text:
1. My plate number is MGE 123 when will I register?
You will register your vehicle on the 1st week of March. For further clarification of motor vehicle registration schedule, the last digit of the plate number determines the registration month and the middle digit indicates the weekly deadline, presented as follows:
Last Digit of Plate Number (Monthly Schedule)
Middle Digit
of Plate Number
Weekly Deadline
(On Working Days of the Month)
1 - January
2 - February
3 - March
4 - April
5 - May
6 - June
7 - July
8 - August
9 - September
0 - October
1 2 3
4 5 6
7 8
9 0
For motorcycle plate, use the 3rd digit
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
8 9 10 11 12 13 14
15 16 17 18 19 20 21
22 up to the last day of the month
Motor vehicle registration may be renewed one (1) month before, but not later than the last working day of the week indicated by the middle digit of the plate number.
2. What if I want to change my motor vehicle plate, is it possible?
No, change of plate number is not allowed. Under Batas Pambansa Blg. 43: An Act Providing Number Plates to Owners of Motor Vehicles and Trailers, Amending for the Purpose Section Seventeen of Republic Act Numbered Forty-One Hundred and Thirty-Six, specifically Section 1, Sec. 17, the identification and letters of any motor vehicle number plate shall be permanently assigned to such motor vehicle during its lifetime. The only acceptable change in plate assignment is when a change in denomination is transacted/effected, i.e. from a private vehicle to for-hire or government to private, etc.
3. My 1st registration was at LTO Makati, can I transfer my next registration at Caloocan D.O.?
Yes, you can transfer the registration of your motor vehicle at LTO Caloocan D.O. or to any LTO D.O. most convenient or accessible to you. There will be an additional Php100.00 charge for Change of Venue (CV) of your vehicle registration.
4. How much is the fine for a late registration?
There is a weekly fine for late registration of Php200.00. And for a month delayed of payment, the fine shall become 50% of the MVUC.
5. I want to buy a second hand motor vehicle. How can I be sure that the OR & CR are genuine?
Have both the Certificate of Registration (CR) and Official Receipt (OR) verified for its authenticity at the L.T.O. Property Section, East Avenue, Quezon City.
6. What is an Originating District Office? What is a Transacting District Office?
An Originating District Office is the LTO office where the first/initial registration of a motor vehicle together with all the mandatory documentary requirements was effected/transacted. The transacting District Office is where you presently registered/transacted the renewal or miscellaneous transactions of your Motor Vehicle.
7. Where can I report if I became a victim of hit and run?
You can report to a police assigned in the area where the incident took place.
8. How can I verify the details of a motor vehicle?
Verification may be done at any online L.T.O. District Office. However, as part of the continuing efforts of our Office to ensure the integrity and security of information relating to motor vehicle ownership and details thereof, any and all such requests from private individuals/entities shall be coursed through the Office of the LTO Assistant Secretary for approval.
9. What are the requirements and procedures needed in obtaining duplicate CR/OR?
Initially, you need to secure a notarized affidavit of loss CR/OR. Secondly, you have to go to your Originating District Office and present the said affidavit of loss. You will also be required to present 2 valid IDs for identification purposes. The Originating District Office shall be the one to issue you a duplicate CR/OR. Click here for any additional requirements.
10. What are the requirements and procedures needed in obtaining duplicate plate and replacement of lost sticker?
The requirements for duplicate plate/replacement of stickers are the following:
1. Where can we apply vanity plate?
All motorists may apply for the vanity plates at the MID-Computer Section, LTO, East Avenue, Quezon City or at any LTO Regional (RO)/District Offices (DO) nationwide. Click this link to apply for vanity plate.
2. What documents do I need to secure a VLP for my motor vehicle?
The following are the requirements for securing a VLP:
3. What types of vanity plates are available and how much do they cost?
There are two (2) categories namely; Premium Edition (Php 25,000.00) and Select Edition (10,000.00). For additional information please visit our website, http://www.lto.gov.ph
4. Can I give the vanity as gift?
Yes, provided that the recipient of the gift is a registered owner of a motor vehicle.
5. How long does it take to secure my VLP?
Assuming that all documentations are in order and after your payment is received, a fifteen (15)-working days within Metro Manila. In the provinces, it might take a little longer.
6. I bought a new motor vehicle but not yet issued a license plate, can I avail of the vanity plate?
No, vanity plate can only be issued to a motorist with a registered motor vehicle already issued to a regular LTO license plate.
7. Can I reserve my preferred vanity plate?
Yes, a payment of Php 1,000.00 shall be collected as reservation fee valid for only 30 days. If unclaimed after 30 days, the said amount will be subject to forfeiture in favor of the government.
8. Is VLP exempted from the Metro Manila Development Authority (MMDA) number coding scheme?
No, the number coding scheme in Metro Manila shall also be imposed to the regular license plate no. where the VLP is attached.
9. What vehicles are eligible for the VLP Program?
The following classes of motor vehicles under the four (4) wheel category duly registered with the LTO shall be eligible to avail of the program:
9.1. Existing motor vehicles
9.2. New motor vehicles
10. In the event that a vanity plate is lost, how can I get a replacement?
In case of lost VLP, a duplicate VLP will be issued as a replacement upon submission of the following:
10.1. Submit the above documents to the Secretariat, Bids and Awards (BAC) Committee, LTO, East Avenue, Quezon City
10.2. If request is approved, pay the applicable fees and charges to the Treasury Section
10.3. Proceed to the MID-Computer Section for transmittal to the Administrative Division
Note: Duplicate vanity plate shall only be allowed once
11. What is the prerequisite for securing a vanity plate?
The private motor vehicle must already have a regular LTO license plate
12. How many VLP and VLP stickers will I receive, and how do I place the VLP and stickers on my vehicle?
You will receive only one (1) VLP that will be installed at the space allotted for the rear license plate of the motor vehicle and one (1) sticker that will be installed at the upper right hand corner of the inside rear windshield of the motor vehicle.
13. Can I transfer my VLP to another vehicle? If yes, how will I do it? How much it will cost me?
Yes, you may apply for transfer of VLP to another vehicle subject to the given processes and rules of issuance and the related fees. The procedure on the transfer of VLP to another vehicle is the following:
13.1. Prepare a letter-request for transfer to the LTO Chairman, Bids & Awards Committee (BAC) on Vanity License Plates together with the original Certificate of VLP Title and photocopy of Official Receipt (OR) and Certificate of Registration (CR)
13.2. Proceed to MID-Computer Section, LTO, East Avenue, Quezon City for plate verification
13.3. Submit the above-mentioned documents to the Secretariat of the BAC on Vanity License Plates Program
13.4. Wait for the resolution of the same Committee on your request
13.5. If approved, pay the processing fee of Php 210.00 for transfer
13.6. Return the approved application together with the supporting documents to MID-Computer Section
14. When I sell my vehicle does the VLP remain in the vehicle?
You may opt to remain or remove your VLP upon sale of the motor vehicle as long as transfer of VLP shall be done with LTO.
15. Can a foreigner acquire or secure a vanity plate for souvenir?
No, the issuance of vanity plates is limited only in the Philippines and can only be issued to a motorist with a duly registered motor vehicle.
16. If I still have a commemorative plate, can I avail of the Vanity plate?
If you did not disclose that you have a valid commemorative plate and you install your vanity plate at the rear of the motor vehicle as prescribed, your vanity plate and commemorative plate might be confiscated and a fine will be imposed if caught.
1. How can I renew my Driver's License if I'm out of the country?
LTO accepts driver's license renewals while abroad. Administrative Order (AO) No. 88-002 dated 08 November 1988 entitled: "Validating the Expired Driver's License of Overseas Workers" provides the following requirements and procedure to wit:
1.1 Photocopies of Passport (first page, visa-page & departure page-indicating the date of last departure in the Phil. & date of last arrival overseas);
1.2. Letter of Authority to authorized representative;
1.3. Photo-copy of driver's license and driver's license receipt (DLR), if available;
1.4. Venues are:
(a) LTO, License Section Central Office – within National Capital Region
(b) Any LTO District Offices / Licensing Centers – Outside Metro Manila
1.5. The driver's license shall be validated by issuing a driver's license receipt (DLR) which will serve as temporary driver's license (TDL);
1.6. The license shall present himself/herself within thirty (30) days upon arrival to the same office where the renewal was made for photo-taking and to submit the following;
(a) driver's license
(b) drug-test result
(c) medical certificate
(d) photo-copy of passport
1.7. Fees:
Non-Professional - P 350.00
Professional - P 350.00
Penalties (1 year) (2 years) (3 years)
Non-Professional - P 75.00 P 150.00 P 225.00
Professional - P 75.00 P 150.00 P 225.00
Please take note however, that such DLR issued to you is acceptable to Automotive Association of the Philippine (AAP), a private company which caters the issuance of International Driving Permit located at #683 Aurora Blvd., QC, For more details, you may call at this no. (02) 723-08-08.
