant material for the 400--1100 nm (VIS), 1100--2500 (NIR), and 400-4000 cm{sup {minus}1}(IR) optical regions. The test data indicated that the NIR optical region, with a single PLS calibration factor, provided the highest accuracy response (better than 0.5 wt %) over a 0--25 wt % moisture range. Issues relating to the preparation of moisture samples with the BY-104 materials and the potential implementation within hot cell and waste tanks are also discussed. The investigation of potential material interferences, including physical and chemical properties, and the scaled demonstration of fiber optic and camera types of applications with simulated waste tanks are outlined as future work tasks.
Veltkamp, D. [Washington Univ., Seattle, WA (United States). Center for Process Analytical Chemistry
Data Assimilation of Satellite-Derived Heating Rates as Proxy Surface Wetness Data into a Regional Atmospheric Mesoscale Model. Part I: Methodology
A satellite data assimilation method is developed which incorporates satellite-observed infrared heating rates into a mesoscale atmospheric model to retrieve model soil moisture. The method builds upon previous work with the model�s surface ...
Andrew S. Jones; Ingrid C. Guch; Thomas H. Vonder Haar
Diagnosing the Nature of Land�Atmosphere Coupling: A Case Study of Dry/Wet Extremes in the U.S. Southern Great Plains
Land�atmosphere (L�A) interactions play a critical role in determining the diurnal evolution of land surface and planetary boundary layer (PBL) temperature and moisture states and fluxes. In turn, these interactions regulate the strength of the ...
Joseph A. Santanello Jr.; Christa D. Peters-Lidard; Aaron Kennedy; Sujay V. Kumar
Liquid and Ice Cloud Microphysics in the CSU General Circulation Model. Part II: Impact on Cloudiness, the Earth's Radiation Budget, and the General Circulation of the Atmosphere
A prognostic equation for the mass of condensate associated with large-scale cloudiness introduces a direct coupling between the atmospheric moisture budget and the radiation budget through interactive cloud amounts and cloud optical properties. ...
Laura D. Fowler; David A. Randall
Data Assimilation of Satellite-Derived Heating Rates as Proxy Surface Wetness Data into a Regional Atmospheric Mesoscale Model. Part II: A Case Study
A satellite data assimilation method is applied which incorporates satellite-observed heating infrared rates into a mesoscale atmospheric model to retrieve model soil moisture. In a 3D case study, the method is successful at retrieving realistic ...
Inferring soil moisture memory from streamflow observations using a simple water balance model
Soil moisture is known for its integrative behavior and resulting memory characteristics. Soil moisture anomalies can persist for weeks or even months into the future, making initial soil moisture a potentially important contributor to skill in ...
Rene Orth; Randal D. Koster; Sonia I. Seneviratne
Moisture retention properties of a mycorrhizal soil
The water relations of arbuscular mycorrhizal plants have been compared often, but virtually nothing is known about the comparative water relations of mycorrhizal and nonmycorrhizal soils. Mycorrhizal symbiosis typically affects soil structure, and soil structure affects water retention properties; therefore, it seems likely that mycorrhizal symbiosis may affect soil water relations. We examined the water retention properties of a Sequatchie fine sandy loam subjected to three treatments: seven months of root growth by (1) nonmycorrhizal Vigna unguiculata given low phosphorus fertilization, (2) nonmycorrhizal Vigna unguiculata given high phosphorus fertilization, (3) Vigna unguiculata colonized by Glomus intraradices and given low phosphorus fertilization. Mycorrhization of soil had a slight but significant effect on the soil moisture characteristic curve. Once soil matric potential (\\11m) began to decline, changes in \\II m per unit change in soil water content were smaller in mycorrhizal than in the two nonmycorrhizal soils. Within the range of about-1 to-5 MPa, the mycorrhizal soil had to dry more than the nonmycorrhizal soils to reach the same \\11m. Soil characteristic curves of non mycorrhizal soils were similar, whether they contained roots of plants fed high or low phosphorus. The mycorrhizal soil had significantly more water stable aggregates and substantially higher extraradical hyphal densities than the nonmycorrhizal soils. Importantly, we were able to factor out the possibly confounding influence of differential root growth among mycorrhizal and nonmycorrhizal
Robert M. Augel; Ann L. W. Stodola; Layme E. Tims; Arnold M. Saxton
Investigation of Conditions for Moisture Damage in Asphalt Concrete and Appropriate Laboratory Test Methods
Study of Moisture Damage Test Methods for Evaluatingart and Critical Review of Test Methods. � NCAT Report No.Pavement Moisture-Damage Test. � Transportation Research
Lu, Qing
This study examines the effective moisture penetration depth (EMPD) model, and its suitability for building simulations. The EMPD model is a compromise between the simple, inaccurate effective capacitance approach and the complex, yet accurate, finite-difference approach. Two formulations of the EMPD model were examined, including the model used in the EnergyPlus building simulation software. An error in the EMPD model we uncovered was fixed with the release of EnergyPlus version 7.2, and the EMPD model in earlier versions of EnergyPlus should not be used.
Woods, J.; Winkler, J.; Christensen, D.
Soil Density/Moisture Gauge | Department of Energy
Soil Density/Moisture Gauge Soil Density/Moisture Gauge Soil Density/Moisture Gauge This scenario provides the planning instructions, guidance, and evaluation forms necessary to conduct an exercise involving a highway shipment of a soil moisture/density gauge (Class 7 - Radioactive). This exercise manual is one in a series of five scenarios developed by the Department of Energy Transportation Emergency Preparedness Program (TEPP). Responding agencies may include several or more of the following: local municipal and county fire, police, sheriff and Emergency Medical Services (EMS) personnel; state, local, and federal emergency response teams; emergency response contractors; and other emergency response resources that could potentially be provided by the carrier and the originating facility (shipper).
Innovative Drying Technology Extracts More Energy from High Moisture Coal |
Innovative Drying Technology Extracts More Energy from High Innovative Drying Technology Extracts More Energy from High Moisture Coal Innovative Drying Technology Extracts More Energy from High Moisture Coal March 11, 2010 - 12:00pm Addthis Washington, DC - An innovative coal-drying technology that will extract more energy from high moisture coal at less cost and simultaneously reduce potentially harmful emissions is ready for commercial use after successful testing at a Minnesota electric utility. The DryFining(TM) technology was developed with funding from the first round of the U.S. Department of Energy's Clean Coal Power Initiative (CCPI). Great River Energy of Maple Grove, Minn., has selected the WorleyParsons Group to exclusively distribute licenses for the technology, which essentially uses waste heat from a power plant to reduce moisture content
The NASA Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) mission: Overview
The Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) mission is one of the first Earth observation satellites being developed by NASA in response to the National Research Council's Decadal Survey. Its mission design consists of L-band ...
O'Neill, Peggy
Soil Moisture Content: Statistical Estimation of Its Probability Distribution
A stochastic model for the estimation of soil moisture distribution is derived. The series of daily precipitation amounts is described as a chain-dependent process and the surface water balance equation is simplified so that the probability ...
T. Farag�
Concerning the Relationship between Evapotranspiration and Soil Moisture
Evapotranspiration observations have traditionally been scaled by potential evapotranspiration as a means of unifying the soil moisture-evapotranspiration relationship under a variety of meteorological conditions. However, this scaling alone does ...
Peter J. Wetzel; Jy-Tai Chang
Amazon Coastal Squall Lines. Part II: Heat and Moisture Transports
The column response to propagating deep convection over the central Amazon Basin is investigated with rawinsonde data from the Amazon Boundary Layer Experiment (ABLE 2B). Heat and moisture budgets are calculated from a relatively small surface ...
Steven Greco; John Scala; Jeffrey Halverson; Harold L. Massie Jr.; Wei-Kuo Tao; Michael Garstang
Determination of Moisture From NOAA Polar Orbiting Satellite Sounding Radiances
A method is presented for deducing lower troposphere moisture fields from radiances measured by the operational polar orbiting NOAA satellites. Statistical evaluation of the technique demonstrates the viability of the approach. A case study with ...
Christopher M. Hayden; William L. Smith; Harold M. Woolf
The Signature of the Annular Modes in the Moisture Budget
The mid- and high-latitude variations of mass and momentum, variously termed the Arctic and Antarctic oscillations and/or the Northern and Southern Annular Modes also have a signature in the moisture budget. This is investigated, using associated ...
G. J. Boer; S. Fourest; B. Yu
Mesoscale Moisture Analysis of the North American Monsoon
The regional circulations that contribute moisture to the large precipitation over northwestern Mexico, the core region of the North American monsoon, are investigated using three summer seasons (July�September 1995�97) of Eta Model mesoscale ...
Ernesto Hugo Berbery
Overview of the Convection and Moisture Experiment (CAMEX)
This paper presents an overview of the Convection and Moisture Experiment (CAMEX), including the field operations, aircraft platforms and missions, instrumentation, and data acquired during 1998 and 2001 field campaigns. A total of eight tropical ...
Ramesh Kakar; Michael Goodman; Robbie Hood; Anthony Guillory
Moisture Measurements in Residential Attics Containing Radiant Barriers
Horizontal radiant barriers, rigorously tested during a typical Tennessee winter, allowed moisture to dissipate on a diurnal cycle and caused no structural, wet insulation, or stained-ceiling problems.
Operational Soil Moisture Estimation for the Midwestern United States
An operational soil moisture monitoring capability for the midwestern United States is developed using a multilayer soil water balance model which incorporates daily weather data to calculate precipitation, soil evaporation, plant transpiration, ...
Kenneth E. Kunkel
A simplified model of saltcake moisture distribution. Letter report
This letter report describes the formulation of a simplified model for finding the moisture distribution in a saltcake waste profile that has been stabilized by pumping out the drainable interstitial liquid. The model is based on assuming that capillarity mainly governs the distribution of moisture in the porous saltcake waste. A stead upward flow of moisture driven by evaporation from the waste surface is conceptualized to occur for isothermal conditions. To obtain hydraulic parameters for unsaturated conditions, the model is calibrated or matched to the relative saturation distribution as measured by neutron probe scans. The model is demonstrated on Tanks 104-BY and 105-TX as examples. A value of the model is that it identifies the key physical parameters that control the surface moisture content in a waste profile. Moreover, the model can be used to estimate the brine application rate at the waste surface that would raise the moisture content there to a safe level. Thus, the model can be applied to help design a strategy for correcting the moisture conditions in a saltcake waste tank.
Simmons, C.S.
Atmospheric Fluidized Bed Combustion for Power Production from Biomass
Atmospheric fluidized bed combustion (AFBC) technologyincluding smaller bubbling fluidized bed (BFB) as well as circulating fluidized bed (CFB) combustor unitsprovides robust combustion with high thermal inertia. This means that AFBC units can successfully respond to variations in ash content, calorific value, and moisture content commonly encountered in burning biomass fuels. This report describes AFBC technology and its deployment for generating steam for power plants using a wide variety of biomass fu...
Use of Midlatitude Soil Moisture and Meteorological Observations to Validate Soil Moisture Simulations with Biosphere and Bucket Models
Soil moisture observations in sites with natural vegetation were made for several decades in the former Soviet Union at hundreds of stations. In this paper, the authors use data from six of these stations from different climatic regimes, along ...
Alan Robock; Konstantin Ya Vinnikov; C. Adam Schlosser; Nina A. Speranskaya; Yongkang Xue
Analysis of Soil Moisture Changes in Europe during a Single Growing Season in a New ECMWF Soil Moisture Assimilation System
This study aims at stimulating the development of soil moisture data assimilation systems in a direction where they can provide both the necessary control of slow drift in operational NWP applications and support the physical insight in the ...
Bart van den Hurk; Janneke Ettema; Pedro Viterbo
Temporal Variations in Tucson, Arizona Summertime Atmospheric Moisture, Temperature and Weather Stress Levels
Summertime temperature, dewpoint, relative humidity, apparent temperature and weather stress levels have not changed significantly over the past 37 years at the Tucson, Arizona Municipal Airport. However, several of these variables show ...
Robert C. Balling Jr.; Sandra W. Brazel
Atmospheric Meridional Moisture Flux over the Southern Ocean: A Story of the Amundsen Sea
The Antarctic ice sheet constitutes the largest reservoir of freshwater on earth, representing tens of meters of sea level rise if it was to melt completely. However, due to the remote location of the continent and the concomitant sparse data ...
Maria Tsukernik; Amanda H. Lynch
Temporal Analysis of Long-Term Atmospheric Moisture Levels in Phoenix, Arizona
Long-term monthly averaged dew point and relative humidity levels for Phoenix, Arizona are examined in this investigation. Dew points are generally unchanged over the 1896�1984 period of instrumental record; relative humidities have dropped ...
Sandra W. Brazel; Robert C. Balling Jr.
Atmospheric and Fuel Moisture Characteristics Associated with Lightning-Attributed Fires
A systematic examination is presented of the relationship between lightning occurrence and fires attributed to lightning ignitions. Lightning occurrence data are matched to a database of fires attributed to lightning ignition over southeastern ...
Andrew J. Dowdy; Graham A. Mills
Moisture Profiling of the Cloudy Winter Atmosphere Using Combined Remote Sensors
A new method for deriving profiles of tropospheric water vapor and liquid water from a combination of ground-based remote sensors was applied and tested under winter conditions in Colorado. The method is an extension of physical retrieval ...
B. B. Stankov; B. E. Martner; M. K. Politovich
Atmospheric Moisture Transport Moderates Climatic Response to the Opening of Drake Passage
The absence of the Drake Passage (DP) gateway in coupled models generally leads to vigorous Antarctic bottom water (AABW) formation, Antarctic warming, and the absence of North Atlantic deep-water (NADW) formation. Here the authors show that this ...
Willem P. Sijp; Matthew H. England
THE FACILITY 350 HELIUM-ATMOSPHERE SYSTEM. Final Report, Metallurgy Division Program 1.5.5
The He atmosphere system in Argonne's Facility 350 is described in detail. The system is straightforward, employing drying and carbon towers for the removal of moisture, oxygen, and other impurities. The bulk of the 15,000 ft/ sup 3/ of He atmosphere is continuously recirculated at nearly atmospheric pressure. Purification is accomplished at 140 psig on a portion of the gas that is passed through the drying tower at room temperature and the carbon towers at -- 46 deg C (--50 deg F). The operation is continuous, requiring a minimum of maintenance and operational manpower. The He atmosphere is supplied to the glove- boxes with impurity levels below 3,000 ppm nitrogen, 1,000 ppm oxygen, and 50 ppm moisture. Such purity levels prevent oxidation and combustion of the Pu materials being processed. Experimental data concerning the adsorption of oxygen from He by activated carbon over a range of temperature and pressure conditions are reported. (auth)
Mayfield, R.M.; Tope, W.G.; Shuck, A.B.
The Contributions of Precipitation and Soil Moisture Observations to the Skill of Soil Moisture Estimates in a Land Data Assimilation System
The contributions of precipitation and soil moisture observations to soil moisture skill in a land data assimilation system are assessed. Relative to baseline estimates from the Modern Era Retrospective-analysis for Research and Applications (...
Qing Liu; Rolf H. Reichle; Rajat Bindlish; Michael H. Cosh; Wade T. Crow; Richard de Jeu; Gabrielle J. M. De Lannoy; George J. Huffman; Thomas J. Jackson
A Wave Theory for the Onset and Initial Growth of Condensation in the Atmosphere
Pre-storm conditions are often characterized by an atmosphere in the presence of rather strong wind shears and a temperature inversion. The latter acts as a lid for moisture in the boundary layer. In this paper we discuss the possibility that a ...
G. Chimonas; F. Einaudi; D. P. Lalas
Old-field Community, Climate and Atmospheric Manipulation
We are in the process of finishing a number of laboratory, growth chamber and greenhouse projects, analyzing data, and writing papers. The projects reported addressed these subjects: How do climate and atmospheric changes alter aboveground plant biomass and community structure; Effects of multiple climate changes factors on plant community composition and diversity: what did we learn from a 5-year open-top chamber experiment using constructed old-field communities; Do atmospheric and climatic change factors interact to alter woody seedling emergence, establishment and productivity; Soil moisture surpasses elevated CO{sub 2} and temperature in importance as a control on soil carbon dynamics; How do climate and atmospheric changes alter belowground root and fungal biomass; How do climate and atmospheric changes alter soil microarthropod and microbial communities; How do climate and atmospheric changes alter belowground microbial function; Linking root litter diversity and microbial functioning at a micro scale under current and projected CO{sub 2} concentrations; Multifactor climate change effects on soil ecosystem functioning depend on concurrent changes in plant community composition; How do climate and atmospheric changes alter aboveground insect populations; How do climate and atmospheric changes alter festuca endophyte infection; How do climate and atmospheric changes soil carbon stabilization.
