text:
(Partnership Note, December 2007)
Key contacts:
Nguyen Tuong Van/Paula Williams (FSSP&P MARD)
Tel: 04 - 762 9412
Email: email@example.com
The Forest Sector Support Partnership (FSSP, or the Forestry Partnership) is a broad framework for collaboration between the Government of Vietnam and all stakeholders who take an interest in the forest sector in Vietnam. The FSSP Memorandum of Agreement (MOA) was signed in November 2001, and runs through 2010. Prior to the FSSP establishment, it was preceded by another partnership, the 5 Million Hectare Reforestation Partnership, which operated from 1998 through 2001. In 2006, the Forestry Partnership agreed to support implementation of the Vietnam Forestry Development Strategy (VFDS, 2006-2020), which was approved by the Prime Minister in February 2007.
FSSP provides a valuable means by which the Government, other national partners, and international partners can exchange information and views on strategic sector issues. The Partnership serves as a channel for coordinating dialogue and technical review of important issues, such as the 2004 revision of the Law on Forest Protection and Development, other legal documents, the forest sector 5-year plan (2006-2010), and the Vietnam Forestry Development Strategy. The Partnership has achieved this dialogue through meetings of its Partnership Forum, Partnership Steering Committee, Technical / Executive Committee, and more informal exchanges, including "virtual" or electronic dialogue, i.e., policy and technical review feedback from international partners via email.
In November 2006, the Forestry Partnership institutional structure was revised, to broaden the Partnership to all interested stakeholders, i.e., to include not only government, international donors and international non-governmental organizations, but also local non-governmental organizations, others in civil society, and both domestic and foreign private sector investors. The first Forestry Partnership Forum, open to all interested stakeholders, including local organizations and private investors, was held on 8 May 2007, and attracted 160 participants. This report has been prepared by the FSSP Coordination Office (FSSP CO), which serves as the secretariat for the Forestry Partnership and as the day-to-day management unit of the Trust Fund for Forests (TFF), which is supported by several FSSP partners. The report provides an update on major forest sector performance and Forest Sector Support Partnership activities during the past 6 months and some key activities planned for 2008.
Implementation of the Sector Strategy: The Partnership supports the implementation the Vietnam Forestry Development Strategy. The implementation is organized according to the five major programs of the Strategy:
• Program 1: Sustainable Forest Management and Development• Program 2: Forest Protection, Biodiversity Conservation, and Delivery of Environmental Services• Program 3: Forest Product Processing and Trade• Program 4: Research, Education, Training and Forestry Extension• Program 5: Renovating Forestry Institutions, Policy, Planning and Monitoring
Implementing the Vietnam Forestry Development Strategy in late 2007Early in 2007, the MARD Minister established five Coordination Sub-committees, one for each program of the Strategy, to plan and mobilize support for implementation of the respective programs. Each committee organized meetings in July and/or August, to review priorities for 2007-2010, and financial resources needed to implement these priorities, including government budget and current ODA support for each program.
The current estimates of overall funding needs for implementation of the VFDS for the period 2007-2010 are amount to 31 629 billion Vietnamese dong (VND), equivalent to 1.98 billion U.S. dollars (USD). Implementation will be funded by the Government of Vietnam, Official Development Assistance (ODA) sources, Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), and local enterprises and private sector, including households. Of the total amount, it is assumed that 14%, or USD 269 million, would come from ODA sources. Current ODA commitments amount to USD 125 million, or less than half the amount needed.
The upcoming Partnership Annual Review Meeting, in January 2008, will include a detailed review of the 2007 implementation progress of each of the five strategy programs. The following sections here highlight a few recent key forest sector developments under each program, especially noting those receiving Partnership support.
Program 1: Sustainable Forest Management and Development.
This program focuses on supporting sustainable forest management, of both natural forests and forest plantations, with a major emphasis on production forestry and production of forest seedlings. It also includes support to forest land allocation, community forestry, and non-timber forest products. MARD's Forestry Department (FD) is the focal point for this program.
On 10 September 2007, the Prime Minister promulgated Decision No 147/2007-QD-TTg on the Production Forest Policy for the period of 2007 – 2015. To encourage all economic actors to invest in forest plantations, the Government will support a part of initial costs. This support aims to connect development of production forests to forest product processing and trading, so that the plantations will be sustainable. This support will be provided to domestic organizations, households, individuals and community who are working with production forest, harvesting and processing forest products. Priority will be given to pro-poor communes that are in an extremely difficult situation to promote forestry development in those communes. Top priority will be given to production forestry in the Northwest Region, Central Highlands and mountainous communes in the Central Region. The overall objective is to plant 2 million hectares of production forest, which means establishment of 250,000 hectares annually (including replanting after harvesting). Work to develop this new policy was undertaken by the Ministry of Planning and Investment, working with MARD, and was supported by a TFF grant. KfW has carried out a study on possible direct budget support to the Production Forest Programme.
The 5 Million Hectare Reforestation Programme (5MHRP, also known as Programme 661) is the national target program for the forestry sector, with major investments from the government budget. It promotes both production forestry and improved management of protection and special-use forests. On 6 July 2007, the Prime Minister promulgated Decision No. 100/2007/QD-TTg, amending and supplementing a number of points of the Decision 661/QD-TTg of 29 July 1998 on objective, mission, policy and implementation of the 5MHRP. The Government Office also promulgated the Document No. 3681/VPCP-KTTH of 3 July 2007 about using the Programme 661 budget remaining from the period of 1999 – 2005. Some support for review and revision of 661 was provided by international FSSP partners.
For Programme 661, during the first 10 months of 2007, 2,099,452 ha were allocated for forest protection, which exceeds by 629,896 ha the targets planned by the Government (i.e. 42.8%). 730,412 ha were zoned for forest rehabilitation, which reaches 113.2% of the plan. In addition, 143,236 ha of forest were planted, of which 29,587 ha were in protection and special-use forests, and 113,649 ha in production forests. All different types of economic actors have been involved in the plantation of protection forests; nearly half of the production forest areas planted were supported by Programme 661, while the rest were planted by enterprises and households through their own efforts.
Moreover, most provinces have implemented the new regulation on forestry tree seeds: they have been trained on how to manage tree seeds and equipped for this activity. The reclassification of the three types of forest (production, protection, and special-use) has now been approved for 38 out of 61 provinces.
Another TFF grant is supporting a pilot programme on community forest management. Under these activities, MARD has issued Document No. 2324/BNN-LN on 21 August 2007, Guidelines on community forest harvesting procedures and technical indexes, and Document No. 1326/CV-LNCD on 7 September 2007, Guidelines on community forest management planning. This programme has also received support from the Community Forestry Working Group, in which several international FSSP partners have been active over the years.
MARD has also promulgated Decision No. 2242/QD-BNN-LN on 7 August 2007, approving the Action Plan on Conservation and Development of Non-timber Forest Products (NTFPs) for the period of 2007 – 2010. Work on this issue has received support from international FSSP partners, such as the World Conservation Union (IUCN).
Program 2: Forest Protection, Biodiversity Conservation, and Delivery of Environmental Services.This program focuses on supporting forest protection and conservation of biological diversity, and thus has a major emphasis on protection and special-use forests. It also supports ongoing work on payment for environmental services (PES). MARD's Department of Forest Protection is the focal point for this program.
Efforts are ongoing to improve forest protection, especially to reduce forest fires and illegal logging. MARD, with support from the European Union and World Bank, is undertaking a study related to Forest Law Enforcement and Governance (FLEG), which will be completed in 2008. Several international non-governmental organizations working in Vietnam are also working on related FLEG initiatives.
The Forest Protection Department is developing a comprehensive program for supporting the management of Special-Use Forests (SUF). Support for preparation of management plans for SUFs is being provided by the Vietnam Conservation Fund, funded by the Global Environment Facility and European Union, with technical assistance coming from the Trust Fund for Forests. The VCF comprises a component of the larger Forest Sector Development Project (FSDP), which also has major support from the World Bank.
Efforts to pilot payment for environmental services (PES) are getting underway in two provinces – Son La, with support from GTZ, and Lam Dong, with support from Winrock International. It is envisaged that in the future, payments for environmental services might be managed through the proposed new Fund for Forest Conservation and Development, which has been under preparation for the past few years. Several FSSP partners, including the Asian Development Bank (ADB), the World Conservation Union (IUCN), and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), have supported work on the formulation of this new Fund.
Program 3: Forest Product Processing and Trade.This program focuses on promotion of the processing and marketing of timber and non-timber forest products. As such, then, this program supports the efforts of many private sector initiatives, from small-scale to large-scale enterprises. MARD's Agro-forestry Processing and Salt Industry Department is the focal point for this program.
Several FSSP partners, including GTZ and WWF, are currently supporting efforts of MARD and other stakeholders to promote private sector investment in timber and NTFP processing and trade, including support for work on forest certification and chain-of-custody (CoC) issues. MARD and Provinces are very actively seeking to promote private sector investment in this area.
Program 4: Research, Education, Training and Forestry Extension (RETE).This program focuses on forestry research, education and training for those working in the forestry sector, and forestry extension. While it considers each of these elements individually, the program also aims to promote linkages among research, education, training, and extension, to provide responsive and demand-driven support to those managing Vietnam's forests and forest lands. MARD's Science and Technology Department (STD) is the focal point for this program.
Research is ongoing, along the lines developed in the Forestry Research Strategy. Work is underway to consider how best to prepare a comprehensive human resources development strategy for the sector. Meanwhile, considerable efforts are underway in the National Agricultural Extension Center, to develop extension services, including those related to forestry. A RETE network is already being piloted in Thua-Thien Hue Province, with support from the Swiss non-governmental organization, Helvetas, and the Netherlands non-governmental organization, SNV. Helvetas is also supporting preparation of a proposal for further development of RETE networks. The Netherlands, through its project supporting vocational training in forestry, is supporting preparation of a human resources development strategy.
Program 5: Renovating Forestry Institutions, Policy, Planning and Monitoring.This program focuses on overall reform and modernization of the forest sector institutions, updating of the policy and legal framework, and improving planning and monitoring. MARD's Forestry Department (FD) is the focal point for this program.
In addition to the legal documents already cited above, the Government, MARD, and Forestry Department have also issued a number of other important legal documents, many of which have received financial and/or technical support from the Partnership. A fuller listing of available documents can be found at: www.vietnamforestry.org.vn
The forest sector is working on development of comprehensive forest sector information systems and an integrated information technology (IT) portal. Work on this issue was authorized by the Minister, through Decision 3427 in November 2006. Some initial support has been provided by the Partnership, most notably through support to development of selected modules for Forest Sector Monitoring and Information Systems (FOMIS), such as the forest sector monitoring indicators and database, and the forestry ODA database (see further discussion below). The Vietnamese-German Forestry Programme has also developed a concept for support to monitoring and information systems to support sustainable forest management, tentatively named the Forest Management Information System (FMIS).
Some FSSP partners, notably the European Union and World Bank, are working with MARD on a forest sector fiscal and financing study, due to be completed in early 2008.
Partnership Secretariat (FSSP Coordination Office). The work of the Partnership secretariat, or FSSP Coordination Office, is organized according to 4 major result areas: (1) coordination activities; (2) communications and information activities; (3) functioning, or day-to-day management, of the Trust Fund for Forests; and (4) management of the FSSP Coordination Office.
Main activities implemented by the Partnership and FSSP CO in late 2007
Coordination activities• Partnership Forum and related events. The Forestry Partnership organized a Forum on "Socialisation of Forestry – Broadening Stakeholder Participation" on 8 May 2007. This event was the first Partnership meeting open to all stakeholders, including local organizations and private sector investors, both domestic and foreign. The following day, another forum targeted more specifically at private sector investors was organized by the MARD Planning Department, with support from the FSSP CO and GTZ on "Investment in the Forestry Sector in Vietnam - Opportunities and Challenges." As a follow-up event, FSSP is providing support to the Department of Forestry and the Institute for Policy and Strategy of Agriculture and Rural Development (IPSARD) to organize a national workshop on land consolidation for production forest plantations. The Center for International Research on Forestry (CIFOR) is also supporting this workshop. The meeting will be held on 4 December 2007. This meeting has also attracted great interest from the private sector.
• Technical/Executive Committee. The FSSP TEC held its 36th meeting on 12 October 2007. This meeting focused on reviewing FSSP activities during 2007, and also considered the Action Plans (2007-2010) prepared for implementation of the Vietnam Forestry Development Strategy. Another meeting is planned for mid-December 2007, to approve the 2008 Work Plan and Budget.
• Support to the six Regional Forestry Networks: Meetings were organized for each of the six networks in July and August 2007 to review the activities done in first half of 2007, and plan activities for second half of 2007. The FSSP CO is assisting the networks to mobilize resources to carry out their priority activities: FAO is providing support (about $114,000) to two Regional Forestry Networks (Northwest and Northeast) on dissemination and awareness-raising regarding the 2004 revision of the Law on Forest Protection and Development and other key legal documents in the forest sector. Discussions are ongoing with Forestry Department and GTZ on how to work with the regional forestry networks on forest policy issues.
• Support to the 5 Coordination Committees of Vietnam Forest Development Strategy (VFDS) Programs. Each committee organized meetings in July and August, to review priorities and resources, including government budget and current ODA support for each program, by updating their Program Action Plan for 2007-2010. The FSSP CO provided support to these committee meetings, and consolidated the action plans for discussion at the TEC meeting in October 2007. The FSSP CO is working with MARD leadership to seek more ODA funding, to support implementation of the VFDS. This issue will be further discussed at the FSSP Annual Review Meeting in mid-January 2008. Meanwhile, discussions are ongoing with the TFF donors about possible additional TFF support to key strategic issues for implementation of the VFDS.
• Coordination with other initiatives. The Partnership also puts considerable effort into coordination and information-sharing with a wide range of other initiatives, Ministries, departments, partnerships and experts. For example, the Forestry Partnership has been participating in the ongoing comparative analysis of all MARD partnerships, which is being undertaken with support from the Global Donor Platform for Rural Development.
Communications and information activities.• Forest Sector Monitoring and Information Systems (FOMIS). o The FOMIS indicator set has been revised with total of 76 indicators and organized in line with the Vietnam Forest Development Strategy (VFDS) and the forest sector 5-year plan. The baseline 2005 data for the revised indicator set has been collected and processed for putting into a structured database. Currently an analytical report of the baseline data is under preparation, which will be released in early 2008.o The forestry project ODA database has been recently updated. The FSSP CO analyzed the project data to show ODA by geographical regions, by the 5 programs of the strategy, and by year (for the period 2006 to 2010). Information from this database has also been used to indicate support for implementation of the VFDS action plans.• Communications. The FSSP CO continues to promote information sharing through its routine activities, such as operation of its website, and briefing numerous visitors about Partnership and sector activities. Currently work is ongoing to prepare a thematic newsletter on the topic of Monitoring and Evaluation, for publication at the end of 2007.
Trust Fund for Forests.• Board of Directors. The second BOD meeting was held on 28 June 2007, and third meeting on 23 November. At these meetings, TFF progress and initial ideas for future use of TFF to support implementation of the strategy were discussed.• Fiduciary Risk Assessment (FRA). The TFF donors and MARD agreed to carry out an assessment of possible fiduciary risks in the current management of the TFF. This mission was conducted in September, and a final report submitted in early November. Follow-up actions will be further discussed and agreed in late 2007-early 2008.• Other Key TFF Activities. The revised TFF Project Implementation Manual (PIM) was issued in September. In October, a proposed Pilot Programme for Support to the NTFP Sub-sector was appraised for possible TFF funding. MARD and TFF donors are discussing the extension of the initial phase of the TFF for one additional year, through the end of 2008, to allow more time to prepare the next phase.
FSSP Coordination Office.• Annual Work Plans and Budgets. The FSSP CO prepared a mid-year revision of the 2007 annual work plan and budget, which was approved in August 2007. In late 2007, the annual work plan and budget for 2008 has been drafted.• Future Plans for the FSSP CO. The CO has continued discussion with MARD leaders and donors on the future of CO, including its future integration into the Forestry Department. The CO has also been discussing with donors the need for additional funding for the core Partnership activities, funded via the FSSP CO Trust Fund, for the period 2008 – 2010.
Main activities to be implemented by the Partnership and FSSP CO in 2008
Coordination activities. In 2008, the Forestry Partnership will continue to place major focus on coordinating and mobilizing support to implementation of the Vietnam Forestry Development Strategy (VFDS) – an issue to be highlighted at the January 2008 Partnership Annual Review Meeting. FSSP will continue to support sector coordination, especially through the convening of meetings of the Forestry Partnership Forum, the TEC, the six Regional Forestry Networks, and the five Strategy Coordination Sub-Committees. The FSSP will also provide support to the Forestry Department and International Cooperation Department (ICD) of MARD to organize a very big event, the Asia-Pacific Forestry Commission and Asia-Pacific Forestry Week from 21 to 26 April. Later in the year, another Forestry Partnership Forum will be organized, perhaps in conjunction with National Forestry Day (28 November).
Communications and information activities. In 2008, efforts will be made to further develop the Forest Sector Monitoring and Information System (FOMIS). These efforts will be part of the larger initiative of the Forestry Department to develop Forest Sector Information Systems and an integrated Forest Sector Information Portal. As such, then, the FSSP CO will work with the Forestry Department and the Vietnamese-German Forestry Programme to begin to merge various information system initiatives and websites, and work will begin on development of new modules. The FSSP CO will be working on development of a legal document database module. For the forest sector indicators, the 2006-2008 data will be collated and processed as quickly as possible. In terms of communications and information sharing, the Partnership will support MARD to develop and implement overall communications strategy for the forest sector, as well as to continue to provide routine information sharing through the Partnership website, newsletter, etc.
Trust Fund for Forests. In 2008, the TFF Management Unit will work to develop a new Memorandum of Agreement and financing agreements with its funding donors. Efforts will be taken to strengthen monitoring and supervision of TFF grants, and to provide training for both TFF grant recipients and TFF Management Unit staff.
FSSP Coordination Office. In 2008, the FSSP CO will work with its core funding partners, to secure additional support for the Partnership activities for 2008-2010. Efforts will be taken to analyse different institutional options for the future merging of the CO into the Forestry Department, perhaps into a new division to be created.
Some Possible Success Indicators for 2008• Continuation of implementation of the Vietnam Forestry Development Strategy (2006-2020).• The Asia Pacific Forestry Commission will be held successfully in Hanoi with support from FSSP CO.• Greater FSSP support to decentralization of activities.• The Forest Sector fiscal and financial study will provide forest sector inputs into MARD's Medium-Term Expenditure Framework (MTEF).• The Forest Law Enforcement and Governance (FLEG) study will, in collaboration with other FLEG initiatives in Vietnam, will contribute to improved forest protection.• Information dissemination on key sector and partnership activities will be enhanced.• The Trust Fund for Forests management will be strengthened and aligned with MARD's administration system, and the TFF will support key forest sector strategic priorities (as identified in the Vietnam Forestry Development Strategy (VFDS), forest sector 5-year plan, and forest sector 2008 annual work plans).• The Forest Sector Monitoring and Information Systems (FOMIS) will be further developed at national level, i.e., for monitoring implementation of VFDS and 5-year plan, reporting on international environmental agreements, etc.
For further information, contact the FSSP Coordination Office, No. 6 Lane 42 Lieu Giai Street, Hanoi, Vietnam. Telephone: (84-4) 762 9412 Email: firstname.lastname@example.com: www.vietnamforestry.org.vn


