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Human migration
Human migration is the movement by people from one place to another with the intention of settling temporarily or permanently in the new location. The movement is typically over long distances and from one country to another, but internal migration is also possible. Migration may be individuals, family units or in large groups.[2]
Nomadic movements are normally not regarded as migrations as there is no intention to settle in the new place and because the movement is generally seasonal. Only a few nomadic peoples have retained this form of lifestyle in modern times. Also, the temporary movement of people for the purpose of travel, tourism, pilgrimages, or the commute is not regarded as migration, in the absence of an intention to settle in the new location.
Migration has continued under the form of both voluntary migration within one's region, country, or beyond and involuntary migration (which includes the slave trade, trafficking in human beings and ethnic cleansing). People who migrate into a territory are called immigrants, while at the departure point they are called emigrants. Small populations migrating to develop a territory considered void of settlement depending on historical setting, circumstances and perspective are referred to as settlers or colonists, while populations displaced by immigration and colonization are called refugees.
- 1 Migration statistics
- 2 Pre-modern migrations
- 3 Modern migrations
- 4 Theories for migration for work in the 21st century
- 5 Historical theories
- 6 Notes and references
- 7 Bibliography
- 8 See also
- 9 External links
Migration statistics[edit]
There are many sources for estimates on worldwide migration patterns. The World Bank has published a yearly Migration and Remittances Factbook since 2008.[3] The International Organization for Migration (IOM) has published a yearly World Migration Report since 1999. The United Nations Statistics Division also keeps a database on worldwide migration.[4]
It should be noted that substantial internal migration can take place within a country, either seasonal human migration mainly related to agriculture and tourism to urban places, or shifts of population into cities (urbanization) or out of cities (suburbanization). Studies of worldwide migration patterns however tend to limit their scope to international migration.
The World Bank Migration and Remittances Factbook of 2011 lists the following estimates for the year 2010: Total number of immigrants: 215.8 million or 3.2% of world population. Often, a distinction is made between voluntary and involuntary migration, or between refugees fleeing political conflict or natural disaster vs. economic or labour migration, but these distinctions are difficult to make and partially subjective, as the various motivators for migration are often correlated. The World Bank report estimates that as of 2010, 16.3 million or 7.6% of migrants qualified as refugees.
Structurally, there is substantial South-South and North-North migration, i.e. most emigrant from high-income OECD countries migrate to other high-income countries, and a substantial part (estimated at 43%) of emigrants from developing countries migrate to other developing countries. The top ten destination countries are the USA, Russian Federation, Germany, Saudi Arabia, Canada, the UK, Spain, France, Australia and India. The top ten countries of origin are: Mexico, India, the Russian Federation, China, Ukraine, Bangladesh, Pakistan, the UK, the Philippines and Turkey.[5]
The top ten migration corridors worldwide are: 1. Mexico–United States; 2. Russia– Ukraine; 3. Ukraine–Russia; 4. Bangladesh–India; 5. Turkey–Germany; 6. Kazakhstan–Russia; 7. Russia–Kazakhstan; 8. China–Hong Kong; 9. China–United States; 10. Philippines–United States.
Remittance, i.e. funds transferred by migrant workers to their home country, is a substantial part of the economy of some countries. The top ten remittance recipients in 2010 were (estimates in billion US Dollar): 1. India (55; 2.7% of GDP), 2. China (51; 0.5% of GNP), Mexico (22.6; 1.8% of GDP), Philippines (21.3; 7.8% of GDP), France (15.9; 0.5% of GDP), Germany (11.6; 0.2% of GDP), Bangladesh (11.1; 7.2% of GDP), Belgium (10.4; 1.9% of GDP), Spain (10.2; 0.7% of GDP), Nigeria (10.0; 1.9% of GDP).
The Global Commission on International Migration (GCIM) was launched in 2003 and published a report in 2005.[6] International migration challenges at the global level are addressed through the Global Forum on Migration and Development and the Global Migration Group, both established in 2006.
Pre-modern migrations[edit]
Historical migration of human populations begins with the movement of Homo erectus out of Africa across Eurasia about 1.75 million years ago. Homo sapiens appear to have occupied all of Africa about 150,000 years ago, moved out of Africa 70,000 years ago, and had spread across Australia, Asia and Europe by 40,000 years BCE. Migration to the Americas took place 20,000 to 15,000 years ago, and by 2,000 years ago, most of the Pacific Islands were colonized. Later population movements notably include the Neolithic Revolution, Indo-European expansion, and the Early Medieval Great Migrations including Turkic expansion. In some places, substantial cultural transformation occurred following the migration of relatively small elite populations, Turkey and Azerbaijan being such examples.[8] In Britain, it is considered that the Roman and Norman conquests were similar examples, while "the most hotly debated of all the British cultural transitions is the role of migration in the relatively sudden and drastic change from Romano-Britain to Anglo-Saxon Britain", which may be explained by a possible "substantial migration of Anglo-Saxon Y chromosomes into Central England (contributing 50%–100% to the gene pool at that time.)"[9]
Early humans migrated due to many factors such as changing climate and landscape and inadequate food supply. The evidence indicates that the ancestors of the Austronesian peoples spread from the South Chinese mainland to Taiwan at some time around 8,000 years ago. Evidence from historical linguistics suggests that it is from this island that seafaring peoples migrated, perhaps in distinct waves separated by millennia, to the entire region encompassed by the Austronesian languages. It is believed that this migration began around 6,000 years ago.[10] Indo-Aryan migration from the Indus Valley to the plain of the River Ganges in Northern India is presumed to have taken place in the Middle to Late Bronze Age, contemporary to the Late Harappan phase in India (ca. 1700 to 1300 BC). From 180 BC, a series of invasions from Central Asia followed, including those led by the Indo-Greeks, Indo-Scythians, Indo-Parthians and Kushans in the northwestern Indian subcontinent.[11][12][13]
From 728 BC, the Greeks began 250 years of expansion, settling colonies in several places, including Sicily and Marseille. In Europe, two waves of migrations dominate demographic distributions, that of the Celtic people and that of the later Migration Period from the North and East, both being possible examples of general cultural change sparked by primarily elite and warrior migration.[citation needed] Other examples are small movements like that of the Magyars into Pannonia (modern-day Hungary). Turkic peoples spread from their homeland in modern Turkestan across most of Central Asia into Europe and the Middle East between the 6th and 11th centuries. Recent research suggests that Madagascar was uninhabited until Austronesian seafarers from Indonesia arrived during the 5th and 6th centuries AD. Subsequent migrations from both the Pacific and Africa further consolidated this original mixture, and Malagasy people emerged.[14]
Before the expansion of the Bantu languages and their speakers, the southern half of Africa is believed to have been populated by Pygmies and Khoisan-speaking people, today occupying the arid regions around the Kalahari Desert and the forest of Central Africa. By about 1000 AD, Bantu migration had reached modern day Zimbabwe and South Africa. The Banu Hilal and Banu Ma'qil were a collection of Arab Bedouin tribes from the Arabian Peninsula who migrated westwards via Egypt between the 11th and 13th centuries. Their migration strongly contributed to the Arabization and Islamization of the western Maghreb, which was until then dominated by Berber tribes. Ostsiedlung was the medieval eastward migration and settlement of Germans. The 13th century was the time of the great Mongol and Turkic migrations across Eurasia.[15]
Between the 11th and 18th centuries, there were numerous migrations in Asia. The Vatsayan Priests from the eastern Himalaya hills, migrated to Kashmir during the Shan invasion in 1203C. They settled in the lower Shivalik hills in 1206C to sanctify the manifest goddess. In the Ming occupation, the Vietnamese expanded southward in a process known as nam tiến (southward expansion).[16] Manchuria was separated from China proper by the Inner Willow Palisade, which restricted the movement of the Han Chinese into Manchuria during the early Qing Dynasty, as the area was off-limits to the Han until the Qing started colonizing the area with them later on in the dynasty's rule.[17]
The Age of Exploration and European colonialism led to an accelerated pace of migration since Early Modern times. In the 16th century, perhaps 240,000 Europeans entered American ports.[18] In the 19th century, over 50 million people left Europe for the Americas.[19] The local populations or tribes, such as the Aboriginal people in Canada, Brazil, Argentina, Australia, Japan[20] and the United States, were usually far overwhelmed numerically by the settlers.
Modern migrations[edit]
Industrialization and the rise of nationalism/imperialism[edit]
While the pace of migration had accelerated since the 18th century already (including the involuntary slave trade), it would increase further in the 19th century. Manning distinguishes three major types of migration: labor migration, refugee migrations, and urbanization. Millions of agricultural workers left the countryside and moved to the cities causing unprecedented levels of urbanization. This phenomenon began in Britain in the late 18th century and spread around the world and continues to this day in many areas.
Industrialization encouraged migration wherever it appeared. The increasingly global economy globalized the labor market. The Atlantic slave trade diminished sharply after 1820, which gave rise to self-bound contract labor migration from Europe and Asia to plantations. Overpopulation[citation needed], open agricultural frontiers, and rising industrial centers attracted voluntary migrants. Moreover, migration was significantly made easier by improved transportation techniques.
Romantic nationalism also rose in the 19th century, and, with it, ethnocentrism. The great European industrial empires also rose. Both factors contributed to migration, as some countries favored their own ethnicities over outsiders and other countries appeared to be considerably more welcoming. For example, the Russian Empire identified with Eastern Orthodoxy, and confined Jews, who were not Eastern Orthodox, to the Pale of Settlement and imposed restrictions. Violence was also a problem. The United States was promoted as a better location, a "golden land" where Jews could live more openly.[21] Another effect of imperialism, colonialism, led to the migration of some colonizing parties from "home countries" to "the colonies", and eventually the migration of people from "colonies" to "home countries".[22]
