text:
Little, Clarence Cook, Sc.D.(CTR Scientific Director, 1954-1971)
Biographical Information:
Clarence Cook Little was born in Brookline, Massachusetts, on October 6, 1888, and died at the Maine Coast Memorial Hospital on December 22, 1971. During the intervening years, as one obituary put it, Dr. Little "was rarely unembroiled in controversy."
Little was the ultimate Boston Brahmin. His father, James Lovell Little, was the great-grandson of Revolutionary War General Solomon Lovell, who led the ground forces of the ill-fated Penobscot Expedition of 1779. His mother, the former Mary Robbins Revere, was the great-granddaughter of Paul Revere. Revere, in addition to his famed midnight ride, had served as Lovell's chief of artillery during the Penobscot Expedition and been unjustly accused of cowardice. Both families also boasted many other luminaries. James was descended from Mayflower passenger Richard Moore and Mary was the only daughter of Edward Hutchinson Robbins Revere, who had volunteered for the Civil War in his mid-30s and died at Antietam. The marriage of James Lovell Little and Mary Robbins Revere on January 21, 1874, thus represented both a union and a reunion for two of New England's most notable lines.
James Lovell Little had studied architecture at Harvard but quit at the insistence of his father to go into the family business, James L. Little & Company, dry goods commission merchant that represented the Pacific Mills of Lawrence. He proved successful in business, but missed the creativity of architecture and became an avid naturalist in his spare time, breeding cocker and clumber spaniels and dachshunds, and becoming the first American to breed Scottish terriers. When the firm was dissolved in 1883, he essentially retired to devote his time to his avocation. The youngest of his four children became fascinated with his father's hobby and it would shape his life.
Clarence Cook Little received his first pair of pigeons when he was three years old. By the age of seven had received a prize for successfully breeding them and had turned his attention to studying and breeding mice. It was the start of a pursuit that would become a lifelong fascination.
Despite this studious side, there was nothing narrow about the interests of "Pete" Little, as he was known to his friends. By the time he entered Noble and Greenough prep school, he had blossomed into a tall, outgoing athletic young man with a wide range of interests. He remained fascinated by scientific research but also found time to captain the school's track team.
He continued his education at Harvard, where he also demonstrated an impressive breadth of talents and interests. He served as captain of the Harvard track team, capturing the intercollegiate shot put title in 1909 and showing talent as a long jumper, and also belonged to the Hasty Pudding and Dickey clubs. At the same time, his genetic research on mice had begun in earnest.
Little's mentor at Harvard was renowned geneticist William E. Castle. After taking an undergraduate course from Castle in 1907, he expressed an interest in doing research on genetic inheritance in dogs. Castle told him that dogs bred too slowly for an effective study of the question and that he should instead work with mice. It was a pivotal moment in his career. Little retained an interest in dogs and would eventually write a book about canine color inheritance. But mouse research – and the mice themselves – was to become the hallmark of his career, and when he turned his attention to cancer research, he never wavered in his conviction that cancer was genetic in origin and could best be studied by means of mouse research.
Little earned an undergraduate degree in zoology and biology in 1910 and a doctorate of science (Sc. D.) in 1912. On May 27, 1911, he married Katharine Day Andrews of Brookline in front of a "fashionable gathering of well-known Brookline and Back Bay people." The young couple immediately began a family and by 1915, they were the parents of two sons and a daughter. Little also suffered personal loss during these years when both of his parents died in August of 1914.
By this time, Little's research on mice was showing considerable promise. In 1913, he and J. C. Phillips published an article entitled "A Cross Involving Four Pairs of Mendelizing Characters in Mice" in the journal American Naturalist. The following year, he published another article, entitled "A possible Mendelian explanation for a type of inheritance apparently non-Mendelian in nature," in Science.
Little had by this time become convinced that mouse research held the key to unlocking the secrets of heredity and genetics. In particular, as geneticist James F. Crow explains, "Little was ahead of his time in realizing the importance of inbred lines and showed great zeal in developing them. The two most famous lines, still highly popular, came from his early work. The DBA (dilute brown) strain was developed while he was still at Harvard, and the C57BL (black) shortly afterward. The mouse was particularly good for developing inbred lines."
Little was able to establish the value of research on inbred mice when began working with another Harvard researcher named Edward E. Tyzzer. Tyzzer had been studying the acceptance and rejection of tumor transplants in mice, and when the two men joined forces they were able to establish that transplants from inbred mice to hybrid mice were successful, while the reverse transplants were rejected. This was a significant breakthrough and the publication of their results in 1916 announced Little as a rising star in the field of genetics.
While working on his doctorate and raising a colony of mice, Little served as private secretary to Harvard President A. Lawrence Lowell, who was also a native of Brookline and graduate of Noble and Greenough, and a member of the famed Lowell family (his siblings included poet Amy Lowell and astronomer Percival Lowell). After earning his doctorate, Little began doing post-graduate research in comparative pathology at the Harvard Medical School. Meanwhile he was also making a name for himself as a public speaker with the ability to make scientific research accessible to the layman – and to express lively views on a wide variety of topics. In addition, his skill as an administrator earned him an appointment as a dean at Harvard.
During World War I, Little served as a Major in the U.S. Army Signal Corps. He then spent several years doing research at the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory in Long Island. But the lure of academia drew him back and in 1922, Clarence Cook Little accepted the post of President of the University of Maine, making him at thirty-three the nation's youngest university president.
He spent three years in the position, and during these years he again showed a knack for juggling many interests. One of his demands when he accepted the presidency was university funding for a research facility in Bar Harbor, and Little continued to do lab research. As an administrator, he proved innovative, introducing the tradition of freshman week, which proved so successful that it was adopted by many other universities. But he was also outspoken, and he carried on a public feud with Maine Governor Percival B. Baxter over funding for the school.
After three years, Little was named president of the University of Michigan. He was reportedly the youngest man ever to head a major American institute of higher learning and his tenure would prove to be one of the most tumultuous periods in the school's history. From the moment C. C. Little arrived in Ann Arbor in the fall of 1925, he began proclaiming that the sky was falling in. "We cannot train a man in the development of his scholastic powers," he declared in his inaugural address, "in the atmosphere of a veritable Gettysburg of social activities where, after a prolonged artillery preparation of jazz and fast traveling joy rides, a 'Pickett's charge of dates,' and petty but absorbing gossip is in progress. Over-emphasis on the intemperance in automobiles, use of liquor and petting among students of our universities must be stopped because it is not the time or the place to investigate or decide these matters."
The new university president described himself as a friend of intercollegiate athletics. That declaration was hardly a surprise, coming as it did from the onetime captain of the Harvard track team, but his endorsement was curiously tepid. "Eighty thousand watch a football game and less than 500 attend a lecture by the world's greatest living authority on the origin of atolls," Little noted, before adding, "It is not right; it is not just; but it is human nature."
He accepted college sports, he went on to explain, because the alternatives were so much worse. "In the day of the highly explosive mixture of youth, gasoline and liquor borne swiftly on balloon tires to remote retreats; in an era of college comic publications and terpsichorean efforts, skating on the thinnest possible ice of decency," said Little, "it would take Hercules himself to guarantee a fair substitute, and I believe he cheerfully would admit that the Augean Stables were, in comparison, an early season practice game."
Over the next few months, Little continued to express his views on a wide range of social issues. He called enforcement of the country's prohibition laws an "international joke" and threatened to send faculty member to monitor fraternity house activities. He characterized higher education for women as having been unsuccessful. At the annual convention of the Michigan Public Health Association in Lansing, he advocated sterilization "to prevent the mental defectives and children of criminal tendencies from being born." He also favored birth control, declaring, "There is a need to slow down the production of children to a point where the child can be guaranteed proper care and education. To produce to the point where we cannot adequately care for them is un-Christian. … In the slums of some of the big cities the children are worse off than in the so-called barbarous foreign countries. These are dumped out to die or survive and to meet possible mental and moral depravity."
These comments drew widespread press coverage, and Little was deluged with angry letters and protests. But he remained unapologetic and over the next few years, his outspoken ways continued. He frequently reiterated his advocacy of eugenics and birth control. When the state legislature did not appropriate as much money for the University of Michigan as Little expected, he denounced the governor, the legislators, and the "whining taxpayers." When a 1927 car accident killed one student and injured several others, he threatened to ban all undergraduates from using automobiles.
That same year, he told a stunned crowd at the annual meeting of the Association of American Colleges that universities needed to weed out many of their students after two years. "Give the mediocrities," he proposed, "a certificate at the end of two years – and then out with them! There are too many alert and constructive minds among out youth to allow mental loafers and mediocre personalities to continue as students during a full four year period. Recognize that a student whose intense and undying interest in some form of intellectual achievement has not been aroused is a very different type of material from a student who has been aroused. Provide, therefore, at the end of the sophomore year general examinations to determine, in so far as possible, whether permanent interest really has been aroused in the mind of the student. Students failing to show such interest should, except in very unusual cases, be given a certificate for their first two years' work and be discouraged from spending more of their own or the faculty's time on further efforts toward a college education."
Little's campus administration also proved controversial. His efforts to bring in new faculty members ruffled feathers and led to a number of departures. There was also opposition on campus to some of his other projects, including his plans to launch a ten-year program of alumni activity, to open a new college, and to make a tax survey of the state.
Within three years, the perpetual storm of controversy surrounding the outspoken Little had had a polarizing effect. "His emphatic views," noted one reporter, "have divided the campus. One group is as vigorously pro-Little as the other is hostile. Few took a middle ground."
The end of his tenure came shortly after the Washtenaw Tribune ran an article predicting an "exodus" of prominent faculty members if Little's presidency continued. Just as ominously, the article noted that the board of regents had grown tired of the school being "much in the public eye" as the result of the "rather iconoclastic views" of its president. Under pressure, Little presented his resignation to the board on January 21, 1929, effective at the end of the school year.
Typically, though, he did not leave Ann Arbor quietly. Five hundred students attended a banquet to pay tribute to the departing president, who told them, "A few stones have been cast at this concrete head of mine but they have bounced off. No damage has been done and if I have been able to stir in you a spirit of opposition to blind acceptance of old ideas, I am happy." Little also delivered the commencement address to that year's class of graduates and used it to urge them to breathe "the dawn wind of adventure as well as the gasoline vapor of a dulled civilization." He also used the forum to express his views on a wide range of topical matters, including making another appeal for birth control and eugenics. At the end of his final speech as the school's president, "the 5,000 Michigan men and women who jammed the auditorium roared their approval."
Clarence Cook Little's departure from Ann Arbor also saw the end of another phase of his life. Throughout his stay in Michigan, rumors had swirled that he was having an affair with a student. In June of 1929, Little sued for a divorce from his wife of eighteen years. According to his petition, his wife had refused to live with him for the past ten years. Once the divorce was finalized, Little was remarried to Beatrice Johnson in 1930 and the union produced two more children.
When the school year ended, Dr. Little returned to Bar Harbor, Maine, and plunged back into genetic research. During his time in Michigan, Little had made many rich and influential friends, among them Edsel Ford and Hudson Motor Car head Roscoe B. Jackson. The two men were among the many prominent donors who helped fund a new laboratory to be headed by Little. Before it could open, Jackson was killed in an automobile accident and accordingly the research facility was named the Roscoe B. Jackson Memorial Laboratory.
When the laboratory opened in the fall of 1929, it appeared the funding was in place for Little to do what he had dreamed of: heading a team of scientists that would penetrate the mysteries of the genetic code and help eradicate diseases like cancer. He hired a staff of seven scientists who shared his vision for the new laboratory. According to James Crow, "[Little] left each researcher free to sink or swim and, although he occasionally gave advice or criticism, for the most part his policy was one of benign neglect. Although the researchers worked separately, there was nonetheless a policy that all the work was to be discussed openly. The Laboratory members were very close socially; for example, they had a monthly party in which all, with their families, participated."
At the same time, Little had accepted a half-time position as managing director of the American Society for Control of Cancer (ASCC), the predecessor of the American Cancer Society. The ASCC had its headquarters in New York City, so Little began commuting there from Maine for several days each week. It was a brutal schedule, but the kind of challenge on which he thrived. More important, he was now in position to search for the cure to cancer and to raise much-needed awareness of the disease and of the need for research.
A chirpy article in Time magazine on October 21, 1929, neatly captured the optimism that greeted his arrival in Bar Harbor and New York City. "Everywhere that Dr. Clarence Cook Little (Sc. D.) goes," it proclaimed, "there go his mice and Scotch terriers."
Within a few days of the publication of the Time article, however, the most devastating stock market crash in the nation's history occurred. As the initial crash turned into a prolonged depression, much of the new laboratory's promised funding evaporated. The Bar Harbor researchers who had anticipated an idyllic atmosphere in which they could probe scientific mysteries, instead were asked to go fishing once a week so as to have enough to eat. Little, in addition to shuttling back and forth between Maine and New York, began spending all his time searching for funding at a time when nobody had a dime to spare.
The Jackson Memorial Laboratory survived the worst of the depression, in part because of the hard work and perseverance of its staff, and in part because of the emergence of a new business model. It began selling the strains of inbred mice it had developed to other research institutions, a practice that helped the laboratory survive the Depression and that became very profitable after the 1938 formation of the National Cancer Institute. Staff members began to refer to the laboratory as "Mousetown" and by the end of World War II more than 9,000 mice were being shipped from Bar Harbor to facilities all over the world.
The laboratory was also gaining an international reputation as a training ground where young scientists came to gain insights into cancer formation. Some of them stayed a few years and moved on, but others were charmed by the setting and never left. Immunogeneticist George D. Snell joined the staff in 1935 and did groundbreaking research on histocompatibility that helped make tissue and organ transplants viable. Snell remained at the laboratory until his retirement in 1969, and was still living in Bar Harbor in 1980 when he was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine.
The husband and wife team of Elizabeth and William Russell arrived in Bar Harbor in 1937. In compliance with nepotism rules, only William was hired to work at the laboratory, but Elizabeth was given lab space and began making important discoveries about tumorigenesis. After a decade in Bar Harbor, the Russells divorced and William moved to the Oak Ridge National Laboratory, where he used his knowledge of mice to conduct large-scale radiation studies. Elizabeth Russell, however, remained in Maine and was finally officially added to the staff at Jackson. While raising four children as a single mother, she also found time to publish a major four-part histological study that pinpointed the mouse's individual phenotypes. She remained in Bar Harbor until reaching the mandatory retirement age of 65, and even then continued to do active research as an emeritus staff member until shortly before her death in 2001.