text:
The official Hadoop homepage says "The Apache™ Hadoop™ project develops open-source software for reliable, scalable, distributed computing. The Apache Hadoop software library is a framework that allows for the distributed processing of large data sets across clusters of computers using a simple programming model. It is designed to scale up from single servers to thousands of machines, each offering local computation and storage. Rather than rely on hardware to deliver high-avaiability, the library itself is designed to detect and handle failures at the application layer, so delivering a highly-availabile service on top of a cluster of computers, each of which may be prone to failures…"
I suggest the following readings
- http://blogs.ischool.berkeley.edu/i290-abdt-s12/files/2012/08/BillGraham_IntroToHadoop_Aug30.pdf
- http://files.cloudera.com/pdf/whitepaper/Using-Cloudera-to-Improve-Data-Processing_WP_2012-09.pdf

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Ride in style with custom graphics and performance mirror lens options. The Fuel v.2 Sweat-X M includes our re-engineered Ergonomic Outrigger and our super-absorptive Sweat-X F.A.T. 3-layer face foam. This model brings technology and style to the front of the pack.
With an all new assortment of exciting strap graphics, the Gambler MX offers exceptional style, fit and performance to the next generation of MX riders. Specifically designed for the up-and-coming rider, with a price specifically designed for parents.
All-new custom frame graphics make a statement without breaking the bank. Engineered for a perfect fit and spec'd to provide the absolute best features at the lowest price, the Fuel v.1 is without a doubt the best value on the market. Nowhere else will you find so many features in a goggle this aggressively priced.