Aimee Classen
Microwave Moisture Measurement System for Hardwood Lumber Drying
The goal of this project was to develop a prototype microwave-based moisture sensor system suitable for the kiln drying of hardwood lumber. The moisture sensors developed are battery powered and are capable of communicating with a host kiln control system via spread spectrum wireless communications. We have developed two designs of the sensors working at 4.5 to 6 GHz with linear response to moisture content (MC) over a range of 6-100%. These sensors allow us to make a swept frequency microwave transmission measurement through a small area of a board. Using the prototype electronics and sensors, we have obtained measurements of MC over the above MC range for red oak and yellow poplar with standard deviations of less than 1.5% MC. We have developed data for board thickness corrections and for temperature corrections for the MC measurement system.
Moschler, William W [University of Tennessee, Knoxville (UTK); Hanson, Gregory R [ORNL
Investigation of moisture in titanium metal powder by pulsed NMR
A sample of titanium metal powder QC 1779 was subjected to five different treatments of dyring and moisture exposure to estimate the effectiveness of normal drying and handling procedures used in the pyrotechnics processing. The treatments were drying in air, drying in two different vacuum furnaces, exposure to normal humidity, and exposure to 100 percent humidity. Statistical evaluation of the NMR results indicates that there is a significant difference between the moisture content of each treatment. Although the combined effects of temperature, pressure, humidity, and treatment time were not studied in a designed manner to determine their significance on the effectiveness of the drying techniques and moisture uptake by sample QC 1779, the experimental evidence does indicate that all four variables do affect the results of the treatments. 2 figures, 6 tables.
Attalla, A.; Bowman, R.C. Jr.; Craft, B.D.; Love, C.M.; Yauger, R.L.
Present-Day and Last-Glacial-Maximum Ocean Thermohaline Circulation in a Zonally Averaged Coupled Ocean�Sea-Ice�Atmosphere Model
A simple ocean�atmosphere model suitable for long-term paleoclimate studies is presented. It consists of a three-basin zonally averaged ocean model coupled to an energy moisture-balance atmospheric model and a thermodynamic sea-ice model. The ...
H. Bjornsson; L. A. Mysak
Surface moisture measurement system hardware acceptance test report
This document summarizes the results of the hardware acceptance test for the Surface Moisture Measurement System (SMMS). This test verified that the mechanical and electrical features of the SMMS functioned as designed and that the unit is ready for field service. The bulk of hardware testing was performed at the 306E Facility in the 300 Area and the Fuels and Materials Examination Facility in the 400 Area. The SMMS was developed primarily in support of Tank Waste Remediation System (TWRS) Safety Programs for moisture measurement in organic and ferrocyanide watch list tanks.
Ritter, G.A., Westinghouse Hanford
Land Surface Energy and Moisture Fluxes: Comparing Three Models
Three different land surface schemes that are designed for use in atmospheric general circulation models are compared. They were run in offline mode with identical atmospheric forcing values that were observed at Cabauw. This procedure allows one ...
J-P. Schulz; L. D�menil; J. Polcher; C. A. Schlosser; Y. Xue
Moisture Analysis from Radiosonde and Microwave Spectrometer Data
A method for analysis of the horizontal and vertical distributions of the moisture field utilizing satellite, upper air and surface data is proposed in this paper. A brief overview of the microwave sensors on board Nimbus 5 and 6 is also ...
Kenneth J. Haydu; T. N. Krishnamurti
Procurement and Operation Considerations for Moisture Separator Reheaters
State-of-the-art technology can provide solutions for many of the problems that have beset moisture separator reheaters. Changes in design and operating procedures recommended in this study will improve the performance and extend the operating life of these major components.
An Analysis of Moisture Fluxes into the Gulf of California
This study examines the nature of episodes of enhanced warm-season moisture flux into the Gulf of California. Both spatial structure and primary time scales of the fluxes are examined using the 40-yr ECMWF Re-Analysis data for the period 1980�...
Man-Li C. Wu; Siegfried D. Schubert; Max J. Suarez; Norden E. Huang
Galvanic battery. [tape wrapping to seal against moisture loss
A galvanic battery comprises rigid battery components and a wrapping of insulating material. The wrapping consists of a length of thin, extensible plastic tape wound in successive laps under lengthwise stretch around the battery and having its outer end secured to a preceeding layer of tape. The tape in combination with the rigid battery components effectively seals the battery against loss of moisture.
Tamminen, P.J.
Thermal Effects of Moisture in Rigid Insulation Board
The impact of moisture in rigid roof insulation upon energy consumption is often assumed to be a simple function of the conductance. This paper will show that there are complex interactions between conductance, thermal mass, and climate. The energy performance can not be predicted from only the conductance. These results affect removal criteria for wet insulation board.
Crow, G. W.
A Negative Soil Moisture�Precipitation Relationship and Its Causes
This study examines a lagged soil moisture�precipitation (S�P) correlation for 24 yr of boreal summer (1979�2002) from the 40-yr ECMWF Re-Analysis (ERA-40), the NCEP�Department of Energy (DOE) reanalysis 2 (R-2), the North American Regional ...
Jiangfeng Wei; Robert E. Dickinson; Haishan Chen
Moisture Distribution and Flow During Drying of Wood and Fiber
New understanding, theories, and techniques for moisture flow and distribution were developed in this research on wood and wood fiber. Improved understanding of the mechanisms of flake drying has been provided. Observations of flake drying and drying rate curves revealed that rate of moisture loss consisted of two falling rate periods and no constant rate drying period was observed. Convective heat transfer controls the first period, and bound water diffusion controls the second period. Influence of lower drying temperatures on bending properties of wood flakes was investigated. Drying temperature was found to have a significant influence on bending stiffness and strength. A worksheet for calculation of the energy required to dry a single strandboard flake was developed but has not been tested in an industrial setting yet. A more complete understanding of anisotropic transverse shrinkage of wood is proposed based on test results and statistical analysis. A simplified mod el of a wood cell's cross-section was drawn for calculating differential transverse shrinkage. The model utilizes cell wall thickness and microfibrillar packing density and orientation. In spite of some phenomena of cell wall structure not yet understood completely, the results might explain anisotropic transverse shrinkage to a major extent. Boundary layer theory was found useful for evaluating external moisture resistance during drying. Simulated moisture gradients were quire comparable to the actual gradients in dried wood. A mathematical procedure for determining diffusion and surface emission coefficients was also developed. Thermal conductivity models of wood derived from its anatomical structure were created and tested against experimental values. Model estimations provide insights into changes in heat transfer parameters during drying. Two new techniques for measuring moisture gradients created in wood during drying were developed. A new technique that utilizes optical properties of cobalt chloride was developed for nondestructive determination of surface moisture content. Fundamental new understanding of drying characteristics in wood and fiber has been provided that can be used by researchers to improve drying of wood and fiber. The three techniques for measuring moisture content and gradients provided in this study are efficient, practical, and economical - easy to apply by industry and researchers. An energy consumption worksheet is provided as a first step toward reducing energy consumed during drying of lumber and strandboard flakes. However, it will need additional verification and testing.
Zink-Sharp, Audrey; Hanna, Robert B.
Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program
Atmospheric Observatory (UAO) Pilot Experiment at NYC" - Michael Reynolds, BNL 17:30 "EML Pilot Studies for the Urban Atmospheric Observatory" - Hsi-Na (Sam) Lee, EML 17:40 "A...
The Boulder Atmospheric Observatory
The Boulder Atmospheric Observatory (BAO) is a unique research facility for studying the planetary boundary layer and for testing and calibrating atmospheric sensors. The facility includes a 300 m tower instrumented with fast- and slow-response ...
J. C. Kaimal; J. E. Gaynor
Observed and Simulated Soil Moisture Variability over the Lower Mississippi Delta Region
To better understand error and spatial variability sources of soil moisture simulated with land surface models, observed and simulated values of soil moisture (using offline simulations with the Noah land surface model with four soil layers and ...
Georgy V. Mostovoy; Valentine G. Anantharaj
Moisture degradation in FRP bonded concrete systems : an interface fracture approach
(cont.) characterization, and kink criterion implementation, form a synergistic analysis of the mechanistic debonding behavior affected by moisture. Results have shown that moisture affected debonding is a highly complex ...
Au, Ching, 1977-
Parameter Sensitivity in LSMs: An Analysis Using Stochastic Soil Moisture Models and ELDAS Soil Parameters
Integration of simulated and observed states through data assimilation as well as model evaluation requires a realistic representation of soil moisture in land surface models (LSMs). However, soil moisture in LSMs is sensitive to a range of ...
Adriaan J. Teuling; Remko Uijlenhoet; Bart van den Hurk; Sonia I. Seneviratne
Measurement scheduling for soil moisture sensing: From physical models to optimal control
In this paper, we consider the problem of monitoring soil moisture evolution using a wireless network of in situ sensors. Continuously sampling moisture levels with these sensors incurs high-maintenance and energy consumption ...
Shuman, David I.
Evaluation of Soil Moisture Effects on the Generation and Modification of Mesoscale Circulations
The current study provides an evaluation of thermally induced circulation over flat terrain due to nonuniform horizontal distribution of soil moisture availability. Additionally, the effect of soil moisture availability on the thermally induced ...
Y. Ookouchi; M. Segal; R. C. Kessler; R. A. Pielke
Effects of Soil Moisture on Temperatures, Winds, and Pollutant Concentrations in Los Angeles
This paper examines the effects of soil moisture initialization in a coupled air quality�meteorological model on temperature profiles, wind speeds, and pollutant concentrations. Three simulations, each with different initial soil moisture fields, ...
Mark Z. Jacobson
Soil Moisture Analyses at ECMWF: Evaluation Using Global Ground-Based In Situ Observations
In situ soil moisture from 117 stations across the world and under different biome and climate conditions are used to evaluate two soil moisture products from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF)�namely, the operational ...
C. Albergel; P. de Rosnay; G. Balsamo; L. Isaksen; J. Mu�oz-Sabater
Measurements and modeling of moisture diffusion processes in transformer insulation using interdigital dielectrometry sensors
The presence of moisture in a transformer deteriorates the transformer insulation by decreasing its electrical, mechanical, and thermal strength. Therefore, it is important to monitor the moisture condition in both liquid ...
Du, Yanqing, 1971-
Skill and Global Trend Analysis of Soil Moisture from Reanalyses and Microwave Remote Sensing
In situ soil moisture measurements from 2007 to 2010 for 196 stations from five networks across the world (United States, France, Spain, China, and Australia) are used to determine the reliability of three soil moisture products: (i) a revised ...
C. Albergel; W. Dorigo; R. H. Reichle; G. Balsamo; P. de Rosnay; J. Mu�oz-Sabater; L. Isaksen; R. de Jeu; W. Wagner
Conservation of Moisture in a Hybrid Kuo-Type Cumulus Parameterization
The conservation of moisture requirement used in a hybrid Kuo-type cumulus parameterization scheme is generalized so that the source of moisture for the cumulus process originates from all layers below the level of condensation, including the ...
William H. Raymond; Robert M. Aune
A Comparison of Soil Moisture Models Using Soil Climate Analysis Network Observations
Because of the lack of field measurements, models are often used to monitor soil moisture conditions. Therefore, it is important to find a model that can accurately simulate soil moisture under a variety of land surface conditions. In this paper, ...
Lei Meng; Steven M. Quiring
Global Soil Moisture from Satellite Observations, Land Surface Models, and Ground Data: Implications for Data Assimilation
Three independent surface soil moisture datasets for the period 1979�87 are compared: 1) global retrievals from the Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer (SMMR), 2) global soil moisture derived from observed meteorological forcing using the ...
Rolf H. Reichle; Randal D. Koster; Jiarui Dong; Aaron A. Berg
On the relationship of soil moisture and extreme temperatures in East China
Soil moisture conditions affect energy partitioning between sensible and latent heat fluxes, resulting in a change in surface temperatures. In this study, relationship between antecedent soil moisture conditions (as indicated by the 6-month ...
Lei Meng; Yanjun Shen
A Novel Method for Quantifying Value in Spaceborne Soil Moisture Retrievals
A novel methodology is introduced for quantifying the added value of remotely sensed soil moisture products for global land surface modeling applications. The approach is based on the assimilation of soil moisture retrievals into a simple surface ...
Wade T. Crow
Evaluating the Simulated Seasonality of Soil Moisture with Earth Observation Data
A critical function of a land surface scheme, used in climate and weather prediction models, is to partition the energy from insolation into sensible and latent heat fluxes. Many use a soil moisture function to control the surface moisture fluxes ...
Richard J. Ellis; Christopher M. Taylor; Graham P. Weedon; Nicola Gedney; Douglas B. Clark; Sietse Los
From Near-Surface to Root-Zone Soil Moisture Using Different Assimilation Techniques
Root-zone soil moisture constitutes an important variable for hydrological and weather forecast models. Microwave radiometers like the L-band instrument on board the European Space Agency�s (ESA) future Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) ...
Joaqu�n Mu�oz Sabater; Lionel Jarlan; Jean-Christophe Calvet; Fran�ois Bouyssel; Patricia De Rosnay
Summer Rainfall Forecast Spread in an Ensemble Initialized with Different Soil Moisture Analyses
The performance of an ensemble forecasting system initialized using varied soil moisture alone has been evaluated for rainfall forecasts of six warm season convective cases. Ten different soil moisture analyses were used as initial conditions in ...
Eric A. Aligo; William A. Gallus Jr.; Moti Segal
The Soil Moisture Active and Passive Mission (SMAP): Science and Applications
The soil moisture active and passive mission (SMAP) will provide global maps of soil moisture content and surface freeze/thaw state. Global measurements of these variables are critical for terrestrial water and carbon cycle ...
Icing Study of Moisture in Jet-A Fuel, Ambient to -40?C
About this Abstract. Meeting, Materials Science & Technology 2011. Symposium, Failure Analysis and Prevention. Presentation Title, Icing Study of Moisture in�...
Understanding the Impacts of Moisture and Thermal Ageing on Transformer's Insulation by Dielectric Response
Understanding the Impacts of Moisture and Thermal Ageing on Transformer's Insulation by Dielectric of oil and paper in a transformer degrade primarily due to thermal ageing and moisture ingress insulation in a transformer. Index Terms -- Condition monitoring, gel permeation chromatography, moisture
Saha, Tapan Kumar
In-situ soil moisture sensing: Optimal sensor placement and field estimation
We study the problem of optimal sensor placement in the context of soil moisture sensing. We show that the soil moisture data possesses some unique features that can be used together with the commonly used Gaussian assumption to construct more scalable, ... Keywords: 2D/3D sensor placement, Gaussian process, Gaussian regression, Soil moisture, coarse-grained orderings
Xiaopei Wu; Mingyan Liu; Yue Wu
Moisture Retention Curves of Topopah Spring Tuff at Elevated Temperatures
Knowledge of unsaturated flow and transport in porous media is critical for understanding the movement of water and solute through the unsaturated zone. The suction potential of rock determines the imbibition of water and, therefore, the moisture retention in the matrix. That, in turn, affects the relative importance of matrix flow and fracture flow, and their interaction, because greater suction potential moves more water from fractures into the matrix and therefore retards fracture flow. The moisture content as a function of the suction potential is called a moisture retention curve or a characteristic curve. Moisture-retention data are important input for numerical models of water movement in unsaturated porous media. Also important are the effect of sample history on the moisture-retention curves and whether there is significant hysteresis between wetting and drying measurements. The Yucca Mountain Site Characterization Project (YMP) of the U.S. Department of Energy is studying the suitability of the tuffaceous rock at Yucca Mountain, Nevada, for a potential high-level nuclear waste repository. The potential repository horizon will be in the unsaturated zone of the Topopah Spring member (densely welded) of the Paintbrush Tuff unit at Yucca Mountain. This unit is highly fractured. Therefore, transport of water within the near field of the nuclear waste package in the repository is strongly influenced by the suction potential of the repository host rocks at elevated temperatures. In a high-level nuclear waste repository, the rock mass around the waste packages will become dry because of the thermal load of the waste but will then re-wet during the cool-down period as the thermal output of the waste packages declines. Much of this process will occur at temperatures above ambient temperature. The goal of our work is to determine the importance of temperature and the wetting-drying hysteresis on the measured moisture retention curves of the densely welded tuff. For Topopah Spring tuff the suction potential is assumed to be primary due to the matric potential.
Lin, W.; Roberts, J.; Carlberg, E.; Ruddle, D.; Pletcher, R.
