text:
How do the kidneys and nephrons work?
- 0Jun 9, '10 by peachmouseToday's lecture was about urinary system. However, the instructor was tired. The powerpoint was bad (she said she lost hers last night and sat up all night redoing it). The information doesn't make sense. Can someone please explain to me or provide me with a reference on the kidneys function? We went over the nephrons and I made notes on the photos with arrows and everything but even looking over it I can't quite make sense of it. I do record the lectures and will be listening to it over but still need help. I dont have any clue about angiotensin II. What is it? where does it come from? What exactly is the JG Apparatus? How does Renin work? What if someone has a hyper or hypotension? Does the renin secrete to bring up that pressure or is it only with fluid overload/dehydration? When the RBC and protein leave the Glomerulus and go to the Efferent Arteriole do the smaller particles also go? My understanding is that they go on to the proximal convoluted tubule. If that is the case do they ever meet up again? Then how do you get protein in your urine? How are bad RBC excreted?
Any information is greatly appreciated. (Supposedly we are going over this material again tomorrow)
- 1Jun 9, '10 by CT Pixie, ASN, RNWhen I was confused on subject matter, I would google it. There would be tons of links. Sooner or later I found one that explained it in terms that made sense to me. Some were animations, some were drawings, some were simply someone verbally explaining it. Give it a shot on Google and see if some of these questions can be answered.
- 0Jun 9, '10 by Hygiene Queen, ADN, RN GuideTry Youtube, as well. They may have a good animated video.
You are asking for much more information than can be explained here.
Don't worry, you'll get it, but it will take some effort.
- 1Jun 10, '10 by sserrnIt would take pages upon pages to explain to you how the kidneys and nephrons function, but if you just want a good ppt on the subject, here's my class's list of powerpoints: http://web.uaccb.edu/AcademicDivisio...owerslides.htm
- 3Jun 10, '10 by DolceVitaUm...I used my A & P textbook. There is a reason we spend so much money on them.
- 0Jun 10, '10 by shortnorthstudentThe kidneys took me a long time to work through. Only in pathophysiology did I begin to get it. But, it really is SO important and I agree with all of the pp's suggestions.
As for R-A-A in brief. When bloodflow to the kidney is reduced (think hemorrhage, etc. -- hypotensin) the kidney is stimulated to produce renin. Renin then converts the circulating angiotensinogen into angiotensin I. The angiotensin I continues to circulate and then in the lungs ACE converts it to angiotensin II which is the active form. Look at the name angio tensin. It causes the vasoconstriction which increases MAP. Angiotensin II also stimulates the production (or release - I'm brain farting at the moment) of aldosterone. Aldosterone causes reabsorption of water and sodium in the distal convoluted tubule, which also raises MAP by increasing volume.
- 3Jun 10, '10 by ggmugsyMy best friend in A&P was my butcher paper. I would take a 3' or 4' piece and draw out everything, the kidney (with afferent & efferent BV), where the juxtaglomerular apparatus was and the different cells that make it up. Draw the proximal and distal convoluted tubules and which hormone(s) affected each branch, what the hormone does and where it came from. It forces you to put all the pieces together in one place.
- 0Jun 10, '10 by notmanydaysoffFor some reason, the kidneys, RAA, their effects on body chemistry, etc., fascinated me.
I found so many great online sites that had wonderful animations. Even my M/S text had an online link to animations. Being able to visualize greatly aided my understanding. After "getting it" then I could draw the pathways.
There are countless resources available.
Online animations also helped in my understanding nerves, cardiac, and GI.
- 1Jun 10, '10 by Intern67Quote from DolceVitaExactly!! I was flabbergasted reading through the OP and responses. Google? Youtube??Um...I used my A & P textbook. There is a reason we spend so much money on them.
The instructor is there to give an overview, answer any questions and enhance the information you should have already read in your textbook.
My goodness.
- 0Jun 10, '10 by itsmejuli GuideHere you go:


text:
Use Synqer to give someone your Facebook, Twitter, Instagram and many other details directly from your phone onto their phone. They will be taken straight to your profile page to add you, follow you, store you or connect with you.
Have you ever wanted to give someone your Wi-Fi password without looking at your router and reading it out? Give it to someone in seconds and they don't even need Synqer to receive it, they don't even have to be using an iPhone because any smartphone can talk to Synqer!
Phone numbers, Email addresses, Web addresses, Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, Foursquare, Flickr, Skype, Pinterest, VKontakte and many other social networks and contact details supported. Get people to connect with you instantly in every way you want them to.
∙ Download Synqer.
∙ Enter your social network and contact details.
Give someone your details:
∙ Get them to scan your QR code displayed in Synqer. They can do this with Synqer on an iPhone or with any QR reader on any device.
∙ They will see your details and can click to go to your Facebook profile page where they can add you or your Twitter page where they can follow you. Its the same for Instagram, Pinterest and many other supported social networks
∙ They can paste your Wi-Fi password details into a new Wi-Fi connection on their phone.
∙ Phone and Email details will allow them to create a new contact or add to an existing one.
Not with the person you want to give your details to? Synqer can also Tweet, Facebook status update, text and email your details!
Also did we mention that Synqer is the only QR reader you will ever need? Scan any QR code and it will be stored in your personal Inbox for viewing now or for later.
Synqer - The Essential Social Network and Contacts Sharing App.
©2012 Synqer Ltd. This software uses the open source ZXing library - licensed under the Apache License Version 2.0. QR Code® is a registered trademark of DENSO WAVE INCORPORATED in JAPAN and other countries. Thanks to YOOtheme for icons - http://www.yootheme.com/icons. Icons by: FastIcon.com.
What's new
tweaks, bug fixes and deep love
Share with Others
- Last changed:
- May 29, 2013
- Category:
- Social Networking
- Developer:
- Synqer Ltd
- Version:
- 1.5
- Size:
- Current Version Average Rating:
- No data
- All Versions Average Rating:
- No data

subset: commoncrawl


text:
|I recently purchased a Troy Bilt Pony with a 5HP Briggs and Stratton Model 135292 Type 0070 01 Code 9505092D engine that the previous owner has totally bent the throttle connections at the engine--I am sure trying to get it started from bad gas (varnish on the walls and stuff floating in the tank; will only start with gas spoon fed though the plug hole, then immediately runs rough and dies). These are probably repairable with carb kit and tank cleanout and parts if the connections are warped beyond repair.
But I would like to explore replacement engines as well. The only engine I have been able to find so far that has the two drives needed for the forward and reverse pullies to work is a Briggs 123435-PTO. Are there other options? Briggs? Honda? Tecumseh? Others? Electric start would be fine as the tiller will mostly be used by my 78 year old father in law.
I am fairly sure this is a replacement engine. The tiller appears to have had a battery at one time but this is a 1995 recoil type motor. After looking at every square inch for two days, I have not been able to date the tiller. The part number molded into the transmission is 20690 and the number on the drive shaft is too short and unreadable (?0762). Neither appears to start with a letter. Sorry for the long post but I hope this helps with more specific answers.
Follow-Up Postings:
|Did you try Tulsa Engine warehouse or Jack's small engines?
- Posted by john_dougan (My Page) on Sat, Mar 28, 09 at 0:26
|Yes. There websites and Small Engine Warehouse's are where I found the Briggs engine.
- Posted by Gene Free 30143(email@example.com) onFri, Dec 24, 10 at 20:31
|I have A gardenway by Troy Bilt tiller(1999)MODEL NO 12194. iT HAS A BLOWN ENGINE.Where can I find replacment Engine?It has seperate shaft that reverse works off of.The old engine is a Tecumseh.Can I find a Briggs and Stratton or Kohler engine to fit this tiller?
- Posted by gator_rider2 z8 Ga. (My Page) on Thu, Dec 30, 10 at 21:51
|You need go to Harbourfreight store get 6 1/2 hp greyhound engine like so many other are doing. I think going price around 129.00 now. Forget about reverse shaft just pull machine backwards are spin around finding reverse shaft engine next to impossible.
- Posted by Charles Garrett Virginia, USA(email@example.com) onSat, Apr 23, 11 at 23:17
|I bought a very good Troy Bilt Junior rear tine tiller used today. Is the Junior the same thing as the Pony? The engine needs to be replaced. The Tecumseh has a whole blown out the side of it. Where can I find replacement Engine? It has separate shaft that reverse works off of. I tried looking for a replacement block but Tecumseh seems to have gone out of business. Is there a Robin a Briggs & Stratton or Kohler engine to fit this tiller?
If I go to the Harbourfreight store and get 6 1/2 hp greyhound engine and forget about reverse shaft and just pull the tiller backwards or spin around, is that really working for so many others who are doing it? Is finding reverse shaft engine really next to impossible?
- Posted by gator_rider2 z8 Ga. (My Page) on Sun, Apr 24, 11 at 5:46
|Charles join yahootroybiltgroup dot com there Va. is dealer owner Bill Rogers he best answer all Questions he has 800 number on that site he owns site he maybe in driving distance for you location. I think no one builds that engine any more Jackssmallenginewarehouse dot com be best source if there are any. The yahoo group has files that tell all about troy bilt tillers I'm member 13 groups there most are GT tractor there so many groups there cover about all equipment to garden.
Please Note: Only registered members are able to post messages to this forum. If you are a member, please log in. If you aren't yet a member, join now!
If you are a member, please log in.
If you aren't yet a member, join now!
Return to the Tool Shed Forum
Information about Posting
- You must be logged in to post a message. Once you are logged in, a posting window will appear at the bottom of the messages. If you are not a member, please register for an account.
- Please review our Rules of Play before posting.
- Posting is a two-step process. Once you have composed your message, you will be taken to the preview page. You will then have a chance to review your post, make changes and upload photos.
- After posting your message, you may need to refresh the forum page in order to see it.
- Before posting copyrighted material, please read about Copyright and Fair Use.
- We have a strict no-advertising policy!
- If you would like to practice posting or uploading photos, please visit our Test forum.
- If you need assistance, please Contact Us and we will be happy to help.
Learn more about in-text links on this page here