text:
10 Ways to Reinvent Your Look
Revamp your wardrobe, makeup, hair and more with our quick tips
By Petra Guglielmetti
Get your skin glowing
Foundation isn't the most thrilling makeup topic, but it makes a huge difference to your overall look. To get the most flawless finish, take your application technique up a notch with Alcone Non-Latex Sponges ($2.50 for six). A favorite of makeup artists, the sponges smoothly blend color and create the illusion of a perfect complexion. "I can\'t work without them," says New York–based celebrity makeup artist Susan Giordano. "They never crumble, they\'re washable, and the wedge shape makes it easy to get into corners," like the inner zones of the eyes and crevices around the nostrils. Another trick makeup pros use to get clients\' skin red-carpet radiant? Add a couple of drops of skin luminizer to foundation (try Revlon Skinlights Instant Skin Brightener or Benefit High Beam); the subtle shimmer gives skin a youthful, dewy look, and by reflecting light, helps minimize the appearance of fine lines and other flaws.


text:
New Jersey Court Cases and Opinions - NJ Legal Research
|Need Legal Help?
This court case was taken from the web sites of the NJ Courts. Search our site for more cases - CLICK HERE
Case Law - save on Lexis / WestLaw.
Original MSWord Version
This case can also be found at 178 N.J. 144, 836 A.2d 779.
(This syllabus is not part of the opinion of the Court. It has
been prepared by the Office of the Clerk for the convenience of the
reader. It has been neither reviewed nor approved by the Supreme Court. Please
note that, in the interests of brevity, portions of any opinion may not
have been summarized).
Argued March 3, 2003 -- Decided November 24, 2003
ALBIN, J., writing for a majority of the Court.
In this matter, the Court considers whether plaintiff is entitled to equitable relief from the dismissal of his complaint following his failure to timely serve an affidavit of merit that he had in his possession a few days after receipt of the defendant's answer.
Plaintiff's attorney filed a medical malpractice complaint against defendants alleging negligent treatment
of plaintiff's fractured left heel. Several months before filing suit, plaintiff's attorney retained
a board certified orthopedic surgeon to review plaintiff's records and provide an affidavit,
pursuant to the Affidavit of Merit statute, N.J.S.A. 2A:53A-26 to 29, attesting to
the merits of the claim. After receiving a verbal opinion from the surgeon,
plaintiff's attorney filed the complaint on May 31, 2000. On August 17, 2000,
defendants filed and served their answer and demanded, in part, the production of
a medical expert affidavit. Plaintiff's attorney claimed that the answer was incorrectly filed
in his office and that he did not see it until January 2001.
The Affidavit of Merit statute requires service of an affidavit on the defendant
with 120-days of the filing of the answer. Within ten days of the
filing of the answer, plaintiff's attorney received the signed affidavit of merit from
the surgeon, but he inadvertently failed to provide it to defense counsel. Discovery
proceeded. Defense counsel made no further request for the affidavit during the 120-day
Eighteen days after the statutory deadline, plaintiff's attorney was advised by defense counsel
during a telephone conversation that no affidavit had been served. Plaintiff's attorney faxed
the affidavit to defense counsel the same day. Approximately two weeks later, defendants
moved to dismiss the complaint with prejudice for failing to comply with the
Affidavit of Merit statute. The trial court granted the motion and the Appellate
Division affirmed.
1. Pursuant to the Affidavit of Merit statute, plaintiff must show that the
complaint is meritorious by obtaining an affidavit from an appropriate, licensed expert attesting
to the reasonable probability of professional negligence. The statute further requires that the
plaintiff provide the affidavit to the defendant within sixty days of the filing
of the answer or, for good cause shown, within an additional sixty-day period.
Finally, plaintiff's failure to serve the affidavit within 120 days of the filing
of the answer is considered tantamount to the failure to state a cause
of action, subjecting the complaint to dismissal with prejudice. (Pp. 6 8).
2. The Affidavit of Merit statute has dual purposes. Those purposes are to
weed out frivolous lawsuits early in the litigation while, at the same time,
ensuring that plaintiffs with meritorious claims will have their day in court. The
legislative purpose was not to create a minefield of hyper-technicalities in order to
doom innocent litigants possessing meritorious claims. Therefore, the Court has recognized two equitable
remedies that temper the results of an inflexible application of the statute. A
complaint will not be dismissed if the plaintiff can show that he or
she substantially complied with the statute. Further, a complaint will be dismissed without
prejudice if there are extraordinary circumstances to explain noncompliance. (Pp. 8 9).
3. Plaintiff's counsel did not meet the requirements of substantial compliance, nor did
the misfiling of the answer and failure to calendar the matter constitute extraordinary
circumstances. However, plaintiff's counsel complied with the underlying purpose of the statute by
having an expert verify the meritorious nature of the claim at an early
stage of the case. Defendants do not contend that they suffered prejudice by
the late service of the affidavit. Nor did defendants request the affidavit at
any point between the filing of the answer and the end of the
120-day statutory period. It was not until after the receipt of the affidavit
that defendants filed the motion to dismiss. Under those circumstances, the Court concludes
that defendants should be estopped from claiming entitlement to dismissal as a remedy.
(Pp. 9 12).
4. The Affidavit of Merit statute was intended to flush out insubstantial and
meritless claims that have created a burden on innocent litigants and detracted from
the many legitimate claims that require the resources of the civil justice system.
The statute was not intended to encourage gamesmanship or a slavish adherence to
form over substance. The statute was not intended to reward defendants who wait
for a default before requesting that the plaintiff turn over the affidavit of
merit. In a case where the plaintiff has in hand an affidavit within
the 120-day statutory period and serves the affidavit on defense counsel outside that
time frame but before defense counsel files a motion to dismiss, the defendant
shall not be permitted to file such a motion based on the late
arrival of the affidavit. If defense counsel files a motion to dismiss after
the 120-day deadline and before plaintiff has forwarded the affidavit, the plaintiff should
expect that the complaint will be dismissed with prejudice provided the doctrines of
substantial compliance and extraordinary circumstances do not apply. (Pp. 12 13).
5. To ensure that discovery related issues, such as compliance with the Affidavit
of Merit statute, do not become sideshows to the primary purpose of the
civil justice systemto shepherd legitimate claims expeditiously to trialthe Court proposes that an
accelerated case management conference be held within ninety days of the service of
an answer in all malpractice actions. At the conference, the court will address
all discovery issues, including whether an affidavit of merit has been served on
defendant. If an affidavit has been served, defendant will be required to advise
the court whether he or she has any objections to the adequacy of
the affidavit. If there is any deficiency in the affidavit, plaintiff will have
to the end of the 120-day time period to conform the affidavit to
the statutory requirements. If no affidavit has been served, the court will remind
the parties of the obligation. Early court intervention in the discovery process will
permit the Affidavit of Merit statute to fulfill its true purpose. This proposal
does not restrict the flexibility of trial courts to convene additional case management
conferences to facilitate the discovery process and motion practice. (Pp. 13 15).
The decision of the Appellate Division is REVERSED and the matter is REMANDED.
JUSTICE LONG wrote a separate opinion, concurring in part and dissenting in part,
in which JUSTICE ZAZZALI and JUDGE PRESSLER join, agreeing with the majority's decision
to reinstate the complaint, but disagreeing with the majority's rationale. Justice Long contends
that Cornblatt v. Barow,
153 N.J. 218 (1998), should be modified to limit
a dismissal with prejudice to those cases in which a plaintiff cannot or
will not produce an affidavit of merit, and to permit trial judges a
panoply of discretionary remedies to address procedural deficiencies in complying with the Affidavit
of Merit statute.
JUSTICE ZAZZALI wrote a separate opinion concurring in part and dissenting in part,
joined by JUDGE PRESSLER, expressing reservations about the constitutionality of the Affidavit of
Merit statute.
CHIEF JUSTICE PORITZ and JUSTICES LaVECCHIA and WALLACE join in JUSTICE ALBIN's
opinion. JUSTICE LONG filed a separate opinion, concurring in part and dissenting in
part, in which JUSTICE ZAZZALI and JUDGE PRESSLER, temporarily assigned, join. JUSTICE ZAZZALI
filed a separate opinion concurring in part and dissenting in part in which
JUDGE PRESSLER joins. JUSTICE VERNIERO did not participate.
Argued March 3, 2003 Decided November 24, 2003
On certification to the Superior Court, Appellate Division.
Mark R. Cuker argued the cause for appellants (Williams Cuker & Berezofsky, attorneys).
Jeremy P. Cooley argued the cause for respondents (Lenox, Socey, Wilgus, Formidoni, Brown,
Giordano & Casey, attorneys).
Abbott S. Brown argued the cause for amicus curiae, Association of Trial Lawyers
of America-New Jersey (Bendit Weinstock, attorneys).
Justice ALBIN delivered the opinion of the Court.
Plaintiff Agostino Ferreira, represented by Mark Cuker, Esq., filed a medical malpractice complaint against defendants Dr. Bruce Wulfsberg and Rancocas Orthopedic Associates. The complaint alleged that defendants negligent treatment of plaintiff for a fractured left heel caused an infection and the fracture not to heal properly. As a consequence, plaintiff suffered pain and economic hardship. The complaint, which detailed with specificity the acts of malpractice, alleged that defendants failed to use due care in (1) performing the surgery on plaintiffs left leg; (2) diagnosing the infection and bone fragments impinging on nerves; (3) removing bone fragments during surgery; (4) closing the wound; (5) prescribing antibiotics; (6) not consulting an appropriate infectious disease specialist; and (7) instructing the physical therapists on post-operative care. Additionally, plaintiffs wife asserted a per quod claim for loss of consortium.
Several months before filing suit, Cuker retained Dr. Gregory B. Shankman, a board certified orthopedic surgeon, to review plaintiffs medical records and determine whether the care defendants and others rendered to plaintiff fell outside acceptable professional standards. In the pre-suit stage, Dr. Shankman advised Cuker by telephone that, in his opinion, there was a reasonable probability that only defendants were negligent in their care of plaintiff, thereby eliminating two other potential defendants from being named in the complaint. During this period, Cuker sent Dr. Shankman an affidavit of merit to review and sign.
On May 31, 2000, the complaint was filed. On August 17, 2000, defendants filed their answer, which asserted several affirmative defenses and demanded the production of a medical expert affidavit. Cuker claims that the answer and the case information statement were misfiled in his office and not reviewed by him until January 2001. Within ten days of the filing of the answer, Cuker received Dr. Shankmans signed affidavit of merit, which, due to inadvertence, he failed to forward to defense counsel.
Discovery proceeded in the ordinary course. Plaintiff had 120 days after the filing of the answer in which to forward to defendants the affidavit of merit. During this 120-day period, defense counsel made no further request for the medical expert affidavit and did not participate in a telephonic case management conference. On January 3, 2001, eighteen days after the statutory deadline for delivering the affidavit of merit, Cuker had a telephone conversation with defense counsel, who brought to Cukers attention that defendants had not received a medical affidavit. Within hours of that conversation, Cuker faxed Dr. Shankmans affidavit to defense counsel.
On January 17, 2001, defendants moved to dismiss the complaint with prejudice for failure to comply with the Affidavit of Merit statute. The trial court granted the motion to dismiss, and the Appellate Division affirmed in an unpublished decision. We granted certification, 174 N.J. 193 (2002), and now reverse.
The Affidavit of Merit statute provides:
In any action for damages for personal injuries, wrongful death or property damage resulting from an alleged act of malpractice or negligence by a licensed person in his profession or occupation, the plaintiff shall, within 60 days following the date of filing of the answer to the complaint by the defendant, provide each defendant with an affidavit of an appropriate licensed person that there exists a reasonable probability that the care, skill or knowledge exercised or exhibited in the treatment, practice or work that is the subject of the complaint, fell outside acceptable professional or occupational standards or treatment practices. The court may grant no more than one additional period, not to exceed 60 days, to file the affidavit pursuant to this section, upon a finding of good cause.
The statute was one of five bills passed as part of a 1995
tort reform package designed to strike[] a fair balance between preserving a persons
right to sue and controlling nuisance suits. Palanque v. Lambert-Woolley,
404 (2001) (quoting Office of the Governor, News Release 1 (June 29, 1995));
Cornblatt, supra, 153 N.J. at 228.
See footnote 1 The statute imposes a set of procedural
requirements in order for a plaintiff to maintain a professional malpractice action.
supra, 153 N.J. at 228-29. First, the plaintiff must show that the complaint
is meritorious by obtaining an affidavit from an appropriate, licensed expert attesting to
the reasonable probability of professional negligence. N.J.S.A. 2A:53A-27; Palanque, supra, 168 N.J. at
404. Second, the affidavit must be provided to the defendant within sixty days
of the filing of the answer or, for good cause shown, within an
additional sixty-day period. N.J.S.A. 2A:53A-27; Burns v. Belafsky,
Third, the plaintiffs failure to serve the affidavit within 120 days of the
filing of the answer is considered tantamount to the failure to state a
cause of action, subjecting the complaint to dismissal with prejudice. N.J.S.A. 2A:53A-29; Palanque,
supra, 168 N.J. at 404; Cornblatt, supra, 153 N.J. at 247.
To ensure that discovery related issues, such as compliance with the Affidavit of Merit statute, do not become sideshows to the primary purpose of the civil justice system ¾ to shepherd legitimate claims expeditiously to trial ¾ we propose that an accelerated case management conference be held within ninety days of the service of an answer in all malpractice actions. Our rules already provide for case management conferences in civil cases. See R. 4:5B-1; R. 4:5A-1 (exempting civil commitment). Expediting the schedule in malpractice cases will further the intent of our Best Practice rules: to resolve potential discovery problems before they become grist for dueling motions. At the conference, the court will address all discovery issues, including whether an affidavit of merit has been served on defendant. If an affidavit has been served, defendant will be required to advise the court whether he has any objections to the adequacy of the affidavit. If there is any deficiency in the affidavit, plaintiff will have to the end of the 120-day time period to conform the affidavit to the statutory requirements. If no affidavit has been served, the court will remind the parties of their obligations under the statute and case law.
Our proposal does not restrict the flexibility of trial courts to convene additional case management conferences to facilitate the discovery process and motion practice. Our Best Practices rules contemplate that case management conferences should be held when something can be gained from it. 2 New Jersey Practice, Court Rules Annotated, Comment on R. 4:5B-2 (John H. Klock) (5th ed. Supp.2003-2004). The painful experience of our affidavit of merit jurisprudence reveals the compelling need for such conferences at an early stage before problems arise. Indeed, our proposal serves the very goal of case management; it will assist discovery...[and] promote the orderly and expeditious progress of the case. R. 4:5B-2. We trust that early court intervention in the discovery process will permit the Affidavit of Merit statute to fulfill its true purpose ¾ to bring a swift demise to frivolous lawsuits while allowing meritorious ones to have their day in court.
Diligence and attentiveness in the practice of law will spare plaintiffs attorneys from later seeking an equitable remedy that may not be available. Those members of the plaintiffs bar who follow the simple dictates of the statute will find no impediment to championing the causes of their clients.
The decision of the Appellate Division is reversed and the matter remanded for further proceedings.
CHIEF JUSTICE PORITZ and JUSTICES LaVECCHIA, and WALLACE join in JUSTICE ALBINs opinion. JUSTICE LONG filed a separate opinion concurring in part and dissenting in part in which JUSTICES ZAZZALI and JUDGE PRESSLER join. JUSTICE ZAZZALI filed a separate opinion concurring in part and dissenting in part in which JUDGE PRESSLER joins. JUSTICE VERNIERO did not participate.
A- 151 September Term 2001
AGOSTINO FERREIRA and
MARGARIDA FERREIRA, h/w,
Justice LONG, concurring in part and dissenting in part.
A- 151 September Term 2001
AGOSTINO FERREIRA and MARGARIDA FERREIRA, h/w,
Justice ZAZZALI, concurring in part and dissenting in part.