Transnational labor migration reached a peak of three million migrants per year in the early twentieth century. Italy, Norway, Ireland and the Guangdong region of China were regions with especially high emigration rates during these years. These large migration flows influenced the process of nation state formation in many ways. Immigration restrictions have been developed, as well as diaspora cultures and myths that reflect the importance of migration to the foundation of certain nations, like the American melting pot. The transnational labor migration fell to a lower level from the 1930s to the 1960s and then rebounded.
The United States experienced considerable internal migration related to industrialization, including its African American population. From 1910 to 1970, approximately 7 million African Americans migrated from the rural Southern United States, where blacks faced both poor economic opportunities and considerable political and social prejudice, to the industrial cities of the Northeast, Midwest and West, where relatively well-paid jobs were available.[23] This phenomenon came to be known in the United States as its own Great Migration. With the demise of legalized segregation in the 1960s and greatly improved economic opportunities in the South in the subsequent decades, millions of blacks have returned to the South from other parts of the country since 1980 in what has been called the New Great Migration.
The World Wars and their aftermath[edit]
See World War II evacuation and expulsion and Population transfer in the Soviet Union for World War II forced migrations.
The First and Second World Wars, and wars, genocides, and crises sparked by them, had an enormous impact on migration. Muslims moved from the Balkan to Turkey, while Christians moved the other way, during the collapse of the Ottoman Empire. Four hundred thousand Jews had already moved to Palestine in the early twentieth century, and numerous Jews to America, as already mentioned. The Russian Civil War caused some three million Russians, Poles, and Germans to migrate out of the new Soviet Union. Decolonization following the Second World War also caused migrations.[24][25]
The Jewish communities across Europe, the Mediterranean and the Middle East were formed from voluntary and involuntary migrants. After the Holocaust (1938 to 1945), there was increased migration to the British Mandate of Palestine, which became the modern state of Israel as a result of the United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine.
Provisions of the Potsdam Agreement from 1945 signed by victorious Western Allies and the Soviet Union led to one of the largest European migrations, and the largest in the 20th century. It involved the migration and resettlement of close to or over 20 million people. The largest affected group were 16.5 million Germans expelled from Eastern Europe westwards. The second largest group were Poles, millions of whom were expelled westwards from eastern Kresy region and resettled in the so-called Recovered Territories (see Allies decide Polish border in the article on the Oder-Neisse line). Hundreds of thousands of Poles, Ukrainians (Operation Vistula), Lithuanians, Latvians, Estonians and some Belarusians were expelled eastwards from Europe to the Soviet Union. Finally, many of the several hundred thousand Jews remaining in Eastern Europe after the Holocaust migrated outside Europe to Israel and the United States.
In 1947, upon the Partition of India, large populations moved from India to Pakistan and vice versa, depending on their religious beliefs. The partition was promulgated in the Indian Independence Act 1947 as a result of the dissolution of the British Indian Empire. The partition displaced up to 17 million people in the former British Indian Empire,[26] with estimates of loss of life varying from several hundred thousand to a million.[27]Muslim residents of the former British India migrated to Pakistan (including East Pakistan, now Bangladesh), whilst Hindu and Sikh residents of Pakistan and Hindu residents of East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) moved in the opposite direction.
In modern India, estimates based on industry sectors mainly employing migrants suggest that there are around 100 million circular migrants in India. Caste, social networks and historical precedents play a powerful role in shaping patterns of migration. Migration for the poor is mainly circular, as despite moving temporarily to urban areas, they lack the social security which might keep them there more permanently. They are also keen to maintain a foothold in home areas during the agricultural season.
Research by the Overseas Development Institute identifies a rapid movement of labour from slower- to faster-growing parts of the economy. Migrants can often find themselves excluded by urban housing policies, and migrant support initiatives are needed to give workers improved access to market information, certification of identity, housing and education.[28]
In the riots which preceded the partition in the Punjab region, between 200,000 to 500,000 people were killed in the retributive genocide.[29][30]UNHCR estimates 14 million Hindus, Sikhs and Muslims were displaced during the partition.[31] Scholars call it the largest mass migration in human history,[32] including historian Nigel Smith, in his book "Pakistan: History, Culture, and Government" calls this migration "history's greatest migration."[26]
Theories for migration for work in the 21st century[edit]
Migration for work in the 21st century has become a popular way for individuals from impoverished developing countries to obtain sufficient income for survival. This income is sent home to family members in the form of remittances and has become an economic staple in a number of developing countries.[33] There are a number of theories to explain the international flow of capital and people from one country to another.[34]
Neoclassical economic theory[edit]
This theory of migration states that the main reason for labor migration is wage difference between two geographic locations. These wage differences are usually linked to geographic labor demand and supply. It can be said that areas with a shortage of labor but an excess of capital have a high relative wage while areas with a high labor supply and a dearth of capital have a low relative wage. Labor tends to flow from low-wage areas to high-wage areas. Often, with this flow of labor comes changes in the sending as well as the receiving country. Neoclassical economic theory is best used to describe transnational migration, because it is not confined by international immigration laws and similar governmental regulations.[34]
Dual labor market theory[edit]
Dual labor market theory states that migration is mainly caused by pull factors in more developed countries. This theory assumes that the labor markets in these developed countries consist of two segments: primary, which requires high-skilled labor, and secondary, which is very labor-intensive but requires low-skilled workers. This theory assumes that migration from less developed countries into more developed countries is a result of a pull created by a need for labor in the developed countries in their secondary market. Migrant workers are needed to fill the lowest rung of the labor market because the native laborers do not want to do these jobs as they present a lack of mobility. This creates a need for migrant workers. Furthermore, the initial dearth in available labor pushes wages up, making migration even more enticing.[34]
The new economics of labor migration[edit]
This theory states that migration flows and patterns cannot be explained solely at the level of individual workers and their economic incentives, but that wider social entities must be considered as well. One such social entity is the household. Migration can be viewed as a result of risk aversion on the part of a household that has insufficient income. The household, in this case, is in need of extra capital that can be achieved through remittances sent back by family members who participate in migrant labor abroad. These remittances can also have a broader effect on the economy of the sending country as a whole as they bring in capital.[34] Recent research has examined a decline in U.S. interstate migration from 1991 to 2011, theorizing that the reduced interstate migration is due to a decline in the geographic specificity of occupations and an increase in workers' ability to learn about other locations before moving there, through both information technology and inexpensive travel.[35] Other researchers find that the location-specific nature of housing is more important than moving costs in determining labor reallocation.[36]
Relative deprivation theory[edit]
Relative deprivation theory states that awareness of the income difference between neighbors or other households in the migrant-sending community is an important factor in migration. The incentive to migrate is a lot higher in areas that have a high level of economic inequality. In the short run, remittances may increase inequality, but in the long run, they may actually decrease it. There are two stages of migration for a worker: first, they invest in human capital formation, and then they try to capitalize on their investments. In this way, successful migrants may use their new capital to provide for better schooling for their children and better homes for their families. Successful high-skilled emigrants may serve as an example for neighbors and potential migrants who hope to achieve that level of success.[34]
World systems theory[edit]
World systems theory looks at migration from a global perspective. It explains that interaction between different societies can be an important factor in social change within societies. Trade with one country, which causes economic decline in another, may create incentive to migrate to a country with a more vibrant economy. It can be argued that even after decolonization, the economic dependence of former colonies still remains on mother countries. This view of international trade is controversial, however, and some argue that free trade can actually reduce migration between developing and developed countries. It can be argued that the developed countries import labor-intensive goods, which causes an increase in employment of unskilled workers in the less developed countries, decreasing the outflow of migrant workers. The export of capital-intensive goods from rich countries to poor countries also equalizes income and employment conditions, thus also slowing migration. In either direction, this theory can be used to explain migration between countries that are geographically far apart.[34]
Historical theories[edit]
Certain laws of social science have been proposed to describe human migration. The following was a standard list after Ravenstein's (1834-1913) proposal in the 1880s. The laws are as follows:
- every migration flow generates a return or countermigration.
- the majority of migrants move a short distance.
- migrants who move longer distances tend to choose big-city destinations.
- urban residents are often less migratory than inhabitants of rural areas.
- families are less likely to make international moves than young adults.
- most migrants are adults.
- large towns grow by migration rather than natural increase.
- migration stage by stage.
- urban rural difference.
- migration and technology.
- economic condition.
Lee's laws divide factors causing migrations into two groups of factors: push and pull factors. Push factors are things that are unfavourable about the area that one lives in, and pull factors are things that attract one to another area.[37]
Push Factors
- Not enough jobs
- Few opportunities
- Inadequate conditions
- Desertification
- Famine or drought
- Political fear or persecution
- Slavery or forced labour