Residential pollutants and ventilation strategies: Moisture and combustion products
This paper reviews literature that reports investigations of residential ventilation and indoor air quality. Two important residential pollutant classes, moisture and combustion pollutants, are examined. A companion paper examines volatile organic compounds and radon. Control strategies recommended from the review include appropriate building design to prevent or limit the sources of the pollutants within the space, proper operation and maintenance to prevent adverse conditions from developing during the building's life and appropriate use of ventilation. The characteristics of these pollutant sources suggest that ventilation systems in residences should have several properties. Moisture control puts significant restrictions on a ventilation system. The system should function continuously (averaged over days) and distribute ventilation throughout the habitable space. Combustion sources require task ventilation that functions reliably.
Hadlich, D.E.; Grimsrud, D.T.
Seasonal variations of the clear-sky greenhouse effect: The role of changes in atmospheric temperatures and humidities
This paper presents an analysis of the factors which control the seasonal variations of the clear-sky greenhouse effect, based on satellite observations and radiative transfer simulations. The satellite observations include the radiation budget at the top of the atmosphere from the Earth Radiation Budget Experiment and the total column moisture content derived from the Special Sensor Microwave/Imager. The simulations were performed with the SAMSON system described in an earlier paper, using atmospheric temperatures and humidities from operational analyses produced by the European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasts. At low latitudes, the magnitude of the clear-sky greenhouse effect is dominated by the strong thermodynamic link between the total column moisture content of the atmosphere and sea surface temperatures, with minimal seasonal variations. In contrast, at middle to high latitudes there are strong seasonal variations, the clear-sky greenhouse effect being largest in winter and smallest in summer. These variations cannot be explained by the seasonal cycle in the total column moisture content, as this is largest in summer and smallest in winter. The variations are controlled instead by the seasonal changes in atmospheric temperatures. The colder atmosphere in winter enhances the temperature differential between the atmosphere and the sea surface, leading to a larger greenhouse effect despite the lower moisture contents. The magnitude of the clear-sky greenhouse effect is thus controlled by atmospheric humidity at low latitudes, but by atmospheric temperature at middle and high latitudes. These controls are illustrated by results from sensitivity experiments with SAMSON and are interpreted in terms of a simple model.
Webb, M.J.; Slingo, A. [Hadley Centre for Climate Prediction and Research, Berkshire (United Kingdom); Stephens, G.L. [Colorado State Univ., Fort Collins, CO (United States)
Application of software tools for moisture protection of buildings in
Application of software tools for moisture protection of buildings in Application of software tools for moisture protection of buildings in different climate zones Title Application of software tools for moisture protection of buildings in different climate zones Publication Type Conference Paper Year of Publication 2009 Authors Krus, Martin, Thierry Stephane Nouidui, and Klaus Sedlbauer Conference Name 6th International Conference on Cold Climate, Heating, Ventilating and Air-Conditioning Conference Location Sisimiut, Groenland Abstract The application of software tools for moisture protection of buildings in different climatic zones is demonstrated in this paper. The basics of the programs are presented together with a typical application for a problem specific for the chosen climatic zone. A 1-D calculation has been performed for tropical climate zone with the improvement of a flat roof in Bangkok as an example. For half timbered buildings, which are common in the temperate zone with the 2-D model an infill insulation and its benefits are demonstrated. Finally the combined appliance of the whole building model and the mould risk prognosis model is shown in detail as a special case for the cold climate zone: In heated buildings of cold climate zones the internal climate with its low relative humidity in wintertime often causes discomfort and health problems for the occupants. In case of using air humidifier the risk of mould growth increases. Instead of an uncontrolled humidifying of the dry air an innovativecontrol system using a thermal bridge, which switches the humidifier off when condensation occurs is presented. To quantify the improvement in the comfort while preventing the risk of mould growth for a typical building comparative calculations of the resulting inner climates and its consequences on comfort have been performed.
Hazards and operability study for the surface moisture monitoring system
The Hanford Nuclear Reservation Tank Farms` underground waste tanks have been used to store liquid radioactive waste from defense materials production since the 1940`s. Waste in certain of the tanks may contain material in the form of ferrocyanide or various organic compounds which could potentially be susceptible to condensed phase chemical reactions. Because of the presence of oxidizing materials (nitrate compounds) and heat sources (radioactive decay and chemical reactions), the ferrocyanide or organic material could potentially fuel a propagating exothermic reaction with undesirable consequences. Analysis and experiments indicate that the reaction propagation and/or initiation may be prevented by the presence of sufficient moisture in the waste. Because the reaction would probably be initiated at the surface of the waste, evidence of sufficient moisture concentration would help provide evidence that the tank waste can continue to be safely stored. The Surface Moisture Measurement System (SMMS) was developed to collect data on the surface moisture in the waste by inserting two types of probes (singly) into a waste tank-a neutron probe and an electromagnetic inductance (EMI) probe. The sensor probes will be placed on the surface of the waste utilizing a moveable deployment arm to lower them through an available riser. The movement of the SMMS within the tank will be monitored by a camera lowered through an adjacent riser. The SMMS equipment is the subject of this study. Hazards and Operability Analysis (HAZOP) is a systematic technique for assessing potential hazards and/or operability problems for a new activity. It utilizes a multidiscipline team of knowledgeable individuals in a systematic brainstorming effort. The results of this study will be used as input to an Unreviewed Safety Question determination.
Board, B.D.
Scoping Study of Moisture Carryover in Boiling Water Reactors
Several BWRs have recently experienced higher than expected shutdown dose rates in steam-affected components/areas. The dose rate increases appear to be associated with increases in reactor water Co-60 activity and moisture carryover (MCO), particularly in the latter portions of the operating cycle. In addition to mechanical carryover, it has been suggested that volatile impurities such as hydrochloric acid may be transported with the BWR steam and concentrate in condensate on surfaces, such as the low p...
3 3 ARM 2003 Tom Ackerman Chief Scientist Tom Ackerman Chief Scientist ARM ARM Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Atmospheric Radiation Measurement WARNING! WARNING! Today is April 1 But that has NO bearing on this message Today is April 1 But that has NO bearing on this message ARM ARM Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Two Topics Two Topics * Status of ARM (quick overview) * Science plan - ARM in the next 5 years * Status of ARM (quick overview) * Science plan - ARM in the next 5 years ARM ARM Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Atmospheric Radiation Measurement ARM Status - Science ARM Status - Science * Steadily increasing productivity - Poster session - over 220 posters (may need to do something about submissions next year) - Peer-reviewed articles: 2.5 to 3 per year per
Experience with atmospheric fluidized bed gasification of switchgrass
Switchgrass was gasified in a bubbling fluidized bed reactor rated at 800 kW (2.75 MMBtu/hr) thermal input and operating at atmospheric pressure. A combustible gas with higher heating value varying between 4.2--5.9 MJ/Nm{sup 3} (114--160 Btu/scf) was produced. Carbon conversion was approximately 85%. Difficulties in feeding high moisture switchgrass inhibited smooth reactor operation. Several feed systems for switchgrass were tried with varying degrees of success. The results of gasification trials using switchgrass as fuel are described.
Smeenk, J.; Brown, R.C. [Iowa State Univ., Ames, IA (United States). Center for Coal and the Environment
Moisture-induced embrittlement of iron aluminides. Final report
FeAl alloys {ge}24 at. %Al are H embrittled by both H2 gas and water vapor. This examines effect of H embrittlement by H2 gas and moisture-bearing air on tensile properties and fatigue crack growth resistance of two ordered FeAl intermetallic alloys (28, 36 at. % Al) and one disordered Fe-Al alloy (16 at. % Al). Susceptibility to embrittlement varies with both Al content and ordered state. Tensile ductility of disordered low Al alloy is not affected by moisture-bearing air, and fatigue crack growth resistance is affected only slightly by moisture. However, the higher Al alloys are severely embrittled by moisture-bearing air. Oxidation of Al with concurrent release of H2 is responsible for embrittlement of Fe3Al alloys. It is likely that the smaller amount of Al available for the oxidation reaction in the 16at. % alloy precludes such embrittling reactions. In contrast, H2 is found to be embrittling to all alloys in both cyclic and monotonic tests. Fractography shows that H2 preferentially attacks cleavage planes in these alloys. Inherent fatigue crack growth resistance in an inert environment of the low Al disordered alloy is found to be much lower than that for the high Al alloys. Fatigue crack growth rate in an embrittling environment can be expressed as superposed mechanical fatigue and corrosion-fatigue components. Fatigue crack growth tests in inert and embrittling environments are used to isolate corrosion fatigue of the crack growth rate in Fe-28at. %Al. The corrosion-fatigue component displays a frequency dependence: At lower frequencies, more time is available for penetration of H ahead of the crack tip. H transport in the Fe-Al alloys occurs primarily by dislocation-assisted transport, which allows for penetration depths of 10-100x the distance that can be achieved by bulk diffusion. An equation is developed for the corrosion-fatigue component of crack growth rate which includes stress intensity range and frequency dependence.
Castagna, A.; Stoloff, N.S. [Rensselaer Polytechnic Inst., Troy, NY (United States)
Moisture Vertical Structure, Column Water Vapor, and Tropical Deep Convection
The vertical structure of the relationship between water vapor and precipitation is analyzed in 5 yr of radiosonde and precipitation gauge data from the Nauru Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) site. The first vertical principal component of ...
Christopher E. Holloway; J. David Neelin
Potential Evaporation and Soil Moisture in General Circulation Models
The parameterization of continental evaporation in many atmospheric general circulation models (GCMS) used for simulation of climate is demonstrably inconsistent with the empirical work upon which the parameterization is based. In the turbulent ...
P. C. D. Milly
Moisture monitoring of ferrocyanide tanks: An evaluation of methods and tools
This report reviews the strengths and limitations of moisture monitoring technologies that could be used for determining moisture concentration in Hanford Site single-shell ferrocyanide waste tanks. Two technologies (neutron diffusion and near-infrared spectroscopy) are being pursued as part of the ferrocyanide program. A third technology, Raman spectroscopy, is in development as a speciation tool at the Westinghouse Hanford Company 222-S Laboratory. The potential application of Raman spectroscopy to moisture monitoring is discussed.
Meacham, J.E.; Babad, H.; Toffer, H.
Microsoft Word - Flue Gas Moisture.Final Report.Abstract.Summary...
were performed to determine the relationship between flue gas moisture concentration, heat exchanger design and operating conditions, and water vapor condensation rate. The...
Pavement Moisture-Damage Test. � Transportation Researchgreater than five years. 6. Test sections may be necessaryand Parker, F. (1998). �Test for Plastic Fines in Aggregates
Harvey, John T; Lu, Qing
P2.7 Effect of Moisture in Ammonia on LED Device Performance and ...
Incorporation of oxygen into nitride layers from water vapor (moisture) in the ammonia not ... Characterization of the Absorbance Bleaching in Alinas/Algainas
Broadband Dieletric Properties of Impregnated Transformer Paper Insulation at Various Moisture Contents.
?? The actual life of a transformer is determined by ageing of the cellulosic insulation such as transformer paper. The presence of moisture in the� (more)
Cheng, Jialu
Anthropogenic moisture production and its effect on boundary layer circulations over New York City
A heat and moisture excess over New York City is shown to exist by the analysis of helicopter soundings of temperature and wet bulb depression. The magnitude of the temporal and spatial distribution of anthropogenic moisture emissions in New York City were estimated from fuel usage data. The URBMET urban boundary layer model was used to evaluate the effects on the dynamics of the urban boundary layer resulting from the observed urban moisture excess. Work is currently in progress which seeks to determine the fraction of the observed moisture excess over New York that is due to anthropogenic sources. (auth)
Bornstein, R.D.; Tam, Y.T.
Atmospheric Laser Communication
Atmospheric laser communication, often referred to as free-space optics (FSO) or free-space laser (FSL) communication, is similar to fiber optic cable in terms of carrier wavelength and bandwidth capability, but data are transmitted directly ...
Kenneth W. Fischer*Michael R. Witiw; Jeffrey A. Baars+; T. R. Oke
Simulation of Atmospheric Variability
A spectral atmospheric circulation model is time-integrated for approximately 18 years. The model has a global computational domain and realistic geography and topography. The model undergoes an annual cycle as daily values of seasonally varying ...
Syukuro Manabe; Douglas G. Hahn
Atmospheric Available Energy
The total potential energy of the atmosphere is the sum of its internal and gravitational energies. The portion of this total energy available to be converted into kinetic energy is determined relative to an isothermal, hydrostatic, equilibrium ...
Peter R. Bannon
Atmospheric optical calibration system
An atmospheric optical calibration system is provided to compare actual atmospheric optical conditions to standard atmospheric optical conditions on the basis of aerosol optical depth, relative air mass, and diffuse horizontal skylight to global horizontal photon flux ratio. An indicator can show the extent to which the actual conditions vary from standard conditions. Aerosol scattering and absorption properties, diffuse horizontal skylight to global horizontal photon flux ratio, and precipitable water vapor determined on a real-time basis for optical and pressure measurements are also used to generate a computer spectral model and for correcting actual performance response of a photovoltaic device to standard atmospheric optical condition response on a real-time basis as the device is being tested in actual outdoor conditions.
Hulstrom, Roland L. (Bloomfield, CO); Cannon, Theodore W. (Golden, CO)
An atmospheric optical calibration system is provided to compare actual atmospheric optical conditions to standard atmospheric optical conditions on the basis of aerosol optical depth, relative air mass, and diffuse horizontal skylight to global horizontal photon flux ratio. An indicator can show the extent to which the actual conditions vary from standard conditions. Aerosol scattering and absorption properties, diffuse horizontal skylight to global horizontal photon flux ratio, and precipitable water vapor determined on a real-time basis for optical and pressure measurements are also used to generate a computer spectral model and for correcting actual performance response of a photovoltaic device to standard atmospheric optical condition response on a real-time basis as the device is being tested in actual outdoor conditions. 7 figs.
Hulstrom, R.L.; Cannon, T.W.
Retrieving the Root-Zone Soil Moisture from Surface Soil Moisture or Temperature Estimates: A Feasibility Study Based on Field Measurements
The bulk soil water content must be estimated accurately for short- and medium-term meteorological modeling. A method is proposed to retrieve the total soil moisture content as well as the field capacity from observed surface parameters such as ...
J-C. Calvet; J. Noilhan; P. Bessemoulin
Method and apparatus for fuel gas moisturization and heating
Fuel gas is saturated with water heated with a heat recovery steam generator heat source. The heat source is preferably a water heating section downstream of the lower pressure evaporator to provide better temperature matching between the hot and cold heat exchange streams in that portion of the heat recovery steam generator. The increased gas mass flow due to the addition of moisture results in increased power output from the gas and steam turbines. Fuel gas saturation is followed by superheating the fuel, preferably with bottom cycle heat sources, resulting in a larger thermal efficiency gain compared to current fuel heating methods. There is a gain in power output compared to no fuel heating, even when heating the fuel to above the LP steam temperature.
Ranasinghe, Jatila (Niskayuna, NY); Smith, Raub Warfield (Ballston Lake, NY)
CDIAC::Carbon Emission::Time Series Data
back to 1751. Etemad et al. (1991) published a summary compilation that tabulates coal, brown coal, peat, and crude oil production by nation and year. Footnotes in the Etemad...
Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (CDIAC)-Fossil Fuel...
India, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, New Zealand, Pakistan, Philippines, Singapore, South Korea, Taiwan, Thailand UN Region Central Asia, Eastern Asia, South-Eastern Asia, "Pacific"...
CDIAC::Carbon Emission::Time Series USA Data
Estimates of monthly carbon dioxide emissions and associated 13C values from fossil-fuel consumption in the U.S.A. In Trends: A Compendium of Data on Global Change Carbon...
Accurately determining the escape rate from a planet's atmosphere is critical for determining its evolution. A large amount of Cassini data is now available for Titan's upper atmosphere and a wealth of data is expected within the next decade on escape from Pluto, Mars, and extra-solar planets. Escape can be driven by upward thermal conduction of energy deposited well below the exobase, as well as by nonthermal processes produced by energy deposited in the exobase region. Recent applications of a model for escape driven by upward thermal conduction, called the slow hydrodynamic escape model, have resulted in surprisingly large loss rates for the atmosphere of Titan, Saturn's largest moon. Based on a molecular kinetic simulation of the exobase region, these rates appear to be orders of magnitude too large. Therefore, the slow hydrodynamic model is evaluated here. It is shown that such a model cannot give a reliable description of the atmospheric temperature profile unless it is coupled to a molecular kinetic description of the exobase region. Therefore, the present escape rates for Titan and Pluto must be re-evaluated using the atmospheric model described here.
