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A handful of importers in the eastbound Pacific trades sign their annual service contracts during the cold winter months when spot market rates are low and carriers are anxious to lock in cargo commitments for the coming year.
More often than not, these "early-bird" signees enjoy below-market freight rates all year long. If carriers have their way this coming year, they won't see these special benefits in 2013.
The Transpacific Stabilization Agreement, a discussion group that represents 15 of the largest carriers in the trade from Asia to the U.S., announced on Sept. 25 its rate guidelines for the 2013-14 contracting season. The TSA proposed an increase of $800 per 40-foot container to the West Coast, $1,000 per FEU to the East and Gulf coasts and $1,200 per FEU for intermodal shipments via all coasts.
The proposed rate hikes are to take effect in mid-October 2012. "This includes early bird contracts concluded in late 2012 and early 2013, as well as standard contracts which typically take effect on May 1, 2013," the TSA stated in a release.
Applying the same rate increases to early signers that are charged to the majority of importers who sign contracts each year effective May 1 is a new strategy for the trans-Pacific, said Ben Hackett, an industry analyst who co-publishes the monthly Global Container Report. "But will the carriers hold together on this?" he asked.
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Relatively few importers are expected to sign their annual service contracts during the next three or four months. Some home improvement retailers sign early contracts because their biggest season is in the spring. Apparel importers with seasonal merchandise that moves in the spring also may sign early.
Carriers value the business of importers that ship during the off-season, when cargo volumes are low and space on vessels goes begging. Therefore, offering incentives to those importers would be considered a good business decision, especially because those same importers also ship during the peak season.
This past year, however, carriers found that offering discounts to early signers set a low floor for rates that other shippers felt they were entitled to as well. Because spot market rates are also lower during the slack winter months, carriers this year ended up benchmarking some contract rates off of the spot rates in effect early in the year.
As a result, many beneficial cargo owners locked in annual rates during the winter and spring months that proved to be hundreds of dollars per container lower than what the spot market commanded during the summer and fall months of 2012.
According to the Drewry Container Rate Benchmark that tracks average rates charged to cargo consolidators on shipments from Hong Kong to Los Angeles, the spot rate at the end of 2011 was less than $1,500 per FEU. The rate in mid-September 2012 was nearly $2,500 per FEU.
In order to prevent spot rates during the slack winter months from bleeding into service contracts signed during the same period, the TSA said its members intend to increase their rates for the coming contracting season regardless of whether the contracts are signed in December 2012 or May 2013.
Fast-forwarding proposed rate increases is only one of the steps carriers in the eastbound Pacific are taking this year to deal with rising costs and disappointing trade volumes. Carriers canceled individual voyages when cargo volumes were light, such as in the first week of October when factories in China shut down for the National Day celebrations.
Also, the CKYH alliance of Cosco, "K" Line, Yang Ming and Hanjin began their "winter" deployment on all-water services from Asia to the East Coast in late September by discontinuing one of the vessel strings for the slack season.
The TSA also announced the intention of its member lines to simplify the fuel surcharge process and, at the same time, recover fuel costs when the price of oil increases by combining three fuel surcharges into one.
Carriers today are charging a bunker fuel surcharge, a surcharge to cover the new requirement to burn low-sulfur bunker fuel within 200 miles of the coast of North America, and a surcharge on the intermodal rail portion of through movements to inland destinations. The TSA stated that a single fuel surcharge covering all three costs would be easier to manage.
Shippers are skeptical that this effort could result in fuel surcharges becoming a profit center as rate creep pushes total fuel surcharges higher. The proposed new surcharge will take effect on Jan. 1.
Whatever happens in the coming year in terms of spot rates, general rate increases and peak-season surcharges will be governed, as always, largely by supply-demand economics in the eastbound Pacific. That is why early contract signings are a calculated risk by carriers and shippers, both of whom are dealing with imperfect information about what will happen in the ensuing year.
Shippers and carriers rely heavily on projections by economists and industry analysts of how much cargo volumes will increase in the coming year, how much new capacity is scheduled to come online and how carriers will manage that capacity.
Journal of Commerce Economist Mario Moreno projects containerized imports in 2013 will continue the trend of slow growth established over the past two years. He bases his forecast on modest growth in gross domestic product, an unemployment rate that is still high by historical standards and a housing market that is starting to rebound but still has a long way to go to return to peak levels.
Moreno said the economy remains unable to generate more than flat growth in merchandise imports. "U.S. consumers are simply unable or too afraid to spend on purchases that can be delayed until the economy provides more certainty," he said. Moreno projects imports for all of 2012 will increase 4.6 percent over last year.
This modest growth in imports should continue through 2013, as GDP in the U.S. will likely increase about 3 percent next year. Corporate expansion and manufacturing in the U.S. are being held back by the recession in Europe and slow growth in China and elsewhere in Asia. However, the dollar strengthened this year compared to other currencies, which helps imports, and consumers continue to buy more cars, which increases imports of auto parts and tires.
Carriers, however, continue to boost capacity. According to the Paris consulting firm Alphaliner, global container ship capacity has increased about 7 percent each of the last four years. Carriers in 2013 are expected to take possession of another 1.8 million TEUs of capacity, up from 1.4 million TEUs this year.
Carriers have been able to mitigate some of the increased capacity by slow-steaming their vessels. Ship lines this year reduced the capacity of their fleet 9 percent through slow-steaming, Alphaliner reported.
While slow-steaming reduces fuel burn and lowers operating costs, total carrier costs continue to increase, said Brian Conrad, executive administrator of the TSA. Aggregate inland transportation, equipment repositioning, cargo handling, feeder ship and maintenance and repair costs will increase about 8 percent in the coming year, he said.
Carriers must establish a benchmark rate this winter that prevents rate erosion in service contracts for the coming year, Conrad said.
Contact Bill Mongelluzzo at email@example.com. Follow him on Twitter @billmongelluzzo.


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Pentagon notifies Congress of likely furloughs
WASHINGTON — Defense Secretary Leon Panetta told Congress on Wednesday that if automatic government spending cuts kick in on March 1 he may be compelled to furlough the "vast majority" of the Defense Department's 800,000 civilian workers.
In a written message to employees, Panetta said that he notified members of Congress Wednesday that if the White House and Congress cannot strike a deficit reduction deal before March 1 to avoid the furloughs, all affected workers will get at least 30 days' advance notice.
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subset: commoncrawl


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Government Spending
No government has ever spent its way to prosperity. Our proposals help governments be fiscally responsible so citizens can be prosperous.
As Arizona debates the merits of a proposed plan to expand Medicaid, we should consider whether it's even legal. As currently written, the plan is unconstitutional. That's because it gives sweeping power to the Director of AHCCCS (Arizona's Medicaid program) to make law, a job the state's constitution says must be left to the legislature.
Two years ago, when the Legislature considered reining in handouts to the solar industry by the Arizona Corporation Commission, the hearing room was packed with lobbyists opposing the move. Solar subsidies, they argued, were the cornerstone of the state's job creation program.
(Kevin Mooney, The American Spectator)
You may be wondering what the "sequester," or cuts in federal funding due to a Congressional budget impasse, will mean for Arizona schools. The estimated reductions in federal money to Arizona schools could amount to $17.7 million, but before we stock up on canned goods and head for the hills, let's put in perspective what $17.7 million represents.
In a recent unanimous decision, the Arizona Court of Appeals held that school districts can't spend bond money on unapproved purposes when voters authorized that money for specific projects. This decision protects the state constitutionally-guaranteed rights of taxpayers and ensures that governments can't renege on their bond agreements with the voters.
(By Fernanda Santos, New York Times)
In the battle to get the Medicaid expansion being championed by Gov. Jan Brewer approved by the state's legislators, her closest advisers are hanging their hopes on the number eight. That is how many of the 17 Republicans in the State Senate they believe they can get on their side.
With a population of 14,500 and a location south of Yuma, until recently I had never even heard of Somerton, Arizona. Yet, this tiny town serves as one of the best examples of what financial transparency by the government ought to look like.
