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Volume 5, Number 21
Submitted: August 31, 2000
Resubmitted: October 13, 2000
Accepted: October 16, 2000
Publication date: October 20, 2000
Deana L. Julka
University of Portland
Kerry L. Marsh
Syracuse University
The functional perspective on attitudes suggests that individuals will be more persuaded by advertisements that match their individual needs or attitude functions. Although previous research provided correlational support for this functional approach, the current study aimed to provide a stronger, experimental test. A pilot study validated situational manipulations of the value-expressive and knowledge functions. Experiment 1 revealed that ads that matched situationally induced needs were more appealing than those that did not match. Results suggest the effectiveness of marketers, legislators, and educators situationally arousing or making salient diverse motives in individuals, and then meeting these motives with carefully designed advertisements, political or educational appeals.
Every theory of attitude change provides a single explicit or implicit answer to the question: Why do people yield to persuasion attempts? Several modern theories postulate that the primary motivation is to hold attitudes that are sufficiently accurate (Chaiken, Liberman, & Eagly, 1989; Petty & Cacioppo, 1986), while others emphasize the importance of maintaining self-worth (e.g., Steele, 1988; Thibodeau & Aronson, 1992). And where early cognitive consistency theories (Festinger, 1957; Heider, 1946; Rosenberg, 1956) focused on individuals needs to maintain a harmonious, coherent understanding of the world, still others emphasized the pragmatic positive and negative incentives afforded by a persuasive message (Hovland, Janis, & Kelley, 1953). With rare exception (e.g., Chaiken, Giner-Sorolla, & Chen, 1996), few modern perspectives explicitly address the multiple motivations that persuasion processes can serve. And while no current theory of attitudes delineates the processes engaged by different motivational forces, the classic perspective of attitude functions (Katz, 1960; Sarnoff & Katz, 1954; Smith, Bruner & White, 1956) provides a starting framework.
Functional Perspectives
At the core of functional attitude theories is the notion that people hold attitudes for different reasons, and that knowledge of the motivational basis for an attitude is the key to understanding how to change it. Borrowing from earlier taxonomies (Katz, 1960; Sarnoff & Katz, 1954; Smith, Bruner, & White, 1956) most current researchers consider knowledge, ego-defensive, value-expressive, social-adjustive, and utilitarian to be the primary functions that attitudes serve (Shavitt, 1989; Snyder & DeBono, 1989).
The knowledge (or object appraisal) function is based on the assumption that individuals are motivated to seek information to gain insight and give meaning to an otherwise chaotic world. The ego-defensive function emphasizes psychodynamic principles; attitudes serving the ego-defensive function enable people to protect their egos from real or imagined threats. Value-expressive attitudes enable us to define and express our personal, central values and our self-concept, while attitudes serving a social-adjustive function help people maintain, facilitate, or terminate, social relationships. Finally, the utilitarian function is based on the associative learning principle that people are motivated to gain rewards and avoid punishments.
The primary tenet of attitude functions theory is that attitudes are formed and changed in order to meet an individuals needs. Thus, a persuasive message must match an individuals needs. Three current approaches to testing this "matching hypothesis" have focused on preexisting individual differences in attitude functions, preexisting differences in the functions that attitude objects normally serve, and a priming approach. The first two approaches, although correlational in nature, have generated the most extensive research.
Individual Differences Approach
The earliest tests of attitude functions theory focused on how the persuasion process was different for individuals high and low in ego-defensiveness (e.g., Katz, McClintock, & Sarnoff, 1957). Unfortunately, substantial confounds and methodological problems were present in nearly all of these early studies. More recent studies have avoided this confound by examining attitude formation rather than change of existing attitudes. For instance, research has found that high self-monitors tend to extensively process and prefer ads that appeal to image (DeBono & Harnish, 1988; Snyder & DeBono, 1985) whereas low self-monitors rate ads that emphasize product quality as more self-relevant and effective (DeBono & Packer, 1991; Snyder & DeBono, 1985). These effects of self-monitoring are moderated by whether the products can plausibly appeal to multiple functions (Shavitt, Lowrey, & Han, 1992). Most research has been narrowly focused on this one dispositional characteristic, self-monitoring although some evidence for matching effects has been provided by field and laboratory studies in which messages match or do not match an individuals self-schema (Brock, Brannon & Bridgwater, 1990). This research has also shown that the effectiveness of targeting persuasive messages at individuals who differ in preexisting attitude functions requires the use of topics or products whose attitude functions can vary.
Object-Oriented Approach
A second perspective on testing the matching hypothesis focuses on products that typically serve specific functions for all individuals (Shavitt, 1989; 1990; Shavitt & Fazio, 1991). For instance, air conditioners serve a utilitarian function, whereas a wedding ring might serve a "social-identity" (i.e., value-expressive and social-adjustive) function (Shavitt, 1990). For objects that engage specific functions, it follows that in order for an appeal to be influential it must engage this predominant function. For instance, advertisements for air conditioners were most persuasive if they focused on the objects utilitarian features and outcomes of using the product, rather than focusing on values or social concerns (Shavitt, 1990).
Experimental Approaches
A weakness of both the object-oriented and individual differences approaches is that the support they provide for the matching hypothesis is essentially correlational. It is difficult to entirely rule out the possibility that preexisting differences between individuals or objects could be the true cause of differences. The most rigorous test of this theory requires experimentally inducing a given need in individuals such that they will form or change attitudes in order to serve that function. The possibility of experimentally creating motivational states within individuals that increase their susceptibility to specific kinds of appeals is intriguing. Certainly marketers, politicians, teachers, and any individuals trying to become more persuasive could benefit, regardless of their audience.
No research has attempted to explore the motivational, need-based quality of attitude functions in experimental inductions of functions. Such an approach requires first inducing a need and then presenting appeals that meet that need. A necessary step before attempting such manipulation requires first demonstrating that peoples expression of attitudes are malleable. Some recent research on cognitive priming approaches suggests that expression of attitudes and preferences may be malleable (e.g., Maio & Olson, 1995a, Shavitt & Fazio, 1991; Shavitt, Swan, Lowrey & Wanke, 1994). For example, Maio and Olson (1995b) found that participants preexisting values predicted their attitudes and behavioral intentions when a prime consisted of value-oriented arguments, but not when a prime used utilitarian arguments. Similarly, attitudes expressed after participants were primed to focus on utilitarian concerns (i.e., self-interest) were correlated with individuals reported benefits and costs of the topic (Young, Thomsen, Borgida, Sullivan, & Aldrich, 1991).
Thus, limited priming research suggests that situational demands can lead individuals to express certain functional dimensions of their attitudes, and that such expressed attitudes may be more predictive of behavior that matches the functional basis. This approach, however, is based on merely increasing the accessibility of some kinds of information; the motivational, need-based nature of attitude functions remains neglected. A more classical motivational perspective on manipulation of attitude functions involves creating a state of tension or need through deprivation. This tension should result in psychological or physical movement to reduce that tension (Lewin, 1951; 1961), leading individuals to be more susceptible to influence attempts that may alleviate that tension (i.e., to messages that match the manipulated need). The current research is unique in that it attempts to first experimentally create a mild sense of deprivation, and then present messages that either match or do not match this manipulated need.
In the current investigation we attempt to create motivational states in which one is energized to either express ones values (arousal of a value-expressive function) or to make sense of incoming information (arousal of a knowledge function). Circumstances in daily life often engage such states. For example, being in a room where people are telling racist jokes may motivate us to speak up or to think about our values. In contrast, entering a lecture hall late and not understanding the speaker may lead to confusion and a motivated effort to make sense of information (especially if the information will be on an examination).
Previous research (e.g., Julka & Marsh, 1994; Marsh & Julka, 2000; Snyder & Miene, 1994) has revealed the inherent difficulty of developing pure inductions of a need. For example, Julka and Marsh (1994) created feelings of uncertainty about participants knowledge base by asking them a series of "cultural literacy" questions (see Hirsch, 1988). Yet, content analysis of participants reactions to the scale revealed that they felt threatened and defensive about their performance. Similarly, other researchers have inadvertently encountered defensive reactions. Snyder and Miene (1994) developed persuasive interventions designed to alleviate the needs that stereotyping of the elderly met for participants. An ego-protective intervention was effective for women, presumably because it matched ego-defensive needs that this stereotyping normally served for them. For men, however, the intervention backfired, resulting in increased stereotyping. Since the intervention was not presumably appealing to an existing need, it may have instead aroused such a need in these participants, leading to defensive reactions. These studies reveal how easily defensive reactions can be inadvertently induced.