Johnson, Robert E., E-mail: email@example.com [Engineering Physics, Thornton Hall B102, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22902 (United States); Physics Department, New York University, New York, NY 10003 (United States)
February 1992 R. H. Johnson 353 Heat and Moisture Sources and Sinks of Asian Monsoon
February 1992 R. H. Johnson 353 Heat and Moisture Sources and Sinks of Asian Monsoon Precipitating The structure and properties of ,heat and moisture sources and sinks of the Asian monsoon are reviewed. Results by the Asian monsoon, with the detailed structure of this distribution determined in large part by a wide
Johnson, Richard H.
Original article A mathematical model to describe the change in moisture
Original article A mathematical model to describe the change in moisture distribution in maize distribution were observed during the treatment and modelled through a phenomenological model based injection of saturated steam at a fixed pressure into a vessel containing starch at residual moisture
Paris-Sud XI, Université de
NEC Hazardous classification and compliance regarding the surface moisture monitor measurement system
The National Electrical Code, NFPA 70, and National Fire Protection Association requirements for use of Surface Moisture Monitor Systems in classified locations are discussed. The design and configuration of the surface moisture monitor are analyzed with respect to how they comply with requirements of the National Electrical Code requirements, articles 500-504.
Bussell, J.H., WHC
Analysis of Annual Thermal and Moisture Performance of Radiant Barrier Systems
A detailed thermal energy analysis model helps identify locations where radiant barriers are cost-effective while analyzing moisture performance to predict potential problem areas. The model described in this report estimates annual energy savings and moisture accumulation rates from horizontal radiant barrier applications in a variety of climates.
TTUS FP&C Design & Building Standards Division 7 Thermal & Moisture Protection
TTUS FP&C Design & Building Standards Division 7 Thermal & Moisture Protection Division for this project. Exterior Insulation and Finish Systems (EIFS) are not allowed without permission from the TTUS & Building Standards Division 7 Thermal & Moisture Protection Bituminous Waterproofing Surfaces
Gelfond, Michael
Increase of Steam Moisture in the BWR-Facility KKP 1
Main steam moisture in a BWR facility is determined by steam quality at core outlet and efficiency of steam separators and steam dryers. Transport of water with steam is accompanied by transport of radionuclides out of RPV resulting in enhanced radiation level in the main steam system. A remarkable increase of main steam moisture started at KKP 1 in 1997. In the following years increase of steam outlet moisture started at lower and lower core mass flow rates. Dose rate in main steam system increased simultaneously. Core mass flow rate and thus thermal power had to be reduced during stretch out operation to keep the main steam moisture below the specified boundary of 0.2 %. This boundary also guarantees, that radiological exposure remains far below approved values. The increase of main steam moisture corresponds with the application of low leakage core loading. Low leakage core loading results in enhanced steam generation in the center and in reduced steam generation in the outer zones of the core. It can be shown, that the uneven steam generation in the core became stronger over the years. Therefore, steam quality at inlet of the outer steam separators was getting lower. This resulted in higher carry over of water in this steam separators and steam dryers, thus explaining the increasing main steam moisture. KKP 1 started in 2000 with spectral shift operation. As one should expect, this resulted in reduced steam moisture. It remains the question of steam moisture in case of stretch out operation. Countermeasures are briefly discussed. (authors)
Noack, Volker [EnBW Kraftwerke AG (Germany)
Analysis of annual thermal and moisture performance of radiant barrier systems
This report summarizes a project to model the annual thermal and moisture performance of radiant barrier systems installed in residential attics. A previously developed model for the thermal performance of attics with radiant barriers was modified to allow estimates of moisture condensation on the underside of radiant barriers that are laid directly on top of existing attic insulation. The model was partially validated by comparing its predictions of ceiling heat flows and moisture condensation with data and visual observations made during a field experiment with full-size houses near Knoxville, Tennessee. Since the model predictions were found to be in reasonable agreement with the experimental data, the models were used to estimate annual energy savings and moisture accumulation rates for a wide variety of climatic conditions. The models results have been used to identify locations where radiant barriers are cost effective and also where radiant barriers have potential for causing moisture problems. 58 refs., 20 figs., 32 tabs.
Wilkes, K.E.
This report summarizes a project to model the annual thermal and moisture performance of radiant barrier systems installed in residential attics. A previously developed model for the thermal performance of attics with radiant barriers was modified to allow estimates of moisture condensation on the underside of radiant barriers that are laid directly on top of existing attic insulation. The model was partially validated by comparing its predictions of ceiling heat flows and moisture condensation with data and visual observations made during a field experiment with full-size houses near Knoxville, Tennessee. Since the model predictions were found to be in reasonable agreement with the experimental data, the models were used to estimate annual energy savings and moisture accumulation rates for a wide variety of climatic conditions. The model results have been used to identify locations where radiant barriers are cost effective and also where radiant barriers have potential for causing moisture problems. 58 refs., 20 figs., 32 tabs.
Wilkes, K.E. (Oak Ridge National Lab., TN (United States))
Article Atmospheric Science
© The Author(s) 2012. This article is published with open access at Springerlink.com csb.scichina.com www.springer.com/scp © The Author(s) 2012. This article is published with open access at Springerlink.com csb.scichina.com www.springer.com/scp *Corresponding author (email: email@example.com) Article Atmospheric Science February 2013 Vol.58 No.4-5: 545 551 doi: 10.1007/s11434-012-5556-6 A method for distinguishing and linking turbulent entrainment mixing and collision-coalescence in stratocumulus clouds LU ChunSong 1,2* , LIU YanGang 2 & NIU ShengJie 1 1 Key Laboratory for Atmospheric Physics and Environment of China Meteorological Administration, Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster of Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China; 2 Atmospheric Sciences Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory, New York 11973, USA
BNL | Atmospheric Systems Research
Atmospheric System Research is a DOE observation-based research program Atmospheric System Research is a DOE observation-based research program created to advance process-level understanding of the key interactions among aerosols, clouds, precipitation, radiation, dynamics, and thermodynamics, with the ultimate goal of reducing the uncertainty in global and regional climate simulations and projections. General areas of research at BNL under this program include studies of aerosol and cloud lifecycles, and cloud-aerosol-precipitation interactions. Contact Robert McGraw, 631.344.3086 aerosols Aerosol Life Cycle The strategic focus of the Aerosol Life Cycle research is observation-based process science-examining the properties and evolution of atmospheric aerosols. Observations come from both long-term studies conducted by the
ARM - Measurement - Atmospheric pressure
pressure pressure ARM Data Discovery Browse Data Comments? We would love to hear from you! Send us a note below or call us at 1-888-ARM-DATA. Send Measurement : Atmospheric pressure The pressure exerted by the atmosphere as a consequence of gravitational attraction exerted upon the "column" of air lying directly above the point in question. Categories Atmospheric State Instruments The above measurement is considered scientifically relevant for the following instruments. Refer to the datastream (netcdf) file headers of each instrument for a list of all available measurements, including those recorded for diagnostic or quality assurance purposes. ARM Instruments SONDE : Balloon-Borne Sounding System CO2FLX : Carbon Dioxide Flux Measurement Systems ECOR : Eddy Correlation Flux Measurement System
ARM - Measurement - Atmospheric temperature
temperature temperature ARM Data Discovery Browse Data Comments? We would love to hear from you! Send us a note below or call us at 1-888-ARM-DATA. Send Measurement : Atmospheric temperature The temperature indicated by a thermometer exposed to the air in a place sheltered from direct solar radiation. Categories Atmospheric State Instruments The above measurement is considered scientifically relevant for the following instruments. Refer to the datastream (netcdf) file headers of each instrument for a list of all available measurements, including those recorded for diagnostic or quality assurance purposes. ARM Instruments AERI : Atmospheric Emitted Radiance Interferometer SONDE : Balloon-Borne Sounding System CO2FLX : Carbon Dioxide Flux Measurement Systems ECOR : Eddy Correlation Flux Measurement System
Assimilating GOES Brightness Temperatures. Part I: Upper-Tropospheric Moisture
Imager channel 3 (at 6.7 ?m) on the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) is particularly sensitive to water vapor in the atmosphere. Channel-3 data from both clear and cloudy regions are used in a new assimilation scheme to ...
William H. Raymond; Gary S. Wade; Tom H. Zapotocny
Influence of Soil Moisture on Boundary Layer Cloud Development
The daytime interaction of the land surface with the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) is studied using a coupled one-dimensional (column) land surface�ABL model. This is an extension of earlier work that focused on modeling the ABL for 31 May ...
M. B. Ek; A. A. M. Holtslag
The Role of Conservation of Mass in the Satellite-Derived Poleward Moisture Transport over the Southern Ocean
Poleward meridional moisture transport across the Southern Ocean during 1988 is investigated by applying conservation of mass to the wind derivation approach of Slonaker and Van Woert. The moisture field is from the Television and Infrared ...
Cheng-Zhi Zou; Michael L. Van Woert
The Impact of Root Weighting on the Response of Transpiration to Moisture Stress in Land Surface Schemes
Land surface schemes (LSSs) for large-scale climate models use a variety of different methods to represent the influence of soil moisture on transpiration. One area in which they differ is in the treatment of vertical soil moisture distribution. ...
Carl E. Desborough
A Change Detection Algorithm for Retrieving High-Resolution Soil Moisture From SMAP Radar and Radiometer Observations
A change detection algorithm has been developed in order to obtain high-resolution soil moisture estimates from future Soil Moisture Active and Passive (SMAP) L-band radar and radiometer observations. The approach combines ...
Piles, Maria
An algorithm to estimate soil moisture over vegetated areas based on in situ and remote sensing information
An algorithm is proposed for estimating soil moisture over vegetated areas. The algorithm uses in situ and remote sensing information and statistical tools to estimate soil moisture at 1 km spatial resolution and at 20 cm ...
N. D. Ram�rez-Beltran, C. Calder�n-Arteaga, E. Harmsen, R. Vasquez, J. Gonzalez
Evaluation of AMSR-E-Derived Soil Moisture Retrievals Using Ground-Based and PSR Airborne Data during SMEX02
A Land Surface Microwave Emission Model (LSMEM) is used to derive soil moisture estimates over Iowa during the Soil Moisture Experiment 2002 (SMEX02) field campaign, using brightness temperature data from the Advanced Microwave Sounding ...
M. F. McCabe; H. Gao; E. F. Wood
Retrieval of Soil Moisture and Vegetation Water Content Using SSM/I Data over a Corn and Soybean Region
The potential for soil moisture and vegetation water content retrieval using Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I) brightness temperature over a corn and soybean field region was analyzed and assessed using datasets from the Soil Moisture ...
Jun Wen; Thomas J. Jackson; Rajat Bindlish; Ann Y. Hsu; Z. Bob Su
Surface Soil Moisture Retrieval and Mapping Using High-Frequency Microwave Satellite Observations in the Southern Great Plains
Studies have shown the advantages of low-frequency (<5 GHz) microwave sensors for soil moisture estimation. Although higher frequencies have limited soil moisture retrieval capabilities, there is a vast quantity of systematic global high-...
Thomas J. Jackson; Ann Y. Hsu; Peggy E. O'Neill
Characterizing Soil Physical Properties for Soil Moisture Monitoring with the North Carolina Environment and Climate Observing Network
Soil moisture has important implications for meteorology, climatology, hydrology, and agriculture. This has led to growing interest in development of in situ soil moisture monitoring networks. Measurement interpretation is severely limited without ...
Weinan Pan; R. P. Boyles; J. G. White; J. L. Heitman
Using TRMM/TMI to Retrieve Surface Soil Moisture over the Southern United States from 1998 to 2002
Passive microwave remote sensing has been recognized as a potential method for measuring soil moisture. Combined with field observations and hydrological modeling brightness temperatures can be used to infer soil moisture states and fluxes in ...
H. Gao; E. F. Wood; T. J. Jackson; M. Drusch; R. Bindlish
Springtime Soil Moisture, Natural Climatic Variability, and North American Drought as Simulated by the NCAR Community Climate Model 1
Previous results concerning the role that summertime soil moisture reductions can play in amplifying or maintaining North American droughts are extended to include the role of springtime soil moisture reductions and the role that natural climatic ...
Robert J. Oglesby
Development of the Soil Moisture Index to Quantify Agricultural Drought and Its �User Friendliness� in Severity-Area-Duration Assessment
This paper examines the role of soil moisture in quantifying drought through the development of a drought index using observed and modeled soil moisture. In Nebraska, rainfall is received primarily during the crop-growing season and the supply of ...
Venkataramana Sridhar; Kenneth G. Hubbard; Jinsheng You; Eric D. Hunt
Impact of Vegetation Feedback on the Response of Precipitation to Antecedent Soil Moisture Anomalies over North America
Previous studies support a positive soil moisture�precipitation feedback over a major fraction of North America; that is, initial soil moisture anomalies lead to precipitation anomalies of the same sign. To investigate how vegetation feedback ...
Isolating Effects of Water Table Dynamics, Terrain, and Soil Moisture Heterogeneity on the Atmospheric Boundary Layer Using Coupled Models
D8): Yeh PJ and Eltahir EAB, �Representation of Water TableYeh and Eltahir, 2005; Fan et al, 2007). Additionally, waterYeh and Eltahir (2005) addressed errors in predicted land surface fluxes especially for shallow water
Rihani, Jehan
Why does air passage over forest yield more rain? Examining the coupling between rainfall, pressure and atmospheric moisture content
The influence of forest loss on rainfall remains poorly understood. Addressing this challenge Spracklen et al. recently presented a pan-tropical study of rainfall and land-cover that showed that satellite-derived rainfall measures were positively ...
A. M. Makarieva; V. G. Gorshkov; D. Sheil; A. D. Nobre; P. Bunyard; B.-L. Li
Precomputed atmospheric scattering
We present a new and accurate method to render the atmosphere in real time from any viewpoint from ground level to outer space, while taking Rayleigh and Mie multiple scattering into account. Our method reproduces many effects of the scattering of light, ...
Eric Bruneton; Fabrice Neyret
ARM ARM Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Atmospheric Radiation Measurement
An Integrated Column Description An Integrated Column Description of the Atmosphere An Integrated Column Description of the Atmosphere Tom Ackerman Chief Scientist Tom Ackerman Chief Scientist ARM ARM Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Pacific Northwest National Laboratory The "other" Washington ARM ARM Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Credits to Credits to * Ric Cederwall * Xiquan Dong * Chuck Long * Jay Mace * Mark Miller * Robin Perez * Dave Turner and the rest of the ARM science team * Ric Cederwall * Xiquan Dong * Chuck Long * Jay Mace * Mark Miller * Robin Perez * Dave Turner and the rest of the ARM science team ARM ARM Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Outline Outline * A little philosophy
Development of the prototype Munitions Case Moisture Meter, Model ORNL-1. Final report
There is a great need for a rapid and simple means of determining the moisture content in combustible cartridge case (ccc) munitions. Previous studies have demonstrated that accumulation of moisture in ccc rounds, such as the M829, leads to softening of the case wall and weakening of the adhesive joint. Moisture in the ccc can lead to incomplete combustion of the case upon firing the round. Currently, there are no facile methods for measuring the moisture content. A prototype portable meter for non-destructive and rapid estimation of moisture in ccc has been developed. The Munitions Case Moisture Meter Model ORNL-1 demonstrates the feasibility of developing an instrument based on the moisture dependence of dielectric properties, to measure moisture in ccc munitions in storage and in the field. These instruments are simple, inexpensive, lightweight, portable, low-power battery operated, and intrinsically safe. They provide nondestructive, noninvasive, and rapid measurements. Calibration data for the prototype are not available at this time. Therefore, calibration of the meter and the development of a scale reading directly moisture content in munitions rounds could not be completed. These data will be supplied by the US Army from its tests of the meter with actual munitions. However, experimental results on empty cccs in laboratory conditions demonstrate satisfactory performance of the instrument. Additional work is needed to bring the prototype to its optimum usefulness and accuracy for field measurements. This includes: Calibration of the meter scale with full-up munitions; Data and evaluation procedures to adjust the performance of the meter for different environmental conditions such as temperature and humidity; and Studies of the dielectric properties of moist ccc materials, as a function of frequency and temperature, are needed for adjustment of the meter for optimal performance.
Agouridis, D.C.; Gayle, T.M.; Griest, W.H.
Ground-Coupled Heat and Moisture Transfer from Buildings; Part 2: Application (Preprint)
In this paper the effects of moisture on the heat transfer from two basic types of building foundations, a slab-on-grade and a basement, are examined. A two-dimensional finite element heat and moisture transfer program is used to show the effects of precipitation, soil type, foundation insulation, water table depth, and freezing on the heat transfer from the building foundation. Comparisons are made with a simple heat conduction model to illustrate the dependency of the soil thermal conductivity on moisture content.