Little, meanwhile, continued to match the energy of his staff, as he juggled his time between the pastoral beauty of Bar Harbor and the bustle of New York City. As managing director of the American Society for Control of Cancer, his charm and charisma helped him raise funds and garner much-needed public understanding of the disease and appreciation of the need for more research. Myths about cancer still abounded, and there were still many "cancerphobes" who believed the subject could not be discussed in polite society. Little was just the man to lead efforts to change the way Americans thought about cancer.
The most notable initiative was the Women's Field Army, organized in 1936 by ASCC field representative Marjorie G. Illig. Members of this army began to wage a metaphorical war on cancer, donning khaki uniforms that included insignia of rank, and taking to the streets to raise money and educate the public about the symptoms of cancer. It proved enormously successful – according to Little, "In 1935 there were 15,000 people active in cancer control throughout the United States. At the close of 1938, there were ten times that number."
A man whose family history contained as much military glory as Little did not use a term like "Army" lightly. Little saw his mission in precisely those terms, explaining to Time magazine, "It will be a great fight – a war worth waging. … perhaps whatever ancestral desire I have to explore the unknown is appealed to be the research work and the wish to be a 'crusader,' which almost all of us have, is given to express itself. … I believe that Americans will be happier and saner if they combine in fighting a scourge like cancer than they will be if they continue to fight each other for money and power."
Little also changed the makeup of the ASCC, which had previously been dominated by scientists. Recognizing that the most pressing need was to make cancer understandable to the public, advertising genius Albert Lasker and his wife Mary were added to the board. Ironically, one of Lasker's best-known campaigns had been for Lucky Strike cigarettes, but the relationship between smoking and cancer was not yet even suspected and the Laskers were passionate about finding a cure for cancer. The ASCC hired a publicist for the first time and Little's own communication skills also proved valuable explaining complex scientific matters to the lay reader. He wrote several pamphlets that dispelled some popular myths about cancer, and in 1939 he published a book entitled Civilization Against Cancer that would come to be considered "a classic for the layman."
Clarence Cook Little's views about the origins of cancer were more complex. He was ahead of many scientists in recognizing that cancer was not the result of a germ or virus, noting perceptively in 1933 that it seemed instead to begin with "some as yet mysterious 'derangement' within a single body cell." He also acknowledged that the disease could not be solely hereditary in origin, and at first was willing to consider many possible factors. In a 1944 ASCC pamphlet, he wrote that there was no conclusive evidence linking cigarettes to lung cancer, but added, "it would seem unwise to fill the lungs repeatedly with a suspension of fine particles of tobacco product … It is difficult to see how such particles can be prevented from becoming lodged in the walls of the lung and when so located how can they avoid providing a certain amount of irritation."
Yet as the years went by, Little grew increasingly stubborn about maintaining that cancer was caused by a genetic disorder. In the face of mounting evidence that smoking played a pivotal role in the development of cancer mounted, he insisted that such external factors merely exploited an inherited vulnerability. He became just as adamant that the solution to cancer would be found by a scientist doing genetic research in a laboratory – a place, in short, like the Roscoe B. Jackson Memorial Laboratory.
At the same time, his successes at the American Society for Control of Cancer were starting to be overshadowed by controversy. Little remained as outspoken as ever, continuing to advocate eugenics and euthanasia and becoming a founding director of the National Society for the Legalization of Euthanasia and the Race Betterment Congress. In 1936, he even went so far as to thank "the gentlemen who rule Italy, Japan, and Germany for demonstrating that a program of stimulating population is a program of war."
Nor did Little shy away from alienating his would-be allies in his war against cancer. He often attacked doctors, once saying of the state of cancer diagnosis, "In no other sector of medicine has this black art been developed to such a high degree of plausible treachery." His relationships with his board members also began to deteriorate. In 1944, the ASCC board decided that the organization was now far too big to be run by a part-time director and told Little to choose between Bar Harbor and New York City. To nobody's surprise, Pete Little returned to Maine.
When the Second World War ended, the laboratory began to flourish and it expanded to include nineteen researchers. But everything changed on October 23, 1947, when a sudden wind change caused a Maine brush fire to spiral out of control. Fire raced through the Jackson Laboratories, leveling a number of buildings and killing nearly all of the mice.
Some staff members and trustees believed it was time to move the laboratory to another location, but Little insisted that it remain in Bar Harbor and he prevailed. The longstanding practice of selling mice to other research facilities proved a saving grace, as it meant that few mice strains were permanently lost. Russell led a successful effort to reassemble the many strains and before long "Mousetown" was busier than ever. Within five years of the catastrophic fire, the research staff had nearly doubled.
As he approached retirement age, C. C. Little showed no interest in spending his golden years in leisure. So in 1954 he agreed to become the scientific director of the Tobacco Industry Research Committee (TIRC), a newly created organization that was funded by the tobacco industry. Many were shocked by the news that a longtime leader in the war on cancer was willing to accept such a post. "It seems astonishing to me," wrote cancer researcher Evarts Graham, "that a man of his eminence in the field of cancer and genetics would condescend to take a position like that." But in the context of Little's career, it wasn't really that surprising.
By this time, America was facing an epidemic of deaths from lung cancer, a disease that had been all but unknown when Little began his career. Increasingly, researchers were turning their attention to cigarettes as the cause of the disease, and many of the studies were being done with mice from Bar Harbor. To Little, this seemed a disastrous wrong turn in the war on cancer that seemed to negate everything for which he had worked.
So Little initially accepted a position on the Scientific Advisory Board, apparently seeing this as an opportunity to ensure that the type of research he believed in would again receive funding. When offered the chance to instead become the scientific director of the new organization, he must have felt that this was his chance to again become a leader in the war on cancer.
From the perspective of big tobacco, Little "filled the bill perfectly." In that year's Frank Statement, the industry had pledged to provide money to thoroughly investigate the allegations being made about their products. C. C. Little was a man whose distinguished scientific credentials convinced skeptics of the legitimacy of the TIRC. Respected New York Times science writer Waldemar Kaempffert, for example, proclaimed Little "an eminent geneticist, a type of scientist who has the courage to face facts and to state them" and concluded that his hiring proved that the industry was committed to the "impartial investigation" it had promised. Little also had a strong predisposition to direct research funds into very different areas.
It soon became clear just how committed he was to those convictions. At the press conference to announce his hiring, Little declared himself to be "an ultraconservative about cause and effect." In the years to come, he never wavered in his convictions. He retracted his 1944 comments about the dangers of allowing tobacco particles to enter the lungs and now asserted that there was no convincing evidence that smoking caused lung disease and even maintained that, "tobacco has relaxed a great many people. It is a very good therapy for a great many nervous people."
He even tried to present his new position as another crusade, writing that, "If those of us on the Board have the wisdom and vision to plan creatively … the tobacco industry will have made its greatest contribution of service to mankind and may well establish a precedent or pattern which other industries will follow. Should this occur, the stability and development of basic research in a democracy will be assured on a foundation of nonpolitical support, unselfish and idealistic in concept and execution."
Paralleling his early days at the American Society for Control of Cancer, he returned to New York City to undertake what he saw as a dual function of advancing research and educating the public. "Essentially, the major purposes of the T. I. R. C.," he wrote in a 1955 memo, "are Research and Public Relations. Our job is to maintain a balance between the two."
The tobacco industry, however, quickly realized that a venerable scientist like Little could be very valuable to their interests but that he was not the man to lead a challenging and crucial public relations campaign. So within a few years of the founding of the TIRC, a separate organization known as the Tobacco Institute was created to respond to the growing public relations nightmare. As one industry attorney put it, "the creation of a separate organization for public information was hit upon as a way of keeping Little inviolate and untainted in his ivory tower while giving a new group a little more freedom of action in the public relations field."
Clarence Cook Little played that role for the next fifteen years and he did so with characteristic unwaveringness. As epidemiological evidence of a link between smoking and lung cancer mounted, and as the surgeon general and other public health officials issued warnings, Little continued to lend his name and reputation to the industry's contention that there was merely a "controversy" and no scientific proof of causation. The TIRC routinely declined to fund epidemiological research and Little led the industry's attack on the validity of epidemiological findings.
Little's disdain for epidemiology was not uncommon at the time, but other funding decisions were much harder to justify. Despite Little's background in mouse research, the TIRC declined to fund animal studies, since Little contended that the results would not be applicable to humans. Prospective research on the composition of tobacco smoke was also rejected. Instead, as the years went by, the TIRC began to appear committed to funding only research that could not possibly produce results that would damage the tobacco industry. Eventually even Philip Morris research director Helmut Wakeham complained that "much of the grant work has little or no relevance to smoking and health, in my opinion."
Clarence Little's comments about smoking also became increasingly difficult to rationalize as the views of an objective man of science. In 1957, with many cigarette advertisements implying that filters lessened the risk of disease, Little testified before Congress that he neither knew nor cared whether filters provided any such protection. In 1960, the TIRC's annual report was entitled "Causation Theory of Smoking Unproved" and contained the bizarre assertion that "the tobacco theory is rapidly losing much of the unique importance claimed by its adherents at its original announcement."
The TIRC changed its name to the Council for Tobacco Research (CTR) in 1964 but Little remained in charge and its course wasn't altered in the slightest, even by the Surgeon General's landmark report of that same year. By this time, however, even many within the industry were becoming weary of Little's intransigence. Brown & Williamson chief counsel Addison Yeaman suggested in an internal memo that the Surgeon General's Report should result in a new course: "One would suppose we would not repeat Dr. Little's oft repeated 'not proven.' One would hope the industry would act affirmatively and not merely react defensively." Even TIRC/CTR Scientific Advisory Board member Paul Kotin eventually concluded that Little and industry executives "knew the real relationship, and they were denying it."
Clarence Cook Little was 75 when the 1964 Surgeon General's Report was released and over the next few years his role at the Council for Tobacco Research decreased steadily. It is not entirely clear whether his health was declining, whether the industry had decided he had lost his value as a scientific spokesman, or whether some combination of these and other factors led to him gradually fading from the public scene. He continued to serve as the CTR's Scientific Director for several more years, but eventually returned to Maine. On December 22, 1971, he suffered a heart attack and died at the Maine Coast Memorial Hospital at the age of 83. It marked the end of an eventful and tumultuous life.
Allan M. Brandt, The Cigarette Century: The Rise, Fall and Deadly Persistence of the Product that Defined America (New York: Basic Books, 2007).
"Athletics Find Friend in New Michigan Head," Chicago Tribune, November 3, 1925, 19.
"Calls Enforcement Joke: Michigan University Head Advises Business-like Survey of
Rum War Resources," Los Angeles Times, December 11, 1925, 1..
"Cancer Army," Time, March 22, 1937.
James F. Crow, "C. C. Little, Cancer and Inbred Mice," Genetics, Vol. 161, 1357-1361, August 2002.
"College Head Sees To Much Petting: Overshadows Scholastic Aims, Says Michigan's New President; Supports Present Athletic System; Thinks It Is the Only Cure for 'Over-Emphasis Placed on Jazz," Hartford Courant, November 3, 1925, 24.
"Dare to Think for Yourself, Dr. Little Urges," Chicago Tribune, June 17, 1929, 31.
"Dr. C. C. Little Inducted Sixth Michigan Head," Christian Science Monitor, November 2, 1925, 1.
"Dr. Little Accepts Birth Control Post," New York Times, January 24, 1936.
"Dr. Little Explains Resignation Here," New York Times, February 16, 1929, 36.
"Edict of Little on Liquor Stirs Michigan Frats," Chicago Tribune, December 17, 1925, 10.
"Five Honorary Members: Harvard Hone Men Chosen From Class of '10 to Phi Beta Kappa Alpha of Massachusetts," Boston Globe, February 27, 1910, 7.
"James L. Little and Wife Both Dead; Latter Was in a Serious Condition Some Days; Husband, Member of an Old Boston Family, Stricken Suddenly," Boston Globe, August 22, 1914, 9.
Richard Kluger, Ashes to Ashes: America's Hundred-Year Cigarette War and the Unabashed Triumph of Philip Morris (New York: Vintage Books, 1996).
"Little to Captain Harvard Athletics," New York Times, June 5, 1909, 7.
"Littles Lived Apart Ten Years, His Bill Says," Chicago Tribune, June 27, 1929, 1.
"Michigan University Head Insists on Dry Act Respect," Christian Science Monitor, December 17, 1925, 1.
"Outline of Deposition of Clarence Cook Little Taken on Behalf of Plaintiffs on November 3, 1959," (http://tobaccodocuments.org/tplp/ATMXPRIV00013038-3041.html).
K. Paigen, "One Hundred Years of Mouse Genetics: An Intellectual History. I. The Classical Period (1902-1980)," Genetics, January 1, 2003; 163(1): 1-7.
"Preparatory League Indoor Meet Promises to Be a Big Success," Boston Globe, February 19, 1906, 2.
"Prexies Lament High Pressure College Lives," Chicago Tribune, January 14, 1927, 3.
"Regent Upholds Free Speech of University Head," Los Angeles Times, December 16, 1925, 1.
"Reports Dr. Little Will Quit Michigan," New York Times, January 21, 1929, 14.
"Student Autos May Be Barred at Michigan U.," Chicago Tribune, April 24, 1927, 20.
"University Head Asks Limit on Population: Children of Slums Declared Worse Off Than Savages by Dr. C. C. Little," Washington Post, November 19, 1925, 3.
"University Head Who Urged Birth Control Warned," Los Angeles Times, November 30, 1925, 13.
"Urges Sterilization of Mental Defectives: University of Michigan President Also Advocates Birth Control for Poor," New York Times, November 19, 1925, 18.
Alden Whitman, "Stirred Controversy Often," New York Times, December 23, 1971, 28.
For More Biographical Information:
American National Biography. 24 volumes. Edited by John A. Garraty and Mark C. Carnes. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999. (AmNatBi).
Biography Index. A cumulative index to biographical material in books and magazines. Volume 2: August, 1949-August, 1952. New York: H.W. Wilson Co., 1953. (BioIn 2).
Biography Index. A cumulative index to biographical material in books and magazines. Volume 3: September, 1952-August, 1955. New York: H.W. Wilson Co., 1956. (BioIn 3).
Biography Index. A cumulative index to biographical material in books and magazines. Volume 9: September, 1970-August, 1973. New York: H.W. Wilson Co., 1974. (BioIn 9).
Biography Index. A cumulative index to biographical material in books and magazines. Volume 11: September, 1976-August, 1979. New York: H.W. Wilson Co., 1980. (BioIn 11).
Chambers Biographical Dictionary. Sixth edition. Edited by Melanie Parry. New York: Larousse Kingfisher Chambers, 1997. (ChamBiD).
Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Volumes 17-18, Supplement II. Edited by Frederic L. Holmes. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1990. (DcScB S2).
Larousse Dictionary of Scientists. Edited by Hazel Muir. New York: Larousse, 1994. (LarDcSc).
The Oxford Companion to Medicine. Two volumes. Edited by John Walton, Paul B. Beeson, and Ronald Bodley Scott. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, 1986. (OxCMed).
Random House Webster's Dictionary of Scientists. New York: Random House, 1997. (RanHWDS).
Key Publications:
LITTLE, C. C. and E. E. TYZZER, 1916 Further experimental studies on the inheritance of susceptibility to a transplantable carcinoma (JA) of the Japanese waltzing mouse. J. Med. Res. 33:393-427.
LITTLE, C. C. (1913) and Phillips, J. C., "A Cross Involving Four Pairs of Mendelizing Characters in Mice," Am. Nat., Vol. 47, pp. 760-762.
LITTLE, C. C., 1914 "A possible Mendelian explanation for a type of inheritance apparently non-Mendelian in nature," Science 40:904-906.
LITTLE, C. C., 1957 The Inheritance of Coat Color in Dogs. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY.
LITTLE , CLARENCE COOK, Civilization Against Cancer, Farrar & Rinehart (1939).
Synonyms*Cook-Little, Clarence (see Litt
*Little, C.C.
*Little, Clarence