Article VI, section 2, paragraph 3 of the New Jersey Constitution provides that the Supreme Court shall make rules governing the administration of all courts in the State and, subject to the law, the practice and procedure in all such courts. In Winberry v. Salisbury, 5 N.J. 240, 247, 255, cert. denied, 340 U.S. 877, 71 S. Ct. 123, 95 L. Ed. 638 (1950), this Court interpreted that provision as providing the judicial branch with exclusive authority over court administration, including court practice and procedure. In reaching that determination, we observed that [r]ules of the court are made by experts who are familiar with specific problems to be solved and the various ways of solving them. Id. at 253. Underlying our holding in Winberry was the doctrine of separation of powers and its recognition that each branch of government is suited to make certain types of decisions and should exercise fully its own powers without transgressing upon the powers rightfully belonging to a cognate branch. Knight v. City of Margate, 86 N.J. 374, 388 (1981).
Winberry and its progeny instruct that whether a legislative enactment impermissibly overrides a court rule depends on the character of the enactment. If the statute in question involves procedural as opposed to substantive rights, the court rule generally prevails. See, e.g., Winberry, supra, 5 N.J. at 255 (concluding that court rules requiring appeal from final judgment within forty-five days prevailed over statute authorizing appeal within one year after judgment); Borough of New Shrewsbury v. Block 115, Lot 4, 74 N.J. Super. 1, 8 (App. Div. 1962) (holding that court rule, not statute, controls motions to reopen judgment under law governing tax foreclosures); In re J.M., 273 N.J. Super. 593, 599600 (Ch. Div. 1994) (finding that court rule mandating credit for time served must yield to statute authorizing denial of credit because statute addressed extent of punishment imposed for crime, a matter of substantive law for Legislature); cf. McKeown-Brand v. Trump Castle Hotel & Casino, 132 N.J. 546, 557-58 (1993) (construing statute that permitted award of attorney fees against nonprevailing party for frivolous litigation as applying only to parties and not attorneys to avoid declaring statute unconstitutional under Winberry).
In Winberry, we distinguished between substantive and procedural laws by their primary effects on the parties. Substantive law defines the parties rights and duties, whereas procedural law regulates the means through which those rights and duties are enforced. Winberry, supra, 5 N.J. at 247-48. In other words, [i]f it is but one step in the ladder to final determination and can effectively aid a court function, it is procedural in nature and within the Supreme Courts power of rule promulgation. Suchit v. Baxt, 176 N.J. Super. 407, 427 (App. Div. 1980).
Although Winberry expressed the substantive/procedural divide in rather clear terms, that distinction has been difficult to apply because statutes and rules can have both procedural and substantive implications. Knight, supra, 86 N.J. at 388-89. It occasionally happens that an underlying matter defies exact placement or neat categorization. Ibid. Adding to the complexity of the task is the fact that the separation between the legislative and judicial branches has never been watertight. Id. at 388 (quoting In re Salaries for Prob. Officers, 58 N.J. 422, 425 (1971)). Indeed, our precedent makes clear that, in the spirit of comity, we at times have shared authority over administration of the judicial system with the Legislature. See, e.g., id. at 391 (upholding statute prohibiting judicial employees from casino employment). In doing so, we have observed that the doctrine of separation of powers was never intended to create, and certainly never did create, utterly exclusive spheres of competence. In re Salaries for Prob. Officers, supra, 58 N.J. at 425.
Thus, our jurisprudence since Winberry demonstrates that the procedural characteristics of a legislative enactment do not necessarily determine the enactments fate. Knight, supra, 86 N.J. at 389 (recognizing that our post-Winberry decisions have made clear that [although] the judicial power is paramount and exclusive, it need not in every context or application be preclusive). Rather, judicial toleration of legislative intrusion has pivoted on a two-prong analysis. Initially, we have considered whether the judiciary has fully exercised its power with respect to the matter at issue. Id. at 389-90. In the absence of complete judicial action, we then have inquired into whether the statute serves a legitimate legislative goal, and, concomitantly, does not interfere with judicial prerogatives or only indirectly or incidentally touches upon the judicial domain. Id. at 391; cf. Suchit, supra, 176 N.J. Super. at 427 (finding court rule establishing medical malpractice panel was procedural device in view of its incidental effect on substantive rights and express purpose -- i.e., expediting the disposition of cases). In other words, we have accommodated legislative enactments touching on integral areas of the judicial system only when those enactments have not in any way interfered with this Courts constitutional obligation to insure a proper administration of the court system. Passaic Cty. Prob. Officers Assn v. County of Passaic, 73 N.J. 247, 255 (1977) (emphasis added); see also Knight, supra, 86 N.J. at 391 (upholding statutory prohibition on employment of members of judiciary by casino licensees based on finding that statute dealt with important legislative concern and did not conflict with Courts exercise of judicial powers).
In the context of this case, the relevant question, and my concern, is whether the statute, which not only declares an affidavit of merit to be an element of a professional malpractice cause of action but also requires it to be filed and served within a specific and strict period of time, impinges upon this Courts constitutional power to regulate practice and procedure. See footnote 2
I do not believe the Affidavit of Merit statute is akin to a statute of limitations, which would be within the Legislatures province. Rather, in my view, the mandatory time constraints at the heart of the statute are clearly procedural and were recognized as such by the Legislature itself, which described the statute as establishing new procedures. Assembly Insurance Committee, Statement to Senate Bill No. S-1493, at 1 (June 1, 1995); Senate Commerce Committee, Statement to Senate Bill No. S-1493, at 1 (Nov. 10, 1994).
As we observed in Cornblatt, supra, 153 N.J. at 238, the provision for filing an affidavit of merit imposes a pleading requirement. Pleading requirements fall clearly within this Courts rule-making prerogatives. See generally R. 4:5 to 4:9. However, our court rules may be regarded as not specifically addressing affidavits of merit despite Rule 4:5-1s interdiction of any pleadings other than those enumerated therein. It is thus debatable whether this Court has fully occupied the pleading field precluding legislative action. If we assume that legislative action is not entirely prohibited, either because the statute blends substance and procedure or because the Court has not fully occupied the field, we then would have to determine whether the legislative action meets the second prong of the Knight analysis. That requires balancing the legitimacy of the governmental purpose with the extent of the statutes burden on the exercise of our judicial authority over court practice and procedure.
As we have said on numerous occasions, the Legislature enacted the Affidavit of Merit statute to weed out frivolous lawsuits at an early stage and to allow meritorious cases to go forward by requiring plaintiffs to make a threshold showing of the merits of their claim during the pleading stage. E.g., Galik v. Clara Maass Med. Ctr., 167 N.J. 341, 350 (2001). Reducing the number of frivolous claims is a commendable governmental purpose that is closely linked to the efficient administration of justice.
Notwithstanding the legitimacy of the legislative objective, it may be difficult to reconcile the strict pleading requirements contained in the statute with our flexible approach to pleading, a keystone of our procedural jurisprudence that is reflected in both our court rules and case law. See footnote 3 That irreconcilability may result in an untenable burden on the exercise of our judicial authority over practice and procedure.
For example, as we interpreted the statute in Cornblatt, failure to comply with the strict temporal requirements of the statute requires dismissal with prejudice except in extraordinary circumstances. That result is contrary to our rules of practice and their spirit in several respects. It is incompatible with our aversion to dismissing complaints for failure to state a claim pursuant to Rule 4:6-2(e). It conflicts with Rule 4:37-2(a), which provides that dismissal for failure to comply with a procedural rule is presumptively without prejudice. And, it is inconsistent with our liberal approach to amendments to pleadings pursuant to Rule 4:9-1. See Pressler, Current N.J. Court Rules, supra, comment on R. 4:9-1 (explaining that [t]he motion for leave to amend is required by the rule to be liberally granted and without consideration of the ultimate merits of the amendment).
Moreover, dismissing a claim for failure to comply with a procedural hurdle disserves both the legislative goal of preserving meritorious malpractice actions and the broader raison d être of our court rules -- achieving substantial justice on the merits. As Justice Long notes in her concurrence, procedural slip-ups in filing or service . . . do not go to the heart of a professional malpractice claim. Slip op. at 3. Instead, those slip-ups should properly be regarded as curable deficiencies in pleadings that are traditionally left to a courts discretion under our court rules.
Finally, there is an apparent conflict between the affidavit-of-merit requirement and the express instruction of Rule 4:5-7 that no technical forms of pleading are required . Pleadings are formal allegations by the parties . . . of their respective claims and defenses, with the intended purpose being to provide notice of what is to be expected at trial. Blacks Law Dictionary 1152 (6th ed. 1990). By requiring plaintiffs to provide an affidavit demonstrating the strength of their negligence claim in order to state a claim for professional malpractice, the statute appears to impose a technical pleading requirement. As a result, courts adhering to the Affidavit of Merit statute, in turn, may violate the provisions of Rule 4:5-7.
In sum, the conflicts between our rules and the Affidavit of Merit statute, coupled with the fine distinctions that we have drawn to avoid the injustice that flows from the statutes strict application, suggest a possible constitutional infirmity.
We would not be alone in concluding that an affidavit-of-merit statute is an improper legislative incursion into the judicial domain. In Hiatt v. Southern Health Facilities, Inc., 626 N.E.2d 71, 72 (Ohio 1994), the Supreme Court of Ohio reached a similar conclusion. The Ohio Constitution, like ours, vests exclusive power over practice and procedure with the judiciary. Id. at 72 n.1. In Hiatt, the Supreme Court of Ohio considered a statute that required a plaintiff in a malpractice action to attach to the complaint an affidavit, in which either the plaintiff or his or her attorney verified that the plaintiff had attempted to obtain medical records. Id. at 73. The court found that the statutory requirement conflicted with a court rule that expressly provided that pleadings did not have to be verified or accompanied by an affidavit. Ibid. Citing to the constitutional provision vesting Ohios judiciary with exclusive power over practice and procedure, the court held that the court rule prevailed, rendering the statute invalid. Ibid. Thus, at least one other court has concluded that an affidavit-of-merit statute raises separation-of-powers concerns.
Fifty years ago we warned that [i]t would . . . defeat the desired objectives of simplicity and flexibility in procedure, if statutory procedures might be grafted on the rules of the court. State v. Otis Elevator Co., 12 N.J. 1, 17 (1953). Experience has affirmed the Otis fears: conditions have become more complex and less flexible. If the Legislature simply had required that plaintiffs file an affidavit of merit early in the process subject to the Rules of the Supreme Court, there would be less conflict with our procedural rules. Our Legislature wisely has followed that course in a number of contexts. See, e.g., N.J.S.A. 2A:34-9 (providing that jurisdiction in nullity-of-marriage proceedings may be acquired when [p]rocess is served upon the defendant as prescribed by the rules of the supreme court [sic]); N.J.S.A. 27:23-34.3(d) (providing that service of complaints and summonses charging violation of toll-collection monitoring system may be made by means provided by the Rules Governing the Courts of the State of New Jersey); N.J.S.A. 39:6A-28 (providing that [c]ompensation for arbitrators [under the New Jersey Reparation Reform Act] shall be set by the Rules of the Supreme Court of New Jersey). Those statutes demonstrate that a revised Affidavit of Merit statute and our constitutionally prescribed rule-making power can co-exist in a similar manner.
The Affidavit of Merit statute has important and laudable goals and should not be disregarded without due consideration. Were we to conclude that the statute is constitutionally suspect, it may be subject to judicial surgery. We have engaged in surgery to excise constitutional defects while preserving legislative intent. Hamilton Amusement Ctr. v. Verniero, 156 N.J. 254, 280 (1998), cert. denied, 527 U.S. 1021, 119 S. Ct. 2365, 144 L. Ed.2d 770 (1999). In this instance, however, it may be more prudent for the Legislature to take corrective action, following the examples set forth in the prior paragraph. Such action would obviate the constitutional concerns that I have expressed.
In the eight years following the enactment of the Affidavit of Merit statute, we have interpreted and applied the statute on numerous occasions. During those years, we have not addressed comprehensively the statutes constitutionality. In the meantime, the public, the parties, and the courts have dealt with a torrent of litigation that unduly has burdened litigants as well as our trial and appellate courts. We could not have forecasted that flood five years ago when, in Cornblatt, we found it unnecessary and inappropriate to deal conclusively with the issue[]. Cornblatt, supra, 153 N.J. at 248. And, what is past being prologue, the burden on our courts may worsen. It is never too late to address a constitutional problem. As we have noted in other contexts, [w]isdom too often never comes, and so one ought not to reject it merely because it comes late. Immer v. Risko, 56 N.J. 482, 495 (1970) (quoting Hensell v. Union Planters Natl Bank, 335 U.S. 595, 600, 66 S. Ct. 290, 293, 93 L. Ed. 259, 264 (1949) (Frankfurter, J., dissenting)).
Judge Pressler joins in this opinion.
ON CERTIFICATION TO Appellate Division, Superior Court
AGOSTINO FERREIRA and
DECIDED November 24, 2003
Footnote: 1 Justice Zazzalis concurring opinion suggests that the Affidavit of Merit statute is unconstitutional because it violates the separation of powers. That issue was not raised before this Court or below by the parties to this case. We do not consider Justice Zazzalis constitutional analysis because it would be unfair to the defendant who has never had the opportunity to address the issue. We note that in Cornblatt this Court rejected the notion that the Legislature lacked constitutional authority to enact the Affidavit of merit statute. Cornblatt, supra, 153 N.J. at 248 ([T]he constitutional principle of separation of powers in this context is not implicated. It is within the Legislatures authority to define a cause of action to include a limitations period within which the plaintiff must act.)(citation omitted). In the more than half-dozen cases in which this Court has grappled with the Affidavit of Merit statute since Cornblatt, no one has questioned, and this Court has never revisited, the statutes constitutionality.
Footnote: 2 It is noteworthy that an editorial published in the New Jersey Law Journal after the enactment of the Affidavit of Merit statute characterized the affidavit requirement as an unmistakable legislative attempt to control practice and procedure in a lawsuit already before the court. A Litigators Predicament, 142 N.J.L.J. 24 (Dec. 11, 1995). Observing that [p]redicament is defined as a troublesome, embarrassing or ludicrous situation, the editorial concluded that all three adjectives appropriately described the legislatively mandated affidavit of merit. Ibid. The editorial expressed hope that the dangerous legislation would attract [our] attention soon and that when it did, we would seize upon the Winberry violation as a means to rid [malpractice litigators] of this entire unfortunate enactment. Ibid.
Footnote: 3 Rule 4:5-7 provides that [e]ach allegation of a pleading shall be simple, concise and direct, and no technical forms of pleading are required. All pleadings shall be liberally construed in the interest of justice. (Emphasis added). Our general reluctance to dismiss complaints for failure to state a claim pursuant to Rule 4:6-2(e) further evinces our liberal approach to pleadings. See Printing Mart-Morristown v. Sharp Elecs. Corp., 116 N.J. 739, 772 (1989) (requiring courts to accord a meticulous and indulgent examination to complaint when determining whether to dismiss for failure to state claim); Pressler, Current N.J. Court Rules, comment 4.1 on R. 4:6-2 (2004) (instructing that if a cause of action can be gleaned from even an obscure statement, a claim should not be dismissed). Read together, the rules on pleadings reflect our overall goal of accomplishing substantial justice on the merits by not closing the courtroom doors to a party whose only failure is a procedural or technical mistake that causes no prejudice to other litigants. See Melone v. Jersey Cent. Power & Light Co., 18 N.J. 163, 174 (1955) (emphasizing that the aim of [our court] rules is substantial justice); Handelman v. Handelman, 17 N.J. 1, 11 (1954) (describing general purpose of rules as an effort to broaden the procedural powers of our courts to the end that just dispositions on the merits may be facilitated and determinations on the basis of procedural niceties may be avoided).
This archive is a service of Rominger Legal.
LEGAL HELP FORUM - Potential Client ? Post your question.
LEGAL HELP FORUM - Attorney? Answer Questions, Maybe get hired!
LAW - All 50 States - Federal Courts - Try
it for FREE
now have full text legal news
drawn from all the major sources!!
Ask Your Legal Question Now.
Pennsylvania Lawyer Help Board
Find An Attorney
Created and Developed by
Rominger Legal
Copyright 1997 - 2010.
A Division of