text:
The 1998 Ford Windstar has been plagued with recall notices. | File photo
Updated: May 8, 2013 6:39AM
I just got a recall notice about a rear axle problem on my 1998 Ford Windstar. My theory is they wait for most of the model year to be retired before they provide the notice to save on dealer repair costs.
Thank you to SouthtownStar reporter Casey Toner for the beautifully written article describing the funeral of Illinois State Trooper James Sauter. Your report shared the emotions of the day. I did not know Trooper Sauter, but learned a lot about him in your article detailing the many tributes given to him.
Churches can do more for the young people in the area. Instead of passing the basket around every Sunday, they need to open up their doors for a safe place for after school. Most of them have a ground level. Why not use it for more than chicken dinners?
BJ from Hazel Crest
I firmly believe that if it were high noon and President Obama said it was midnight then the Democrats and media would go along with him. They are so far in the tank that it's unbelievable. How can they keep doing this? All the Republicans are trying to do is get the United States back on track to prosperity.
Bob from Oak Forest
Chicago Transit Authority President Forrest Claypool says he doesn't want concealed carry on the CTA. I actually think the CTA is the best-case argument for concealed carry. It would protect all of the poor working people who have to depend on the CTA at all hours of the days and nights. The people who use the CTA need some protection.
Our freedom of speech is our God-given right whether you're rich or poverty-stricken.
A Speak Out commenter attempted to defend his opposition to gay marriage by saying: "I was born, raised and taught that a man and a woman makes a marriage. ... It's like America is going to hell in a handbag." At one time, almost everyone believed marriage was limited to a man and a woman. As time went on, many became uncomfortable with denying marriage to gay people and lesbians. Their morality motivated them to demand all people be treated equally under the law. Far from "going to hell in a handbag," equal rights for all makes America better.
Jeff from Orland Hills
They keep telling us that the economy is improving. They say we are selling more cars, which is true to a point. It is costing too much to keep the old junker when they can get a brand-new car with no money down, and the first payment is not due for two or three months. They stretch payments out for 84 months. We are going backwards and the people are going back into debt longer.
Homer Glen
Kudos to the villages and cities near the city of Burbank. There are little or no vacant or boarded-up houses or businesses. It seems that as soon as one business moves out, it is either torn down or a better store or restaurant takes over. Evergreen Park is amazing with the developments, businesses, cleanliness, low crime rate, etc. Burbank needs to step up their game before it's too late.
Kids these days, let me tell you. They volunteer at the Ronald McDonald House in Oak Lawn, they raise tons of money at Relay for Life, they feed the homeless in Joliet, they treat veterans to lunch on Veterans Day, they volunteer with Habitat for Humanity and yes, they text. There is absolutely nothing wrong with kids now that wasn't wrong 30 years ago.
I almost fell out of my chair laughing when I read that Chicago Police Supt. Garry McCarthy said murders were down in Chicago. It's the first thing on the news every day. I guess gangbangers shooting one another doesn't count as murders. The rest of them must all be suicides, I guess. If anybody believes this then I have some oceanfront property in Texas for sale.
Pete from Chicago
Cook County Board President Toni Preckwinkle is just grasping at straws because of the budget. She proposed a new $25 gun tax. I think she's worse than Gov. Pat Quinn. She doesn't know how to balance a budget with cuts rather than increasing taxes. I believe people could lose their jobs due to this new tax. I think the county would be in better shape without her. Thank goodness I don't have to deal with this.
The irony is the American taxpayer is going broke supporting all of the foreign countries it sends aid to. How about taking care of America first? Is that a revolutionary idea or what?
This antireligion movement as well as this so-called political correctness in America will be our downfall and doomed fate. The word "Christmas" is being replaced by the term "winter holiday" or "Xmas." The word "Easter" is being replaced with the term "springtime holiday." Denying the existence of our Lord Jesus Christ in our lives is not going to help our country. I haven't even gotten into the redefinition-of-marriage travesty. May God help us.
Don from Orland Park
I am a Korean War veteran. I spent two years in the service defending the United States. My job was not waiting for me when I got back. These people crossing the border expect to land a job automatically? Give me a break! I had to fight for what's mine. You should have to spend some time in the service to earn the right to be a citizen of the United States. If you fight for this country or die for this country then you are entitled to it.
As quickly as we heard about film critic Roger Ebert's "leave of presence," he was sadly gone. The movies will never be the same.


text:
Peep Show Home BirdhousePrice: $125.00
By Radius Design.
A modern home for the design conscious bird. The Peep Show Home brings color to your garden and attracts the neighborhood's most stylish birds. Easy to mount, the Peep Show Home comes with an adjustable strap to secure around a variety of tree trunk sizes. No additional screws are necessary so the tree remains unharmed, and free of any unnecessary impressions.
The entrance hole in the natural wood front is suitable for a variety of birds, and the sloping shape guarantees that fluids can easily escape through the entrance hole. Aluminum housing protects the nesting box from weather elements, making the Peep Show Home durable and weather-resistant.
Available in five colors.
Material(s): Powder-coated aluminum, wood
- 6.7" Dia. X 7.4" H, Mounting Strap: 98.4" L
Manufacturer: Radius Design
Radius Design. Functional, original and design-driven products that fit the need of the market.
Radius Design aims to provide functional, original and attractive products that fit the need of the market. Michael Rösing, the Managing Director of Radius Design, began developing products over twenty years ago based on his dissatisfaction with the market selection to consumers. By discovering gaps in existing furniture products and creating designs to improve existing concepts, Radius Design became a well-regarded name in the industry.
With a focus on quality over quantity, Radius Design features a variety of indoor and outdoor friendly furniture and accessories. Enriched by years of experience and reliable partnerships with designers, engineers, dealers, and suppliers Radius Design continues to expand their collection and appeal to new customers across the globe.View other products from Radius Design


text:
Cornerstone Professional Center, LLC provides management and support services for independent professionals in a warm, comfortable and Christ-centered environment. At our locations in Fairfax, Sterling, and Arlington VA, we make available fully furnished offices, complete with basic office supplies and other amenities. Our comprehensive management services allow professionals to focus on serving their clients.
Information about fees can be obtained by contacting our business manager, Kathy DePrenger at 703-591-2551, extension 10.
Basic Services and Amenities
The following amenities are included in the basic monthly fee:
Comfortably Furnished Private Offices
Equipped with basic office supplies
Most with functional windows
Unlimited Access to Office Suite
Comfortably Furnished Waiting Room
Equipped with privacy sound machines
Kitchen with Refrigerator, Sink, Microwave, Coffee Pot
Use of Conference Room by Appointment
Furnished Office in Satellite Location as Available
Use of Play/Expressive Therapy Room by Appointment
Use of Selected Toys, Games and Sand Tray with Miniatures
Locking File Storage in Each Office
Basic monthly fee also includes the following services:
Voice Mail System with Confidential Mailbox
Long Distance Phone Service
Wi-Fi Service
Weekly Cleaning Service
Copier Service
Fax Service
Web Site with Link to your web site (if you have one)
Coffee/Tea Cart in Waiting Room
On-site Management during Most Normal Business Hours
Business Cards
Appropriate Marketing
Client Support Services
The following management services for client accounts are available at additional cost:
Client-related forms
Registration, initial evaluation, progress note
Client receipt with appropriate CPT codes
Creation of Client Charts
Collection and Deposit of Client Fees
Credit Card Processing
Maintaining Client Accounts
Client Billing
Secure Storage of Closed Client Charts
While practice is located at Cornerstone Professional Center, LLC
Specialized Services
The following services are available at an additional cost:
Insurance Billing
Typing and Proofreading Services
Note: These services are available by prior arrangement with the business manager.
Hourly and daily rates are also available.
Website designed


text:
Cheats, Codes & FAQs
Chain Smoker
Spend a lot of time idling around doing nothing.
First Blood
Complete your first ambient freeplay event.
Pigeon Parfait
Find and play 'Bird Blast.'
Trick or Treat
Stealth kill a Nazi General while disguised.
Kiss 50 women.
Complete each type of ambient freeplay.
Solid Gold
Complete all gold level perks.
The Legend Begins
You completed The Saboteur.
Liberator of France
Inspire the people of France.
Repo Man
You recovered the Aurora.
Weapon Master
Purchase all weapons available in the shops.
Into the Fire
You reached Paris.
Pole Position
You beat Dierker in the Parisian race.
You rescued Veronique.
You blew up "Doppelsieg."
Gold Medalist
Obtain your first gold perk.
Buried Secrets
The Resistance was born.
Vive La Resistance
You inspired your first area of Paris.
Bridge Buster
You destroyed the train.
You sent the Nazi zeppelin up in flames.
Out of the Frying Pan
You escaped from Germany.
Saint Honore'
Spend 75,000 contraband.
Top o' the World
Climb to the top of the Eiffel Tower.
Collect all monument postcards.
Unnatural Disaster
Complete 212 ambient freeplay in Paris Area 2.
Walking WMD
Complete 239 ambient freeplay in Paris Area 3.
Wrecking Crew
Complete 333 ambient freeplay in Paris Area 1.
Demolition Derby
Destroy 50 vehicles.
Fatherland Fighter
Complete 53 ambient freeplay in Saarbrucken.
Guerilla Warfare
Complete 425 ambient freeplay in the countryside.
High Diver
Jump from the Eiffel Tower and survive.
Master of Disguise
Complete a story mission with disguise intact.
Not On My Watch
Stop the Nazis from executing 40 civilians.
Road Trip
You've arrived in Germany with Jules.
Silent Death
Stealth kill 50 or more Nazis.
Silver Streak
Obtain your first silver perk.
Southern Command
Inspire the people of Paris Area 3.
Western Command
Inspire the people of Paris Area 2.
Coast Guard
Complete 76 ambient freeplay in Le Havre.
You crashed Dierker's car.
Hell on Wheels
Complete and win all freeplay races.
You bested your opponents in the bar fight.
No Witnesses
Complete a mission without raising alarm.
Northern Command
Inspire the people of Paris Area 1.
Pint and a Shag
You got lucky with Skylar.


text:
We've just covered that Opera 11 beta got Stack tabs feature, I am looking for something similar for Google Chrome and found Tab Stack Chrome extension. This extension don't do what Tab Stack in Opera does, but Tab Stack for Chrome moves tabs so that they are always sorted in most recently used (MRU) order, from left to right within each window.
With Tab Stack for Chrome installed, current tab will be moved to left-most position in the current window. Hence most recently used tabs are always in the left of tab list. If you cycle through tabs using Ctrl +Tab, then tabs will be accessed in most recently used order.


text:
Discover Chocolate and Live La Vida Cocoa!
Hi guys,
I am still looking for used and reasonably priced used equipment for making candy- guitar cutter and maybe a melter. I have not made any profit yet from my candy, and think it may be due to my various shapes, and indecision about streamlining my process. I usually spend all night trying to make beautiful candy, and it comes out mediocre, and I fell it would not sell.
I hope a guitar m…
© 2014 Created by Clay Gordon.
Badges |
Report an Issue |
Terms of Service
Please check your browser settings or contact your system administrator.