Another complication can occur when the experimental induction of a need uses the same attitude topic as is used in the subsequent persuasive message. Induction of a value-expressive function, for instance, may lead participants to develop self-generated value-based arguments in support of the topic. As a result, a matching message (e.g., one containing value-based arguments) may be less effective than an unmatching message because the latter provides more nonredundant information (Marsh, 1986).1 Therefore, the means of inducing an attitude function should ideally involve a different topic or task than used in the persuasive appeal.
In the current studies, we wished to design appropriate attitude function manipulations that aroused distinctive functions without causing ego-defensive reactions. We decided to manipulate value-expressive and knowledge functions because they were conceptually very different. The value-expressive manipulations were designed to create mild feelings that one is not living up to ones values. The knowledge manipulations were designed to create a mild sense of confusion and uncertainty. Determining the appropriate strength of a manipulation is challenging since too strong of a manipulation will induce ego-defensive concerns and too weak of a manipulation might be ineffective at inducing an attitude function. Thus, we created two versions of each manipulation, where the versions differed only in strength.
A pilot study validated these manipulations. Experiment 1 tested the hypothesis that manipulations will lead to increased appeal for ads that match the induced needs.
Validation of the knowledge and value-expressive manipulations requires establishing that they engage disparate concerns. A valid manipulation of the knowledge function should engage negative feelings of mild confusion or uncertainty. A manipulation of the value-expressive function should result in an increased focus on values and feelings of mild disappointment in ones self. Moreover, since values are so closely tied to the self and ones emotions, such manipulations might also evoke more extensive affect. We developed two different versions of each manipulation a strong and a mild version. The strong version was designed to arouse a sense of moderate deprivation (a sense of lack of understanding, or lack of living up to ones values) whereas the mild version was designed to be a weaker induction of a given functional category, minimizing any potential for ego-defensive reactions. To validate these manipulations, participants were exposed to one of four conditions and then completed an open-ended item which assessed their thoughts and feelings. To assess participants attitude functions researchers have typically performed content analysis of expressed attitudes and cognitive responses to attitude objects, or for specific attitudes, used specific coding schemes (e.g., Herek, 1987; Shavitt, 1985, 1989; Gastil, 1992). In the current study we also used content analysis of open-ended responses to validate our manipulations.
Participants and Design
One hundred seven undergraduates (46 women and 61 men) enrolled in introductory psychology courses participated for research credit. Participants were randomly assigned, in groups of one to four, to one of four conditions: value-expressive strong; value-expressive mild; knowledge strong; or knowledge mild.
Knowledge Manipulations
Participants in the knowledge conditions were told:
You will listen to a short audio tape discussing three psychological experiments. We are interested in how interesting each study is to you personally, and in your feedback on the discussion in general. Please listen carefully, you will receive a questionnaire immediately following the tape.
These participants then listened (via an intercom system) to a four-minute audio tape describing factual information about three classic studies of bystander intervention (from Schwartz, 1986). For each of these classic experiments, a short description of the methods, results, and discussion was given.
For participants in the knowledge strong arousal condition, the facts from these studies were conveyed in a subtly confusing manner. The descriptions were somewhat harder to follow because some of the sentences were out of sequence. In the knowledge mild arousal condition, the same information was conveyed, but the sentences were in logical order.
Value-Expressive Manipulations
In the value-expressive conditions participants were told that we were pretesting some scales for future use and that their comments on these materials would be particularly helpful to us in the final stage of developing these tasks. Specifically, instructions on the scale itself read:
Please complete the scale on the following pages. In order to be able to later evaluate the scale, it is very important that you answer the questions completely and honestly. Remember that we will not be interested in your responses---you will merely give us your impressions of the scale later in the experiment, you will not give us your answers.
Participants in the value-expressive strong arousal condition completed the Ethnocentrism Scale which was designed to arouse a feeling that they were not quite living up to their values opposing racism. The first page of the questionnaire following the instructions asked students to provide some personal information (e.g., "describe your personal ethnic identity", and "I have dated an... Hispanic, African-American, Asian, Caucasian (check all that apply)"). The next six questions dealt with the individuals specific behaviors toward members of other ethnic groups. Participants were asked to circle one answer that best described their behavior on such topics as laughing at racial jokes, imitating the accent of individuals of another ethnicity or race, or attending lectures concerning equal rights. For example, one question asked, "Have you ever laughed at a joke of racial, gender, or ethnic nature?" Students response choices were "Very frequently; Often with the intention of offending others; Sometimes, but I dont mean to offend anyone; or Never"). Participants were then asked to rate, on a scale of 1 "strongly agree" to 5 "strongly disagree", how much they agreed or disagreed with several belief statements derived from early prejudice scales such as "The places where minorities live always seem to be smelly, dirty, shabby, and unattractive" or "The minority problem is so general and deep that democratic methods can never solve it". The final set of questions were social distance items. Participants rated, on a scale of 1 "totally comfortable" to 5 "very uncomfortable", how comfortable they felt with various situations such as "If a brother/sister/member of my family were dating a person of another race, I would feel...".
The next page of the questionnaire told the participants:
In order for you to give us a thorough evaluation of the scales, it is important that you get a feeling for the scoring procedures. The best way for you to understand the scoring procedures is to score the answers yourself. Take special note that we will not ask to see your score. We are not interested in how you responded; we will just want your general impressions of the scales.
(To further stress the confidentiality of their responses, upon completing the questionnaire participants were told to put it in one of the recycling bins before giving us their evaluations). Participants then proceeded to score themselves on the questionnaire, and circle the category in which they fell. The four categories were "Superiorly living up to your values", "Adequately living up to your values", "Falling short of values", and "Falling terribly short of values". The questionnaire had been pretested and the scoring categories specifically devised so that all participants would fall into a category of "Adequately living up to your values" which states:
Equality is clearly an important issue to you. You stand up for your beliefs for the most part, though you find it difficult to openly profess your opinions when others are in opposition to you. You have a secure sense of justice, quietly upholding your values, yet you recognize the difficulty of expressing such values in a complex world.
In the mild arousal condition participants were also told that we were pretesting some scales for future studies and wanted their evaluations of the scales in order to improve them. These participants did not actually complete the scale, but instead were asked to "Read the following questions carefully. Think about how you would answer each question, but do not actually write on the questionnaire." For example, participants were asked to circle "Which of the first two items, in your opinion, is a better item for assessing ethnocentrism, racism, and related values." Participants did these comparisons for all of the questions, and then rated, on a scale of 1 ("not very well") to 9 ("very well"), how well each of the items would tap into racism. This procedure was designed to have participants think about their values, without actually arousing a feeling that they were failing to live up to their values. These participants did not actually fill out or score themselves on the scale, nor did they see the scoring categories.
Participants were seated in separate rooms and told that we were pretesting some materials for use in future experiments, and were interested in their comments. After completing the materials for one of the value-expressive or knowledge manipulations, all participants were given an open-ended questionnaire and asked to describe their thoughts, feelings and emotions. In addition participants were asked to indicate any comments, thoughts or evaluations about the scale, and to complete a three-page questionnaire used for other purposes. Content analyses of open-ended responses were used to assess the effectiveness of our manipulations.
Participants open-ended responses were coded for the presence or absence of six kinds of spontaneously expressed sentiments. Two categories dealt with the arousal of the knowledge function. The first category included any mention of confusion, uncertainty, or lack of understanding (e.g., "The studies were difficult to follow and concentrate on, I couldnt understand them"). The second category addressed any description of specific details of the materials (e.g., "Its appalling when you hear about a murder that witnesses couldve done something about but didnt", or "I think this questionnaire is good at getting at racist feelings, especially with the questions relating to friends of different ethnicity"). Presumably, participants in the knowledge strong arousal condition may be less able to comment on such details since this implicitly requires comprehension. Two categories dealt with arousal of explicit concerns about values. One category dealt with feeling bad about their values, or disappointed in themselves (e.g., "Sadly, this scale brought up some of the racist views I still hold"). The other category was a general focus on values, or thinking about values in life (e.g., "What can our society do to encourage people to help more", or "What really causes one to be racist?"). Two other categories dealt with the expression of general positive or negative affect (e.g., "I felt sad after the scale") or evaluations (e.g., "The studies were very interesting and thought-provoking"). Data were independently coded by two raters who agreed on 613 out of 642 coding decisions (i.e., six decisions per participant), resulting in 95.5% agreement. Discrepancies were resolved by the first researcher.