text:
- << Previous photo
- Next photo >>
Outdated Internet Browser Detected
The Internet Browser you are using cannot establish a secure connection to SummitRacing.com which will prevent you from being able to Log In or Checkout. This is most likely because SSL 3.0 is your default SSL setting. This makes you vulnerable to the "POODLE exploit" and to ensure your security, it is not allowed on our site. Please change your browser security settings to not allow SSL 3.0 or attempt to update your browser using these links.
Shop Our Store
More Ways To Shop
Select your preferred location and we'll note which parts are ready to be picked up TODAY.
T-Shirt, Short Sleeve, Cotton, Black, Klotz Synthetic Lubricants Logo, Men's 2X-Large, Each
Estimated Ship Date: Today Would you rather pick it up? Select Location
View Similar Products
Brand: Klotz
Manufacturer's Part Number: KL-713XXL
Part Type: T-Shirts
Product Line: Klotz Synthetic Short Sleeve T-Shirts
Summit Racing Part Number:
T-Shirt Sleeve Style: Short
T-Shirt Size: Men's 2X-Large
T-Shirt Color: Black
T-Shirt Material: Cotton
T-Shirt Logo (Front): Klotz Synthetic Lubricants
T-Shirt Logo Style (Front): Silk screen
T-Shirt Logo (Rear): Klotz Synthetic Lubricants
T-Shirt Logo Style (Rear): Silk screen
Quantity: Sold individually.
In-Store Pickup: Choose In-store pick-up (OH, GA, NV) on our web site.
Are you going to the track but have nothing racy to wear? These Klotz Synthetic short sleeve T-shirts will keep you in style. They're durable, yet lightweight enough for summer wear. The Klotz logo is on the left chest and across the back. Different colors are available.
Some parts are not legal for sale or use in California on any pollution-controlled motor vehiclesBack To Results


