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Gantry crane
|This article needs additional citations for verification. (March 2011)
Gantry cranes, bridge cranes, and overhead cranes, are all types of cranes which lift objects by a hoist which is fitted in a hoist trolley and can move horizontally on a rail or pair of rails fitted under a beam.
An overhead travelling crane, also known as an overhead crane or as a suspended crane, has the ends of the supporting beam, the gantry, resting on wheels running on rails at high level, usually on the parallel side walls of a factory or similar large industrial building, so that the whole crane can move the length of the building, while the hoist can be moved to and from across the width of the building. A gantry crane or portal crane has a similar mechanism supported by uprights, usually with wheels at the foot of the uprights allowing the whole crane to traverse. Some portal cranes may have only a fixed gantry, particularly when they are lifting loads such as railway cargoes that are already easily moved beneath them.
Overhead crane and gantry crane are particularly suited to lifting very heavy objects and huge gantry cranes have been used for shipbuilding where the crane straddles the ship allowing massive objects like ships' engines to be lifted and moved over the ship. Two famous gantry cranes built in 1974 and 1969 respectively, are Samson and Goliath, which reside in the largest dry dock in the world in Belfast, Northern Ireland. Each crane has a span of 140 metres and can lift loads of up to 840 tonnes to a height of 70 metres, making a combined lifting capacity of over 1,600 tonnes, one of the largest in the world.
However; gantry cranes are also available running on rubber tyres so that tracks are not needed, and small gantry cranes can be used in workshops, for example for lifting automobile engines out of vehicles.
Container crane[edit]
A ship-to-shore rail mounted gantry crane is a specialised version of the gantry crane in which the horizontal gantry rails and their supporting beam are cantilevered out from between frame uprights spaced to suit the length of a standard freight container, so that the beam supporting the rails projects over a quayside and over the width of an adjacent ship allowing the hoist to lift containers from the quay and move out along the rails to place the containers on the ship. The uprights have wheels which run in tracks allowing the crane to move along the quay to position the containers at any point on the length of the ship. The first versions of these cranes were designed and manufactured by Paceco Corporation They were called Portainers and became so popular that the term Portainer is commonly used as a generic term to refer to all ship-to-shore rail mounted gantry cranes.
Workstation gantry cranes[edit]
Workstation gantry cranes are used to lift and transport smaller items around a working area in a factory or machine shop. Some workstation gantry cranes are equipped with an enclosed track, while others use an I-beam, or other extruded shapes, for the running surface. Most workstation gantry cranes are intended to be stationary when loaded, and mobile when unloaded. Workstation Gantry Cranes can be outfitted with either a Wire Rope hoist as shown in the above hoist (device) picture or a lower capacity Chain Hoist.
Rail mounted gantry (RMG) cranes[edit]
Rail mounted gantry cranes (RMG) are commonly found in factory applications such as steel yards, paper mills or locomotive repair shops. The EOT gantry crane functions similarly to an overhead bridge crane, but has rails installed on the ground and gantry-style legs to support the crane. Capacities range from 2 to 200 tons, and sometimes even greater capacities. Most are electrically powered and painted safety yellow.
When bridge cranes and gantry cranes became more popular in factories in the late 1800s a steam engine was sometimes used as a way to power these devices. The lifting and moving would be transferred from a fixed line shaft. The picture on the right shows an example of system powered by a line shaft and steam engine. The overhead crane is from 1875, and was one of the first systems to be powered in such a way.
EOT (Electric Overhead Traveling) Crane[edit]
This is most common type of overhead crane, found in most factories. As obvious from name, these cranes are electrically operated by a control pendant, radio/IR remote pendant or from an operator cabin attached with the crane itself.
Gantry cranes using built-up style hoists are frequently used in modern systems. These built up hoists are used for heavy-duty applications such as steel coil handling and for users desiring long life and better durability. Also used are package hoists, built as one unit in a single housing, generally designed for ten-year life, but the life calculation is based on an industry standard when calculating actual life. See the Hoists Manufacturers Institute site[2] for true life calculation which is based on load and hours used. In today's modern world for the North American market there are a few governing bodies for the industry. The Overhead Alliance is a group that represents Crane Manufacturers Association of America (CMAA), Hoist Manufacturers Institute (HMI), and Monorail Manufacturers Association (MMA). These product counsels of the Material Handling Industry of America have joined forces to create promotional materials to raise the awareness of the benefits to overhead lifting that also include gantry cranes. The members of this group are marketing representatives of the member companies.
Early manufacture[edit]
- 1840: Mass production of overhead cranes starts in Germany.
- 1861: First steam powered overhead crane, installed by John Ramsbottom at the Crewe Railway workshops. Power was transmitted to the crane from a pulley driven by a stationary engine through an endless cotton rope.[1]
- 1887: Ludwig Stuckenholz company introduces electrical components to overhead cranes determining industry design.
- 1910: first Mass production Electric motor hoist start being produced in Germany.
Notable gantry cranes and dates[edit]
- 2008: The world's strongest gantry crane, Taisun, which can lift 20,000 metric tons, was installed in Yantai, China at the Yantai Raffles Shipyard[citation needed].
- QIDONG, China, Oct. 23, 2012 Honghua Group Limited,China's largest exporter of drilling rigs, announced that it will begin construction of the "Honghai Crane" at a ground-breaking ceremony today in Qidong City, Jiangsu Province, China. When completed, the "Honghai Crane" will boast the largest lifting capacity of any movable gantry crane in the world at 22,000 tons.
See also[edit]
- Container terminal
- New York Central Railroad 69th Street Transfer Bridge
- List of historical harbour cranes
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gantry cranes.
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Overhead cranes.
- ^ a b Kurrer, Karl-Eugen (2008). The history of the theory of structures: from arch analysis to computational mechanics. Berlin: Ernst & Sohn. pp. 411–415. ISBN 3-433-01838-3.
- ^ "About Hoist Manufacturers Institute (HMI)". Hoist Manufacturers Institute (HMI). Retrieved 2 April 2014.


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|By Darren Smith
The fine folks at Kallistra have released some new packs for their American Civil War range, Union in Greatcoats (advancing, marching, and firing packs, and the release that has me most excited, the Iron Brigade!
