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Nor Did The Glorious Revolution Initiate Private Property
I want to initiate a discussion, to put the point another way, with my numerous friends in economics who have come to believe that all effects of ideas on the economy work mainly or exclusively or necessarily through incentive-summarizing "institutions." They want this to be true because institutions-as-constraints fits easily with their training in Samuelsonian economics. Incentives are in the Samuelsonian view merely the prices — literally the slopes — built into budget lines. Identity, integrity, justice, temperance, professionalism, ideology, ideas, rhetoric have nothing to do with it, my friends in economics declare. I believe on the contrary, with Alexis de Tocqueville, that "institutions" as laws are not fundamental: "I accord institutions," wrote Tocqueville in 1853, "only a secondary influence on the destiny of men. . . . Political societies are not what the laws make them, but what sentiments, beliefs, ideas, habits of the heart [in his famous phrase from Democracy in America], and the spirit of the men who form them prepare them in advance to be. . . . The sentiments, the ideas, the mores [moeurs] . . . alone can lead to public prosperity and liberty."21 Tocqueville's and my belief finds support in the magnificent tables of the World Value Survey, in which researchers such as Matteo Migheli have found evidence for example of great differences in attitudes towards state intervention in Western vs. formerly Communist Europe.22
In 1973 North and Robert Paul Thomas boldly stated the hypothesis that has so charmed other economists: "Efficient economic organization is the key to growth; the development of an efficient economic organization in Western Europe accounts for the rise of the West. Efficient organization entails the establishment of institutional arrangements and property rights that create an incentive to channel individual economic effort into activities that bring the private rate of return close to the social rate of return . . . . If a society does not grow it is because no incentives are provided for economic initiative."23 About that same time, inspired I think by such words, and certainly by Steve Cheung, my office mate at the University of Chicago, and Ronald Coase across the way at the Law School, I studied the English legal history of the eighteenth century with exactly the Samuelsonian prejudice about "constraints" North began then to exhibit. But I soon realized that the timing of institutional change in England fits poorly with its economic change. As many economic historians before and after me have noted, the institutions relevant to the economy of Britain in fact did not change much in the very late seventeenth century, or even over the long eighteenth century 1688-1815. The eminent economic historian Nicholas Crafts notes that the various models of endogenous growth proposed by the economic theorists do a poor job of accounting for what happened in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. And as to the Northian version, he continues, "there was no obvious improvement in institutions at the time of the Industrial Revolution."24 There was by contrast an obvious improvement in the dignity and liberty of the bourgeoisie, apparent for example in the invention of the science of political economy itself. But the surrounding institutions of the economy were old. The long eighteenth century begins with the Glorious Revolution, and the Revolution was surely glorious. It created the "transcendent power of Parliament," as Maitland once called it, that could allow projects for canals, turnpikes, and enclosures to take from some to give to others, in the name of general efficiency. Economists call such trade or compulsion in aid of general efficiency the Hicks-Kaldor Criterion.
Dan Bogart has done some excellent research claiming that 1689 made for more cumbersome but more fair Parliamentary procedures for instituting projects of transportation improvement. Parliament "reduced uncertainty about the security of improvement rights." By contrast, "for most of the seventeenth century, promoters turned to the Crown for patents or to Parliament for acts. Some undertakers lost their rights following major shifts in power like the Civil War and the Restoration."25 Well, yes: revolutions do turn things upside down. But the economics would require that people anticipated the Revolutions, for otherwise the prospective uncertainty is not increased by them. If 1642, and especially its outcome, was a surprise, it cannot be counted as a source of ex ante uncertainty. That 1689 was a settlement, true, would make for a more tranquil environment for investment. Well into the eighteenth century, though, the regime was uncertain — if not as uncertain as, say, the Commonwealth in September, 1558. But in any case, as Bogart acknowledges and as I have argued above, canals, turnpikes, and enclosures were routine investments in capital with modest social savings, not epoch-making innovations like steam engines or electricity or organic chemistry. They changed locations, not amounts. The legal changes attendant on the Glorious Revolution and its aftermath had essentially nothing to do with the wave of gadgets.
Before and after North's favored long eighteenth century the sheer economic institutions-as-constraints and the budget-line incentives changed more sharply than during it. Before it the Tudor administrative revolutions of the sixteenth century were as important for the actual economy as any institutional change in the eighteenth century. The defeat of the Armada in 1588 was as important for English economic liberties as the events of 1688. The English pattern of overseas settlement — England's decentralized and heavily populated empire — was set not in the decades after 1688 but in the few decades after the 1620s, a third of a million people leaving for Massachusetts, Virginia, and above all the West Indies, with consequences to follow. The big Revolution of 1642 as against the Glorious one of 1688 made ordinary people bold. They never forgot thereafter that they were free-born English people, free increasingly even to change jobs, even to invent machines — or free to behead an anointed king. (The English kings didn't forget, either.) And anyway in England the claim of free-bornness was by 1688 hundreds of years old, whatever the actual incomes and privileges of a yeoman as against a duke.
And on the other side of the long eighteenth century the great Victorian codifications of commercial and property law did more to alter strictly economic incentives than anything that happened 1688-1815, as did the Victorian perfection of the common law of contract. Regulation of laissez faire began with the Victorian Factory Acts. The democratization of the British electorate after 1867, slowly, had heavier consequences for economic performance, such as the welfare state and the later nationalizations than any previous legal change, including even the triumph of Parliament in 1688. Most of the legal changes after 1815 occurred by way of statute, overcoming a common law romanticized in the Northian story, with more economic effect than all the Georgian enclosure bills and other strictly economic results of 1688 taken together.
And on a still wider view of what the professor of law Simon Deakin calls "the legal origin hypothesis" of North and his followers, one can see little evidence that the long history of English common law was causal for the Industrial Revolution. In the matters of employment contracts and joint stock companies, Deakin writes, "industrialization preceded legal change in Britain, whereas this relationship was reversed in France and Germany," merely because British law was imitated (he speaks of "sharing of legal ideas," another example of lateral transfer of cultural genes). And then after a lag the result of Continental civil law were imitated in common-law regimes in the British Empire. Laws converged. Legal cultures did not matter for economic performance, at any rate in the England-admiring way that North's school wishes. Deakin concludes that "the picture is not one of a more market friendly common law contrasting with regulation in the civil law."26 In a longer perspective, indeed, the point is obvious from the results — all rich countries have achieved essentially the same level of real national income per head, regardless of their supposedly inherited cultures of law. North has the same problem that Clark has: memes spread by imitation as much as or more than by inheritance. Countries such as France or Germany without the meme that he regards as an English uniqueness caught on, and commenced growing at modern rates.
The economists want the big change to be a matter of Northian "institutions" because they want incentive to be the main story of the Industrial Revolution and the modern world. But suppose incentive (Prudence Only) is not the main story, and cannot be the main story without contradiction: if it was Prudence Only the Industrial Revolution would have happened earlier, or elsewhere. Suppose that other virtues and vices matter a lot — not only prudence, beloved of the Samuelsonians; but temperance, courage, justice, faith, hope, and love, which changed radically in their disposition in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Suppose that the ideology, the rhetoric, the public sphere mattered a great deal, and suppose that these like legal ideas were often and quickly shared across countries. Voltaire and Montesquieu looked across the Channel, with the result that Anglophilia governed one strain in French opinion, and in French public policy. Tom Paine wandered the world looking for places where men were not free, and shared revolution. Suppose that the spread of institutions, such as the dignity and liberty for the bourgeoisie, once revealed as efficacious, like reading, is as much horizontal across countries as vertical across time. Suppose that institutions viewed as incentives and constraints are not chiefly what mattered, but rather community and conversation.
That is what economist should consider. Insisting that every change in "institutions" is the same thing as a change in constraints, and insisting contrary to the evidence that the time of the Industrial Revolution depended on a revolution in property rights, has a sweetly Samuelsonian air. But it is not good history and it is not a good explanation of the unprecedented economic event we are seeking to explain.
North's story resembles that of his friend the late Fernand Braudel (North is a francophone and a wine connoisseur among his many other accomplishments). As we have seen, Braudel argued that out of local markets came, with the expansion of trade, the age of high commerce, and that out of the age of high commerce came, with the expansion of trade, the Industrial Revolution. Likewise North writes, "long distance trade in early modern Europe from the eleventh to the sixteenth centuries was a story of the sequentially more complex organization that eventually led to the rise of the western world."27 Braudel was less celebratory than North has been about the progress from local to world-wide trade, and thence to industrial innovation, retaining the French intellectual's suspicion of les bourgeois.
But North and Braudel agree on the machinery involved. Expansion fueled it, they say, and so it awaited the late eighteenth century to come to fruition. Foreign trade is their engine of growth. "Increasing volume," writes North, "obviously made such institutional developments [as modern capital markets] possible."28 "The size and scope of merchant empires" made arm's length transactions possible. "The volume of international trade and therefore . . . economies of scale" made for standardization and information."29 The result was a virtuous spiral of economic forces: "the increasing volume of long distance trade raised the rate of return to merchants of devising effective mechanisms for enforcing contracts. In turn, the development of such mechanisms lowered the costs of contracting and made trade more profitable, thereby increasing its volume."30 To use the jargon of the recent mathematical "theories of economic growth," the growth is "endogenous," generated inside the economic sphere itself. Growth leads to growth, which leads to. . . growth.
Note, however, that most of North's story tells of routine search for better institutions. The search is "routine" because it is a pretty much predictable result of investment. If you reorganize at great expense the docklands of London, and arrange to collect some of the gain for yourself, you or your heirs will reap some profit. The society-wide economic gains, from which you extract some profit, are that traffic gets in and out of port with less delay. Ship stores are more readily available. Information about cargoes coming and going are cheaper. Loss in storage is lower. North's best and Nobel-winning scientific work, on ocean freight rates before the nineteenth century, gives evidence for such effects. Doubtless you as a dockland investor might make a mistake, and over- or under-invest, or fail to secure your claim to some of the profits of the new docks. But the prospect of net profit, while not perfectly predictable, is what motivates you in such a routine investment. The improvement is like the draining 1848-1852 of the Haarlemmermeer (where Schiphol Airport now sits), one of the numerous great projects of Dutch water management. Cost: steam pumps. Benefit: farmland. Goed idee.
For such routine investment as an explanation of the modern world, however, there are two big problems. For one thing, there's an economic problem. Routine, incremental investments, naturally, yield routine, incremental returns. North writes that his Max-U merchant "would gain. . . from devising ways to bond fellow merchants, to establish merchant courts, to induce princes to protect goods from brigandage in return for revenue [note the quid pro quo: it is like hiring a policeman], to devise ways to discount bills of exchange."31 The implied claim that we grew as rich as we are by simply piling brick on brick, or in this case contract on contract, was as I have noted the usual way of thinking in economics from Smith in 1776 through W. W. Rostow in 1960. After all, that's how we as individuals save for old age, and it is what we urge on our children. But no one, to repeat, grows very rich by routine investment, and neither did Western society 1800 to the present. The new American economic history of the 1960s, which North helped invent, and the old British economic history of the 1950s, which explored the same issue with less rigorous economics, showed it. Routine investment was a good idea, just as the draining of the Haarlemmermeer was een goed idee, and just as saving for your old age is a good idea — provide, provide. But the astounding growth after 1800 needs an astounding explanation.
And that's the other, historical problem. If routine investment explains the modern world, why didn't the modern world happen in ancient times? Routine is easy. That's why it is called "routine." Ancient China was peaceful and commercial for decades and often for centuries at a time. Its foreign trade was enormous. The disturbances in the Roman Empire were usually palace uprisings in the city of Rome or battles out on the Germanic or Parthian frontier, minor matters — nothing like the economy-disturbing invasions and especially the plagues that finally overcame the Empire. The ancient Egyptians had command over resources and had famously stable regimes as well. The Muslim empires in the two centuries after Mohammed grew at gigantic rates, in extent and in economies of scale. They became brilliant in economy and culture — yet nothing like to the startling degree of northwestern and then all of Europe 1700-2000 C.E. The Aztecs and before them the Maya had great trading empires, as did earlier civilizations still to be explored in the New World. If growth produces growth, which produces growth, as the economists delight to hypothesize (the model is so beautiful), why did modern economic growth wait to happen in the eighteenth, nineteenth, and twentieth centuries, and then begin in a notably turbulent patch of the globe?
North's answer is the good institutions, such as the settlement of 1689 in England. That has seemed reasonable on its face to many economists, who "don't know much about the Middle Ages,/ Look at the pictures and turn the pages." They think, as I said, in terms of maximization under constraints, and therefore are fascinated by a claim that institutions just are constraints, which got relaxed in 1689. "Cute," they think. Some of these relaxing of constraints, too, North wants to make endogenous, caused by the very growth. "Cuter," say the economists in their unscientific innocence. The Max-U merchant's "investment in knowledge and skills would gradually and incrementally alter the basic institutional framework."32 But if they are endogenous, as against "exogenous" (the Greek means "outwardly born"), then again why didn't the same institutional changes happen in Egypt under the pharaohs, or for that matter in Peru under the Incas?
North praises, as would many economists, including me, a "credible commitment to secure property rights."33 But his seminal essay with Weingast in 1989 has been widely credited with claiming, as North and Weingast sometimes do and sometimes don't in their last few interesting but self-contradicting paragraphs, that the introduction of a Dutch-style national debt in the 1690s shows "how institutions played a necessary role in making possible economic growth and political freedom."34 It does not. It shows how a state can become powerful by reliably paying its debts to citizens and to foreigners. Robert Ekelund claims that "the credible commitments . . . were required of new institutions [namely, the English and then British national debt, and led]. . . to modern capitalism."35 No they didn't. They allowed Dutch William to begin the 120 year war against France that characterized the long eighteenth century in Britain.