text:
Matthew Vines on 1 Timothy 1:10
by Matt Slick
- "realizing the fact that law is not made for a righteous man, but for those who are lawless and rebellious, for the ungodly and sinners, for the unholy and profane, for those who kill their fathers or mothers, for murderers 10 and immoral men and homosexuals and kidnappers and liars and perjurers, and whatever else is contrary to sound teaching." (1 Tim. 1:9-10, NASB).
Mr. Vines says, "In the final passage, 1 Timothy 1:10, the first word--"abusers of themselves with mankind"--reappears in a list of people Paul says the law was written against. Here, the translation is "them that defile themselves with mankind." The translation issues and debates here are the same as those from 1 Corinthians. Again, the strongest inference that can be drawn from other uses of this term is that it referred to economic exploitation through sexual coercion--possibly involving same-sex activity, but a very different kind than what we are discussing."
The Greek word that Matthew Vines refers to in "them that defile themselves with mankind" (KJV) is aresenokoitas. Early English Bible translations are "abusers of themselves with men" (1901 American Standard Version); "them that defile themselves with mankind," (AV 1873); and "sodomites" (RSV 1901). The word occurs only two times in the New Testament: 1 Cor. 6:9 and 1 Tim. 1:10. Mr. Vines connects the two verses and tries to dismiss the sinfulness of homosexuality in 1 Tim. 1:10 by saying that "The translation issues and debates here are the same as those from 1 Corinthians." However, in 1 Cor. 6:9, we learned that Mr. Vines' argument that aresenekoitas is dealing with a type of sexual exploitation does not hold since the verse also condemns fornication, which is, in the context, sexual intercourse between heterosexual couples who are not married. This is not an issue of sexual exploitation but of general licentiousness and sexual immorality. Since Mr. Vines has failed to see that point in 1 Cor. 6:9, his assertion that 1 Tim. 1:10 is of similar interpretive significance (regarding sexual exploitation) does not stand. He is mistaken.
Again, the word is referenced in Greek dictionaries and lectionaries. Let's take a look.
- ἀρσενοκοίτης, ου, ὁ, arsenokoítēs; an adult male who practices sexual intercourse with another adult male or a boy homosexual, sodomite, pederast
- Friberg, T., Friberg, B., & Miller, N. F. (2000). Vol. 4: Analytical lexicon of the Greek New Testament. Baker's Greek New Testament library (76). Grand Rapids, Mich.: Baker Books.
- ἀρσενοκοίτης arsenokoítēs; gen. arsenokoítou, masc. noun, from ársēn (730), a male, and koítē (2845), a bed. A man who lies in bed with another male, a homosexual (1 Cor. 6:9; 1 Tim. 1:10 [cf. Lev. 18:22; Rom. 1:27]).
- Zodhiates, S. (2000, c1992, c1993). The complete word study dictionary : New Testament (electronic ed.) (G733). Chattanooga, TN: AMG Publishers.
- ἀρσενοκοίτης, arsenokoites /ar·sen·ok·oy·tace; n m. From 730 and 2845; GK 780; Two occurrences; AV translates as "abuser of (one's) self with mankind" once, and "defile (one's) self with mankind" once. 1 one who lies with a male as with a female, sodomite, homosexual.
- Strong, J. (1996). The exhaustive concordance of the Bible : Showing every word of the text of the common English version of the canonical books, and every occurrence of each word in regular order. (electronic ed.) (G733). Ontario: Woodside Bible Fellowship.
Though I applaud Mr. Vines' attempt to examine the word of God and take it seriously, it is obvious that his pro-homosexual bias has governed his interpretations. The fact is homosexuality is a sin. Trying to separate the homosexual act from the orientation does not work. Any "orientation" that is contrary to God's revelation is wrong. A sinful nature isn't okay with God. Remember, people are born with an "orientation" to lie, but biblically God does not separate the fallen nature from the manifestation of that nature. In other words, people are born with a tendency to lie (orientation), and this is the result of the fall. We are born with sinful natures, and this is why we will be born again (John 3) and receive glorified bodies (1 Cor. 15) because it is our sinfully oriented natures that need fixing, too. We have a fallen and sinful nature by essence, which is why we are by nature children of wrath (Ephesians 2:3). In essence, Mr. Vines is separating the actual sinful nature of the person from the acts of that person, and this is wrong.
Mr. Vines is in a dilemma that is similar to my own. He must restrict acting out according to his sinful orientation. He has an "orientation" to be attracted to people of the same gender with the resultant desires to act on it. I am oriented to be attracted to people of the opposite gender with the resultant desires to act on it , but I don't. I don't fornicate. I don't commit adultery. I am faithful to my wife even though I notice other women who are attractive. I don't act on my orientation to be attracted to the opposite sex. I can restrict myself to the biblically defined limits of marriage--something Mr. Vines wants to alter. After all, if he wants to be so biblical, then please find any example of homosexual marriage within its pages. It isn't there, and Mr. Vines' attempt to justify his redefinition of marriage and act out on his homosexual tendencies cannot be justified in his eisegetical methodology.
The issue is not that I am able to have sexual intercourse with whom I want (my wife) and he cannot (his husband?). Rather, the issue is the same for all who claim to be Christians--that we are to submit to God's word. In this case, he is not. Instead, he is submitting God's word to his passions.
See Also
- Matthew Vines
- Matthew Vines, an Introduction
- Matthew Vines on Genesis 2:18
- Matthew Vines on Genesis 19 and Sodom and Gomorrah
- Matthew Vines on Leviticus 18:22 and 20:13 and Christians not being under the Law
- Matthew Vines on Romans 1:26-27
- Matthew Vines on 1 Corinthians 6:9-10
- Response to Mr. Vines' conclusion on the Bible and homosexuality
CARM ison
|Follow @Carmorg
- Apologetics
- Apologetics Dialogues
- CARM Radio
- Cut and Paste Information
- Discussion Boards
- Email and Responses
- Evidence and Answers
- Heresies
- Lost Books
- Objections and Answers
- Online Schools
- Preachers and Teachers
- Recommended Websites
- Research Links
- Responding to Critics
- Verses Examined - OT
- Verses Examined - NT
- Women in Ministry
- Women's Issues
Christian Life
Secular Movements
- About Angels
- About Apologetics
- About Baptism
- About the Bible
- About Bible Verses
- About the Church
- About Christianity
- About Demons
- About Doctrine
- About End Times
- About Ethics
- About Evangelism
- About God
- About Heresies
- About The Holy Spirit
- About Jesus
- About Man
- About Marriage
- About the Occult
- About Pastors
- About People
- About Prayer
- About Philosophy
- About Religions
- About Salvation
- About Sanctification
- About Science
- About Sexuality
- About Sin
- About Theology
- Other Questions
- Skeptics Ask
Preachers and Teachers
Help CARM by Liking It!
15% Discount off of Logos Bible Program.
CARM highly recommends using the Logos Bible Research Program. It is what we use. It is the best in the world. Just go to http://www.logos.com/carm. Use the coupon code of CARM6.