The Iron Brigade release does, however, has me a bit torn. On one hand, these figures will work perfectly for the majority of the Federal infantry I need for the Battle of Perryville. However, that also means that they are not ideal for the Battle of Brawner's Farm. Why not? A couple of reasons - one, they are not wearing gaiters, which would have been in full use at Brawner's. Second, the very round hat that I desire for my western boys is not turned up on one side as most of the Iron Brigade would have worn at Brawner's as well. These figures would work much better for later Iron Brigade troops, such as those at Gettyburg, but even then the gaiters and turned up hat would still be found (see illustration). So, while I very pleased that my Perryville project will now have troops in the correct headgear, I am a bit saddened that I will not be able to get double duty from these figures. Yes, I know I don't have to be so anal retentive, and I will probably use these figures for the Iron Brigade regardless, but it would be nice to see another pack from Kallistra that has the Iron Brigade in their more traditional uniform.
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Vollrath 3667202D Modular Two Section Combination Hot / Cold Drop In Food Well - 120/208-240V
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|41 1/2 Inches
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|16 Amps
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Serve chilled salads in the summer, hot soups in the winter, or combine a hot and cold self-serve area with the Vollrath 3667202D modular two section combination hot / cold drop in food well! This drop in food well features a 625 watt rope heater attached to the bottom of each compartment for constant warmth, and refrigeration coils surround the exterior walls for maximum cooling potential. A simple toggle switch with a light indicator lets you change between heating and cooling, and thanks to each compartment's individual controls, you can hold both cold and hot food in the same unit. For maximum temperature retention regardless of your needs, each compartment is also fully insulated with foamed-in-place polyurethane insulation.
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Clothing options for the mom-to-be
Find a Conversation
|Thu, 06-17-2010 - 9:58am
With my first pregnancy in the early 80s, maternity clothes consisted mainly of oversized garments bedecked with ruffles, bows and ribbons. I seriously felt like an awkward Christmas present waiting to be unwrapped! I would have given anything to find maternity clothes that were more mainstream in style!
What fashion tips can you offer to expecting moms?
During my final pregnancy, in the late 90s, I shopped the men's department for lightweight cotton denim shirts; they were way cooler in the summer months than the synthetic blends most of the maternity clothes were made of and a whole lot less expensive. ;-)
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Oooo! If you're pregnant and have been putting off shopping for a bathing suit, check out this selection of swimwear. Enjoy the summer and some pool time!


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Lindsey Vonn may have suffered a professional setback last month when she was seriously injured after crashing on the ski slopes in Austria, but she has something to smile about in her personal life — a new relationship with golfer Tiger Woods.
The two athletes confirmed the much-speculated-about romance on Monday.
Always think before you tweet. New York Rep. Anthony Weiner learned that the hard way (no pun intended) this past week after accidentally tweeting lewd photos of himself, denying it before finally admitting it in a rambling and odd press conference Monday. But Weiner isn't the only public figure, let alone politico, to commit a Twitter faux pas. Behold nine other celeb tweeting gaffes. VIDEO: Jon Stewart goes easy on old pal Anthony Weiner9. Meghan McCain's Twitt-ilating PhotoShe was just going to read! In 2009, Sen. John McCain's daughter ...read more
Tiger Woods expressed sadness over the completion of his divorce and said the whole process was tougher than he let on but taught him a lot.
"I wish her the best in everything. You know, it's a sad time in our lives. And we're looking forward to ... how we can help our kids the best way we possibly can. And that's the most important thing," Woods, 33, said at a news conference Wednesday.
Woods' comments followed those from ex-wife Elin Nordegren saying that she feels...read more
In 2004, Tiger talks about how married life has been with his wife, Elin Nordegren. Plus, he reveals when he knew that Elin was the woman he wanted to spend his life with.
Elin Nordegren heads to Miami for the Sony Ericsson Open as estranged husband Tiger Woods makes his highly-anticipated return to golf.
Shaquille O Neal was the target of a real federal lawsuit filed by a phony Elin Nordegren.
Former wife of Tiger Woods, Elin Nordegren, took a gentle swing at her marriage with the golfer during a commencement speech on Saturday, May 10th. Nordegren was named Outstanding Graduating Senior at Rollins College, Florida where she earned a Bachelor's Degree in Psychology and finished college with a 3.96 GPA (grade point average).
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In a cover story with People Magazine, Nordegren, 30, tells her side of the story of the dissolution of her marriage to Woods. "I have been through the stages of disbelief and shock, to anger and ultimately grief over the loss of the family I so badly wanted for my children."
Tiger Woods and Elin Nordegren divorce
Tiger Woods and Elin Nordegren have divorced.The couple's divorce became official Monday in Florida's Bay County Circuit Court, their lawyers said in a statement. Terms of the divorce were not disclosed, other than that they will share parenting of their children, daughter Sam, 3, and son Charlie, 1.Check out photos of Tiger Woods"We are sad that our marriage is over and we wish each other the very best for the future," the couple said in a statement. "While we are no longer married, we are the ...
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December 21, 2014
(CBS/AP)-- A cargo ship was sinking after a collision on the North Sea Wednesday night and rescuers in helicopters and ships were plucking crew members from life rafts, a coast guard spokesman said.
The Dutch Coast Guard tells CBS News 13 crew members have been rescued -- 11 by helicopter and two by ship -- and 11 are still missing from the sinking car carrier. Rescuers were using infrared cameras to hunt for more survivors.
The 485-foot Baltic Ace, with a crew of 24, collided with the 440-foot container ship Corvus J around 40 miles off the coast of the southern Netherlands after dark and close to busy shipping lanes.
"We have found life rafts and the people in them are being picked up by helicopters," coast guard spokesman Peter Verburg said.
Verburg said the 12-man crew of the Corvus J was still on board the ship, which was helping in the rescue operation.
"It is badly damaged, but not in danger of sinking," he said.
Verburg said the cause of the collision was not known.
"At the moment we are solely focused on getting the people to safety," he said.
A Belgian helicopter and Dutch navy frigate also were involved in the rescue operation.
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INTERPRISE Networking Services, the data networking arm of U.S. West and MediaOne, signed a $1.7 million agreement with the Atlanta Public School System to provide a complete data communications networking solution for connecting over 40,000 students, teachers and administrators at 120 locations.
The network will encompass hardware, software and services, and will be monitored by experts around the clock. The critical customer premises hardware necessary to exploit the INTERPRISE Frame Relay Service is manufactured by Cisco.