Deru, M.P. (National Renewable Energy Laboratory); Kirkpatrick, A.T. (Colorado State University)
Thermodynamic analysis on heavy metals partitioning impacted by moisture during the MSW incineration
Highlights: Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Partitioning of HMs affected by moisture was investigated by thermodynamic analysis. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Increase in moisture and in temperature was opposite impact on HMs contribution. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer The extent of temperature decreased by increase in moisture determines the impact. - Abstract: A thermodynamic calculation was carried out to predict the behavior and speciation of heavy metals (HMs), Pb, Zn, Cu, and Cd, during municipal solid waste (MSW) incineration with the different moisture levels. The calculation was based on the minimization of the total Gibbs free energy of the multi-components and multi-phases closed system reaching chemical equilibrium. The calculation also indicated the reaction directions and tendencies of HMs components. The impacts of chlorine additives (No PVC, 1%PVC, and 5%PVC) and moisture on the behavior of HMs were investigated at different temperature levels in the system (750 Degree-Sign C, 950 Degree-Sign C, and 1150 Degree-Sign C). Furthermore, because the incineration temperature falls down with the increase in moisture in waste, the co-influence of moisture and temperature in combusting MSW on the HMs was also studied with the given chlorine (as 1%PVC + 0.5%NaCl). The results showed that in the non-chlorine system, the impact of the moisture on Pb, Zn, and Cu was not significant, and the ratio of compound transformation was less than 10%, except the Cd compounds at 950 Degree-Sign C and 1150 Degree-Sign C. In the system with low chlorine (as 1%PVC) at constant temperature, the chlorides of HMs (Cd, Pb, Zn, and Cu) transferred to oxides, and when the content of chlorine rose up (as 5%PVC), the ratio of the chlorides of HMs (Cd, Pb, Zn, and Cu) transferring to oxides fell down noticeably. When the moisture varied together with the temperature, the Zn and Cu compounds transferred from chlorides to oxides with increase in moisture as well as decrease in temperature. At the temperature of 700-1000 Degree-Sign C, the impact of temperature on Pb and Cd was little and the moisture was the main factor; while at the temperature of 1000-1200 Degree-Sign C, the impact of increase in moisture and decrease in temperature on Pb and Cd was almost equal and reversed.
Zhang Yanguo; Li Qinghai; Jia Jinyan [Key Laboratory for Thermal Science and Power Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Thermal Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084 (China); Meng Aihong, E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com [Key Laboratory for Thermal Science and Power Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Thermal Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084 (China); Department of Environmental Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084 (China)
Hydrostatic Adjustment in Nonisothermal Atmospheres
The author examines hydrostatic adjustment due to heating in two nonisothermal atmospheres. In the first case both the temperature and lapse rate decrease with height; in the second case the atmosphere consists of a troposphere with constant ...
Dean G. Duffy
Efficient rendering of atmospheric phenomena
Rendering of atmospheric bodies involves modeling the complex interaction of light throughout the highly scattering medium of water and air particles. Scattering by these particles creates many well-known atmospheric optical phenomena including rainbows, ...
Kirk Riley; David S. Ebert; Martin Kraus; Jerry Tessendorf; Charles Hansen
ARM - Measurement - Atmospheric turbulence
turbulence turbulence ARM Data Discovery Browse Data Comments? We would love to hear from you! Send us a note below or call us at 1-888-ARM-DATA. Send Measurement : Atmospheric turbulence High frequency velocity fluctuations that lead to turbulent transport of momentum, heat, mositure, and passive scalars, and often expressed in terms of variances and covariances. Categories Atmospheric State, Surface Properties Instruments The above measurement is considered scientifically relevant for the following instruments. Refer to the datastream (netcdf) file headers of each instrument for a list of all available measurements, including those recorded for diagnostic or quality assurance purposes. ARM Instruments CO2FLX : Carbon Dioxide Flux Measurement Systems ECOR : Eddy Correlation Flux Measurement System
Atmospheric Release Advisory Capability
The Atmospheric Release Advisory Capability (ARAC) project is a Department of Energy (DOE) sponsored real-time emergency response service available for use by both federal and state agencies in case of a potential or actual atmospheric release of nuclear material. The project, initiated in 1972, is currently evolving from the research and development phase to full operation. Plans are underway to expand the existing capability to continuous operation by 1984 and to establish a National ARAC Center (NARAC) by 1988. This report describes the ARAC system, its utilization during the past two years, and plans for its expansion during the next five to six years. An integral part of this expansion is due to a very important and crucial effort sponsored by the Defense Nuclear Agency to extend the ARAC service to approximately 45 Department of Defense (DOD) sites throughout the continental US over the next three years.
Dickerson, M.H.; Gudiksen, P.H.; Sullivan, T.J.
Atmospheric Mercury Research Update
This report is a summary and analysis of research findings on utility and environmental mercury from 1997 to 2003. The update categorizes and describes recent work on mercury in utility-burned coal and its route through power plants, the measures for its control, and its fate in the environment following emissions from utility stacks. This fate includes atmospheric chemistry and transport, deposition to land and water surfaces, aquatic cycling, the dynamics of mercury in freshwater fish food webs, and th...
Atmospheric Condensation Potential of Windows in Hot, Humid Climates
In hot, humid climates, the internal surfaces of windows in air-conditioned buildings are in contact with relatively colder air. Meanwhile, the external surfaces are exposed to hot humid atmospheric air. This hygro-thermal condition may cause frequent atmospheric condensation on external surfaces of windows when their surface temperature drops below the dew point temperature of the hot humid air. To date, external surface condensation on windows has been given relatively much less importance than their internal surface condensation. In addition, the thermal analysis of windows in hot humid climates has always been performed in the absence of condensation. Under moderate air temperature and humidity conditions, such practice is acceplable. However, when windows experience atmospheric condensation on their external surfaces, the effect of condensation on window energy loss needs to be examined. In this paper, the external condensation process is analyzed and the atmospheric water vapor mass condensation rate has been obtained by utilizing a simplified transient uni-dimensional finite difference model. The results show that this model has enhanced the assessment of the potential for atmospheric condensation on windows in hot, humid climates and in predicting the amount of condensation expected, as well as the associated energy loss for given thermal and moisture conditions. The numerical computation of the model is able to account for condensation and its impact on the temperature gradient across the window. Thermal analysis of both single and insulated double-glazed windows under condensation conditions is presented. The work also includes the computational procedure used and the results or a case study demonstrating the model's capabilities.
El Diasty, R.; Budaiwi, I.
The Effect of Heterogeneous Soil Moisture on a Summer Baroclinic Circulation in the Central United States
Thermally induced circulations, similar to sea breezes, may be established in the presence of horizontal gradients in soil moisture, soil type, vegetation, or snow cover. The expense of extensive observational networks and the relatively small-...
Jerome D. Fast; Michael D. McCorcle
Estimating Watershed Evapotranspiration with PASS. Part I: Inferring Root-Zone Moisture Conditions Using Satellite Data
A model framework for parameterized subgrid-scale surface fluxes (PASS) has been modified and applied as PASS1 to use satellite data, models, and limited surface observations to infer root-zone available moisture (RAM) content with high spatial ...
J. Song; M. L. Wesely; R. L. Coulter; E. A. Brandes
Relationships between Gulf of California Moisture Surges and Precipitation in the Southwestern United States
Relationships between Gulf of California moisture surges and precipitation in the southwestern United States are examined. Standard surface observations are used to identify gulf surge events at Yuma, Arizona, for a multiyear (July�August of 1977�...
R. W. Higgins; W. Shi; C. Hain
Reconciling Simulated Moisture Fluxes Resulting from Alternate Hydrologic Model Time Steps and Energy Budget Closure Assumptions
Hydrological model predictions are sensitive to model forcings, input parameters, and the parameterizations of physical processes. Analyses performed for the Variable Infiltration Capacity model show that the resulting moisture fluxes are ...
Ingjerd Haddeland; Dennis P. Lettenmaier; Thomas Skaugen
Determining Soil Moisture from Geosynchronous Satellite Infrared Data: A Feasibility Study
In the absence of a current capability for global routine daily soil moisture observation, an infrared technique using existing instrumentation is sought. Numerical modeling results are reported from a pilot study, the purpose of which was to ...
Peter J. Wetzel; David Atlas; Robert H. Woodward
Soil Moisture Initialization Error and Subgrid Variability of Precipitation in Seasonal Streamflow Forecasting
Offline simulations over the conterminous United States (CONUS) with a land surface model are used to address two issues relevant to the forecasting of large-scale seasonal streamflow: (i) the extent to which errors in soil moisture initialization ...
Randal D. Koster; Gregory K. Walker; Sarith P. P. Mahanama; Rolf H. Reichle
Indian and Pacific Ocean Influences on Southeast Australian Drought and Soil Moisture
The relative influences of Indian and Pacific Ocean modes of variability on Australian rainfall and soil moisture are investigated for seasonal, interannual, and decadal time scales. For the period 1900�2006, observations, reanalysis products, and ...
Caroline C. Ummenhofer; Alexander Sen Gupta; Peter R. Briggs; Matthew H. England; Peter C. McIntosh; Gary A. Meyers; Michael J. Pook; Michael R. Raupach; James S. Risbey
Paleoclimatic Analogs to Twentieth-Century Moisture Regimes Across the United States
Instrumental Palmer Drought Severity Indexes (PDSI) averaged over the western United States and Great Plains document three major decadal moisture regimes during the twentieth century: the early twentieth-century pluvial, the Dust Bowl drought, ...
Falko K. Fye; David W. Stahle; Edward R. Cook
Intraseasonal Variability of Moisture and Rainfall over the South American Altiplano
Precipitation over the South American Altiplano (about 4000 m above sea level) is mostly concentrated during the austral summer (December�January�February) when mean easterly flow in the middle and upper troposphere favors the moisture transport ...
Ren�D. Garreaud
Heat and Moisture Budgets and Circulation Characteristics of a Frontal Squall Line
Heat and moisture budgets and mesoscale circulation features for the developing, mature, and dissipating stages of an intense frontal squall line that occurred in the central United States are investigated. The slow propagating behavior of the ...
Xin Lin; Richard H. Johnson
Comparison of the annual cycles of moisture supply over southwest and southeast China
The variation in regional precipitation over Southeast and Southwest China depends strongly on externally imported moisture rather than local evaporation. Associated with the different climate over the two regions, great discrepancies appear in ...
Xiuzhen Li; Wen Zhou; Chongyin Li; Jie Song
Thermodynamics of the Madden�Julian Oscillation in a Regional Model with Constrained Moisture
To identify the main thermodynamic processes that sustain the Madden�Julian oscillation (MJO), an eddy available potential energy budget analysis is performed on a regional model simulation with moisture constrained by observations. The model ...
Samson Hagos; L. Ruby Leung; Jimy Dudhia
A Lagrangian Climatology of Tropical Moisture Exports to the Northern Hemispheric Extratropics
Case studies have shown that heavy precipitation events and rapid cyclogenesis in the extratropics can be fueled by moist and warm tropical air masses. Often the tropical moisture export (TME) occurs through a longitudinally confined region in ...
Peter Knippertz; Heini Wernli
Deriving soil moisture with the combined L-band radar and radiometer measurements
In this study, we develop a combined active/passive technique to estimate surface soil moisture with the focus on the short vegetated surfaces. We first simulated a database for both active and passive signals under SMAP's ...
Shi, Jiancheng
Data Assimilation in the Presence of Forecast Bias: The GEOS Moisture Analysis
The authors describe the application of the unbiased sequential analysis algorithm developed by Dee and da Silva to the Goddard Earth Observing System moisture analysis. The algorithm estimates the slowly varying, systematic component of model ...
Dick P. Dee; Ricardo Todling
Generation of Moist Potential Vorticity in Extratropical Cyclones. Part II: Sensitivity to Moisture Distribution
The effects of different moisture distributions on the generation of moist potential vorticity (MPV) in extratropical cyclones are examined by numerical simulations. These sensitivity experiments show that low-level negative MPV generation ...
Han-Ru Cho; Zuohao Cao
Sensitivity of the Great Plains Severe-Storm Environment to Soil-Moisture Distribution
This study examines the influence of differences in ground moisture over the southern Great Plairs and the Mexican plateau on the formation and evolution of the dryline, the elevated mixed layer, and the local planetary boundary layer. These ...
John M. Lanicci; Toby N. Carlson; Thomas T. Warner
Sensitivity of Forecast Rainfall in a Texas Convective System to Soil Moisture and Convective Parameterization
The impact of soil moisture on the forecast of a small-scale convective system, and sensitivity of results to the convective parameterization used, are investigated through Eta Model simulations (run in an operational-like setting) of a ...
William A. Gallus Jr.; Moti Segal
Satellite Estimation of the Surface Energy Balance, Moisture Availability and Thermal Inertia
A method for inferring the distribution of surface heat and evaporative fluxes and the ground moisture availability and thermal inertia (ground conductive capacity) is used to analyze two urbanized areas, Los Angeles and St. Louis. The technique ...
Toby N. Carlson; Joseph K. Dodd; Stanley G. Benjamin; James N. Cooper
Relations between Soil Moisture and Satellite Vegetation Indices in the U.S. Corn Belt
Satellite-derived vegetation indices extracted over locations representative of midwestern U.S. cropland and forest for the period 1990�94 are analyzed to determine the sensitivity of the indices to neutron probe soil moisture measurements of the ...
Jimmy O. Adegoke; Andrew M. Carleton
Soil Moisture Estimation Using Thermal Inertia: Potential and Sensitivity to Data Conditions
Thermal inertia retrieval using a thermal infrared remote sensing technique has been examined as a possible method for estimating soil moisture. This method is an application of the theory that thermal inertia highly correlates with soil water ...
Dai Matsushima; Reiji Kimura; Masato Shinoda
Using a Soil Hydrology Model to Obtain Regionally Averaged Soil Moisture Values
The Soil Hydrology Model (SHM) was modified, and daily simulations of soil volumetric water content were made at 38 Oklahoma Mesonet sites for July 1997. These model results were compared with soil moisture observations made at the mesonet sites ...
Todd M. Crawford; David J. Stensrud; Toby N. Carlson; William J. Capehart
Midlatitude Eddies, Storm-Track Diffusivity, and Poleward Moisture Transport in Warm Climates
Recent work using both simplified and comprehensive GCMs has shown that poleward moisture transport across midlatitudes follows Clausius�Clapeyron scaling at temperatures close to modern, but that it reaches a maximum at sufficiently elevated ...
Rodrigo Caballero; John Hanley
Ohio River Valley Winter Moisture Conditions Associated with the Pacific�North American Teleconnection Pattern
The relationship between the Pacific�North American (PNA) teleconnection pattern and Ohio River Valley (ORV) winter precipitation and hydrology is described. The PNA is significantly linked to moisture variability in an area extending from ...
Jill S. M. Coleman; Jeffrey C. Rogers
Partitioning Mass, Heat, and Moisture Budgets of Explicitly Simulated Cumulus Ensembles into Convective and Stratiform Components
Simulated data from the UCLA Cumulus Ensemble Model (CEM) are analyzed to partition mass, heat, and moisture budgets of cumulus ensembles into convective and stratiform components. A method based primarily on the horizontal distribution of ...
Kuan-Man Xu
Soil Moisture, Snow, and Seasonal Streamflow Forecasts in the United States
Land surface model experiments are used to quantify, for a number of U.S. river basins, the contributions (isolated and combined) of soil moisture and snowpack initialization to the skill of seasonal streamflow forecasts at multiple leads and for ...
Sarith Mahanama; Ben Livneh; Randal Koster; Dennis Lettenmaier; Rolf Reichle
Potential Predictability of U.S. Summer Climate with �Perfect� Soil Moisture
The potential predictability of surface-air temperature and precipitation over the United States was assessed for a GCM forced by observed sea surface temperatures and an estimate of observed soil-moisture content. The latter was obtained by ...
Fanglin Yang; Arun Kumar; K-M. Lau
Influence of the Background Wind on the Local Soil Moisture-Precipitation Feedback
The importance of soil moisture anomalies on airmass convection over semi-arid regions has been recognized in several studies. The underlying mechanisms remain partly unclear. An open question is why wetter soils can result in either an increase ...
Paul Froidevaux; Linda Schlemmer; Juerg Schmidli; Wolfgang Langhans; Christoph Sch�r
Implications of Parameter Uncertainty on Soil Moisture Drought Analysis in Germany
Simulated soil moisture is increasingly used to characterize agricultural droughts but its parametric uncertainty, which essentially affects all hydrological fluxes and state variables, is rarely considered for identifying major drought events. In ...
Luis Samaniego; Rohini Kumar; Matthias Zink
Stochastic Models for the Kinematics of Moisture Transport and Condensation in Homogeneous Turbulent Flows
The transport of a condensing passive scalar is studied as a prototype model for the kinematics of moisture transport on isentropic surfaces. Condensation occurs whenever the scalar concentration exceeds a specified local saturation value. Since ...