2. I have a valid foreign driver's license. Can I use it in the Philippines?
Yes, 90 days from date of arrival.
3. Can I convert my foreign driver's license into Philippine driver's license?
Yes. If valid, no exams. If expired subject to written / practical exams.
4. I had a Philippine driver's license before I went abroad. Could I still use it upon arrival in the Philippines? Which license am I going to use? My foreign driver's license or any Philippine driver's license?
If both are valid, you can use any of the two driver's license. Chapter III, Sec. 21 of the Republic Act (RA) 4136, otherwise known as the "Land Transportation and Traffic Code" states that:. "Bonafide tourists and similar transients who are duly licensed to operate motor vehicles in their respective countries may be allowed to operate during but not after (90) days of their sojourn in the Philippines."
Nothing in this article shall be construed to prohibit the licensee for an option to convert valid foreign driver's license to Philippine driver's license within the period of inety (90) days from the date of his last arrival in the Philippines. However, if the foreign driver's license is not written in English, such driver's license should always be accompanied by an Official English translation issued by the Local Embassy of the issuing country. Memorandum Circular (MC) No. 495-2004 date 24 February 2004 entitled "Amendments to EMA-MC-01366 dated 09 October 2001 Re: "Revised Guidelines on Conversion of Foreign Driver's Into Philippine Driver's License" provides the following requirements and procedure, to wit:
4.1. Original and 1 (one) photocopy of valid foreign license. If the foreign driver's license in not in English Language, the applicant should submit an official English translation from the local Embassy of the issuing Country;
4.2. Original and machine copy of a valid passport showing the latest date of arrival in the Philipp ines of the foreign applicant;
4.3. Original and machine copy of valid visa or Alien Certificate of Registration (ACR) if the foreign applicant temporarily resides in the Philippines;
4.4. Original copy of Medical Certificate issued by an LTO accredited or government physician;
4.5. Original copy of drug test result issued by DOH Accredited Drug Testing Center;
4.6. If, foreign license is expired, applicant shall undergo written and practical examinations;
4.7. Fees: Non-Professional
License Fee - P 350.00
Application Fee - P 100.00
Conversion Fee – P 100.00
Computer Fee - P 67.63
4.8. Venue: LTO, Main Office, East Ave., QC, or any LTO District Offices / Licensing Centers nationwide.
4.9. Restriction Code is limited to "1" (motorcycle/motorized tricycles) & "2" (motor vehicles up to 4500 kgs. GVW) only. Valid or not, if a foreign driver's license is converted into Professional driver's license, an applicant is required to undergo a written and practical examinations. An applicant must present proof as to why there is a need to secure a Professional driver's license, such as:
4.9.1. Venue: If an applicant is hired as a company employee, the following documents must be presented:
(a) Original copy of Police / NBI / Court Clearance issued from the area of residence;
(b) Original and machine copy of Certificate of Employment from local employer or foreign employer in the Philippines;
(c) Original and machine copy valid working visa issued by the Bureau of Immigration or valid working permit issued by the Department of labor and Employment.
4.9.2. Venue: If the applicant operates his or her own business, the following documents must be presented:
(a) Original copy of Police / NBI / Court Clearance issued from the area of residence;
(b) Original and machine copy of Investment Permit duly issued by the Department of Trade and Industry (DTI) or Security and Exchange Commission (SEC) if the foreign applicant operates his own business;
(c) Original and machine copy of certificate of registration and current official receipt of payment if there is a need to operate a motor vehicle classified as "Heavy". The said vehicle must be the one used as the test drive vehicle during the actual examination and therefore shall determine the appropriate restriction thereof;
4.9.3. Fees: Professional
License Fee - P 350.00
Application Fee - P 100.00
Conversion Fee - P 100.00
Computer Fee - P 67.63
Please take note that Professional driver's license holder allows all types/classifications of motor vehicles specified in the reverse side of the Philippine driver's license card, however, written & practical examination according to type/classification of motor vehicle being applied for.
5. If ever the driver's license is lost, what are the requirements and procedures in acquiring one?
The following are the requirements and procedures to wit:
5.1. Affidavit of Loss;
5.2. Law Enforcement Clearance, LTO-Regional Office ( if the application is outside Metro Manila);
5.3. Filing of Certification of License Records-LTO, License Section, East Ave. QC / any LTO Agency.
5.4.Duplicate and renewal (if the driver's license is renewable) of driver's license at the LTO – Agency, transact anywhere if previously automated. Please take note that the renewal of driver's license is simultaneous with the application of duplicate driver's license. Licensing Fees varies, it depends on the expiry date & the date of application with LTO.
6. I want to get an International Driver's License. What are the requirements and procedures, and where am I going to apply?
With reference to your query, may we refer you to Automotive Association of the Philippines (AAP) located at 683 Aurora Blvd., QC with tel. no. (02) 723-08-08 for more details.
7. I'm currently out of the country and I would like to request for copies of my driver's license records in the Philippines. How can I obtain this?
With reference to your query, hereunder is the requirements & procedures to wit:
7.1. The authorized representative here in the Philippines may file your written request at LTO, License Section, W -10, East Avenue, QC;
7.2. Certification Fee is P100.00;
7.3. State your purpose;
7.4. For easy reference, please include in your request complete name, birthday, and driver's license no., if available.
7.5. Certification is being issued by mail or through representative (due to issuance of Official Receipts and use of Security papers for authentication purposes).
8. Where are your One-Stop-Shops and Driver's License Renewal Centers located?
With reference to your query relative to LTO One Stop Shop, we have express lanes/booths on the following venues:
1. Where can we apply OMVSP?
All motorists may apply for the OMVSP at the MID-Computer Section, LTO, Central Office, East Avenue, Quezon City or at any Regional (RO)/District Offices (DO). Click here to apply for OMVSP.
2. What are the types of OMVSP and how much will my plate cost?
You may choose from any of the following pricing schemes: Any triple alpha and non-triple alpha + two (2) numeric character combinations 01-99, shall cost Twenty Five Thousand Pesos (Php25,000.00) inclusive of the handling charge by the authorized LTO courier.
Any triple alpha and non-triple alpha + numeric character 100, shall cost Fifteen Thousand Pesos (Php15,000.00) inclusive of the handling charge by the authorized LTO courier.
3. How long can we secure the vanity plate?
Assuming that all documentations are in order, a seven (7) working days within Metro Manila. In the provinces it might take a little longer.
4. Is OMVSP exempted from the Metro Manila Development Authority (MMDA) number coding scheme?
No, the current number coding scheme of MMDA shall also apply to OMVSP since it is considered as a regular plate.
5. What are the documentary requirements for securing OMVSP?
The following documentary requirements must be attached to the duly accomplished application form (Request for Optional Motor Vehicle Plates):
5.1.Certified true copy of the Official Receipt (OR)/Certificate of Registration (CR), issued by the TDO
5.2.Certification by the TDO that no plates have been issued to the motor vehicle together with the official receipt of payment of certification fee
5.3.Certified true copy of the OR of payment for the plates ordered, by the Cashier and Noted by the District Head or Regional Director (applicable to Central Office "CO" applicants only)
5.4.Sales Invoice (in lieu of other documents to authenticate year model or to determine whether motor vehicle is brand new)
6. What vehicles are covered by the OMVSP Program?
The following types of brand new motor vehicles shall be covered for issuance of motor vehicle special license plates:
The following motor vehicle types shall be excluded from the coverage of those which can be issued special plates:
1. What is TOP?
TOP means Temporary Operator's Permit. Pursuant to Memorandum Circular No. 515-2004 dated 25 May 2004, TOP shall be used in apprehension of all violations and it is strictly required to be issued to the apprehended driver/operator at the site and time of apprehension.