text:
Events in March
People are getting ready for the festive opening of the flower and water sports seasons.
Romantic Fashions: Mr Darcy meets Eline Vere10/11/14
The 19th century was a special era in which many social changes occurred. Fashion played an important role because it allowed people to show what they believed in. To capture this era in fashion, Gemeentemuseum Den Haag is organising a wonderful exhibition with countless gorgeous costumes and many unique accessories.Read More
Portrait Gallery of the Golden Age11/29/14
Series of unique portraits from the 17th and 18th centuries at the Hermitage Amsterdam.Read More
The Frick Collection – Art treasures from New York2/5/15
See 36 top works from this unique collection exclusively at the Mauritshuis.Read More
5 Days Off3/4/15
Cutting-edge electronic music festivalRead More
The Hague Half Marathon3/8/15
Add a physical and sporty challenge to your stay in Holland.Read More
HISWA Amsterdam Boat Show3/11/15
The opening of the sailing seasonRead More
TEFAF Maastricht3/13/15
The world's leading art and antique fair.Read More
Movies that Matter3/19/15
Amnesty International's international film and debate festival.Read More
The best place to see tulips in Holland is Keukenhof. Keukenhof is a park with 7 million flower bulbs surrounded by tulip fields.Read More


text:
Public Health News Roundup: August 16
TFAH: U.S. Adult Obesity Rates Relatively Level, But Still Extremely High
Though adult obesity rates are level in all states except Arkansas, the rates are still far too high, according to F as in Fat: How Obesity Threatens America's Future 2013, a new report from the Trust for America's Health (TFAH) and the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation. The plateau comes after mostly 30 years of rising rates. No state had higher than a 15 percent obesity rate in 1980; today every state is about 20 percent and 13 states have rates higher than 30 percent. "While stable rates of adult obesity may signal prevention efforts are starting to yield some results, the rates remain extremely high," said Jeffrey Levi, PhD, executive director of TFAH. "Even if the nation holds steady at the current rates, Baby Boomers—who are aging into obesity-related illnesses—and the rapidly rising numbers of extremely obese Americans are already translating into a cost crisis for the healthcare system and Medicare. In order to decrease obesity and related costs, we must ensure that policies at every level support healthy choices, and we must focus investments on prevention." Read more on obesity.
Soda Consumption Tied to Higher Aggressive Behavior in Kids
Soda consumption is tied to higher aggressive behavior in kids, according to a new study in The Journal of Pediatrics. Study authors cautioned that the increase may not be apparent in individuals and the study does not show causation. However, previous studies have demonstrated a link between soda consumption and violent behavior. The researchers analyzed data of mothers' assessment of their children's aggressiveness, including acts such as destroying their belongings or the belongings of others. On an aggression scale of 0-100, kids who drank no soda scored an average of 56, kids who drank one scored 57, who drank two scored 58, who drank three scored 59 and who drank at least four scored 62. Janet Fischel, director of developmental and behavioral pediatrics in the department of pediatrics at Stony Brook University School of Medicine in New York, who was not involved in the study, believes it represents a strong first step. "I think it's really important and a giant first step in gathering an evidence base for what's becoming a very widespread dietary habit. I think that's really important." Read more on pediatrics.
People with Insomnia Need Regular Exercise, Not a Quick Trip to the Gym
It takes time for exercise to help cure insomnia, so people shouldn't expect one trip to the gym to do the trick, according to a new study in the Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine. "The message here is that exercise is not a quick fix, which I don't really think is discouraging at all," said study author Kelly Baron, director of the Behavioral Sleep Medicine Program with the Feinberg School of Medicine at Northwestern University in Chicago. "Our previous work found that exercise over a 16-week period is very effective in promoting sleep, on par with any kind of medication. But like with weight loss or any sort of behavioral change, it doesn't happen immediately. You have to measure progress over months, not day-to-day." Baron said it is important for people with insomnia to make exercise a part of their routine, planning ahead and being sure to make it a regular endeavor. She also noted that a poor night of sleep makes it less likely for someone to exercise the next day, further emphasizing the need for routine. Approximately 14 percent of the population experiences chronic insomnia. Read more on physical activity.


text:
|List A - Z | Top 1000 | Random | Origins
GravesRate Graves: Do you like this name?
Get creative with Graves | Add to list (0)
Meaning and name origin
Graves \g-ra-ves\ as a boy's name is of Old English origin. Place name. Commemorates an area near a community burial ground. Poet Robert Graves; architect Michael Graves; actor Rupert Graves.
Graves is not a popular first name for males but a very popular surname or last name for all people (#276 out of 88799) (2000 U.S. Census).
Displayed below is the baby names popularity of Graves name for boys (2012 statistics).
© 2014 Think Baby Names
Home - About - Terms - Privacy - Contact


text:
What does EEG mean in Unclassified?
This page is about the meanings of the acronym/abbreviation/shorthand EEG in the Miscellaneous field in general and in the Unclassified terminology in particular.
electro encephalo gram
Find a translation for EEG in other languages:
Select another language:
What does EEG mean?
- electroencephalogram.
Discuss this EEG abbreviation with the community:
Use the citation below to add this abbreviation to your bibliography:
"EEG." Abbreviations.com. STANDS4 LLC, 2014. Web. 22 Dec. 2014. <http://www.abbreviations.com/term/1452949>.
EEG also stands for:
- Beyin Akim Grafigi
- Electro Encephalogram
- Electro-EncephaloGram
- electroencaphalogram
- ElectroEncephaloGram
... and 14 more »
Nearby & related abbreviations:
Alternative search:
- Search electro encephalo gram on Amazon.com
- Search electro encephalo gram on Google


text:
Ponchos have been used by the Native American peoples of the Andes since pre-Hispanic times and are now considered typical South American garments. But these coats serve nowadays not only as a national cloth but also have become an inevitable part of every stylish woman's wardrobe. This cotton poncho with with pink and red flowers is hand knitted and embroidered. It is perfect for children. You won't lose track of your daughter when she is wearing this vibrantly colored flowered poncho. This poncho is perfect for a crisp fall day and is sure to keep your child warm while looking fashionable. Typically it takes 1-2 weeks to complete a poncho. Fits a child size 3-8.
- Blog
- Sell
- Switch to Mobile Version
- What is GlobeIn?
- Customer Support
- Call: (415) 294-1490


text:
JamtonToday is a BIG day!!!!!
Okay, so this is a big big day for this Goal. I have been gradually weaning myself off my Citalopram, I was on 20mg a day, so I decided for the last pack I would break each tablet in half and have 10mg instead. Of course this meant they lasted twice as long, which is annoying, but my health is more important than my desperation to get off the medication. I have had a fair few days where I have forgotten to take them all together, but I think that has helped with the process, making it more gradual.
So, the big news, today is my LAST ANTIDEPRESSANT EVER!! Okay that might be quite a bold statement (especially as I currently take an antidepressant as a pain relief for vulvodynia), and of course I can't predict what is going to happen in the future, I may be struck down with depression again, but I have already been through it now, and I can recognise the signs. Hopefully hindsight can prevent a relapse.
It's been a long, LONG road, overcoming my depression. It's been nearly two solid years now, that I've felt there's no hope. Finally I can see the light. In fact, I've already seen the light, and come through the other end. Of course I still get down, but I wouldn't be human if I didn't, but I sincerely believe that my depression is gone. So to anyone who believes that it is impossible to cure, I'm living proof that if you want it badly enough it will happen, it just takes time and patience.
I realise that compared to many people my bout of depression is nothing. There are people out there who have suffered every day for the majority of their lives, but people do care. I have received so much support, from forums, from the people on 43Things, and from friends and family.
I just want to thank everyone on 43Things who has helped me, cheering my goals, leaving comments when I have felt like there's no hope, and generally just creating a feeling of support by their presence.
Right, tearful speech over :p So yeah… Now I only have to get off my Amityptaline (sp?) and my acne medication, and I will be completely medication free!! :D 2 years ago