Differences between knowledge and value-expressive participants in the content of their thoughts were investigated, and, where appropriate, these findings were followed by an examination of differences in motivational state. Feelings of confusion or lack of understanding were spontaneously expressed by one-third of participants in the knowledge conditions, compared to only a negligibly small fraction of those in the value-expressive conditions. On the other hand, as expected, participants in the value-expressive conditions were more likely to indicate feeling bad disappointed in themselves, and were more likely to focus on their values, and to mention both positive and negative feelings (40-60% versus only 10% of knowledge participants (see Table 1).
Table 1. Feelings After a Value-Expressive or Knowledge Situational Manipulation, Pilot Study
|Manipulation Function
|Type of Comment
Knowledge (N=43)
Value Expressive (N=64)
|Describes Details of Materials
|Feeling Bad about Self
|Focus on Values
|Negative Feelings
|Positive Feelings
Note: Percentages reflect those participants who made one or more comments in a given category.
The second set of analyses examined the effects of motivational state for relevant categories of comments. Value-expressive participants in both motivational states revealed an equivalent focus on values, but those in the strong arousal condition expressed more affective intensity as indicated by responses of feeling bad about the self and expressing general negative or positive affect (see Table 2).
Table 2. Percentage of Participants in Pilot Study Indicating the Following Feelings, by Motivational State
Motivational State
Type of Thought
|Value-expressive conditionsa
|Feeling Bad about Self
|Focus on Values
|Negative Feelings
|Positive Feelings
|Knowledge conditionsb
|Describes Details of Materials
Note: Percentages
reflect those participants who made one or more comments in the
given category.
an = 22 mild and 42 strong; bn = 23 mild and 20 strong
Negative feelings were overall more prevalent in the value-expressive strong arousal condition. Seventy-four percent of these participants made one or more comments indicating general negative feelings and/or feeling bad (62% had comments in one of the categories, 12% had comments in both categories). Only 41% of participants in the mild condition generated comments in either of these categories (and none of them had comments in both categories), c2 (2) = 7.95 p < .05. In addition, 93% of value-expressive strong participants spontaneously mentioned any affect in comparison to 50% of the mild participants, c2 (2) = 15.6, p < .001.
Evidence of the distinction in degrees of motivational arousal was also evident in the knowledge conditions. Those in the strong arousal condition were indeed more confused than their mild counterparts. However, those in the mild arousal condition did not comment any more frequently on specific details than those in the strong arousal condition.
The results indicate a clear distinction between manipulations of value-expressive and knowledge functions. Participants in the value-expressive condition indicated a focus on values and general concentration on feelings whereas those in the knowledge conditions experienced more confusion or uncertainty. There was evidence that the strong arousal conditions elicited somewhat stronger feelings than the mild arousal conditions, however, near significant differences were found for only half of the measures. It is important to note that the results were based on completely spontaneous comments written in reply to a general open-ended question asking participants to express their general feelings and thoughts about the scale or tapes they received. This procedure was intended to be subtle so as to minimize demand characteristics. But by masking the true intent of our study (i.e. telling participants that we were interested in their evaluations of the scales), we may have limited our ability to detect subtler differences in confusion or values expression, because any mention of these feelings had to have occurred spontaneously.
Experiment 1 was conducted to provide an experimental test of a basic principle of attitude functions theory: messages that appeal to an individuals need will be more appealing than ones that do not. This "matching hypothesis" predicts that individuals exposed to a value-expressive manipulation will find value-based messages most appealing. Similarly, individuals exposed to a knowledge manipulation should find matching factually-based messages most appealing.
Consistent with most of the research on attitude functions (e.g., DeBono & Packer, 1991; Shavitt, 1990; Snyder & DeBono, 1985), we tested our hypotheses by examining participants preferences for advertisements. In experimental conditions, students were exposed to a value-expressive or knowledge manipulation before rating pairs of value-based and factually-based ads. The matching hypothesis predicts an interaction between the manipulated function and functional appeal of the ad. Moreover, if stronger manipulations strengthen these matching effects, then a three-way interaction with manipulated factor, appeal of ad and motivational state (strong or mild) will also occur.
A control group of participants who rated the ads without exposure to a manipulation was included to determine the general effects of any negative feelings induced by our manipulations. Such side-effects of the manipulations could dampen ratings of ads if students use their affective state as a source of information (Schwarz, 1990) for judging how they feel about the ads. In such a case, control means may be higher than the means of students exposed to any of the manipulations.
Participants and Design
Participants were 112 introductory psychology students (53 males and 59 females). They received research credit for participation. Participants were randomly assigned, in groups of one to four, to one of five conditions: knowledge strong, knowledge mild, value-expressive strong, value-expressive mild, or control.
Testing of Advertisements
The final six ad pairs were selected from a pool of 17 pretested ads. In pretesting the ads, 90 introductory psychology students (independent of those used in the pilot study or Experiment 1) rated ads on two dimensions: how appealing the ad was, and how much it was based in a particular function. Participants were instructed how to assess whether the ads appealed to factual information, social acceptance and belonging, and personal values.
On the basis of these participants ratings, ads were chosen for the current study on the basis of two criteria: strength of ad, as rated on a scale of 1 (very personally appealing) to 9 (not appealing at all); and degree to which it filled its intended function, also rated on a scale of 1 (very strongly based in this area) to 9 (just barely based in this area). (For ease of presentation, all means were reverse-scored; higher numbers indicate greater strength or functionality.) We selected those products that were equally appealing in their value-expressive and knowledge forms; all ads selected for this study received ratings of between 5.7 and 6.7 for appeal. Also, only those ads that were found to be based in its intended function (i.e., M over 5 points on the 9-point scale) were used. The mean rating for knowledge ads on the knowledge dimension was 7.24 versus M = 4.64 on the value-expressive dimension. For value-expressive ads, the mean was 6.46 on the value-expressive dimension and M = 4.18 on the knowledge dimension.
Participants underwent the same procedures detailed in the pilot study. That is, participants in the knowledge strong arousal condition heard a confusing audiotape, whereas those in the knowledge mild arousal condition heard a coherent version. Participants in the value-expressive strong arousal condition completed the Ethnocentrism Scale, whereas value-expressive mild arousal participants merely read the items and decided which were best for measuring ethnocentrism and racist values.
Immediately after each situational manipulation participants were told that they would be asked to "give their comments about the task as soon as everyone else was finished". They were further asked if they could, "in the meantime, complete some other materials we were pretesting". At this time participants were presented with six pairs of advertisements for an array of products. Participants rated how personally appealing they found each, using 7 point scales (where 7 = "very appealing to me"). One message for each product was knowledge-based, and one was value-based (order of presentation was counterbalanced). The design of this study was a 2 X 2 X 2 X 6 (manipulated function, motivational state, ad type, product) mixed model design. Another group of participants simply rated the ads before receiving a situational manipulation. This group served as a nonfactorial control.
Experimental Groups
A mixed model analysis of variance with two between-participants factors (manipulated function and motivational state) and two within-participants factors (ad type and product) was conducted on participants ratings of each ad. The control condition was not included in these analyses. As the matching hypotheses predict, a Manipulated Function (value-expressive, knowledge) X Ad Type (value-expressive ads, knowledge ads) interaction was found, F (1,89) = 36.89, p < .001. Analysis of the simple effects of manipulated function indicated that, as predicted, participants in the value-expressive conditions rated the value-expressive ads significantly higher (M = 30.07) than participants in the knowledge conditions (M = 26.06), F (1, 89) = 19.28, p < .001, and that participants in the knowledge conditions rated the knowledge ads higher (M = 30.34) than participants in the value-expressive conditions (M = 27.57), F (1, 89) = 7.29, p = .01 (see Table 3).2
The Manipulated Function X Motivational State X Ad Type interaction was not significant F (1,89) = 1.31, p > .05, indicating that matching effects were no stronger for strong than for mild manipulations. A significant main effect for product type was found indicating that, in general, some products were preferred more than others, multivariate F (5, 85) = 15.21, p < .001.
Table 3. Participants Ratings of Value-Expressive and Knowledge Ads by Manipulated Function and Motivational State, Experiment 1
|Manipulation Function
|Motivational State
|Value-Expressive Ads
|Knowledge Ads
Note: The means reflect the average summed ratings of all value-expressive or knowledge ads. The average of the 19 control condition participants ratings was 29.4 (SD = 4.6) for the value-expressive ads and 31.4 (SD = 5.7) for the knowledge ads.