2. What is an IRMV?
IRMV means Impounding Receipt of Motor Vehicle. It is issued if the motor vehicle was impounded. IRMV is accomplished by the apprehending officer and validated by the Motor Vehicle Custodian (MVC) assigned at the impounding area.
3. Can TOP be temporarily used as a driver's license of the apprehended operator/driver?
Yes. TOP serves as driver's temporary license within 72 hours or 3 days only.
4. How many days is the validity of the TOP?
72 hours or 3 days is the validity of the TOP, unless specified for a shorter period of time.
5. Can TOP be extended after 72 hours or 3 days after its validity?
No. There is no extension of TOP after 72 hours or 3 days.
6. When can an apprehended operator/driver settle his case?
An apprehended operator/driver can settle his case within 15 days from the date of apprehension provided the apprehension is reported and encoded in the LTO-IT system.
7. What will happen if the apprehended operator/driver failed to settle his case within 15 days from the date of apprehension?
If the apprehended driver/operator failed to settle his case within 15 days from the date of apprehension, it will cause the suspension/revocation of his driver's license.
8. Where will the apprehended operator/driver settle his case?Can he settle his case in any LTO Regional/District Office?
The place of settlement of apprehension is indicated in the TOP (middle portion). Not all apprehended operator/driver is allowed to settle his case in any LTO Regional/District Office.IF he was apprehended within Metro Manila, he will appear at the LTO Traffic Adjudication Service (TAS), Central Office, East Avenue, Quezon City to settle his case.But, if he was apprehended in other LTO Regional/District Offices, he will appear at the concerned LTO Operations Division as specified in his TOP.
Note: An apprehended operator/driver may settle his case in any LTO Regional/District Office IF his violation/s is included in the list of the "LETAS SETTLE ANYWHERE".The Traffic Adjudication Service (TAS) / Operations Division may determine it through the LTO-IT system.
9. How does the apprehended operator/driver determine the amount of the fines/penalties as well as the accessory penalties of the violation/s indicated in the TOP?
The corresponding amount of the fines/penalties as well as the accessory penalties are determined by the Traffic Adjudication Service based on the violations specified in the TOP and through the LTO-IT system.
10. What is an Admitted Case?
An admitted case is a case wherein the apprehended operator/driver admits the violation/s cited in his TOP.
11. Can the apprehended operator/driver protest the violations charged/cited in his TOP to deny the violations and/or to lessen the payment of the fines/penalties?
Yes. An apprehended operator/driver may protest the violations specified in the TOP. This is a contested case.
12. What is a Contested Case?
A contested case is a case wherein the apprehended operator/driver signifies his intension to oppose to the violations indicated in the TOP. It should be acted upon with dispatch by preparing the summons both for the apprehending officer and respondent. The apprehending officer shall have been summoned at least once with proof of service for clarification purposes. Violation/s listed in the TOP and/or encoded in the LTO-IT system shall be dropped/dismissed provided that the apprehended driver/operator presents sufficient documentary evidence to warrant its dismissal and/or if the violations cited in the TOP are interrelated or common.
Common violations - Obstruction and Disregarding Traffic Sign (DTS)
Interrelated violations – Out of Line and Breach of Franchise and No Panel Route Painted
13. Can the confiscated items such as the driver's license and/or motor vehicle plates be immediately released to the apprehended operator/driver after the payment of the fines/penalties?
Yes.The confiscated items may be immediately released after the payment of the corresponding fines/penalties provided that there is no accessory penalty/s and/or suspension indicated in the Resolution and/or Judgment.
If the apprehended operator/driver is required to attend the seminar/exam before the release of the confiscated items, the accessory penalty is the seminar/exam.
14. Can the impounded motor vehicle be immediately released by the apprehended operator/driver after the payment of the fines/penalties?
Yes.The motor vehicle may be released after the payment of the corresponding fines/penalties provided that there is no accessory penalty/s and/or suspension stipulated in the Resolution and/or Judgment.
If the violation is unregistered motor vehicle, the operator/driver is required to surrender first the two (2) motor vehicle license plates before the release of the apprehended unit.The accessory penalty is to register the motor vehicle before the release of the surrendered plates.
15. Who will determine as to when will the apprehended operator/driver pay the accessory fine of One Thousand Five Hundred (P/1,500.00) pesos per day for the violation of Colorum or Out of Line?
Based on Department Order No. 2008-039, the accessory fine of one thousand five hundred (P/1,500.00) pesos per day applies only to impounded motor vehicles (issued IRMV) with violation of Colorum or Out of Line. The Traffic Adjudication Service (TAS)/Operations Division determine the accessory fine of P/1,500.00 pesos per day.Collection of the said accessory fine covers the period from the time the apprehension case was encoded in the LTO-IT system (Posting Date) until the settlement of the case.
16. What is Technical Impounding?
Technical impounding is the confiscation of both the driver's license and the two (2) motor vehicle license plates at the time of apprehension instead of impounding the motor vehicle.
17. Is the accessory fine of One Thousand Five Hundred (P/1,500.00) pesos per day also applies to Technical Impounding?
No.The accessory fine of one thousand five hundred (P/1,500.00) pesos per day does not apply to technical impounding.
18. When will a suspension of a confiscated item such as driver's license and/or motor vehicle plate/s be lifted in order to be released?
The confiscated item/s shall only be released after serving the required suspension.
Colorum (1st offense) violation - driver's license and motor vehicle plates will be suspended for three (3) months.
19. Do all apprehended operator/driver required to attend/undergo the seminar and exam?
No.Not all apprehended operator/driver is required to attend/undergo the seminar and exam.Seminar and exam is an accessory penalty and only apprehended operator/driver who committed running violations such as but not limited to Disregarding Traffic Sign (DTS), Reckless, Obstruction, Illegal Parking, etc…. and private or for hire motor vehicles are required to undergo the seminar and exam.
20. What is an LES Clearance?
An LES Clearance or Law Enforcement Clearance is a Certification issued by the LTO Law Enforcement Clearance Unit to the operator and/or authorized liaison officer/personnel.
21. When is an LES Clearance required?
LES Clearance is required only in securing duplicate motor vehicle license plate/s and windshield stickers/year tags.
22. Does an LES Clearance apply to private and for hire motor vehicles?
Yes. LES Clearance applies to private and for hire motor vehicles.
23. Is an LES Clearance a requirement in securing a duplicate Driver's License (DL) /Official Receipt (OR) / Certificate of Registration (CR)?
No. An LES Clearance is not a requirement in securing a duplicate DL/OR/CR.
Land Transportation Office
East Avenue Quezon City 1100
Tel: (632)922-9061 to 66
The LTO Website is managed and maintained by the LTO-MID and designed by ASTI-CSD


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Posted in Our History Tagged communist, movement, party, revolutionary

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Isaiah 1:1 states that what is recorded is "The vision of Isaiah the son of Amoz, which he saw concerning Judah and Jerusalem in the days of Uzziah, Jotham, Ahaz, and Hezekiah, kings of Judah." The authorship of Isaiah, though, is a heated battleground in the arena of critical scholarship—an arena in which we wish to waste no sweat. Isaiah ben Amoz is the author, and we shall not question the Holy Writ.
Concerning the date, 1:1 is very helpful. By it, we see that Isaiah was an eighth-century prophet, roughly contemporary with Amos, Hosea, Micah, and Jonah. Kaiser dates Isaiah's ministry to ca. 740-690 B.C., and goes on to say that he "was intimately connected with the Jerusalem sanctuary and the Davidic royal family" (355). It is supposed by Tremper/Longman that Isaiah "lived in Jerusalem at least until the death of Sennacherib (37:38)" (268).
Isaiah lived, then, during the ascendancy of the Assyrian Empire. When Tiglath-pileser III had gained control of Aram, Isaiah prevented Ahaz from joining an alliance against the Assyrians—but when these nations tried to force Judah, Ahaz appealed for help to Tiglath-pileser III. In 722 B.C., the Assyrians destroyed Samaria and took them captive.