John Wells and Douglas Wills succeed in showing statistically that the Jacobite threat to the Protestant succession haunted early eighteenth-century politics in Britain (which may have been ascertained, perhaps with less trouble, by wallowing a bit in the cultural mud of novels and newspapers and street ballads). But in supporting North and Weingast they too claim offhandedly that "the resulting institutional changes [of 1688] ushered in financial developments that laid the foundation for the Industrial Revolution and ultimately established Britain as a world power."36 The second half of the claim, about power, is true. A parliamentary monarchy that could borrow reliably was one that could intervene in the balance of power on the Continent, and did. But the first half is at best unproven by any of the analytic narratives offered in its favor. In the title of their paper Wells and Wills summarize how they see the threats from the Old and New Pretender out of France connecting with the claims of North and Weingast: "The Jacobite Threat to England's Institutions [of financing the national debt] and [therefore] Economic Growth." But the national — that is, governmental — debt had no demonstrated connection to economic growth. Those founts of historical wisdom, Sellar and Yeatman, well anticipated in 1931 the mishmash here: "It was Williamandmary who first discovered the National Debt and had the memorable idea of building the Bank of England to put it in. The National Debt is a very Good Thing and it would be dangerous to pay it off, for fear of Political Economy."37
That the British state did not then use the wealth acquired by such a Good Thing to obstruct economic growth and destroy political liberty — as so many states enriched by, say, drilling for oil have done — had nothing to do with the imitation under William III of bourgeois, Dutch methods of drilling for loans, and building the Bank of England to refine them in. An historian of Parliament noted of its transcendent power, "despotic power was only available intermittently before 1688, but it was always available thereafter."38 And as the economists Carmen Reinhart, and Kenneth Rogoff put the point, "It is not clear how well the institutional innovations noted by North and Weingast would have fared had Britain been a bit less fortunate in the many wars it fought in subsequent years."39 Britain got a military-financial complex up and running in the 1690s and had the good fortune of Churchills and Clives and Wolfes and Nelsons and Wellesleys in its operation. Good on them. But it is not the modern world. The argument confuses — as we have seen many have — victory with enrichment.
What mattered had to do with the change in political and economic rhetoric about the same time that made the British state prudent in the financing of its wars of imperial adventure 1690 to 1815, as the Netherlands had earlier learned to be prudent in the financing of its wars of survival, 1568-1648 and (complements of the envious English) during the four Anglo-Dutch wars of 1652-54, 1665-67, 1672-74, 1680-84 (no wonder the Dutch and the English finally gave up their quarrels and adopted William as their joint stadhouder/king). In 1787 the professor of civil law at Glasgow, John Millar, had it more right than North does: the "energy and vigor which political liberty [my claim], and the secure possession and enjoyment of property [North and Weingast's claim], are wont to inspire. . . . was obtained by the memorable Revolution of 1688, which completed. . . a government of a more popular nature."40 Secure possession of property is necessary. But it had little to do with the financial innovations that North and Weingast stress, because it had been established centuries before. A government of a more popular nature, and political liberty, and above all the energy and vigor that a new deal brought forth from England's bourgeoisie, were what mattered.
The figures of North and Weingast imply that total central government expenditure under James I and Charles I was at most a mere 1.2 to 2.4 percent of national income. At the same time the Romanovs were spending nearly 15 percent of Russia's entire national income on war, and shortly afterwards the Hohenzollerns learned how to spend comparable shares on the largest standing army in proportion to population in Europe.41 We nowadays face central government expenditures among free countries ranging from the U.S.'s and South Korea's low of 21 percent to France's high of 46 percent.42 The four forced "loans" from the rich of London 1604-1625 amounted to a trivial 1 percent of the national income earned over those years.43 Of course, as the American case in the 1770s showed, a tax on stamps taking a tiny portion of income can trip off a revolution, and so here. But even the Stuart kings, grasping though they were, and enamored as were many monarchs at the time with a newly asserted divine right of kings, were nothing like as efficient in predation as modern governments — or indeed as were the Georgian kings of Great Britain and Ireland who succeeded them. Macaulay had in 1830 spoofed the alarm of "the patriots of 1640," who exclaimed, "A million a year will beggar us." By 1783, Macaulay noted, the alarm was instead over the £240 millions of debt that the British state could then command.44 By the end of the long century of struggle with the French, in 1815, the United Kingdom owed in its national debt a sum twice its annual national income (over three times the ratio in the United States in 2009 — though the figure does not include the gigantic unfunded debt such as Social Security and especially Medicare). Britain paid off the debt by the 1840s, at the height of Political Economy.
No quantitative case can be made, in short, that it was after 1688 that England moved from predation to security of property. England was a nation of laws from the time of Quia Emptores (1290), or Edward I (ruled 1272-1307), or earlier. As North and Weingast themselves admit, "the fundamental strength of English property rights" could be dated from the Great Charter of 1215, and surely earlier.45 And what then of Italian or for that matter Byzantine or Islamic or Chinese property rights?
In certain smallish matters the law of property was indeed improved by the Glorious Revolution — for example (not so small, actually) in 1689 and 1693 landlords were granted clear rights to tin, copper, iron, or lead under their properties, free of harassment for violating an old prerogative of the Crown (which claimed silver and gold thus extracted, even if incidental to the mining of the base metals). But there's not much in it. Certainly no economy can prosper, as North and Pipes and Harold Demsetz and I warmly agree, in which a Bad Sir Botany can go around blipping people on the head and seizing whatever he wishes.46 "Trade cannot live without mutual trust among private men," wrote Temple in 1672.47 Otherwise we face Hobbes' war of all against all: "In such condition there is no place for industry, because the fruit thereof is uncertain: and consequently no culture of the earth; no navigation, nor use of the commodities that may be imported by sea; no commodious building; no instruments of moving and removing such things as require much force; no knowledge of the face of the earth; no account of time; no arts; no letters; no society."48 North and Weingast correctly assert, with Millar, the importance of "the ability to engage in secure contracting across time and space."49 Private property is not optional, and market socialism is a contradiction in terms. Even some Marxists nowadays, especially the economists among them, agree on the point. But the problem is, as I have said, that there was little recently new in British property rights around 1700 that can explain its subsequent economic success.
The Northian story has passed into conventional thinking, as for example in an alarming article on "Growth and Institutions" for The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics (2008) by the economist Darin Acemoglou:
Consider the development of property rights in Europe during the Middle Ages. Lack of property rights for landowners, merchants and proto-industrialists [An error: property was very fully developed, especially in land and in personal possessions; land markets functioned in large and small parcels; exchange on secure terms took place in all commodities, at the latest from the Normans and their lawyers, or outside the King's court in leet courts registering peasant deals in the thirteenth century, and in most respects hundreds of years earlier] 50 was detrimental to economic growth during this epoch [No: lack of property rights had nothing to do with poor medieval productivity]51 . . . . Consequently, economic institutions during the Middle Ages provided little incentive to invest in land, physical or human capital, or technology [Another error: incentives of a strictly economic sort did not change between 1000 and 1800, not much ],52 and failed to foster economic growth [Economic growth did not occur, but — outside of Russia — not because of lack of property rights]. These economic institutions also ensured that the monarchs controlled a large fraction of the economic resources in society [An error: even in early modern times the percentage 'controlled' by monarchs was small by modern or some ancient standards: think 5 percent of national income, though rents from royal estates, until sold off, would make the figure higher; but the estates are rental income, an affirmation rather than a violation of the rights of private property], solidifying their political power and ensuring the continuation of the political regime. The seventeenth century, however, witnessed major changes in the economic [An error: the economic institutions, if by that one means property rights, or even taxation, did not change much then] and political institutions [Finally a partial truth, at least in England and Scotland: not in "Europe" as he claims] that paved the way for the development of property rights [An error: property rights were already developed, centuries earlier] and limits on monarchs' power [A truth, but a British and later a Swedish truth, and having nothing to do with an allegedly novel security of property, for all the self-interested talk by the gentry at the time, from John Hampden to Thomas Jefferson; and the share of British government taxes in national income did not fall in the eighteenth century: it strikingly rose].53
Acemoglou in short has gotten the story embarrassingly wrong in every important fact.
It is not his fault, though, since the historians he has consulted, especially North, have told the story to him wrongly. The problem is, to say it yet again, that much of Europe — or for that matter much of China or India, not to speak of the Iroquois or the Khoisan, when it mattered — had credible commitments to secure property rights in the thirteenth century C.E., and in some places in the thirteenth century B.C.E.54 China, for example, has had secure property in land and in commercial goods for millennia. And in the centuries in which the economists claim that Europe surged ahead in legal guarantees for property the evidence is overwhelming that China had secure property. True, early in their rule (Yuan, 1279-1368) the Mongols put in place such anti-economisms of bad property rights as prohibiting autumn planting . . . in order to give ample grazing for Mongol horses. But even the Mongols eventually realized that a prosperous and property-respecting China made a more profitable cash cow. And under the Ming and Qing (1368-1911), property and contract laws were enforced on high and low. Merchants were more, not less, secure on the roads of the Chinese Empire than a western Christendom plagued until the nineteenth century by pirates, or highwaymen riding up to the old inn door. Chaucer's merchant in 1387 "wished the sea were kept [free of pirates] for anything/ Betwixt Middleburg [in Zeeland] and Orwell [in Lincolnshire]," as the Chinese and the Japanese and the Ottomans had already long kept their seas.55 After all, the necessary condition for the creation of anyeconomy is the ability to engage in secure contracting across time and space. No Mesopotamian merchant could buy copper from Anatolia without property rights, whether enforced by the state or more powerfully by the customs of the merchants themselves. North and Weingast and their student Acemoglou are letting their chronology get radically and misleadingly compressed. Certainly the development of property rights away from the arbitrary rule of a war chief in, say, 588 C.E. in Wessex mattered for economic incentives. But by 1688 such a development in England had long, long occurred. It was not true, as Sellar and Yeatman asserted in their loony way, that "there was an Agricultural Revolution which was caused by the invention of turnips and the discovery that Trespassers could be Prosecuted. This was a Good Thing, too, because previously the Land has all been rather common, and it was called the Enclosure movement and was the origin of Keeping off the Grass, . . . [culminating] in the vast Royal Enclosure at Ascot."56
What is true, however, is that during the decades up to 1700 the effective rulers of Britain became in theory and practice more and more mercantilist, and then by the end of the eighteenth century even a little bit free trading (thus Ekelund and Tollison) — anyway more and more after the late seventeenth century concerned with national profit and loss, instead of ensuring this man's monopoly profit and that woman's church attendance. No wonder that the worldly philosophy called "political economy" grew up pari passu, considering that it is precisely the national, or international, view above the struggle of interests that economics claims to take. The wise professor of English quoted earlier, Michael McKeon, put it this way: the mercantilist pretense of "state control of the economy becomes intelligible as one stage in a long process in which the power to modify the heavenly laws . . . and to reform the environment is vouchsafed to increasingly autonomous and individualized human agency."57 That is, both mercantilism and laissez faire are distinguished from what came before by their focus on a new idea of the economy as a separate thing. The wise philosopher quoted earlier, Charles Taylor, asserts a similar emergence of The Economy as an explicit object of concern in the seventeenth century, and Joyce Appleby gave the story in detail of how by the time Hume and Smith took up their pens "economic life had been successfully differentiated from the society it served."58 In Thomas Mun's England's Treasure by Foreign Trade (1621), Appleby writes, ""for the first time economic factors were clearly differentiated from their social and political entanglements."59 ***Give quote.
Sir William Temple noted of the great nations of Europe in 1672 that until the end of the Thirty Years War "their trade was war." But "since the Peace of Munster, which restored the quiet of Christendom in 1648, not only Sweden and Denmark but France and England have more particularly than ever before busied the thoughts and counsels of their several governments. . . about the matters of trade."60 He was premature in announcing Christendom's quiet, since William's and then Anne's and then the Georges' eighteenth-century epic against the French was to begin in earnest after Dutch William III taught the undisciplined English to have a national debt and store it in the Bank of England. Other countries at the time had more of a trade of war. Voltaire said of Prussia that most nations had an army, but in Prussia the army had a state. But Temple was right in emphasizing the spread of the Dutchlike subordination of politics to trade at least in Britain. As Montesquieu put it in 1748, "other nations have made the interests of commerce yield to those of politics; the English, on the contrary, have ever made their political interests give way to those of commerce."61 Well. . . not "ever," but by 1748 often.
Such an ordering of ideas was second nature to the Dutch in 1600. It had to be learned by the British. The British following the Dutch came to be known in the world as unusually calculating — instead of as before unusually careless in calculating. No one in Europe in 1500 would have thought of the English as anything but arrogant and warlike: "See approach proud Edward's power," sang the Scots, who had occasion to know, about a much earlier intervention of the English, "Chains and slavery." The actual alteration in individual behavior in the direction of bourgeois values by around 1700 was not great. Well into the twentieth century the rest of the world had occasion to be shocked by the aristocratic/peasant brutality of British soldiers. Consider General Kitchener ordering Boer and black women and children into concentration camps, in which a quarter died of hunger and disease in 1900-1901. Consider the massacre at Amritsar in British India in 1919, or the bold Black and Tans suppressing Irish rebellion in 1920. A little if rich island did not paint a quarter of the world red, or win two world wars (with a little help), by sweetly bourgeois persuasion. But the change in rhetoric towards bourgeois cooperation was permanent and finally softening, and in any case the sociological change in the direction of a new dignity and liberty for the bourgeoisie made innovation commendable and possible.