Control Group Comparisons
Past research (Julka & Marsh, 1994; Marsh & Julka, 2000) indicates that engaging manipulations can create a negative state and lead to overall lower ad preferences (presumably because they engage negative affective states). To explore where experimental participants ratings lie relative to control participants planned contrasts comparing the four experimental conditions (weights: -1, -1, -1, -1) to the control condition (weight: +4) tested whether the manipulations induced a general lowering of ad ratings due to mood effects. Overall the control group mean for value-expressive ads was no different than the mean of the experimental groups, F (1,107) = 1.48, p > .20 (see Table 3), and for the knowledge ads the control group mean was only marginally higher than the experimental participants mean, F (1, 107) = 3.73, p = .06. A second set of contrasts looked separately at whether matched and unmatched conditions differed from the control condition. Results indicate that for value-expressive ads, the mean rating for participants in the value-expressive conditions (weights for the two value-expressive conditions: -1, -1) was no different from the mean of the control group (weight: +2), F (1, 107) < 1. For the unmatched knowledge function conditions, however, ratings of value-expressive ads were lower than for control participants, F (1, 107) = 7.81, p < .01. Similarly, for the knowledge ads, the unmatched conditions (i.e., value-expressive conditions) were significantly lower than the control condition, F (1, 107) = 7.75, p < .01, whereas the matching knowledge conditions were not, F < 1. These comparisons demonstrate the inherent difficulty in using affectively engaging manipulations, and in particular, manipulations that engage negative affect. These negative manipulations result in less liking overall unless the ads matched the intended function. The means of participants in matched conditions were not higher than control means, but given the negative affect involved this is not surprising.
Overall these results indicate that by experimentally manipulating a situation, and thereby engaging certain needs, one can successfully vary individuals preferences for advertisements that appeal to certain needs. Although previous research investigating individual and object differences have provided a test of the matching hypothesis, both methods provided only correlational support, making it difficult to rule out preexisting differences between objects or individuals as the real cause of changes in the dependent variable. The current study went beyond this correlational evidence to find experimental support for the hypothesis, by first exposing individuals to a situation that raised one of two distinctly different needs, and then presenting messages that match or did not match that need. Moreover, the present study extends recent attempts to prime functional categories of thought (Maio & Olson, 1995a; Shavitt & Fazio, 1991; Young et al., 1991) by using a need-based approach to inducing attitude functions. In the current study, ads relevant to the aroused functions elicited higher preference ratings than irrelevant ads. Consistent with research in this area, buying behavior was not measured; future research should examine such extensions. Moreover, this experimental approach to studying the effect of attitude functions on forming ad preferences should be extended to other attitude functions, and other types of persuasive messages.
Although the idea of motivational forces impinging upon the cognitive system and resulting in attitude change has been central to many classic and contemporary theories, these theories have typically focused on a single motivation guiding attitudinal processes. The functional perspective provides a general framework within which to view multiple motivations simultaneously. For example, models postulating that people are motivated to hold correct attitudes or attain a sufficient level of certainty (e.g., Chaiken, et al., 1989; Petty & Cacioppo, 1986) could be interpreted in terms of the functionality of attitudes. In this case, individuals attitudes would be serving the knowledge function. Steeles (1988) self-affirmation perspective that suggests that we are motivated to maintain positive images of ourselves, and if our integrity is threatened our "self-system" will engage in processes to reaffirm our self-integrity, could be viewed as serving a value-expressive function. Moreover, too intensive deprivation of any specific need may lead to engagement of a general ego-defensive function. In such a case, persuasion will be reduced unless the message reduces the specific feeling induced (e.g., as in the case of successful fear appeals).
The implications of the current research are intriguing. For example, officials trying to change societal attitudes about some important behavior such as contraceptive use should be sensitive to the context in which their public appeals occur. In the context of television programs that engage concerns about ones values (e.g., a segment on racism, or a show about environmental disaster), value-based appeals may be effective. For instance, an appeal to peoples feelings and values regarding personal responsibility and having respect for others may be more effective. In the context of a televised debate presenting conflicting factual information, however, a knowledge-based appeal may be more effective. Thus, officials might use a public service message that presents factual information about the utility and effectiveness of a contraceptive method. Another alternative is to both arouse and satisfy the same need in a single persuasive encounter. This would be comparable to effective fear appeals (Rogers, 1983), where fear is both aroused and the means for reducing the fear suggested within the same message. But such an approach does not have to be limited to the ego-defensive function. A public appeal might simultaneously arouse value-expressive concerns and also offer a means of meeting that need, or induce confusion and uncertainty and then present information which removes that confusion. Regardless of the mechanisms one uses to apply the current findings, the current research suggests that understanding the multiplicity of internal forces which push and pull at us may provide a guide for successfully influencing individuals.
1. Tom Ostrom suggested this interpretation of these results.
2. The means presented are the average summed ratings of all value-expressive or knowledge ads.
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DeBono, K. G., and R. J. Harnish (1988). "Source expertise, source attractiveness, and the processing of persuasive information: A functional approach," Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 55:541-546.
DeBono, K. G., and M. Packer (1991). "The effects of advertising appeal on perceptions of product quality," Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 17:194-200.
Festinger, L. (1957). A theory of cognitive dissonance. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Heider, F. (1946). "Attitudes and cognitive organization," Journal of Psychology, 21:107-112.
Hirsch, E. D. (1988). Cultural literacy: What every American needs to know. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
Hovland, C. L., I. L. Janis, and J. J. Kelley (1953). Communication and persuasion. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Julka, D. L., and K. L. Marsh (1994). Attitude functions and the matching hypothesis: Are messages which match an aroused need for information more effective? Unpublished data, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN.
Katz, D. (1960). "The functional approach to the study of attitudes," Public Opinion Quarterly, 24:163-204.
Katz, D., C. McClintock, and D. Sarnoff (1957). "The measurement of ego-defense as related to attitude change," Journal of Personality, 25:465-474.
Lewin, K. (1951). "Behavior and development as a function of the total situation." In D Cartwright, (Ed.), Field theory in social science: Selected theoretical papers (pp. 238-303).
Lewin, K. (1961). "Intention, will and need." In T. Shipley (Ed.), Classics in psychology (pp. 1234-1289). New York: Philosophical Library.
Maio, G. R., and J. M. Olson (1995a). "Involvement and persuasion: Evidence for different types of involvement," Canadian Journal of Behavioral Science, 27:64-78.
Maio, G. R., and J. M. Olson (1995b). "Relations between values, attitudes, and behavioral intentions: The moderating role of attitude functions," Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 31:266-285.
Marsh, K. L. (1986). Functional attitude theories revisited: An ecological perspective on attitude change. Unpublished masters thesis, Texas A & M University, College Station.
Marsh, K. L. and D. L. Julka (2000). "A Motivational Approach to Experimental Tests of Attitude Functions Theory." In G. R. Maio and J. M. Olson (Eds.), Why we evaluate: Functions of attitudes (pp.271-294). New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Petty, R. E., and J. T. Cacioppo (1986). "The Elaboration Likelihood Model of persuasion." In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology, (Vol. 19, pp. 123-205). New York: Academic Press.
Rogers, R. W. (1983). "Cognitive and physiological processes in fear appeals and attitude change: A revised theory of protection motivation." In J. T. Cacioppo and R. E. Petty (Eds.), Social psychophysiology: A sourcebook (pp. 153-176). NY: Guilford Press.
Rosenberg, M. J. (1956). "Cognitive structure and attitudinal affect," Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 53:367-372.
Sarnoff, D., and D. Katz (1954). "The motivational bases of attitude change," Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 49:115-124.
Schwartz, S. (1986). Classic studies in psychology (pp. 128-130). Mountain View, CA: Mayfield.
Shavitt, S. (1989). "Operationalizing functional theories of attitude." In A. R Pratkanis, S. J. Breckler and A. G. Greenwald (Eds.), Attitude structure and function (pp. 311-338). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Shavitt, S. (1990). "The role of attitude objects in attitude functions." Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 26:124-148.
Shavitt, S., and R. H. Fazio (1991). "Effects of attribute salience on the consistency between attitudes and behavior predictions." Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 17:507-516.
Shavitt, S., T. M. Lowrey, and S. Han (1992). "Attitude functions in advertising: The interactive role of products and self-monitoring," Journal of Consumer Psychology, 1:337-364.