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Mark Workman
Inducted 1994
Written by Greg Walker
The late Mark Workman was possibly the best-shooting center ever to play Mountaineer basketball.
Workman was born March 10, 1930, at Logan. He lived there until the 10th grade when he moved to Charleston to prep at Charleston High School. Workman was a two-sport star at Charleston High and led the Mountain Lions to the West Virginia basketball state title as a junior, despite the fact that his coach initially thought he was too tall to play.
He also lettered in track, where he threw the shot put, javelin and discus. Upon graduation, local car dealers gave the personable Workman a Chrysler New Yorker in order make the drive to Morgantown. His was the first automobile in the Workman family.
The 6-8 center lettered for the Mountaineers from 1950-52, scoring 1,553 career points for a 20.4 point-per-game average under the direction of WVU head coach Robert N. "Red" Brown. His top scoring performance was a 50-point outburst against Salem College in 1951. He also scored 48 points against Washington & Jefferson and 44 points against George Washington. He still holds the WVU single-game records for field goals (22), free throws (17) and points in a half (37) and holds four of the top 10 WVU scoring marks.
One of Workman's greatest accomplishments was winning the Basketball Writers Association Gold Star Award as the outstanding visiting player in the state of New York for the 1951-52 season. The Mountaineer center led WVU to wins over New York University (100-75) and Niagara (74-71). Even more impressive, Workman won the award the year after the New York press had labelled him "the Galloping Goon from West Virginia."
A first team All-America selection in 1952 by AP, UPI, Look and the Helms Foundation, he finished third in the nation in scoring as a junior (26.1) and sixth among the national scoring leaders as a senior (23.1), while averaging 17.5 rebounds per game. Workman was just the third All-American in WVU history.
Immediately following his college days, Workman went on a tour of Europe with the Harlem Globetrotters. He then returned to the states to play professional basketball with the Milwaukee Hawks, the Philadelphia Warriors and the Baltimore Bullets from 1952-54.
After his playing days were over, Workman became a salesman and was, in part, responsible for bringing bowling to the Orient as a representative of the Brunswick Bowling Company. He later moved to Florida where he worked as a salesman for a mining company, but his true love in the Sunshine State was fishing.
Workman was inducted into the West Virginia Sports Writers Hall of Fame in 1974. He passed away December 21, 1983, in Bradenton, Fla. He is survived by his wife Jane, and his sister Janice Clark of Knoxville, Tenn.