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Midway between two shabby crossroad taverns - Old and New Cold Harbor - the Confederates dug in on June 1-2, 1864 to await Grant's attack. It came on June 3, a frontal assault on a narrow section of the line, and it cost the Federals 7,000 casualties in 30 minutes. The well-preserved trenches along the 1.25 mile tour road are fine examples of Civil War field fortifications. A one-mile walk begins at the visitor center.
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Powers of i - Concept
To determine the value of i raised to a power greater than two, we rewrite the term using exponent rules.Remember that i^2 = -1 and i^4 = 1. Therefore, any exponent of i that is a multiple of four will equal one; any even exponent not divisible by four will equal negative one. Also, negative exponents indicate a reciprocal of the base; if i is in the denominator, it will need to be rationalized.
Dealing with different powers of i. So we know that i to the first is just the square root of -1 which we typically just leave as i. So this is the square root of -1 or i. We also know that i squared is going to be -1. But we also can have different powers of i. So what I'm going to do is sort of go down the row and talk about different powers.
So i cubed. Easy way to figure out i cubed is the same thing as i squared times i. Remember when we multiply bases we add the exponents. So this is i squared times i to the first, this will be i to the third. i squared we know it should be -1 from right here and i is just i. We multiply -1 and i we end up with -i. Okay.
i to the fourth. By the same logic as we did up here, i to the fourth is just going to be i to the third times i. i to the third is -i and i is just i. So what we have then is -i times i -i squared. i squared is -1 so what we end up is with is negative -1 or just 1. Okay.
i to the fifth. By the same logic we did any of these, i to the fifth is just going to be i to the fourth times i but i to the fourth is just 1. So what we really end up is 1 times i or just i. So what we have here is i to the fifth is the same thing as i. If we multiply it by one more i, It's just going to take us the same thing as i times 1, one more i which is just going to be -1. Multiply this by i, i squared -1, sorry -1.
So what we actually end up with is a cycle. i to the sixth is going to be the same thing as i squared, i to the seventh is going to be the same thing as i cubed and i to the eighth is just going to be the same thing as i to the fourth, which is 1. Okay?
So, what we really have is everything is going to repeat after i to the fourth. Every single multiple of i of 4, is just going to get, i to the multiple of 4 is just going to give us 1. Okay?
So, if you think about it. We know i to the fourth is 1, we know i to the eighth is 1. So what about i to the twelfth? Same exact thing. This is once again going to give us 1. What about i to the four hundredth? Okay. Four hundred is a multiple of 4, it's going to lie on one of these ones. So this is going to be 1. i to the 401. We know that i to the 400 is going to land us right here on the i to the fourth power. So we just have one more i which will just bump us to the fifth, equivalent of i to the fifth which is just going to be i.
So whenever we're dealing with powers of i, it's easier just to sort of draw it in comparison to the powers of 4 which we know and then go off of how many more you need to deal with.