With the system, teachers and administrators will be able to share files quickly, and students will enjoy access to the Internet. Each school will be served by a 56K circuit that delivers the frame relay service connection into the network infrastructure. Board of Education administrative offices will be served by 1.5 Mbps circuits. U.S. West INTERPRISE Networking Services, Denver, CO, (800) 328-2879, www.uswest.com.
This article originally appeared in the 04/01/1996 issue of THE Journal.
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Leatherette-grained stock provides a richer look and feel. Die-cut business card slot on inside front pocket keeps contact information at hand. This product was made from wood that came from a certified managed forest. Front Cover Color(s): Light Blue; Back Cover Color(s): Light Blue; Sheet Size: 11 x 8 1/2; Capacity (text): 100 Sheets.


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Désolé. Actuellement, cette page n'existe pas en français.
The China IPR SME Helpdesk has recently issued a guide on the enforcement of intellectual property rights in China. The guide can be downloaded free-of-charge and introduces the enforcement options available in China together with a few SME case studies. The general aim is to give an overview of what steps companies, especially SMEs, should take once they have gathered sufficient information and decided to take action and enforce their IPR rights in China.


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Domain Name: OBATBESAR.COM Registry Domain ID: Registrar WHOIS Server: whois.resellercamp.com Registrar URL: Updated Date: 02-Apr-2014 Creation Date: 23-Aug-2013 Registrar Registration Expiration Date: 23-Aug-2014 Registrar: CV. Jogjacamp Registrar IANA ID: 1478 Registrar Abuse Contact Email: Registrar Abuse Contact Phone: Domain Status: clientTransferProhibited Registry Registrant ID: JC_29461954 Registrant Name: Muhammad Baharuddin Registrant Organization: obatbesar.com Registrant Street: Desa Penyabangan Kecamatan Gerokgak, Bali Other Registrant City: Kabupaten Buleleng Registrant State/Province: Bali Registrant Postal Code: 81155 Registrant Country: ID Registrant Phone: +62.620000000 Registrant Phone Ext: Registrant Fax: +62.620000000 Registrant Fax Ext: Registrant Email: firstname.lastname@example.com Registry Admin ID: JC_29461954 Admin Name: Muhammad Baharuddin Admin Organization: obatbesar.com Admin Street: Desa Penyabangan Kecamatan Gerokgak, Bali Other Admin City: Kabupaten Buleleng Admin State/Province: Bali Admin Postal Code: 81155 Admin Country: ID Admin Phone: +62.620000000 Admin Phone Ext: Admin Fax: +62.620000000 Admin Fax Ext: Admin Email: firstname.lastname@example.com Registry Tech ID: JC_29461954 Tech Name: Muhammad Baharuddin Tech Organization: obatbesar.com Tech Street: Desa Penyabangan Kecamatan Gerokgak, Bali Other Tech City: Kabupaten Buleleng Tech State/Province: Bali Tech Postal Code: 81155 Tech Country: ID Tech Phone: +62.620000000 Tech Phone Ext: Tech Fax: +62.620000000 Tech Fax Ext: Tech Email: firstname.lastname@example.com Name Server: dns1.idwebhost.biz Name Server: dns2.idwebhost.biz Name Server: dns3.idwebhost.org Name Server: dns4.idwebhost.com DNSSEC:Unsigned URL of the ICANN WHOIS Data Problem Reporting System: http://wdprs.internic.net/ >>>Last update of WHOIS database: 2014-04-17T13:51:22+0000Z<<< Registration Service Provided By: IDWEBHOST The data in this whois database is provided to you for information purposes only, that is, to assist you in obtaining information about or related to a domain name registration record. We make this information available "as is", and do not guarantee its accuracy. By submitting a whois query, you agree that you will use this data only for lawful purposes and that, under no circumstances will you use this data to: (1) enable high volume, automated, electronic processes that stress or load this whois database system providing you this information; or (2) allow, enable, or otherwise support the transmission of mass unsolicited, commercial advertising or solicitations via direct mail, electronic mail, or by telephone. The compilation, repackaging, dissemination or other use of this data is expressly prohibited without prior written consent from us. The Registrar of record is CV. Jogjacamp. We reserve the right to modify these terms at any time. By submitting this query, you agree to abide by these terms.


text:
1. Introduction and Summary
This study calculates the effects of the needs-based bankruptcy
provision of H.R. 3150, the "Bankruptcy Reform Act of 1998," on Chapter
7 bankruptcy filers with a new database of bankruptcy petitions. The
analysis also replicates, with the new data, the Georgetown methodology
of calculating petitioners' ability-to-repay their non-housing
debt.3 The
additional data used is a sample of 5,722 Chapter 7 bankruptcy petitions
filed in four bankruptcy courts, mainly during 1992 and 1993. The Courts
studied were Boston, Chicago, Los Angeles, and Nashville. 4
The needs-based provision considered requires petitioners with
incomes above 75% of the national median to file under Chapter 13, if
they can repay at least 20% of their unsecured non-priority debts within
5 years, after making secured and priority debt payments. In the new
database, 8-14 percent of Chapter 7 filers from four cities would have
been impacted by the needs-based provision and required to file Chapter
13 --had it been in effect in 1992-93.
The Ernst and Young analyses provided here corroborate the Georgetown
study finding that "a sizable minority of Chapter 7 debtors could make a
significant contribution toward repayment of their non-housing debt over
a 5-year period."5 This
outcome is important because the new database is from a different time
period, and includes two different cities than those chosen by
professors Barron and Staten.6
This study is organized into seven sections, beginning with this
introduction and ending with an appendix. Section 2 gives a general
description of the bankruptcy petition database used in the new
analysis. Section 3 presents ability-to-repay results under the
needs-based bankruptcy provision of H.R. 3150 and a city-by-city impact
on Chapter 7 petitioners. Section 4 summarizes the Georgetown
methodology for calculating ability to repay non-housing non-priority
debt -- including modifications necessary to apply their concept to the
new database. Section 5 presents the actual Georgetown concept applied
to the new database and compares the results with those obtained in the
Barron and Staten paper. Additional observations about data collection
methods are made in Section 6; this is followed by a brief concluding
section (Section 7). Finally, further details on the methods used to
calculate repayment ability under the needs-based provision of H.R. 3150
are presented in the appendix; the appendix also contains in-depth
tabulations on the impact of the needs-based provision by city and for
all four cities combined.7
2. Description of the New Bankruptcy Petition
The courts chosen in the study were selected to contrast practices in
different regions of the country, with different caseloads and legal
settings: Los Angeles, in the Central California District, is the court
with the largest caseload nationally and therefore a natural to
include.8 Chicago, from
the Northern Illinois District, was taken to "represent" the Midwest.