In 701 B.C., after having dealt with revolts in different regions of his empire, Sennacherib turned to subdue Judah. Jerusalem was delivered by the Lord, but Hezekiah was eventually forced to pay tribute. The book of Isaiah, then, at first deals with the Assyrian crisis and transitions to the issue of captivity in Babylon. Our passage, though, had to have been given before the fall of Assyria.
Isaiah 11 comes after a sharp rebuke towards the Assyrians, in which they are illustrated as a strong forest—but one which will, in facing the judgment of the Lord, be hewn down. Judah needs comfort and encouragement. If judged by physical eyes, she seems utterly lost and nearly destroyed. But the Lord is not done with her yet, and he promises wrath to her enemies and a hope for her future.
Concerning the structure of vv. 1-9, Oswalt describes it in this way: "The movement is from qualifications to performance to results" (278). The following comments will follow this basic three-fold structure. Watts includes this helpful chiasm (169):
a The shoot from Jesse's root (11:1)
b The Spirit of Yahweh rests on him (11:2)
c The fear of Yahweh—his delight (11:3a)
KEYSTONE Yahweh's righteousness and justice (11:3b-4)
c' Righteousness and justice his girdle (11:5-8)
b' Knowledge of Yahweh in all the earth (11:9)
a' The Root of Jesse, a banner to the nations (11:10)
Watts' arrangement is attractive, but it seems unnatural to include v. 10 in this pericope. First, the idea of the Branch as a "banner" is repeated in v. 12. He stands for the people. Second, that the Gentiles are included corresponds with including "Edom and Moab" and "Ammon" in v. 14. This suggests that v. 10 beautifully opens a new pericope in the light of what has already been said of this "Root of Jesse."
The Branch's Full Anointing (Verses 1-2)
11:1 There shall come forth a Shoot from the stump of Jesse,
And a Branch from his roots shall bear fruit.
2 The Spirit of the L ORD shall rest upon Him,
The Spirit of wisdom and understanding,
The Spirit of counsel and might,
The Spirit of knowledge and of the fear of the LORD.
1 The Holy Spirit brings a ray of hope to what might seem a lost cause. The "stump of Jesse" is a description of the house of David. Jesse was the father of David, and the Lord provided for himself "a king [from] among his sons" (1 Sam. 16:1). Calvin suggests that the use of the name Jesse instead of David hints at the lowliness of the family, especially in its then current circumstances.
Another interpretation is suggested by Motyer: "The reference to Jesse indicates that the shoot is not just another king in David's line but rather another David" (121; cf. Jer. 30:9; Ezek. 34:23-24; Hos. 3:5). No other king in David's line was referred to as David, but the Messiah is in various places called not merely the Son of David, but is himself given the name David. In this sense Christ should be considered the "Second David" in a way no other Davidic king could.
More specifically, though, this phrase refers to the promise of an everlasting kingdom that had been given by the Lord to the lineage of David. This Davidic Covenant is given in 2 Sam. 7:11-16. The great forest of Assyria would fall (Isa. 10:18-19, 33-34)—but this stump of Jesse would again come to new life. The kingdom and reign of a Son of David is to be an object of hope.
But why then from a stump ([z:GE)? The imagery of a hewn tree is very appropriate here. Having something of a glorious beginning in David and Solomon, the kingdom was rent in two—and history shows us that the Southern Kingdom of Judah (ruled by the sons of David) was not impervious to idol-worship and apostasy. The line of David has become a mere stump, weak and by all counts dead, seeming to have an unlikely prospect of growing again.
It is at this point that God gives hope to his people. Says Delitzsch, contrasting with the future judgment on Assyria, "But in Israel spring is returning." This stump is not a dead stump, there is life in the roots! There shall come forth a "Shoot" (rj,xo; also in Isa. 11:10), a "Branch" (rc,nE). This idea is by no means limited to Isaiah: see also Jer. 23:5; Zech. 3:8; 6:12, and Rev. 22:16.
What species of stump is this? What kind of tree could grow from a mere stump? Deut. 6:11 notes that olive trees were very common to Canaan. An interesting characteristic of the olive tree, according to the New Bible Dictionary, is that "If cut down, new shoots spring up from the root, so that as many as five new trunks could thus come into being" (845). It seems clear then, from its relative familiarity to the Israelites and its peculiar qualities, that the olive tree is here in Isaiah's mind.
Easton's Bible Dictionary makes an interesting connection, saying of the name Nazareth that it is "generally supposed to be the Greek form of the Hebrew netser, a 'shoot' or 'sprout.'" It is difficult to determine whether or not this is a valid conjecture concerning the name of the town where our Lord grew and lived. Leupold likewise suggests this, stating that this verse "appears to be the only passage that the writer [Matthew] had in mind" (cf. Matt. 2:23).
Some Jewish interpreters apply this prophecy to Hezekiah or Zerubbabel, but their excellency nowhere reaches what Isaiah describes here. The Targum applies it to the Messiah. This Shoot or Branch, the Messiah, will bear fruit, and the fruit he will bear is best described in verses that follow.
2 Here begins a description of the gift of the Spirit which equips him for his rule. There is given to the Branch a sevenfold benefit of the Spirit. These terms are not exclusive of one another in their semantic ranges, but often overlap in their meaning. Delitzsch says this concerning the arrangement: "Then follow the six spirits, comprehended by the ruach Yehovah in three pairs, of which the first relates to the intellectual life, the second to the practical life, and the third to the direct relation to God" (182).
Seven Spirits are spoken of by John in Revelation (1:4, 3:1, 4:5, and 5:6). It may be that he here refers to this verse in Isaiah, the seven-fold Spirit that rests upon the Messiah. At the very least, John is referring to the complete empowerment and endowment which he has received. Leupold also suggests this: "The seven-branched lampstand of the Tabernacle of days of old may be the type that furnished the illustration involved" here (217).
First we see the Spirit of the Lord resting (x;Wn) upon him. In Num. 11:25-26 we have something similar said of Moses and the Spirit resting upon him and the seventy elders. Likewise, in 2 Kings 2:15, the sons of the prophets exclaim concerning Elisha, "The spirit of Elijah rests on Elisha" (which undoubtedly is a reference to the Spirit of the Lord who had rested on Elijah). 1 Pet. 4:14 speaks of the Spirit of God resting on the Christians to whom Peter was writing.
We see this prophecy fulfilled in the life of our Lord in John 1:32-33, where John explains after baptizing Jesus that "I saw the Spirit descending from heaven like a dove, and He [the Spirit] remained upon Him. I did not know Him, but He who sent me to baptize with water said to me, 'Upon whom you see the Spirit descending, and remaining on Him, this is He who baptizes with the Holy Spirit'" (cf. Matt. 3:16; Mark 1:10; Luke 3:22).
We might say then that such a great measure of the Spirit, indeed a full measure, is given to the Messiah that he might even baptize others "with the Holy Spirit." We see this first taking place at Pentecost (Acts 2:3-4). This is a special office that no one else has ever been privileged to hold. Even the great prophet Elijah had to pray the Lord to give Elisha a double-portion of the Spirit (2 Kings 2:9-15). All that is good in Israel's life has been accomplished by the Spirit, and now an abiding presence of the Spirit is promised as the source of the Messiah's work.
Second, wisdom (hm'k.x'), describes the Branch's power to determine and render right judgments. Wisdom comes from God, and so God sends his Spirit in full abundance to the One who will be the Judge. Indeed, Jesus says this very thing in John 5:30, "As I hear, I judge; and My judgment is righteous, because I do not seek My own will but the will of the Father who sent Me" (cf. Ps. 72:1-2).
Third, understanding (hn"yBi), is a term used to describe the ability to determine the true nature of things. Young translates this as "perception" (382). John 2:25 says that Jesus "had no need that anyone should testify of man, for He knew what was in man." He is thus able to understand and perceive the hearts of men, and we see this manifested numerous times in the Gospels.
Fourth, by counsel (hc'[e) is meant that the Messiah will be able to devise wise plans and give good advice. He can instruct in the right those who are wayward and determine the best course of action for any situation. This and the next term are another way to express what is meant by him being our "Counselor, [and] Mighty God" (Isa. 9:6).