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2009 | 2008 | 2007 | 2006 | 2005 | 2004 | 2003
Is AA Effective? Wall Street Journal vs Cochrane Collaboration
Maia Szalavitz, October 27, 2006
WSJ claims Cochrane report misled media
At stats, we're huge fans of randomized controlled trials, which are the gold standard of evidence for working out whether drugs or therapies are effective or not. By comparing those who receive one treatment to those who receive another, or a placebo, randomized controlled trials allow scientists to determine whether improvements seen in patients are caused by the treatments under study.
But there is a problem with randomized controlled trials when it comes to evaluating certain psychological treatments; one that was missed in a recent report on the effectiveness of Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) as a treatment for alcoholism in the Wall Street Journal [subs. required].
The Journal reported that a Cochrane review, which concluded that the data did not support claims that AA is more effective than other approaches, lead to misleading reporting and headlines like "Review Sees No Advantage to 12-Step Programs."
But that headline is, in fact, a fair characterization of the best data on AA. Contrary to the Journal's claims that AA "hasn't been subjected to the gold standard of medical experiments, the double-blind randomized clinical trial," there have been several trials that did just that.
They just didn't happen to find an advantage for AA – a conclusion that the Journal finds impossible to accept in light of the fact that "untold multitudes of problem drinkers have become abstinent after attending A.A. meetings." The paper points out that many studies have found a connection between AA attendance and reduced drinking; and even though this may just be a correlation rather than proof of cause and effect, it can, nonetheless, be "treated as powerful evidence."
But what this shows is not that AA works in general but that AA works for those who choose to attend it. This is fine: there are many psychological treatments that work for those who prefer them, but are ineffective or even harmful to those who are randomly selected or even forced to participate in them.
Randomized controlled trials can't tell you whether treatments like this are superior or inferior to each other because randomization eliminates the self-selection that is crucial to their success. Whether self-selection is the only thing that matters (whether, for example, people who would have gotten sober anyway, because they are highly motivated, are those who choose to attend AA, while those who are unmotivated do not) – may not be discerned without much more research.
But, as one of the studies covered in the Cochrane review found, if AA has any advantage over other treatments that do not carry its baggage of involving surrender to a higher power and asking his help with "character defects," they haven't yet been found in years of study.
The Journal was right to say that many professional treatments simply make people pay for what AA provides free of charge (such as advice on working its 12-steps), and that this is why researchers should determine whether such approaches are worth insurance and government funding. But the paper should have critiqued the dominance of the AA approach in professional treatment without evidence for its efficacy instead of critiquing the Cochrane review for relying on inadequate methodology.