Paul A. O�Gorman; Tapio Schneider
Impact of ASCAT soil moisture assimilation on regional precipitation forecasts: A case study for Austria
In this study, remotely sensed soil moisture data from the Advanced Scatterometer (ASCAT) on the meteorological operational (METOP) satellite are assimilated in the regional forecasting model ALADIN-AUSTRIA using a simplified Extended Kalman ...
Stefan Schneider; Yong Wang; Wolfgang Wagner; Jean-Francois Mahfouf
Ability to Forecast Regional Soil Moisture with a Distributed Hydrological Model Using ECMWF Rainfall Forecasts
This study mimics an online forecast system to provide nine day-ahead forecasts of regional soil moisture. It uses modified ensemble rainfall forecasts from the numerical weather prediction model of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather ...
J. M. Schuurmans; M. F. P. Bierkens
The NOAA Hydrometeorology Testbed Soil Moisture Observing Networks: Design, Instrumentation, and Preliminary Results
The NOAA Hydrometeorology Testbed (HMT) program has deployed soil moisture observing networks in the watersheds of the Russian River and the North Fork (NF) of the American River in northern California, and the San Pedro River in southeastern ...
Robert J. Zamora; F. Martin Ralph; Edward Clark; Timothy Schneider
Influence of Soil Moisture on the Asian and African Monsoons. Part II: Interannual Variability
The relevance of soil moisture (SM) for simulating the interannual climate variability has not been much investigated until recently. Much more attention has been paid on SST anomalies, especially in the Tropics where the El Ni�o�Southern ...
Modeling land surface processes of the midwestern United States : predicting soil moisture under a warmer climate
This dissertation seeks to quantify the response of soil moisture to climate change in the midwestern United States. To assess this response, a dynamic global vegetation model, Integrated Biosphere Simulator, was coupled ...
Winter, Jonathan (Jonathan Mark)
Evaluation of the Optimum Interpolation and Nudging Techniques for Soil Moisture Analysis Using FIFE Data
Initialization of land surface prognostic variables is a crucial issue for short- and medium-range forecasting as well as at seasonal timescales. In this study, two sequential soil moisture analysis schemes are tested, both based on the ...
Herv� Douville; Pedro Viterbo; Jean-Fran�ois Mahfouf; Anton C. M. Beljaars
The Effects of Cumulus Moisture Transports on the Simulation of Climate with a General Circulation Model
A hybrid cumulus parameterization was developed to study the effects of cumulus heat and moisture transports on climate simulations. This parameterization consists of a cumulus mass flux representation of the convective fluxes of heat and ...
Bruce A. Albrecht; V. Ramanathan; Byron A. Boville
Large-Scale Heat and Moisture Budgets over the ASTEX Region
Rawinsonde data collected from the Atlantic Stratocumulus Transition Experiment (ASTEX) were used to investigate the mean and temporal characteristics of large-scale heat and moisture budgets for a 2-week period in June 1992. During this period a ...
Paul E. Ciesielski; Wayne H. Schubert; Richard H. Johnson
Estimation of soil moisture in paddy field using Artificial Neural Networks
In paddy field, monitoring soil moisture is required for irrigation scheduling and water resource allocation, management and planning. The current study proposes an Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) model to estimate soil moisture in paddy field with limited meteorological data. Dynamic of ANN model was adopted to estimate soil moisture with the inputs of reference evapotranspiration (ETo) and precipitation. ETo was firstly estimated using the maximum, average and minimum values of air temperature as the inputs of model. The models were performed under different weather conditions between the two paddy cultivation periods. Training process of model was carried out using the observation data in the first period, while validation process was conducted based on the observation data in the second period. Dynamic of ANN model estimated soil moisture with R2 values of 0.80 and 0.73 for training and validation processes, respectively, indicated that tight linear correlations between observed and estimated values of s...
Arif, Chusnul; Setiawan, Budi Indra; Doi, Ryoichi
ASCAT Soil Moisture: An Assessment of the Data Quality and Consistency with the ERS Scatterometer Heritage
This article presents a first comparison between remotely sensed surface soil moisture retrieved with the European Remote Sensing Satellite-2 (ERS-2) scatterometer (SCAT) and the corresponding product provided by the Advanced Scatterometer (ASCAT)...
Vahid Naeimi; Zoltan Bartalis; Wolfgang Wagner
How Does Soil Moisture Influence the Early Stages of the South American Monsoon?
This article discusses the feedbacks between soil moisture and precipitation during the early stages of the South American monsoon. The system achieves maximum precipitation over the southern Amazon basin and the Brazilian highlands during the ...
Estela A. Collini; Ernesto H. Berbery; Vicente R. Barros; Matthew E. Pyle
Numerical Simulations of Effects of Soil Moisture and Modification by Mountains over New Zealand in Summer
Historically most soil moisture�land surface impact studies have focused on continents because of the important forecasting and climate implications involved. For a relatively small isolated mountainous landmass in the ocean such as New Zealand, ...
Yang Yang; Michael Uddstrom; Mike Revell; Phil Andrews; Hilary Oliver; Richard Turner; Trevor Carey-Smith
The Effect of Satellite Rainfall Error Modeling on Soil Moisture Prediction Uncertainty
This study assesses the impact of satellite rainfall error structure on soil moisture simulations with the NASA Catchment land surface model. Specifically, the study contrasts a complex satellite rainfall error model (SREM2D) with the standard ...
Viviana Maggioni; Rolf H. Reichle; Emmanouil N. Anagnostou
Using a Microwave Emission Model to Estimate Soil Moisture from ESTAR Observations during SGP99
The 1999 Southern Great Plains Hydrology Experiment (SGP99) provides comprehensive datasets for evaluating microwave remote sensing of soil moisture algorithms that involve complex physical properties of soils and vegetation. The Land Surface ...
Huilin Gao; Eric F. Wood; Matthias Drusch; Wade Crow; Thomas J. Jackson
A Revised Framework for Analyzing Soil Moisture Memory in Climate Data: Derivation and Interpretation
A revised framework for the analysis of soil moisture memory characteristics of climate models and observational data is derived from the approach proposed by Koster and Suarez. The resulting equation allows the expression of the month-to-month ...
Sonia I. Seneviratne; Randal D. Koster
Effects of Soil Moisture on the Responses of Soil Temperatures to Climate Change in Cold Regions
At high latitudes, changes in soil moisture could alter soil temperatures independently of air temperature changes by interacting with the snow thermal rectifier. The authors investigated this mechanism with model experiments in the Community Land ...
Zachary M. Subin; Charles D. Koven; William J. Riley; Margaret S. Torn; David M. Lawrence; Sean C. Swenson
Energy Balance Partitioning and Net Radiation Controls on Soil Moisture�Precipitation Feedbacks
A series of model runs using the University of Oklahoma�s Advanced Regional Prediction System (ARPS) were conducted to investigate the relative impacts of energy balance partitioning and net radiation on soil moisture�precipitation feedbacks in ...
Aubrey R. Jones; Nathaniel A. Brunsell
Soil Moisture Feedbacks on Convection Triggers: The Role of Soil�Plant Hydrodynamics
The linkages between soil moisture dynamics and convection triggers, defined here as the first crossing between the boundary layer height (hBL) and lifting condensation level (hLCL), are complicated by a large number of interacting processes ...
Mario Siqueira; Gabriel Katul; Amilcare Porporato
A Preliminary Study of Severe Wind-Producing MCSs in Environments of Limited Moisture
An examination of severe wind-producing mesoscale convective systems that occur in environments of very limited moisture is presented. Such systems, herein referred to as low-dewpoint derechos (LDDs), are difficult to forecast as they form in ...
Stephen F. Corfidi; Sarah J. Corfidi; David A. Imy; Allen L. Logan
Continuous wave acoustic method for determination of moisture content in agricultural soil
This work deals with the problem of measuring moisture content in agricultural soil by means of an on-site, easy to use and real-time acoustic wave system. The method is based on the propagation of an acoustic continuous wave (CW) with frequencies below ... Keywords: Continuous wave, Irrigation monitoring and control, Soil moisture measurement, Sound propagation in soil, Speed of sound, Texture of soil, Transit time
R. K. Sharma; A. K. Gupta
The Role of Moisture and Hydrogen in Hot-Salt Cracking of Titanium Alloys
This study investigated the role of moisture and hydrogen in the stress corrosion cracking of Ti-8Al-1Mo-1V exposed to hot chloride salts. The adsorption and retention of moisture during the application of salt deposits and subsequent heating, and the extent of HCl and hydrogen generation during corrosion were studied using radiotracer techniques and mass spectrographic analysis of volatile corrosion products.
Rideout, S.P.
ORISE: Climate and Atmospheric Research
Climate and Atmospheric Research Climate and Atmospheric Research Capabilities Overview U.S. Climate Reference Network U.S. Historical Climate Network Contact Us Oak Ridge Institute for Science Education Climate and Atmospheric Research The Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE) partners with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Atmospheric Turbulence and Diffusion Division (ATDD) to conduct climate research focused on issues of national and global importance. Research is performed with personnel support from ORISE's Independent Environmental Assessment and Verification (IEAV) programs, as well as in collaboration with scientists and engineers from Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), and numerous other organizations, government agencies, universities and private research institutions.
Atmospheric attenuation of solar radiation
The attenuation of solar radiation by the atmosphere between the heliostat and receiver of a Central Receiver solar energy system has been computed for a number of atmospheric conditions and tower-heliostat distances. The most important atmospheric variable is found to be the atmospheric aerosol content. No dependence of atmospheric water vapor is found and only a weak dependence on solar zenith angle. For a 500 m heliostat-tower distance two to four percent reductions are expected under typical desert conditions (50 to 120 km visibility). The reduction is approximately linear with heliostat-tower distance. A representative value of the attenuation coefficient is 0.051 km/sup -1/.
Randall, C.M.
Analysis of organic carbon and moisture in Hanford single-shell tank waste
This report documents a revised analysis performed by Pacific Northwest Laboratory involving the organic carbon laboratory measurement data for Hanford single-shell tanks (SSTs) obtained from a review of the laboratory analytical data. This activity has as its objective to provide a best-estimate, including confidence levels, of total organic carbon (TOC) and moisture in each of the 149 SSTs at Hanford. The TOC and moisture information presented in this report is useful as part of the criteria to identify SSTs for additional measurements, or monitoring for the Organic Safety Program. In April 1994, an initial study of the organic carbon in Hanford single-shell tanks was completed at PNL. That study reflected the estimates of TOC based on tank characterizations datasets that were available at the time. Also in that study, estimation of dry basis TOC was based on generalized assumptions pertaining to the moisture of the tank wastes. The new information pertaining to tank moisture and TOC data that has become available from the current study influences the best estimates of TOC in each of the SSTs. This investigation of tank TOC and moisture has resulted in improved estimates based on waste phase: saltcake, sludge, or liquid. This report details the assumptions and methodologies used to develop the estimates of TOC and moisture in each of the 149 SSTs at Hanford.
Toth, J.J.; Heasler, P.G.; Lerchen, M.E.; Hill, J.G.; Whitney, P.D.
PNNL: FCSD: Atmospheric Sciences & Global Change: Programs &...
Programs & Facilities Atmospheric Measurements Laboratory Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Program and ARM Climate Research Facility ARM Aerial Facility Environmental...
A Coupled Micromechanical Model of Moisture-Induced Damage in Asphalt Mixtures: Formulation and Applications
The deleterious effect of moisture on the structural integrity of asphalt mixtures has been recognized as one of the main causes of early deterioration of asphalt pavements. This phenomenon, usually referred to as moisture damage, is defined as the progressive loss of structural integrity of the mixture that is primarily caused by the presence of moisture in liquid or vapor state. Moisture damage is associated with the development of different physical, mechanical, and chemical processes occurring within the microstructure of the mixture at different intensities and rates. Although there have been important advancements in identifying and characterizing this phenomenon, there is still a lack of understanding of the damage mechanisms occurring at the microscopic level. This situation has motivated the research work reported in this dissertation. The main objective of this dissertation is to formulate and apply a numerical micromechanical model of moisture-induced damage in asphalt mixtures. The model focuses on coupling the effects of moisture diffusion�one of the three main modes of moisture transport within asphalt mixtures�with the mechanical performance of the microstructure. Specifically, the model aims to account for the effect of moisture diffusion on the degradation of the viscoelastic bulk matrix of the mixture (i.e., cohesive degradation) and on the gradual deterioration of the adhesive bonds between the aggregates and the asphalt matrix (i.e., adhesive degradation). The micromechanical model was applied to study the role of some physical and mechanical properties of the constitutive phases of the mixtures on the susceptibility of the mixture to moisture damage. The results from this analysis suggest that the diffusion coefficients of the asphalt matrix and aggregates, as well as the bond strength of the aggregate-matrix interface, have the most influence on the moisture susceptibility of the mixtures. The micromechanical model was further used to investigate the influence of the void phase of asphalt mixtures on the generation of moisture-related deterioration processes. Two different probabilistic-based approaches were used to accomplish this objective. In the first approach, a volumetric distribution of air voids sizes measured using X-Ray Computed Tomography in a dense-graded asphalt mixture was used to generate probable void structures in a microstructure of an asphalt mixture. In the second approach, a stochastic modeling technique based on random field theory was used to generate probable air voids distributions of the mixture. In this second approach, the influence of the air voids was accounted for by making the physical and mechanical properties of the asphalt matrix dependent on probable voids distributions. Although both approaches take into consideration the characteristics of the air void phase on the mechanical response of the mixtures subjected to moist environments, the former explicitly introduces the air phase within the microstructure while the latter indirectly includes its effects by modifying the material properties of the bulk matrix. The results from these simulations demonstrated that the amount, variability and location of air voids are decisive in determining the moisture-dependent performance of asphalt mixtures. The results from this dissertation provide new information on the kinetics of moisture damage mechanisms in asphalt mixtures. In particular, the results obtained from applying the micromechanical model permitted identification of the relative influence of the characteristics of the constitutive phases of a mixture on its moisture-related mechanical performance. This information can be used as part of design methodologies of asphalt mixtures, and/or as an input in life-cycle analysis models and maintenance programs of road infrastructure.
Caro Spinel, Silvia
EMSL: Science: Atmospheric Aerosol Systems
Atmospheric Aerosol Systems Atmospheric Aerosol Systems atmospheric logo Nighttime enhancement of nitrogen-containing organic compounds, or NOC Observed nighttime enhancement of nitrogen-containing organic compounds, or NOC, showed evidence of being formed by reactions that transform carbonyls into imines. The Atmospheric Aerosol Systems Science Theme focuses on understanding the chemistry, physics and molecular-scale dynamics of aerosols for model parameterization to improve the accuracy of climate model simulations and develop a predictive understanding of climate. By elucidating the role of natural and anthropogenic regional and global climate forcing mechanisms, EMSL can provide DOE and others with the ability to develop cost-effective strategies to monitor, control and mitigate them.
Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics
Abstract. A 3-D chemistry-transport model has been applied to the Mexico City metropolitan area to investigate the origin of elevated levels of non-fossil (NF) carbonaceous aerosols observed in this highly urbanized region. High time resolution measurements of the fine aerosol concentration and composition, and 12 or 24 h integrated 14 C measurements of aerosol modern carbon have been performed in and near Mexico City during the March 2006 MILAGRO field experiment. The non-fossil carbon fraction (fNF), which is lower than the measured modern fraction (fM) due to the elevated 14 C in the atmosphere caused by nuclear bomb testing, is estimated from the measured fM and the source-dependent information on modern carbon enrichment. The fNF contained in PM1 total carbon analyzed by a US team (f TC
unknown authors
Atmospheric Corrosion Test Sites
Table 27 Some marine-atmospheric corrosion test sites around the world...Zealand Phia Marine 0.2 0.12 15.8 2.4 �?� �?� �?� �?� Greece Rafina Marine 0.2 0.12 13.6 1.0 �?� �?� �?� �?� Rhodes Marine 0.2 0.12 14.3 1.5 �?� �?� �?� �?� Netherlands Schagen Marine 2.4 1.5 17.0 2.0 �?� �?� �?� �?� Spain Almeria �?� 0.035 0.022 22.4 1.6 �?� �?� �?� �?� Cartagena �?� 0.050 0.031 5.2 1.9 �?� �?� �?� �?� La Coruña �?� 0.160 0.1 26.2 1.4...