subset: commoncrawl


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Freeze Your Own
Your freezer is a powerful tool that can help you eat healthier. Doubling a recipe or cooking ahead of time, then freezing the prepared dish, is a great way to take advantage of abundant ingredients and to enjoy your own home-cooked favorites without sacrificing convenience.
Here are a few tips for the tastiest results:
- Freezing simply preserves the food; it won't improve its texture, flavor or quality. To get good-quality food out, put good-quality food in.
- After you cook the food you're planning to freeze, cool it quickly to keep it safe.
- Package the food securely in a container (or wrapping) that's designed for the freezer, in an amount that you'll be able to reheat and use at one time.
- Label each package with the name of the dish and the date it went into the freezer. If you can, include the number of servings and any special instructions — especially if you're freezing food for another family member or a friend.
- As soon as it's packaged and sealed, place the food in the coldest part of your freezer until it's frozen solid, then use it within a few months.
Take Today's Step and download the useful Guide to Freezing Prepared Foods (PDF) from the University of Georgia Cooperative Extension Service — it includes a handy chart with these and other detailed tips for successfully freezing all kinds of foods. What will you make…and freeze? Share your ideas in Comments below!
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Our IT infrastructure was creating business issues, which were affecting our users worldwide. Insite took the time to understand our business, stabilised our infrastructure and drastically improved service levels. Insite is now trusted to provide "around the clock" second & third line support for our global users.Toby Osborne
Financial Director, Czarnikow Group
Insite provides mission critical support & hosts our core business application, Microsoft Dynamics AX. We have a great working relationship with the Insite team and trust them to ensure the application is always available.Barry Robinson
IT Director, Norland Managed Services
GLL is the largest operator of public sports and leisure facilities within London, managing over 65 centres across the region. Our services operate seven days a week and have 20 million visits per annum, so we need IT services that are responsive and robust. Our chosen partner is Insite and they have been an important and trusted part of our business continuity and success.Peter Bundey
Deputy Managing Director, GLL
Insite specified and implemented the infrastructure required for our rollout of Dynamics AX, 2009 edition, including a comprehensive DR solution. Tarmac Building Products relies on Insite to provide 24 x 365 support to ensure there are no interruptions to our business. I would certainly recommend Insite to anyone considering Dynamics AX Managed or Private Cloud services.Mark Skidmore
IT Infrastructure Manager, Tarmac Building Products


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Ion Torrent Reduces Systematic Sequencing Error by 90 Percent, Cuts Template Preparation Time by More than Five-Fold with Breakthrough Technologies
Customers can get access to the Ion Hi-Q™ Sequencing Chemistry and the Ion Isothermal Amplification Chemistry at the Technology Access Program section of the
"We wanted to give scientists immediate access to these two technologies because of the magnitude of the performance improvements in sequencing accuracy and in template preparation time," said
Ion Hi-Q™ Sequencing Chemistry
The new Ion Hi-Q™ Sequencing Chemistry reduces consensus insertion and deletion (indel) errors, including homopolymer errors, by 90 percent across 400 base pair read lengths on the Ion PGM™ system, resulting in higher data quality. The increased accuracy is due to breakthrough sequencing chemistry, including a new DNA polymerase that decreases indel errors. The accuracy level is maintained across long read libraries making it ideal for applications like microbial de novo assembly or targeted sequencing of long regions.
"This is clearly a major advancement," said Dr.
Data from Dr. Harmsen's Nature Biotechnology publication showed that the Ion platform performed significantly better than competitors on SNP identification and that its primary error mode was with insertions and deletions. This new Hi-Q™ chemistry demonstrates that the Ion Torrent platform can reliably detect difficult frameshift mutations.
The Ion Hi-Q™ Sequencing Chemistry will be available through the Technology Access Program in November for Ion PGM™ customers and is expected to launch in
Ion Isothermal Amplification Chemistry
Formerly known as Avalanche, this new, single-tube chemistry delivers isothermal amplification of 500 bp library templates in as little as 30 minutes. The complete template preparation process takes just two hours, and will enable the industry's fastest benchtop sequencing workflow, by far.
The Ion Isothermal Amplification Chemistry will be available in Technology Access in November.
The performance noted is from early collaborations and may be refined prior to official product launch.
Some products may have not been released and are subject to change without notice.
Ion Torrent products are For Research Use Only, Not for use in diagnostic procedures
This press release includes forward-looking statements about our anticipated results that involve risks and uncertainties. Some of the information contained in this press release, including, but not limited to, statements as to industry trends and
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November 12, 2013
Dr. Saliba Sarsar received the Award for Academic Excellence
Fifteen students joined President Brown for the simulcast performance of Tosca
October 29, 2013
Provost Pearson and Professor Wang attend 60th year celebration at Nanjing University of Science and Technology (NUST).
October 21, 2013
Life Through Hope
October 18, 2013
The internship positions ranged from a business applications developer in Hershey, Pennsylvania, to a Research Experience for Undergraduates (REU) at Oregon State University.
October 10, 2013
Preserving Pets "FUREVER
September 26, 2013
During her visit, the First Lady received a donation of over 13,000 books for the people of Tanzania from the Monmouth University Library.
September 18, 2013
Ray Bradbury's "Fahrenheit 451" lights up the stage at Monmouth U
September 11, 2013
A Reading by Katie Ford
September 05, 2013
Shored Up
August 28, 2013
Professor of History Julius Adekunle was featured in the Asbury Park Press on August 23.
August 23, 2013
President Brown was featured in the Star Ledger on August 23.
August 20, 2013
Monmouth U. Presented with a Citation of Excellence and Designated as a Major Presenting and Service Organization
August 02, 2013
Axe Masters Williams, Shimabukuro Make a Monmouth U Debut
Josh Ritter Makes Tracks for a Monmouth U Debut