Shavitt, S., S. Swan, T. M. Lowrey, and M. Wanke (1994). "The interaction of endorser attractiveness and involvement in persuasion depends on the goal that guides message processing." Journal of Consumer Psychology, 3:137-162.
Smith, M. B., J. S. Bruner, and R. W. White (1956). Opinions and personality. New York: Wiley.
Snyder, M., and K. G. DeBono (1985). "Appeals to image and claims about quality: Understanding the psychology of advertising," Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 49:586-597.
Snyder, M., and K. G. DeBono (1989). "Understanding the functions of attitudes: Lessons from personality and social behavior." In A. R. Pratkanis, S. J. Breckler and A. G. Greenwald (Eds.), Attitude structure and function (pp. 339-359). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Snyder, M. and P. K. Miene (1994). "Stereotyping of the elderly: A functional approach," British Journal of Social Psychology, 33:63-82.
Steele, C. M. (1988). "The psychology of self-affirmation: Sustaining the integrity of the self." In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 21, pp. 261-302). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
Thibodeau, R., and E. Aronson (1992). "Taking a closer look: Reasserting the role of the self-concept in dissonance theory," Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 18:591-602.
Young, J., C. J. Thomsen, E. Borgida, J. L. Sullivan, and J. H. Aldrich (1991). "When self-interest makes a difference: The role of construct accessibility in political reasoning," Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 27:271-296.
The help of Ray Reno, Ann Ruvolo, and Bill Webb is acknowledged with thanks. Thanks also go to Wendy Wood, Greg Maio, Tim Brock, and Sharon Shavitt for their comments on this manuscript, and to Marilou Thielen, Christine Trainor and Matthew Bundick for assistance in development of early materials, content analysis, data collection and entry, and running these studies.
Deana Julka received her Ph.D. in social psychology from the University of Notre Dame. She is currently an assistant professor teaching and doing research in the Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, at the University of Portland, Portland, OR 97203, USA. Email: email@example.com. Phone numbers: (503) 943-7260; fax:(503) 943-7399.
Kerry Marsh received her Ph.D from the Ohio State University, and is currently an Associate Research Professor at the University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-1020, USA. E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com.
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NBA teams have until noon Thursday to make trades that may get them over the top. Plenty of big names being dragged into the rumor mill. Click on the photo to see which NBA stars could be traded. More: Lakers Blog I Clippers Blog
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Great Results offers fun team building programs and engaging keynote messages to improve your team.
Sean delivers inspiring speaking presentations and team building events to schools, businesses, and athletic programs across the country.
If your group is struggling with morale, communication skills, leadership, or collaboration, Sean's unique set of teamwork challenges and interactive speaking topics are a fun and impactful way to improve your organization.
Powder Springs, GA 30127
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"This was my first order with Tiny Prints, and I am very delighted with the end result! I am convinced that most problems people experience, problems say, with lay-out, cropping, photo color, etc...are all things that can be fixed by editing your photos better BEFORE uploading your photos to be used in your project. Tools in editing make it easy! All of the relatives I've heard from so far have given nothing but big compliments! I wish I would have discovered Tiny Prints before now!!"
"These invitations are beautiful, classy and and of very exceptional quality. I received many compliments on them. I will definitely purchase from Tiny Prints in the future."
"The design of the card made it look delicate and sweet. It was really easy to modify the copy as needed. Paper quality with Tiny Prints never lets me down."
"These are simple yet classy. I love the idea that you can choose different fonts and edging. They came out beautiful and I got several compliments on them."
"I loved that you could also customize the back for no extra charge. Beautiful even without having the edge cut specially. Used the rectangular envelope to keep the postage cost down and it looked fine. A recipient called me just to tell me how beautiful it was. Very satisfied."


text: I'm not willing to pay $40 every six months as recommended to filter perfectly good water Cindy B. • Wichita, KS • August 16, 2014 Appliance: Maytag Ref-SXS/I&W MSD2756GEQ My Repair & Advice After purchasing a used Maytag refrigerator, I was very glad to discover the availability of a Water Filter Bypass Plug, in order to avoid purchasing water filters. An order from Appliance Parts Pros resulted in delivery of the plug the very next day, even without expedited shipping! It was installed in seconds rather than minutes. Ironically when I read the owner's manual, I learn that "your refrigerator was delivered from the factory with a filter bypass in place. The filter cartridge can be found packaged inside the refrigerator." Of course, the bypass was probably thrown away at initial purchase. So, I'm delighted it can be bypassed (for the $15 price of a plug), but feeling that $40 a month for a filter is a bit of a scam, for those of us with good water. Was this review helpful to you?


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Category Archives for pgf/TikZ
Graphics with pgf/TikZ
Happy New Year!
Happy New Year for all! The animated GIF image shows fireworks displayed with TikZ written by Chris Hughes aka cmhughes on TeX.SE. Follow the link to see further fireworks effects. The code is: \documentclass[tikz]{standalone} \usepackage{tikz} \usetikzlibrary{decorations.pathmorphing,decorations.shapes} \begin{document} \foreach … Continue reading
Happy Christmas!
This Christmas tree has been written in LaTeX and TikZ by Alain Matthes. See the complete source code.
New maintainer wanted for pgfSweave
Cameron Bracken announced that he is looking for a new maintainer of the pgfSweave package. pgfSweave is an R package for use with Sweave for speedy compilation of high quality graphics, specifically it provides capabilities for "caching" graphics generated with … Continue reading
Drawing a stemma with TikZ
Maïeul Rouquette has published an article on LaTeX-Community.org: Stemma with TikZ. It is an English translation of his three French blog articles about that topic. A stemma codicum is a "family tree" of different manuscripts of a same text, see … Continue reading


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March 28, 2013
Woodland's annual FREE bulky waste drop-off day will be Saturday, April 13, from 8 a.m. to 3 p.m., at the Yolo County Fairgrounds. Please use the Gibson Road entrance to the Fairgrounds. This free drop-off is for Woodland residents only!
At this event, residents can drop off bulky items, such as sofas, other furniture, mattresses, large appliances, wood, and similar items. In addition, you will be able to drop off electronic waste for recycling. E-Waste includes TVs, computers, printers, microwave ovens, DVD players, iPods/MP3 players, cell phones, and similar items.
No household hazardous waste (such as automotive fluids, lawn and garden chemicals, or fluorescent tubes and bulbs) will be accepted at this event.
For more information, call Waste Management at 530-406-4332.


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Since first opening their grounds in 1980, Adkins Arboretum?s 400-acre garden and preserve have sheltered plants native to the mid-Atlantic coastal plain. More than 600 species of them, in fact, encompassing everything from water hemlocks and flowering dogwoods to skunk cabbages. These trees, shrubs, and grasses?not to mention picturesque streams and meadows?line five miles of paths, along which visitors can walk, bike, or even ski. If five miles sounds daunting to youngsters, they can instead explore Paw Paw Playground, an assemblage of wigwams, balance beams, and other toys crafted from natural materials by a local Eagle Scout. Besides its extensive gardens, Adkins Arboretum also plays host to numerous year-round programs, including lectures, art exhibitions, and two plant sales each year.
Skydive Maryland's team of experienced sky surfers has been escorting adrenaline seekers on 2-mile jumps since 1974. After a brief training session and couture-jump-suit fitting, adventurers fly to roughly 11,000 feet, where they barrel roll from the plane while strapped to a seasoned instructor. Exhilarating, 120-miles-per-hour free falls last for roughly one minute before the guides activate the parachute and jumpers coast through the atmosphere for 8–15 minutes, soaking in views of the Chesapeake Bay, the Atlantic Ocean, and the Baltimore skyline. Cloud cutters will receive before and after photos of their adventure to have proof of their extreme bravery and to earn respect from egotistical eagles. Skydives are available Saturdays and Sundays during the winter season, weather permitting.
Red Horse is a folk-music supergroup comprised of independent artists Lucy Kaplansky, Eliza Gilkyson, and John Gorka. This trio takes the stage at the historic Avalon Theater to perform music from their eponymous album, as well as songs they have never recorded and some rearrangements of old classics. The group's music is chock-full of angelic vocals, enchanting instrumentation, powerful harmonies, and audible gum-chewing sounds.