Building America Top Innovations Hall of Fame Profile
Moisture and Ventilation Solutions in Hot, Humid Climates: Florida Manufactured Housing
Duct leakage was a key factor in moisture Duct leakage was a key factor in moisture damage in manufactured homes in humid climates. BUILDING AMERICA TOP INNOVATIONS HALL OF FAME PROFILE INNOVATIONS CATEGORY: 2. House-as-a-System Solutions 2.1 New Homes with Whole-House Packages Moisture and Ventilation Solutions in Hot, Humid Climates: Florida Manufactured Housing Research by Building America diagnosed the causes and prescribed a cure that dramatically reduced moisture problems in manufactured housing in Florida. In the late 1990s, Building America researchers at the Florida Solar Energy Center (FSEC) worked with manufactured home builders to diagnose moisture problems in homes in Florida. Moisture issues were so severe that in some homes researchers could push their fingers through the saturated drywall. Using a
ELSEVIER AtmosphericResearch 38 (1995) 207-235 ATMOSPHERIC
ELSEVIER AtmosphericResearch 38 (1995) 207-235 ATMOSPHERIC RESEARCH On the parameterization of ice and water substance mixing ratio fields were only strongly altered by turning off the ice phase of these schemes includes ice processes. But in mid- latitudes and also in tropics the ice phase is an important
Moelders, Nicole
Crack model for toughness of green parts with moisture or a fluid binder
A model is presented to predict the toughness, KIC, of green ceramics based on the binding forces of meniscuses formed between particles near the tip of the critical flaw. The model considers capillary pressure, surface tension and the viscous flow of binder. Calculations were determined for moisture only but the model can also be applied to binder meniscuses. Capillary pressure is highest at low moisture content. By using well established force distance relationships for the meniscus between single particles, toughness was determined as a function of moisture content. For non-agglomerated particles, KIC increases with moisture content and decreases with contact angle and no particle size dependence was found. On the other hand, if particles are agglomerated and the meniscus is between agglomerates, the toughness is particles size dependent and the toughness reaches a maximum at low moisture content. This model assumes that the capillary pressure is transmitted throughout the green part. The calculated values of KIC agree approximately with the measured toughness values of binderless green parts having two different specific surface areas.
W. Roger Cannon; Paul A. Lessing; Larry D. Zuck
Variation in soil moisture and N availability modulates carbon and water exchange in a California grassland experiment
in soil moisture and N availability modulates carbon andamount and timing, N availability, and plant communityparticularly as water availability was increased. These
St. Clair, S.B.
Thermodynamics of the Madden-Julian Oscillation in a Regional Model with Constrained Moisture
In order to identify the main thermodynamic processes that sustain the Madden Julian Oscillation, an eddy available potential energy budget analysis is performed on a WRF simulation with moisture constrained by observations. The model realistically simulates the two MJO episodes observed during the winter of 2007-2008. The analysis shows that instabilities and damping associated with variations in diabatic heating and energy transport work in concert to provide the MJO with its observed characteristics. The results are used to construct a simplified paradigm of MJO thermodynamics. Furthermore, the effect of moisture nudging on the simulation is analyzed to understand the limitations of the model cumulus parameterization. Without moisture nudging, the parameterization fails to provide adequate low-level (upper-level) moistening during the early (late) stage of the MJO active phase. The moistening plays a critical role in providing stratiform heating variability that is an important source of eddy available potential energy for the model MJO.
Hagos, Samson M.; Leung, Lai-Yung R.; Dudhia, Jimy
New Peak Moisture Design Data in the 1997 ASHRAE Handbook of Fundamentals
Chapter 26 of the 1997 edition of the Handbook of Fundamentals published by ASHRAE (American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers) contains climatic design data that has been completely revised, recalculated and expanded. Designers of air conditioning systems for hot and humid climates will be pleased to note that, for the first time, the chapter contains values for peak moisture conditions. This is in sharp contrast to older editions, which contained only the average moisture during periods of peak dry bulb temperatures. The new data show that using earlier, temperature-based data for humidity design underestimates the true peak moisture loads by 30 to 50% depending on the humidity control level in the space. This paper explains the new data elements and suggests some of its potential implications for engineers designing air conditioning systems for hot and humid climates.
Harriman, L.
Low-temperature conversion of high-moisture biomass: Topical report, January 1984--January 1988
Pacific Northwest Laboratory (PNL) is developing a low-temperature, catalytic process that converts high-moisture biomass feedstocks and other wet organic substances to useful gaseous and liquid fuels. The advantage of this process is that it works without the need for drying or dewatering the feedstock. Conventional thermal gasification processes, which require temperatures above 750/degree/C and air or oxygen for combustion to supply reaction heat, generally cannot utilize feedstocks with moisture contents above 50 wt %, as the conversion efficiency is greatly reduced as a result of the drying step. For this reason, anaerobic digestion or other bioconversion processes traditionally have been used for gasification of high-moisture feedstocks. However, these processes suffer from slow reaction rates and incomplete carbon conversion. 50 refs., 21 figs., 22 tabs.
Sealock, L.J. Jr.; Elliott, D.C.; Butner, R.S.; Neuenschwander, G.G.
The fiberboard assembly within a 9975 shipping package contains a modest amount of moisture, which can migrate to the cooler regions of the package when an internal heat load is present. Typically, this leads to increased moisture levels in the bottom fiberboard layers, along with elevated chloride levels which can leach from the fiberboard. Concerns have been raised that this condition could lead to corrosion of the stainless steel drum. It has been postulated that checking the axial gap at the top of the package against the current 1 inch maximum criterion provides a sufficient indication regarding the integrity of the fiberboard and drum. This report estimates the increase in axial gap that might be expected for a given moisture increase in the bottom fiberboard layers, and the likelihood that the increase will create a nonconforming condition that will lead to identification of the moisture increase. Using data relating the fiberboard moisture content with the degree of compaction under load, the present analysis indicates that the axial gap will increase by 0.282 inch as the bottom fiberboard layers approach the saturation point. This increase will cause approximately 58% of packages with otherwise nominal package component dimensions to fail the axial gap criterion, based on a survey of axial gap values recorded in K-Area surveillance activities. As the moisture content increases above saturation, the predicted increase in axial gap jumps to 0.405 inch, which would result in 92% or more of all packages failing the axial gap criterion. The data and analysis described in this report are specific to cane fiberboard. While it is expected that softwood fiberboard will behave similarly, such behavior has not yet been demonstrated.
Daugherty, W.
Controlling Deformation in Elastic and Viscoelastic Beams Due to Temperature and Moisture Changes Using Piezoelectric Actuator
This thesis analyzes the implementation of surface bonded piezoelectric actuators to control or minimize the deformation in elastic or viscoelastic cantilever beams due to simultaneous heat and moisture diffusion. The problem is addressed in the context of linearized elasticity and linearized viscoelasticity. The constitutive equations are derived from the balance laws for mass, linear and angular momenta, energy, entropy and the second law of thermodynamics. The constitutive equations for linearized elasticity are then obtained as a consequence of small deformation assumption. The temperature and moisture induced deformation is introduced through the coefficient of thermal expansion CTE and coefficient of moisture expansion CME. The constitutive equations for linearized viscoelasticity are obtained by correspondence principle. The coupled temperature and moisture diffusion equations are obtained as a consequence of Clausius-Duhem inequality. The extent of coupling between heat conduction and moisture diffusion phenomena is studied by varying the ratio of their diffusivities and a non-dimensional coupling parameter. The effect of coupled unsteady heat conduction and moisture diffusion phenomena on the short and long term response characteristics of the beam such as displacement, stress and strain fields is studied. Based on these response characteristics, the magnitude of external actuating voltage required to minimize deformation is predicted. This is followed by a comparative study of the field variables in cases of actuated and unactuated beams. Four materials are chosen for this study; aluminium, epoxy, carbon fiber reinforced polymer with fiber volume fraction of 60 percent, and an epoxy-like viscoelastic material. The viscoelastic material is assumed to be thermorheologically simple. The shift factor is assumed to be a linear function of temperature and moisture fields. To address this problem numerically, a finite difference formulation is presented for the field equations and boundary conditions. This numerical scheme is validated by solving the problem of uniformly loaded cantilever beam and comparing the results with the analytical solution known a priori. The results obtained numerically are validated by comparison with experimental results. It is observed that the under the effect of external actuation, the stress and displacement fields are largely minimized in all four cases chosen for study. The bending in the unactuated viscoelastic beam is more pronounced than bending in the unactuated elastic beam. This is due to the softening of the material with time due to evolving temperature and moisture fields. However, relatively lesser external actuating voltage is necessary to minimize bending in the former case compared to the latter. The magnitude of actuating electric field required in the piezoelectric layer suggests a need to address the problem with in a non-linear framework, no such attempt is made in this study.
Kuravi, Ramachandra Srinivasa Chaitanya
Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Climate Research Facility and Atmospheric
Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Climate Research Facility and Atmospheric System Research (ASR) Science and Infrastructure Steering Committee CHARTER June 2012 DISCLAIMER This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by the U.S. Government. Neither the United States nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise, does not
A comparison of atmospheric transport considerations in eastern and western oil shale operations
Atmospheric transport represents one of the critically important pathways for the distribution of pollutants from any oil shale operation. Our experience in studying eastern and western shale resources and operation suggest many common features regarding the atmospheric domain, but also many significant differences. Any issue of atmospheric transport and dispersion can be broken down into major elements: source factors which include the spatial and temporal distribution of pollutant sources as well as their chemical and physical characteristics, boundary conditions which include the character of the underlying surface as a lower boundary and the large scale meteorological circulations as an ''upper'' boundary; and meteorological structure is the resulting wind, temperature, moisture, and turbulence environment in the volume of air occupied by emitted material in an atmosphere subjected to the boundary conditions described above. For purposes of planning an industry, we want to be able to reliably model the atmospheric structure on a variety of time and space scales and the subsequent distribution of pollutants. This paper discusses differences in modeling concepts and results in the separate environments of eastern and western oil shale resources. 10 refs., 5 figs.
Barr, S.
Plant Response and Environmental Data from the Oldfield Community Climate and Atmospheric Manipulation (OCCAM) Project
The Oldfield Community Climate and Atmospheric Manipulation (OCCAM) project is a joint effort of ORNL and the University of Tennessee to investigate community and ecosystem response to global change, specifically looking at the interactive effects of atmospheric carbon dioxide, surface temperatures, and soil moisture. The plants studied for their response to warming temperatures, elevated carbon dioxide, and altered water availability include C3 and C4 grasses, forbs, and legumes. These plants are typical of an old-field ecosystem that establishes itself on unused agricultural land. The results of the research focus on species abundance, production, phenology, and what is going on chemically below ground. Data are currently available from 2003 through July, 2008.
Baiu rainband termination in atmospheric and atmosphere-ocean models
Baiu rainband is a summer rainband stretching from eastern China through Japan towards the Northwest Pacific. The climatological termination of the Baiu rainband is investigated using Japanese 25-year ReAnalysis (JRA25), a stand-alone atmospheric ...
Akira Kuwano-Yoshida; Bunmei Taguchi; Shang-Ping Xie
Krypton-85 in the atmosphere
Measurement results are presented on 85Kr content in the atmosphere over the European part of Russia in 1971-1995 based on the analysis of the commercial krypton, which is separated from air by industrial plants. Our results are by 15 per cent lower then 85Kr activites observed over West Europe. According our prediction by 2030 85Kr content in the atmosphere over Europe will amount to 1,5-3 Bq in m3 air. Average 85Kr release to the atmosphere from regeneration of spent nuclear fuel (SNF) is estimated, some 180 TBq per a ton SNF. It is advisable to recommence monitoring of 85Kr content within Russia.
A. T. Korsakov; E. G. Tertyshnik
Korsakov, A T
Mountain Forces and the Atmospheric Energy Budget
Although mountains are generally thought to exert forces on the atmosphere, the related transfers of energy between earth and atmosphere are not represented in standard energy equations of the atmosphere. It is shown that the axial rotation of the ...
Joseph Egger
Application of PSO-RBFNN to the Prediction of Moisture Content in Crude Oil of Wellheat Metering
Crude oil moisture content is a significant data of surface flow rate, and is also an indispensable parameter of measuring the development prospects of oilfield. During logging mining the oil field and the transportation, high precision measurement data ... Keywords: moisture content, crude oil, PSO-RBF neural network, prediction model
Lulu Zhang; Cuiling Liu
Steam Turbine Efficiency and Corrosion: Effects of Surface Finish, Deposits, and Moisture
The causes of steam turbine losses have been recognized for over 50 years. In practice, deposits and surface finish account for major losses during turbine blade path audits. This report presents new experimental information on the effects of surface finish, moisture removal, and deposits.
Representation of Boundary Layer Moisture Transport in Cloud-Resolving Models
One of the important roles of the PBL is to transport moisture from the surface to the cloud layer. However, how this transport process can be accounted for in cloud-resolving models (CRMs) is not sufficiently clear and has rarely been examined. A ...
Chin-Hoh Moeng; Akio Arakawa
Influence of leaf area index prescriptions on simulations of heat, moisture, and carbon fluxes
Leaf-area index (LAI), the total one-sided surface area of leaf per ground surface area, is a key component of land surface models. We investigate the influence of differing, plausible LAI prescriptions on heat, moisture, and carbon fluxes ...
Jatin Kala; Mark Decker; Jean-Fran�ois Exbrayat; Andy J. Pitman; Claire Carouge; Jason P. Evans; Gab Abramowitz; David Mocko
The Value of Coarse-Scale Soil Moisture Observations for Regional Surface Energy Balance Modeling
Using high-resolution (1 km) hydrologic modeling of the 575 000-km2 Red�Arkansas River basin, the impact of spatially aggregating soil moisture imagery up to the footprint scale (32�64 km) of spaceborne microwave radiometers on regional-scale ...
Wade T. Crow; Eric F. Wood
Effects of Material Moisture Adsorption and Desorption on Building Cooling Loads
Moisture adsorption and desorption (MAD) by internal building materials and furnishings can be significant in buildings. For many building cooling strategies, MAD may have overriding effects on building cooling loads. For example, natural ventilation of buildings in hot, humid climates has been shown to induce higher latent loads and higher room relative humidities during periods following the ventilation.
Fairey, P.; Kosar, D.
Twentieth-Century Trends in Runoff, Evapotranspiration, and Soil Moisture in the Western United States
A physically based hydrology model is used to produce time series for the period 1916�2003 of evapotranspiration (ET), runoff, and soil moisture (SM) over the western United States from which long-term trends are evaluated. The results show that ...
Alan F. Hamlet; Philip W. Mote; Martyn P. Clark; Dennis P. Lettenmaier
The Usage of Screen-Level Parameters and Microwave Brightness Temperature for Soil Moisture Analysis
This study focuses on testing two different soil moisture analysis systems based on screen-level parameters (2-m temperature T2m, 2-m relative humidity RH2m) and 1.4-GHz passive microwave brightness temperatures TB. First, a simplified extended ...
G. Seuffert; H. Wilker; P. Viterbo; M. Drusch; J-F. Mahfouf
A Growing-Season Hydroclimatology, Focusing on Soil Moisture Deficits, for the Ohio Valley Region
A hydroclimatology, or description of long-term means and interannual variation, that focuses on soil moisture deficits was constructed for the period of 1895�1998 for a six-state region composing the Ohio Valley. The term �deficit� is considered ...
Andrew J. Grundstein; Mace L. Bentley
Climate control for southeastern China moisture and precipitation: Indian or East Asian monsoon?
Climate control for southeastern China moisture and precipitation: Indian or East Asian monsoon content over SECN is regulated primarily by both the Indian and East Asian monsoons. Further analysis indicated that the variability of the East Asian summer monsoon is substantially regulated by the western
Soil moisture memory and West African monsoon predictability: artefact or reality ?
Soil moisture memory and West African monsoon predictability: artefact or reality ? H. DOUVILLE, S of moist static energy. Particularly intriguing is the observed relationship between summer monsoon influence of SST and SM boundary conditions on the West African monsoon predictability over the 1986
Measurements and modeling of the effect of convective clouds on the upper tropospheric moisture budget
The goal of this study is to determine the upper tropospheric moisture budget associated with convective events, and in particular to extend process models to higher altitudes than have been achieved previously. Although upper tropospheric moisture concentrations are several orders of magnitude lower than those near the surface, upper tropospheric moisture exerts an important influence on climate. On a per-molecule basis, greenhouse absorption due to water vapor is about one hundred times more effective at high altitudes than at low altitudes. Several one-dimensional radiative convective models have been used to demonstrate the importance of upper tropospheric moisture on climate. These models show that for a given fractional increase in water vapor at a given altitude the response or change in surface temperature is qualitatively the same. At present, considerable controversy exists over the nature of the vertical redistribution of water vapor in a changing climate, and particularly the distribution of water vapor in the upper troposphere. Lacking suitable data, this controversy is also reflected in the cumulus parameterization schemes that are currently used in models. Understanding upper tropospheric moistening processes are therefore of prime importance in addressing the water vapor feedback question.