Nashville "represents" a smaller, less urban court and is a court with a
disproportionately high fraction of Chapter 13 filings. Boston, a court
of moderate size, was chosen to "represent" the east coast.9 Courts in Florida and
Texas were also considered, but for various logistic and cost reasons
the collection of petitions from these districts was not completed.
The U.S. Federal Trustee (regional administrative) Offices were the
source of the petitions obtained for the study. To keep tight control of
the process, all cases were taken sequentially during the data
collection period until the desired number was attained (Table 1).10
Table 1. Data Collection Period and Sample Sizes by Court
Basic Collection Period
Number of Petitions
Boston, MA
3/1/93 - 7/7/93
Chicago, IL
4/1/93 - 4/20/93
Los Angeles, CA
11/25/91 - 3/4/92
Nashville, TN
1/4/93 - 3/31/93
To reduce the cost of data collection, petition copies were obtained
after the trustee office was finished with them. They were routinely
retrieved by an outside vendor and sent to Visa, where the data entry
took place on site.
Controls were employed in the key entry step and numerous data
editing steps were taken to assure a high quality result. Not all the
petitions selected were found to be usable. Some petitions were "face
sheet" only filings and hence had no useful petition information; others
were incomplete to the extent that the financial condition of the
petitioner could not be determined and also had to be dropped.11
One final point (also covered in Section 6) -- all the reported data
in the study were taken from the actual petitions filed by debtors. As a
rule, these data are unaudited unless the petition is challenged by a
creditor or trustee. Of course, the Chapter 7 filers whose petitions are
examined here may have an incentive to make themselves appear insolvent
by overstating expenses and understating income, especially when they
are filing a "no asset" case.12 This may occur where the
Courts have elected not to dismiss the petition under the substantial
abuse provision of Section 707(b), even if the debtor has an obvious
ability to repay a substantial portion of his or her debt.
The analysis in this section focuses only on the needs-based proposal
of H.R. 3150, which requires petitioners with monthly income of at least
75% of the national median for families of comparable size to file under
Chapter 13, if they have "monthly net income"13 of at least $50 and the
capacity to repay 20% or more of their unsecured non-priority debts
within 5 years, after making secured and priority debt payments.14 Table 2 on the next page
summarizes what was found. Charts 1 and 2 show the same information
To construct Table 2, the Visa petition database was used to
calculate the ability of bankruptcy petitioners to repay their debt
under the needs-based15
bankruptcy provision. H.R. 3150's needs-based provision uses
living expenses calculated from the U. S. Internal Revenue
Service's Collection Financial Standards16 to calculate repayment
ability as a percentage of unsecured non-priority debts. As already
noted, in addition, the needs-based proposal has an exemption for
families earning less than 75% of the national median income, so no
repayment ability is calculated for all such families. The methodology
used to calculate repayment ability under H.R. 3150's needs-based
provision is described in the appendix.
Los Angeles
Average 4/
Chapter 7 Filers Impacted 2/
Debt Repayable over 5 yrs. by Ch. 7 Filers Impacted:
Total Debt 3/
Secured and Priority Debt 3/
Unsecured Non-priority Debt
1/ Repayment rates from the 1991-1993 Visa database, calculated on
the basis of: petitioners' reported income; mortgage and alimony
payments; geographically determined IRS allowances for rent,
transportation & living expenses; and 60 month interest-free
amortization of outstanding priority debt and secured non-mortgage debt.
See assumptions in text.
2/ Chapter 7 filers are impacted by H.R. 3150's needs-based
bankruptcy proposal if they have income > 75% of national median
income for families of comparable size, net monthly income17 > $50, and can repay
at least 20% of their unsecured non-priority debt over 60 months after
making secured and priority debt payments. The 1992 and 1993 national
median income data by family size were obtained from the U.S. Bureau of
the Census. Income was assigned using average family size for families
comprised of married couples; and individuals and single parent
3/ Repayment of secured debt is shown over 60 months. For housing
debt, repayment is taken as stated by the petitioner unless the
outstanding balance would have been paid off in less than 60 months. All
other non-housing secured and priority debt is amortized over 60 months.
In practice, petitioners may continue to repay outstanding secured debts
beyond the 60 month repayment plan, which would increase the share of
secured and total debt repaid.
4/ Average was weighted by 1993 annual Chapter 7 filings in the four
courts: 11,921 (Boston), 21,738 (Chicago), 74,967 (Los Angeles), and
4,774 (Nashville). Judicial Business of the U. S. Courts, Report of the
Director Admin. Office of the U. S. Courts, op. cit.
As shown in Table 2 (and Chart 1), from 8-14 percent of Chapter 7
filers in the four cities studied would have been required to file under
Chapter 13, if H.R 3150's needs-based bankruptcy provision had
been in effect in 1992 and 1993. These filers would have had the ability
to repay 55 to 72 percent of their total debts, if income remained
unchanged relative to expenses and liabilities during the 60 month
repayment period.18 When
broken down by type, the corresponding repayment figures are 52-71
percent for secured and priority debt owed and 63-85 percent for
unsecured non-priority debt owed. Table 2 also presents the average
share of Chapter 7 filers (11.8%) and debt repayable (62%) across the
four cities. (More details on the distribution of repayment ability
across debtors are provided in Tables A1 through A5 in the
The estimation of the impact of the needs-based bankruptcy proposal
in this paper is subject to a number of limitations and assumptions. The
major ones, in addition to those usual to sample studies,19 are:
4. Georgetown Repayment Ability Measure
This section briefly describes the Georgetown repayment ability
methodology -- first, as originally employed in their research and then,
as modified by us.
The original Georgetown repayment ability measure is based on the
following formulas:
Annual "Available" Income
Annual net Income-Annual Living Expenses21
-- Annual Priority22
Debt Payment
Annual Non-housing,
Non-Priority Debt Payment
Total Non-Housing Debt -- Total Unsecured Priority
Debt, amortized over 5 years by deviding by 5.