Fifth, we see that by the might (hr'WbG>) bestowed on him he can execute his wise counsels. Those who had followed Jesus said this of him, "Where did this Man get these things? And what wisdom is this which is given to Him, that such mighty works are performed by His hands!" (Mark 6:2).
Sixth, knowledge (t[;D;) itself comes from God, and so one must know God to be truly knowledgeable (in the true and most profound sense). Jesus pronounces his exclusive and fundamental knowledge of God the Father in Matt. 11:27, where he says, "All things have been delivered to Me by My Father, and no one knows the Son except the Father. Nor does anyone know the Father except the Son, and the one to whom the Son wills to reveal Him."
Seventh, the fear (ha'r>yI) of the Lord is, of course, closely associated with knowledge, seeing as how "The fear of the Lord is the beginning of knowledge" (Prov. 1:7). Young says that this "is the heart and core of Biblical religion" (383). Thus it is only by the Spirit that a promotion of the fear of the Lord may be accomplished.
This is that full and complete anointing that compels us to call him the Anointed One, the Messiah, the Christ. And having been anointed with the same Spirit by him, we are thus rightly called Christians. As Christ has done, so we must do: "Serve the LORD with fear" (Ps. 2:11).
The Branch's Righteous Judgment (Verses 3-5)
3 And his delight shall be in the fear of the LORD.
And He shall not judge by the sight of His eyes,
Nor decide by the hearing of His ears;
4 But with righteousness He shall judge the poor,
And decide with equity for the afflicted of the earth;
He shall strike the earth with the rod of His mouth,
And with the breath of His lips He shall slay the wicked.
5 Righteousness shall be the belt of His loins,
And faithfulness the belt of His waist.
3 Here we turn to the character of his rule. Young arranges the material of vv. 3-4 very nicely in a footnote: "In v. 3a the Messiah manages His rule perfectly with respect to the fear of the Lord; in v. 3b with respect to the means of obtaining information which are His; in v. 4a in respect to the judgment that He pronounces and in 4b with respect to the infallible execution of that judgment" (384, fn10).
Oswalt says concerning this verse, "Considerable controversy surrounds the first phrase of v. 3," and then questions its authenticity (280). The verb used here, 'to smell' (x;Wr), refers to a perception with pleasure (cf. Gen. 27:27; Ex. 30:38; Lev. 26:31). Ridderbos offers this literal translation: "His smelling shall be in the fear of the Lord" (124). Whether, then, this delighting is in his own fear of the Lord or that of others fearing the Lord is not important, because this King will delight in the sweet smell from wherever it comes.
Leupold applies this delight to the Messiah's fear when he says, "Such yielding of his own will to the higher demands will not be burdensome and unpleasant, but rather a matter of sheer 'delight'" (218; Ridderbos takes it to apply to the Messiah's fear as well). Most, though, understand this as a reference to the Messiah's delight in others fearing the Lord, as Young and others do (383).
The Second David does not judge based on outward appearances, but makes his judgment something penetrating the heart. Just as he fears the Lord, so he delights in those that fear the Lord—and this fear is the starting point and ground of all his judgments. This King is truly equipped and able to unmask hypocrites, seeing through their beautified veils. As Young says, "For absolute justice, there must be absolute knowledge" (384).
What is expressed here is similar to what is said of Solomon in 2 Sam. 14:17, 20: "The word of my lord the king will now be comforting; for as the angel of God, so is my lord the king in discerning good and evil [. . .] but my lord is wise, according to the wisdom of the angel of God, to know everything that is in the earth." The Messiah will truly manifest this degree of knowledge and fair judgment.
Calvin puts this very beautifully when he says, "Christ will be so shrewd that he will not need to learn from what he hears, or from what he sees; for by smelling alone he will perceive what would otherwise be unknown" (376). The testimony of Scripture upholds this understanding concerning the Messiah. Luke writes about Jesus, after men had thought to accuse him, "But He, knowing their thoughts, said to them," etc. (11:17).
4 The poor are here taken in synecdoche. They are the perfect illustration of those who are treated unjustly, but who are unable to secure for themselves a fair verdict. Those who are rich, but treated unjustly, ought not to be excluded here. But more correctly, what is in view are all those who are "poor in spirit" (Matt. 5:3). Ridderbos explains the difference between the 'poor' and the 'meek': "The distinction in meaning is that one word stresses the external situation, the other the inner disposition" (125).
Their cause will not be forgotten by the righteous Judge, though in the eyes of men they are considered to be a light thing. This marks the rule of the Branch from the way Israel had formerly acted, for Isaiah exhorted them earlier, "Learn to do good; Seek justice, Rebuke the oppressor; Defend the fatherless, Plead for the widow" (1:17).
The Scripture bears testimony to the importance of right judging in regards to the poor. Prov. 29:14, "The king who judges the poor with truth, His throne will be established forever." It is also explicitly recorded in the Gospels that "the poor have the gospel preached to them" (Matt. 11:5; Luke 7:22), which is a sure sign of the Messiah's coming.
'Earth' in v. 4b parallels 'wicked' (cf. Isa. 13:11; Leupold translates 'earth' here as 'worldly-minded,' 220). Isaiah here says something very similar to that of John, that "the whole world lies under the sway of the wicked one" (1 John 5:19). There is such wickedness in the world, and so many wicked worldlings, that their wickedness is imputed to the world. In this sense, the earth itself is wicked, which is why the earth itself must be struck in judgment.
Calvin explains that the rod of his mouth, i.e., Christ's very word, is his "royal sceptre" (379). This is a helpful observation, because we see the Lord ruling in this very way. The Branch will "break them [his enemies] with a rod of iron" (Ps. 2:9). The "male Child [will] rule all nations with a rod of iron" (Rev. 12:5).
One of the more striking references to the destruction of the wicked (one) by Jesus' judging word is 2 Thes. 2:8: "And then the lawless one will be revealed, whom the Lord will consume with the breath of His mouth and destroy with the brightness of His coming." Luther expresses this truth in one of his hymns with these words, "One little word shall fell him." In Christ's coming, "the ruler of this world is judged" (John 16:11).
Calvin explains that this word is also proclaimed by Christ's ministers (cf. Luke 10:16). Christ even now reigns with the 'rod' of his mouth, though he is at present in heaven. And so while we might be inclined to interpret this passage merely as a future event, we are not allowed to do so, since even today he speaks.
5 Delitzsch explains that this belt "fastens the clothes together, [. . .] all the qualities and active powers of His person" (184). This verse is thus a summary of the preceding. All his rule is marked by righteousness and faithfulness. He is "called Faithful and True" (Rev. 19:11).
Young demonstrates another possible sense, that the belt or girdle was worn in preparation for wrestling with an opponent (385-6, and fn11). This idea is supported by Paul's use in Eph. 6:14, which suggests that the belt is a symbol of strength and readiness. Calvin gives a third sense, that the belt is a "royal emblem," similar to the sceptre earlier ascribed to him (382; cf. Job 12:18).
All three senses may be included here: (1) a holding together of all these wonderful attributes, (2) a preparation and readiness for conflict, and (3) an emblem of royalty. It seems to be that the text gives too little data to support any one interpretation dogmatically.
The Branch's Peace-covered Dominion (Verses 6-9)
6 The wolf shall dwell with the lamb,
The leopard shall lie down with the young goat,
The calf and the young lion and the fatling together;
And a little child shall lead them.
7 The cow and the bear shall graze;
Their young shall lie down together;
And the lion shall eat straw like the ox.
8 The nursing child shall play by the cobra's hole,
And the weaned child shall put his hand in the viper's den.
9 They shall not hurt nor destroy in all My holy mountain,
For the earth shall be full of the knowledge of the L ORD
As the waters cover the sea.
6 We now consider the quality of his rule. Motyer offers this helpful analysis of the structure of these verses (124): "Verses 6-8 offer three facets of the renewed creation and verse 9 is a concluding summary. First, in verse 6 there is the reconciliation of old hostilities [. . .] Secondly, in verse 7 there is a change of nature within the beasts themselves [. . .] Thirdly, in verse 8 the curse is removed. The enmity between the woman's seed and the serpent is gone [. . .] Finally, in verse 9 the coming Eden is Mount Zion—a Zion which fills the whole earth." (124; Cf. Gen. 3:15).