- Poor medical care
- Loss of wealth
- Natural disasters
- Death threats
- Desire for more political or religious freedom
- Pollution
- Poor housing
- Landlord/tenant issues
- Bullying
- Discrimination
- Poor chances of marrying
- Condemned housing (radon gas, etc.)
- War
Pull Factors
- Job opportunities
- Better living conditions
- The feeling of having more political and/or religious freedom
- Enjoyment
- Education
- Better medical care
- Attractive climates
- Security
- Family links
- Industry
- Better chances of marrying
See also article by Gürkan Çelik, in Turkish Review: Turkey Pulls, The Netherlands Pushes? An increasing number of Turks, the Netherlands' largest ethnic minority, are beginning to return to Turkey, taking with them the education and skills they have acquired abroad, as the Netherlands faces challenges from economic difficulties, social tension and increasingly powerful far-right parties. At the same time Turkey's political, social and economic conditions have been improving, making returning home all the more appealing for Turks at large. (pp. 94–99)
Climate cycles[edit]
The modern field of climate history suggests that the successive waves of Eurasian nomadic movement throughout history have had their origins in climatic cycles, which have expanded or contracted pastureland in Central Asia, especially Mongolia and the Altai. People were displaced from their home ground by other tribes trying to find land that could be grazed by essential flocks, each group pushing the next further to the south and west, into the highlands of Anatolia, the Pannonian Plain, into Mesopotamia or southwards, into the rich pastures of China. Bogumil Terminski uses the term "migratory domino effect" to describe this process in the context of Sea People invasion.[38]
Other models[edit]
- Migration occurs because individuals search for food, sex and security outside their usual habitation.[39] Idyorough is of the view that towns and cities are a creation of the human struggle to obtain food, sex and security. To produce food, security and reproduction, human beings must, out of necessity, move out of their usual habitation and enter into indispensable social relationships that are cooperative or antagonistic. Human beings also develop the tools and equipment to enable them to interact with nature to produce the desired food and security. The improved relationship (cooperative relationships) among human beings and improved technology further conditioned by the push and pull factors all interact together to cause or bring about migration and higher concentration of individuals into towns and cities. The higher the technology of production of food and security and the higher the cooperative relationship among human beings in the production of food and security and in the reproduction of the human species, the higher would be the push and pull factors in the migration and concentration of human beings in towns and cities. Countryside, towns and cities do not just exist but they do so to meet the human basic needs of food, security and the reproduction of the human species. Therefore, migration occurs because individuals search for food, sex and security outside their usual habitation. Social services in the towns and cities are provided to meet these basic needs for human survival and pleasure.
- Zipf's Inverse distance law (1956)
- Gravity model of migration and the friction of distance
- Buffer Theory
- Stouffer's theory of intervening opportunities (1940)
- Zelinsky's Mobility Transition Model (1971)
- Bauder's regulation of labor markets (2006) "suggests that the international migration of workers is necessary for the survival of industrialized economies...[It] turns the conventional view of international migration on its head: it investigates how migration regulates labor markets, rather than labor markets shaping migration flows."[40]
Notes and references[edit]
- This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
- ^ South Sudan#Independence .282011.29
- ^ "Migrations country wise". Retrieved 7 June 2014.
- ^ http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTLAC/Resources/Factbook2011-Ebook.pdf
- ^ http://esa.un.org/unmigration/wallchart2013.htm
- ^ Note that India, Russia and the UK figure in both lists, as they have both substantial immigration and substantial emigration, but also because the ranking is by absolute numbers and thus favours large countries.
- ^ The 90-page Report, along with supporting evidence, is available on the GCIM website gcim.org
- ^ Literature: Göran Burenhult: Die ersten Menschen, Weltbild Verlag, 2000. ISBN 3-8289-0741-5
- ^ Tatjana Zerjal et al.; Wells, R. Spencer; Yuldasheva, Nadira; Ruzibakiev, Ruslan; Tyler-Smith, Chris (2002). "A Genetic Landscape Reshaped by Recent Events: Y-Chromosomal Insights into Central Asia". The American Journal of Human Genetics 71 (3): 466–482. doi:10.1086/342096. PMC 419996. PMID 12145751.
- ^ Weale, Michael E.; Deborah A. Weiss,1, Rolf F. Jager, Neil Bradman and Mark G. Thomas (2002). "Y Chromosome Evidence for Anglo-Saxon Mass Migration". Molecular Biology and Evolution 19 (7): 1008–1021. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a004160. PMID 12082121. Retrieved 11 May 2011.
- ^ Language trees support the express-train sequence of Austronesian expansion, Nature
- ^ The appearance of Indo-Aryan speakers, Encyclopædia Britannica
- ^ Trivedi, Bijal P (2001-05-14). "Genetic evidence suggests European migrants may have influenced the origins of India's caste system". Genome News Network (J. Craig Venter Institute). Retrieved 2005-01-27.
- ^ Genetic Evidence on the Origins of Indian Caste Populations -- Bamshad et al. 11 (6): 994, Genome Research
- ^ Malagasy languages, Encyclopaedia Britannica
- ^ Migrations-&-World History
- ^ The Le Dynasty and Southward Expansion
- ^ From Ming to Qing
- ^ "The Colombian Mosaic in Colonial America" by James Axtell
- ^ David Eltis Economic Growth and the Ending of the Transatlantic slave trade
- ^ Report on a New Policy for the Ainu: A Critique
- ^ See World of our Fathers, by Irving Howe, and particularly the first sixty or so pages of that book
- ^ For example, people migrated from the Indian subcontinent to the UK during the Imperial era and afterwards.
- ^ Great Migration, accessed 12/7/2007
- ^ Patrick Manning, Migration in World History (2005) p 132-162.
- ^ Adam McKeown, 'Global migration, 1846-1940' in: Journal of Global History (June 2004).
- ^ a b Pakistan:History, Culture, and Government by Nigel Smith, Page 112
- ^ Metcalf, Barbara; Metcalf, Thomas R. (2006), A Concise History of Modern India (Cambridge Concise Histories), Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. Pp. xxxiii, 372, ISBN 0-521-68225-8.
- ^ "Support for migrant workers: the missing link in India's development?". Overseas Development Institute. September 2008.
- ^ Paul R. Brass (2003). "The partition of India and retributive genocide in the Punjab, 1946–47: means, methods, and purposes". Journal of Genocide Research. p. 75 (5(1), 71–101). Retrieved 2014-08-16.
- ^ "20th-century international relations (politics) :: South Asia". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2014-08-16.
- ^ "Rupture in South Asia". UNHCR. Retrieved 2014-08-16.
- ^ Dr Crispin Bates (2011-03-03). "The Hidden Story of Partition and its Legacies". BBC. Retrieved 2014-08-16.
- ^ Jason de Parle, "A Good Provider is One Who Leaves" New York Times, April 22, 2007.
- ^ a b c d e f Jennissen, R. 2007. "Causality Chains in the International Migration Systems Approach." Population Research and Policy Review 26(4). 411 – 36.
- ^ Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis, Understanding the Long-Run Decline in Interstate Migration, April 2012
- ^ Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago, The Role of Housing in Labor Reallocation, November 2010
- ^ Everett S. Lee (1966). "A Theory of Migration". University of Pennsylvania. JSTOR 2060063.
- ^ Terminski, Bogumil. Environmentally-Induced Displacement. Theoretical Frameworks and Current Challenges. CEDEM, Université de Liège, 2012
- ^ Idyorough, 2008
- ^ Bauder, Harald. Labor Movement: How Migration Regulates Labor Markets. Oxford University Press, 1st edition, February 2006, English, 288 pages, ISBN 978-0-19-518088-6
- Bauder, Harald. Labor Movement: How Migration Regulates Labor Markets, New York: Oxford University Press, 2006.
- Behdad, Ali. A Forgetful Nation: On Immigration and Cultural Identity in the United States, Duke UP, 2005.
- Jared Diamond, Guns, germs and steel. A short history of everybody for the last 13'000 years, 1997.
- De La Torre, Miguel A., Trails of Terror: Testimonies on the Current Immigration Debate, Orbis Books, 2009.
- Fell, Peter and Hayes, Debra. What are they doing here? A critical guide to asylum and immigration, Birmingham (UK): Venture Press, 2007.
- Hoerder, Dirk. Cultures in Contact. World Migrations in the Second Millennium, Duke University Press, 2002
- Kleiner-Liebau, Désirée. Migration and the Construction of National Identity in Spain, Madrid / Frankfurt, Iberoamericana / Vervuert, Ediciones de Iberoamericana, 2009. ISBN 978-84-8489-476-6.
- Knörr, Jacqueline. Women and Migration. Anthropological Perspectives, Frankfurt & New York: Campus Verlag & St. Martin's Press, 2000.
- Knörr, Jacqueline. Childhood and Migration. From Experience to Agency, Bielefeld: Transcript, 2005.
- Manning, Patrick. Migration in World History, New York and London: Routledge, 2005.
- Migration for Employment, Paris: OECD Publications, 2004.
- OECD International Migration Outlook 2007, Paris: OECD Publications, 2007.
- Pécoud, Antoine and Paul de Guchteneire (Eds): Migration without Borders, Essays on the Free Movement of People (Berghahn Books, 2007)
- Abdelmalek Sayad. The Suffering of the Immigrant, Preface by Pierre Bourdieu, Polity Press, 2004.
- Stalker, Peter. No-Nonsense Guide to International Migration, New Internationalist, second edition, 2008.
- The Philosophy of Evolution (A.K. Purohit, ed.), Yash Publishing House, Bikaner, 2010. ISBN 81-86882-35-9.
- International Migration Review
- Migration Letters
- International Migration
- Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies
- Review of Economics of the Household
Online Books
- OECD International Migration Outlook 2007 (subscription service)
Documentary films[edit]
- The Short Life of José Antonio Gutierrez
- El Inmigrante, Directors: David Eckenrode, John Sheedy, John Eckenrode. 2005. 90 min. (U.S./Mexico)
See also[edit]
- Diaspora
- Early human migrations
- Environmental migrant
- Existential migration
- Feminization of migration
- Globalization
- Illegal immigration
- Religion and human migration
- Jewish Diaspora
- Job migration
- Linguistic Diversity in Space and Time
- List of diasporas
- Expatriate
- Migrant literature
- Immigration to Europe
- Migration in the People's Republic of China
- Most recent common ancestor
- Political demography
- Population mobility
- Refugee roulette
- Replacement migration
- Separation barrier
- Settler colonialism
- Snowbird (people)
- Space colonization
- Queer Migration
External links[edit]
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Human migration.
- iom.int, The International Organization for Migration
- CIA World Factbook gives up-to-date statistics on net immigration by country.
- Western Sahara and Migration
- Stalker's Guide to International Migration Comprehensive interactive guide to modern migration issues, with maps and statistics
- Integration : Building Inclusive Societies (IBIS) UN Alliance of Civilizations online community on good practices of integration of migrants across the world
- migrations in history
- The importance of migrants in the modern world
- Mass migration as a travel business