On July 23, the Chesapeake Bay Maritime Museum's 18 waterfront acres will host a smorgasbord of cultural events for a one-day celebration in honor of the region's rich farming and maritime traditions. Apart from the museum's permanent armada of historic watercraft and hands-on exhibits, the festival will feature a dizzying array of live music acts and regional craftspeople peddling knowledge of their esoteric coastal trades. After a morning of decoy-carving demonstrations and nippering for oysters, step into the white boots of a weather-beaten Chesapeake waterman and refuel with a crab pot filled with delectable sea candies or a husk of steamed corn from a local farm. With a focus on how harvesting, marketing, preparing, and sharing food have defined the area's cultural communities, the festival cooks up a profusion of culinary delights that will reintroduce guests of all ages to long-forgotten hunger remedies.
St. Michaels Winery began its life in the Historic Old Mill complex, where it kicked off 2005 by introducing five new wines to the world. Shortly after, the awards began to roll in: golds, silvers, and bronzes from the Maryland Governors Cup and the Maryland Winemasters Choice Awards. Today, nestled in a historical seaside-resort town surrounded by the sparkling waters of Maryland's eastern shore, the winery provides a backdrop for trips to a sunny tasting room stocked with 20 different varietals.
The Chesapeake Bay Maritime Museum is a non-profit organization dedicated to sharing the stories of the Chesapeake Bay and the people who have shaped their lives around it. With 18 waterfront acres in the historic town of St. Michaels, the Museum offers exhibits, boat rides, festivals and more.


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A SWAT officer leaves the scene of a shooting at a Phoenix office building on Wednesday. Three people were wounded, one critically.
PHOENIX (AP) — A gunman opened fire at a Phoenix office complex on Wednesday, killing one person, wounding two others and setting off a manhunt. Police warned the public that he was "armed and dangerous."
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Bug test it
We understand that the Elder Scrolls games are typically massive and that hunting down and ousting every singe bug would be near impossible, but we would appreciate it if Bethesda actually put some effort in to testing and bug fixing before they released the game, rather than after.
The developer is notorious for releasing buggy games, but Skyrim is something special. I mean, you only have to take a look at the 'Bugs and Glitches' page on the Skyrim wiki to see that. It's huge.
It's well known that many PS3 users are suffering from frame-rate issues due to the size of save files. This couldn't have gone unnoticed during development, and if it did then Bethesda need to hire a new QA team. Even 'patches' brought out introduce new bugs such as backwards-flying dragons.
Maybe that's a testament to how good Bethesda games are when you look past the glitches, but it's just a shame that we do have to look past the glitches in the first place. In future, make sure your QA testers are actually getting on with their work instead of doing speed runs, eh Bethesda?


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The Woodrow Wilson community is a diverse, student-centered environment dedicated to the promotion of safety, high achievement, creativity and teamwork in learning. We encourage all children to become responsible citizens and develop their individual strengths.
Woodrow Wilson Montessori School is a school with high standards and programs of Academic Excellence
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I am a UKCP-registered attachment-based psychoanalytic psychotherapist, and emotionally focused couples therapist. I have an advanced diploma in couples and psychosexual therapy and am also a registered art therapist and member of the Forum for Independent Psychotherapists (FiP). I work in Central Cambridge, the City of London and London Bridge.
I offer a confidential and caring place in which to talk about personal and professional difficulties in either short or long term psychotherapy with individuals, couples and young people. My belief is that an experiential approach aids potential healing, alongside sensitive understanding, respect and creativity - playing a vital part in the therapy relationship.
Emotionally Focused Couples Therapy:
an experiential introduction to EFT
10.00am to 4 30pm, Saturday, 18 October 2014
Speakers: Angela Massucco, Dr Justin Grayer
For further details and to book your place, please download the leaflet and application form (pdf) and send to The Bowlby Centre with your payment;
or to discuss the course, please email me.
Emotional Intimacy and the Sexual Relationship:
an EFT Perspective
May 16th and 17th 2015
Presented by: Angela Massucco, Dr Justin Grayer
Details to be announced shortly.


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Unique ID: HAMP-9EA1B0
Object type certainty: Certain
Workflow status: Awaiting validation
A corroded and slightly bent cast copper-alloy mount of post-medieval date. The mount is flat and sub-triangular in form. At one end it tapers to a point, while at the other is a sub-rectangular protrusion. There are hints of slight expansion at the pointed end. The mount is seemingly plain although it is covered by corrosion product. The reverse features a pair of pointed lugs suggestive of a c. 17th-century date. Mounts of similar form and dimensions can be found illustrated in Read (2001, 37; refs. 329, 330). Such a mount would have probably functioned as a strap fitting. The mount has corroded to a variable mid-green colour over a red-brown metal. It has been bent upwards slightly at the pointed end as a result of old damage.
Subsequent action after recording: Returned to finder
Broad period: POST MEDIEVAL
Period from: POST MEDIEVAL [scope notes | view all attributed records]
Date from: Circa AD 1600
Date to: Circa AD 1700
Length: 22.65 mm
Height: 6.8 mm
Width: 8 mm
Thickness: 1.6 mm
Weight: 0.92 g
Quantity: 1
Date(s) of discovery: Thursday 21st October 2010
Found by: This information is restricted for your login.
Recorded by: Mr Robert Webley - [ view all attributed records]
Identified by: Mr Robert Webley - [view all attributed records]
Other reference: E3094
Primary material: Copper alloy [scope notes | view all attributed records]
Manufacture method: Cast [scope notes | view all attributed records]
Completeness: Complete [scope notes | view all attributed records]
Our images can be used under a CC BY-SA licence (unless stated otherwise).
Region: South East
County: Hampshire
District: East Hampshire
Parish: Ropley
4 Figure: SU6433
Four figure Latitude: 51.092748 Four figure longitude: -1.087497
1:25K map: SU6433
1:10K map: SU63SW
Grid reference source: Centred on field
Unmasked grid reference accurate to a 100 metre square.
Method of discovery: Metal detector [scope notes]
General landuse: Cultivated land[scope notes]
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Updated: Thursday 15th December 2011


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Wirtshaus Send to Phone
OpenLunch Fri.-Sat., Dinner nightly, Brunch Sun.
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Text data on Wirtshaus to your phone, or a friend's cell phone.
Check out the 2014 edition of GAYOT's Annual Restaurant Issue, which features the Top 40 Restaurants in the U.S., Rising Chefs and more.


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Elgin Cathedral - I climbed to the top of the square tower
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Urquhart Castle on Loch Ness, Scotland May 2014
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You Always Have a Choice!
Aug 2014 -- I'm happy with my weight control and my activity level. Feels like I have found a good balance with healthy eating and staying active. 5 years at my goal weight (or within 5 # of it).
Here I am, 2 months into 2013, with 8 extra pounds. (I hate to put it here, but I've got to be real!) I have been lax with snacking, telling myself I'm still in control, but that isn't true. I've refocused, and will get this off by the end of April. Without an "official scale" at my new ...
Aug 2014 -- I'm happy with my weight control and my activity level. Feels like I have found a good balance with healthy eating and staying active. 5 years at my goal weight (or within 5 # of it).
Here I am, 2 months into 2013, with 8 extra pounds. (I hate to put it here, but I've got to be real!) I have been lax with snacking, telling myself I'm still in control, but that isn't true. I've refocused, and will get this off by the end of April. Without an "official scale" at my new gym, I have been playing games with the home scale, being very selective on which readings I count. No more. Each mornings readings will go on my chart, and I need to get back to 143 on this scale (I know it weighs a little lighter than the Dr.'s scale or the old gym's scale).
2012 is here. End of January I'll celebrate my 3-yr Spark-versary. Am in a little slump due to December's fall/injury, which kept me from any serious workouts for over a month & brought a few unwanted pounds back on. But I'm focusing on healthy choices again, and know I need to return to the things I did in the past if I want to maintain my weight loss. Cannot (!!!) return to just doing whatever feels good in the moment (which led to the weight gain in the first place)!!
For 2011 I would like to focus on being WHOLE-HEARTED. Whether in the physical, spiritual, or emotional realms, I don't want to just "go through the motions". I don't want to be wishy-washy, or worse, apathetic. Scripture says, "Whatever you do, work at it with all your heart, as working for the Lord ..." (Col. 3:23). That doesn't mean I will be complusive or perfectionist, but I will seek to put my whole heart into whatever I choose to do on any given day.
June 2010 update: We vacationed in Vancouver & the Canadian Rockies. I was able to walk/hike 6+ miles/day for a total of 85.8 miles in 2 weeks. Being fit is fun!!
Feb 2010 update: Took the "Real Age Test" and result was 48.4 compared to actual age of 58.2. That's another confirmation that I'm healthier!! PTL!
2010 goal - to maintain my weight loss and improve flexibility as I continue to closely monitor my calorie intake and work out 3-5x/ week -- regardless of the stresses that come my way.