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About This Item
Catalog: 180693TECO0147
Inspired by seventy-five years of tradition, Michael C. Fina products are crafted by master artisans for discerning tastes. From our Classic Diamonds Collection, this diamond riviera necklace features gleaming diamonds set in lustrous 18 karat white gold. Simple and elegant, this look will never go out of style.
About Michael C. Fina
A New York institution since 1935, Michael C. Fina has dedicated three generations to quality and craftsmanship. The only family-owned and operated jeweler in the heart of Manhattan, we are leading purchasers of the world's finest diamonds and we carry the largest selection of designer engagement rings and wedding bands on the East Coast. In addition, we carry the most comprehensive selection of fine tableware and home decor items in the country, making us the premier destination for savvy New York brides.


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There's an art to designing great-sounding speakers and StageSource L2t is truly the state of the art. In addition to best-in-class sound quality, StageSource provides the features you need to deliver the perfect performance:
Wood Is Better than Plastic
Would you trust a plastic guitar amp to deliver warm, powerful sound? Then you shouldn't trust a plastic PA either. Let our research show you why.
Acoustic Guitar Modeling
12-Band Feedback Suppression, Built-in Effects
Onboard 5-Input Digital Mixer
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To take a test drive, please contact one of the participating retail partners listed at the bottom of this page.
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*Test Drive promotional period starts October 1, 2013 and ends December 31, 2014. Eligible Test Drive products include the StageSource® speaker products only (Models include: L2m, L2t, L3m, L3s and L3t). Test Drive promotion is only available to legal United States residents (excluding Puerto Rico, US Virgin Islands and Guam) who are eighteen (18) years of age or older at the time of participating and is valid at participating authorized resellers located in the United States only. One free trial per eligible participant. Line 6 makes no warranties, express or implied. Employees of Line 6 and their immediate family members (spouses, parents, children and legal dependents) are not eligible to participate. Line 6 is not responsible for misinformation about this promotion that you may have received from other sources. Void where prohibited, taxed or restricted by law.
Your personal information, received in conjunction with this Test Drive promotion, will be utilized by Line 6 to: (1) fulfill your free StageSource trial, (2) communicate with you regarding your trial experience with the StageSource product, and (3) communicate with you regarding other Line 6 products and services. It will be kept as long as required by law. By completing this entry form, you also expressly authorize Line 6 to give your personal information to its participating authorized resellers for the sole purpose of fulfilling your free StageSource trial. By taking part in this Test Drive promotion, you, your agents, assigns and successors release Line 6 and their respective parent companies, trustees, subsidiaries, affiliates, licensees, directors, officers, employees, agents, and independent contractors from any and all liability for any costs or expenses resulting from participating in this Test Drive promotion and from any and all liability whatsoever, including, without limitation, for any injuries, death, losses or damages of any kind caused by or in connection with the promotion or resulting from acceptance, possession, quality, use or misuse of the StageSource product(s). You further agree that in the event of any third party claims, damages, losses, injuries or death arising from or relating to this promotion, and your use of the StageSource product(s) as part of this Test Drive promotion, you will indemnify Line 6 from any and all such claim, including attorney's fees related thereto.


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3rd Edge Know You Wanna
- Words: Star Eyes
- Label: Parlophone
I can't wait for the day when DnD get to attack more American r&b remixes. The crew's Big Vocal mix of this fairly substandard Craig David knock-off vocal track still bumps, but its bubbling techno sounds and rich bass would sound really ace under some vintage R. Kelly or even Brandy. Check the dirty dub for less class, more sass.
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text: Looking for In-dash Video Receivers? Start shopping Video: Demo of the Clarion VZ401 DVD receiver By Ken Nail Description Clarion VZ401 $299.99 IN STOCK Add to Cart If you crave a big screen in the dash, install the Clarion VZ401 DVD receiver and its motorized 7" touchscreen. Combined with its slick interface and numerous bells and whistles, you'll have a touchscreen command center that powers out at the touch of a button. Check out some of its moves in this demo video. [Learn more about the VZ401] Sign up for our email newsletter and then enter to win a $500 Rewards Card. Clarion VZ401 DVD receiver 19 people say In Stock Your price: $299.99 Add to Cart Done with your research? Shop in-dash video receivers Related articles and videos Using iPhone apps in the car Video: How to Install a Car Stereo The advantages of having a touchscreen receiver in your car How to Choose a Mobile Video System Steering wheel audio control adapters More articles about in-dash video receivers >


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Cards beat St. James, Vienna - PHOTO GALLERY
- Details
- Parent Category: Sports
- Written by Rob Viehman
- Hits: 129
The Steelville High School varsity baseball team earned a pair of victories on the road last week. The Cardinals defeated St. James and Vienna.
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Yes but:
November 29 2008 at 6:07 PM
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Hang 'em high
Most of America supported him. Our congress has given passage to all of his ideas and ideals.
We as a nation, are a part of his hate and schemes. No one likes our congress and MOST think they are doing a bad job. But hey! They are still all there doing A BAD JOB.
Were it not for lying, stealing and cheating us, then we wouldn't even have a congess.
Our problems are on our backs simply for allowing it. So you want Obama to clean up the crap we actually caused. Maybe he will do it, But don't get hysterical when there is a failure.
Right now the debt is such you and your children owe $400,000,00 each to the government.
Ain't that a shame - no ones to blame, - except the dumb shits that let it happen. all of US. For the retards US means the United States.
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PGA Resort Nabs New Chef
Categories: Restaurant News
The new top toque is Gordon Maybury, whose résumé
may not have the foodie cachet of a Top Chef wannabe but includes stints at Michelin-starred restaurants throughout Europe and big-time hotels in the U.S. and Caribbean. Speaking with an accent that reveals his Irish heritage, Maybury said that despite working in restaurants for 24 of his 40 years, "it still doesn't feel like a job."
Good thing, because he has his work cut out for him at the resort, whose restaurants haven't made much of an impact on the local scene during its almost 30-year history. "Outside of being known as a sort-of steak house," he notes, "[the resort's flagship Ironwood Grille] doesn't have much of an identity."
So he's looking to rebrand the place as a steak house with a Floribbean accent, adding to a menu of designer beef (prime, Angus, Hereford, Wagyu) dishes like Wagyu carpaccio with mango and white balsamic drizzle and such SoFla standbys as ceviche and yucca fries. On the job less than a week, the menu is mostly in his head, but he promises that apps and desserts in particular will get a thorough reworking.
He's also looking at turning the downstairs Bear Trap sports bar into a contemporary Irish gastropub with an extensive roster of microbrewed beers, which ought to provide a little taste of home.
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Customer Service Information
Game of Thrones The Hound Collectible Bust
To Order by Phone Call 1-866-316-4814
For delivery by December 24, order by:
- Applies to in-stock items only
- 3-7 business days: Wed., Dec. 17, 2pm ET
- 1-2 business days: Thurs., Dec. 18, 2pm ET
- Next business day: Fri., Dec. 19, 2pm ET
Additional Details
- Dimensions: Measures 7.5 inches from the base to his helmet's top; his broad shoulders stretch 7 inches across.
- Includes: Certificate of Authenticity
- Made In: Imported
- Made Of: Resin
Hand-painted numbered edition in full color collector packaging. Certificate of authenticity included.


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The Year in Style
What a long strange year it's been.
What a long strange year it's been.
Editors' picks for Fall Fashion 2014
World Order's "Have a Nice Day" nails the details of dressing.
This season's most exciting pairs offer colored soles, neon leather accents, and nearly flourescent suede that will ensure your look stands out in the city or, even better, the next time you find yourself near some white sand
From the clothes we wear to the ways we wear them, how a single brand came to epitomize how the American man dresses now
It must be noted that every team left hell, every team that started has an excellent, classic, eminently-wearable team hat. And so maybe wearing baseball caps is okay again.
Introducing our fall Shirt & Tie guide
A new crop of corduroy pants are slimmer, cooler, and should be hanging in your closet...now.
Armani mixes utility and style with this office appropriate boot.
A rugged boot to take you from autumn to winter, from George Esquivel
Kimmel's luxe take on the Army classic, in brown calfskin leather.
When the model's husband becomes a model himself
Stefano Pilati, back on his feet after leaving YSL
Because this funny man's style is anything but funny
Because you'll want one this fall
An exclusive preview of a new book, in which half of the design duo gives us plenty of swagger (and suits) to enjoy for the upcoming season
These are the Ray-Ban shades you'll want next
Because you already own dark jeans, these are the pairs that will add contrast and texture to all your looks. Find the pair you love, at every price, then buy 'em online now
When he's not near the pool, it looks pretty good
It's a classic that's held on longer than most athletes
Or, how to make a goatee work
A bold variation on the espadrille, with a good story to tell that cute girl at the BBQ
Because it's sometimes necessary not to tie your laces
Thanks, Mark McNairy