The automatic spending cuts that have been enacted at the federal level – the "sequester" – have generated concern and outrage in some quarters. Breathless press releases from the White House and trade association groups that may receive slightly less federal money than they did last year have permeated the media reporting.
(By Darcy Olsen, National Review Online)
In his State of the Union address Tuesday, President Obama announced an initiative to make preschool universal, citing studies that purport to show academic benefits from earlier school enrollment. Unfortunately, this plan flies in the face of overwhelming evidence that preschool has no lasting impact on children's future educational success.
A recent article in Time magazine by Steven Brill documents the enormously high prices we pay in this country for health care, including the markups and significant profits of "nonprofit" hospitals. For example, M.D. Anderson marked up an anti-cancer drug some 400 percent. Stamford Hospital billed an individual $8,000 for a test that Medicare would have reimbursed at $600. Blood tests are often marked up by more than 1,000 percent over verifiable costs. Brill's article is 28 pages long and includes dozens of examples.


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We are initiating coverage of the US clean energy industry with an Attractive view. We believe our E4 growth drivers (emergence, economics, energy security, and environment) will generate significant investment in clean energy solutions by governments, businesses, and consumers worldwide.
The global risks posed by climate change are driving spending and investment in clean energy solutions, which (unlike the oil shock that spawned the first wave of alternative energy solutions in the 1970s) is durable and accelerating. In our upside scenario, we believe the annual clean energy revenue opportunity could reach $500 billion in 2020 and $1 trillion in 2030.
We recommend investors be selective and invest in only the highest quality companies that should benefit the most from the strong tailwinds driving the clean energy sector. We use four criteria to screen investment opportunities: scalable, low cost, low carbon, and secure. Using these criteria, we have rated four stocks Overweight-V in the US: First Solar, Fuel Tech, SunPower, and VeraSun.
Since clean energy is a global opportunity, we recommend a portfolio approach (to help minimize risk in this highly volatile sector) across multiple segments and regions and have launched the Morgan Stanley Global Clean Energy Model Portfolio today representing our global analysts' best ideas worldwide.
Despite our long-term optimism, we advise investors to be agile in the face of intense volatility and wary of near-term risks as markets right-size and experience growing pains.
We believe the pipeline of innovations will provide new clean energy solutions for many years to come. We believe we have just entered the second of four waves of clean energy innovation that will span the first two or three decades of the 21st century.
Morgan Stanley does and seeks to do business with companies covered in its research reports. As a result, investors should be aware that the firm may have a conflict of interest that could affect the objectivity of this report. Investors should consider this report as only a single factor in making their investment decision. Customers of Morgan Stanley in the United States can receive independent, third-party research on the company or companies covered in this report, at no cost to them, where such research is available. Customers may access this independent research at www.morganstanley.com/equityresearch or by calling 800-624-2063.
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|Lexham English Bible (LEB)
|New International Version (NIV)
|1 And Yahweh said to Moses and to Aaron in the land of Egypt, saying,
|1 The LORD said to Moses and Aaron in Egypt,
|2 "This month [will be] the beginning of months; it [will be] for you the first of the months of the year.
|2 "This month is to be for you the first month, the first month of your year.
|3 Speak to all the community of Israel, saying, 'On the tenth of this month, they will each take for themselves {a lamb for the family}, a lamb for the household.
|3 Tell the whole community of Israel that on the tenth day of this month each man is to take a lamb for his family, one for each household.
|4 And if the household is too small for a lamb, he and the neighbor nearest to his house will take [one] according to the number of persons; you will count out portions of the lamb {according to how much each one can eat}.
|4 If any household is too small for a whole lamb, they must share one with their nearest neighbor, having taken into account the number of people there are. You are to determine the amount of lamb needed in accordance with what each person will eat.
|5 The lamb for you must be a male, without defect, in its first year; you will take [it] from the sheep or from the goats.
|5 The animals you choose must be year-old males without defect, and you may take them from the sheep or the goats.
|6 "{You will keep it} until the fourteenth day of this month, and all the assembly of the community of Israel will slaughter it {at twilight}.
|6 Take care of them until the fourteenth day of the month, when all the people of the community of Israel must slaughter them at twilight.
|7 And they will take [some] of the blood and put [it] on the two doorposts and on the lintel on the houses in which they eat it.
|7 Then they are to take some of the blood and put it on the sides and tops of the doorframes of the houses where they eat the lambs.
|8 And they will eat the meat on this night; they will eat it fire-roasted and [with] unleavened bread on {bitter herbs}.
|8 That same night they are to eat the meat roasted over the fire, along with bitter herbs, and bread made without yeast.
|9 You must not eat any of it raw or boiled, boiled in the water, but rather roasted with fire, its head with its legs and with its inner parts.
|9 Do not eat the meat raw or cooked in water, but roast it over the fire--head, legs and inner parts.
|10 And you must not leave any of it until morning; anything left from it until morning you must burn in the fire.
|10 Do not leave any of it till morning; if some is left till morning, you must burn it.
|11 And this is how you will eat it--[with] your waists fastened, your sandals on your feet, and your staff in your hand, and you will eat it in haste. It [is] Yahweh's Passover.
|11 This is how you are to eat it: with your cloak tucked into your belt, your sandals on your feet and your staff in your hand. Eat it in haste; it is the LORD's Passover.
|12 "And I will go through the land of Egypt during this night, and I will strike all of the firstborn in the land of Egypt, from human to animal, and I will do punishments among all of the gods of Egypt. I [am] Yahweh.
|12 "On that same night I will pass through Egypt and strike down every firstborn--both men and animals--and I will bring judgment on all the gods of Egypt. I am the LORD.
|13 And the blood will be a sign for you on the houses where you are, and I will see the blood, and I will pass over you, and there will not be a destructive plague among you when I strike the land of Egypt.
|13 The blood will be a sign for you on the houses where you are; and when I see the blood, I will pass over you. No destructive plague will touch you when I strike Egypt.
|14 "And this day will become a memorial for you, and you will celebrate it as a religious feast for Yahweh throughout your generations; you will celebrate it as a lasting statute.
|14 "This is a day you are to commemorate; for the generations to come you shall celebrate it as a festival to the LORD--a lasting ordinance.
|15 You will eat unleavened bread for seven days. Surely on the first day you shall remove yeast from your houses, because anyone [who] eats [food with] yeast from the first day until the seventh day--that person will be cut off from Israel.
|15 For seven days you are to eat bread made without yeast. On the first day remove the yeast from your houses, for whoever eats anything with yeast in it from the first day through the seventh must be cut off from Israel.
|16 It will be for you on the first day a holy assembly and on the seventh day a holy assembly; no work will be done on them; only what is eaten by every person, it alone will be prepared for you.
|16 On the first day hold a sacred assembly, and another one on the seventh day. Do no work at all on these days, except to prepare food for everyone to eat--that is all you may do.
|17 "And you will keep the Feast of Unleavened Bread, because on this very day I brought out your divisions from the land of Egypt, and you will keep this day for your generations as a lasting statute.
|17 "Celebrate the Feast of Unleavened Bread, because it was on this very day that I brought your divisions out of Egypt. Celebrate this day as a lasting ordinance for the generations to come.
|18 On the first [day], on the fourteenth day of the month, in the evening, you will eat unleavened bread until the evening of the twenty-first day of the month.
|18 In the first month you are to eat bread made without yeast, from the evening of the fourteenth day until the evening of the twenty-first day.
|19 For seven days yeast must not be found in your houses, because {anyone eating food with yeast} will be cut off from the community of Israel--[whether] an alien or a native of the land.
|19 For seven days no yeast is to be found in your houses. And whoever eats anything with yeast in it must be cut off from the community of Israel, whether he is an alien or native-born.
|20 You will eat no [food with] yeast; in all of your dwellings you will eat unleavened bread."
|20 Eat nothing made with yeast. Wherever you live, you must eat unleavened bread."
|21 And Moses called all the elders of Israel, and he said to them, "Select and take for yourselves sheep for your clans and slaughter the Passover sacrifice.
|21 Then Moses summoned all the elders of Israel and said to them, "Go at once and select the animals for your families and slaughter the Passover lamb.