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We are open Wednesday through Sunday serving lunch and dinner from 11:30 am to 10:00 pm. We offer a sit down service, as well as take-out and delivery service to Peachtree City, Newnan, and Fayetteville.
La Perla del Sur (The Pearl of the South), a Puerto Rican Restaurant started with an idea by Chef Liza, to bring the rich culinary culture of Puerto Rico to all who live in Peachtree City, Newnan, Fayetteville and the towns in between.
Puerto Rico is a small Island in the Northeastern Caribbean, discovered by Christopher Columbus on his second voyage to the new world in 1493. This Island is filled with a rich culture and great food we want to share with you.

subset: commoncrawl


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Lather away the daily grime with this frothy cleanser that freshens and brightens your complexion. Our naturally powerful Marine Complex, rich in sea minerals, stimulates cell regeneration for a more even skin tone while washing away dulling impurities. Get a fresh start every time you clean. Hypo-allergenic.
Aqua (Water), Aloe Barbadensis Leaf Juice, Cocamidopropyl Betaine, Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate, Cocamidopropyl Hydroxysultaine, Glycerin, Sodium Lauroyl Glutamate, Camilla Sinensis Leaf Extract, Chlorella Pyrenoidosa Extract, Chondrus Crispus (Carrageenan) Extract, Enteromorpha Compressa Extract, Laminaria Digitata Extract, Macrocystis Pyrifera Extract, Spirulina Maxima Extract, Ulva Lactuca Extract, Ascorbyl Glucoside, Caesalpinia Spinosa Gum, Coco-Glucoside, Erythritol, Glyceryl Oleate, Homarine HCl, Panthenol, Potassium Hydroxide, Sodium Chloride, Alcohol, Benzoic Acid, Dehydroacetic Acid, Phenoxyethanol, Potassium Sorbate, Sodium Benzoate, Benzyl Benzoate, Hexyl Cinnamal, Limonene, Linalool, Fragrance (Parfum).
Food Sensitivity:
No Animal Testing, Artificial Colors, Parabens, Phthalates, Sodium Lauryl Sulfate or Sodium Myreth Sulfate.100% Vegetarian.
External use only.


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Lifeway Foods, Inc. Declares Second Annual Dividend
MORTON GROVE, Ill., May 20, 2013 /PRNewswire/ -- Lifeway Foods, Inc., (Nasdaq: LWAY), a leading supplier of cultured dairy products known as kefir and organic kefir, today announced that its Board of Directors declared an annual cash dividend of $0.08 per common share. The dividend is payable on June 28, 2013 to shareholders of record as of the close of business on May 31, 2013. As of March 31, 2013, there were 16,346,017 common shares outstanding. Lifeway Foods paid its first annual dividend of $.07 per share on June 29, 2012.
(Logo: http://photos.prnewswire.com/prnh/20120119/AQ36947LOGO-b)
About Lifeway Foods, Inc.
Lifeway Foods, Inc. (Nasdaq: LWAY), recently named one of Fortune Small Business' Fastest Growing Companies for the fifth consecutive year, is America's leading supplier of the cultured dairy products known as kefir and organic kefir. Lifeway Kefir is a dairy beverage that contains 10 exclusive live and active probiotic cultures plus ProBoost™. In addition to its line of Kefir products, the company produces a variety of Frozen Kefir and probiotic cheese products. Lifeway also sells frozen kefir, kefir smoothies and kefir parfaits through its Starfruit™ retail stores.Find Lifeway Foods, Inc. on Facebook: www.facebook.com/lifewaykefir Follow Lifeway Foods on Twitter: http://twitter.com/lifeway_kefir YouTube: http://www.youtube.com/user/lifewaykefir Contact:Lifeway Foods, Inc.Phone: 877.281.3874Email: email@example.com ICR John Mills Katie Turner646.277.1228 SOURCE Lifeway Foods, Inc.
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Showing 1-24 of 201 items
The Greek Village
Come find a taste of Greece! Try traditional specialties like Leg of Lamb, Pastichio, Spanakotiropita, Dolmades, Loukoumades, and Moussaka. Belly Dancer every Friday and Saturday night followed by Live Music. Semi-private dining with party packages.
CITY: Schaumburg
Pita BBQ
At Pita BBQ, every order is made with the freshest, organic ingredients available. Never frozen. Never pre-made. Always fresh off the grill.
CITY: Streamwood
Francesca's Bryn Mawr
Delicious northern Italian fare, comfortable surroundings and friendly service. Menu rotates bi-weekly in order to offer fresh, seasonal ingredients.
CITY: Chicago
Great food. Relaxed atmosphere. Attentive service. A casual dining spot in mid-town Quincy, Illinois where you'll enjoy new American cuisine with international influences such as French and Mediterranean. Our Executive Chef, Kelley Basinger, has realized her dream of opening her own restaurant! She combines her Le Cordon Bleu training, experience, and creative flair to present a sensational menu for lunch and dinner. We're a perfect spot for a business lunch or a romantic dinner for two. We offer a full bar, uniquely flavored homemade syrups for refreshing non-alcoholic drinks and wonderful wines. Our menu changes seasonally to take advantage of fresh ingredients. Download it to see what we're cooking up now! You're gonna love 2thirty4!
CITY: Quincy
Kurah Mediterranean Tapas
Kurah Mediterranean Tapas offers a unique culinary experience prepared by Chef Daniel Sarkiss. Kurah is a full-service restaurant with various hot and cold tapas options, as well as delectable shared plate entrees. Their dishes are served with fresh bread baked right in their own brick oven. All Kurah dishes are prepared with organic meat and produce. The menu also features specialty cocktails and martinis as well as a variety of red, white and sparkling wines.
CITY: Chicago
Golden Olympic Restaurant
This restaurant offers a large, traditional dinner menu with a particular emphasis on Greek specialties. Dine-in or carry out.
CITY: Evanston
Macello Ristorante
Macello's, named one of Chicago's Best Pizza's by Chicago Magazine, serves rustic and oh-so-comforting cuisine from Puglia region. Steaks, chops and acclaimed pizzas with burrata come straight from an authentic wood-burning oven. Fresh, lovingly prepared pastas and risottos combine regional flavors with familiar favorites. The Beautiful urban dining room features exposed brick, high ceilings and warm woods.
CITY: Chicago
RoSal's wants their guests to remember the sounds, aromas and flavors of the old neighborhood. Fresh homemade Sicilian entrees are the specialty.
CITY: Chicago
Joe Boccardi's Ristorante
Joe Boccardi's Ristorante offers soups, salads, sandwiches, pasta, seafood, steak and more.
CITY: Swansea
Villa Verone
We have been offering you a taste of Italy for over 14 years. Come discover or rediscover the charms of Italy and Mamma's good cooking.
CITY: Geneva
E.J.'s Place
Great food, attentive service, and a comfortable north woods-inspired decor make EJ's Place a fine choice for lunch or dinner. The dinner menu leans toward red meat, fish and Italian specialties. Portions are enormous and doggy bags virtually de rigueur.
CITY: Skokie
Francesca's on Taylor
Delicious northern Italian fare, comfortable surroundings and friendly service. Menu rotates bi-weekly in order to offer fresh, seasonal ingredients.
CITY: Chicago
Va Pensiero
Among the North Shore's finest Italian restaurants. Located inside the historic Margarita European Inn, the look here is decidedly Italy in the 1920's. The menu is seasonally inspired with an extensive wine list featuring a nice variety of reasonably priced Italian wines. During the summer, dining is available in the garden terrace.
CITY: Evanston
ItaliAsia - The Best of Both Worlds
ItaliAsia offers a kaleidoscope of flavors from Italy and Panasia that will satiate all kinds of appetites with affordability guests appreciate.
CITY: Chicago
Avli Restaurant
"Philoxenia" is the Greek word for traditional hospitality. Here at Avli everyone should feel like they are visiting an old friend. Traditional Greek dishes are done with passion for food.
CITY: Winnetka
Santorini Restaurant
Greek seafood restaurant with a rustic island atmosphere. An inexpensive to very expensive wine list. Vegetarian and pasta dishes available.
CITY: Chicago
Fiorentino's Cucina
Authentic Italian, simply prepared. That's our motto. Fiorentino's is not art food, but rather comfort food for the soul. A piece of Italy on Ashland Ave!
CITY: Chicago
Francesca's on Chestnut
Delicious northern Italian fare, comfortable surroundings and friendly service. Menu rotates bi-weekly in order to offer fresh, seasonal ingredients.
CITY: Chicago
Siunik Armenian Grill
With passion for healthy, fresh and authentic Armenian cuisine, Siunik serves hummas, kabobs and Armenian tabuli like no other.
CITY: Skokie
Giordano's Oakbrook Terrace
Pioneer of the famous stuffed and equally renowned thin-crust pizza! Pastas, sandwiches and assorted fresh salads. Dine-in, delivery, carryout, catering and full service bar.
CITY: Oakbrook Terrace
Ceres' Table
Cere's Table serves contemporary American food with Italian, particularly Sicilian, influences. We use local, seasonal & sustainable products when possible.
CITY: Chicago
Filini Restaurant Bar and Restaurant
Modern, authentic Italian dining. Filini specializes in using only the finest quality and authentic ingredients; simply and superbly prepared.
CITY: Chicago
Bacci Pizzeria
Established in 1996, home of the Jumbo Sliced Pizza and Free Pop! Our pizza dough and sauce are made fresh daily with only the best ingredients and our own recipes.
CITY: McHenry
Orso's Restaurant
Northern Italian cuisine specializing in regional pasta, seafood, meat and poultry delicacies, including thin crust pizza. Seven days with Sunday brunch.
CITY: Chicago


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ACECO is the oldest demolition company in the DC Metropolitan Area. Tracing its roots back to 1936, ACECO stands for leadership, quality, honesty and service.
ACECO prides itself on its "can do" spirit and its reputation in the business community.
Company Highlights
901 Stoddard Place
Silver Spring, MD 20910
Phone: 301.588.0707
Fax: 301.588.2542
E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com
Our Services
Hotels, parking garages, office buildings, garden apartments, row houses and single-family homes.
Asbestos Abatement Licensed in Maryland, Virginia and the District of Columbia. Remove asbestos from residences. Provide air-monitoring services.
Mold Removal
Perform variety of mold removal projects including commercial and residential.
Lead-Based Paint Reduction
Perform variety of lead-based paint reduction projects. Scraping loose or flaking paint. Chemical stripping of architectural components. Heat guns.
Salvage used building materials. Office furniture saved and sold. Historic items salvaged for reuse and resale. Architectural components and used bricks.