text:
Tamil language
|தமிழ் tamiḻ
|Native to
|India, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, Singapore, Réunion, Mauritius, Burma (moribund)[1]
|Tamil people
Native speakers
|70 million (2007)[2]
8 million as a second language[3]
|Tamil alphabet (Brahmic)
Arwi Script (Abjad)
Tamil Braille (Bharati)
Vatteluttu (historical)
|Signed Tamil
|Official status
Official language in
|Tamil Nadu,[4] Andaman & Nicobar Islands and Puducherry[5]
Sri Lanka,[6]
ASEAN (Working Language)
Recognised minority
language in
|Language codes
tam – Modern Tamil
oty – Old Tamil
ptq – Pattapu Bhasha
Linguist list
|oty Old Tamil
tami1289 (Modern Tamil)[8]
oldt1248 (Old Tamil)[9]
|Part of a series on
|Dravidian culture and history
|Portal:Dravidian civilizations
Tamil /ˈtæmɪl/[10] (தமிழ், tamiḻ, [t̪ɐmɨɻ] ?) also spelt Tamizh is a Dravidian language spoken predominantly by Tamil people of Tamil Nadu and Sri Lanka. It has official status in the Indian states of Tamil Nadu,[11] Puducherry and Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Tamil is also an official and national language of Sri Lanka[12] and one of the official languages of Singapore.[13] It is legalised as one of the languages of medium of education in Malaysia along with English, Malay and Mandarin.[14][15] It is also chiefly spoken in the states of Kerala, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Puducherry and Andaman and Nicobar Islands as one of the secondary languages. It is one of the 22 scheduled languages of India and was the first Indian language to be declared a classical language by the Government of India in 2004. Tamil is also spoken by significant minorities in Malaysia, England, Mauritius, Canada,[16] South Africa,[17] Fiji,[18] Germany,[19] Philippines, United States, Netherlands, Indonesia,[20] Réunion and France as well as emigrant communities around the world.
Tamil is one of the longest surviving classical languages in the world.[21][22] 2,200-year-old Tamil-Brahmi inscriptions have been found on Samanamalai It has been described as "the only language of contemporary India which is recognizably continuous with a classical past."[23] The variety and quality of classical Tamil literature has led to its being described as "one of the great classical traditions and literatures of the world".[24] Tamil literature has existed for over 2000 years.[25] The earliest period of Tamil literature, Sangam literature, is dated from ca. 300 BC – AD 300.[26][27] It has the oldest extant literature amongst other Dravidian languages.[21] The earliest epigraphic records found on rock edicts and hero stones date from around the 3rd century BC.[28][29] More than 55% of the epigraphical inscriptions (about 55,000) found by the Archaeological Survey of India are in the Tamil language.[30] Tamil language inscriptions written c. 1st century BC and 2nd century AD have been discovered in Egypt, Sri Lanka and Thailand.[31] The two earliest manuscripts from India,[32][33] acknowledged and registered by UNESCO Memory of the World register in 1997 and 2005, were in Tamil.[34] In the year 1578, Portuguese Christian Missionaries published a Tamil prayer book in old Tamil script named 'Thambiraan Vanakkam', thus making Tamil the first Indian language to be printed and published.[35] Tamil Lexicon, published by the University of Madras is the first among the dictionaries published in any Indian language.[36] Tamil is used as a sacred language of Ayyavazhi and in Tamil Hindu traditions of Shaivism and Vaishnavism. According to a 2001 survey, there were 1,863 newspapers published in Tamil, of which 353 were dailies.[37]
- 1 Classification
- 2 Origin of Tamil in Hinduism
- 3 History
- 4 Geographic distribution
- 5 Legal status
- 6 Dialects
- 7 Spoken and literary variants
- 8 Writing system
- 9 Phonology
- 10 Grammar
- 11 Vocabulary
- 12 Influence
- 13 See also
- 14 Footnotes
- 15 References
- 16 External links
Tamil belongs to the southern branch of the Dravidian languages, a family of around 26 languages native to the Indian subcontinent.[38] It is also classified as being part of a Tamil language family, which alongside Tamil proper, also includes the languages of about 35 ethno-linguistic groups[39] such as the Irula and Yerukula languages (see SIL Ethnologue).
The closest major relative of Tamil is Malayalam; the two began diverging around the 9th century CE.[40] Although many of the differences between Tamil and Malayalam demonstrate a pre-historic split of the western dialect,[41] the process of separation into a distinct language, Malayalam, was not completed until sometime in the 13th or 14th century.[42]
Origin of Tamil in Hinduism[edit]
According to Hindu legend was Tamil or in personification form Tamil Tāy (Mother Tamil) created by Shiva. The Tamil god Murugan and the sage Agastya bring it to people.[43]
According to linguists like Bhadriraju Krishnamurti, Tamil as a Dravidian language, descends from Proto-Dravidian, a Proto-language. Linguistic reconstruction suggests that Proto-Dravidian was spoken around the third millennium BC, possibly in the region around the lower Godavari river basin in peninsular India. The material evidence suggests that the speakers of Proto-Dravidian were the culture associated with the Neolithic complexes of South India.[48] The next phase in the reconstructed proto-history of Tamil is Proto-South Dravidian. The linguistic evidence suggests that Proto-South Dravidian was spoken around the middle of the second millennium BC, and that proto-Tamil emerged around the 3rd century BC. The earliest epigraphic attestations of Tamil are generally taken to have been written shortly thereafter.[49] Among Indian languages, Tamil has the most ancient non-Sanskritised Indian literature.[50] Scholars categorise the attested history of the language into three periods, Old Tamil (300 BC – AD 700), Middle Tamil (700–1600) and Modern Tamil (1600–present).[51]
The earliest extant Tamil literary works and their commentaries celebrates the Pandiyan Kings for the organization of long-termed Tamil Sangams, which researched, developed and made amendments in Tamil language. Even though the name of the language which was developed by these Tamil Sangams is mentioned as Tamil, the exact period when the name "Tamil" came to be applied to the language is unclear, as is the precise etymology of the name. The earliest attested use of the name is found in Tholkappiyam, which is dated as early as 1st century BC.[52] Southworth suggests that the name comes from tam-miḻ > tam-iḻ 'self-speak', or 'one's own speech'.[53](see Southworth's derivation of Sanskrit term for "others" or Mleccha) Kamil Zvelebil suggests an etymology of tam-iḻ, with tam meaning "self" or "one's self", and "-iḻ" having the connotation of "unfolding sound". Alternatively, he suggests a derivation of tamiḻ < tam-iḻ < *tav-iḻ < *tak-iḻ, meaning in origin "the proper process (of speaking)".[54]
The Tamil Lexicon of University of Madras defines the word 'Tamil' as 'sweetness'.[55] S.V Subramanian suggests the meaning 'sweet sound' from 'tam'- sweet and 'il'- 'sound'.[56]
Old Tamil[edit]
The earliest records in Old Tamil are short inscriptions from around the 2nd century BC in caves and on pottery. These inscriptions are written in a variant of the Brahmi script called Tamil Brahmi.[57] The earliest long text in Old Tamil is the Tolkāppiyam, an early work on Tamil grammar and poetics, whose oldest layers could be as old as the 1st century BC.[51] A large number of literary works in Old Tamil have also survived. These include a corpus of 2,381 poems collectively known as Sangam literature. These poems are usually dated to between the 1st and 5th centuries AD,[58] which makes them the oldest extant body of secular literature in India.[59] Other literary works in Old Tamil include Thirukural, Silappatikaram and Maṇimēkalai, and a number of ethical and didactic texts, written between the 5th and 8th centuries.[60]
Old Tamil preserved many features of Proto-Dravidian, including the inventory of consonants,[61] the syllable structure,[62] and various grammatical features.[63] Amongst these was the absence of a distinct present tense – like Proto-Dravidian, Old Tamil only had two tenses, the past and the "non-past". Old Tamil verbs also had a distinct negative conjugation (e.g. kāṇēṉ (காணேன்) "I do not see", kāṇōm (காணோம்) "we do not see")[64] Nouns could take pronominal suffixes like verbs to express ideas: e.g. peṇṭirēm (பெண்டிரேம்) "we are women" formed from peṇṭir (பெண்டிர்) "women" and the first person plural marker -ēm (ஏம்).[65]
Despite the significant amount of grammatical and syntactical change between Old, Middle and Modern Tamil, Tamil demonstrates grammatical continuity across these stages: many characteristics of the later stages of the language have their roots in features of Old Tamil.[51]
Middle Tamil[edit]
The evolution of Old Tamil into Middle Tamil, which is generally taken to have been completed by the 8th century,[51] was characterised by a number of phonological and grammatical changes. In phonological terms, the most important shifts were the virtual disappearance of the aytam (ஃ), an old phoneme,[66] the coalescence of the alveolar and dental nasals,[67] and the transformation of the alveolar plosive into a rhotic.[68] In grammar, the most important change was the emergence of the present tense. The present tense evolved out of the verb kil (கில்), meaning "to be possible" or "to befall". In Old Tamil, this verb was used as an aspect marker to indicate that an action was micro-durative, non-sustained or non-lasting, usually in combination with a time marker such as ṉ (ன்). In Middle Tamil, this usage evolved into a present tense marker – kiṉṟa (கின்ற) – which combined the old aspect and time markers.[69]
Some[who?] argue that Middle Tamil saw a significant increase in the Sanskritisation of Tamil. From the period of the Pallava dynasty onwards, a number of Sanskrit loan-words entered Tamil, particularly in relation to political, religious and philosophical concepts.[70] Sanskrit also influenced Tamil grammar, in the increased use of cases and in declined nouns becoming adjuncts of verbs,[71] and phonology. The forms of writing in Tamil have developed through years.[72] The Tamil script also changed in the period of Middle Tamil. Tamil Brahmi and Vaṭṭeḻuttu, into which it evolved, were the main scripts used in Old Tamil inscriptions. From the 8th century onwards, however, the Pallavas began using a new script, derived from the Pallava Grantha script which was used to write Sanskrit, which eventually replaced Vaṭṭeḻuttu.[73]
Middle Tamil is attested in a large number of inscriptions, and in a significant body of secular and religious literature.[74] These include the religious poems and songs of the Bhakthi poets, such as the Tēvāram verses on Shaivism and Nālāyira Tivya Pirapantam on Vaishnavism,[75] and adaptations of religious legends such as the 12th century Tamil Ramayana composed by Kamban and the story of 63 shaivite devotees known as Periyapurāṇam.[76] Iraiyaṉār Akapporuḷ, an early treatise on love poetics, and Naṉṉūl, a 12th-century grammar that became the standard grammar of literary Tamil, are also from the Middle Tamil period.[77]
Modern Tamil[edit]
The Nannul remains the standard normative grammar for modern literary Tamil, which therefore continues to be based on Middle Tamil of the 13th century rather than on Modern Tamil.[78] Colloquial spoken Tamil, in contrast, shows a number of changes. The negative conjugation of verbs, for example, has fallen out of use in Modern Tamil[79] – negation is, instead, expressed either morphologically or syntactically.[80] Modern spoken Tamil also shows a number of sound changes, in particular, a tendency to lower high vowels in initial and medial positions,[81] and the disappearance of vowels between plosives and between a plosive and rhotic.[82]
Contact with European languages also affected both written and spoken Tamil. Changes in written Tamil include the use of European-style punctuation and the use of consonant clusters that were not permitted in Middle Tamil. The syntax of written Tamil has also changed, with the introduction of new aspectual auxiliaries and more complex sentence structures, and with the emergence of a more rigid word order that resembles the syntactic argument structure of English.[83] Simultaneously, a strong strain of linguistic purism emerged in the early 20th century, culminating in the Pure Tamil Movement which called for removal of all Sanskritic and other foreign elements from Tamil.[84] It received some support from Dravidian parties.[85] This led to the replacement of a significant number of Sanskrit loanwords by Tamil equivalents, though many others remain.[86]
Geographic distribution[edit]
Tamil is the first language of the majority of the people residing in Tamil Nadu in India and Northern Province, Eastern Province, Sri Lanka. The language is also spoken among small minority groups in other states of India which include Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Kerala, Maharashtra and in certain regions of Sri Lanka such as Colombo and the hill country. Previously Tamil had a wider distribution in India than its current state[citation needed]. Tamil or dialects of it were used widely in the state of Kerala as the major language of administration, literature and common usage until the 12th century AD. Tamil was also used widely in inscriptions found in southern Andhra Pradesh districts of Chittoor and Nellore until the 12th century AD.[87] Tamil was also used for inscriptions from the 10th through 14th centuries in southern Karnataka districts such as Kolar, Mysore, Mandya and Bangalore.[88]
There are currently sizeable Tamil-speaking populations descended from colonial-era migrants in Malaysia, Singapore, Philippines, Mauritius, South Africa, Indonesia,[89] Thailand,[90] Burma, and Vietnam. A large community of Tamil speakers exists in Karachi, Pakistan, which includes Tamil-speaking Hindus[91][92] as well as Christians and Muslims – including some Tamil-speaking Muslim refugees from Sri Lanka.[93] Many in Réunion, Guyana, Fiji, Suriname, and Trinidad and Tobago have Tamil origins,[94] but only a small number speak the language. In Reunion where Tamil language was forbidden to be learnt and used in public space by France is now being relearnt by students and adults.[95] It is also used by groups of migrants from Sri Lanka and India, Canada (especially Toronto), United States (especially New Jersey and New York City), Australia, many Middle Eastern countries, and some Western European countries.
Legal status[edit]
Tamil is the official language of the Indian state of Tamil Nadu and one of the 22 languages under schedule 8 of the constitution of India. It is also one of the official languages of the union territory of Puducherry and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands.[96][97] Tamil is also one of the official languages of Singapore. Tamil is one of the official and national language of Sri Lanka, along with Sinhala.[98] It was once given nominal official status in the state of Haryana, purportedly as a rebuff to Punjab, though there was no attested Tamil-speaking population in the state, and was later replaced by Punjabi.[99] In Malaysia, 543 primary education government schools are available fully in Tamil medium.[100] The establishments of Tamil medium schools have been currently in process in Myanmar to provide education completely in Tamil language by the Tamils who settled there 200 years ago.[101] Tamil language is taught in Canada and South Africa for the local Tamil minority populations. In Ontario, Canada, the month of January has been declared "Tamil Heritage Month" per legislation.
In addition, with the creation in October 2004 of a legal status for classical languages by the Government of India and following a political campaign supported by several Tamil associations,[102][103] Tamil became the first legally recognised Classical language of India. The recognition was announced by the then President of India, Abdul Kalam, in a joint sitting of both houses of the Indian Parliament on 6 June 2004.[104][105][106]
Region-specific variations[edit]
The socio-linguistic situation of Tamil is characterised by diglossia: there are two separate registers varying by social status, a high register and a low one.[107][108] Tamil dialects are primarily differentiated from each other by the fact that they have undergone different phonological changes and sound shifts in evolving from Old Tamil. For example, the word for "here"—iṅku in Centamil (the classic variety)—has evolved into iṅkū in the Kongu dialect of Coimbatore, inga in the dialect of Thanjavur, and iṅkai in some dialects of Sri Lanka. Old Tamil's iṅkaṇ (where kaṇ means place) is the source of iṅkane in the dialect of Tirunelveli, Old Tamil iṅkaṭṭu is the source of iṅkuṭṭu in the dialect of Madurai, and iṅkaṭe in various northern dialects. Even now, in the Coimbatore area, it is common to hear "akkaṭṭa" meaning "that place". Although Tamil dialects do not differ significantly in their vocabulary, there are a few exceptions. The dialects spoken in Sri Lanka retain many words and grammatical forms that are not in everyday use in India,[109] and use many other words slightly differently.[110] The various Tamil dialects include Central Tamil dialect, Kongu Tamil, Madras Bashai, Madurai Tamil, Nellai Tamil, kumari tamil in India and Batticaloa Tamil dialect, Jaffna Tamil dialect, Negombo Tamil dialect in Sri Lanka. Sankethi dialect in Karnataka has been heavily influenced by Kannada.
Loanword variations[edit]
The dialect of the district of Palakkad in Kerala has a large number of Malayalam loanwords, has been influenced by Malayalam's syntax and also has a distinctive Malayalam accent. Similarly, Tamil spoken in Kanyakumari District has more unique words and phonetic style than Tamil spoken at other parts of Tamil Nadu. The words and phonetics are so different that a person from Kanyakumari district is easily identifiable by their spoken Tamil. Hebbar and Mandyam dialects, spoken by groups of Tamil Vaishnavites who migrated to Karnataka in the 11th century, retain many features of the Vaishnava paribasai, a special form of Tamil developed in the 9th and 10th centuries that reflect Vaishnavite religious and spiritual values.[111] Several castes have their own sociolects which most members of that caste traditionally used regardless of where they come from. It is often possible to identify a person's caste by their speech.[112] Tamil in Sri Lanka incorporates loan words from Portuguese, Dutch, and English.
Spoken and literary variants[edit]
In addition to its various dialects, Tamil exhibits different forms: a classical literary style modelled on the ancient language (sankattamiḻ), a modern literary and formal style (centamiḻ), and a modern colloquial form (koṭuntamiḻ). These styles shade into each other, forming a stylistic continuum. For example, it is possible to write centamiḻ with a vocabulary drawn from caṅkattamiḻ, or to use forms associated with one of the other variants while speaking koṭuntamiḻ.[113]
In modern times, centamiḻ is generally used in formal writing and speech. For instance, it is the language of textbooks, of much of Tamil literature and of public speaking and debate. In recent times, however, koṭuntamiḻ has been making inroads into areas that have traditionally been considered the province of centamiḻ. Most contemporary cinema, theatre and popular entertainment on television and radio, for example, is in koṭuntamiḻ, and many politicians use it to bring themselves closer to their audience. The increasing use of koṭuntamiḻ in modern times has led to the emergence of unofficial 'standard' spoken dialects. In India, the 'standard' koṭuntamiḻ, rather than on any one dialect,[114] but has been significantly influenced by the dialects of Thanjavur and Madurai. In Sri Lanka, the standard is based on the dialect of Jaffna.
Writing system[edit]
After Tamil Brahmi fell out of use, Tamil was written using a script called the vaṭṭeḻuttu amongst others such as Grantha and Pallava script. The current Tamil script consists of 12 vowels, 18 consonants and one special character, the āytam. The vowels and consonants combine to form 216 compound characters, giving a total of 247 characters (12 + 18 + 1 + (12 x 18)). All consonants have an inherent vowel a, as with other Indic scripts. This inherent vowel is removed by adding a tittle called a puḷḷi, to the consonantal sign. For example, ன is ṉa (with the inherent a) and ன் is ṉ (without a vowel). Many Indic scripts have a similar sign, generically called virama, but the Tamil script is somewhat different in that it nearly always uses a visible puḷḷi to indicate a dead consonant (a consonant without a vowel). In other Indic scripts, it is generally preferred to use a ligature or a half form to write a syllable or a cluster containing a dead consonant, although writing it with a visible virama is also possible. The Tamil script does not differentiate voiced and unvoiced plosives. Instead, plosives are articulated with voice depending on their position in a word, in accordance with the rules of Tamil phonology.
In addition to the standard characters, six characters taken from the Grantha script, which was used in the Tamil region to write Sanskrit, are sometimes used to represent sounds not native to Tamil, that is, words adopted from Sanskrit, Prakrit and other languages. The traditional system prescribed by classical grammars for writing loan-words, which involves respelling them in accordance with Tamil phonology, remains, but is not always consistently applied.[115]
Tamil phonology is characterised by the presence of retroflex consonants and multiple rhotics. Tamil does not distinguish phonologically between voiced and unvoiced consonants; phonetically, voice is assigned depending on a consonant's position in a word.[116] Tamil phonology permits few consonant clusters, which can never be word initial. Native grammarians classify Tamil phonemes into vowels, consonants, and a "secondary character", the āytam.
Tamil has five pure vowel sounds /ɐ/, /e/, /i/, /o/ and /u/. Each vowel has a long and short version. There are two diphthongs, /aːɪ/ and /aːʊ/, and three "shortened" vowels.
Long vowels are about twice as long as short vowels. The diphthongs are usually pronounced about 1.5 times as long as short vowels. Most grammatical texts place them with long vowels.
Tamil consonants are presented as hard, soft and medial in some grammars which roughly corresponds to plosives, approximants and nasals. Unlike most Indian languages, Tamil does not distinguish aspirated and unaspirated consonants. In addition, the voicing of plosives is governed by strict rules in centamiḻ. Plosives are unvoiced if they occur word-initially or doubled. Elsewhere they are voiced, with a few becoming fricatives intervocalically. Nasals and approximants are always voiced.[117]
Tamil is characterised by its use of more than one type of coronal consonants: like many of the other languages of India, it contains a series of retroflex consonants. Notably, the Tamil retroflex series includes the retroflex approximant /ɻ/ (ழ) (example Tamil; often transcribed 'zh'), which is absent in the Indo-Aryan languages. Among the other Dravidian languages, the retroflex approximant also occurs in Malayalam (for example in 'Kozhikode'), disappeared from spoken Kannada around 1000 AD (although the character is still written, and exists in Unicode), and was never present in Telugu. In many dialects of colloquial Tamil, this consonant is seen as disappearing and shifting to the alveolar lateral approximant /l/.[118] Dental and alveolar consonants also historically contrasted with each other, a typically Dravidian trait not found in the neighbouring Indo-Aryan languages. While this distinction can still be seen in the written language, it has been largely lost in colloquial spoken Tamil, and even in literary usage the letters ந (dental) and ன (alveolar) may be seen as allophonic.[119] Likewise, the historical alveolar stop has transformed into a trill consonant in many modern dialects.
A chart of the Tamil consonant phonemes in the International Phonetic Alphabet follows:[120]
|p (b)
|t̪ (d̪)
|t (d)
|ʈ (ɖ)
|t͡ɕ (d͡ʑ)
|k (ɡ)
|Central approximants
|Lateral approximants
Sounds in brackets are voiced allophones. They are written the same as the voiceless allophones, as voicing is determined by context. The sounds /f/ and /ʂ/ are peripheral to the phonology of Tamil, being found only in loanwords and frequently replaced by native sounds. There are well-defined rules for elision in Tamil categorised into classes based on the phoneme which undergoes elision.
Classical Tamil also had a phoneme called the Āytam, written as 'ஃ'. Tamil grammarians of the time classified it as a dependent phoneme (or restricted phoneme[121]) (cārpeḻuttu), but it is very rare in modern Tamil. The rules of pronunciation given in the Tolkāppiyam, a text on the grammar of Classical Tamil, suggest that the āytam could have glottalised the sounds it was combined with. It has also been suggested that the āytam was used to represent the voiced implosive (or closing part or the first half) of geminated voiced plosives inside a word.[122] The Āytam, in modern Tamil, is also used to convert p to f when writing English words using the Tamil script.
Numerals and symbols[edit]
Apart from the usual numerals, Tamil also has numerals for 10, 100 and 1000. Symbols for day, month, year, debit, credit, as above, rupee, and numeral are present as well.Tamil also uses several historical fractional signs.
|as above
Tamil employs agglutinative grammar, where suffixes are used to mark noun class, number, and case, verb tense and other grammatical categories. Tamil's standard metalinguistic terminology and scholarly vocabulary is itself Tamil, as opposed to the Sanskrit that is standard for most Aryan languages.[123][124]
Much of Tamil grammar is extensively described in the oldest known grammar book for Tamil, the Tolkāppiyam. Modern Tamil writing is largely based on the 13th century grammar Naṉṉūl which restated and clarified the rules of the Tolkāppiyam, with some modifications. Traditional Tamil grammar consists of five parts, namely eḻuttu, sol, poruḷ, yāppu, aṇi. Of these, the last two are mostly applied in poetry.[125]
Tamil words consist of a lexical root to which one or more affixes are attached. Most Tamil affixes are suffixes. Tamil suffixes can be derivational suffixes, which either change the part of speech of the word or its meaning, or inflectional suffixes, which mark categories such as person, number, mood, tense, etc. There is no absolute limit on the length and extent of agglutination, which can lead to long words with a large number of suffixes.
Tamil nouns (and pronouns) are classified into two super-classes (tiṇai)—the "rational" (uyartiṇai), and the "irrational" (akṟiṇai)—which include a total of five classes (pāl, which literally means 'gender'). Humans and deities are classified as "rational", and all other nouns (animals, objects, abstract nouns) are classified as irrational. The "rational" nouns and pronouns belong to one of three classes (pāl)—masculine singular, feminine singular, and rational plural. The "irrational" nouns and pronouns belong to one of two classes: irrational singular and irrational plural. The pāl is often indicated through suffixes. The plural form for rational nouns may be used as an honorific, gender-neutral, singular form.[126]
Suffixes are used to perform the functions of cases or postpositions. Traditional grammarians tried to group the various suffixes into eight cases corresponding to the cases used in Sanskrit. These were the nominative, accusative, dative, sociative, genitive, instrumental, locative, and ablative. Modern grammarians argue that this classification is artificial,[127] and that Tamil usage is best understood if each suffix or combination of suffixes is seen as marking a separate case.[114] Tamil nouns can take one of four prefixes, i, a, u, and e which are functionally equivalent to the demonstratives in English.
Tamil verbs are also inflected through the use of suffixes. A typical Tamil verb form will have a number of suffixes, which show person, number, mood, tense, and voice.
- Person and number are indicated by suffixing the oblique case of the relevant pronoun. The suffixes to indicate tenses and voice are formed from grammatical particles, which are added to the stem.
- Tamil has two voices. The first indicates that the subject of the sentence undergoes or is the object of the action named by the verb stem, and the second indicates that the subject of the sentence directs the action referred to by the verb stem.
- Tamil has three simple tenses—past, present, and future—indicated by the suffixes, as well as a series of perfects indicated by compound suffixes. Mood is implicit in Tamil, and is normally reflected by the same morphemes which mark tense categories. Tamil verbs also mark evidentiality, through the addition of the hearsay clitic ām.[128]