|22 And take a bunch of hyssop and dip [it] into the blood that [is] in the basin and apply [some] of the blood that is in the basin to the lintel and the two doorposts. And you will not go out, anyone from the doorway of his house, until morning.
|22 Take a bunch of hyssop, dip it into the blood in the basin and put some of the blood on the top and on both sides of the doorframe. Not one of you shall go out the door of his house until morning.
|23 And Yahweh will go through to strike Egypt, and he will see the blood on the lintel and on the two doorposts, and Yahweh will pass over the doorway and will not allow the destroyer to come to your houses to strike [you].
|23 When the LORD goes through the land to strike down the Egyptians, he will see the blood on the top and sides of the doorframe and will pass over that doorway, and he will not permit the destroyer to enter your houses and strike you down.
|24 "And you will keep this event as a rule for you and for your children forever.
|24 "Obey these instructions as a lasting ordinance for you and your descendants.
|25 {And} when you come into the land that Yahweh will give to you, as he said, you will keep this {religious custom}.
|25 When you enter the land that the LORD will give you as he promised, observe this ceremony.
|26 {And} when your children say to you, 'What [is] this {religious custom} for you?'
|26 And when your children ask you, 'What does this ceremony mean to you?'
|27 you will say, 'It [is] a Passover sacrifice for Yahweh, who passed over the houses of the {Israelites} in Egypt when he struck Egypt; and he delivered our houses.'" And the people knelt down and they worshiped.
|27 then tell them, 'It is the Passover sacrifice to the LORD, who passed over the houses of the Israelites in Egypt and spared our homes when he struck down the Egyptians.' " Then the people bowed down and worshiped.
|28 And the {Israelites} went, and they did as Yahweh had commanded Moses and Aaron; so they did.
|28 The Israelites did just what the LORD commanded Moses and Aaron.
|29 {And} in the middle of the night, Yahweh struck all of the firstborn in the land of Egypt, from the firstborn of Pharaoh sitting on his throne to the firstborn of the captive who [was] in the prison house and every firstborn of an animal.
|29 At midnight the LORD struck down all the firstborn in Egypt, from the firstborn of Pharaoh, who sat on the throne, to the firstborn of the prisoner, who was in the dungeon, and the firstborn of all the livestock as well.
|30 And Pharaoh got up [at] night, he and all his servants and all Egypt, and a great cry of distress was in Egypt because there was not a house where there was no one dead.
|30 Pharaoh and all his officials and all the Egyptians got up during the night, and there was loud wailing in Egypt, for there was not a house without someone dead.
|31 And he called Moses and Aaron [at] night, and he said, "Get up, go out from the midst of my people, both you as well as the {Israelites}, and go, serve Yahweh, as you have said.
|31 During the night Pharaoh summoned Moses and Aaron and said, "Up! Leave my people, you and the Israelites! Go, worship the LORD as you have requested.
|32 Take both your sheep and goats as well as your cattle, and go, and bless also me."
|32 Take your flocks and herds, as you have said, and go. And also bless me."
|33 And [the] Egyptians urged the people [in order] to hurry their release from the land, because they said, "All of us [will] die!"
|33 The Egyptians urged the people to hurry and leave the country. "For otherwise," they said, "we will all die!"
|34 And the people lifted up their dough before it had yeast; their kneading troughs [were] wrapped up in their cloaks on their shoulder.
|34 So the people took their dough before the yeast was added, and carried it on their shoulders in kneading troughs wrapped in clothing.
|35 And the {Israelites} did according to the word of Moses, and they asked from [the] Egyptians [for] objects of silver and objects of gold and [for] clothing.
|35 The Israelites did as Moses instructed and asked the Egyptians for articles of silver and gold and for clothing.
|36 And Yahweh gave the people favor in the eyes of [the] Egyptians, and they granted [their] requests, and they plundered [the] Egyptians.
|36 The LORD had made the Egyptians favorably disposed toward the people, and they gave them what they asked for; so they plundered the Egyptians.
|37 And the {Israelites} set out from Rameses to Succoth; the men [were] about six hundred thousand on foot, besides dependents.
|37 The Israelites journeyed from Rameses to Succoth. There were about six hundred thousand men on foot, besides women and children.
|38 And also a {mixed multitude} went up with them and sheep and goats and cattle, very numerous livestock.
|38 Many other people went up with them, as well as large droves of livestock, both flocks and herds.
|39 And they baked the dough that they had brought out from Egypt [as] cakes, unleavened bread, because it had no yeast when they were driven out from Egypt, and they were not able to delay, and also they had not made provisions for themselves.
|39 With the dough they had brought from Egypt, they baked cakes of unleavened bread. The dough was without yeast because they had been driven out of Egypt and did not have time to prepare food for themselves.
|40 And the period of dwelling of the {Israelites} that they dwelled in Egypt [was] four hundred and thirty years.
|40 Now the length of time the Israelite people lived in Egypt was 430 years.
|41 And at the end of four hundred and thirty years, on this exact day, all of Yahweh's divisions went out from the land of Egypt.
|41 At the end of the 430 years, to the very day, all the LORD's divisions left Egypt.
|42 It [is] a night of vigils [belonging] to Yahweh for bringing them out from the land of Egypt; it [is] this night [belonging] to Yahweh [with] vigils for all of the {Israelites} throughout their generations.
|42 Because the LORD kept vigil that night to bring them out of Egypt, on this night all the Israelites are to keep vigil to honor the LORD for the generations to come.
|43 And Yahweh said to Moses and Aaron, "This [is] the statute of the Passover: No foreigner may eat it.
|43 The LORD said to Moses and Aaron, "These are the regulations for the Passover: "No foreigner is to eat of it.
|44 But any slave of a man, an acquisition by money, and you have circumcised him, then he may eat it.
|44 Any slave you have bought may eat of it after you have circumcised him,
|45 A temporary resident and a hired worker may not eat it.
|45 but a temporary resident and a hired worker may not eat of it.
|46 It will be eaten in one house; you will not bring part of the meat out from the house to the outside; and you will not break a bone of it.
|46 "It must be eaten inside one house; take none of the meat outside the house. Do not break any of the bones.
|47 All of the community of Israel will prepare it.
|47 The whole community of Israel must celebrate it.
|48 And when an alien dwells with you and he wants to prepare [the] Passover for Yahweh, every male belonging to him must be circumcised, and then he may come near to prepare it, and he will be as the native of the land, but any uncircumcised [man] may not eat it.
|48 "An alien living among you who wants to celebrate the LORD's Passover must have all the males in his household circumcised; then he may take part like one born in the land. No uncircumcised male may eat of it.
|49 One law will be for the native and for the alien who is dwelling in your midst."
|49 The same law applies to the native-born and to the alien living among you."
|50 And all the {Israelites} did as Yahweh had commanded Moses and Aaron; so they did.
|50 All the Israelites did just what the LORD had commanded Moses and Aaron.
|51 And it was on exactly this day Yahweh brought the {Israelites} out from the land of Egypt by their divisions.
|51 And on that very day the LORD brought the Israelites out of Egypt by their divisions.
|Scripture quotations marked (LEB) are from the Lexham English Bible. Copyright 2012 Logos Bible Software. Lexham is a registered trademark of Logos Bible Software. (Lexham English Bible)
|Scripture quoted by permission. Quotations designated (NIV) are from THE HOLY BIBLE: NEW INTERNATIONAL VERSION®. NIV®. Copyright © 1973, 1978, 1984 by Biblica. All rights reserved worldwide. (New International Version Bible Online)


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movie reviews
home | metro santa cruz index | news | santa cruz | news article
The horribly monikered business net receipts tax demystified.
By Jessica Lussenhop
The Commission on the 21st Century Economy has passed its recommenda-tions on to Gov. Schwarzenegger, and included in its massive overhaul of the state's outdated tax system is this funky little acronym: the BNRT, or business net receipts tax. The BNRT would, in theory, replace the revenue lost when the rest of the commission's recommendations took effect, including chucking the corporate income tax and state sales tax and flattening the personal income tax. And while the sales tax at the bottom of your receipts would go away, it would actually only be "invisible," according to Santa Cruz County Treasurer Fred Keeley, because the businesses subject to the BNRT would raise their prices to offset it. The real cost would get handed down to the consumer.