Bisson, S.E.; Goldsmith, J.E.M. [Sandia National Labs., Livermore, CA (United States); Del Genio, A.D. [National Aeronautics and Space Administration, New York, NY (United States). Goddard Inst. for Space Studies
Mesoscale Budgets of Heat and Moisture in a Convective System over the Central United States
The effect midlatitude organized onvection on its environment is diagnosed through the calculation of mesoscale heat and moisture budgets over a region during the 10�11 April 1979 AYE-SESAME case. The noise level or error at individual points is ...
Ying-Hwa Kuo; Richard A. Anthes
Investigating the Role of Moisture in Concrete Tie Rail Seat Deterioration
Investigating the Role of Moisture in Concrete Tie Rail Seat Deterioration Proceedings of the 2009 ABSTRACT Rail seat deterioration (RSD) is the most critical problem with concrete tie performance on North American freight railroads. Currently, the causes and mechanics of RSD are not sufficiently understood
Barkan, Christopher P.L.
Delamination in Thermohyperelastic Plastic IC Packaging Material Due to Thermal Load and Moisture
Lamination failure as �popcorn� form of plastic electronic packages under thermal stress induced by heat mismatch and vapor pressure induced by the moisture during the solder-reflow process is studied. When plastic electronic packages are ... Keywords: popcorn failure, thermohyperelastic material, vapor pressure
Zhigang Li; Xuexia Yang; Xuefeng Shu
Mesoscale Moisture Transport by the Low-Level Jet during the IHOP Field Experiment
Previous studies of the low-level jet (LLJ) over the central Great Plains of the United States have been unable to determine the role that mesoscale and smaller circulations play in the transport of moisture. To address this issue, two aircraft ...
Edward I. Tollerud; Fernando Caracena; Steven E. Koch; Brian D. Jamison; R. Michael Hardesty; Brandi J. McCarty; Christoph Kiemle; Randall S. Collander; Diana L. Bartels; Steven Albers; Brent Shaw; Daniel L. Birkenheuer; W. Alan Brewer
Glossary Term - Composition of the Earth's Atmosphere
the Earth's Atmosphere Source: Definition of the U.S. Standard Atmosphere (1976) CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 77th Edition Gas Formula Abundance percent by volume...
A Computational Thermodynamic Analysis of Atmospheric ...
Feb 1, 2001 ... The vacuum atmosphere is typically 0.1 atm. However, the vacuum atmosphere creates two major problems: air leakage and batch operation to�...
Precursors to atmospheric blocking events
Atmospheric blocking events disturb synoptic-scale features from their normal eastward progression, causing anomalous weather conditions for the duration of the blocking event. The essence of blocking can be captured by ...
Marino, Garrett P
(Chemistry of the global atmosphere)
The traveler attended the conference The Chemistry of the Global Atmosphere,'' and presented a paper on the anthropogenic emission of carbon dioxide (CO{sub 2}) to the atmosphere. The conference included meetings of the International Global Atmospheric Chemistry (IGAC) programme, a core project of the International Geosphere/Biosphere Programme (IGBP) and the traveler participated in meetings on the IGAC project Development of Global Emissions Inventories'' and agreed to coordinate the working group on CO{sub 2}. Papers presented at the conference focused on the latest developments in analytical methods, modeling and understanding of atmospheric CO{sub 2}, CO, CH{sub 4}, N{sub 2}O, SO{sub 2}, NO{sub x}, NMHCs, CFCs, and aerosols.
Marland, G.
The Navy's Operational Atmospheric Analysis
In January of 1988, significant upgrades were made to the Navy Operational Global Atmospheric Prediction System (NOGAPS). Among these improvements was the implementation of a multivariate optimum interpolation analysis scheme. Since that time, ...
James S. Goerss; Patricia A. Phoebus
The Workshop in Atmospheric Predictability
A workshop on the subject of atmospheric predictability was held during 23-25 April 2001 at the Naval Postgraduate School in Monterey, California. Of primary concern was the nature of forecast uncertainty due to initial conditionuncertainty of ...
Ronald M. Errico; Rolf Langland; David P. Baumhefner
Stochastic Simulation of Atmospheric Trajectories
Methods are presented for generating an ensemble of synthetic atmospheric trajectories. These include methods for a set of independent trajectories, and methods for a correlated set of sequential trajectories. The models incorporate first-order ...
Mitchell J. Small; Perry J. Samson
Atmospheric Water Vapor over China
Chinese radiosonde data from 1970 to 1990 are relatively homogeneous in time and are used to examine the climatology, trends, and variability of China�s atmospheric water vapor content. The climatological distribution of precipitable water (PW) ...
Panmao Zhai; Robert E. Eskridge
Automated Measurements of Atmospheric Visibility
The concept of using a solid-state, linear-array imaging device coupled with computerized scene analysis and display to measure daytime atmospheric visibility is described. Computer software is implemented for routine conversion of observed ...
W. Viezee; W. E. Evans
Radiant barriers in houses: Energy, comfort, and moisture considerations in a northern climate
The purpose of this study was to determine the conditions under which radiant barrier utilization in attics is appropriate technology in building construction for a northern climate in Utah. A sample of 12 appropriate houses with radiant barriers were selected using predetermined criteria. Another 12 houses without radiant barriers were selected as a control sample and paired with the first 12 houses using predetermined criteria. The research involved three different types of data and analyses. First, a questionnaire survey was completed by the occupants of the 12 sample houses, with radiant barriers. The survey included such factors as: (1) comfort, (2) energy, and (3) potential increased moisture content as perceived by the occupants. Second, a t-test was used to calculate the statistical comparison of utility usage between the 12 sample houses with radiant barriers and the 12 control houses without radiant barriers. Third, the moisture content of the wood framing above and below the radiant barriers was measured over a three month period during the winter months. Data analysis indicated: (1) occupants did perceive that more comfort resulted from the installation of radiant barriers, (2) occupants did not observe additional moisture artifacts after the installation of radiant barriers, (3) occupants did perceive cost savings from utility benefits resulting from the use of radiant barriers, especially in cooling the houses in summer, (4) there was no significant difference between utility usage of houses with radiant barriers and houses without radiant barriers, (5) the moisture content in the ceiling joists of all 24 houses, except one, had a moisture content measurement less than eight percent, and (6) houses with radiant barriers have higher humidity levels within the living space than houses without radiant barrier installation.
Mendenhall, R.L.
Impact of Spring Soil Moisture on Surface Energy Balance and Summer Monsoon Circulation over East Asia and Precipitation in East China
Numerous studies have been conducted on the impact of soil moisture on the climate, but few studies have attempted to diagnose the linkage between soil moisture and climate variability using observational data. Here, using both observed and ...
Renhe Zhang; Zhiyan Zuo
Global Trends and Variability in Soil Moisture and Drought Characteristics, 1950�2000, from Observation-Driven Simulations of the Terrestrial Hydrologic Cycle
Global and regional trends in drought for 1950�2000 are analyzed using a soil moisture�based drought index over global terrestrial areas, excluding Greenland and Antarctica. The soil moisture fields are derived from a simulation of the ...
Justin Sheffield; Eric F. Wood
Hillslope-scale soil moisture estimation with a physically-based ecohydrology model and L-band microwave remote sensing observations from space
Soil moisture is a critical hydrosphere state variable that links the global water, energy, and carbon cycles. Knowledge of soil moisture at scales of individual hillslopes (10's to 100's of meters) is critical to advancing ...
Flores, Alejandro Nicolas
Does Evaporation over the Arabian Sea Play a Crucial Role in Moisture Transport across the West Coast of India during an Active Monsoon Period?
In the present study interannual variability of the contributions of evaporation and moisture flux from the Southern Hemisphere towards the moisture transport across the west coast of India is examined. The mean rates of evaporation and ...
Y. Sadhuram; M. R. Ramesh Kumar
Assessment of Trends and Possible Climate Change Impacts on Summer Moisture Availability in Western Canada based on Metrics of the Palmer Drought Severity Index
This paper compares three existing Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI) formulations for simulating summer moisture variability in western Canada and a preliminary analysis of climate change impacts on summer moisture anomalies. The three models ...
A. K. Gobena; T. Y. Gan
Catalog of databases and reports
This catalog provides information about the many reports and materials made available by the US Department of Energy`s (DOE`s) Global Change Research Program (GCRP) and the Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (CDIAC). The catalog is divided into nine sections plus the author and title indexes: Section A--US Department of Energy Global Change Research Program Research Plans and Summaries; Section B--US Department of Energy Global Change Research Program Technical Reports; Section C--US Department of Energy Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Program Reports; Section D--Other US Department of Energy Reports; Section E--CDIAC Reports; Section F--CDIAC Numeric Data and Computer Model Distribution; Section G--Other Databases Distributed by CDIAC; Section H--US Department of Agriculture Reports on Response of Vegetation to Carbon Dioxide; and Section I--Other Publications.
Global Volunteer Observing Ship (VOS) Program Data
CDIAC provides data management support for the Global Volunteer Observing Ship (VOS) Program. The VOS project is coordinated by the UNESCO International Ocean Carbon Coordination Project (IOCCP). The international groups from 14 countries have been outfitting research ships and commercial vessels with automated CO2 sampling equipment to analyze the carbon exchange between the ocean and atmosphere. [copied from http://cdiac.ornl.gov/oceans/genInfo.html] CDIAC provides a map interface with the shipping routes of the 14 countries involved marked in different colors. Clicking on the ship's name on that route brings up information about the vessel, the kinds of measurements collected and the timeframe, links to project pages, and, most important, the links to the data files themselves. The 14 countries are: United States, United Kingdom, Japan, France, Germany, Australia, Canada, Spain, Norway, New Zealand, China (including Taiwan), Iceland, and the Netherlands. Both archived and current, underway data can be accessed from the CDIAC VOS page.
The effects of moisture and particle size of feedlot biomass on co-firing burner performance
Biomass (conventional and non-conventional) fuels co-fired with coal for power and steam generation are being tested and evaluated at several generation stations in the United States. The co-firing technology is expected to reduce landfill requirements for biomass wastes, and to provide a renewable, low pollution and zero net carbon dioxide fuel. The choice of the biomass depends upon local availability and cost of the transportation. The renewable biomass fuels range from agro to animal waste based fuels. For coal fired power plants located around feedlots where cattle are raised, the renewable biomass is the cattle manure, called feedlot biomass (FB). Thus coal could be mixed with feedlot biomass and then fired in existing boiler burners. A 30 KW (100,000 Btu/hr) boiler burner facility was built at Texas A&M University Boiler Burner Laboratory and the burner was fired with coal or coal-FB blends. Most of the previous data concerned with coal performance results from co-firing of low moisture FB (25%); so feeding at low flow rate becomes a problem. In order to test the effects of moisture on burner performance, the reactor was modified with external water injection through an atomizer in order to simulate higher moisture. The atomizer uses an airblast to atomize the water into finer droplets. At fixed equivalence ratio and swirl number for the secondary inlet air stream, the test variables selected were simulated moisture contents and particle sizes of feedlot biomass. Measurements of NO[], O?, CO and CO? along the furnace are reported. The summaries of results are as follows. With the atomized air only (i.e. without external water injection), the NO[] concentrations increased from 350 ppm to 650 ppm while CO decreased from 46,000 ppm to 18,000 ppm (data measured at the first probe, 6" from the burner). The external water injection used to simulate high moisture FB decreased the pollutant emissions (NO[]) from 570 ppm (zero external water with atomizing air injection) to 300 ppm (40% water in FB) but increased CO from 2,500 ppm (zero external water with atomizing air injection) to 10,500 ppm (40% water in FB) (data of moisture effect measured at the last probe, 36" from the burner) due to more incomplete burning. The small particles FB produced less NO[] but more CO than those from other sizes.
Chen, Chen-Jung
Torrefaction tests were carried out on miscanthus samples in order to understand the changes in chemical composition at temperatures of 250�350�C and residence times of 30�120 minutes. The raw material chemical composition was moisture content 7.97%, moisture-free carbon (C) 47.73%, hydrogen (H) 5.85%, nitrogen (N) 0.28%, sulphur (S) 0.02%, volatiles (V) 83.29% for volatiles, and moisture and ash-free (MAF) calorific value (CV) 8423 BTU/lb (19.59 MJ/kg). Torrefaction at temperatures of 250�C and residence time of 30 minutes resulted in a significant decrease in moisture by about 82.68%, but the other components, C, H, N, S, and V changed only marginally. Increasing the torrefaction temperature to 350�C and residence time to 120 minutes further reduced the moisture to a final value of 0.54% (a 93.2% reduction compared to original) and also resulted in a significant decrease in the other components, H, N, and V by 58.29%, 14.28%, and 70.45%, respectively. The carbon content at 350�C and 120 minutes increased by about 4% and sulfur values were below detection limits. The calorific values increased by about 5.59% at 250�C and 30 minutes, whereas at 350�C and 120 minutes, the increase was much greater (about 75.61%) and resulted in a maximum degree of carbonization of 1.60. The H/C ratio decreased with an increase in torrefaction temperature, where a minimum value of 0.6 was observed at 350�C and 120 minutes. The regression equations developed with respect to torrefaction temperature and times have adequately described the changes in chemical composition. The surface plots developed based on the regression equations indicate that torrefaction temperatures of 300�350�C and residence times of 30�120 minutes residence time can help to increase carbon content, calorific value, and degree of carbonization to > 49.4%, >11,990 BTU/lb (27 MJ/kg), and 1.4, and reduce moisture, nitrogen, volatile, and the H/C ratio to 0.525�0.725, 2.9�3.9, 0.225�0.235, and <1.4.
Jaya Shankar Tumuluru; Richard Boardman; Christopher Wright; John Heintzelman
Influence of 21st century atmospheric and sea surface temperature forcing on West African climate
he persistence of extended drought events throughout West Africa during the 20th century has motivated a substantial effort to understand the mechanisms driving African climate variability, as well as the possible response to elevated greenhouse gas (GHG) forcing. We use an ensemble of global climate model experiments to examine the relative roles of future direct atmospheric radiative forcing and SST forcing in shaping potential future changes in boreal summer precipitation over West Africa. We find that projected increases in precipitation throughout the Western Sahel result primarily from direct atmospheric radiative forcing. The changes in atmospheric forcing generate a slight northward displacement and weakening of the African easterly jet (AEJ), a strengthening of westward monsoon flow onto West Africa and an intensification of the tropical easterly jet (TEJ). Alternatively, we find that the projected decreases in precipitation over much of the Guinea Coast region are caused by SST changes that are induced by the atmospheric radiative forcing. The changes in SSTs generate a weakening of the monsoon westerlies and the TEJ, as well as a decrease in low-level convergence and resultant rising air throughout the mid levels of the troposphere. Our experiments suggest a potential shift in the regional moisture balance of West Africa should global radiative forcing continue to increase, highlighting the importance of climate system feedbacks in shaping the response of regional-scale climate to global-scale changes in radiative forcing.
Skinner, Chris B [Stanford University; Ashfaq, Moetasim [ORNL; Diffenbaugh, Noah [Stanford University
National Atmospheric Release Advisory Center
NARAC TOC NARAC TOC The National Atmospheric Release Advisory Center, NARAC, provides tools and services to the Federal Government, that map the probable spread of hazardous material accidentally or intentionally released into the atmosphere. NARAC provides atmospheric plume predictions in time for an emergency manager to decide if taking protective action is necessary to protect the health and safety of people in affected areas. Located at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, NARAC is a national support and resource center for planning, real-time assessment, emergency response, and detailed studies of incidents involving a wide variety of hazards, including nuclear, radiological, chemical, biological, and natural emissions. In an emergency situation (if lives are at risk), event-specific NARAC
atmospheric pressure | OpenEI
pressure pressure Dataset Summary Description (Abstract):Atmospheric Pressure (kPa)NASA Surface meteorology and Solar Energy (SSE) Release 6.0 Data Set (Nov 2007)22-year Monthly & Annual Average (July 1983 - June 2005)Parameter: Atmospheric Pressure (kPa)Internet: http://eosweb.larc.nasa.gov/sse/Note 1: SSE Methodology & Accuracy sections onlineNote 2: Lat/Lon values indicate the lower left corner of a 1x1 degree region. Negative values are south and west; positive values are north and east. Boundaries of the -90/-180 region Source U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), Surface meteorology and Solar Energy (SSE) Date Released March 31st, 2009 (5 years ago) Date Updated Unknown Keywords atmospheric pressure climate NASA SWERA UNEP Data text/csv icon Download Data (csv, 46 MiB)
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