Oswalt suggests three ways of interpreting these verses: First, literalisticly, perhaps then suggesting an alteration of the natures of these animals. He argues that because of this alteration, we ought to consider other interpretations. Second, spiritualistically, that the animals represent the spiritual conditions of human beings. He believes this view would depend merely on the exegete's ingenuity to determine what is truly meant, unlike Isa. 5:1-7 which clearly indicates what is meant (e.g., Israel is the vineyard).
Lastly, figuratively, in which he says that, "In this approach one concludes that an extended figure of speech is being used to make a single, overarching point, namely, that in the Messiah's reign the fears associated with insecurity, danger, and evil will be removed, not only for the individual but for the world as well" (283; Oswalt prefers this third interpretation).
Delitzsch says this concerning these verses: "The fathers, and such commentators as Luther, Calvin, and Vitringa, have taken all these figures from the animal world as symbolical. Modern rationalists, on the other hand, understand them literally but regard the whole as a beautiful dream and wish" (184).
Calvin's figurative interpretation is confirmed by his first comment on this verse, "He [Isaiah] again returns to describe the character and habits of those who have submitted to Christ," in which he takes Isaiah to be describing the relationship between a king and his subjects as a shepherd to his flock (383). But as Calvin notes, this text goes beyond this to suggest a blessed restoration of the world, all brought about by the rule of the Branch.
This is not very far removed from what Paul expressed: "For the earnest expectation of the creation eagerly waits for the revealing of the sons of God. For the creation was subjected to futility, not willingly, but because of Him who subjected it in hope; because the creation itself also will be delivered from the bondage of corruption into the glorious liberty of the children of God. For we know that the whole creation groans and labors with birth pangs together until now" (Rom. 8:19-22).
Hosea says something similar to Isaiah: "In that day I will make a covenant for them With the beasts of the field, With the birds of the air, And with the creeping things of the ground. Bow and sword of battle I will shatter from the earth, To make them lie down safely" (2:18). This verse may be appealed to as supporting evidence for the figurative interpretation. Other prophets will at times even include vegetation in submission to the Messiah's rule (see Hos. 2:20-22; Isa. 30-23-26; Ezek. 34:25-31).
Young cites numerous extra-biblical references dealing with this idea, a peace in creation as expression of the hope for a return to Paradise (388, fn13). But all this was the outworking of a blessing promised in the Law to a would-be faithful Israel, when the Lord said, "I will give peace in the land, and you shall lie down, and none will make you afraid; I will rid the land of evil beasts, and the sword will not go through your land" (Lev. 26:6). This verse is key, for by it we see that the peaceable relation of animals is ultimately a sign of God's blessing.
Indeed, this is a return to the state of Paradise, for before the Fall the ideal state was described thus: "'Also, to every beast of the earth, to every bird of the air, and to everything that creeps on the earth, in which there is life, I have given every green herb for food'; and it was so" (Gen. 1:30). So while a figurative interpretation is useful and legitimate, it may not remove the possibility of a literal fulfillment.
And what an amazing description of the peace to come through the rule of the Branch. As Young beautifully tells: "A little child can scarcely be trusted with tame animals, but like a shepherd that drives his flock, he leads these without fear and in perfect safety" (388). No fears and worries come from any direction when once this Spirit-filled Lord ascends the throne and exercises his rule.
7 Ridderbos says here: "The details of this picture have been taken from the life of this present earth, and one cannot infer from these verses that in the realm of glory there will be straw-eating lions!" (127). But why not? Straw-eating lions must have existed in the prelapsarian creation. Why should we deem it improbable that that will be the case in the eschaton? It seems that on the basis of this text, we must not be so dogmatic as to exclude the possibility.
8 Oswalt: "The contradiction of a child playing about the den of poisonous snakes can almost be felt physically. One wants to snatch the child away from the presence of sudden, arbitrary death" (284). We must come to feel the force of the amazing and penetrating quality of the peace expressed in these verses.
As already commented earlier, there is a striking connection between this verse and Gen. 3:15. Here the curse which was brought about on account of the Fall is utterly removed! Surely, this is a striking thing: that first enmity between man and creation was with the serpent, and now nursing and weaned children may play by and with them.
But this brings us to an interesting observation if we were to deny this as figurative language: Will there be nursing infants in heaven? This leads some to take this as a description of the premillennial reign of Christ. The next verse, though, compels us to abandon this interpretation as a possibility.
9 Delitzsch believed that the subject ('they') is the animals, who will not hurt or destroy (185). This seems to be confirmed by Isa. 65:25, which reads: "'The wolf and the lamb shall feed together, The lion shall eat straw like the ox, And dust shall be the serpent's food. They shall not hurt nor destroy in all My holy mountain,' Says the LORD."
But if this is the case, what is meant by "holy mountain," since wild beasts never made Zion their home? Comparing this with Isa. 57:13, it seems to suggest that "the whole of the holy mountain-land of Israel" is in view (Delitzsch, 185; cf. Ps. 78:54; Ex. 15:17).
Oswalt follows Young, stating that "Those who take a literal interpretation of the passage, as Delitzsch does, find themselves constrained to argue that they here continues to refer to the animals, whereas a more figurative understanding allows for a wider, more natural interpretation" (284).
Young also exegetes this passage with this different interpretation, saying that Mount Zion is clearly in view, and that it is men that will not hurt or destroy in God's holy mountain (392, and fn20; cf. Isa. 2:2). He argues that Isa. 65:25 is not normative for interpreting this verse, and aptly states that, "Before there can be peace there must first be knowledge" (392).
The idea that the whole earth will be filled with the knowledge of the Lord is not limited to Isaiah. Hab. 2:14, "For the earth will be filled With the knowledge of the glory of the LORD, As the waters cover the sea." Jer. 31:34 speaks similarly about the promise found in that New Covenant that will be made: "No more shall every man teach his neighbor, and every man his brother, saying, 'Know the LORD,' for they all shall know Me, from the least of them to the greatest of them, says the LORD."
Concerning this language of "the knowledge of the Lord," Motyer says that it "is a verbal noun (cf. verse 3). It is more 'alive' than the abstract word 'knowledge' and could be translated 'full of knowing the Lord'" (125). Watts says, "The knowledge of Yahweh imparted by his Spirit has made it possible for all the world to be as God's own sanctuary with no need for separations and barriers" (173).
Young argues that it would be inappropriate to apply these verses (of a restored creation) to the so-called future (pre)millennial reign of Christ, seeing that according to that view there will yet be sin in the world in a final and last rebellion. If there is sin in the world, then v. 9 will not have taken place. He concludes that this fully restored creation can only be describing that new heaven and earth (391; cf. Rev. 21:1-4).
Leupold agrees with Young as to the time of this fulfillment when he says, "Surely we have thus far witnessed nothing of this transformation of nature. Its achievement shall be saved up until the days of the second coming of Christ, when there shall be a new heavens and a new earth, wherein dwelleth righteousness" (222).
This passage is extremely eschatologically oriented. From Isaiah's point-of-view, the Spirit-blessed Branch had not yet come; from our point-of-view, he has. And thus, with his coming, he ushers in a new era. The realities of this passage—a Spirit-filled ministry of members united to the Messiah, a righteous rule by the perfect King, and a measure of peace—are already coming to pass today, though we look for its ultimate fulfillment and consummation in our Lord's blessed Second Coming.
We also see, though, that the wicked will be punished and destroyed. In the end, justice will be meted out. So while this is a word of hope for God's people, it is a stern warning to those who would not humble themselves to "Kiss the Son, lest He be angry, And you perish in the way, When His wrath is kindled but a little" (Ps. 2:12).
The truth of our passage is the scandalous notion that with the coming of Christ two realities are affirmed side-by-side: he gives us hope, but he will come in judgment. Previously, those gifted by the Spirit brought a deliverance for Israel from her enemies (see the entire book of the Judges). This deliverance amounted to a salvation for Israel, but at the same time, it was judgment upon the wicked.
Let us always bless the Lord for that Branch whom he has sent, having been enabled by the Spirit to effect our salvation, who then also freely gives us the Spirit, brings to pass a Kingdom in which righteousness dwells, and renews a fallen creation!
Brown, William P. and S. Dean McBride, Jr., editors. God Who Creates: Essays in honor of W. Sibley Towner. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans Publishing, 2000. [See essay by Gene M. Tucker, "The Peaceable Kingdom and a Covenant with the Wild Animals."]