Keeley, who served on the commission (but did not sign his name to the recommendations or to the BNRT), explains it this way: "It would be about a 4 percent tax on all consumption," he says. "If it's a law office, they're buying law books or legal software or whatever it might be, they would deduct that from the amount of money that comes in from their law firm and they would pay 4 percent on the net.
"A group of nationally renowned economists who viewed this proposal for the commission [concluded] it would have an upward pressure on prices and downward pressure on wages," he adds. "It sounds like a lose-lose."
Send a letter to the editor about this story.


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Okay, so basically all athletes are an inspiration, but Kacy Catanzaro is OFFICIALLY my new hero! She recently became the first woman to qualify for Mt. Midoriyama ("American Ninja Warrior"), and I just cannot stop watching this video of her qualifying.
The video has been making rounds on social media, and maybe you're sick of seeing it everywhere... but SparkFriends, I encourage you to watch it at least once.
Link to the YouTube video here!: www.youtube.com/watch?v=XfZFuw7a13E
This entry is a bit overdue, but I would like to introduce my SparkFriends to the two newest members of my family--Kermit & Rufus! These two brothers were born on July 1 and have been causing mischief and warming hearts ever since. :) Also destroying my boyfriend's furniture. But it's okay because we aren't allowed to own nice things anyway.
Kermit, being adorable. (Apologies for the mess in the background! The kittens love it though.)
Rufus, every time I attempt to go for a run.
A side-by-side comparison: Rufus is on the left, Kermit is on the right. A split second after this photo was taken, they were jumping all over the place! And yes, I am well aware that I look like a creep lurking in that reflection... -_-;
That's all for now! Have a great day, everyone!
This is worth reading: www.yourfairyangel.com/1/post/2013/07/an-open-apology-to-all-of-my-weight-loss-clients.html
So this is my racerback workout tank:
Apparently, I'm a Size L in Japan!!! O_o;; Not sure if this is amusing or appalling, given that I am a few pounds underweight for my height according to US standards.
This is quite possibly the best thing I have ever tasted... in recent memory, anyway.


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Gosh....IMO...it's really hard to justify membership in the NG fan club when WSers are a day early and a post ahead of the "experts" featured on the panel. With the exception of Kathi B. does anyone have up to the minute info????? There has been a distinct shift in her media coverage of the case since about...... December don't ya think????
There is a place on WS to discuss how NG runs her show and it isn't on this thread.
[ame="http://www.websleuths.com/forums/showthread.php?t=71889"]Websleuths Crime Sleuthing Community[/ame]
I'm going back to remove off topic posts now. Please don't use the public forum for these kinds of posts. Thanks!
In memory of Ron Pruitt
At it's core, the defense counsel's motion accuses the undersigned of being a "self aggrandizing media hound". Indeed. The irony is rich.
Motion granted.
Stan Strickland
Circuit Judge
All I know is, I don't get to catch NG on the regular and didn't realize there was a crew on this forum that did usual dissections of her shows--so was/am super grateful to catch this thread and also grateful to all the folks posting updates about tonight's show!
Pinches for everyone, dangit, and muskets outward.
You can hold back from the suffering of the world. You have free permission to do so and it is in accordance with your nature.
But perhaps this very holding back is the one suffering you could have avoided.
Franz Kafka
Be not simply good. Be good for something.
At it's core, the defense counsel's motion accuses the undersigned of being a "self aggrandizing media hound". Indeed. The irony is rich.
Motion granted.
Stan Strickland
Circuit Judge
Well that was fun. Glad NG finally had something on this case. See you guys around...
The World Has Gone Mad.
Nancy said she'd never heard of duct tape being used as the means of murder before, but I've seen it at least once, maybe twice on the crime shows.
Thanks everyone for the updates!! Seriously, I just can't watch the show. Seems like once again NG's "bombshells" are duds. I have yet to see her tell us something we didin't already know! (but hey, we are WSers, right?)
Oh, to all who thanked me for my first thread, thanks for your thanks. I inadvertantly erased your thanks when I went back to edit a spelling error. Please don't think me unappreciative!
Sorry to hear LP looked so sick. I kind of take what he says with a grain of salt, but hat doesn't mean I don't like the guy. I think he has a big (and kind) heart, but a powerful imagination.
At it's core, the defense counsel's motion accuses the undersigned of being a "self aggrandizing media hound". Indeed. The irony is rich.
Motion granted.
Stan Strickland
Circuit Judge
You're right, here's one that happened in 2007:
Welcome aboard night64003,
So glad you joined us and shared your post's. BTW, I'm in Northern NJ and we had a whopping 2ft of snow by this morning. So we could be somewhat neighbor's! Welcome aboard WS!
I missed the NG show, as we ventured out to dinner tonight and the road's were nasty. Thanks to all tonight who posted about the NG show which I missed.
Last edited by bogeygal; 02-26-2010 at 10:30 PM.
LP has a LOT of people calling him and telling him theories. i know I have called him at least 3 times with different things. I am sure he gets some things jarbled up. He is a VERY nice man and very EASY to talk to. Rob and Tracy too.
I still think something happened with Caylee in that pool.
Evidence kept secret from the defense for 30 days - that's highly unusual. I wonder if this new found evidence being kept underwraps, has anything to do with fingerprints on tape and that there are more than Casey's prints but someone else from her family too?
Wouldn't that call for new charges on someone else? jmo
I love a mystery.
The Hokey Pokey Clinic - A good place to turn yourself around:
I don't really get this - kept secret for 30 days. Does that mean in 30 days this "secret evidence" will be released? Why 30 days? What does that do for the prosecution? More test results? Can one of our legal eagles explain?
Don't murder in Kentucky! My thread here.
A proud happy people, we were here long before the white man came. Stalking along meadow paths, we were used to hunting every day. The rivers gave us fish, The woods even gave us deer and other wild game. Here upon this land, we built our homes, and raised our families. Love was free and natural, as we moved swiftly among the trees. This was a country, It was here that we lived for centuries. Oh I want peace with my soul again. Oh I, I want peace with my soul again. Everyday was new love,. Our village was filled with smiling faces.
All credit from the quote above, goes to Tom Bee, and XIT! The first Rock Native American band.
Thank you Tom!!
There is something wrong with the daisy chain theory as KC was due to get out on bail just prior to RK first reporting on August 11th that he had seen something in the woods. KC had just been talking with her parents about getting Caylee home in time for a birthday on the jailhouse tape a few weeks before. There is no way KC would be discussing where Caylee was with anyone, including JB. She still had the family on the hook about the Nanny so if that conversation did take place and overheard it was done after RK actually sited the remains. No, KC was still on a roll with her whoppers at that time. JMO
Edit to include: Plus KC was out on bail when SA offered her limited immuity if she wanted to talk and I believe that was the second time in October. I would think that would have been the time she said something to JB and may be why he asked if she could go out with JB and help seach. Maybe she planned on showing him exactly where she put Caylee.
Last edited by LambChop; 02-27-2010 at 09:52 AM.
I actually don't care when NG's opinions are off-base, I am just glad to see some coverage with the possibility of hearing SOMETHING (anything) new.
My opinion only, please keep it that way


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The Island Inn
The Island Inn sits atop a bluff looking west over Monhegan Harbor toward the ocean and in the evening it provides a perfect location to view the dramatic sunsets and the magnificent colors that accompany them. Monhegan is located 10 miles off the coast of Maine at latitude 43 degrees 46 minutes and longitude 69 degrees 19 minutes.
The main building dates from 1816, when it was known as the Pink House, which was extended in 1907 to satisfy the need of the increasing number of visitors to Monhegan. It was last enlarged in 1910 to form the Island Inn as it is seen today. Its architecture represents a classic turn of the century style of summer hotel much reproduced in the early part of the 20th century but rarely found today. The Pierce Cottage, which sits on the meadow road and looks toward the lighthouse, with beautiful views of the island, was added to the property in 1924 by the Tribler sisters who had taken over the Inn that year from Frank Pierce. Pierce began the story of the Island Inn when he purchased the Pink House in 1906.