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As a follow-up to our last post about the relationship of fictional spy James Bond and heraldry, today we note the use of arms by his nemesis, Ernst Stavro Blofeld, the head of the oddly-named group SPECTRE, the SPecial Executive for Counter-intelligence, Terrorism, Revenge and Extortion.
In On Her Majesty's Secret Service, both the book and the movie, what makes it possible for our erstwhile hero, "Bond. James Bond", Agent 007, to pose as an emissary from the English College of Arms is the fact that his arch-enemy, Ernst Stavro Blofeld (played by Telly Savalas in the movie), has written to the College seeking to have his rights to the title and arms of the Comte de Bleuville. The coat of arms of de Bleuville (which does not appear in Rietstap's Armorial Général, by the way, though the coat does appear in Papworth's Ordinary as Blonveill) are blazoned as Argent four fusils in fesse gules, and the motto, translated into English, is "For Hearth and Home."
But you will, of course, notice that the arms of the Comte used in the movie (shown just above and also in the inset of the picture of Blofeld) are far more complex, with the fusils placed on a chief, while the field is azure with a patriarchal cross fitched argent surmounted in base by a boar's head couped close proper.* The motto, Arae et foci, is roughly translated "hearth and home", where the "hearth" would actually be (in Roman times) the family home's altar.
You gotta love it, though. Good guys, bad guys, it doesn't matter. Heraldry is everywhere!
* Boar's heads are couped differently in England than they are in Scotland. The boar's head here is couped in "Scottish fashion."
The boar's head couped in English fashion
Includes the neck–a generous ration;
In Scotland when this charge appears
It's cut off close behind the ears;
But with the herald's wonted tact
I draw no moral from this fact.
(Motley Heraldry, by The Fool of Arms)


text: Find this wine Find this wine Cavit Moscato 2011 REALLY good! Pin It Tweet one year ago by Joy More posts Cavit Collection Moscato Wine From Italy 2011 Very good with a sugar cream pie! Sweet white grapes with pear. Surprisingly refreshing. one year ago by Mjdrum Cavit Moscato 2010 3 one year ago by Jgsavickas Cavit Collection Moscato Wine Cavit collection 2011, excellent, soft and crisp one year ago by Cherishsecrets Cavit Collection Moscato 2010 Very good !! A sweet bubbly wine A great grape taste and easy to drink ! one year ago by Marsha H. Cavit Collection Moscato 2010 Very good, buy again one year ago by David H


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BOSTON, Mass. - A Georgia man was sentenced today in federal court for conspiring to distribute eight pounds of pure methamphetamine.
FELICIANO HERNANDEZ MORENO, 30, of Buford, Ga., was sentenced by U.S. District Judge F. Dennis Saylor, IV to 13 years in prison to be followed by five years of supervised release. O March 17, 2011, he pleaded guilty to conspiracy to distribute over 500 grams of methamphetamine.
Had the case proceeded to trial the Government's evidence would have proven that a drug courier named Kenneth Sparks was instructed by his boss, HERNANDEZ MORENO, to drive an SUV from California to Georgia. Believing that the SUV was loaded with drug proceeds, Sparks stole the money and drove the SUV to Massachusetts. When Sparks removed the gas tank, he discovered, not cash, but eight, one-pound packages of nearly pure methamphetamine.
HERNANDEZ MORENO and a co-defendant named Jaime ALVAREZ RAMIREZ traveled to Massachusetts to find Sparks and the pilfered drugs. By the time they arrived, Sparks had gone to law enforcement officers and confessed to stealing the drugs. A cooperating witness spoke with HERNANDEZ MORENO and Ramirez, and enabled agents to arrest them at the Blackstone Mall. With the help of the Worcester Police Department, who learned of small methamphetamine sales occurring in Worcester, federal agents were able to recover over five of the eight pounds of methamphetamine. The DEA lab determined that the methamphetamine was 99.9% pure.
United States Attorney Carmen M. Ortiz, Steven Derr, Special Agent in Charge of the Drug Enforcement Administration - Boston Field Division and Chief Gary Gemme of the Worcester Police Department made the announcement today. The case was prosecuted by Assistant U.S. Attorney David Hennessy of Ortiz's Worcester Branch Office.
Receive information regarding those charged in the Boston Marathon bombing cases.
Making sure that victims of federal crimes are treated with compassion, fairness and respect.
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Socks by Sock Dreams
We offer FREE USPS shipping on all US orders!
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Dreamer Checkerboard Crews
First we made these as a long sock, then we discovered our guys really liked them but wanted a shorter version for the warmer weather. So we got our sock makers makin' socks and now we have these in a foot-size that works for girls and guys. Made in the USA.
Men's shoe sizes 7 - 13 can wear these best, as well as ladies 9 and up... they even fit down to a ladies 8, but will be a little loose around the heels.
Additional Info: Want to see our over the knee version? Vertically Checkered OTKs
Fiber Content: 85% regenerated cotton/acrylic/polyester, 10% nylon, 5% spandex.
Machine wash in cool to cold water, tumble dry low or hang to dry.
Label: Dreamer Socks
Thank you so so so much for providing socks in a variety of sizes, and testing them and providing detailed size info! I just got the Extraordinarily Longer Thigh Highs, and they fit on my big ol' legs! And the lace/corset top thigh highs-- and they fit too! It's so awesome to be able to find tall hosiery that fits!
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Wellfleet Condo Rentals with Outdoor Grill(5)
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Recent Wellfleet Reviews
Fantastic week in Wellfleet!
The owners of this Bradford condo go out of their way to make you feel welcome and to make the experience special. The unit is well maintained and very clean. Our family felt at home from the moment we walked in until the day we unfortunately had to leave. The condo is in a great location - walk-able to town and town beach and short drives to some of the best beaches on the Cape. Looking forward to coming back!
Beautiful beach and special house.
Our family loves this cottage! We always stay in Wellfleet but just recently discovered this area. We spent hours relaxing on the beach while the kids explored the beautiful bay. The beach is amazing and the house is so cute and comfortable. The owners were really helpful and we felt right at home. This is a very special place. We will definitely be back."


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|Rakhi is on 29th August, 2015. It's the right time to celebrate the special bonding between a brother and sister. Enrich the lives of your loved ones in USA with our wonderful Rakhi Gifts. So let your brothers in America feel special by sending our lovely Rakhi Gifts to United States.We made you feel with our wonderful Rakhi Gifts that a brother is extremely precious to a sister. So sparkle your Rakhi Celebration in America by shopping online with us. You can send Rakhi to USA, Kids Rakhi to United States, Bhiya Bhabhi Rakhi to America, Beads Rakhi to USA, Silver Rakhi to America, Rakhi Thali to United States, Rakhi Sweets Hamper to USA, Rakhi for Kids for United States, Rakhi Mithai to USA, Rakhi for Bhabhi to America, Gifts to Sisters for Rakhi and many more Rakhi Gifts to United States. We provide hundreds of Rakhi gifts to USA to make a stately elegance at your festivity.
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Most days, Terminal B at New Jersey's Newark Liberty International Airport looks like any other in America: There are ticket counters and food courts, and the requisite Relay Newsstand. But not today. On this January morning, there is an eerie stillness in the air as British director Paul Greengrass finishes shooting United 93, his drama about the hijacked plane that crashed into a field in Pennsylvania on Sept. 11, 2001. Swaying gently in concentration, Greengrass watches as Khalid Abdalla, a young British actor playing hijacker Ziad Jarrah, solemnly makes his way to the check-in desk.
It's a haunting moment. And for a lot of people, too painful a reminder of the most tragic day in modern American history. Arriving in theaters less than five years after 9/11, United 93 unfolds in real time, re-enacting the 81 minutes the San Francisco-bound flight was aloft, and ending with the passengers' attempt to retake control. On board, there are throat slittings and beatings; on the ground, confusion and miscommunication. And now, around the country, there is upset over the trailer AMC is running a making-of featurette instead and concerns about exploitation, sensitivity, and the timing of the film. As the April 28 release approaches, more and more people seem to be asking the question: Why was this movie made?
''I don't come to this subject lightly,'' says Greengrass, referring to 2002's Bloody Sunday, his film about the 1972 Irish massacre by British troops. (He also made 2004's The Bourne Supremacy.) ''When is the right time? I don't think there's an easy answer. I guess when the families say yes. We make films for entertainment, we tell stories to take us to fantasy worlds, to laugh, to cry. There is also a place for movies to talk about the things that concern us most. And 9/11 concerns all of us. The world changed, and we need filmmakers to explore it.''
Of all the 9/11 stories, Greengrass was drawn to Flight 93 for the simple reason that it was the last of the four hijacked planes to depart, due to a delay at Newark. By the time those aboard the aircraft rallied together, both World Trade towers and the Pentagon had been hit. ''The passengers began to learn that something terrible was going on,'' the director says. ''Whereas we didn't realize what was causing it, they knew full well because they were looking at four hijackers. And so [they] had to decide in the most unimaginably stressful conditions...what the best course of action was. That debate is our post-9/11 debate.... If you're going to make sense of this event, which is seared with shock and fear and anger and pain and loss, then we have to go into the heart of that experience.''
Of course, no one will ever know what, exactly, happened on that flight, so Greengrass consulted every available source The 9/11 Commission Report, cockpit recordings, transcripts from passengers' calls to re-create the event. The result was a 21-page treatment that he pitched to Universal last summer. The studio greenlit the project immediately and allotted a $15 million budget. ''I was [impressed] by his passion,'' says president of production Donna Langley. ''This was a story he absolutely had to tell.''