Botterweck, G. Johannes, et al., trans. David E. Green. Theological Dictionary of the Old Testament. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans Publishing, 1998. [In particular, the article on rc,nE ("branch") by Wagner in Vol. IX.]
Calvin, John. Commentary on the book of the prophet Isaiah. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Book House, 1981 [reprint].
Carr, David McLain. "Light in the Darkness: Rediscovering Advent Hope in the Lectionary Texts From Isaiah." Quarterly Review 15 Fall 1995, 295-320.
Delitzsch, F. Commentary on the Old Testament: Isaiah. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans Publishing, 1969.
Dillard, Raymond B., and Tremper Longman III. An Introduction to the Old Testament. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, 1994.
Harman, Allan. Isaiah: A covenant to be kept for the sake of the church [FOTB]. Ross-shire, Scotland: Christian Focus Publications, 2005.
Harrison, R. K. Introduction to the Old Testament. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans Publishing, 1969.
Kaiser, Otto. Isaiah 1-12: A commentary [OTL]. Philadelphia, PA: Westminster Press, 1972.
Kaiser, Walter C., Jr. A History of Israel: From the bronze age through the Jewish wars. Nashville, TN: Broadman & Holman Publishers, 1998. [References in the introduction are from this work.]
Leupold, H. C. Exposition of Isaiah, Volume I (Chaps. 1-39). Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Book House, 1968.
Marshall, I. Howard, A. R. Millard, J. I. Packer, and D.J. Wiseman. New Bible Dictionary, Third Edition. Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 1996.
McKinion, Steven A., ed. Isaiah 1-39 [ACC, OT 10]. Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 2004.
Motyer, J. Alec. Isaiah: An introduction & commentary [TOTC 18]. Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 1999.
Motyer, J. Alec. The Prophecy of Isaiah: An introduction & commentary. Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 1993. [In-text references refer to this larger work of Motyer.]
Ortlund, Raymond C., Jr. Isaiah: God saves sinners [PTW]. Wheaton, IL: Crossway Books, 2005.
Oswalt, John. The Book of Isaiah, chapters 1-39 [NICOT]. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans Publishing, 1986.
Ridderbos, J. Isaiah [BSC]. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan Publishing, 1985.
Thomas, Derek. God Delivers: Isaiah simply explained [Welwyn]. Durham, England: Evangelical Press, 1991.
Watts, John D. W. Isaiah 1-33 [WBC 24]. Waco, TX: Word Books, 1985.
Webb, Barry G. The Message of Isaiah: On eagle's wings [BST]. Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 1996.
Young, Edward J. An Introduction to the Old Testament. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans Publishing, 1964. [References in the introduction are from this work.]
Young, Edward J. The Book of Isaiah, chapters 1 to 18 [vol. 1; old NICOT]. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans Publishing, 1965. [References in the comments are from this work.]
[Scripture quotations, where not my translation, are taken from the New King James Version.]


text:
Anne-Louis Girodet de Roucy-Trioson
French, about 1800
Pencil, pen and brown ink, brown wash, heightened with white gouache
13 1/4 x 8 7/8 in.
Returning home, the bearded Theseus reaches out to greet his wife Phaedra, who shies away from his embrace. Surprised at this cold reception, Theseus looks inquiringly at his son Hippolytus. During his absence, Phaedra had fallen in love with her stepson, and she is now unable to meet Theseus's eyes. The dialogue underneath the picture recounts the verbal exchange. Phaedra says, "I am unworthy of pleasing you or being near you. I can henceforth only hide myself from you." Theseus then turns to Hippolytus, asking, "What is this strange welcome you give your father?" Hippolytus replies, "Only Phaedra can explain the mystery." Anne-Louis Girodet de Roucy-Trioson made this highly finished study as an illustration for a series of deluxe editions of the plays of Racine, a French dramatist from the 1600s. The publisher chose seven artists to illustrate the set, which was dedicated to Napoleon, and retained the original drawings, including this one, after the engravings were made. Girodet displayed such typically Neoclassical characteristics as firm, linear drawing; carefully shaded three-dimensional forms; and a static, ordered composition. Appropriately, his monumental figures--especially the central figure of Theseus silhouetted in front of an open doorway--seem more like Greek statues than living actors.


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- Running
- Cycling
- Triathlon
- Fitness
- Race Results
- More
About This Activity
This is our 1st Annual 5K Race for the Foster Children in Cobb County, Ga. Our Association supports the children that come into care and set up special events throughout the year for them. In July, we have a Back to School Bash, where each Foster Child is able to receive a back pack full of school supplies. At Christmas, each Foster Child receives presents donated from the community. These are just a couple of the events we hold for the children.
Organizer Info
Map & Direction
Sunday, November 18, 2012 @ 8:00 AM (EST)
Town Center Mall 400 Ernest W. Barrett Parkway Kennesaw, GA 30144Get Directions


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A collection of relevant and timely media clips and resources.
Posted on October 2, 2012
Please call and e-mail members of the Kingsport Board of Mayor and Aldermen Now!
Today, October 2, the City of Kingsport will hold a public hearing to discuss the adoption of a new Code of Ordinances for the city. Among these new ordinances is one that would make it illegal for persons to carry a firearm in a city park, or any building or facility operated by the city for park or recreational purposes. Law-abiding gun owners who possess a valid handgun carry permit would not be exempted from this misguided ordinance. This ordinance would burden law-abiding gun owners by unduly restricting their self-defense rights.
A copy of this proposed ordinance can be found here (on pages 26 and 27).
The Kingsport Board of Mayor and Aldermen will meet today, October 2 at 7:00 p.m. in the Council Room of the Kingsport City Hall at 225 West Street in Kingsport. The public will be able to speak during this meeting but there is a limited amount of time for public comment. So if you plan on attending this meeting, be sure to arrive early.
The NRA encourages you to attend this meeting. If you are unable to attend, please respectfully contact Mayor Phillips, Vice Mayor Parham, and the Kingsport Aldermen in opposition to this overreaching anti-gun ordinance. You can contact the Board of Mayor and Aldermen by calling 423-229-9412 AND by emailing the Mayor and Aldermen at the e-mail addresses provided below:
Mayor Dennis R. Phillips
Vice Mayor Tom C. Parham
Alderman John Clark
Alderman Valerie Joh
Alderman Mike McIntire
Alderman Tom Segelhorst
Alderman Jantry Shupe
Please continue to check www.NRAILA.org for more updates regarding the gun ban ordinance in Kingsport.
Established in 1975, the Institute for Legislative Action (ILA) is the "lobbying" arm of the National Rifle Association of America. ILA is responsible for preserving the right of all law-abiding individuals in the legislative, political, and legal arenas, to purchase, possess and use firearms for legitimate purposes as guaranteed by the Second Amendment to the U.S. Constitution.READ MORE
© 2014 National Rifle Association of America. Institute for Legislative Action. This may be reproduced. It may not be reproduced for commercial purposes.11250 Waples Mill Rd. Fairfax, VA 22030 1800-392-8683(VOTE)


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It is time again for the start of the Family History Coaching program at the Central Library. This long-running program is very popular and we are happy to be able to offer it again. The Family History Coaching program is offered in conjunction with our partner, the Alberta Family Histories Society, which provides volunteer coaches on the last Saturday of the month. The coaches are very well versed in all things genealogical and will give you one-on-one assistance with your project. This kind of assistance can be very helpful for those who are just getting started, those who have hit a brick wall or for anyone who needs a fresh perspective on their research. We meet at the Central Library on the 4th floor from 10:00am to noon. This is a drop-in program so you do not need to register in advance.
We have introduced a second genealogy program on the last Saturday of the month to make it a truly genealogical day. In the afternoon we are offering a Genealogy Meet-Up. Participants will be able to chat with other researchers and share information about methods, resources and other genealogical interests. This program will take place in the meeting room on the fourth floor of the Central Library from 2:00 to 4:00 pm. You will have to register for this one. This can be done in person at your local branch, by telephone at 403-260-2620 or online at www.calgarypubliclibrary.com (click on 'Programs' in the black bar at the top of the page, then search for 'genealogy meet up'). If you'd like more information on either of these programs (or on any other matters genealogical or historical) you can contact us at 403-260-2785 or by email at email@example.com.