Traditional grammars of Tamil do not distinguish between adjectives and adverbs, including both of them under the category uriccol, although modern grammarians tend to distinguish between them on morphological and syntactical grounds.[129] Tamil has a large number of ideophones that act as adverbs indicating the way the object in a given state "says" or "sounds".[130]
Tamil does not have articles. Definiteness and indefiniteness are either indicated by special grammatical devices, such as using the number "one" as an indefinite article, or by the context.[131] In the first person plural, Tamil makes a distinction between inclusive pronouns நாம் nām (we), நமது namatu (our) that include the addressee and exclusive pronouns நாங்கள் nāṅkaḷ (we), எமது ematu (our) that do not.[131]
Tamil is a consistently head-final language. The verb comes at the end of the clause, with a typical word order of subject–object–verb (SOV).[132][133] However, word order in Tamil is also flexible, so that surface permutations of the SOV order are possible with different pragmatic effects. Tamil has postpositions rather than prepositions. Demonstratives and modifiers precede the noun within the noun phrase. Subordinate clauses precede the verb of the matrix clause.
Tamil is a null-subject language. Not all Tamil sentences have subjects, verbs, and objects. It is possible to construct grammatically valid and meaningful sentences which lack one or more of the three. For example, a sentence may only have a verb—such as muṭintuviṭṭatu ("completed")—or only a subject and object, without a verb such as atu eṉ vīṭu ("That [is] my house"). Tamil does not have a copula (a linking verb equivalent to the word is). The word is included in the translations only to convey the meaning more easily.
The vocabulary of Tamil is mainly Dravidian. A strong sense of linguistic purism is found in Modern Tamil,[134] which opposes the use of foreign loanwords.[135] Nonetheless, a number of words used in classical and modern Tamil are loanwords from the languages of neighbouring groups, or with whom the Tamils had trading links, including Munda (for example, tavaḷai "frog" from Munda tabeg), Malay (e.g. cavvarici "sago" from Malay sāgu), Chinese (for example, campān "skiff" from Chinese san-pan) and Greek (for example, ora from Greek ὥρα). In more modern times, Tamil has imported words from Urdu and Marathi, reflecting groups that have influenced the Tamil area at various points of time, and from neighbouring languages such as Telugu, Kannada, and Sinhala. During the modern period, words have also been adapted from European languages, such as Portuguese, French, and English.[136]
The strongest impact of purism in Tamil has been on words taken from Sanskrit. During its history, Tamil, along with other Dravidian languages like Telugu, Kannada, Malayalam etc., was influenced by Sanskrit in terms of vocabulary, grammar and literary styles,[137][138][139][140] reflecting the increased trend of Sanskritisation in the Tamil country.[141] Tamil vocabulary never became quite as heavily Sanskritised as that of the other Dravidian languages, and unlike in those languages, it was and remains possible to express complex ideas (including in science, art, religion and law) without the use of Sanskrit loan words.[142][143][144] In addition, Sanskritisation was actively resisted by a number of authors of the late medieval period,[145] culminating in the 20th century in a movement called taṉit tamiḻ iyakkam (meaning "pure Tamil movement"), led by Parithimaar Kalaignar and Maraimalai Adigal, which sought to remove the accumulated influence of Sanskrit on Tamil.[146] As a result of this, Tamil in formal documents, literature and public speeches has seen a marked decline in the use Sanskrit loan words in the past few decades,[147] under some estimates having fallen from 40–50% to about 20%.[86] As a result, the Prakrit and Sanskrit loan words used in modern Tamil are, unlike in some other Dravidian languages, restricted mainly to some spiritual terminology and abstract nouns.[148]
In the 20th century, institutions and learned bodies have, with government support, generated technical dictionaries for Tamil containing neologisms and words derived from Tamil roots to replace loan words from English and other languages.[84]
Words of Tamil origin occur in other languages. A notable example of a word in worldwide use with Dravidian (not specifically Tamil) etymology is orange, via Sanskrit nāraṅga from a Dravidian predecessor of Tamil nartankāy "fragrant fruit". Examples in English include cheroot (churuṭṭu meaning "rolled up"),[149] mango (from mangai),[149] mulligatawny (from miḷaku taṉṉir, "pepper water"), pariah (from paraiyan), curry (from kari),[150] and catamaran (from kaṭṭu maram, "bundled logs").[149]
See also[edit]
- Siddha Medicine
- Kural Peedam Award
- List of countries where Tamil is an official language
- List of languages by first written accounts
- States of India by Tamil speakers
- Tamil Numerals System
- Tamil Keyboard
- Tamil diaspora
- Tamil population by nation
- Tamil population by cities
- ^ "Myanmar's Tamils seek to protect their identity". BBC. Retrieved 11 April 2014.
- ^ Nationalencyklopedin "Världens 100 största språk 2007" The World's 100 Largest Languages in 2007
- ^ Tamil language reference at Ethnologue (16th ed., 2009)
- ^ "Official languages of Tamil Nadu", Tamil Nadu Government, retrieved 1 May 2007
- ^ "Official languages", UNESCO, retrieved 10 May 2007
- ^ "Official languages of Srilanka", State department, US, retrieved 1 May 2007
- ^ "Official languages and national language", Constitution of the Republic of Singapore (Government of Singapore), retrieved 22 April 2008
- ^ Nordhoff, Sebastian; Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2013). "Modern Tamil". Glottolog 2.2. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.
- ^ Nordhoff, Sebastian; Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2013). "Old Tamil". Glottolog 2.2. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.
- ^ Laurie Bauer, 2007, The Linguistics Student's Handbook, Edinburgh
- ^ "Tamilnadu is a compendium of Tamil culture, heritage and tradition". Tamilnadu.com.
- ^ Department of Official Languages, Govt. of Srilanka, retrieved 20 July 2012
- ^ Republic of Singapore Independence Act, s.7
- ^ Tamil Schools. Indianmalaysian.com. Retrieved on 2013-07-28.
- ^ UN Chronicle - National Identity and Minority Languages. Un.org. Retrieved on 2013-07-28.
- ^ "Toronto's Tamil-Canadian community gears up to host new refugees", The Star, 14 August 2010
- ^ Tamil Language and Murukan Worship in South Africa
- ^ "Ethnologue report for language code tam", Ethnologue: Languages of the World, retrieved 2007-07-31
- ^ Immigrant Hinduism in Germany: Tamils from Sri Lanka and Their Temples
- ^ Tamil Indonesians, retrieved 2007-07-31
- ^ a b Stein, Burton (November 1977), "Circulation and the Historical Geography of Tamil Country", The Journal of Asian Studies 37 (1): 7–26, doi:10.2307/2053325, JSTOR 2053325
- ^ Steever, Sanford B. "The Dravidian languages", First Published (1998), pp. 6–9. ISBN 0-415-10023-2
- ^ Kamil Zvelebil, The Smile of Murugan Leiden 1973, p11-12
- ^ Hart, George L. Statement on the Status of Tamil as a Classical Language, University of California Berkeley Department of South Asian Studies – Tamil
- ^ Zvelebil 1992, p. 12: "...the most acceptable periodisation which has so far been suggested for the development of Tamil writing seems to me to be that of A Chidambaranatha Chettiar (1907–1967): 1. Sangam Literature – 200BC to AD 200; 2. Post Sangam literature – AD 200 – AD 600; 3. Early Medieval literature – AD 600 to AD 1200; 4. Later Medieval literature – AD 1200 to AD 1800; 5. Pre-Modern literature – AD 1800 to 1900"
- ^ Classical Tamil, Government of India
- ^ Abraham 2003
- ^ Maloney 1970, p. 610
- ^ Subramaniam, T.S (29 August 2011), "Palani excavation triggers fresh debate", The Hindu (Chennai, India: The Hindu), retrieved 7 October 2011
- ^ Staff Reporter (22 November 2005), "Students get glimpse of heritage", The Hindu (Chennai, India), retrieved 26 April 2007
- ^ Mahathevan, Iravatham (24 June 2010), "An epigraphic perspective on the antiquity of Tamil", The Hindu (Chennai, India: The Hindu Group), retrieved 13 September 2010
- ^ The I.A.S. Tamil Medical Manuscript Collection, Portal.unesco.org, retrieved 2012-09-13
- ^ Saiva Manuscript in Pondicherry, Portal.unesco.org, retrieved 2012-09-13
- ^ Memory of the World Register: India, Portal.unesco.org, retrieved 2012-09-13
- ^ http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/tamil-saw-its-first-book-in-1578/article476102.ece
- ^ Kolappan, B. (22 June 2014). "Delay, howlers in Tamil Lexicon embarrass scholars". The Hindu (Chennai: The Hindu). Retrieved 25 December 2014.
- ^ India 2001: A Reference Annual 2001. Compiled and edited by Research, Reference and Training Division, Publications Division, New Delhi: Government of India, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting.
- ^ Krishnamurti 2003, p. 19
- ^ Perumal, A. K. Manorama Yearbook (Tamil) 2005, pp.302–318.
- ^ Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World. Elsevier. 2010. p. 297.
- ^ Menon 1990
- ^ Andronov 1970, p. 21
- ^ Sumathi Ramaswamy, Passions of the Tongue: Language Devotion in Tamil India, 1891-1970, p. 87, 1997
- ^ Nagaswamy, N (1995), Roman Karur, Brahad Prakashan, OCLC 191007985
- ^ Mahadevan 2003, pp. 199–205
- ^ Panneerselvam, R (1969), "Further light on the bilingual coin of the Sātavāhanas", Indo-Iranian Journal 4 (11): 281–288, doi:10.1163/000000069790078428
- ^ Yandel, Keith (2000), Religion and Public Culture: Encounters and Identities in Modern South India, Routledge Curzon, p. 235, ISBN 0-7007-1101-5
- ^ Southworth 2005, pp. 249–250
- ^ Southworth 2005, pp. 250–251
- ^ Sivathamby, K (December 1974) Early South Indian Society and Economy: The Tinai Concept, Social Scientist, Vol.3 No.5 Dec 1974
- ^ a b c d Lehmann 1998, p. 75
- ^ Zvelebil 1992, p. x
- ^ Southworth 1998, pp. 129–132
- ^ Zvelebil 1992, p. ix–xvi
- ^ University of Madras (1924–36), Tamil lexicon, Madras: University of Madras, retrieved 26 February 2012. (Online edition at the University of Chicago)
- ^ Subramanian, S.V (1980), Heritage of Tamils; Language and Grammar, International Institute of Tamil Studies, pp. 7–12
- ^ Mahadevan 2003, pp. 90–95
- ^ Lehmann 1998, p. 75. The dating of Sangam literature and the identification of its language with Old Tamil have recently been questioned by Herman Tieken who argues that the works are better understood as 9th century Pāṇṭiyan dynasty compositions, deliberately written in an archaising style to make them seem older than they were (Tieken 2001). Tieken's dating has, however, been criticised by reviewers of his work. See e.g. Hart 2004, Ferro-Luzzi 2001, Monius 2002 and Wilden 2003
- ^ Tharu & Lalitha 1991, p. 70
- ^ Lehmann 1998, pp. 75–6
- ^ Krishnamurti 2003, p. 53
- ^ Krishnamurti 2003, p. 92
- ^ Krishnamurti 2003, pp. 182–193
- ^ Steever 1998, p. 24
- ^ Lehmann 1998, p. 80
- ^ Kuiper 1958, p. 194
- ^ Meenakshisundaran 1965, pp. 132–133
- ^ Kuiper 1958, pp. 213–215
- ^ Rajam 1985, pp. 284–285
- ^ Meenakshisundaran 1965, pp. 173–174
- ^ Meenakshisundaran 1965, pp. 153–154
- ^ Meenakshisundaran 1965, pp. 145–146
- ^ Mahadevan 2003, pp. 208–213
- ^ Meenakshisundaran 1965, p. 119
- ^ Varadarajan 1988
- ^ Varadarajan 1988, pp. 155–157
- ^ Zvelebil 1992, p. 227
- ^ Shapiro & Schiffman 1983, p. 2
- ^ Annamalai & Steever 1998, p. 100
- ^ Steever 2005, pp. 107–8
- ^ Meenakshisundaran 1965, p. 125
- ^ Meenakshisundaran 1965, pp. 122–123
- ^ Kandiah 1978, pp. 65–69
- ^ a b Ramaswamy 1997
- ^ Ramaswamy 1997: "Dravidianism, too, lent its support to the contestatory classicist project, motivated principally by the political imperative of countering (Sanskritic) Indian nationalism... It was not until the DMK came to power in 1967 that such demands were fulfilled, and the pure Tamil cause received a boost, although purification efforts are not particularly high on the agenda of either the Dravidian movement or the Dravidianist idiom of tamiḻppaṟṟu."
- ^ a b Krishnamurti 2003, p. 480
- ^ Talbot 2001, pp. 27–37
- ^ Murthy et al. 1990, pp. 85–106
- ^ Ramstedt 243
- ^ Kesavapany 60
- ^ "Strangers to Their Roots and Those Around Them", The News (Pakistan), retrieved August 20, 2012
- ^ "Tamil Hindus in Karachi", Pakistan Hindu Post, retrieved August 20, 2012
- ^ "Osama's shadow on Sri Lanka?", The Hindu Business Line, retrieved August 20, 2012
- ^ McMahon, Suzanne, Overview of the South Asian Diaspora, University of California, Berkeley, retrieved 23 April 2008
- ^ Ghasarian, Christian, Indentured immigration and social accommodation in La Réunion, University of California, Berkeley, retrieved 8 January 2010
- ^ Ramamoorthy, L (2004-2), Multilingualism and Second Language Acquisition and Learning in Pondicherry, Language in India, retrieved 16 August 2007 Check date values in:
- ^ Sunwani, Vijay K (2007-2), Amazing Andamans and North-East India: A Panoramic View of States, Societies and Cultures (PDF), Language in India, retrieved 16 August 2007 Check date values in:
- ^ http://www.languagesdept.gov.lk/, retrieved 2012-09-13
- ^ Punjabi edges out Tamil in Haryana | Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis
- ^ Language Shift in the Tamil Communities of Malaysia and Singapore: the Paradox of Egalitarian Language Policy, Ccat.sas.upenn.edu, retrieved 2012-09-13
- ^ BBC News - Myanmar's Tamils seek to protect their identity
- ^ Dutta, Sujan (28 September 2004), "Classic case of politics of language", The Telegraph (Kolkata, India), retrieved 20 April 2007,
Members of the committee felt that the pressure was being brought on it because of the compulsions of the Congress and the UPA government to appease its ally, M. Karunanidhi's DMK.
- ^ Vasan, SS, "Recognising a classic", The Hindu, retrieved 14 May 2007
- ^ Thirumalai, MS (November 2004), "Tradition, Modernity and Impact of Globalization – Whither Will Tamil Go?", Language in India 4, retrieved 17 November 2007
- ^ BBC. India sets up classical languages. 17 August 2004. Retrieved on 16 August 2007.
- ^ "Sanskrit to be declared classical language". The Hindu. 28 October 2005. Retrieved on 16 August 2007.
- ^ Arokianathan, S, Writing and Diglossic: A Case Study of Tamil Radio Plays, retrieved 16 August 2007
- ^ Britto, Francis. "Diglossia: A Study of the Theory, with Application to Tamil", Language, Vol. 64, No. 1 (Mar., 1988), pp. 152–155. doi:10.2307/414796
- ^ Lehmann, Thomas. "Old Tamil" in Sanford Steever (ed.), The Dravidian Languages Routledge, 1998, p. 75; E. Annamalai and S. Steever, "Modern Tamil" in ibid., pp. 100–28.
- ^ Zvelebil, Kamil. "Some features of Ceylon Tamil", Indo-Iranian Journal 9:2 (June 1996) pp. 113–38.
- ^ Thiru. Mu. Kovintācāriyar, Vāḻaiyaṭi vāḻai Lifco, Madras, 1978, pp. 26–39.
- ^ "Tamil dialects", Encyclopædia Britannica Online See Tamil language., retrieved 28 March 2007 [subscription required]
- ^ Schiffman, Harold. "Diglossia as a Sociolinguistic Situation", in Florian Coulmas (ed.), The Handbook of Sociolinguistics. London: Basil Blackwell, Ltd., 1997 at pp. 205 et seq.
- ^ a b Schiffman, Harold (1998), "Standardization or restandardization: The case for 'Standard' Spoken Tamil", Language in Society 27 (3): 359–385, doi:10.1017/S0047404598003030.
- ^ Fowler, Murray (1954), "The Segmental Phonemes of Sanskritized Tamil", Language (Linguistic Society of America) 30 (3): 360–367, doi:10.2307/410134, JSTOR 410134 at p. 360.
- ^ Schiffman, Harold F.; Arokianathan, S. (1986), "Diglossic variation in Tamil film and fiction", in Krishnamurti, Bhadriraju; Masica, Colin P., South Asian languages: structure, convergence, and diglossia, New Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, pp. 371–382, ISBN 81-208-0033-8 at p. 371
- ^ See e.g. the pronunciation guidelines in G.U. Pope (1868). A Tamil hand-book, or, Full introduction to the common dialect of that language. (3rd ed.). Madras, Higginbotham & Co.
- ^ Rajam, V. S. (1992), A Reference Grammar of Classical Tamil Poetry: 150 B.C.-Pre-Fifth/Sixth Century A.D, American Philosophical Society, ISBN 978-0-87169-199-6, retrieved 1 June 2007
- ^ Schiffman, Harold F. (1995), "Phonetics of Spoken Tamil", A Grammar of Spoken Tamil: 12–13, retrieved 28 August 2009
- ^ E. Annamalai and S.B. Steever, "Modern Tamil" in S.B. Steevar (Ed.), The Dravidian Languages, London and New York, Routledge 1998, p100-128
- ^ Krishnamurti, Bhadriraju (2003), The Dravidian Languages, Cambridge Language Surveys, Cambridge University Press, p. 154, ISBN 0-521-77111-0
- ^ Kuiper, F. B. J. "Two problems of old Tamil phonology", Indo-Iranian Journal 2:3 (September 1958) pp. 191–207.
- ^ Zvelebil, Kamil (1973), The Smile of Murugan, BRILL, ISBN 978-90-04-03591-1, retrieved 22 May 2007
- ^ Ramanujam, A. K.; Dharwadker, V. (ed.), The collected essays of A.K. Ramanujam, Oxford University Press 2000, p.111.
- ^ Five fold grammar of Tamil, retrieved 1 June 2007
- ^ Caldwell, Robert (1875), Classes of nouns in Tamil, Trübner, retrieved 1 June 2007
- ^ Zvelebil, K. V. (April–June 1972), "Dravidian Case-Suffixes: Attempt at a Reconstruction", Journal of the American Oriental Society (American Oriental Society) 92 (2): 272–276, doi:10.2307/600654, JSTOR 600654,
The entire problem of the concept of 'case' in Dravidian will be ignored in this paper. In fact, we might posit a great number of 'cases' for perhaps any Dravidian language once we departed from the familiar types of paradigms forced upon us by traditional, indigenous and European grammars, especially of the literary languages. It is, for instance, sheer convention based on Tamil grammatical tradition (influenced no doubt by Sanskrit) that, as a rule, the number of cases in Tamil is given as eight.
- ^ Steever, Sanford B. (2002), "Direct and indirect discourse in Tamil", in Güldemann, Tom; von Roncador, Manfred, Reported Discourse: A Meeting Ground for Different Linguistic Domains, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, pp. 91–108, ISBN 90-272-2958-9 at p. 105.
- ^ Lehmann, Thomas (1989), A Grammar of Modern Tamil, Pondicherry: Pondicherry Institute of Linguistics and Culture at pp. 9–11
- ^ Swiderski, Richard M. (1996), The metamorphosis of English: versions of other languages, New York: Bergin & Garvey, p. 61, ISBN 0-89789-468-5
- ^ a b Annamalai, E.; Steever, S.B. (1998), "Modern Tamil", in Steever, Sanford B., The Dravidian Languages, London: Routledge, pp. 100–128, ISBN 0-415-10023-2 at p. 109.
- ^ Tamil is a head-final language, retrieved 1 June 2007
- ^ WALS – Tamil, Wals.info, retrieved 2012-09-13
- ^ Ramaswamy, Sumathi. "En/Gendering Language: The Poetics of Tamil Identity", Comparative Studies in Society and History 35:4. (October 1993), pp. 683–725.
- ^ Krishnamurti 2003, p. 480.
- ^ Meenakshisundaran 1965, pp. 169–193
- ^ "Literature in all Dravidian languages owes a great deal to Sanskrit, the magic wand whose touch raised each of the languages from a level of patois to that of a literary idiom" (Sastri 1955, p309); Trautmann, Thomas R. 2006. Languages and nations: the Dravidian proof in colonial Madras. Berkeley: University of California Press. "The author endeavours to demonstrate that the entire Sangam poetic corpus follows the "Kavya" form of Sanskrit poetry"-Tieken, Herman Joseph Hugo. 2001. Kāvya in South India: old Tamil Caṅkam poetry. Groningen: Egbert Forsten; Vaiyapuri Pillai in Takahashi, Takanobu. 1995, p18.
- ^ See Vaidyanathan's analysis of an early medieval text in S. Vaidyanathan, "Indo-Aryan loan words in the Civakacintamani" Journal of the American Oriental Society 87:4. (October – December 1967), pp. 430–434.
- ^ Caldwell, Robert. 1974. A comparative grammar of the Dravidian or South-Indian family of languages. New Delhi: Oriental Books Reprint Corp, p.87–88.
- ^ Takahashi, Takanobu. 1995. Tamil love poetry and poetics. Brill's Indological Library, v. 9. Leiden: E.J. Brill, p16,18
- ^ Pollock, Sheldon. "The Sanskrit Cosmopolis 300–1300: Transculturation, vernacularisation and the question of ideology" in Jan E.M. Houben (ed.), The ideology and status of Sanskrit: Contributions to the history of the Sanskrit language (E.J. Brill, Leiden: 1996) at pp. 209–217.
- ^ Trautmann, Thomas R. (1999), "Hullabaloo About Telugu", South Asian Research 19 (1): 53–70, doi:10.1177/026272809901900104 at p. 64
- ^ Caldwell, Robert. 1974. A comparative grammar of the Dravidian or South-Indian family of languages. New Delhi: Oriental Books Reprint Corp, p.50.
- ^ Ellis, F. W. (1820), "Note to the introduction" in Campbell, A.D., A grammar of the Teloogoo language. Madras: College Press, pp. 29–30.
- ^ See Ramaswamy's analysis of one such text, the Tamiḻ viṭututu, in Ramaswamy, Sumathi. "Language of the People in the World of Gods: Ideologies of Tamil before the Nation" The Journal of Asian Studies, 57:1. (February 1998), pp. 66–92.
- ^ Varadarajan, M. A History of Tamil Literature, transl. from Tamil by E. Sa. Viswanathan, Sahitya Akademi, New Delhi, 1988. p.12: "Since then the movement has been popularly known as the tanittamil iyakkam or the Pure Tamil movement among the Tamil scholars."
- ^ Ramaswamy, Sumathy (1997), "Laboring for language", Passions of the Tongue: Language Devotion in Tamil India, 1891–1970, Berkeley: University of California Press, ISBN 0-585-10600-2,
Nevertheless, even impressionistically speaking, the marked decline in the use of foreign words, especially of Sanskritic origin, in Tamil literary, scholarly, and even bureaucratic circles over the past half century is quite striking.
- ^ Meenakshisundaram, T. P. A History of Tamil Language, Sarvodaya Ilakkiya Pannai, 1982. (translated) p. 241-2
- ^ a b c "Oxford English Dictionary Online", Oxford English Dictionary, retrieved 14 April 2007
- ^ "curry, n.2", The Oxford English Dictionary. 2nd ed. 1989. OED Online. Oxford University Press. 14 Aug 2009
- Andronov, M.S. (1970), Dravidian Languages, Nauka Publishing House
- Abraham, Shinu (2003), "Chera, Chola, Pandya: Using Archaeological Evidence to Identify the Tamil Kingdoms of Early Historic South India", Asian Perspectives 42 (2): 207–223, doi:10.1353/asi.2003.0031
- Annamalai, E.; Steever, S.B. (1998), "Modern Tamil", in Steever, Sanford, The Dravidian Languages, London: Routledge, pp. 100–128, ISBN 0-415-10023-2
- Caldwell, Robert. 1974. A comparative grammar of the Dravidian or South-Indian family of languages. New Delhi: Oriental Books Reprint Corp.
- Fabricius, Johann Philip (1933 and 1972), Tamil and English Dictionary. based on J.P. Fabricius Malabar-English Dictionary, 3rd and 4th Edition Revised and Enlarged by David Bexell. Evangelical Lutheran Mission Publishing House, Tranquebar; called Tranquebar Dictionary.
- Ferro-Luzzi, G.E.; Tieken, Herman (2001), "Tieken, Herman, Kavya in South India (Book review)", Asian Folklore Studies 60 (June 2001): 373–374, doi:10.2307/1179075, JSTOR 1179075
- Freeman, Rich (February 1998), "Rubies and Coral: The Lapidary Crafting of Language in Kerala", The Journal of Asian Studies (Association for Asian Studies) 57 (1): 38–65, doi:10.2307/2659023, JSTOR 2659023
- Hart, George L. (1975), The poems of ancient Tamil : their milieu and their Sanskrit counterparts, Berkeley: University of California Press, ISBN 0-520-02672-1
- Hart, George; Tieken, Herman (2004), "Review of Tieken's Kavya in South India.", Journal of the American Oriental Institute 124 (1): 180–184, doi:10.2307/4132191, JSTOR 4132191
- Kandiah, T. (1978), "Standard Language and Socio-Historical Parameters: Standard Lankan Tamil", International Journal of the Sociology of Language 16: 59–75, doi:10.1515/ijsl.1978.16.59
- Krishnamurti, Bhadriraju (2003), The Dravidian Languages, Cambridge Language Surveys, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-77111-0
- Kuiper, F. B. J. (1958), "Two problems of old Tamil phonology", Indo-Iranian Journal 2 (3): 191–224, doi:10.1007/BF00162818
- Kesavapany, K.; Mani, A; Ramasamy, Palanisamy (2008), Rising India and Indian Communities in East Asia, Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, ISBN 981-230-799-0
- Lehmann, Thomas (1989), A Grammar of Modern Tamil, Pondicherry: Pondicherry Institute of Linguistics and Culture
- Lehmann, Thomas (1998), "Old Tamil", in Steever, Sanford, The Dravidian Languages, London: Routledge, pp. 75–99, ISBN 0-415-10023-2
- Mahadevan, Iravatham (2003), Early Tamil Epigraphy from the Earliest Times to the Sixth Century A.D, Harvard Oriental Series vol. 62, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, ISBN 0-674-01227-5
- Maloney, Clarence (1970), "The Beginnings of Civilization in South India", The Journal of Asian Studies (Association for Asian Studies) 29 (3): 603–616, doi:10.2307/2943246, JSTOR 2943246
- Meenakshisundaran, T.P. (1965), A History of Tamil Language, Poona: Deccan College
- Monius, Anne E.; Dubianskii, Alexander M.; Tieken, Herman (2002), "Book review", The Journal of Asian Studies 61 (4): 1404–1406, doi:10.2307/3096501, JSTOR 3096501
- Menon, A. Govindankutty (1990), "Some Observations on the Sub-Group Tamil–Malayalam: Differential Realizations of the Cluster *nt", Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London 53 (1): 87–99, doi:10.1017/S0041977X00021285
- Murthy, Srinivasa; Rao, Surendra; Veluthat, Kesavan; Bari, S.A. (1990), Essays on Indian History and culture: Felicitation volume in Honour of Professor B. Sheik Ali, New Delhi: Mittal, ISBN 81-7099-211-7
- Ramstedt, Martin (2004), Hinduism in modern Indonesia, London: Routledge, ISBN 0-7007-1533-9
- Pope, GU (1868). A Tamil hand-book, or, Full introduction to the common dialect of that language. (7th ed. 1911). Madras, Higginbotham & Co.
- Rajam, VS (1985), "The duration of an action – real or aspectual? The evolution of the present tense in Tamil", Journal of the American Oriental Society (American Oriental Society) 105 (2): 277–291, doi:10.2307/601707, JSTOR 601707
- Rajam, VS (1992), A Reference Grammar of Classical Tamil Poetry, Philadelphia: The American Philosophical Society, ISBN 0-87169-199-X
- Ramaswamy, Sumathy (1997), "Laboring for language", Passions of the Tongue: Language Devotion in Tamil India, 1891–1970, Berkeley: University of California Press, ISBN 0-585-10600-2
- Shapiro, Michael C.; Schiffman, Harold F. (1983), Language and society in South Asia, Dordrecht: Foris, ISBN 90-70176-55-6
- Schiffman, Harold F. (1999), A Reference Grammar of Spoken Tamil, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-64074-1
- Southworth, Franklin C. (1998), "On the Origin of the word tamiz", International Journal of Dravidian Linguistics 27 (1): 129–132
- Southworth, Franklin C. (2005), Linguistic archaeology of South Asia, Routledge, ISBN 0-415-33323-7
- Steever, Sanford (1998), "Introduction", in Steever, Sanford, The Dravidian Languages, London: Routledge, pp. 1–39, ISBN 0-415-10023-2
- Steever, Sanford (2005), The Tamil auxiliary verb system, London: Routledge, ISBN 0-415-34672-X
- Tharu, Susie; Lalita, K., eds. (1991), Women Writing in India: 600 B.C. to the present – Vol. 1: 600 B.C. to the early twentieth century, Feminist Press, ISBN 1-55861-027-8
- Talbot, Cynthia (2001), Precolonial India in practice: Society, Region and Identity in Medieval Andhra, New York: Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-513661-6
- Tieken, Herman (2001), Kavya in South India: Old Tamil Cankam Poetry, Gonda Indological Studies, Volume X, Groningen: Egbert Forsten Publishing, ISBN 90-6980-134-5
- Varadarajan, Mu. (1988), A History of Tamil Literature, New Delhi: Sahitya Akademi (Translated from Tamil by E.Sa. Viswanathan)
- Wilden, Eva (2003), "Towards an Internal Chronology of Cankam Literature or, How to Trace the Laws of a Poetic Universe: A Revision of Herman Tieken's 'Kavya in South India'", Wiener Zeitschrift für die Kunde Südostasiens 46 (16): 105–133, doi:10.1553/wzksXLVIs105
- Zvelebil, Kamil (1992), Companion studies to the history of Tamil literature, Leiden: Brill, ISBN 90-04-09365-6
External links[edit]
|Tamil edition of Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
|Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: Tamil
|For a list of words relating to Tamil language, see the Tamil language category of words in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
|Wikivoyage has a phrasebook for Tamil.
- Media related to Tamil language at Wikimedia Commons
- Languages with ISO 639-2 code
- Languages with ISO 639-1 code
- Tamil language
- Agglutinative languages
- Classical Language in India
- Dravidian languages
- Indian languages in Singapore
- Official languages of India
- Languages of Sri Lanka
- Languages of Malaysia
- Languages of Mauritius
- Languages of Tamil Nadu
- Languages of Puducherry
- Languages of Kerala
- Languages of Karnataka
- Languages of Andhra Pradesh
- Subject–object–verb languages
- Languages of Indonesia