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The Ongoing TBTF Argument
Do Regulators Really Have the Power to Let Banks Fail?
American Banker
Fifty-seven percent of respondents said no.
Bipartisan Policy Center Launches Financial Regulatory Reform Initiative
Bipartisan Policy Center
Initiative to develop credible and politically achievable reforms that address consumer and taxpayer protection and promote open and competitive financial markets.
A Simpler Way to End Too Big to Fail
A fee would be better. Banks would be less likely to overborrow if they knew they would be charged a fee for every dollar of non-deposit liability. Such a levy would also bring money into the federal government at a time of fiscal strain.
Barney Frank Releases Staff Analysis of How the Wall Street Reform Law Addresses "Too Big to Fail"
Committee on Financial Services Democrats
Claims that taxpayers will bear the cost of an Orderly Liquidation similarly are not based on the statute, which explicitly rules out the possibility that taxpayers ultimately will lose money.24 First, the FDIC and the United States are the first creditors in line for repayment from the proceeds of the sale of the firms assets.
Does Dodd-Frank Legislation End Too Big to Fail?
On the one hand, Moodys sees the resolution plan in Dodd-Frank ending too big to fail by forcing creditors at the bank holding companies to take losses. On the other hand, it sees the regulators practically enshrining it in law by offering support to the operating company creditors.
Financial Stability Regulation - speech by Fed Gov. Daniel Tarullo
Federal Reserve
Tthere would be merit in its adopting a simpler policy instrument, rather than relying on indirect, incomplete policy measures such as administrative calculation of potentially complex financial stability footprints. The idea along these lines that seems to have the most promise would limit the non-deposit liabilities of financial firms to a specified percentage of U.S. gross domestic product, as calculated on a lagged, averaged basis. In addition to the virtue of simplicity, this approach has the advantage of tying the limitation on growth of financial firms to the growth of the national economy and its capacity to absorb losses, as well as to the extent of a firm's dependence on funding from sources other than the stable base of deposits.
Dodd Frank Anniversary Poll: Three Out Of Four Voters Favor Strong Oversight Of Wall Street
Lake Research
Financial reforms enacted in response to the financial meltdown remain popular with Americans likely to vote in 2012.
The Dodd-Frank Act and the Persistence of Too Big To Fail
The Financial Services Committee
If we judge the Dodd-Frank Act on whether it ends too big to fail and whether it ends bailouts, we have no choice but to conclude that the Dodd-Frank Act is a failure.


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December 20, 2014
News Release: GEMA
June 23, 2014
This week is Lightning Safety Week (June 22-28) and the Georgia Emergency Management Agency's Ready Georgia campaign is encouraging residents to be prepared for severe thunderstorms and lightning.
One week ago the campaign unveiled an upgraded version of its mobile app, which is a great tool to help people stay informed about summer's severe weather. The free app, available for both iPhone and Android devices, includes geo-targeted severe weather and emergency alerts, a checklist of emergency supplies, a map of open shelters, access to live traffic maps, and much more.
In addition to downloading the mobile app, Ready Georgia recommends the following tips for staying safe during a lightning storm:
For more information, visit www.ready.ga.gov.
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|Book Tour
|Sample Readings
|About Carl
Saturn devouring one of his sons, Goya, pg. 166, You and the Universe
We are all Saturn's children in that our mortal bodies are eventually devoured by father time and our psyches by our parents' shadows, the latter to the extent to which we do not fight for the light with which—and to which—we were born. Saturn, however, is not only our devourer but our liberator, if, while we live, we learn to bow our will to the way the world is, or more precisely, to who and what we are. And the dialogue between knowing who we are and creating who we are is a life in the dominion of time.
Saturn symbolizes our crucifixion in a world of time and space: immortal spirit bound in a mortal, dying body. Dylan Thomas' Fern Hill poignantly expresses one human experience of Saturn:
"Oh as I was young and easy in the mercy of his means,
Time held me green and dying
Though I sang in my chains like the sea."
The first race of gods were the Titans: Gaia and Uranus, and their children Kronos (Saturn), Rhea (Kronos' wife), Oceanus, Tethys (Oceanus' wife, mother to the 3000 ocean nymphs), Hyperion (Light, an early Sun god), Thea (mated with Hyperion, bore Helios, Eos, and Selene), Mnemosyne (memory, mother of the Muses), Themis (Justice and Order, mother of the Fates and the Seasons by Zeus), Iapetus (father of Prometheus, Epimetheus, Menoetius and Atlas), Coeus (intelligence), Phoebe (the Moon, Coeus' wife, mother of Leto), Leto (mother of Apollo and Artemis by Zeus), Crius (father of Pallas, Perses and Astraios), Prometheus (Forethought, the wisest; molded the human race out of clay), Epimetheus (Afterthought), Atlas, and Metis (Mercury). After Kronos took the throne from Uranus, the Golden age of Man, a time of harmony and prosperity, ensued. According to Greek legend, during this period man lived in a paradise like the garden of Eden, without greed, violence, toil, or the need for laws.
This unfortunately did not last forever. When Kronos was about to slay his own father Uranus, it was prophesied that his son would in turn someday depose him. To keep this from being fulfilled, Kronos swallowed his children as they were born. The rest of the story was already told in the Jupiter-Zeus-Jove page, but at the end of the Age of Heroes Zeus released the Titans, making Kronos king of the Elysian Isles to rule over the shades of the Heroes.
The Roman gods are often corrupted or different versions of their Greek counterparts. The Romans compared the Greek Kronos with their corn-god, Saturn, although a monthly festival to celebrate the harvest was held in Athens in honor of Kronos. Pictures of Kronos depict him carrying a sickle, used both to gather the harvest and to castrate his father.
This Saturn-Kronos-Cronus Mythology page and much of this 550-page website are taken from the personalized Fine Art Book You and the Universe.
|Book Tour
|Sample Readings
|About Carl
Pages 2 and 3 from your Astrology Reading in the Fine Art Book You and the Universe
Covers for the personalized
Fine Art Book
You and the Universe.
The author, his instruments, poetry, awards, reviews and horoscope charts.
© Carl Woebcke: Saturn-Kronos-Cronus Mythology, 1991-2014. All rights reserved.


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What's NewFixed a crash for you guys. Enjoy!
App DescriptionWho loves challenging word puzzles??
Don't be blinded by their incredible beauty! Angie and her amazing crew of women are the among the toughest puzzle masters you will ever meet!
Dozens of levels! And although you'll probably never even pass level 10, you will never have more fun failing miserably :-D
Download it now!
App Changes
November 30, -0001 Initial Release


text: This is baked mineral powder. It is the best bronzer I've used so far. MSF is Mineralized SkinFinish You can get it in several other shades which can be used as blus, higliter or bronzer. I've chosen So Ceylon, because is light bronze colour with very fine shimmer. Although it seems to be very pigmented, it is not. It gives ...Read More »


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You can adjust how much space is between lines of text. If you'd like more or less space between lines throughout a document, or in a selected area of text, such as in a letter address, it's easy to change the spacing.
To change the line spacing for an entire document, you need to select all the text in the document by pressing CTRL+A. To change line spacing for a single paragraph, you can just place the insertion point inside the text; you don't have to select the text.
Then, on the Home tab, in the Paragraph group, click Line Spacing . A check mark in the list tells you what the current line spacing is. Click the new line spacing you want.
Click Play to see how different line spacing will look in the press release.
Tip If you end up with too much space between paragraphs, look for extra paragraph marks in between paragraphs. Delete the extra paragraph marks to get rid of the extra space. To show or hide formatting marks, on the Home tab, in the Paragraph group, click the Show/Hide button.