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Elena Zemmel
Administrative Assistant
Zemmel has served as the administrative assistant for the Department of Psychology and Counseling since 2005. She coordinates the application and admissions process for the Graduate Programs (among many other things).
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615.966.5906 (ext. 5906)
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Birthday Horoscope for March 20thIf your Birthday is March 20 and your Zodiac Sign is Pisces
Birthday Persona Profile
People born specifically on the 20th of March are believed to be intensively creative and cooperative and much more independent than other Piscean fish. The astrological planet that rules this particular day marking the end of the Pisces zodiac group on the cusp of Aries is the Moon. If you have this birthday your optimism is generally high and you are bestowed with numerous talents and a purposeful practicality. Intuitive and compassionate you seem to naturally sense when others need your help or advice. You are full of fun and charm and will be spontaneous when you are allowed to be, but you can also sometimes be restless due to your independence and love of variety. Friendly, imaginative and sensitive you have a fairly well balanced view of the world and will get along with almost everyone. Individuals with a March the twentieth birthday are usually quite idealistic yet realistic, they are flexible and able to compromise easily.
Work and Finances
Ideal work choices to a person born on the twentieth of March are those that allow you to utilize your natural creativity. You are multi talented with a strong attunement to other people's feelings and seek occupations where your best attributes can be helpful. Finances are important if you have this particular birth date but you tend to not have much interest towards careful money budgeting. Your spontaneity often encourages you to live for the moment resulting in careless management of personal finances. You appear to fare better when a partner agrees to take care of financial responsibilities.
Personal Relationships
As a Pisces, the person born on the twentieth day of March is typically a tad shy and unconfident concerning romance. You are also untypically keen to take the lead when it comes to love and intimacy. On the surface your self-contradictory mix of considerate and insensitive can come across as complex but underneath lies a fragile heart that craves and affection and emotional unity. You are deeply loving, attentive and passionate with a soul mate that you both trust and respect. With all your imagination and sensitivity you are a true romantic and will ordinarily expect love to last forever. In a long term relationship you can be immensely supportive and totally devoted but soon disappointed if a partner does not live up to your standards and expectations. If a loving partnership hits troubles you will find it extremely difficult to walk away.
Health complications experienced by those born on March 20th are sometimes a consequence of deficiencies in your food or fluid intake. You usually require lots of protein and calcium in your diet as muscles and bones are likely to be weak areas physically. Drinking the recommended daily amount of water is in addition especially essential for your overall healthiness. You are prone to soon become dehydrated and could suffer from fluctuations in energy if you do not drink enough. Light to moderate exercise could be beneficial for your skin and healthy in keeping your mood light and optimistic.
Strengths and Weaknesses
The most noticeable strengths in your character are probably within your logical, versatile and receptive nature. This purpose driven set of qualities make you a go-getter with flexibility whose cooperation with others gets you far in life. The main personality weakness for those born on March 20th highlights the paradoxical side to your temperament. Uncertainty of yourself and your abilities can prompt you to be once in a while unrealistic with ideas and thoughts, indifferent or indecisive. These negative tendencies show up more frequently when you are feeling insecure, tired or over anxious.
Dreams and Goals
Being born on the 20th of March gives you a longing to be different and a passion to do something worthwhile. This perspective is usually what you base your life plans on and arms you with the drive you need to pursue your objectives. Goal setting is something that you do on a regular basis for use in fulfilling professional and private hopes and ambitions. Your vivid dreams can every now and then be a distraction from planned courses of action as you commonly take note of their possible meanings. Guided by a blend of your dreaming and desired aims you strive to be levelheaded and in control of your destiny.
Birthday Luck and Significance
As you were born on the twentieth day of the month your birth date equalizes to a Root number of Two. This numerical reference to your birthday has the associated keyword 'Harmony' highlighting your cooperativeness and need for balance in your life. In Tarot the 20th card in the Major Arcana symbolizing Judgment is closely linked to your birthday. This identifies your perceptiveness, versatility and logic. The gem considered luckiest for March the twentieth birthdays is imagined to be a Pearl. Wearing this precious stone can enhance memory, induce calm and attract love and prosperity.
The celestial body Neptune is astrologically the most influential authority involved in the formation of Piscean personalities. The actual day you were born on, the twentieth of March is cosmically ruled by the Moon creating your high sensitivity and receptiveness. The joint influences of these 2 planets are the determinants responsible for your original disposition. Your cheery attitude and helpfulness make you a great friend to have around. Your fine combination of artistic and practical comes in very useful. The impulsiveness you possess sways you to follow your natural instincts and be in the right places at times to take advantage of opportunities. Build self confidence and believe in your skills and you can go further than you expect. A final thought meaningful to people born on March the 20th is to always try to remain calm and fully in touch with your senses.
Saritha nair 2014-12-18 13:32:45
I want to know about my baby boy.he is born on 20th of march 2014 on 7:55 Am
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leatitia elsa 2014-11-10 11:17:36
24 today thanks be to the lord this is the point but i beleive god would see me through
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omega 2014-10-26 01:34:00
This is so on point. I am so happy about what i just read, but however God makes all things possible. This is who God made me and i am glad about it.
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love28 2014-10-09 00:53:39
this is very true! wow!
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fish 2014-10-04 18:09:18
Ladyc, you are right. I am also trying to find out my purpose in life and believe that God has made me to complete something .... Some higher purpose in life. Still searching for the answers.
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Ryuzaki 2014-07-30 11:29:09
I'm 14 this year and have just read this,it's quite truth actually haha...
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bitxhfacekilla 2014-06-15 06:52:59
I turned 25 this year, and we are definitely in the same boat @ladyc2090 !!!
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Toni 2014-09-28 05:22:55
I also turned 25 this year. So my bday is 3/20/89. ... So our moms were in labor at the exact same time! Lol
[Reply] [Reply with quote]
Dreamy Pisces 2014-06-05 21:53:16
This is awesome and totally on point. Usually when I read about pisces it's always a lot of negative traits but being born on the 20th gives me a little bit of pisces and aries and I feel really good about that. I think when I was younger I was more prone to depression and being weak willed. At 34 I'm very strong and I know who I am. I feel awesome now. just needed to swim throug the water to find myself. Yay!
[Reply] [Reply with quote]
Ladyc2090 2014-06-11 16:56:05
I'm 24 and born on this day and I'm still trying to find out who I am and my purpose in life. I so agree with this post regarding our strong will and determination and also I agree with the longing to do something worthwhile as I always feel this constant insatiable feeling inside. Did you ever feel that way @dreamypisces? How do you cope.with it?
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BP says it will continue to monitor the situation in the Gulf of Mexico[AFP]
The White House has hailed what it called the "beginning of the end" for the worst oil spill in US history.Robert Gibbs, a White House spokesman, made the comments on Wednesday after BP announced it had reached a "significant milestone" in its attempt to plug a ruptured oil well in the Gulf of Mexico.
"It is sort of the beginning of the end of the sealing and containment phase of this operation," Gibbs told reporters.
Barack Obama, the US president, has also welcomed BP's "static kill" effort to halt the leak, saying that it appears to be working.
"The long battle to stop the leak and contain the oil is finally close to coming to an end," he said on Wednesday."And we are very pleased with that. Our recovery efforts, though, will continue. We have to reverse the damage that's been done."
'Desired outcome'
The procedure involved pumping mud and cement into the blown-out well.
A statement released by BP on Wednesday, said: "The well pressure is now being controlled by the hydrostatic pressure of the drilling mud, which is the desired outcome of the static kill procedure carried out yesterday".
The leak was caused by an explosion on the Deepwater Horizon rig on April 20, which caused it to collapse and fracture the well head. Eleven people were killed in the incident.
A US government report published on Wednesday said that nearly three quarters of the spilled crude had now been mopped up or dispersed.
US scientists said in the inter-agency report that burning, skimming and direct recovery had removed one quarter of the oil.
Another 25 per cent had naturally evaporated or dissolved, and 24 per cent had been dispersed, either naturally or chemically, the report said.
Oil remains
The rest was either on or just beneath the water's surface as "light sheen or weathered tarballs," had washed ashore or was buried in sand and sediments at the sea bottom, the scientists said.
But more than one million barrels of oil remains in the Gulf, four times the estimated 257,000 barrels that spilled into Prince William Sound from the Exxon Valdez tanker in 1989.
If BP is found guilty of negligence over the spill, the flow rate of 62,000 barrels a day means it could face up to $17.6bn in fines.
The firm has also set up a $20bn fund to pay claims from individuals and businesses hit by the disaster.
Gulf fishing communities and business owners are still counting the cost of the spill, which forced the closure of large swaths of rich fishing grounds and dealt a severe blow to local tourism.
The spill is the world's largest accidental release of oil, surpassing the 1979 Ixtoc well blowout in Mexico's Bay of Campeche that spilled out almost three million barrels.
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Tara Sharma, Haseena and others at Marathon pre party hosted by Kingfisher in Mumbai on 17th January 2014. Check out for event photo's of Tara Sharma and Haseena at Marathon pre party here on Bollywood Celebden.
Bollywood Celebden is a leading source for Bollywood News & Gossip. We report on the latest developments in the movie industry and also showcase some of the highlights of movies and celebrities. With 2 million+ pageviews every month, and 55,000+ likes on Facebook, we are among the fastest growing Bollywood Entertainment Portals on the net.
For advertsing or other enquiries, please contact our one-man PR team, Sailesh (email@example.com), who'se got all the right answers ;-)