text:
|Thread Tools
|Display Modes
Finding customers through Craigslit "forsale" postings
I started looking at Craigslist in a different light today as I searched for a high quality laser printer. I found one that suited me so I sent an email. The fellow returned my call and we spoke for about half an hour about the machine, how he used it, why he was getting rid of it and much more. Over that 30 mins we built up somewhat of a rapport (which is the first big step in any sales relationship - as is the theory @ best buy, Gander Mountain, Dick's, Circuit City, and many more). I did a little digging as to whether they might be in need of any IT support work and they said they just might. After viewing their website I found it to be very top quality and they designed it and coded it themselves! I was really impressed. I plan to follow up and see if I can work out some type of relationship where I do work for them and I provide services and bandwidth for their music video magazine.
So, from a simple email and a return call I just started what could be a very symbiotic/synergistic business relationship. It would have never happened had I been shy or bashful about asking some minor probing questions into his business and later their situation with IT. Now they know that I am good at what i do and I am going to review their site to look for exploits which I can later advise upon. Pretty simple. I learn from looking through his coding - I learn exploits and the coding language.
Well, we will see where this leads.
Has anyone else thought of using Craigslist or another online forum to find potential clients? I would also think that going through the "services" sections may bee a good idea. You would have to pose as a potential customer, maybe even trade your service for what they are offereing. It would be great to get a "ring of professionals" who all advertise for each other, maybe a 11"x8" piece of paper with 12 spots on it, each for a different occupation, one being yours.
Does anyone do this sort of thing or have any ideas on how to expand upon it? Maybe other sources than Craigslist?
look into BNI, it is exactly what you described in your last paragraph
Nobody buys from a salesman. But they will buy from a friend. :-)
Make friends first, sales will come :-)
I use facebook, which is big my my area for a lot of this. I know I've seen CTG on here talk about using LinkedIn. Its not big here, but in some areas thats THE place to connect with other business owners and professionals.
Texarkana Computer Repair
|Thread Tools
|Display Modes
Linear Mode