A detailed explanation, including the key assumptions underlying the
repayment capacity, is included in the Georgetown paper. The ability to
repay non-housing, non-priority debt was calculated using a methodology
that replicated, to the extent possible using the new database, the
Georgetown calculation.23
Three modifications were made to the Georgetown calculation when
applying their concept to the new database: (1) Annual net income was
calculated based on the net take-home wage plus non-wage income, less
other Federal taxes paid. The new database only included take-home wage
income net of all payroll deductions, including some saving deductions
such as 401(k) contributions, while the Georgetown calculation did not
subtract out saving deductions. Georgetown estimated the federal tax
liability on other income to calculate the current tax, while the new
database calculation takes the reported other Federal income taxes paid,
which may include taxes from prior years. It should be noted that, to
the extent either of these approximations would consistently influence
the estimates, both would tend to lead to an understatement of the
ability to repay. (2) Housing debt was estimated for the new database
calculation, since details on liabilities were limited to total debt,
secured debt and unsecured debt. Housing debt was estimated by
multiplying secured debt by the ratio of real assets to total assets. As
shown in Charts 4 and 5 (in Section 5), this approximation worked well24 for these data. (3)
Priority debt for the new database calculation included back taxes,
alimony and student loans. Some priority debt items, included by
Georgetown -- such as past-due child support -- were not available from
the new database. Everything else being equal, this last approximation
would lead to an overstatement of the repayment capacity.
5. Georgetown Repayment Ability in the New
Findings about the ability to repay non-priority, non-housing debt by
Chapter 7 petitioners from both the new database and the Georgetown
sample are presented in Table 3 and Chart 3. The new database estimates
of repayment ability support the findings of Barron and Staten that a
"sizable minority" of Chapter 7 petitioners could repay some or all of
their non-housing liabilities.
The calculations of Chapter 7 petitioners' repayment ability
from the new database are somewhat higher, in most cases, than those
reported in the Georgetown study. For example, Barron and Staten report
that 25% of Chapter 7 filers in their 1996 database had the ability to
repay at least 30% of their debt. In the new database, the corresponding
figures range upwards from 33% for Boston to 55% for Chicago. (The
bolded line in Table 3 has the new database repayability ratios
for each court at the 25% point.)
Debtor Percentile
Visa Petition Data (1991-1993)2/
Barron & Staten Data (1996)3/
13 Courts
1/ Repayment rates were calculated after housing payments and payment
of priority debt based on (1) filers' reported income and expenses
excluding the installment debt payments and (2) 60 month interest free
amortization of outstanding priority debt and non-housing non-priority
2/ Repayment ability for the four cities in the Visa Petition Data
was calculated using necessary imputations (e.g., the housing debt
3/ Repayment ability for the 13 courts combined was obtained from the
Barron and Staten Report. The imputations used in the new database were
not made for this column.
4/ Average weighted by 1993 annual Chapter 7 filing volume in the
four cities: 11,921 (Boston), 21,738 (Chicago), 74,967 (Los Angeles),
and 4,774 (Nashville).
6. Data Limitations
The Visa Bankruptcy Petition Study was conducted with considerable
care. Nonetheless, as in virtually all empirical investigations, the
effort suffers to some extent from sampling and nonsampling limitations.
In this section, an attempt to quantify them is given. Specifically
discussed are (1) missing information and reporting errors on the
petitions used, (2) undetected data keying errors, (3) sampling errors
and biases, and (4) the extent to which the results can be generalized
given the courts chosen and the periods of sampling used.
(1) Reporting errors and missing information. -- The repayment
ability measures used with the new database rest on a number of
assumptions. These assumptions, including taking reported information
from the petitioners' statements at face value, are described in
the Georgetown report or for the needs-based proposal in the appendix.
In the Visa Bankruptcy Petition Study, as was the case with the
Georgetown work, all the data were taken from the actual petitions as
filed by debtors. These data are unaudited, unless the petition is
challenged by a creditor or trustee. Again, the Chapter 7 filers, whose
petitions are examined here, may have an incentive to make themselves
appear insolvent by overstating expenses and understating income.
For the Georgetown repayment calculation, adjustments had to be made
because of data availability differences between the two databases. The
item content of the new database was less extensive than in the
Georgetown data. To calculate repayability ratios for the new data, some
items obtained by Georgetown had to be imputed. A notable example was
housing debt. Since Ernst & Young had access to the Georgetown data
for Chicago and Los Angeles, the effect of the housing debt imputation
was tested. Charts 4 and 5 show what a small difference occurred.25
Another way to examine the computational compromises forced on the
Visa Bankruptcy Petition Study is to directly compare what the
repayability ratio would be in the Georgetown data, if they had used the
new database imputations. This has been done in Table 4 below.
Barron & Staten Data (1996)
Los Angeles2/
13 Courts Combined3/
2/ Repayment ability for Chicago and Los Angeles was calculated using
basic data from the Georgetown database and the imputations necessitated
in the new database (e.g., the housing debt imputation). This was done,
as discussed in the text, to provide a better comparison between the two
3/ Repayment ability for the 13 courts combined was obtained from the
Barron and Staten Report. The imputations used in the new database were
not made for this column, unlike the other two.
The last column in Table 4, as in Table 3, is from the Georgetown
report but the Chicago and Los Angeles figures were calculated by Ernst
& Young using data from the Georgetown database. Ernst &
Young's repayment ability calculations for Chicago and Los Angeles
used the same imputations that had to be employed in the Visa Bankruptcy
Petition database. Since the calculations for Chicago and Los Angeles in
Tables 3 and 4 use the same methodology, comparisons between these
Tables for Chicago and Los Angeles are due mainly to sampling errors and
timing differences.
Again, notice from Table 4 that 25% of Chapter 7 filers in the
Georgetown 1996 database had the ability to repay at least 30% of their
debt (48% for Chicago and 33% for Los Angeles). In the 1991-93 Visa data
base, the corresponding figures were 55% for Chicago and 43% for Los
Angeles. (The bolded line in Table 4 shows, as in Table 3, the
repayability ratio for each court at the 25% point.)
(2)Data Capture Errors -- Tight controls were employed in the
key entry step for the new database and numerous data editing steps were
taken to assure a high quality result. Employees performed data entry
after they were trained on a Paradox Form data entry system. The Paradox
data entry form included built-in field checks for each data item using
the following methods: reasonable range checks for each entry,
table-driven valid responses for each entry, and summation fields
checked (against the individual items entered for expenses, income,
assets, secured debt, and unsecured debt).