text:
|Einstein for Everyone
Back to main course page
John D. Norton
Department of History and Philosophy of Science
University of Pittsburgh
Here's an introductory puzzle. In the totality of our intellectual heritage, which book is most studied and most edited? The answer is obvious: the Bible. But which is the most studied and edited work after it? That is a little harder to say. The answer comes from a branch of science that we now take for granted, geometry. The work in Euclid's Elements. This is the work that codified geometry in antiquity. It was written by Euclid, who lived in the Greek city of Alexandria in Egypt around 300BC, where he founded a school of mathematics. Since 1482, there have been more than a thousand editions of Euclid's Elements printed. It has been the standard source for geometry for millennia. It is only in recent decades that we have started to separate geometry from Euclid. In living memory--my memory of high school--geometry was still taught using the development of Euclid: his definitions, axioms and postulates and his numbering of them.
Oxyrhynchus papyrus showing fragment of Euclid's Elements, AD 75-125 (estimated)
Title page of Sir Henry Billingsley's first English version of Euclid's Elements, 1570
Oliver Byrne's 1847 edition of the first 6 books of Euclid's Elements used as little text as possible and replaced labels by colors.
A recent edition from Dover.
This long history of one book reflects the immense importance of geometry in science. We now often think of physics as the science that leads the way. In the seventeenth century, Newton found one simple system of physics that worked for both the heavens and the earth. That set a standard of achievement that the other sciences sought to emulate. Newton, however, was learning from another science that already set an enduring standard of achievement: geometry.
We can identify two reasons for the importance of Euclid's Elements in our understanding of the foundations of science: its structure and the certitude of its results.
First, Euclid's Elements solved an important problem. When we have a large body of knowledge, such as we have in geometry, how are we to organize it? We know many simple things in geometry: the sum of the angles of a triangle are always 180 degrees. And we know more complicated things. A 3-4-5 sided triangle is a right angled triangle. And even more complicated things. As Pythagoras found, in a right angled triangle, the sum of the areas of the squares erected on the two shorter sides is equal in area to of a square erected on the hypotenuse.
So, as our knowledge grows, how are we to organize it so that we capture in it all the truths that we want and do not let in things that don't property belong there? Euclid employed a quite profound method, deductive systematization. His elements were structured according to a series of propositions:
All the definitions, axioms, postulates and propositions of Book I of Euclids Elements are here.
Once this structure is adopted, the problem of knowing just what really belongs in geometry is reduced to matters of deductive inference. Is this or that a truth of geometry? The question is answered by determining whether it can be deduced from Euclid's postulates and axioms. Do you doubt that this is a truth of geometry? Then you must show where Euclid's proof broke down. Eventually, as you trace the proof's back to their sources, you end up seeing that the truth of the result derives ultimately from the truth of postulates and axioms. And their truth is so obvious as to admit no doubt. Who wants to say that you cannot always draw a straight line between any two given points?
In the seventeenth century, with new-found confidence, natural philosophers rebuilt all learning from scratch, discarding the wisdom of antiquity as flawed. In that effusion of new investigation, one achievement stood unchallenged. That was Euclid's Elements. Indeed its premier position was reinforced when the structure it gave to geometrical knowledge was adopted by Newton to codify his new mechanics. Like Euclid, Newton listed definitions and, where Euclid gave axioms and postulates, Newton gave his celebrated three laws of motion. Euclid's Elements became the template for organizing knowledge, be it a new science such as Newton's or even knowledge outside science.
Second, the enduring success of Euclid's Elements assured us that some things could be known with certainty. While the knowledge of antiquity collapsed, geometry thrived as the method central to Newton's discovery and also the template for his organization of his new mechanics. The idea of that sort of certainty is familiar today. We are used to the idea that some branches of study do not need fragile experiments to verify them. There is no point in counting two apples and then two apples into a basket to verify that 2+2=4; and then doing it again with pears or pineapples, just to be sure. Arithmetic does not need it. 2+2 does not just happen to be 4; it has to be 4. There is no other possibility.
So Euclid's geometry and Newton's physics bequeathed to thinkers the problem of understanding just how this level of certitude was possible. Our modern minds are steeped in the idea that knowledge of the world comes from experience and new experience can always overthrown old learning. By the eighteenth century, the sense was widespread that Euclid and Newton had found the final truths of geometry and mechanics. The philosophical problem was to determine how this was possible.
|One of the most influential thinkers of all time, the eighteenth century philosopher Immanuel Kant, provided an enduring answer. There are some types of knowledge that are both synthetic and a priori, he declared. They are synthetic in the sense that they say more of their subjects than are given by the subject's definition; they are a priori in the sense that they can be know prior to experience of the subject. Arithmetic and geometry were Kant's premier examples of synthetic a priori knowledge. According to Kant, it is a synthetic, a priori truth that 7+5=12; and it is a synthetic, a priori truth that the sum of the angles of all triangles is 180 degrees.
|"A triangle has three sides." is analytic, since the
definition of triangle includes the idea that is has three sides.
"A triangle's angles sum to 180 degrees." is synthetic, since this summation to 180 degrees is not part of the definition of a triangle. It is an addition.
Immanuel Kant
These ideas provide our starting point. We shall see in later
chapters that matters take a very different turn in the nineteenth century.
Nineteenth century mathematicians realized that the eighteenth century certainty of geometry was mistaken. Geometry was an empirical science. It reported the way our space happened to to be, not the way it had to be. If that was so, other geometries were possible and our experience of space might well have been different. In the nineteenth century, these were regarded as possibilities that were unrealized. Nature had many choices but, they thought, she chose Euclid's system.
This realization of the mere possibility of geometries
other than Euclid's was shocking. Greater shocks were in store. In the
twentieth century, Einstein delivered the final
insult to Euclid. He found through his general theory of relativity that
a non-Euclidean geometry is not just a possibility that Nature happens not to
use. In the presence of strong gravitational fields, Nature chooses these
All this is coming in later chapters. Now, it's back to Euclid.
|The geometry of Euclid's Elements is based on five postulates. They assert what may be constructed in geometry. Let us start by reviewing the first four postulates. The first postulate is:
|For a compact summary of these and other postulates, see Euclid's Postulates and Some Non-Euclidean Alternatives
1. To draw a straight line from any point to any point.
This postulates simple says that if you have any two points--A and B, say--then you can always connect them with a straight line.
It is tempting to think that there is no real content in this assertion. That is not so. This postulate is telling us a lot of important material about space. Any two points in space can be connected; so space does not divide into unconnected parts. And there are no holes in space such as might obstruct efforts to connect two points.
The second postulate is:
2. To produce a finite straight line continuously in a straight line.
It tells us that we can always make a line segment longer. That means that we never run out of space; that is, space is infinite.
The third postulate is:
3. To describe a circle with any center and distance.
It allows for the existence of circles of any size and center--say center A and radius AB.
Note that this sort of postulate is not superfluous. A definition can tell us what a circle is, so we know one if ever we find one. But the definition does not assert their existence. Analogously, we can give a definition of a unicorn; that doesn't mean they exist. This postulate says circles exist, just as the first two postulates allow for the existence of straight lines.
The fourth postulate says:
4. That all right angles are equal to one another.
|It just says that whenever we create a right angle by erecting perpendiculars, the angles so created are always the same.
|Definition 10. When a straight line standing on another straight line, makes the adjacent angles equal to one another, each of the angles is called a right angle; and the straight line which stands on the other is called perpendicular to it.
Sameness here means that were we to manipulate the angles by sliding them over the page, they would coincide.
|It may seem that a postulate like this is superfluous. Isn't it completely obvious that all right angles made this way are the same? Yes it is--but that is the essence of the postulates, to assert what is so unproblematic as to make them unchallengeable. Nonetheless, the equality of all right angles still does need to be asserted, since it will be assumed throughout everything that is to follow in Euclid's Elements.
|Could it really fail? Yes. The size of a right angle is the arc of a circle it subtends divided by the radius in a neighborhood close to the point. The postulate depends upon the ratio of the circumference of the circle enclosing the point to the radius being the same everywhere in the limit of arbitrarily small circles. While this sameness obtains in all the geometries we are about to look at, once it is stated this simply, one can see that in principle in could fail. In one part of space, the ratio might be the familiar 2π; in other parts, it may be more or less.
So far everything is going very well. The postulates we have seen are utterly innocuous and readily accepted. But once they are accepted, a lot follows. The simplest is the existence of equilateral triangles. Their construction is the burden of the first proposition of Book 1 of the thirteen books of Euclid's Elements.
The problem is to draw an equilateral triangle on a given straight line AB.
|Postulate 3 assures us that we can draw a circle with center A and radius B.
|Analogously, Postulate 3 also assures us that we can draw a circle with center B and radius BA.
|Now consider both circles together. They intersect at some point. Let us call it c.
|The assumption that they meet is not guaranteed by Euclid's postulates. It is an additional assumption that tacitly presupposes that the surface is an ordinary two dimensional surface. This is one of several well known points in Euclid's system where the deductions are less rigorous than we would expect.
Now connect A and C with a straight line; and B and C with a straight line. That each straight line can be drawn is asserted by Postulate 1.
|Consider the triangle ABC. From the Definitions 15 and 16 of a circle, we know that
the two radii AB and AC of the circle centered at A are equal.
Similarly, we know that the two radii AB and CB of the circle
centered at B are equal.
So, by Axiom 1, we know that all three are equal
and the triangle is equilateral.
|Definition 15. A circle is a plane figure contained
by one line, which is called the circumference, and is such that all
straight lines drawn from a certain point within the figure to the
circumference are equal to one another;
Definition 16. And this point is called the center of the circle.
Axiom 1. Things that are equal to the same thing are equal to one another.
QED = quod erat demonstrandum = "which was to be proved"
This illustrates the power of Euclid's system. Every step is guaranteed by an axiom or a postulate, so that one cannot accept the axioms and postulates without also accepting the proposition.
So far everything has been going very well. However these first four postulates are not enough to do the geometry Euclid knew. Something extra was needed. Euclid settled upon the following as his fifth and final postulate:
5. That, if a straight line
falling on two straight lines make the interior angles on the same side less
than two right angles,
the two straight lines, if produced indefinitely, meet on that side on which are the angles less than the two right angles.
It is very clear that there is something quite different about this fifth postulate. The first four were simple assertions that few would be inclined to doubt. Far from being instantly self-evident, the fifth postulate was even hard to read and understand.
5. That, if a straight line falling on two straight lines...
... make the interior angles on the same side less than two right angles... [in this case, side on the right]
...the two straight lines, if produced indefinitely, meet on that side on which are the angles less than the two right angles.
Or, in an animation:
From antiquity, there had been discomfort with this fifth postulate, an odd man out among the postulates. The obvious remedy was to find a way to deduce the fifth postulate from the other four. If that could be done, then the fifth postulate would become a theorem and the awkwardness of needing to postulate it would evaporate.
Many tried. The famous astronomer Ptolemy of the first century AD tried. The great mathematician John Wallis tried in the 17th century. The most famous of all attempts was published by Girolamo Saccheri in 1733, Euclides ab Omni Naevo Vindicatus, ("Euclid Cleared of Every Defect"). Yet even this massive work did not achieve its goal, so the efforts continued.
The eighteenth century closed with Euclid's geometry justly celebrated as one of the great achievements of human thought. The awkwardness of the fifth postulate remained a blemish in a work that, otherwise, was of immortal perfection. We knew the geometry of space with certainty and Euclid had revealed it to us.
Copyright John D. Norton. December 28, 2006, February 28, 2007; February 2, 9, 14, September 22, 2008; February 2, 2010