text:
Cherrytree Records
Your Pop Alternative Source
Seductive, stylish, and endlessly sexy, British singer Natalia Kills is a veritable atom bomb's worth of pop weaponry. With her big brown eyes and a smile that might lead you to your death, Kills was heralded as the next Lady Gaga upon her debut (to her dismay). But with her second album "Trouble," her sound has evolved to another echelon that is unquestioningly her own.With a just a mic and a gu…
© 2014 Created by Cherrytree.
Badges |
Report an Issue |
Terms of Service
Please check your browser settings or contact your system administrator.


text:
December 22 2014 Latest news:
The Bourn Hall clinic in Colchester.
Wednesday, February 5, 2014
Fertility clinic company Bourn Hall has secured a £3.5million minority equity investment to support future expansion.
The clinic, based at Bourn, near Cambridge, was founded by IVF pioneers Steptoe and Edwards following the birth of the world's first "test tube" baby, Louise Brown, in 1978.
In recent years it has already added clinics in north Essex and Norfolk together with satellite centres in south Essex and Bedfordshire, making it the biggest provider of IVF services in the East of England.
The investment by Mobeus Equity Partners includes a commitment for "significant" follow-on fiancing to support further acquisition and partnership working with other IVF providers.
"Over the last four years we have established a network of new clinics and satellites that provide patients with personalised treatment programmes and excellent success rates, close to where they live," said Mike Macnamee, chief executive of Bourn Hall.
"The funding will support the opening of further clinics by 2015 and will generate new jobs in these areas."
Greg Blin from Mobeus Equity Partners said: "Bourn Hall has more than 30 years of experience in delivering fertility treatments. Its past performance and success in securing NHS contracts demonstrates that it has a winning formula that provides patient satisfaction. We are delighted to help make its services more widely accessible."
Bourn Hall's expansion began with the acquisition of the ISIS clinic in Colchester in 2009. A satellite centre was established in Wickford in 2012 and last year Bourn Hall opened a new clinic at Wymondham, near Norwich, and another satellite, in Luton.
Mobeus was advised by Baker Tilly and Mansfield Advisors while Bourn Hall was advised by Mills & Reeve and Peters Elworthy & Moore.
0 comments