This approach minimized data entry errors throughout the process. In
addition, extra "summation" fields were placed on the entry form for use
in validating the information prior to analysis. All data fields were
further examined for validity during the analysis phase itself. Whenever
data entry errors were detected, an attempt was made to correct the
fields. If there was no way to determine the correct entry, the petition
was eliminated from the analysis.
Despite the evident care taken in mounting the new database, keying
and other data capture errors occurred. Since original source documents
were retained, data capture problems were measured by comparing keyed
information to the source documents. A small sample was drawn to do the
required testing, so this source of uncertainty could be quantified. We
found an error rate of about 1% in this test of the final file. The
errors found exhibited no systematic pattern; in fact, because the
errors tended to cancel each other out, the mistakes found had little
discernible effect on the repayability ratio.
(3) Sampling Errors –Block samples were taken of
petition filings over time in each of the four courts in the study, as
displayed in Table 1. Because the samples are not strictly random, we
cannot calculate error bounds on the estimates produced without making
assumptions. Still, the samples chosen are large and hence one would
expect statistically stable results.
To quantify this intuition, we divided the samples in each court into
ten random subsamples or "replicates." This gives a ready way of seeing
the variability in the repayability ratio, for example (under the
assumption that the observations are independent and identically
Because the filings in any single block of days might be more alike
than a random set of days, the sampling error measures from the
replicates were examined for this potential lack of independence, using
time series methods (see Chart 6). The autocorrelations found were so
weak 26 that in the end
we made no adjustment for this possibility.
In any case, the margin of error calculations developed showed the
following 95% confidence bounds for the repayability ratio of the top
25% of filers - - the group we continue to use for illustrative
Notice that, except for Nashville, the large samples taken provided
tight error bounds. Even for Nashville, moreover, all the repayability
ratios are highly significantly different from zero. Tests for
differences by court are also significant between Boston and Chicago,
Chicago and Los Angeles, and Los Angeles and Boston. There is no
statistically significant difference between Nashville and any of the
other courts.
Again, using the same assumptions as above, we can test in Chicago
and Los Angeles to see if there are statistically significant
differences between the Georgetown data in Table 4 and the new data base
from Table 3 27 None
were found to exist -- providing further evidential weight for what has
been said earlier about the strength of the corroboration between the
two studies.
(4) Generalization – Procedural decisions made in
choosing the four courts do not allow us to make statistically-based
statements about bankruptcy petitioners in general. The results, by
themselves, cannot technically be used to project to other courts or
even other time periods in the same court (without assumptions being
The approach taken by the Visa study (and by the Georgetown work, as
well) can be characterized as an experimental design, rather than an
enumerative sampling one. This distinction is important in how the data
can be used and what role they could play in modeling the U.S.
bankruptcy process.
To have chosen courts for a nationally representative sample, a
multistage stratified probability approach would be usual.28 The courts were chosen
for the Visa study purposively -- in keeping with a fixed analysis of
variance or experimental design approach.29 Incidentally, four
courts, even if chosen as part of a probability sample design, would
generally be too few to achieve stable national probability sample
estimates. Still, combined with the Georgetown results, 15 courts have
been studied -- all having sizable percentages of Chapter 7 petitioners
who appear to be able to repay a large portion of their debts.
The Visa data are different from those collected by professors Barron
and Staten in that they were obtained over a long period of time in each
of the four courts studied. This affords some protection against
potential periodicity in repayability. In light of observations made
elsewhere30 we tested
for seasonality in the new database. Chart 6 plots repayment ability
against time in each of the courts. There appears to be no evidence of
seasonality, day of the month or day of the week effects.
7. Concluding Comments
We believe that the new data have considerable value. For the four
cities examined, H.R. 3150's needs-based provision 31 would have impacted from
8 to 14 percent of Chapter 7 filers in the study. Moreover, these filers
could have repaid 55 to 72 percent (average 62 percent) of their total
debts over 5 years. When broken down by type of debt for filers
impacted, the corresponding repayment figures are 52-71 percent for
secured and priority debt owed, and 63-85 percent for unsecured
non-priority debt.
Second, the new data definitely corroborate the Georgetown results
that "a sizable minority of Chapter 7 debtors could make a significant
contribution toward repayment of their non-housing debt over a 5-year
period." The corroboration occurs because we have been able to add to
the courts and time periods where evidence for sizable repayability
exists. In our view, the combined results are suggestive of a
potentially widespread phenomenon.
1 This study was funded by Visa U.S.A. and MasterCard
International.Return to Text
2 John. M. Barron and Michael E. Staten, "Personal
Bankruptcy: A Report on Petitioners' Ability to Pay" (October 6,
1997).Return to Text
3 The full details of the Georgetown methodology are found
in Barron & Staten's paper, entitled "Personal Bankruptcy: A
Report on Petitioners' Ability-to-Pay," dated October 6, 1997, and
will not be repeated here. To provide a context of our new results,
however, we have provided in the body of the paper (see Section 4), a
definition of the Georgetown concept and how it was operationalized.