November 2009 Update: I was at the Dr. last week and weighed in. Since my January appointment, I am down 47 lbs on their scale. I found SP at the end of January, and had lost about 7 lbs by then so I'm updating my page to reflect the whole year.
October 2009 Update: I'm still losing; guess I haven't found the right calorie range for maintenance yet. I really am happy where I am, and don't want to go lower, but it's hard to eat more when I'm satisfied. Don't want to eat "junk" just to increase the calories; I've worked too hard to learn to eat healthy. The Process continues ... and learning more is always good!
August 2009 Update: I've reached my goal of 155 lbs (in fact, am a bit under it) and so I've adjusted my weight loss ticker to show my maintenance goals: stay between 152 and 157 lbs. I hope to be able to encourage those who are on the journey -- if I can do it, so can you!! I need to stay active w/ SP to keep myself on track, too!
Day 1 on Spark People: The past 4 years have been focused on taking care of my father and then settling his estate - and I let my own health suffer in the process. A goal for 2009 is to take care of ME and get healthy again. I KNOW all the right things to do; just have let stress override my knowledge. No more!
Read More About
(Updated August 16)
Current Status:
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Colorado Christian Women
Driven By Faith
At Goal & Maintaining + Transition to Maintenance
My Ticker:
current weight: 4.0 over
Interact with BESTSUSIEYET
Recent Blogs:
Sept. 20 hiking adventure ... Part 2
Autumn in Colorado - Kenosha Pass Trail - Se...
3 Mile Creek Trail - Aug 2014
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Member Since:
Fitness Minutes:
My Goals:
2013 - get my snacking back under control and lose the "muffin top" I've been developing by being lax.
2011 -- Whole-hearted - That's what I want to be this year, in all I do.
2010 goal - to maintain my weight loss and improve flexibility as I continue to closely monitor my calorie intake and work out 3-5x/ week -- regardless of the stresses that come my way.
1st day on SP: " I need to lose 25 lbs but am setting a small goal of 1 lb/week."
I lost 35# and moved to maintenance stage -- then lost 20# more!! (Nov. 09)
Keeping it off -- The New Me is Here to Stay! PTL!
My Program:
Having reached my goals, I am going to continue my exercise routine and add calories back in slowly, 'till I find the daily range that works for me.
Updated April 19, 2010: I will keep in the 1450-1800 calories/day range. I am working out on my own now (after 9 months with a trainer) at least 2x/week at the gym plus a nice walk at least 2x/week. I weigh myself once a week at the gym -- but not daily at home.
Jan 2009: To reach my goals, I will: work out with Trainer 2x/week and at least 3x/week on my own (at the gym or walking). I will track all foods and stay under 1300 calories/day. I will drink at least 8 cups of Water/day.
Personal Information:
I'm not the best "Susie" out there but I'm the best ME I've ever been -- and hope to keep challenging myself toward new 'bests'.
I'm a Colorado gal & love it. I am blessed to be a wife & mother of 2; our 4 grandchildren are the joy of life!
Other Information:
"Most folks are just about as happy as they make up their minds to be" -- A. Lincoln
Today I choose happiness by focusing on my blessings!
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Member Comments:
Thank you for the goodie and sharing. Funny tonight my daughter and I were at our favorite thrift store, and would you believe there was an ANKLE brace there? NOT the one on the cover of the box, but it was ok, fits fine and feels good. I am taking my IB. Hopeully this problem will get better. Not knowing WHAT was wrong, let it go on too long, so recovery may take awhile. I told Mel at Quality strength where I go for strength training, and she put me through some exercises to help. She is so awesome, and knowledgeable!
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Funny you spoke of cutting back on your walking because of cartilage prolems. I have had left ankle pain off and on for quite some time. Wed. night at work it was the worst. In the AM, I asked my Ortho Doc who was there for his AM patients, about it, and he said I had P----tendinitis. Not sure the first word. Said anti-inflammatories and an ankle brace would help.. Sure wonder how it happened at all!!! Much as I go....odd
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HI There!! I am impressed wtih your 5 Year Status, and so happy to hear you are doing well.
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Hey there my friend, I just thought I'd pop in the check up on you. I've not seen you around in in a while. I hope you are doing good.
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I'm glad you received the Grand Co info. I so hope you can make a trip up here this summer....please give me a detailed report if you do! We have received 4 1/2 inches of rain in 4 days. We got 3" within about 30 min. on Monday night & no one else got a drop! We had 3 bulls on our narrow road fighting & they tore up the road pushing each other head to head. One pushed the other back off the road (very steep) and took down some small trees & part of the road. I was trying to pass on the narrow road & decided not to get my car kicked in by the "King Bull." Good choice. It's never dull here! Hope all is well w/ you & family!
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Non-spouse beneficiaries of an IRA or an employer-sponsored retirement plan,
such as a 401(k), can roll over their inherited retirement account assets into an Inherited IRA.
This option extends to some beneficiaries the ability to spread distributions (and tax obligations) over the course of their lifetime, while keeping the balance invested in an IRA where it can potentially compound tax-deferred.
- Inherited IRAs must be established through a direct trustee-to-trustee transfer. If the beneficiary receives the distribution directly from the IRA or retirement plan, the money is not rollover eligible and may not be invested in a Inherited IRA.
- Non-spouse beneficiaries cannot combine Inherited IRAs with other IRAs or make additional contributions to an Inherited IRA. (Spouses, on the other hand, still have the option to assume the inherited account and combine it with an existing IRA.)
- Some retirement plans will require non-spouse beneficiaries to receive the entire account balance within five calendar years of the participant's death. However, if the inherited plan assets are transferred to an Inherited IRA by the end of the year following the participant's death, the non-spouse beneficiary may be able to take annual minimum distributions based on his or her life expectancy.
Begin the Process of Opening an Inherited IRA Now
- IRA New Account
Use to transfer inherited IRA assets held at another financial institution OR roll over inherited assets directly from an employer-sponsored retirement plan account.
- IRA Inheritance Facts
Learn about the IRA inheritance process, options available to beneficiaries, and Required Minimum Distribution considerations.


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We constantly talk about the importance of coaching, and tips or strategies to do it better, but why should we incorporate coaching into our organization anyways?
Here are the top 7 reasons why your organization needs to coach it's employees.
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Safe Banking
> Internet Banking Safety Measures
Internet Banking Safety Measures
Use Internet Banking To Minimise The Risk of Fraud
Tips For Use When Banking Through The Internet
Contact Us
Use Internet Banking To Minimise The Risk of Fraud
Utilize paperless options. Restrict receipt of paper statements by subscribing to e-mailed bank account statements.
Monitor your account activity regularly by checking your balances and statements. This helps you to detect fraudulent transactions, if any, quickly. The earlier a fraud is detected, the lesser will be its financial impact.
Restrict the use of cheques. Transfer funds online between your ICICI Bank Bahrain accounts or send money to other ICICI Bank and non-ICICI Bank customers through icicibankbahrain.com.
Communicate with the bank through the secure mailbox option at icicibankbahrain.com.
Tips For Use When Banking Through The Internet
Avoid accessing your Internet Banking account from a cyber cafe or a shared computer. However, if you happen to do so change your passwords from your own computer.
Every time you complete your online banking session, log off from the online account at icicibankbahrain.com. Do not just close your browser.
To access ICICI Bank's Internet Banking, always type in the correct URL (http://www.icicibankbahrain.com/) into your browser window. Never click a link that offers to take you to our website.
If your log-in IDs or passwords appear automatically on the sign-in page of a secure website, you should disable the "Auto Complete" function to increase the security of your information.
To disable the "Auto Complete" function:
Open Internet Explorer and click "Tools" > "Internet Options" > "Content".
Under "Personal Information", click "Auto Complete".
Uncheck "User names and passwords on forms" and click "Clear Passwords".
Click "OK".
Change your Internet Banking passwords (both log-in password and transaction password) after your first log-in, and thereafter regularly (at least once in a month).
Your password should be complex and difficult for others to guess. Use letters, numbers and special characters [such as !,@, #,$, %, ^, &,* (, )] in your passwords.
For additional security to financial transactions through Internet Banking, create and maintain different passwords for log-in and for transactions.
If you have more than one Internet Banking user ID, use a different password for each of the user IDs.
Never share your Internet Banking passwords with others, even family members. Do not reveal them to anybody, not even to an ICICI Bank employee.