text:
- Like
- Thanks for voting!
- Download
- Collection
cf December 24, 2012
Yeah, she looks like a lot of fun! I don't understand why so many guys prefer all those skinny girls while a girl like this has at least something to offer. it feels so much better to have a lady with you that's silk and soft and u have something to grab! And guys... theres not much that's better than diving your face between such joyful legs and tasting and smelling that love juice.
Dave November 23, 2013
Love ladies with meat on them, nice big boobs and butts.
Hawk February 15, 2013
Want to fuck the shit out of her.Then cream her all over
NINO February 13, 2013
You are beautiful, but you LACK PASSION .You´re COLD
shagrabbit1 December 12, 2013
Wish that was my cock instead of that dildo, would love to fuck her.
dayve1 January 30, 2014
upornbest September 9, 2011
shes so sexy whats her name
boobs lover September 8, 2011
damn baby, i want you
duanhoggy June 27, 2014
such an lovely heiny she has,cute
'Nom' November 30, -0001
'Pretty woman good body. Lacks it a bit of delivery. Look at Roxana and learn'
Andres October 23, 2011
active vision!!!!!!!!!!!!
Jack October 18, 2011
If you are very pretty, but I would love to see you more it active , not so could.
Jonas October 18, 2011
If you are very, very pretty, but cold and passive
Jhon November 1, 2011
If beautiful if it is , but cold as a penguin and passive
g-man November 25, 2011
I would love 2 have u cum all over me,Lianna!!!!
Bob February 20, 2012
damn she has nice titties
wooooow November 29, 2011
i'm in love
New October 13, 2011
Pretty woman, but everything you lack spontaneity and delivery
Loading Comments


text:
- Home
- News
- Fun
- Entertainment
- Lifestyle
- Opinion
- Business
- Sci & Tech
- Sport
- Contact Us
Go to Admin » Appearance » Widgets » and move Gabfire Widget: Social into that MastheadOverlay zone
The United States rock band Linkin Park will perform in South Africa in November, Big Concerts announced this afternoon.
The band, from Agoura Hills, in California, would perform two stadium concerts — one in Cape Town and one in Johannesburg.
Tickets would go on sale for Johannesburg on July 26, and for Cape Town on July 27.
Linkin Park, which was formed in 1996, released its fifth studio album titled "Living Things" in June.
The band shot to fame in 2000 with its debut album "Hybrid Theory".
Please fill out the form below to receive your daily newsletter, delivered straight to your mailbox, at a time that suits you.
© 2012, ↑ Metro Newspaper


text:
- Home
- Favourites
- Offers
- New
- Smart Pass
- Wine
Festive food, drink, gifts and offers you won't want to miss.Christmas Shop
Save on delicious treats for your party.Shop Party Food
See our festive Top Offers.Christmas Offers
Save Up to Half Price on Home, Health, Beauty and more.Winter Sale
Ocado Peppers for Cooking 800g
4 days guaranteed (avg. 5)*
Price per kg: £2.85
Product Description
Ocado Peppers for Cooking.
Specially selected for cooking.
Product may contain a mixture of up to 3 colours of peppers (red/green/yellow/orange).
Specially selected for cooking.
Product may contain a mixture of up to 3 colours of peppers (red/green/yellow/orange).
Product Information
Salad & Herbs/
Multipack Peppers
- Brands: Ocado
- Dietary & Lifestyle: Vegetarian
- Options: The Ocado range
Store in a cool dry place.
Preparation and Usage
Wash before use.
Country of Origin
Country of origin may vary due to seasonality.
Country of origin may vary between Holland, Israel, Morocco, Spain, UK.
Produced and packed for:
Ocado Retail Ltd.,
Package Type
Plastic Bag
Customer Reviews
12 May 2014
Splendid peppers
I've had two packs of these now and both times the peppers have been excellent - all a decent size, no damaged ones and all crisp and firm. They were fresh enough to keep in the fridge for well over a week too.
17 April 2014
0 of 3 found this review helpful.
Rip Off
"May contain up to three colours" my left foot. Two red, FOUR green, no yellow. Very disappointed.
05 April 2014
Firm peppers, but no real flavour
Bought these to include in a turkey chilli, and there was a good mix of both red and green, and to be fair they were nice, firm and fairly crisp however there is no real flavour to these peppers pre-cooking, so once cooked taste of nothing at all. The red aren't sweet, and fairly bland and the green taste almost the same. I think it's worth buying them individually if you really want flavour as these do nothing in terms of taste.
01 March 2014
0 of 1 found this review helpful.
peppers were mouldy and bruised
I had a full bag of peppers with 3 days until use by date,had to quickly use as one had mould all over stem already and others were badly bruised ,not nice and would not purchase again
12 February 2014
Excellent Value
I started purchasing these over the 2 Ocado 4 packs each week and this makes so much more sense. Since I love the green peppers it isn't an issue, but last week I got 4 red and 2 green, so it's okay in my book! I
Chicken and Potato Tray Bake
Tender chicken and golden parmentier potatoes are an ideal match in this simple dish, which can all be cooked together in a roasting dish - perfect for a special Mother's Day meal.
2 hrs 5 mins
- Life guarantee
- * Minimum life based on 'use-by' date of product. Average life based on last week's deliveries. Life guarantee shown based on delivery tomorrow and includes day of delivery. Please book a slot to view Life guarantee for your chosen delivery day. See Terms and Conditions for further details.
- Disclaimer
- These summary details have been prepared for information purposes only, and are designed to enhance your shopping experience on the Ocado website. While we have taken care in preparing this summary and believe it is accurate, it is not a substitute for your reading the product packaging and label prior to use. You should note that products and their ingredients are subject to change. If you do require precise ingredient information you should consult the manufacturer, whose contact details will appear on the packaging or label.
- Ocado is therefore unable to accept liability for any incorrect information. Where this description contains a link to another party's website for further information on the product, please note that Ocado has no control over and no liability for the contents of that website.
- You should also note that the picture images show only our serving suggestions of how to prepare your food - all table accessories and additional items and/or ingredients pictured with the product you are purchasing are not included.
- This data is supplied for personal use only. It may not be reproduced in any way whatsoever without Ocado Limited's prior consent, nor without due acknowledgement.


text:
Crawfish Pi
Design: Mitch Meseke
Photos: Zack Smith
Printed on American Apparel 100% Cotton.
For those who love mud bugs, math riddles and visual puns, we give you Crawfish Pi. Maybe you feel like we do in that the way Pi goes on forever, so should crawfish season. One can only dream…
Join nola.com's Judy Walker in the kitchen for a classic Crawfish Pie recipe.


text:
|Name: _________________________
|Period: ___________________
This quiz consists of 5 multiple choice and 5 short answer questions through Shifting Gears and Pittsburgh.
Multiple Choice Questions
1. Why does Ed say Joey is at his new school?
(a) To be punished.
(b) To get some help.
(c) To protect others.
(d) To protect himself.
2. Who does Maria's father blame for what happened to Joey?
(a) Joey.
(b) Joey's father.
(c) Joey's teacher.
(d) Joey's mother.
3. How does Joey tell his mother he felt during his first day at the new school?
(a) Confused.
(b) Welcomed.
(c) Happy,
(d) Scared.
4. What kind of book does Joey's mom buy him?
(a) A large picture book.
(b) A poetry book.
(c) A book about dogs.
(d) A book about baseball.
5. Who helps Joey prove he is not being abused?
(a) The school nurse.
(b) Mrs. Maxy.
(c) Joey's mother.
(d) Ed.
Short Answer Questions
1. Where does Joey cut himself while on a field trip?
2. What does the boy in the helmet do on the bus ride to the new school?
3. What does Joey hope will get stuck to his key when he swallows it?
4. What is wrong with Charlie?
5. Who is having a party when Joey goes to Special Education the second time?
This section contains 211 words
(approx. 1 page at 300 words per page)


text:
What does NPFI mean in Non-Profit Organizations?
This page is about the meanings of the acronym/abbreviation/shorthand NPFI in the Community field in general and in the Non-Profit Organizations terminology in particular.
National Psoriasis Foundation, Inc.
Find a translation for NPFI in other languages:
Select another language:
Discuss this NPFI abbreviation with the community:
Use the citation below to add this abbreviation to your bibliography:
"NPFI." Abbreviations.com. STANDS4 LLC, 2014. Web. 19 Dec. 2014. <http://www.abbreviations.com/term/296495>.
NPFI also stands for:
- National Parkinson Foundation, Inc.
- National Program Fund Initiative
- Nicholas Poulos Film Institute
- Non- Perishable Food Item
- Non-public Personal and Financial Information
... see them all »
Nearby & related abbreviations:
Alternative search:
- Search National Psoriasis Foundation, Inc. on Amazon.com
- Search National Psoriasis Foundation, Inc. on Google