An extensive program of renovation has taken place over the last number of years to upgrade all the interior spaces, adding private bathrooms, refurnishing all the rooms and suites but at the same time maintaining a sympathetic period style. The rooms have painted floors, original pieces of antique oak furniture and extremely comfortable new beds with down duvets and crisp white linens. The Inn respects a more simple way of life and no telephones or televisions are provided in the accommodations.
Only the ground floor of the main building is heated but the Pierce Cottage has a new system which keeps the rooms snug at either end of the season.
In order to make your stay more comfortable we suggest that you bring a sturdy pair of walking shoes or hiking boots, binoculars, a flashlight, a windbreaker and sweater, your camera and a spare battery, and thermal underwear for the cooler ends of the season!
We look forward to your visit and can assure you of a great time.
The Facts
- Owners
Michael Brassard
Jaye Morency
- Accommodations
32 Rooms and Suites – see Accommodations and Rates.
- Cancellation
14 days for all changes – groups and suites min. 30 days.
- Check In
Luggage will be held for early arrivals.
- Check Out
10:30AM – luggage will be held for late departures.
- Children
All ages welcomed.
- Communications
Please note the following.
Telephones: Although not provided in the rooms, a telephone is available in the Lobby. A phone card is required for long distance calls.
Internet: Wireless Internet is provided throughout the property, but with limited bandwidth. It is usually adequate for routine emailing, but will not support large attachments or video streaming. Ethernet plug in points are provided on the ground floor of the main building for use with your own equipment. Smartphones normally receive emails but sometimes are not able to send them. In general, text messages can be sent and received reliably.
Cell Phones: Coverage should improve in the near future but please do not assume that your service will operate – it is spotty at best!
- Electricity
Produced on island and very expensive! For this reason we are unable to provide air conditioning, elevators or any electrical appliances such as hairdryers, fans or fridges.
- Heat
Summer buildings in Maine tend not to be heated however we do have heat in the Pierce Cottage and the public sitting rooms of the main building.
- Length of Stay
Minimums may apply.
- Meals
Available to our guests and to the public:
Breakfast: Full Buffet Breakfast included in the rate for accommodation.
Lunch: Always available at The Barnacle; in the Dining Room during high season.
Dinner: A la Carte menu served in the Dining Room.
- Medical Service
Not available on island.
- Picnics
Sandwiches, baked goods, beverages and lots of other goodies are available at The Barnacle.
- Pets
We love pets but sadly are unable to accommodate them.
- Refrigerator
Available for guest use.
- Smoking
Not permitted inside the buildings or outside the village area.
- Wine and Beer
A wide selection of wine and beer is available at The Barnacle


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Sometime users wants to install more than one operating, as latest and its previous version, in their hard disk. Such condition is known as Dual Booting, which gives freedom from crashing either of operating. In such circumstances users want to set newly version to set as default operating.
If user want to set Windows 8 as default Operating in his system then follow our suggestion. I am going to describe more than one method to make Windows 8 as default Operating in case of Dual Booting.
First method – Set windows 8 as default –
- Go to windows 8 desktop mode from metro screen and hit WINDOWS Key + R shortcut to start RUN.
- In RUN dialog box, type msconfig and hit OK button.
- A new dialog box like System Configuration appears before you.
- Go to boot tab in top panel. You may choose windows 8 and click on Set as default button.
- Now click on Apply and OK button one by one to save settings.
2nd Method : Set Windows 8 as default in dual booting options –
- If windows 8 and windows 7 has been installed in your computer. Then restart your windows 8.
- you find choose an Operating System message box during startup.
- Click Choose default or other Options at the bottom from this box.
A new dialog box is showing – Choose the default Operating System .
in next dialog box (Choose a default Operating System). Click on windows 8 Icon .
Now Windows 8 has set as default in dual booting options.


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Letter "T" Puzzle
'T' is for terrific, just like this alphabet puzzle! Your young one can have fun while learning words that start with 'T.' He'll be building fine motor and reasoning skills as he reviews a letter of the alphabet.
Topics: Kindergarten, Printable Board Games, The Alphabet
Updated on Nov 18, 2014
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JUST POSTED: Crystal promotion targets families. Click HERE for details.
Are you one of those people who can't go a day without at least a little taste of chocolate? You might want to take a look at the latest offering from luxury line Windstar Cruises.
The operator of high-end sailing ships today unveiled plans for a themed "chocolate cruise" led by famed master chocolatier Fran Bigelow.
The seven-night voyage out of Rome, aboard the 312-passenger Wind Surf, will be part of the line's Signature Collection Host Series for 2010. It begins May 2, 2010.
ALSO ONLINE: Another Holland America ship gets a major makeover
ALSO ONLINE: Bermuda port hit hard by pullout of cruise ships
ALSO ONLINE: Is Azamara Club Cruises hiking prices too much?
Windstar says Bigelow will lecture on how she creates gourmet chocolates and conduct chocolate tastings on the ship. She'll also host an exclusive shore excursion to the Gay-Odin Chocolate Factory in Naples, Italy where passengers will have a guided tour and chocolate tasting.
Bigelow is one of the best-known chocolatiers in the USA and has been credited for sparking an artisan chocolate renaissance. Her company, Fran's Chocolates, is known for hand-made, small-batch chocolate confections and signature truffles created with all-natural, local and organic ingredients. She's also the author of the award-winning cookbook Pure Chocolate.
The 7-night chocolate cruise includes port calls in Porto-Vecchio, France; Messina, Italy; Sorrento, Italy; Capri, Italy; and Ischia, Italy. Fares start at $1,749 per person, based on double occupancy.
Cruise Loggers, share your thoughts below.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
BREAKING NEWS ALERTS: Want to hear about breaking cruise news as it happens? Follow the Cruise Log on Twitter at twitter.com/CruiseLog.
Photo courtesy Windstar Cruises


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Finished with a distinction on my Cert 4. Now only a few months and Ill have my Diploma qualification!! Aiming for another distinction yieewww!!
kcmastere has written 2 entries about this goal
ill have completed diploma in july next year.. a great achievement for me :)
kcmastere has gotten 1 cheer on this goal.
- trajektoria cheered this 2 years ago


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Is there a full survey available somewhere? This is fascinating stuff!
Publishers Are Optimistic About Digital Transition, Say E-Readers Will Soon Be Irrelevant
Most publishers are optimistic about the book industry's transition to digital, according to a new survey from Digital Book World and Forrester.
Some 85% of publishers representing three-quarters of U.S. trade publishing revenues said they were optimistic about the digital transition. This is up just a few percentage points from a year ago — though the comparison isn't exactly fair because of different sample sizes.
With ebook reading still growing and tablet and smartphone device adoption nowhere near peak, publishers have good reason to be optimistic. At the same time, they are less sanguine about their own company's prospects. About two-thirds say that their company is capable of competing in a digital environment; just over half believe in their company's strategy; and only a third say that their company is stronger today because of digital.
Publishers now also believe that tablets are the ideal reading device (nearly two-thirds say so) and that e-readers will soon be irrelevant (nearly half say so). As opposed to last year, when publishing observers predicted that the rise of tablet would be bad for e-reading, publishers' optimism combined with their support of tablets suggests that publishers believe the rise of tablets will help their businesses.
For this third iteration of the survey of publishers' attitudes toward digital, Digital Book World and Forrester surveyed 53 publishing executives representing two-thirds of U.S. publishing revenues in the fall of 2012.
More Findings
— Publishers still sour on apps: While 85% produce them, nearly half say they're too expensive to make and only one-in-five say apps will impact the future of the industry. Conversely, one-in-five think there is positive revenue potential in apps.
— Given the Department of Justice's settlement with some of the largest publishers in 2012, more than half of publishers believe that Amazon will become more powerful. A third think that the publishers who haven't already settled will either do so or lose in court.