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Not just anyone can become a truly wretched addict -- it's far too strenuous. Enduring the sexual humiliations, daily vomiting, ruined relationships, bed-wetting, falls from fire escapes, and trips to jail requires staggering energy and dedication. James Frey, Cleveland-born son of nice middle-class parents, had what it took, and then some. Between drunken binges -- a habit he picked up at age 10 -- he found time to sniff glue, smoke crack, go to college, steal, consort with hookers, assault a priest, and get arrested a dozen times.
A Million Little Pieces, his big, uneven, and thoroughly engrossing memoir, begins when, at the age of 23, he awoke on a plane with no idea how he got there or where he was headed. He had a hole in his cheek and four front teeth missing; his clothes were covered with ''a colorful mixture of spit, snot, urine, vomit and blood.'' His parents met him at the airport and drove him to Hazelden, the legendary Minnesota treatment center. In this brutal and curiously inspiring volume, he tells the story of his time there -- of his friendship with an avuncular mobster, his romance with a lovely crack addict, and his struggle for sobriety.
Withdrawal from addiction as profound as Frey's isn't for sissies, and he doesn't gloss over the gory details. In his first days, he vomited bile and blood, suffered violent hallucinations, shook, sweat, and lost control of his bowels. He wasn't a good candidate for ''recovery'': He was unwilling to take the 12 steps and repelled by AA. ''I'm not going to live in fear of alcohol or drugs, and I'm not going to spend my time sitting and talking with people who live in fear of them,'' he told a counselor. More than once he almost walked out. But a decade later, Frey, unlike most of his companions at the clinic, is sober, not to mention alive. How did he do it?
For Frey, sobering up boiled down to grit. ''It has nothing to do with God,'' he writes, ''or Twelve of anything other than the twelve beats of my heart. Yes or no. It is a simple decision. Yes or no.''
Hard-bitten existentialism bristles on every page. All the ferocious energy and will Frey once devoted to self-destruction he turned toward fixing himself. Frey's prose is muscular and tough, ideal for conveying extreme physical anguish and steely determination, though it isn't quite flexible enough to bring to life the troubled people he met. (He is helpless when he tries to describe women.)
But this is a small thing. Too many contemporary autobiographies outline all the ways the vagaries of life (Daddy, race, sexual abuse) shape character. Frey believes that character shapes life, and believes it with a vengeance. Teasing apart the motivations for his drinking and drug use is a parlor game for which Frey has no patience. ''People in here, people everywhere, they all want to take their own problems, usually created by themselves, and try to pass them off on someone or something else,'' he says in one fruitless therapy session. ''I know my Mother and Father did the best they could and gave me the best they could and loved me the best they could and if anything, they are victims of me.'' When was the last time you read anything like that in a memoir?B+


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Mr. Benny's Steak And Lobster House was first opened in Chicago Heights and soon after was moved to Matteson.
In the year 2000, the success of Mr. Benny's in Matteson inspired the opening of a second location by the family in Mokena.
Since then, Mr. Benny's in Mokena has established itself as a neighborhood landmark and popular destination that is both highly reminiscent of the original Mr. Benny's, and also has its own distinctive qualities.
Mr. Benny's is an experience to be savored for the highest quality prime-aged beef, superb seafood dishes and the family's own Italian recipes. And true to its original roots, what also makes Mr. Benny's unique is a brand of old world hospitality and service hardly seen in restaurants anymore.
And with Frank Sinatra singing "The Way You Look Tonight" in the background, it's easy to understand why most first visits to Mr. Benny's are almost always just the first of many.
For over 30 years, the Leonardo Family has proudly established Mr. Benny's as one of the premier steakhouses in the Chicago area, first in Matteson and now also in Mokena. A true original, Mr. Benny's prides itself in providing exceptional service and a warm, inviting atmosphere to everyone who walks through our doors.


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Elisabeth introduces herself and explains how she discovered her spinal fracture.
Elisabeth discusses the degree of pain she experienced after spinal fusion surgery.
Elisabeth explains how active she is after undergoing spinal fusion surgery.
Elisabeth offers advice for women with spinal fractures who are afraid to seek treatment.
EmpowHER Founder & Chairman Michelle King Robson shares her own personal health story and explains why women need to advocate for their own health and wellness!


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The App
What is it?
How it works
Oliver Endahl
Austin based Endahl of Ballet Zaida showcases his Echographs of ballet dancers in outdoor environments. Read this story-in-motion, as told through the eyes of Echograph.
Get Featured
Create your best Echograph and submit it through the app. If you get selected for Staff Picks you will be featured in the app, on our app website and in our Staff Picks blog.
Our iPad CF + USB Kit* allows you to take Echograph further by importing photos + videos to the iPad. Plug in Compact Flash card media or directly connect a camera via USB cable, including a video DSLR, iPhone or iPod Touch.
*Not required for use of the app.
See how to create a new visual story in a matter of minutes with Echograph. Available now on the App Store.
Start by capturing a video with your iPad's camera or importing a clip from your iPad's photo library.
Trim the duration to less than five seconds. Try to make a perfect blend of the start and end frames to create the illusion of an infinite loop.
Select a photographic still frame from the video. For best results, focus on freezing areas of movement or blurred actions.
Magically paint with your original video to sprinkle action
Brag by posting Echographs to Facebook, Twitter or Tumblr.


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- Heavy duty snaps with double flap closure.
- Hood with draw string.
Guy Cotten Bering Jackets
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Keep up with the news by installing RT's extension for . Never miss a story with this clean and simple app that delivers the latest headlines to you.
The new National Security Agency building in Bluffdale, Utah will be the most expensive facility in the NSA's history, but don't expect any sort of grand unveiling when it's finally functioning.
View full story
Well, if they don't use this center for surveillance they could always turn all that computer power towards mining Bitcoins - Hey! Just flip me 0.1% of anything mined, for using this idea ;-)
Ready for some concentration camps!!!??
The common people around the world need to join together in a Modern Nationalist movement in order to discuss ways of controlling their countries corrupt politicians and putting a stop to all of the needless conflicts that they set up to profit from.
Like all great NSA secrets this one is out of the bag (or back door). I guess that is why they are up there on the Hill saying that they would like to have a nice big haystack that is named "lock box" but is searchable by them and whoever...... That secret program is called "Trust Us."
NSA is no longer so secret, thanks to the Edward Snowden. Not Secret Anymore...NSA.
A mazingly, well before he made headlines, Snowden was destined to take on NSA. His name spells it out.
NSA is embedded in his name backwards:
edw-A-rd S-N-owden!!
So, it's not a secret now that you've wrote about it. This is a huge hard drive indeed. I guess, if you want to be out of NSA's radar - all you have to do is unplug... and grab yourself a truckload of pen and paper.
My suggestion would be for the NSA: Get a life you idiots!
Strange, the bail out that WE paid for seems to be funnelled either to the banking thieve's or the NSA and the money that was supposed to help the homeowner's out that were sold the bum mortgage by the banks and the person's financial information scoped by the NSA, leads me to wonder this ? If our kid's need help to go to college or we need a mortgage, do we send our application to the NSA ? Or do we even have to ? Since they already have the info stored on file, wont that save time and speed up the loan process ? They seem to have all or most of the money already and really, we would actually work for them, right?
In my research, the words from every book ever printed can be stored in an optical storage cube 2 inches square. There are other functions of this base which is connected to the underground complex in colorado.
I think I now know why we're still paying 2-3 times the price for memory / hard-drives 2 years on. and it ain't no 'Flood'
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WASHINGTON - The new CEO for Prince George's County Public Schools will be Anne Arundel County's current superintendent, Kevin Maxwell, The Washington Post reports.
Sources tell the Post County Executive Rushern Baker has appointed Maxwell, 61, to the post. A formal announcement is expected Friday.
Maxwell would be the first CEO appointed to the second largest school system in Maryland under new powers the Maryland General Assembly granted to Baker.
He would become the eighth chief to take over in PGCPS in 14 years.
In addition to heading Anne Arundel County's school system, Maxwell has held top slots in both Montgomery and Prince George's counties and has taught in Prince George's.
Maxwell replaces William R. Hite Jr., who left PGCPS to head Philadelphia's school system. The term of Alvin Crawley, the interim superintendent, ends Aug. 30.
Follow @WTOP on Twitter.


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My dad had a Boston when he was a kid named "Buster". He always said he looked like a tough little guy but was such a lover...and always looked like he was thinking, "What are you looking at, Buster", so when I got our puppy I thought what else could I name him but Buster!
Join in and write your own page! It's easy to do. How? Simply click here to return to Boston Terrier Names.


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Variations: Model 26283
Selfwinding chronograph with date display and small seconds at 6 o'clock. Stainless steel case, black dial, black strap. Availability to be confirmed.
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- Case Width 37.00 mm
- Case Thickness 12.30 mm
- Water Resistance 50 m
- Case
- Stainless steel case, glareproofed sapphire crystal, black rubber-clad screw-locked crown and pushpieces
- Dial
- Black dial with "Méga Tapisserie" pattern, Arabic numerals and white gold Royal Oak hands with luminescent coating
- Bracelet
- Black rubber strap with stainless steel AP folding clasp
- Reference
- Functions
- Chronograph, hours, minutes, small seconds, date
- Total diameter
- 26.2 mm
- Total diameter
- 11½ lignes
- Type of balance
- Annular
- Frequency of balance wheel
- 3,00 (=21'600 alternances/hour) Hz
- Type of balance-spring stud-holder
- Mobile stud
- Balance-spring type
- Flat
- Direction of automatic winding
- Unidirectional (see recommendations underneath)
- Type of oscillating weight
- Monobloc in 18-carat gold
- Number of jewels
- 37
- Power reserve
- 40 h
- Number of parts
- 304
- Integrated Chronograph movement
- Column wheel Chronograph mechanism
- Date / Date in Dial aperture
- Chronographe / Hour counter / Minutes counter / Seconds counter
Selfwinding Calibre 2385
Expert Service
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Audemars Piguet History
Chronographs have long been a specialty of the watchmakers of the Vallée de Joux.
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Both Microsoft and Apple had released critical security fixes recently which patches Internet Explorer, Bluetooth services, QuickTime, and other components.
Some of the IE flaws are cross-domain and memory corruption vulnerabilities according to The Register's article. Users should install the patch immediately said Sans Internet Storm Center since this particular cross-domain bug's details was released over two months ago.
A fix for buggy DirectX components was also released. The Bluetooth hole lets an attacker flood a vulnerable system with Bluetooth device enquiries on a massive scale.
The QuickTime patch is available for both Windows and Mac OSX operating systems.
Source: The Register