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Flash (Alert)
An otherwise normal Unix System Services (USS) user can assume the elevated security setting of NetView for z/OS to execute an arbitrary program at that elevated security level.
DESCRIPTION: An otherwise normal Unix System Services(USS) user can assume the elevated security setting of NetView for z/OS to execute an arbitrary program at that elevated security level.
CVSS Base Score: 7.2
CVSS Temporal Score: See http://xforce.iss.net/xforce/xfdb/80643 for the current score
CVSS Environmental Score*: Undefined
CVSS String: (AV:L/AC:L/Au:N/C:C/I:C/A:C)
- Affected releases: 1.4, 5.1 through 5.4 & 6.1
- Releases/systems/configurations NOT affected: none
REMEDIATION: See table below for the appropriate PTF fix.
Note concerning the PE status of the original fixes (PTFs): See corresponding PE fix APAR for details.
Workaround/Mitigation(s): None
REFERENCES: Any additional links, including related advisories (issued by IBM or other vendors), links to CVSS v2 Guide, CVSS calculator, X-Force database entry, and CVE entry link for the listed vulnerability or vulnerabilities.
- Complete CVSS Guide (hyperlink to http://www.first.org/cvss/cvss-guide.html )
- On-line Calculator V2 (link to http://nvd.nist.gov/cvss.cfm?calculator&adv&version=2 )
- X-Force Vulnerability Database (hyperlink to the entry in X-Force db that covers the given vulnerability )
- CVE-2012-5951 (hyperlink to http://cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvename.cgi?name=CVE-2012-5951)
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT: None
- December 21, 2012 Advisory Flash Created
- January 14, 2013 Updated to include PE information
*The CVSS Environment Score is customer environment specific and will ultimately impact the Overall CVSS Score. Customers can evaluate the impact of this vulnerability in their environments by accessing the links in the Reference section of this Flash.
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text:
remains one of the few countries where documentaries are still shown
on mainstream television in the hours when most people are awake.
But documentaries that go against the received wisdom and inform
are becoming an endangered species, at the very time we need them
most. That will be a tragedy; for viewers in this country are not
only used to but support an eclectic range of programmes, unlike
the United States where people expect television to be little more
than a shopping mall with buskers. Rupert Murdoch's Fox Channel,
a parody of journalism, fits this perfectly; and he wants us to
have the same.
survey after survey, when people are asked what they would like
more of on television; they say documentaries. I don't believe they
mean cod-documentaries about airports and estate agents. Nor do
they mean a type of "current affairs" that is a platform
for politicians and establishment "experts" and merely
gestures at the truth, striking a specious balance between great
power and its victims, between oppressors and the oppressed. They
mean what James Cameron called "truth telling journalism captured
on film": documentaries that are the antithesis of news: that
strip away the faades of "official truth" and rescue
unpalatable facts and historical context from the memory hole to
which "impartial" news has consigned them. The Indian
writer Vandana Shiva had this in mind when she described, "the
insurrection of subjugated knowledge" against the "dominant
knowledge" of rapacious power. Had it not been for Death on
the Rock and John Ware's A Licence to Murder, many of us would not
have known the secret criminal role of the British state in the
war in Northern Ireland.
opponents of this kind of truly independent television journalism
have never been better organised or more vocal. My last two documentaries
for ITV, Breaking the Silence and Palestine is still the Issue,
were subjected to orchestrated, political, often vicious campaigns
of complaint, originating mainly in America where neither film was
shown. The Independent Television Commission investigated nevertheless,
and my producer and I had to explain and justify almost every sequence,
fact and source. The process took a total of six months, at the
end of which the ITC concluded that both films were balanced, fair
and accurate; the Palestine film was praised for "the thoroughness
of its research and its integrity." The would-be censors are
not only the frenetic emailers of the American Zionist groups, but
also those liberal establishment journalists in this country campaigning
to rescue a discredited prime minister. These tribunes have been
in print lately bemoaning the media's influence over "politics"
(they mean Blair's lies over Iraq) and demanding that journalists
return to "basic values" (self-censorship). Ron Nail's
report for the BBC, a reaction to the Hutton whitewash, is part
of this; BBC journalists who offend the government had better watch
looking-glass aspect of all this is that the great majority of the
British media, especially the BBC, dutifully channelled and echoed
the government's pre-invasion lies, instead of challenging and exposing
them, as journalists in a real democracy should do. According to
Charles Lewis, the former star American television journalist now
running an independent investigative unit in Washington, the Center
for Public Integrity, Iraq would not have been attacked had American
journalists done their job and alerted the public to the fakery
of Bush and Blair.
that be said of British journalism? Not quite; the Independent and
the Daily Mirror broke ranks and, now and then, the Guardian. But
British broadcasting, the source of most people's information, was
largely embedded and supine, with honourable exceptions like ITV's
Terry Lloyd, who paid with his life. However, of all the world's
major broadcasters, according to a Media Tenor study, the BBC covered
anti-war dissent less than all of them — less than even the American
networks. In other words, the views of the majority of Britons were
ignored. All that stuff about impartiality is, of course, stuff.
The BBC, in its language, emphasis and omissions, has supported
every war in memory. Post-Hutton, even its honourable exceptions
are silent.
I see it, only documentaries can make sense of the "war on
terror," of Iraq, Guantanamo Bay and the other impositions
of rampant power that now touch all our lives. And yet within the
industry, there is a resistance to documentaries that has a familiar
echo: "They don't rate." As Channel Four has found, they
have often rated better than certain game shows and "reality"
programmes. But that is not the point. Documentaries do rate in
a way that cries out for recognition. Death of a Nation: the Timor
Conspiracy, which I made in 1994 with David Munro, was followed
by phone calls from the public at the rate of 4,000 calls a minute,
according to BT, and this continued well after midnight. When an
updated version was shown four years later, more than 150,000 calls
were registered within 25 seconds of the credits. This grew to half
a million within the hour. And this was a film about a tiny country
few knew existed and hardly anyone had heard of. In contrast, the
producers of Neighbours from Hell, which went to air in the same
week and whose conventional ratings were higher, received about
a dozen calls.
point is that the quality of the public's response to powerful documentaries
is at least as important a measure of popularity, of public interest,
as the ratings. That is also true of the political response. Consider
the reaction to The Secret Policeman, Mark Daly's extraordinary
and brave undercover expos of police racism. This does not mean
that documentary makers can rest their case on the worthiness of
"public service broadcasting." Viewers nowadays are not
prepared to accept a paternalistic notion that harks back to Lord
Reith, the BBC's founder and author of inspired forms of establishment
propaganda. That endures, alongside a corporatism exemplified by
the values of Murdoch, which Blair promised to uphold long before
he came to power. In recently announcing "less intrusion,"
the government's new regulator, Ofcom, is making good on that promise.
Viewers deserve better; and true documentary makers, indeed all
broadcasters, have a special responsibility to fight their corner
as never before.
10, 2004
Pilger was born and educated in Sydney, Australia. He has been
a war correspondent, filmmaker and playwright. Based in London,
he has written from many countries and has twice won British journalism's
highest award, that of "Journalist of the Year," for his
work in Vietnam and Cambodia. This article was first published in
the Independent.
John Pilger 2004


text:
Cloud has revolutionized the way we develop, deploy, buy and sell. Businesses today are increasingly looking to add hybrid, private and public cloud solutions to their existing managed services to deploy cost-effective solutions. This increases their agility to scale up or down, boosts productivity, and helps simplify operations. This means that resources can focus on the core business, reduce total cost of ownership, and find smart ways to replace an aging infrastructure. This, in my opinion, is leading to profound change and presenting countless new business opportunities.
Our recent Intercloud announcements from Rob Lloyd and Edison Peres underscore Cisco's commitment to Cloud based consumption models and today we are expanding our cloud and managed services portfolio to include five new Cisco Powered Cloud Services and one new Cisco Powered Managed Service portfolio for a total of 11 Cisco Powered Cloud and 10 Managed services. This will continue to enable our Cisco Cloud and Managed Services Program (CMSP) partners to expand their portfolio of cloud and managed offers to transform the customer experience. Read More »
Tags: Cisco, Cisco Powered, cloud, CMSP, partner


text:
Chris Dodd has lept up the ranks of Democratic candidates in the monthly online Kos poll. The monthly daily? Kos has a shit ton of readers and this does mean something.
It means go do something for the American people and you will be noticed.
I've Moved
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Monday, October 22, 2007
Dodd God!
by Jay Allbritton
at 12:27 PM
Labels: Chris Dodd, Daily Kos, Election 2008
0 comments:
Blog Archive
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- The Mile High Club Ain't What It Used To Be
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- Shoulda Bombed France When You Had the Chance, Rum...
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- Once Again... Rove!
- Visual Aid
- Carter Rips Master of "Disaster" Cheney
- Too Soon
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- Really With Seth and Amy Deconstruct Craig's Stanc...
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- Memories...
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- Correction: We Torture
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- ▼ October (76)