— Publishers believe print sales will continue to decline this year while ebook sales will rise by 21% — much lower than the 130% publishers predicted last year.
— Publishers, as a group, think that ebooks will account for half of all books sold by Dec. 2014. About a quarter of publishers believe that half of all books sold at their company are already ebooks.
Related Posts:
4 thoughts on "Publishers Are Optimistic About Digital Transition, Say E-Readers Will Soon Be Irrelevant"
That's sad !!! Long live paper book et FUCK "ebooks" !!!
Physical books had their time and place.
Times change, those who don't change with the times are left behind, crying alone, while the world advances.
eBooks are the future.
"Publishers now also believe that tablets are the ideal reading device (nearly two-thirds say so) and that e-readers will soon be irrelevant (nearly half say so)."
I can not believe that… unless there is some new type of screen in development.
Reading books on a glossy tablet screen is a horrible experience. Reading for a short while is not a problem, but if you want to read for a few hours it destroys you eyes and gives you headaches.
Current tablets are definitely unable to provide the comfortable reading experience ereaders can with ease.


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Developer Description
Gesundheit! the multi-award winning 'little Pig that could' returns to iOS. Apple's former App of The Week returns to iOS bigger and better than ever and FREE for all to try this Xmas. Winner Mobile Puzzle Game of the Year by IGN! and one of Time Magazines Top25 iOS Games, Number #3 in the US, UK, Australia, Canada and Top10 in 82 Countries worldwide! Don't miss your chance to...
App Activity
- New App: Free, v1.0 Dec 20, 2013 More


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Return to Operational ArchivesSearch the Naval Historical Center Website
Naval Historical Center
805 Kidder Breese Street SE
Washington Navy Yard, DC 20374-5060
Biographical Note
Benjamin Dutton, Jr. was born in Shippensburg, Pennsylvania, on 3 April 1883. He was appointed to the Naval Academy from the 26th District of Pennsylvania in 1901. He graduated in 1905 and was assigned to USS Dixie. He was attached to USS Scorpion until 1907, after which he made the round the world cruise with the Battle Fleet on USS Kentucky. He served on USS Tennessee until June 1911, and the next month became an instructor at the Naval Academy, where he remained for two years. During 1913 and 1914 he was First Lieutenant on board USS Kansas, which operated off the east coast of Mexico. He was transferred to USS Machias in 1915 and served as her executive officer and navigator until he was again assigned to the Naval Academy for duty until 1916. In March 1918 he was ordered to USS New Mexico and in August 1918 reported as executive officer of USS Pueblo, which was engaged in convoy service before the Armistice and later returned troops from France.
He was executive officer of the ex-German battleship Osfriesland, which was placed in commission early in 1920 at Rosyth, Scotland, and brought to the United States with the ex-German light cruiser Frankfurt in tow. He was Aide and flag Secretary to Admiral Hilary P. Jones, Commander in Chief United States Fleet in 1922 and in 1923 was ordered to the Naval Academy where he served as executive officer in the Department of Navigation and later as head of the Department of Electrical Engineering. He was the author of Navigation and Nautical Astronomy used as a textbook at the Naval Academy and in the merchant marine.
He commanded USS Nokomis, engaged in surveying the northern coast of Cuba and was a member of the staff of the Naval War College after completing the Senior Course. From 1931 to 1933 he was in command of USS Wyoming and until 1935 was assigned to the Bureau of Navigation. He became Naval Attaché at Berlin, Germany in May 1935, with additional duty at Oslo, Norway; Copenhagen, Denmark; Stockholm, Sweden; The Hague, the Netherlands; and, after 1935, at Helsingfor, Finland. He returned to the United States in April 1937 and on 10 June of that year assumed command of USS Portland.
Captain Dutton died suddenly on 30 November 1937 at Southgate, California.
Scope and Content Note
This collection contains personal letters of Mr. Dutton to his family and friends regarding his exploits in the Navy. The letters contain information where Mr. Dutton had sailed to and what sort of people he was stationed with. He also talks of plans of settling down and buying a house and getting married.
Restrictions Note
Reference copies of the letters have been made and are to be used by all researchers. Use of the original letters, found in folder four, is by permission of the processing archivist or Head, Operational Archives.
Preferred Citation
Papers of Benjamin Dutton, Jr., Operational Archives, Naval Historical Center, Washington, D.C.
Subject Headings (LCSH)
United States. Navy--Officers--Correspondence.
Minneapolis, U.S.S. (C-13)
0.25 cubic feet


text:
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text:
Institut für Ökologie, Evolution und Diversität
Document Type
- Article (77)
- Doctoral Thesis (10)
- Periodical Parts (6)
- Other (3)
- Periodical (1)
- Biodiversität (3)
- Burkina Faso (2)
- flora (2)
- new species (2)
- systematics (2)
- Acacia (1)
- Adaptive sequence evolution (1)
- Allopatric diversification (1)
- Ameisen (1)
- A Bayesian framework to estimate diversification rates and their variation through time and space (2011)
- Background: Patterns of species diversity are the result of speciation and extinction processes, and molecular phylogenetic data can provide valuable information to derive their variability through time and across clades. Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo methods offer a promising framework to incorporate phylogenetic uncertainty when estimating rates of diversification. Results: We introduce a new approach to estimate diversification rates in a Bayesian framework over a distribution of trees under various constant and variable rate birth-death and pure-birth models, and test it on simulated phylogenies. Furthermore, speciation and extinction rates and their posterior credibility intervals can be estimated while accounting for non-random taxon sampling. The framework is particularly suitable for hypothesis testing using Bayes factors, as we demonstrate analyzing dated phylogenies of Chondrostoma (Cyprinids) and Lupinus (Fabaceae). In addition, we develop a model that extends the rate estimation to a meta-analysis framework in which different data sets are combined in a single analysis to detect general temporal and spatial trends in diversification. Conclusions: Our approach provides a flexible framework for the estimation of diversification parameters and hypothesis testing while simultaneously accounting for uncertainties in the divergence times and incomplete taxon sampling.
- A genomic approach to examine the complex evolution of laurasiatherian mammals (2011)
- Recent phylogenomic studies have failed to conclusively resolve certain branches of the placental mammalian tree, despite the evolutionary analysis of genomic data from 32 species. Previous analyses of single genes and retroposon insertion data yielded support for different phylogenetic scenarios for the most basal divergences. The results indicated that some mammalian divergences were best interpreted not as a single bifurcating tree, but as an evolutionary network. In these studies the relationships among some orders of the super-clade Laurasiatheria were poorly supported, albeit not studied in detail. Therefore, 4775 protein-coding genes (6,196,263 nucleotides) were collected and aligned in order to analyze the evolution of this clade. Additionally, over 200,000 introns were screened in silico, resulting in 32 phylogenetically informative long interspersed nuclear elements (LINE) insertion events. The present study shows that the genome evolution of Laurasiatheria may best be understood as an evolutionary network. Thus, contrary to the common expectation to resolve major evolutionary events as a bifurcating tree, genome analyses unveil complex speciation processes even in deep mammalian divergences. We exemplify this on a subset of 1159 suitable genes that have individual histories, most likely due to incomplete lineage sorting or introgression, processes that can make the genealogy of mammalian genomes complex. These unexpected results have major implications for the understanding of evolution in general, because the evolution of even some higher level taxa such as mammalian orders may sometimes not be interpreted as a simple bifurcating pattern.
- A new golden frog species of the genus Diasporus (Amphibia, Eleutherodactylidae) from the Cordillera Central, western Panama (2012)
- We describe the frog species Diasporus citrinobapheussp. n. from the Cordillera Central of western Panama. The new species differs from all other species in its genus in coloration, disk cover and disk pad shape, skin texture, advertisement call, and size. It is most similar to Diasporus tigrillo, from which it differs in dorsal skin texture, relative tibia length, number of vomerine teeth, ventral coloration, dorsal markings, and relative tympanum size, and to Diasporus gularis, from which it can be distinguished by the lack of membranes between the toes, adult size, posterior thigh coloration, and position of the choanae. We provide data on morpho- logy, vocalization, and distribution of the new species, as well as brief information on its natural history.