text:
To those that are celebrating, Merry Christmas! To everyone else, I hope you enjoy whatever you're doing today. If you're going to the movies go see Up in the Air, Avatar, Precious, or Its Complicated. Jurry is still out on Nine. I haven't seen it yet.
Archive for: December 2009
Kevin Jonas: You're Not Doing It Right!
Oh oh oh, Kevin Jonas! You make it to easy. This past weekend the eldest Jonas brother, Kevin got married. In a recent press conference in New York, Kevin told reporters that after years of abstinence, ""to be honest about it, sex was not worth the wait."He continued, "After we did it, I was kind of like, that's it?" And according to Kevin his bride felt the same way.
Read more →
B2K Got Raped! CRAZY!
WHAT THE HELL? When did B2K become incestuous homo erotic FREAKS! Yes thats right. I don't know who is who because I didn't like B2K when they were together, but allegedly, B2K managers and heads of TUG management, Chris Stokes and Marques Houston forced members of B2K to have orgies with friends, management, agents, and each other. RANDOM and FREAKY! Below are videos of Raz B, member of B2K and his brother Ricky Romance confessing about the abuse they received.
Read more →
QUOTE! For Your Life: Amanda Blank
"I think it's important for girls to feel that it's okay to be open and as explicit as they feel they need to be, and not feel like they need to live up to any man's Madonna/whore standards of what a woman should be. When guys say they want a lady in the streets but a freak in the bed OK, that's cool. But you know what? Then you're not man enough for me because any man who's gonna date me has to know I'm gonna be me all the f—ing time."
Read more →
Brittany Murphy Died of Natural Causes: Coroner
The circumstances of Brittany Murphy's death involved no indications of foul play or trauma, and the 32-year-old apparently died of natural causes the LA county coroner's office tells CNN. Complete postmortem test results could take as long as 8 weeks but an autopsy will take place as soon as tomorrow, Radar reports. Husband Simon Monjack did not want an autopsy but the decision isn't his, TMZ reports.
Read more →
More Reasons To Sterilize Billy Ray Cyrus
The whorification of little girls needs to stop!
How to I begin to explain this video? Okay first, the inappropriate little girl in the video is Miley Cyrus' little sister Noah. She is singing the misogynistic song, Smack That by Eminem and Akon. She is also slapping herself like a mini-Paris Hilton.
Read more →
Supergirl Is Tall Slender and Blonde AKA Taylor Swift
Put this on this on your list of unlikely things to happen. Taylor Swift, the bestselling musical artist of 2009 is being courted by Hollywood producer to star as Super girl.
The movie would be a reboot of the 1984 box office flop. Taylor is not new to acting. She'll be making her debut in the new Garry Marshall romantic comedy, Valentine's Day next year.
Read more →
BLOG! Update: King Lear Is Ruining My Life
I think it's really fucked up that finals are two weeks before Christmas. I am supposed to be listening to I Want A Hippopotamus For Christmas while baking gingerbread cookie but instead I'm writing papers on the parallels between King Lear and The Book of Revelation and studying for my Counseling Therories final. It SUCKS! For Your Life.
Read more →


text:
all sports
- football
- cricket
- rugby league
- rugby union
- golf
- formula 1
- tennis
- cycling
- boxing
- horse racing
- darts
- snooker
- athletics
Prop Tendai Mtawarira has returned home from South Africa's tour of Europe due to heart palpitations.
Mtawarira, nicknamed 'The Beast', travelled with the Springboks squad from Dublin to Edinburgh on Sunday ahead of Saturday's EMC Test with Scotland, but will now return home.
Springbok coach Heyneke Meyer said on the South African rugby's website: "We've consulted with Beast and his cardiologist in Durban and although it's safe for him to play, we decided it would be best for him to return home and rest.
"The player's welfare is the most important consideration at this stage."
The 27-year-old, who has 41 caps, had an irregular heart rhythm, a hereditary condition, according to South Africa team doctor Craig Roberts.
Roberts said: "He has had this several times before and it's always been managed accordingly.
"This condition is not life threatening, but needs to be managed properly which is why we thought it would be in Beast's best interest to return to South Africa.
"He needs to have a repeat of the minor procedure he had in Cape Town earlier this year and it's important to notice that he is not at risk by playing with it, and his career is not in jeopardy."
A decision on a replacement will be taken in due course, with the Test at Murrayfield and against England to come.