Direct numerical comparisons of our results with Georgetown are given
too (in Section 5).Return to Text
4 The data base is described fully in the report
"Bankruptcy Petition Study" by Visa USA, Inc., June 1997. A brief
description is also provided in Section 2 of this paper.Return to Text
5 Barron and Staten, op. cit.Return to Text
6 The Georgetown work was based on data from 13 courts,
two of which – Chicago and Los Angeles – were the same as in
the Visa data, albeit as noted for a different period.Return to Text
7 The cities were combined in keeping with the 1993
petition volumes in each of the four courts studied. The next footnote
provides these counts. Return to
8 One of the main sources for this statement is the
publication series, Judicial Business of the U. S. Courts, Report of the
Director Admin. Office of the U. S. Courts. Table F-2 in the report
shows that Chapter 7 volumes for 1995 in the four selected courts are
13,473 (Boston), 27,682 (Chicago), 79,075 (Los Angeles), and 5,378
(Nashville). The overall 1995 Chapter 7 volume was 761,652. Comparable
figures for 1993 are 11,921 (Boston), 21,738 (Chicago), 74,967 (Los
Angeles), and 4,774 (Nashville). The overall 1993 Chapter 7 volume was
602,907.Return to Text
9 The word "represent" has been put in quotes because the
actual choice of bankruptcy districts was done purposively, using what
might be characterized as an experimental design rather than a
randomization-based sampling approach. More is said about this in
Section 6. Return to Text
10 For Los Angeles, the sample sought was 2,500. More
initially were pulled and subsampling was needed to obtain the values in
Table 1. There was also some subsampling for the Boston court. While the
collection of petitions at the Trustee Offices seems basically to have
worked well, in Boston and Los Angeles, filings from satellite courts
were generally not made available.Return to
11 About 5% of the Chapter 7 petitions selected had
financial information that was too incomplete to use. Return to Text
12 About 95% of Chapter 7 filings nationally are "no
asset" cases. A "no asset" case refers to the situation where there are
no funds remaining to be dispersed to creditors, after the debtor is
allowed to keep all exempt assets.Return to
13 Monthly income less certain IRS standard expenses and
monthly payments for secured and priority debts.Return to Text
14 A detailed description of the methodology used for the
repayment calculations is provided in the appendix, along with an
extensive set of detailed tables measuring impacts. Return to Text
15 The needs-based bankruptcy repayment calculation is
similar to, but with different rules than, the non-housing, non-priority
debt repayment calculation presented by Professors Barron and Staten
(see Section 4). Return to Text
16 See appendix for the details and a full citation.Return to Text
17 Monthly income less expense certain IRS standard
expenses and monthly payments for secured and priority debts.Return to Text
18 However, it should be noted that these figures
understate the repayability of the total debt over the life of the loan.
For example, a petitioner with a mortgage would likely continue to make
payments after the five year period called for in the needs-based
proposal. Return to Text
19 In Section 6, there is a full discussion of the
procedures used in processing the petitions and the quality impact that
may have had on the results, plus an assessment of the importance of
sampling error.Return to Text
20 For more detail on the imputations and the repayment
ability methodology, see the appendix.Return to
21 All expenses, including housing costs, excluding taxes
and installment debt payments.Return to
22 All unsecured priority claims.Return to Text
23 A detailed explanation, including the key assumptions
underlying the repayment capacity, is included in the Georgetown paper.
Barron and Staten, op. cit.Return to
24 As part of the research, a portion of the Georgetown
data – specifically, for the two courts common to both studies
(Chicago and Los Angeles) -- was made available to Ernst and Young, with
all identifiers removed. This file made possible some direct comparisons
of differences between the estimates of housing debt and what difference
arose as a result (See Section 6).Return to
25 Using the Georgetown data, in Chart 4 a scatterplot is
provided of the imputed mortgage debt versus the actual mortgage debt
(where imputed mortgage debt was obtained by multiplying total secured
debt by the ratio of real estate assets to total assets). Notice that
the great bulk of the points lie close to (or on) the 450
line of agreement. Chart 5 carries the analysis one step further and
compares in another scatterplot what agreement exists between the
repayability ratios themselves, when imputed or actual mortgage debt is
used in the calculation. As earlier in Chart 4, most of the points lie
close to (or indeed on) the 450 line of complete agreement.Return to Text
26 A look at Chart 6 provides a sense of this. The time
series plots show great stability over time and, after adjusting for a
court effect and for differences in sample sizes, appear to be almost
identical and with little evidence of a trend or pattern of any sort.
This is unlike the number of petitions, which have been rising steeply
over time.Return to Text
27 To do this testing we had to take into account the fact
that the Georgetown samples for Chicago and Los Angeles were only a
little over 200 observations each. This means that, ceteris
paribus, the margin of error would be roughly 2 times greater that
that for the Visa data for Chicago and over 3 times greater than for the
Visa data from Los Angeles. Return to
28 As, say, in Cochran (1977), Sampling Techniques,
Wiley.Return to Text
29 For example, Scheffe (1958), Analysis of
Variance, Wiley. Return to Text
30 United States Government Accounting Office (February
1998), "Personal Bankruptcy: The Credit Research Center Report on
Debtors' Ability to Pay."Return to
31 Impacts of other provisions of H.R.
3150 were beyond the scope of this study.Return
to Text


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The New York Rangers, All Tux'd-Up: A Photo Essay
The Style Blog was exclusively on the scene at the hockey team's annual casino charity event to document the players in this season's best made-to-measure tailoring. Look here, and learn a thing or two.
Photographs by Elizabeth Griffin // Captions by Nic Screws
Putting the final touches in chalk during Lundqvist's Calvin Klein fitting. If you're gonna go custom, you should ensure the fit is this perfect.


text:
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Chemical Week Magazine :: Business & Finance :: Europe/Mideast
BASF to acquire Pronova BioPharma for $850 million
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Heinz: Stronger position in omega-3 fatty acids. BASF says it will acquire Pronova BioPharma (Lysaker, Norway), a pioneer in the fields of researching, developing, and manufacturing omega-3 fatty acids. BASF has reached an agreement with Pronova to make a recommended voluntary public takeover offer to Pronova's shareholders and will offer to pay 12.50 Norwegian kroner in cash for each Pronova share. This amount corresponds to a premium of 24% above the average price of Pronova's shares in the 6 months prior to announcement of the public takeover...
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text:
18 Gorgeous Styles For Relaxed Hair
Relaxed hair is the perfect canvas for tons of styles. Get inspired by these pretty styles for every length and vibe.
By Jelani Addams Rosa
Keep your look simple with Keke Palmer's sleek style. Find out how to get her straight, slicked-back style here.


text:
A section of northeastern Philadelphia on the bank of the Delaware River
(SP-5: dp. 46; 1. 82'; b. 13'6"; dph. 7'5"; dr. 4'4"; s. 12.5 k.; cpl. 12; a. 1 1-pdr., 1 mg.)
The second Tacony (SP-5)—a wooden screw steam yacht built in 1911 as Sybilla II by Mathis Yacht Building Co., Camden, N.J., for John F. Botz, III, Essington, Pa.—was acquired by the Navy on a free lease from Jacob S. Disston, Tacony, Pa., and was commissioned on 24 May 1917.
Tacony was assigned patrol duty in the 4th Naval District through the end of World War I. On 29 November 1918, she was returned to her owner.