- A new species of the basal araneomorph spider genus Ectatosticta (Araneae, Hypochilidae) from China (2009)
- The hypochilid spider Ectatosticta davidi (Simon) is redescribed on the basis of adults from Mt. Taibaishan in Shaanxi Province, China; the specimens from Qinghai Province previously identified as E. davidi by most modern authors belong to a new species described as E. deltshevi. Keywords: Araneae, Araneomorphae, Hypochilidae, Ectatosticta, China
- A new species of Thecadactylus from Sint Maarten, Lesser Antilles (Reptilia, Squamata, Gekkonidae) (2011)
- We describe a new species of Thecadactylusfrom the Caribbean island of Sint Maarten. The new species differs from all other species in the genus by having a distinct dorsal pattern of numerous irregular but sharply deliminated black spots and blotches on an otherwise almost patternless background.
- Adaptive Radiation und Zoogeographie anisakider Nematoden verschiedener Klimazonen und Ozeane (2013)
- Anisakide Nematoden sind Parasiten aquatischer Organismen und weltweit in marinen Habitaten verbreitet. Ihre Übertragungswege sind tief im marinen Nahrungsnetz verwurzelt und schließen ein breites Spektrum pelagisch/benthischer Invertebraten (z.B. Cephalopoda, Gastropoda, Crustacea, Polychaeta) und Vertebraten (z.B. Teleostei, Elasmobranchia, Cetacea, Pinnipedia, Aves) als Zwischen- bzw. Endwirte ein. Aufgrund der hohen Befallszahlen u.a. in der Muskulatur und Viszera kommerziell intensiv genutzter Fischarten (z.B. Clupea harengus, Gadus morhua, Salmo salar) sowie ihrer Rolle als Auslöser der menschlichen Anisakiasis nehmen die Vertreter der Gattung Anisakis unter den anisakiden Nematoden eine Sonderstellung ein. Anhand der verbesserten Diagnostik und der Etablierung sowie Weiterentwicklung molekularbiologischer Methoden ist es in den letzten zwei Dekaden gelungen, die bestehende Taxonomie und Systematik der Gattung Anisakis zu erweitern bzw. zu revidieren. Aktuelle molekulare Analysen weisen auf die Existenz von insgesamt neun distinkten Arten hin, welche eine hohe genetische Heterogenität und Wirtsspezifität aufweisen, äußerlich jedoch nahezu identisch sind (sog. kryptische Arten). Trotz kontinuierlicher Forschung auf dem Gebiet ist das Wissen über die Biologie von Anisakis immer noch unzureichend. Die vorliegende Dissertation ist in kumulativer Form verfasst und umfasst drei (ISI-) Einzelpublikationen. Die Zielsetzung der durchgeführten Studien bestand unter anderem darin, unter Verwendung molekularbiologischer und computergestützter Analyseverfahren, Fragestellungen zur Zoogeographie, (Co-)Phylogenie, Artdiagnostik, Lebenszyklus-Ökologie sowie des bioindikatorischen Potentials dieser Gattung zu bearbeiten und bestehende Wissenslücken zu schließen. Die Verbreitung von Anisakis, welche bisher ausschließlich anhand von biogeographischen Einzelnachweisen abgeschätzt wurde, konnte durch den angewandten Modellierungsansatz erstmalig interpoliert und in Kartenform vergleichend dargestellt werden. Dabei wurde gezeigt, dass die Verbreitung von Anisakis spp. in den Ozeanen und Klimazonen nicht gleichmäßig ist. Die Analysen deuten auf die Existenz spezies-spezifischer horizontaler und vertikaler Verbreitungsmuster hin, welche neben abiotischen Faktoren durch die Verbreitung und Abundanz der jeweiligen Zwischen- und Endwirte sowie deren Tiefenverteilung und Nahrungspräferenzen geprägt sind. Durch die umfangreiche Zusammenstellung und anschließende Kategorisierung der (mit molekularen Methoden) geführten Zwischenwirtsnachweise konnten indirekte Rückschlüsse über die vertikale Verbreitung von Anisakis spp. entlang der Tiefenhabitate gezogen werden. Während Anisakis auf Gattungsebene in der gesamten Wassersäule entlang verschiedener Tiefenhabitate abundant ist, wurde für die stenoxene Art Anisakis paggiae ein meso-/bathypelagisch orientierter Lebenszyklus postuliert. Durch den Einbezug eines breiten Spektrums (paratenischer) Zwischen- und Transportwirte aus unterschiedlichen trophischen Ebenen werden Transmissionslücken im Lebenszyklus der Gattung weitestgehend minimiert und der Transmissionserfolg auf den Endwirt, und damit die Wahrscheinlichkeit einer erfolgreichen Reproduktion, erhöht. Ausgeprägte Wirtspräferenzen sowie phylogenetische Analysen des ribosomalen ITS-Markers stützen eine Theorie zur co-evolutiven Anpassung der Parasiten an ihre Endwirte. Anisakis eignet sich daher unter Einschränkungen als Bioindikator für die vertikale und horizontale Verbreitung und Abundanz der Endwirte und lässt Rückschlüsse auf trophische Interaktionen im Nahrungsnetz zu. Durch die weitere Beprobung von Zwischenwirten aus verschiedenen trophischen Ebenen in zukünftigen Studien, kann eine genauere Bewertung potentiell abweichender Lebenszyklus-Strategien gewährleistet werden. Insbesondere ist die Datenlage zur Prävalenz und Abundanz anisakider Nematoden in Cephalopoda und Crustacea noch unzureichend. Die Probennahme sollte dabei unter besonderer Berücksichtigung bislang wenig oder unbeprobter geographischer Regionen, Tiefenhabitate und Wirtsarten durchgeführt werden.
- Adaptive radiation within marine anisakid nematodes: a zoogeographical modeling of cosmopolitan, zoonotic parasites (2011)
- Parasites of the nematode genus Anisakis are associated with aquatic organisms. They can be found in a variety of marine hosts including whales, crustaceans, fish and cephalopods and are known to be the cause of the zoonotic disease anisakiasis, a painful inflammation of the gastro-intestinal tract caused by the accidental consumptions of infectious larvae raw or semi-raw fishery products. Since the demand on fish as dietary protein source and the export rates of seafood products in general is rapidly increasing worldwide, the knowledge about the distribution of potential foodborne human pathogens in seafood is of major significance for human health. Studies have provided evidence that a few Anisakis species can cause clinical symptoms in humans. The aim of our study was to interpolate the species range for every described Anisakis species on the basis of the existing occurrence data. We used sequence data of 373 Anisakis larvae from 30 different hosts worldwide and previously published molecular data (n = 584) from 53 field-specific publications to model the species range of Anisakis spp., using a interpolation method that combines aspects of the alpha hull interpolation algorithm as well as the conditional interpolation approach. The results of our approach strongly indicate the existence of species-specific distribution patterns of Anisakis spp. within different climate zones and oceans that are in principle congruent with those of their respective final hosts. Our results support preceding studies that propose anisakid nematodes as useful biological indicators for their final host distribution and abundance as they closely follow the trophic relationships among their successive hosts. The modeling might although be helpful for predicting the likelihood of infection in order to reduce the risk of anisakiasis cases in a given area.
- An Illumina metabarcoding pipeline for fungi (2014)
- High-throughput metabarcoding studies on fungi and other eukaryotic microorganisms are rapidly becoming more frequent and more complex, requiring researchers to handle ever increasing amounts of raw sequence data. Here, we provide a flexible pipeline for pruning and analyzing fungal barcode (ITS rDNA) data generated as paired-end reads on Illumina MiSeq sequencers. The pipeline presented includes specific steps fine-tuned for ITS, that are mostly missing from pipelines developed for prokaryotes. It (1) employs state of the art programs and follows best practices in fungal high-throughput metabarcoding; (2) consists of modules and scripts easily modifiable by the user to ensure maximum flexibility with regard to specific needs of a project or future methodological developments; and (3) is straightforward to use, also in classroom settings. We provide detailed descriptions and revision techniques for each step, thus giving the user maximum control over data treatment and avoiding a black-box approach. Employing this pipeline will improve and speed up the tedious and error-prone process of cleaning fungal Illumina metabarcoding data.