Always check the last log-in to your Internet Banking account. Log in to icicibankbahrain.com and see the left hand side of the "My Accounts" page to view the date and time of your last log-in.
Contact Us
If you forget your password
If you are unable to log in to your Internet Banking account.
If you notice any suspicious activity on your account.
Please call our Customer Care on +973 17576161 or visit our ICICI Bank Bahrain Branch or email us on


text:
On Sep 12, 9:29*am, "The Ranger" <cuhulain_...@yahoo.com> wrote:
> We were served this recently at a potluck and it was scarfed up! It was
> excellent and, according to the cook, totally easy. From Whole Food's recipe
> archive. She modified it with ground turkey but I plan on using beef and
> pork when I make it for Clan Ranger.
> The Ranger
> ---
> ONE-POT CHILI CASSEROLE....snip
Oh! This will be made soon here for "Miss Jeanine's Kitchen" frequent
offerings to the Marines. Thank you so for sharing. A question: I
will be adding your meat suggestions, but I would (at least) like to
make a double batch. Should there be a change in baking time while
making this in double or possibly triple the ingredients, and in a
large roasting pan such as one may use for roasting a turkey?


text:
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KitchenAid KMT223 2-Slice Motorized Lift Toaster
Product Description
2-Slice Motorized Lift Toaster
KitchenAid's 2-Slice Motorized Lift Toaster features one-touch motorized lift control that raises and lowers bread on demand, even in the middle of a cycle. The extra-wide slots will accept the thickest bagels, breads, or pastries. The racks automatically adjust the slot width for thick or thin slices, keeping food upright for even toasting. The extra-deep, steel toasting cavity ensures even browning. An LCD display remembers the last shading and function set, so everything toasts the same way every time. Plus, the sleek, digital progress bar shows when the toast will be ready.
- Durable all-metal construction
- Extra-wide 1½-inch slots
- Self-centering bread racks
- Durable temperature knob with light/dark indicator
- Keep Warm, Bagel, Defrost, Reheat, and Toast/Cancel buttons
- LCD display with digital progress bar
- Removable crumb tray
- 120 Volts
- 60 Hz
- 2-Slice Toaster
- Removable Crumb Tray
- Manual
|4.8 Pounds
|, Quick Ship
|1 Year hassle-free replacement warranty
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WASHINGTON, D.C. – The American Conservative Union (ACU) today announced its 2013 ACU Ratings of the Ohio General Assembly, honoring the Buckeye State's true conservatives. The nation's oldest and largest grassroots conservative organization began a new initiative to expand the highly touted ACU Congressional Ratings program to state legislatures, grading members on their votes on key conservative issues. The Ohio 2013 State Legislative Ratings guide is now available online at conservative.org.
"On behalf of the American Conservative Union, I am pleased to announce the winners of our 2013 State Legislative Ratings for members of the Ohio General Assembly," said ACU Chairman Al Cardenas. "For 42 years, ACU has set the gold standard for Congressional ratings, and we are now able to offer that same level of transparent information to the voters of Ohio so they can hold their elected officials accountable at the state level as well. The Ohio General Assembly is to be commended for continuing to support broad based tax relief, expansion of school choice and efforts to promote childbirth over abortion and measures to update the voter database to protect the integrity of the ballot in 2013. In 2014, we urge the Senate to take up HB 203 a bill to strengthen Second Amendment rights by giving reciprocity to out of state concealed carry licenses which passed overwhelmingly in the House. We are very disappointed that, through legal maneuvering, the legislature was not allowed to vote on the costly expansion of Medicaid under Obamacare, a key issue for conservatives in states across the country."
In 2011, the American Conservative Union launched a new initiative to bring its annual Ratings of Congress – considered the gold standard of conservative voter education guides – to the state level, issuing inaugural ratings of state legislators in five battleground states: Florida, Nevada, Ohio, Ohio and Virginia. In 2012, ACU graded state legislators in 15 critical states and in 2013, they expanded their ratings to 20 states.
The ACU Ratings of the Ohio General Assembly will include scores for each individual member in both the State Senate and House of Representatives, a description of the votes scored and lists of members receiving special recognition as "Defenders of Liberty," "ACU Conservatives," or "True Liberals of the Buckeye State."
The ACU tracks a wide range of issues before state legislatures to determine which issues and votes serve as a clear litmus test separating those representatives who defend liberty and liberal members who have turned their backs on our founding principles – constitutionally limited government, individual liberty, free markets, and traditional values. The votes selected for Ohio 2013 State Legislative Ratings were chosen to create a clear ideological distinction among those casting them.
The ACU "Defender of Liberty" award goes to those members of the Ohio General Assembly who scored 100 percent on the ACU Ohio 2013 State Legislative Ratings. In the State Senate, recipients are: Bill Coley, Gayle Manning and Bill Seitz.
"Defenders of Liberty" in the House include: Terry Boose, David Hall, Michael Henne, Wes Retherford and Kirk Schuring.
The winners of the "ACU Conservative" award – given to those members who scored 80 percent or higher – in the Senate: Kevin Bacon, Troy Balderson, Bill Beagle, Dave Burke, John Eklund, Keith Faber, Randy Gardner, Cliff Hite, Jim Hughes, Shannon Jones, Kris Jordan, Frank LaRose, Larry Obhof, Scott Oelslager, Tom Patton, Bob Peterson, Tim Schaffer, Joe Uecker and Chris Widener.
"ACU Conservatives" in the House include: Ron Amstutz, Marlene Anielski, Nan Baker, William Batchelder, Peter Beck, John Becker, Andrew Brenner, Jim Buchy, Tony Burkley, Jim Butler, Margaret Conditt, Rex Damschroder, Timothy Derickson, Anthony DeVitis, Mike Dovilla, Doug Green, Bob Hackett, Christina Hagan, Bill Hayes, Brian Hill, Jay Hottinger, Matt Huffman, Terry Johnson, Al Landis, Matt Lynch, Ron Maag, Jeff McClain, Rick Perales, Kristina Roegner, Mark Romanchuk, Cliff Rosenberger, Marilyn Slaby, Ryan Smith, Robert Sprague, Peter Stautberg, Gerald Stebelton, Louis Terhar and Andy Thompson.
The members who scored an atrocious "zero" on the ratings, earning "True Liberals of the Buckeye State" awards, are – in the Senate: Edna Brown, Eric Kearney, Tom Sawyer, Michael Skindell, Shirley Smith, Charleta Tavares and Nina Turner.
The only "True Liberal" in the House is Michael Sheehy.
For more information on the American Conservative Union or to download the full Ohio 2013 State Legislative Ratings Guide, please click here or visit our website at conservative.org.


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Your Pure Water Products countertop water filter (or your double countertop filter) can be used as a siphon filter when no pressurized water source is available. It is just as effective as the most expensive "gravity" filter. All you need is a one-piece conversion kit that is available free for the asking when you purchase the unit. Here's how you do it:
Remove the diverter assembly (the part with the little knob you pull out to make water go through the filter) from the hose. Simply remove the nut that holds it on.
Remove the entire spout assembly from the body of the filter simply by screwing in out of the port. In its place, screw the small quick connect push-in fitting provided, with three feet of plastic tubing attached, into the port.
Put the water to be filtered in an open container at least a foot or so above the top of the countertop filter. Put the "In" tubing (the hose you removed the diverter valve from) well into the container so it can suck water from the container.
Suck Hard on the outlet hose until water comes out into your mouth. It's just like sucking on a soda straw, but you'll have to suck a lot harder, especially if you start with an empty water filter. Courage... you can do it.
When water starts to come out of the tube, quickly place the outlet hose below the bottom of the water filter so that gravity can pull the water through the hose, thus establishing a siphon. If water doesn't keep coming, repeat the process until you get a good connection established.
When you've got a good flow (a fast drip or a small stream), position a clean container to collect the filtered water at least a foot below the bottom of the water filter. Let the filtered water collect in the clean container.
With a ceramic cartridge in your filter, you can expect to produce about one quart of water per hour. With a carbon block filter, production will be faster or slower depending on the tightness of the filter.
To purify non-potable water (e. g., water from a pond or a stream), filter the water as described through a ceramic filter. If a carbon filter is used, the water must be chlorinated. Simply add a couple of capfuls of household bleach to a gallon of water (before filtering), mix well, allow to stand for a few minutes for the chorine to work, then filter through your carbon filter. (The chlorine will kill bacteria in the water, then your carbon filter will remove the chlorine, making good, drinkable water.)
(whole house & well units)