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Lena Caruso, 95, of 7296 St. Marys Rd., Ridgway, died Monday, Aug. 18 at Elk Haven Nursing Home following a lengthy illness.
She was born Oct. 2, 1918 in Wilmer, daughter of the late Sylvio and Idelema (Gavazzi) Mori.
She was married to Anthony F. Caruso who preceded her in death on July 13, 2004.
She had resided in Ridgway for most of her life, and she was a member of the St. Leo Catholic Church.
She is survived by two sons, Rob Caruso (Joan) of York, and Mark A. Caruso (Carrie) of Ridgway; 3 grandchildren, Nicole, Nathan and Bryan.
Mary Lynn Keller Sykes, 89, of 339 Dewey Circle, Ridgway, died Sunday, Aug. 17, 2014 following a brief illness.
She was born July 28, 1925 in Yatesboro, daughter of the late Alice May (Morrow) Hoover and Lynn E. Hoover.
On June 12, 1950, she married Ralph W. Keller Jr. who preceded her in death May 8, 1975. On July 16, 1977, she married Ray B. Sykes who preceded her in death March 2, 2011.
Bernard G. "Bernie" Kilhoffer, 85, of 343 S. Ridge Rd., St. Marys, and formerly of Ridgway, died Saturday, Aug. 16, 2014 at Elk Haven Nursing Home following a short illness.
He was born on Aug. 20, 1928, a son of the late Bernard and Lucille Flegal Kilhoffer.
On June 27, 1953 in Sacred Heart Church, he married Kathryn "Katie" Wicks Kilhoffer, who survives.
Ardelle Johnson Parsons, 86, of Ridgway, died Thursday, Aug. 14, 2014 at Pinecrest Manor in St. Marys following a lengthy illness.
She was born May 25, 1928 in Kane, daughter of the late David N. and Ada (Eckenbaum) Johnson.
Daniel J. Hill, 45, of 201 Tyler Ave., Ridgway, died Saturday evening, Aug. 16, 2014 at UPMC Presbyterian Hospital in Pittsburgh following a brief illness.
He was born July 9, 1969 in Ridgway, son of the late John F. and Janis L. (Snyder) Hill. He married Tanya M. Hlavac on May 21, 2005. He had resided in Ridgway all of his life and was a member of the Ridgway Church of the Nazarene, and the Ridgway Moose. Dan was a graduate of the Ridgway High School, Class of 1987. He had been employed by the County of Elk as a corrections officer for 10 years.
Stanley J. "Stash" Myslinski Jr., 82, of 5415 Ridgway-Johnsonburg Rd., Johnsonburg, died Friday afternoon, Aug. 8, 2014 at Penn Highlands Elk in St. Marys following a brief illness.
He was born Feb. 12, 1932 in Johnsonburg, son of the late Stanley and Helen Machoviak Myslinski.
On Sept. 2, 1961 in Arcade, N.Y., he married Elaine Wolford. She died Jan. 13, 2004.
He resided in Johnsonburg all his life and graduated from Johnsonburg High School in 1949.
He was a member of Holy Rosary Church, Johnsonburg Elks Club, and loved hunting, gardening, baking and cooking.
Donna Mae Feronti, 76, of 21 Penn Ave., Ridgway, died Thursday, Aug. 7, 2014 at Penn Highlands Elk.
A devoted wife, mother, and grandmother, she was born Aug. 15, 1937 in St. Marys, daughter of the late John M. and Lottie M. Kassawara Kronenwetter.
On Jan. 14, 1961, she married Noel E. Feronti, he survives. She was a member of St. Leo's Catholic Church. She was a graduate of Central Catholic High School, Class of 1956. Mae enjoyed traveling, cooking, knitting, crocheting, gardening and raising flowers. She loved spending time with her grandchildren.
William T. (Bill) Cherry, 49, of 217 Powers Ave., Johnsonburg, died Monday Aug, 4, 2014 at his residence.
He was born June 2, 1965, in Ridgway, son of John (Skip) Cherry and Carol Pennington Bryndel.
Bill resided in Johnsonburg all of his life. He graduated from Johnsonburg Area High School in 1982.
He was a member of Holy Rosary Church and The Piedmont Club. He loved animals and being with his family.
Ronald B. Jordan, 76, of 5285 Grant Rd., Ridgway, died Friday morning, Aug. 1, 2014 at Pinecrest Manor in St. Marys.
He was born April 7, 1938 in Parker, son of the late Arnold J. and Mary (Latshaw) Jordan.
On June 20, 1959, he married Catherine A. Arrowood. They had celebrated 55 years of marriage this past June.
He was a 1957 graduate of Parker Area High School.
He had resided in Ridgway for many years, and he was a member of the American Legion and the Elks.
He had enjoyed fishing, boating, hunting, and woodworking.
Pasquale (Pat) Scutella Jr., 89, of 524 Cherry Ave., Ridgway, died Monday, July 28, 2014, at Pinecrest Manor following an illness of the past several months.
He was born June 30, 1925, in Calabria, Italy, the son of Pasquale and Maria Caminiti Scutella.
On May 10, 1947, he married Rose Migliazzo at St. Callistus Church in Kane, and she survives.


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Chronic exposure to racial discrimination is associated with increased levels of anxiety and depression. That's one finding of a newly published study that adds to evidence that racism may be taking a toll on the health of African Americans — the subject of an in-depth cover story in the July/August issue of Miller-McCune magazine.
A research team led by psychologist Anthony Ong of Cornell University collected two weeks' worth of daily diary data from 174 highly educated African Americans. (One-third had earned a doctorate degree, while two-thirds were enrolled in a doctoral program.) Participants were asked to report incidents of racial discrimination, non-race-related negative life events and symptoms of anxiety and depression.
They reported experiencing, on average, "at least one racial discrimination event on 26 percent of the study days," the report states. (One example of such an event was, "Today I was ignored, overlooked or not given service.")
On those days when participants encountered an instance of perceived racial discrimination, "they reported higher levels of negative affect, anxiety and depression," the report states. On top of this direct impact, the study suggests "stress spillover effects" also come into play, noting that "our results indicate that chronic exposure to racial discrimination may lead to an accumulation or bundling of daily negative events across multiple life domains (e.g., family, friends, finances, health)."
For more this topic, see our story on unintended racism in schools on Miller-McCune.com.
Ong and his colleagues draw two key conclusions from their study. "First, our findings join with past research in demonstrating that racial discrimination can have inimical effects on health and well-being, and that these effects are reliably evident across a variety of psychological outcomes.
"Second, our results add to accumulating evidence suggesting that stress proliferation — the tendency of stressors to multiply and create other stressors — is a critical but vastly overlooked feature of the stress process."
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text:
International trailer for Prime.
When sophisticated, career-driven Rafi (Thurman), meets David (Bryan Greenberg), it's love at first sight. But that love gets complicated - fast! Not only is David 23 to her 30-something, he's also the son of Rafi's therapist (Streep)! Professional help is about to get very personal in this entertaining and irresistibly charming comedy.
Download the TV Guide app for iPhone, iPad and Android!


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Earlier this year, the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) shocked the American public with its hasty approval of three highly controversial GE crops in a row (alfalfa, sugar beets and ethanol corn). In doing so, the agency effectively thumbed its nose at U.S. federal courts and spit in the face of consumers and farmers alike. Now, USDA has apparently decided that getting sued for ignoring U.S. environmental laws is getting to be too much of a hassle. So they've come up with a new plan: why not let Monsanto evaluate the potential harms of its new transgenic products? It'll be so much quicker this way. And save USDA a lot of money.
The two-year pilot program allowing GE developers to conduct their own environmental assessments for USDA is an "experiment" to improve its systems, says USDA. Tom Philpott calls it a craven way out.
Tomorrow morning, as you pour milk into your kids' cereal bowls or buy a latte to get you going, take a moment to think about the dairy and other family farmers who will be braving gusty winds off Lake Michigan to converge on the steps of the Chicago Mercantile Exchange. These farmers are demanding an end to the price fixing and speculation by traders that has bankrupted thousands of family farmers across the U.S., while spurring food crises worldwide.
Two weeks ago, I wrote about the American public's nearly unified demand for labeling of GMOs. Now, across the country, people are preparing to take to the streets to express their views.
The Millions Against Monsanto campaign is organizing a Rally for the Right to Know in front of the White House on Saturday, March 26. And plans for local rallies are popping up everywhere, including — last I checked — in California, Colorado, Florida, Indiana, Minnesota, Oregon, Tennesee and Wisconsin.
On Feb. 4, USDA announced a "partial deregulation" of Monsanto's genetically engineered sugar beets to allow planting in 2011. The move came despite a December federal court decision in which the judge ordered that GE beets already planted to produce seed "shall be removed from the ground". USDA has defied the court on behalf of Monsanto before.
At the annual World Economic Forum this past weekend in Davos, Switzerland, U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) Director Rajiv Shah stood beside CEOs from Monsanto and other infamous giant corporations, and announced U.S. support for a "New Vision for Agriculture."
Yes, you should be worried.
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My husband wants to sue her for loss of consortium!
LDB filed petition with the court to recover $$$ for LE
ETA: "Special costs of investigation and prosecution"
Last edited by egnarts; 07-06-2011 at 09:29 PM. Reason: added info
Linda! Doing everything she can to make sure that Casey is not going to profit from the blood money. Bless you, LDB.
It was just said on Hannity that KC can easily make 750k just from a few interviews.
Bloody amazing!
"Every case is a high profile one for me...that's why I examine the head in every case!"
Dr. Werner Spitz
Maybe not. Not if good and decent folks who are outraged at this write and call media and publishers and let them know we will not buy any such books and will not only not watch their interviews but will boycott them entirely for giving money to this woman, her family, her lawyers and the jurors.
All kinds of hugs!
Seems to me with Casey being Casey and manipulating people/events to her liking, Caylee's father may very well never have known he had a beautiful baby girl. Maybe he has seen the coverage but not come forward because he thought there was nothing to be gained other than unwanted publicity, and he thought her killer was going to be put away for a very long time, at a minimum.
Here's what I'm praying - that he, like so many people across the US and in other countries , is sickened and angered by this verdict. That he/anyone that thinks they may be Caylee's daddy come forward for a DNA test. Caylee's profile is already on file. That once he's shown to be the daddy, he sues Casey for wrongful death, parental alienation, and/or anything else that could possibly apply. I think she likely prevented him and Caylee from knowing each other. I can easily see it being a one night stand and him having to make it clear to Casey, that's all it was. She is bitter and when she finds out she's pregnant, she says screw him, and doesn't let him know. IMO perfectly possible given how she acts.
A la OJ, I hope Caylee's dad can make sure Casey never sees a dime of any profit from Caylee's death. I don't even care if it's just because he wants to cash in. I was thinking yesterday about how all of us felt so sickened and helpless about this travesty of justice. I was thinking, but what can we DO to make a difference. I wonder if we can put a bug in the media's ear to publicize a search for Caylee's dad. Or create a fund to help anyone who might be her dad to get a DNA test??? IDK. I just think he might be able to bring justice where the jury failed. (And yes, I believe they failed to use logic and reason, or to deliberate slowly through all that had been presented.)
ETA: I LDB/the state attorneys, TES, Zenaida, and anyone else that remembers this is about justice for a sweet, helpless little girl. I believe Caylee's dancing, singing, and feeling joy and love in heaven, but she should have had more time to bless this world first.
Last edited by Seek&Find; 07-06-2011 at 10:09 PM.
With all the hating and the financial armageddon heading towards Casey and company she is going to find the world a hard place to live in and she could indeed end up behind bars somehow, someway, someday. She certainly won't be able to associate with any people or men of quality. Can you see a guy telling his mom I am dating Casey Anthony? Would you let her in your house or ever believe a word she said?
If she had not lied to LE and admitted what happened to Caylee, then there would have been no need to waste resources looking into the child's disappearance. It's as simple as that.
did i hear on NG that casey is now going to sue for keeping her in jail longer than her check fraud sentence now that she has been found NG on the murder trial?
I can't see how that would fly.
Aren't most prisoners kept in jail until their trial if there is no bail set? or if they can't afford the bail?
She wouldn't have been in there that long if the DT hadn't stalled and stalled and stalled on every little issue.
Best Friends Animal Society
A better world through kindness to animals
[I]Please help BestFriends help us.
let everone sue her. tie her and baez up in legal poo fo years to come over this case. can jesse sue for the accusations? dfamation of character?
Well, now shes gonna be OUT and the IRS, I hope, will pursue her relentlessly.
Rest in Peace, Robbi 1980-2012
I see lot's of IRS talk...
On JVM today it was said that Baez has been holding ICA's money in a client/trust account for which he was responsible for paying taxes to IRS out of said funds but did not do. They did not mention how much was there, but I'm curious to know how she qualified as indigent if she had assets which her attorney was holding in a client/trust fund <insert personal comment> from advice of Todd Macaluso probably.
Any accountants in the house to explain how that works?