- Are plant species able to keep pace with the rapidly changing climate? (2013)
- Future climate change is predicted to advance faster than the postglacial warming. Migration may therefore become a key driver for future development of biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. For 140 European plant species we computed past range shifts since the last glacial maximum and future range shifts for a variety of Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) scenarios and global circulation models (GCMs). Range shift rates were estimated by means of species distribution modelling (SDM). With process-based seed dispersal models we estimated species-specific migration rates for 27 dispersal modes addressing dispersal by wind (anemochory) for different wind conditions, as well as dispersal by mammals (dispersal on animal's coat – epizoochory and dispersal by animals after feeding and digestion – endozoochory) considering different animal species. Our process-based modelled migration rates generally exceeded the postglacial range shift rates indicating that the process-based models we used are capable of predicting migration rates that are in accordance with realized past migration. For most of the considered species, the modelled migration rates were considerably lower than the expected future climate change induced range shift rates. This implies that most plant species will not entirely be able to follow future climate-change-induced range shifts due to dispersal limitation. Animals with large day- and home-ranges are highly important for achieving high migration rates for many plant species, whereas anemochory is relevant for only few species.
- Assessing the combined effects of xenobiotics, climate change and predators on aquatic organisms in multiple stressor experiments - a case study with pyrimethanil (2012)
- The environmental impact of climate change is meanwhile not only discussed in the scientific community but also in the general public. However, little is known about the interaction between climate change and pollutants like pesticides. A combination of multiple stressors (e.g. temperature, pollutants, predators) may lead to severe alterations for organisms such as changes in time of reproduction, reproductive success and growth performance, mortality and geographic distribution. The questions if aquatic organisms tend to react more sensitive towards incidents under climate change conditions remains. Therefore, within the present thesis the aquatic ecotoxicological profile of the fungicide pyrimethanil, as an exemplarily anthropogenic used contaminant, was examined. A large test battery of ecotoxicological standard tests and supplement bioassays with non-model species was conducted to investigate if species-specific or life stage-specific differences occur or if temperature alteration may change the impact of the fungicide. Two of the most sensitive species (Chironomus riparius and Daphnia magna) were used to investigate the acute and chronic thermal dependence of pyrimethanil effects. The results clearly depict that the ecotoxicity of pyrimethanil at optimal thermal conditions did not depend on the trophic level, but was species-specific. With regard to EC10 values the acute pyrimethanil toxicity on C. riparius increased with higher temperature (6.78 mg L-1 at 14°C and 3.06 mg L-1 at 26°C). The chronic response of D. magna to the NOEC (no observed effect concentration) of the fungicide (0.5 mg L-1) was examined in an experiment which lasted for several generations under three simulated near-natural temperature regimes ('cold year, today' (11 to 22.7°C), 'warm year, today' (14 to 25.2°C) and 'warm year, 2080' (16.5 to 28.1°C)). A pyrimethanil-induced mortality increase was buffered by the strongly related increase of the general reproductive capacity, while population growth was stronger influenced by temperature than by the fungicide. At a further pyrimethanil concentration (LOEC – lowest observed effect concentration: 1 mg L-1), a second generation could not be established by D. magna under all thermal regimes. Besides daphnids, the midge C. riparius was used for a second multigeneration study. In a bifactorial test design it was tested if climate change conditions alter or affect the impact of a low fungicide concentration on life history and genetic diversity. The NOAEC/2 (half of the no observed adverse effect concentration derived from a standard toxicity test) was used as a low pyrimethanil concentration to which laboratory populations of the midges were chronically exposed under the mentioned temperature scenarios. During the 140-day-multigeneration study, survival, emergence, reproduction, population growth, and genetic diversity of C. riparius were analyzed. The results reveal that high temperatures and pyrimethanil act synergistically on life history parameters of C. riparius. In simulated present-day scenarios, a NOAEC/2 of pyrimethanil provoked only slight to moderate beneficial or adverse effects. In contrast, an exposure to a NOAEC/2 concentration of pyrimethanil at a thermal situation likely for a summer under the future expactations uncovered adverse effects on mortality and population growth rate. In addition, genetic diversity was considerably reduced by pyrimethanil in the 'warm year, 2080' scenario, but only slightly under current climatic conditions. The multigeneration studies under near-natural thermal conditions indicate that not only the impact of climate change, but also low concentrations of pesticides may pose a reasonable risk for aquatic invertebrates in the future. This clearly shows that thermal and multigenerational effects should be considered when appraising the ecotoxicity of pesticides and assessing their future risk for the environment. In addition to temperature further multiple abiotic and biotic stressors alterate pollutant effects. Moreover, to better discriminate and understand the intrinsic and environmental correlates of changing aquatic ecosystems, it was experimentally unraveled how the effects of a low-dose of pyrimethanil on daphnids becomes modified by different temperatures (15°C, 20°C, 25°C) and in the presence/ absence of predator kairomones of Chaoborus flavicans larvae. The usage of a fractional multifactorial test design provided the possibility to investigate the individual growth, reproduction and population growth rate of Daphnia pulex via different exposure routes to the fungicide pyrimethanil at an environmentally relevant concentration (0.05 mg L-1) - either directly (via the water phase), indirectly (via algae food), dually (via water and food) or for multiple generations (fungicide treated source population). The number of neonates increased with increasing temperatures. At a temperature of 25°C no significant differences between the individual treatment groups were observed although the growth was overall inhibited due to pyrimethanil. Besides, at 15 and 20°C it is obvious that daphnids which were fed with contaminated algae had the lowest reproduction and growth rate. The obtained results clearly demonstrate that multiple stress factors can modify the response of daphnids to pollutants. The exposure routes of the contaminant are of minor importance, while temperature and the presence of a predator are the dominant factors impacting the reproduction of D. pulex. It can be concluded that low concentrations of pyrimethanil may disturb the zooplankton community at suboptimal temperature conditions, but the effects will become masked if chaoborid larvae are present. Therefore it seems necessary to observe prospectively if the combination of several stress factors like pesticide exposure and suboptimal temperature may influence the life history and sensitivity of several aquatic invertebrates differently. Besides standard test organisms it is inevitable to conduct test with aquatic invertebrate which are not yet considered regularly in ecotoxicological experiments. For example molluscs represent one of the largest phyla of macroinvertebrates with more than 100.000 species, being ecologically and economically important. Therefore, within the present study embryo, juvenile, half- and full-life cycle toxicity tests with the snail Physella acuta were performed to investigate the impact of pollutants on various life stages. Different concentrations of pyrimethanil (0.06-0.5 or 1.0 mg L-1) assessed at three temperatures (15°C, 20°C, 25°C) revealed that pyrimethanil caused concentration-dependent effects independent of temperature. Interestingly, the ecotoxicity of pyrimethanil was higher at lower temperature for the embryo hatching and F1 reproduction, but its ecotoxicity for the growth of juveniles and the F0 reproduction increased with increasing temperature. More specifically, it could have been observed that especially during the reproduction test high mortality rates occurred at the highest concentration of 1 mg L-1 at all temperatures. Due to high mortality rates no snails were available for the F1 at the highest concentrations (0.5 and 1.0 mg L-1). Compared to the F0, overall more egg masses were produced in the F1, being all fertile and no mortality occurred. For the F1-generation the strongest pyrimethanil effects were detected at 15°C. A comparison of effect concentrations between both generations showed that the F1 is more sensitive than the F0. These results indicate that an exposure over more than one generation may give a better overview of the impact of xenobiotics. With the establishment of an embryo and reproduction test under different temperatures and various concentrations of pyrimethanil with P. acuta we could successfully show that molluscs can respond more sensitive than model organisms and that both, chemical and thermal stressor strongly influence the behaviour of the pulmonates. It can be concluded that the high susceptibility for the fungicide observed in gastropods clearly demonstrates the complexity of pesticide-temperature interactions and the challenge to draw conclusions for the ecotoxicological risk assessment of pesticides under the impact of global climate change.