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TV stars and pop-rock paragons The Monkees have tickled eardrums and enchanted fans with catchy melodies and clever, sophisticated songwriting for four decades. Celebrating the 45th anniversary of the band's genesis, three of the original four Monkees—Davy Jones, Mickey Dolenz, and Peter Tork—have reunited for the first time in a decade to resurrect such hits as "I'm a Believer," "Last Train to Clarksville," and "Daydream Believer," as well as tunes from their cult-classic film Head. Like a scratch-and-sniff oil painting, the evening promises to be a multisensory experience, as a mélange of Monkees covers, rarely heard tunes, and video clips weaves a pre- and post-performance tapestry of entertainment.
Grammy-winner Rihanna unleashes her formidable pipes and celebrated songbook as she continues traveling the countryside on her LOUD tour. Vibrant costumes and first-rate production harmoniously augment the singer's chart-topping oeuvre, which includes hits such as "S & M," "Only Girl (In the World)," and "What's My Name?" From the BankAtlantic Center's 400-level seats, concertgoers can marvel at the elaborate set pieces gilding the stage as their eardrums feast like hungry dachshunds in an unmanned pizza parlor. Cee Lo Green and J. Cole add their own vocal talents to the evening's aural enticements, creating a three-pronged attack on musical monotony.
After relocating from New York, the Saravia family founded Stage 84 as a haven for local artists and musicians that rekindled the creative spirit of their old stomping ground. Bands test the space's acoustics with soothing melodies from a raised stage, and patrons take to the microphone during Wednesday night karaoke to belt out classic rock or abridged versions of their favorite book on tape. Open-mic nights, jam sessions, and comedy acts also corral audience attention, and a monthly art show mounts gazeworthy gallery pieces on the lounge's red walls. A rotating selection of microbrews slides down the countertops of the café-style bar stocked with liquor and an espresso machine. Wines, cocktails, and specialty coffees supplement rations from a late-night bar menu that includes chili, fresh hummus, and nocturnal pizzas. Guests can also puff flavored plumes of smoke from hookahs while seated at the bistro's couches and four tables.
When Ronni Delvalle grabs ahold of one of her mirrored studio's chrome poles, she feels more graceful, beautiful, and self-assured than when she's practicing any other type of dance or fitness. Fueled by a drive to share this empowering form of sensual exercise with women of all shapes and sizes, Delvalle and her a team of female instructors lead a variety of fitness and instructional pole-dancing classes designed to build confidence, tone muscles, and burn calories.
The team also conducts an aerial-yoga course that incorporates soft cloth hammocks suspended from the ceiling, offering a practical alternative to equestrian yoga, which requires students to form downward facing dogs on the backs of speeding Clydesdales.
Most people would feel spread thin if they were running orchestras on both sides of the country. But most people aren't Michael Tilson Thomas. One of America's most famous conductors, composers, and tuxedo-wearers, Tilson Thomas has remained the artistic director of the New World Symphony since he founded it in 1987, even after becoming musical director of the San Francisco Symphony in 1995. This is because the Miami-based orchestra feeds a need for Tilson Thomas: that of remaining at the forefront of symphonic trends, in a laboratory where top musical graduates can explore performance and compositional opportunities. But new works from students and professionals aren't the only thing on the New World Symphony's docket?every year, ticket-holders can expect a thrilling lineup of the classical masters who built the genre.
The Ballet Grand Prix spotlights the best student dancers from across the United States, Europe, Asia, and South America, giving them the opportunity to dance alongside twinkle-toed superstars from international ballet companies. The star-making show's stop in Miami will feature performances by dancers including Cuban coryphee Jose Manuel Carreno and Minnesotan Charles Askegard, leaping and twirling alongside their lithe peers in heart-racing choreography by Annabelle Lopez Ochoa, William Forsythe, George Balanchine, and more. Now in its 12th season, the Grand Prix has produced dancers for companies including the American Ballet Theatre, Paris Opera Ballet, and Stuttgart Ballet, and all event alumni leave more prepared to escape a shirt full of fire ants.


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Astrological Medicine
January 9th 2008 19:44
Astrology is a form of divination which attempts to predict ones future based upon the influence of the positions of the stars and planets on the object whose astrological chart is being created. The key concept of astrology is as above, so below. That is, what happens on earth (below) is keyed to what is happening in the celestial realms (above).
The theory of astrological medicine combines basic astrological principles along with medicinal techniques. Astrologers assigned each planet and each sign of the zodiac to rule over certain parts of the body. Physician-fortuneteller or Astrological Physician may be two ways to classify the practitioners of this type of healing.
Two astrological charts were cast for the patient, one was the natal chart based on the patients day and time of birth. The other was a chart of the patients disease, based upon the approximate day and time of the start of the patients illness. These charts allowed the physician to determine which planetary influences were affecting the patient at the time they became ill. The astrological medicinal practitioner then determined what planetary energies were in excess or which were deficient and planned a course of healing accordingly.
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Canada Day Party
Canada Day Party Supplies
Show your patriotism on July 1st, Canadian-style, with a partie de jour du Canada! Use these Canadian party supplies to celebrate. Customers love our red and white party supplies, including Canadian flag tableware for creating a festive event.
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White ShimmeraStarting at: $49.99 20 yd roll
White Paper Party PackYour Price: $19.99 kit
Canada Day Party Supplies
July 1st is the anniversary of the formation of the self-governing union of the British North America provinces in a federation under the name of Canada -- why not celebrate with a Canada Day party? Drape a Metallic Red Opalescent Table Cover over your table and serve sandwiches with Canadian flag toothpicks.
It's Dominion Day. Celebrate Canada's beauty and diversity with a Canada Day party! Gather family and friends for a backyard party and fireworks on July 1st. Partie de Jour Du Canada! Dress up your event by using formal party invitations. Give guests party favors in red and white and personalized with your event details. Wow them with hockey party supplies too!


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Underwear is the most basic clothing article that we wear and yet one of the most important because it protects and conceals, making one feel safe from the elements and keeping ones privacy in place. Mensuas began as an underwear retailer back in 1999 and since then it has seen its share of change in the men's underwear world. Only a generation ago, the choices in mens underwear were limited to the very basics of mostly loose fitting boxers and tighty whitey briefs. A lot has changed and a very full representation of what the world of men's underwear has come to can be seen here on our site.The number of brands on the market is growing and what used to be a handful of brands originally offered back in 1999, has turned into an average of over 50 brands of men's underwear and swimwear being offered in all kinds of styles, cuts, colors and sizes.
Whether you are looking for a sexy and sleek bikini, thong or jockstrap like those made by Cover Male, Good Devil and other erotic brands, or you like basics like those made by Clever, Intymen, Agacio and others who are experts in the boxer briefs and trunk categories, you will find tens of thousands of different items here.
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What does WCA mean in Companies & Firms?
This page is about the meanings of the acronym/abbreviation/shorthand WCA in the Business field in general and in the Companies & Firms terminology in particular.
Washington Counseling Association
Find a translation for WCA in other languages:
Select another language:
Discuss this WCA abbreviation with the community:
Use the citation below to add this abbreviation to your bibliography:
"WCA." Abbreviations.com. STANDS4 LLC, 2014. Web. 20 Dec. 2014. <http://www.abbreviations.com/term/292127>.
WCA also stands for:
- Waste Collection Authority
- Water Clearance Authority
- Water Conservation Area
- Weatherby Collectors Association
- Weingart Center Association
... and 36 more »
Nearby & related abbreviations:
Alternative search:
- Search Washington Counseling Association on Amazon.com
- Search Washington Counseling Association on Google