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What does WB mean in Famous?
This page is about the meanings of the acronym/abbreviation/shorthand WB in the Community field in general and in the Famous terminology in particular.
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This is the "view" out our back balcony. The Kalakala has become a rusty wreck and now it's sinking! What responsibilty does the owner have to keep his boat from being just another junk on the water??
We pay a "view" tax for this???
Abandon Ship! Kalakala is sinking
This is the "view" out our back balcony. The Kalakala has become a rusty wreck and now it's sinking! What responsibilty does the owner have to keep his boat from being just another junk on the water??
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says ... on Sunday, Jun 3 at 3:51 PM
i think that it looks like a dinner car????get it
says ... on Tuesday, Jan 24 at 12:09 PM
I don't want to wager a guess as to the extent of damage the old girl has. She was built on a burnt out San Francisco ferry hull the Peralta I love this ferry I have lots of great memories of her but I have a Gut feeling she is beyond repair.
says ... on Tuesday, Dec 6 at 3:17 PM
Yes this ship is a part of history, I road on it in 1957 when I was stationed on the U S S Midway at Bremerton. She was a proud ferry on Puget Sound at that time, but now there is no money to restore her and the owner my have even died .............
says ... on Sunday, Apr 3 at 3:51 PM
Some guy spent a load of money on this chunk of historical metal. Was floating in lake union for years while volinteers tried in vain to restore it. Silly neighbors complained that they did not like looking at it. Idiots
says ... on Thursday, Mar 31 at 10:40 PM
it's a shame the state sees no value in this great piece of histlory. but I'm curious why the owner didn't send the ferry to a dry dock?
says ... on Monday, Mar 28 at 2:01 PM
RIP - good riddance
says ... on Sunday, Mar 27 at 8:00 PM
Sorry but this piece of history just isn't worth saving.
says ... on Sunday, Mar 27 at 7:41 PM
You know what is truely sad is this was a great piece of northwest history. I would rather see this fixed up by the state as a museum than it be sunk for fish. We waste so much money in this state on BS and let history rot.
says ... on Sunday, Mar 27 at 12:41 PM
I'm sure by now all the hazardous chemicals (i.e. fuel, oil, etc) have been removed. So, why doesn't the owner just get a permit to sink it so that it can become a habitat for under water sea life. That seems like the responsible thing to do.
says ... on Saturday, Mar 26 at 5:46 PM
How absurd, this hulk was dragged down from a far away port to be fixed up into a museum peice and now its a rotting wreck.....
says ... on Saturday, Mar 26 at 5:41 PM
The writer of this story is incorrect. I was there yesterday and found someone intensionally destroyed a power line to the Kalakala in which shut down all pumps and lights to the ship. The tilt is caused by the shore line as the she rests at low tide


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As many Florida families know, the cost of college has been sharply increasing as of late. That has led to parents and students taking on more debt, potentially subjecting them to an onerous burden that may be difficult to relieve without making substantial sacrifices in other areas of their life. However, in some circumstances, families may find themselves having trouble meeting all of their financial obligations. In that case, it may be possible to file for a Chapter 13 bankruptcy.
When the children go to college, Mom and Dad may decide to pick up part of the expense. Many times, they may co-sign a loan with the child, meaning that they are on the hook to repay the loan in case the child fails to pay. On average, parents picked up about 37 percent of all college expenses in 2011.
Yet in a sign that parents may be beginning to suffer from too many student loans, the average of 37 percent is down from 47 percent in 2010. Moreover, a survey conducted by Fidelity Investments found that whereas 65 percent of parents did not want their children to take out college loans in 2007, and that number has risen to about 75 percent. Instead, parents and children are increasingly finding other ways to pay for college.
Unfortunately, those other methods may not be enough for everyone. In a survey conducted last year, four out of five bankruptcy attorneys reported that they had seen an increase in parents and students who are having trouble repaying their college loans. Yet, unlike other forms of debt, it is very difficult to discharge college loans in bankruptcy. Nonetheless, filing for Chapter 13 bankruptcy may enable a Florida debtor to restructure their other financial obligations, making it easier to repay the student loans.
Source: The Arizona Republic, "College debt especially costly for parents," Anne Ryman, March 17, 2012


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December 22, 2014
26 Feb 2014
Glengarry Glen Ross
"Joe Mantegna's performance was magnificent. His monologue reminded me of a great man's virtuosic ballet variation - the bravado, the strength, the musicality. He owned the stage."
Date From:
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07 Mar 2014 -- Bebe Neuwirth and Erich Bergen Join Cast of CBS Pilot "Madam Secretary"
26 Feb 2014 -- THEIR FAVORITE THINGS: Tony Winner and Chicago Star Bebe Neuwirth Shares Her Theatregoing Experiences
14 Jan 2014 -- Here Comes Mama!: Tony Winner Bebe Neuwirth Returns to Broadway's Chicago Jan. 14
17 Dec 2013 -- Tony Winner Bebe Neuwirth Will Return to Broadway's Chicago in Third Role
15 Nov 2013 -- Bebe Neuwirth Solo CD, "Stories… in NYC: Live At 54 Below," Released Digitally Nov. 15
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WASHINGTON – U.S. Rep. Ron Barber today strongly pushed back on an Air Force proposal to retire the A-10, saying the military has failed to adequately explain how it will protect ground troops without the A-10.
"Today I asked the secretary of the Air Force about specific scenarios in which the A-10 is the only plane that can provide protection to our troops," Barber said today. "I believe I didn't get the answer because they don't have one. The Warthog is a unique plane with unique capabilities."
Barber, a member of the House Armed Services Committee, today questioned Air Force Secretary Deborah Lee James about Air Force plans to retire the iconic A-10, which has been nicknamed "Warthog."
Barber, who has long been fighting to protect the A-10, was joined by several other members of the committee who questioned whether the Air Force is prepared to protect ground troops if the A-10 is taken out of service.
"There are critical elements of the close-air support mission that multi-role fighters simply cannot perform like the A-10," Barber told James.
Video of Barber's questioning can be seen here:
Barber asked about a scenario in which U.S. troops are engaging the enemy within 100 meters on a fluid battlefield with moving targets and a low cloud ceiling. "This is what the A-10 does best," Barber said.
James told Barber that "the mission would be covered by other aircraft that might require some other training for some other pilots for them to get good at these particular areas."
Time limitations prevented Barber from following up his question, but he later said he was unsatisfied with James' answer.
"The path we are on is a very grave problem and a danger to our troops and our security," Barber said. "What's the plan when there's no other airframe that can perform these capabilities? I'm going to keep pushing the Air Force and fighting for the A-10."
Since he took office in 2012, Barber has been focused on saving the A-10.
Hank Peck, chairman of the DM50 Public Policy Committee, this week said, "Congressman Ron Barber is a leader in the fight to preserve the defense assets in our region and across Arizona, a key issue for business and education leaders in Southern Arizona. He has been fighting with us since before he took office to protect the A-10 and Davis-Monthan Air Force Base."
The DM50 is a group formed to support the mission and the personnel of Davis-Monthan Air Force Base in Tucson.
Rep. Adam Smith, ranking member of the House Armed Services Committee, this week praised Barber's work on behalf of Davis-Monthan.
"Ron Barber has been in the forefront of the fight to save the A-10 since he got to Washington in 2012," Smith said. "Ron has made it his job to bring me to his district and see first-hand the amazing work that is done for our national security at Arizona's military installations and defense industry.
"Southern Arizona is fortunate and well-served by Ron Barber," Smith added. "He is diligent, passionate, and a fighter for our national security and the people he represents."
Earlier this week, Barber sharply criticized the Air Force's plans to phase out A-10s, which are stationed at Davis-Monthan Air Force Base, beginning in 2015.
In its detailed proposal for force structure changes nationwide, the Air Force said it plans to retire the A-10 in stages before 2019.
Under the proposal, Davis-Monthan, a major training base for A-10 pilots, would lose its 55 active-duty A-10s in fiscal years 2015 and 2016 – between Jan. 1, 2015 and Sept. 31, 2016.
In fiscal year 2019, 28 reserve A-10s stationed at D-M would be deactivated. That same year, 21 combat-ready Air Force Reserve F-16s would be stationed at D-M.
A congressional mandate prevents the Pentagon from taking any action to retire the A-10 during 2014. Barber led the fight in the House, working with Republicans and Democrats in the House and Senate, to prevent divestment of the A-10 in the National Defense Authorization Act.
"I fought alongside my colleagues to protect the A-10 in 2014 and I we will continue working to keep this aircraft flying," Barber said.
In addition to being a key piece of the military's arsenal, the A-10 is important to the Southern Arizona economy. It is the main plane flown at D-M, which has an economic impact to Southern Arizona of at least $1.5 billion annually.
Barber has noted that the A-10 is being targeted for retirement in large part because of sequestration – the irresponsible, across-the-board budget cuts that have hit national defense especially hard.
Friday, March 14, 2014
Mark Kimble
Communications Director
(520) 881-3588 or (520) 904-5876