text:
Type in the eye of the beholder
Rooney, J 2011, 'Type in the eye of the beholder' , RISE Research Innovation and internationalisation news, 1 (13) , pp. 28-29.
|PDF - Published Version
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Official URL: http://www.research.salford.ac.uk/cms/resources/up...
What do you see when you read a piece of typeface? Just letters or art? To be creative in your practice is to be inventive, imaginative and innovative to constantly be exploring and discussing new ways of seeing or doing the everyday thing, John Rooney, Lecturer in the School of Art and Design and currently studying for a PhD at the University is doing just this. Along with colleagues from the Birmingham Institute of Art and Design and Huddersfield University John has recently set up the Typographic Research Initiative (TRI).
|Item Type:
|Media, Digital Technology and the Creative Economy
Memory, Text and Place
|Colleges and Schools > College of Arts & Social Sciences > School of Arts & Media > Centre for Media, Art & Design Research and Engagement (MADRE)
Colleges and Schools > College of Arts & Social Sciences > School of Arts & Media
|Journal or Publication Title:
|RISE Research Innovation and internationalisation news
|The University of Salford
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|Mr John Rooney
|Date Deposited:
|29 Sep 2011 11:53
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text:
Turkey Protests: PM Erdogan Issues Stern Warning
By The British Broadcasting Corporation
Turkish PM Recep Tayyip Erdogan has warned that he will not show "any more tolerance" for protests.
By The British Broadcasting Corporation
Turkish PM Recep Tayyip Erdogan has warned that he will not show "any more tolerance" for protests.
By Jeff Bossert
Champaign Police have arrested two men in connection to a drive-by shooting reported Monday night at 5th and Vine Streets, the fifth such reported incident in the last few days.
By Sean Powers, with additional reporting from The Associated Press
Congressman John Shimkus (R-Collinsville) says the U.S. House of Representatives is expected take up the farm bill later this month.
By Patrick Smith
The chair of the Illinois Juvenile Justice Commission says Gov. Pat Quinn must act quickly to protect kids in the state's youth prisons.
By Allison Aubrey
In order to make tough cuts of beef more tender, the industry uses a mechanical tenderizing process that involves piercing the meat with needles.
By The Associated Press
Former White House chief of Staff William Daley says he's forming a committee to explore running for Illinois governor in 2014.
By Jeff Bossert
A spokesman for Illinois' Department of Corrections says officials aggressively pursued charges against a Decatur prison guard who has been suspended without pay.
By Tamara Keith
The Senate voted Monday to approve its version of the farm bill, a massive spending measure that covers everything from food stamps to crop insurance and sets the nation's farm policy for the next five years.
By The Associated Press
Authorities say it could be another year before Springfield has a new school superintendent.
By Tony Arnold
Ill. Gov. Pat Quinn is asking lawmakers to approve a plan that has previously stalled in the state senate.


text:
Would Apple Screw Up Twitter on Buyout?
NEW YORK ( TheStreet) -- On Monday, I wrote an article for TheStreet explaining why rumored buyers such as Google (GOOG) would end up screwing up Pandora (P).
It's interesting to approach the same subject vis-a-vis the prospects of Apple (AAPL) buying Twitter. Last month, I ventured that it made sense, but I have done some thinking since then.
These conversations come down to two primary things.
First, integration. How can the buyer seamlessly work the company it acquires into its ecosystem? If you're buying a solid brand -- Twitter and Pandora certainly qualify (in that order) -- it only makes sense to want to preserve its identity.Second, and closely related . . . Can the buyer not only maintain, but guarantee the acquired company's autonomy? I would think -- and hope -- these things would matter to the takeover target. I think -- and hope -- they do at Pandora and Twitter. I really don't think getting bought out is just a natural step in the progression at either company. With that said, any buyout would have to address those two points favorably. It's tricky. You need to integrate, but, with companies such as Twitter and Pandora, you should not do so at the expense of the long-term trajectories they're charting. In Pandora's case, I can't see a way Google or Amazon.com (AMZN), for that matter, could swallow Pandora whole, yet not break the company's stride. That doesn't mean there isn't a way; however, aside from complete and total autonomy, nothing sticks out as obvious. Google could treat Pandora like it did YouTube. But, that assumes quite a bit, particularly that the search and advertising giant would throw its support behind Pandora's very different sales model and invest in it accordingly. When looking at any M&A rumor you have to ask several questions to separate inane speculation from something with a legitimate chance of happening. Who needs the buyout and why? Does a buyout benefit both parties equally? Or is this a lopsided relationship where one company operates from a position of weakness? And I am not speaking relatively. Of course, comparatively, Apple dwarfs Twitter, but in their spaces, both companies are quite healthy. Neither needs to seek M&A on the buyout or sellout side.
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text:
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text:
We had shown him numerous costumes,but my 2yr.old grandson Nolan only wants to be Ellen Degeneres for Halloween.
2yr.old grandson Nolan wants to be Ellen
By: wifemargieSubscribe Channel: Halloween Location: Adams,NY
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text:
Minimum hardware requirements to install Windows Millennium
Article ID: 253695 - View products that this article applies to.
This article was previously published under Q253695
This article outlines the minimum hardware requirements needed to install Windows Millennium Edition (Me).
NOTE: This article is for informational use only, and does not contain any troubleshooting information. If you are searching for troubleshooting information that is not referred to in this article, please try searching the Knowledge Base again using keywords listed in the following article:
(http://support.microsoft.com/kb/242450/ )How to query the Microsoft Knowledge Base by using keywords
The minimum hardware requirements for Windows Me include:
http://support.microsoft.com/ph/6519The Windows Hardware Compatibility List (HCL) contains a list of computer systems and peripherals that are compatible with Windows. You can find the HCL on the following Microsoft Web site:
Article ID: 253695 - Last Review: May 28, 2007 - Revision: 3.4
Retired KB Content Disclaimer
This article was written about products for which Microsoft no longer offers support. Therefore, this article is offered "as is" and will no longer be updated.


text:
Article and photo by Lisa Crockett
It's that time of year when social opportunities abound. The weather is warm, the days are long, and it just feels right to light up the grill and invite friends over for a long lazy evening under the stars. And most of the time, backyard cooking involves some sort of potluck element, with the host grilling brats or burgers and everyone else supplying side dishes and dessert. And what better way to end a meal than with a homemade goodie of some kind?
Living in Castle Pines means living at high altitude (we're at roughly 6,500 feet) and that can mean cookies that spread like a pancake and cakes that rise and fall like Vesuvius. So how to find a sweet ending to a backyard party that won't leave everyone feeling, well, deflated?
Colorado cookbook author and baking teacher Randi Levin – also known as the "Muffin Lady" – has lots of tricks to combat the challenges of a high, dry climate. A native of the east coast, Levin came to Colorado in the 1970s and was dismayed to find that many of the goodies she had grown up baking for friends and family just didn't work in Colorado.
"I came from sea level and knew nothing about how higher elevation combined with dry thinner air could affect a good but basic chocolate chip cookie recipe," said Levin.
Her first project was finding a way to perfect those chocolate chip cookies. She added a bit more flour and has been tinkering with baked goods ever since.
A few of Levin's tricks for tasty treats at high altitude include:
For more information on high altitude baking and cookbooks or to sample a few of Levin's recipes, go to www.themuffinlady.com. Levin's book is available at Amazon.com for $15.
"There is one extraordinary ingredient that goes into everything I cook and bake. Please, do not forget this ingredient, for it is important to all recipes. When I am cooking or baking, I add extra spoonfuls of love to all my recipes. Love added to all things good makes them just a little bit better." - Randi Levin


text: Maybe you've seen our new commercial for Powerball. Changes are coming to the game on Jan. 15, and the new Powerball will be bigger and better. Jackpots will start at $40 million, and will grow larger more quickly. We've removed four Powerball numbers from the matrix, and increased the prize for matching all five white-ball numbers to $1 million. It's ok to get excited.


text:
Some of the best music is about nothing more complicated than having a good time. Heartbreak On Hold, however, is a strong argument for a moratorium on songs featuring effects-laden instances of the word "tonight". It seems to feature in almost every track on Alexandra Burke's second album of relentlessly unimaginative house, each excessively Auto-Tuned Euro-club banger indistinguishable from the next – and from so much of the rest of the charts. Maybe just the thing after five Friday-night Smirnoff Ices, but otherwise there's not much incentive to "take it to the dance floor" (tonight).
Alexandra BurkePop and rockDance musicHermione Hobyguardian.co.uk © 2012 Guardian News and Media Limited or its affiliated companies. All rights reserved. | Use of this content is subject to our Terms & Conditions | More Feeds