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It's kind of a bittersweet day for fans of History's American Pickers series as the network announced this week that one of the original cast members is retiring and being replaced on the show.
Current Category: Danielle Colby Cushman
Just after announcing she was launching the first annual Iowa Burlesque Festival, American Pickers star Danielle Colby (who dances burlesque under the name Dannie Diesel) responded to criticisms received online with a lengthy heartfelt response explaining why she finds burlesque dancing beautiful and empowering. Although she obviously has no problems "shaking her sugar" on stage, Danielle doesn't usually like to share details about her personal life, but her reservations seem to go out the window as talks openly about her Jehovah's Witnesses upbringing, being sexually molested as a child (along with her sister), and being in abusive relationships as an adult.
History's blockbuster treasure hunting travel series American Pickers is making some major changes when it returns for its sixth season this October. In addition to moving from Monday nights to Wednesday nights at 9/8c, the new season will feature Mike Wolfe and Frank Fritz exercising their picking (and language and currency conversion) skills on the backroads of England and Italy!
We here at Starcasm have made no qualms about pronouncing our affinity for American Pickers office manager (and burlesque dancer, and roller derby vet, and tattooed beauty queen, and music aficianado, and internet haters silencer, and…) Danielle Colby, but although we have covered her activities and endeavors quite extensively over the last few years, there's one little fact that managed to slip under our radar: Danielle is married! Keep reading to meet Danielle's bushy-bearded beau — and I really mean beau, because Alexandre is from France!
In addition to being a burlesque dancing office manager for Frank Fritz and Mike Wolfe's Antique Archaeology, American Pickers star Danielle Colby Cushman is also a shop owner herself, opening the doors to 4 Miles 2 Memphis right around the block from Antique Archaeology in LeClaire, Iowa on December 3, 2012. But it seems her shop, which features Danielle's handmade clothes, printed t-shirts, and artwork as well as some of her own "picks" from flea markets and back yards around the country, had big city dreams because Danielle revealed in January that she was closing the doors and relocating it to Chicago!
It's been a little while since we've provided an update on our favorite burlesque dancing, roller derbying, tattoo loving enterpreneur and reality starlet Danielle Colby Cushman! The Antique Archaeology office manager from History Channel's hugely popular America Pickers has apparently been a bit off the radar thanks to her acquisition of a second home in Logan Square, Chicago, just outside of Chicago. But, her move and splitting time between the LeCalire, Iowa and Nashville, Tennesse locations of Antique Archaeology didn't stop Danielle from taking time out for an interview and photo shoot with Pretty In Ink magazine!
American Pickers star Danielle Colby Cushman is already one of the most colorful characters (both literally and figuratively) in all of reality television, but the 36-year-old recently added even more color in the form of a huge tattoo of one of her heroes, Mexican painter Frida Kahlo!
In honor of Memorial Day Weekend, American Pickers star Danielle Colby Cushman posted a photo of herself topless and draped in a weathered American flag she had salvaged from the trash. She later announced she would be auctioning off the flag on eBay to benefit a veterans charity. Keep reading to see the photo, find out which charity Danielle plans to donate the proceeds to, read Danielle's perfect response to the angry comments made about the photo, and listen to Johnny Cash's moving description of Danielle's choice of attire.
While other reality starlets wind up on the covers of tabloids caught in various scandals or victimized by close friends looking to make a fast buck by ratting them out, America Pickers star Danielle Colby Cushman finds herself on the cover of the current issue of Pin Up America on her own terms, or at least on the terms of Dannie Diesel, her burlesque dancing alter ego. Keep reading for the pinuptacular cover shot, a glimpse of her centerfold spread, and a video interview with Danielle by Pin Up America's Rachel Dee from the 2011 Muddyroots Music Festival!
American Pickers office manager Danielle Colby Cushman is one of our favorite reality stars thanks to a wonderful mixture of intelligence, self confidence, and badass good-heartedness. But, it appears that not everyone shares our opinion of Danielle, especially when it comes to her burlesque dancing alter-ego, Dannie Diesel. Keep reading for what some haters had to say on Facebook and read Danielle's lengthy responses, which are chock full of the intelligence, self confidence, and badass good-heartedness that we love so much!


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Recommended Products
- MB1010 LV-MaxSonar-EZ1
Our most popular indoor ultrasonic rangefinder
- MB1060 LV‑MaxSonar‑EZ
5 Pack Sampler
One of each of the LV‑MaxSonar‑EZ ultrasonic rangefinders
- MB7954 Shielded Cable
Provide stable power to your sensor
- MB1220 XL-MaxSonar-EZ2
Our most recommended indoor ultrasonic sensor
- MB7092 XL-MaxSonar-WR
Our most advanced and accurate outdoor ultrasonic sensor
- MB1000 LV-MaxSonar-EZ0
Our low cost rangefinder frequently used for people detection
- MB1040 LV-MaxSonar-EZ4
Our low cost rangefinder frequently used in large target applications
The original LV‑MaxSonar‑EZ products were the first low cost ultrasonic distance sensors to provide a component module solution that offered easy to use outputs, no sensor dead zone, calibrated beam patterns, stable range readings, low power demands, and a host of other features.
Product 3D Models
|Key Shot
|STL File
|ParaSolid Part
|IGES File
|Solid Works
|STEP File
Component Overview
- Resolution of 1 inch
- 20Hz reading rate
- 42kHz Ultrasonic sensor measures distance to objects
- RoHS Compliant
- Read from all 3 sensor outputs: Analog Voltage, Serial, Pulse Width
- Virtually no sensor dead zone, objects closer than 6 inches range as 6 inches
- Maximum Range of 254 inches (645 cm)
- Operates from 2.5-5.5V
- Low 2.0mA average current requirement
- Small, light weight module
- Designed for easy integration into your project or product
Retail Price Range: $21.95-$29.95
Volume Pricing (25 or more units): Contact MaxBotix Inc.
Selecting a Product
MB1000 LV-MaxSonar-EZ0
MB1010 LV-MaxSonar-EZ1
MB1020 LV-MaxSonar-EZ2
MB1030 LV-MaxSonar-EZ3
MB1040 LV-MaxSonar-EZ4
The LV-MaxSonar-EZ Sensors At a Glance
People Detection
Wide Beam
High Sensitivity
Best Balance
Large Targets
Narrow Beam
Noise Tolerance
Different applications require different sensors. The LV‑MaxSonar‑EZ product line offers varied sensitivity to allow you to select the best sensor to meet your needs.
The diagram above shows how each product balances sensitivity and noise tolerance. This does not effect the maximum range, pin outputs, or other operations of the sensor. To view how each sensor will function to different sized targets reference the LV‑MaxSonar‑EZ Beam Patterns.
**Note: our XL‑MaxSonar‑EZ Products have both greater sensitivity
and far greater noise tolerance. View how the XL‑MaxSonar‑EZ products function to a given size target with the XL‑MaxSonar‑EZ Beam Patterns.
For further help in selecting a sensor use our Ultrasonic Sensor Selection Guide. You can also purchase the MB1060 5 Pack Sampler which contains one each of the LV‑MaxSonar‑EZ sensors or MB1061 10 Pack Sampler which contains two each of the LV‑MaxSonar‑EZ sensors.
Easy to Use Ultrasonic Sensors
The original LV‑MaxSonar‑EZ products were the first low cost ultrasonic distance sensors to provide a component module solution that offered easy to use outputs, no sensor dead zone, calibrated beam patterns, stable range readings, low power demands, and a host of other features detailed in the product datasheets.
As a result, our component modules have found a wide acceptance in the robotics community, and have also been integrated into a number of industrial solutions including: proximity sensors for store displays, high speed sensors for vending machines, remote monitoring sensors for parking monitors, and distance sensors used to evaluate people's height.
The Interface
The LV‑MaxSonar‑EZ interface was designed to be very easy and intuitive to use. The interface output formats included are pulse width output, analog voltage output, and asynchronous serial digital output. All interfaces work without user code or complicated setup strings.
The Power Requirements
The LV‑MaxSonar‑EZ functions throughout a 2.5V to 5.5V operational voltage range. This allows for easy integration at either 3.3V or 5V which means that users of low voltage microcontrollers, or those who wish to operate in solar or battery based systems, do not have to provide an extra power supply for the sensor.
The LV‑MaxSonar‑EZ sensors have a 2mA average current draw during free ranging operation.
The Controlled Beam Shape
Similar ultrasonic products may have frequent side lobe detection and can even falsely trigger on objects behind or to the sides of the sensor. The LV‑MaxSonar‑EZ offers a controlled beam that is designed to reject small objects (clutter) outside of the central beam area and provides long range sensitivity without detecting frivolous or unwanted targets.
Users are encouraged to pick the product with the sensitivity that best matches their application. In the LV‑MaxSonar‑EZ product line the product with the widest beam is the MB1000. The product with the narrowest beam is the MB1040.
The Calibration
Each LV‑MaxSonar‑EZ is tested for proper operation at our facility and comes with a factory calibrated beam pattern to help ensure consistent operation of the sensor even from part to part.
In addition to this, the LV‑MaxSonar‑EZ automatically calibrates to its environment after power up, before taking the first reading. Because this power up calibration only occurs on power up, it is recommended that users power off and then on the sensor whenever the voltage, temperature, or humidity conditions change.
Industrial users may want to consider upgrading to the XL‑MaxSonar‑EZ Products to take advantage of the real‑time automatic calibration and the added clutter & noise rejection.
Product Documentation
MB1000......................................................... LV-MaxSonar-EZ0-datasheet
MB1010......................................................... LV-MaxSonar-EZ1-datasheet
MB1020......................................................... LV-MaxSonar-EZ2-datasheet
MB1030......................................................... LV-MaxSonar-EZ3-datasheet
MB1040......................................................... LV-MaxSonar-EZ4-datasheet
Application Notes
Ultrasonic Sensor Selection Guide.......................Ultrasonic Sensor Selection Guide
LV Chaining Application Notes............................LV AN Output Commanded Loop
LV Chaining Application Notes............................LV AN Output Constantly Looping
LV Chaining Application Notes............................LV AN Output Simultaneous Operation
Direction and Distance to a Pole ........................Direction and Distance to a Pole
LV-MaxSonar-EZ Quick Start Guide.....................LV-MaxSonar-EZ Quick Start Guide
Custom Solutions
For some of our customers, our standard products have not fit the requirements of their particular application. As a result, we have designed and manufactured a number of custom solutions. Some of the product improvements and features have been incorporated directly into our standard products. For other users we have evaluated their specifications and charged a small NRE fee for their custom parts.
Contact MaxBotix Inc. with your application and its requirements and our engineers will work to arrive at a desirable solution.


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Davies, Trevor B. and Wang, Charles H. -T. and Bingham, Robert and Mendonca, J. Tito (2012) Parametric instability in scalar gravitational fields. Modern Physics Letters A, 27 (24). ISSN 0217-7323Full text not available in this repository. (Request a copy from the Strathclyde author)
Official URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/S0217732312300236
We present a brief review on a new dynamical mechanism for a strong field effect in scalar tensor theory. Starting with a summary of the essential features of the theory and subsequent work by several authors, we analytically investigate the parametric excitation of a scalar gravitational field in a spherically symmetric radially pulsating neutron star.
|Item type:
|ID code:
|parametric instability , scalar , gravitational fields, Physics, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics
|Science > Physics
|Faculty of Science > Physics
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|Depositing user:
|Pure Administrator
|Date Deposited:
|23 Oct 2012 14:59
|Last modified:
|27 Mar 2014 10:38
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