text:
Tuesday, December 23, 2014
Public Relations, Special Events, Lifestyle Marketing New Jersey
October 1, 2012 by The Hip Event Filed under Upcoming Events
Tags: dean k, manny the greek, north bergen, october social, r3ventures, real talent managment, river road, social on the hudson, sunday social, sunday social group, vinny mennella, Waterside Restaurant
The Hip Event is a full service boutique agency specializing in public relations, lifestyle marketing and special events catering to upscale industry clients with in the fashion and beauty; hospitality, dining and nightlife; as well as the entertainment and media industries. We deliver public relations and lifestyle marketing service in New York and New Jersey.
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text:
I guess I am on a spice kick right now, but then spices are the key ingredient in Middle Eastern food. I bought some sumac a while ago and have been meaning to make something with it and today is the day.
Sumac has a sour and vaguely lemony taste and grows wild in the Mediterranean and in much of the Middle East. It is a popular condiment in Turkey and Iran, where it's liberally sprinkled on kebabs and rice, or mixed with onions as an appetizer or salad. The Palestinians, Lebanese, Syrians and Egyptians add water and other spices to sumac to form a paste, and add it to meat, chicken and vegetable dishes. I only recently learned that sumac is related to poison ivy.
I decided to make a popular Palestinian dish, called Musakhan (which means 'something that is heated'), that is typically made in a taboun oven, but I will have to make due with my regular oven. My dream is to have an outdoor wood-fired oven someday so I can do some real slow cooking and baking.
As with all Middle Eastern dishes, there are numerous variations of this dish. Some are only with sumac, others with sumac and a combination of several different spices. I have chosen to make the dish with sumac, allspice, nutmeg and cinnamon.
Because the dish is cooked on top of flat bread, it is typically eaten with your hands, using the bread as a base to pick up the moist chicken and sauteed onions.
I got the flat bread above, called Saluf, at a Yemenite bakery around the corner from my house. They sell this flat bread that they made right in front of my eyes and they also sell Yemenite Shabbat bread called Kubaneh. It was very tempting to tear off some of the hot bread, but I behaved myself.
The dish was delicious. My husband I thought that I could have added a couple more tablespoons of sumac and next time I will cover the dish with foil before I put it in the oven. The bread was a little too crunchy on the top.
We did taste all of the spices and they gave off such a wonderful perfume in the house. I forgot about the pine nuts. Oh well.
This dish was even better the next day and the bread on the bottom was very soft and was infused with all of the juices and flavour from the chicken and spices. I am definitely making this again.
Adapted from recipes by Clifford A. Wright and Paula Wolfert
1 (1 1/2kg or 3lb) frying chicken, quartered
2 tablespoons ground sumac
1/2 teaspoon ground nutmeg
1/2 teaspoon ground allspice
1/2 teaspoon ground cinnamon
1/4 tsp. freshly ground black pepper
Sea salt (optional for kosher chicken)
Juice of 1 lemon
1kg (2lbs) red onions, peeled and thinly sliced
Olive oil
2 large Saluf (Yemenite flat bread), Lafa (Iraqi flat bread), khubz 'arabi (Arabic flat bread) or 1/4 kg (1/2 lb) of pita, split in half
1/4 cup pine nuts, toasted
2 heads of garlic, roasted
Rinse the chicken and pat dry. Trim off excess fat.
Combine the sumac, spices, salt and pepper. Set aside 2 teaspoons and mix the rest with the lemon juice. Rub into the chicken and marinate up to 1 day.
Place the onions in a large skillet, toss with 3 tablespoons of the olive oil, reserved spices, and a pinch of salt. Cover and cook gently 30 minutes. Set aside in a bowl. (Up to this point, the dish can be prepared 1 day in advance.)
Bring the chicken to room temperature and preheat the oven to 180C (350F). In the same skillet as used for the onions, heat 2 tablespoons olive oil, then lightly brown the chicken on all sides over a medium heat. Remove and set aside.
Cover a baking dish with two overlapping halves of the flat bread or several pita halves. Spoon half the onions over each, then arrange the chicken on top of the onions and cover with the remaining onions and the juices from the skillet.
Cover with the two remaining half leaves of flat bread or pita, tucking in the sides, crusty side up, and spray with water. Bake until the chicken is very tender and almost falling off the bone, approximately 1-1/ 2 hours. Check the chicken occasionally and cover the baking dish with aluminum foil before the top cover of the flat bread begins to burn.
Serve at once with a sprinkling of the pine nuts and roasted garlic.
5 Responses to "Sumac and Spice Makes Everything Nice"
That looks delicious! I find that sumac is a very interesting spice…
Fabulous. I'm going to make this dish right away! I used to keep sumac around the kitchen, but had forgotten about it. It lends a tempting color, and the lemony taste of it goes well with so many savory foods. Thanks for reminding me.
You haven't heard of "poison sumac"?
Hi Carol,
Yes, I have heard of poison sumac, but it never occurred to me that the two were related.
Poison sumac doesn't grow here in the Middle East. The sumac used as a spice here is Rhus coriaria. The berry cluster grows on tall trees. It is thought to have anti-oxidant properties. And it tastes good.
Poison sumac is Toxicodendron vernix or Rhus vernix is native to the New World and is a shrub rather than a tree. In the States grows staghorn sumac, which is edible and can be used to make a lemonade-like drink.


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At Renoir's Home, rue St-Georges (formerly The Artist's Studio, rue St.-Georges), 1876
Pierre-Auguste RenoirFrench, 1841-1919
Oil on canvas
18-1/8 x 15 in. (46 x 38.1 cm)
Norton Simon Art Foundation
© Norton Simon Art Foundation
On view
Renoir's only studio group portrait records an informal conversation among his friends in his Montmartre studio. The central figure holding a book and appearing to lead the discussion is the art critic and Renoir's biographer, Georges Rivière. The bald, bearded man partially hidden to the right is painter Camille Pissarro. Less definite are the identities of the other three men. The animated, delicate brushwork that dances over the surface is typical of Renoir's works of this period.
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Fact: Fashionistas love haute couture.
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ARCHIVED: Computational BiologyComputational Biology, part of the Research Technologies (RT) division of UITS, supports researchers who do biological computing, particularly in the areas of genomics, cell biology, and molecular biology. UITS provides application support, technical support, and software development support.
- Application support includes testing and licensing of software
that is broadly useful across academic departments that analyze
molecular data including biology, medicine, and anthropology.
- Technical support includes consulting with regard to data
management and choice of algorithms and statistical methods of data
- Software development includes investment of time assisting researchers developing software that poses challenges for which they lack resources to complete in a timely fashion.
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