text: Amidst all the Nexus excitement from yesterday, Google just hit the 700,000 Android app milestone in its Play Store, according to Bloomberg. That would put it near par with Apple, who announced just last month that its App Store hit that same figure. Like Cupertino's iOS shop, Play (which started


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President Barack Obama on Wednesday issued an executive order freezing U.S. assets of anyone considered to be threatening the success of the U.S.-backed political transition in Yemen.
In the order, Mr. Obama declares a national emergency with respect to "actions and policies of certain members of the government of Yemen, and others threatening peace, security or stability by obstructing implementation of last year's political transition agreement."
In an accompanying note to Congress, he says the order does not target the entire country or its government, but those obstructing a transition "that meets the legitimate demands and aspirations of the Yemeni people for change."
The U.S. Treasury Department gets authority to freeze U.S.-based assets of anyone, "including political or military leaders of entities," obstructing implementation.
No names are listed. But the order covers those who have "materially assisted, sponsored, or provided financial, material, or technological support" for obstructing the peaceful political process and transfer of power.
The subject did not come up during Wednesday's White House news briefing, but State Department spokeswoman Victoria Nuland provided an overview of the order's intent.
"This is a big umbrella set of authorities that can be used as necessary. Again I am not going to name names here, because we haven't designated anybody yet, but it is definitely meant today as a message to those who are trying to block transition that we have this tool to use against them and that they should think again about the policies they are pursuing," Nuland said.
Asked whether Washington believes there are individuals attempting to block Yemen's transition, Nuland said the United States has had concerns about what she called "spoilers" and "foot draggers" and "actual opposition" from various groups.
The intent, she said, is not to discourage "healthy debate" in Yemen about implementing the political transition, but put on notice those who want to undo the agreement, stand in its way, or block it, and show that the U.S. is watching and "will take steps."
President Obama's order comes as the U.S. steps up counter-terrorism and military aid to Yemen as the government of President Abed Rabbo Mansour Hadi fights the Yemen-based al-Qaida in the Arabian Peninsula.
President Hadi was vice president under Ali Abdullah Saleh, who stepped down this past February after 33 years in power, under a U.S.-backed transition, following mass protests against the government.
President Obama's counter-terrorism adviser, John Brennan, met with President Hadi and other officials in recent days in Yemen and was briefed on military operations.
In addition to Yemeni government air strikes, which some news reports say have been aided by U.S. intelligence assets, al-Qaida fighters in Yemen have been targeted by missiles from drones. U.S. military trainers recently returned to Yemen.
The United States, with help from foreign intelligence agencies, recently foiled a plot to blow up a civilian airliner said to have been planned by the al-Qaida affiliate in Yemen.
Article by VOA News


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Useful Bubbly: 13 Recipes Using Champagne or Sparkling Wine
Break out the bubbly! Champagne and other sparkling wines aren't meant to be saved for special occasions, they're meant to make the every day special. Popping some bottles in the kitchen leads to some delicious results — from effervescent fruit to juicy chicken dinners — that will have your friends begging to know your secret ingredient.
If you prefer your wines in your glass rather than on your plate, check out our wine guide or learn how to pair your favorites with pasta or cheese.
Autumn Fritto Misto
The bright, effervescent palette of sparkling wine that makes it a classic cocktail choice also makes the batter on these apples, mushrooms, and zucchini extra-light and crisp. The fritto misto is best eaten hot from the pan, perhaps served in a paper cone as shown.
Recipe: Autumn Fritto Misto


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Fugu Malibu Shoes
Fugu Malibu is the brand for the day dreaming gal who loves the ocean air, the sunshine, and trying new things! Fugu believes that originality should come out in everything you do. Fugu makes shoes for powerful and imaginative women who always welcomes a challenge! Fugu embraces a fresh and daring spirit and offers a departure from the monotony of ev....
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Polsinelli Podcasts - Class Action Lawsuits: What to do When the Claim Arrives
Blecker: GM Recalls Show Need for Harsher Penalties for "Red Collar" Criminals
Polsinelli Podcast - FDA Proposed Changes to Food Labels and What it May Mean for Manufacturers
Manufacturers, Importers and Retailers Must Take Action Following DTSC Reveal of Priority Products
Doing Business in California, Proposition 65, the California Green Chemical Initiative and the Rigid Plastic Packaging Regulations
Polsinelli Podcast - Food Safety Modernization Act
Bill on Bankruptcy: Delaware Garners Almost All Big Chapter 11s
Bill on Bankruptcy: Listening in the Dark at the NCBJ
Dean: Law Schools Use Merit Scholarships To Boost Rankings
Dean: Law Firms 'Support' NYLS's 2 Year Degree Program
Bill on Bankruptcy: LightSquared, the Battle among Hedge Funds
Bill on Bankruptcy: Appeals Court Changes the Law on Fraud
Bill on Bankruptcy: Make-Whole Premiums, Lehman, ResCap
Rice: Banking Lobby Won't Let New Glass-Steagall Bill Pass
Bar President: 3Ls Should Get Paid for Internships
Bill on Bankruptcy: Lawyers Must Disclose What Clients Pay
NALP: 18-Year Low for Law Grad Employment
Is Edward Snowden a Whistleblower?
Unique Privacy Concerns for Mobile Apps
Instapundit: America's IP Laws Need to be "Pruned Back"
On December 19, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommended that U.S. consumers not eat any commercially produced, prepackaged caramel apples and that retailers not sell or serve them as they...more
Consumer class action claims are a familiar tool for addressing dissatisfaction with a defective product. Given that one of the goals of a consumer class action claim is to recover damages for the claimants, triggering...more
With the holiday season quickly approaching, it's a particularly good time to check your internal procedures. As you are certainly aware, a disappointed customer, or worse, an injured user, can assert claims against...more
Last week, the U.S. Pharmacopeial Convention ("USP"), a scientific nonprofit that sets standards for food ingredients, medicines and dietary supplements enforceable by the Food and Drug Administration, released an updated...more
Despite improvements in food safety over the last two decades, 2012 saw no shortage of recalls due to food contamination. For example, one Indiana farm recalled all cantaloupes from its 2012 growing season after the fruit was...more
Car accidents are dangerous no matter who's involved. But for children, the risks are even greater due to their smaller size. That's why infant and children's car seats are so important. They're supposed to protect children...more
After previous failed attempts to limit their liability from injuries that occur, commercial businesses aimed at providing entertainment for children have, in-part, succeeded. Fortunately, thanks to the efforts by the Florida...more
Toxic chemical exposure lawyers in California and throughout the U.S. are seeing a greater frequency of toxic chemical exposures and this article explains what may well be the cause. We are all more vulnerable to toxic...more
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Fewer cases means less work to go around, while at the same time ever more lawyers compete. So, what to do? The simple answer has to be: First adapt and then, thrive....more
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Fish Oil
Ahhh…fish oil. A whole industry built around supplying us with something that should be a natural part of our food supply. Prior to the 1970's meat and dairy in the United states was still grass fed so we received ample amounts of the main constituents of fish oil, EPA and Read more…Continue Reading →


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Island Estate West Indies Headboard 3/3 Twin
West Indies Headboard 3/3 Twin
Item: 531-161HB
Item: 531-161HB
Perfect for children or guest rooms, the dramatic island flair is appreciated even in a smaller scale.The carved bamboo posts with chippendale inspired cutouts above a woven rattan panel gives rise to the peaceful tropics.
Dimensions: 41W x D x 63H in.
Availability: In Stock


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Review Summary
Justin Bieber The Key Eau de Parfum Spray
Unlock the connection. Justin Bieber The Key is an inspiring fragrance that invites you to unlock the endless possibilities of believing in your dreams, bringing you closer to Justin than ever before. Energetic with a sexy splash of sparkling freshness, the luminous fruity floral musk fragrance awakens the senses with a burst of juicy fruits, while the heart blooms to unveil a bright bouquet of sheer floralcy. The creamy dry down blends sensual musks and exotic precious woods with decadent notes of vanilla that will leave you dreaming for more.
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Shipping your purchase is easy on belk.com. Depending on the destination of your package, you can expect it to arrive within 4-7 business days. Shipping Information
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