We'd love to see you at either or both of these programs. Come down for the day, there is a lot going on in and around the Central library on Saturdays and there are some really great eateries in the vicinity. Make it a day of genealogy. Hope to see you soon.
Threshing Scene, 1915
Postcards from the Past PC 740
It is getting to be very cold at night and in the mornings there is a suggestion that soon there will be, dare I say it, frost. (Sorry) For our grandmothers on the prairies, this often meant that it was time to start making preserves and laying down food for the winter. I think I have written before about the great collection of cookbooks we have in the Community Heritage and Family History collection and it was to this collection that I turned for some recipes for the kinds of preserves they would be making.
Haying in Lethbridge, ca 1909
Postcards from the Past, PC 242
Prairie cooks used not just what they grew, but also what grew wild around them. From The Pioneer Cook comes this recipe for Rose Hip Jam. Remember, if you are going to try this recipe that grandma would most likely have been collecting hips from roses that grew wild and had not been treated with any kind of chemicals.
Gather berries after the first frost, and preserve the same day as picked. Boil 4 cups berries with 2 ½ cups water, until berries are tender. Force through a sieve to remove seeds. Add 1 cup sugar to 2 cups pulp. Mix thoroughly, and bring to a simmer slowly. Cook 10 minutes. Bottle. A layer of sugar sprinkled on the top helps to improve the flavor. (True of everything in my humble opinion!) This recipe was from Edythe Windsor, Koostatak Manitoba. (Page 101)
Rose hips can be used as a source of vitamin C, which can be quite useful when fresh fruits and vegetables are not available.
I am very interested in trying this next recipe because I have about 8 tomato plants in my yard, none of which has produced a ripe tomato yet, and likely won't unless it stays summer until October.
Green Tomato Chow-Chow
1 peck green tomatoes
4 large onions
6 green peppers
1 ½ cups brown sugar
2 teaspoons ground cloves
2 teaspoons ground cinnamon
1 teaspoon cayenne pepper
Chop tomatoes (not too fine) and let stand in brine overnight. Drain and cover with vinegar (not too strong). Add peppers, onions, sugar, and spices and cook until tender. Place in bottle or jars with parowax over them if corks or covers are not available.
From The Blue Bird Cookbook by the Domestic Science Department of the American Woman's Club of Calgary.
I suppose another thing we have to keep in mind if we are using older recipes to make preserves is that processes have changed and even though we may love these old recipes, we should follow current instructions for canning – for example, process the chow-chow in a canner rather than covering the jars with paraffin or corks. I still rely on my Bernardin book for information on how to safely preserve food. We do have copies of this at the Calgary Public Library. It is called The Complete Book of Home Preserving. Copies can be found at most branches.
If you would like to see our collection of cookbooks, come on down to the 4th floor of the Central Library and visit our Community Heritage and Family History collection. Some of the cookbooks, mostly the older ones, are in our storage collection and don't show up in the catalogue. That doesn't mean you can't have a look at them, though. Just ask and we will get them for you.
Hays Farm, ca 1960s?
Alison Jackson Photograph Collection, AJ 1286


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Nigeria: Okonjo-Iweala's mum saw hell in kidnappers' den
The Coordinating Minister for the economy and Minister of Finance, Dr Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala, has described the traumatic experience of her mother, Professor Mrs Kamene Okonjo, in the hands of her abductors as horrific, as she was left without food for five days.
Dr Okonjo-Iweala, addressing a press conference on Monday in Abuja, said her mother suffered a great deal during her ordeal, as it was God that rescued her from a situation that could have ended tragically.
Apart from the emotional trauma of being violently taken away from her family and kept incommunicado for five days in a strange environment, the minister said her mother was left without food for five days.
"We give glory to God that she is alive today to tell the tale. While she was in their custody, the kidnappers spent much of the time harassing her. They told her that I must get on the radio and television and announce my resignation. When she asked why, they told her it was because I did not pay 'oil subsidy money.'
"They also said I had blocked payments of money to certain components of the SURE-P programme. These statements are, of course, not true. In the case of subsidy payments, we have been paying all marketers whose claims have been verified by the Aig-Imoukhuede Committee after going through the necessary processes. "
Stressing that she would not be deterred to do what is right, the minister said "for marketers whose transactions are proven to be fraudulent, the position of the Goodluck Jonathan -led government is also clear: we cannot and we will not pay. We will not back down on this. We will continue to stand firm. In the case of SURE-P, there is a totally different process that I have no control over. This is the right thing to do. And this, I believe, is what the Nigerian people want," Dr Okonjo-Iweala said.
Thanking God for the Almighty God for the miracle of the release of my mother, the minister said" The Almighty has, once again, come through brilliantly for me and my family. Even during the bleakest part of this terrible experience, we believed that he would give us a testimony to his goodness and He did not fail us. · Even as we thank God, we cannot forget so many Nigerians who have gone through the same terrible experience either as victims or families or friends of victims. Words are not enough to describe the sheer horror of the experience. The best way to honour the victims and families is to ensure that there is greater focus on kidnapping and progress in combatting it. Working with the relevant agencies under the leadership of the President, I intend to contribute my quota to helping achieve this."
"We also thank Mr President and the First Lady who were absolutely wonderful and first rate in their support and encouragement to me and my family throughout this terrible ordeal. The President took a daily interest in the case and gave directives for appropriate action by the security agencies.
· The security agencies also did a good job. They were very professional and enthusiastic in the discharge of their duties. I am hopeful that they will complete the job which they started so well."
"As terrible as the experience was, the love and sympathy of Nigerians was constant and overwhelming. It helped us get through the dark moments of this five day ordeal. God heard the prayers of the millions of Nigerians who prayed for the safe return of my mother. From the bottom of my heart, I thank all those who sent messages of support and encouragement by phone, by email and in person. To those who prayed in their homes and organised prayer circles in their churches and mosques and offices, I say: Thank you. Your prayers were heard. "
Commending the Vice President and state governors, the minister thanked the Senate President and the Speaker of the House of Representatives as well as the Deputy Senate President and the Deputy Speaker and the international communities for staying with her while her mum ordeal lasted.
Nigerian Tribune
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|Contact this shelter/rescue group to see their pets for adoption.
Our Featured Dallas, NC Partner:
Gaston County Animal Control
Dog adoption and cat adoption saves lives. Adopt a dog or adopt a cat and you'll have a friend for life! Contact us, or contact another local humane society, animal shelter or SPCA.
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Our Adoption Process:$90 Canines
$75 Felines


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On Thursday, September 13, the DC Commission on the Arts (DCCAH) and Humanities will host the 27th Annual Mayor's Arts Awards at the Historic Lincoln Theatre. This year, Mayor Vincent C. Gray, along with the DCCAH will honor four Washingtonians that have made significant contributions to the arts in Washington, DC. The honorees are former DC Mayor, Anthony A. Williams; writer, director and producer, George Stevens, Jr.; Melvin Deale, Executive Director of the African Heritage Dancers and Drummers; and lawyer, Paul C.
Don't Drink and Drive!
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Alyona T I hope your day is going well, Paddy. I wish you all the best on your fitness journey and all the best in your life! Peace to your day, power to your workouts!!
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Poems of Beards and Other Things
illustrated collection of poetry about beards and all their glory, accompanied by cats and raw, heartfelt emotion
de emmy hodgson
Poems of Beards and Other Things is a fully illustrated collection of poems of beards and other things. It will make you laugh and cry, but mostly laugh. You probably won't cry unless you are married to a beardless man or woman. The poetry does not simply glorify beards, but it also recognises the beardless warrior in the rest of us because it's ok to be beardless. It really is. It's also perfectly alright to fall in love with someone who hasn't got a beard on their face (although I personally don't recommend it).
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MEUSAC European Year of Citizens 2013
MEUSAC has been designated as the national contact point in Malta for the European Year of Citizens 2013, MEUSAC Head Vanni Xuereb announced today.
During the introduction of a public dialogue on the Programme and Priorities of the Irish Presidency of the Council of the EU, organised together with the Embassy of Ireland, Dr Xuereb said that MEUSAC will be working closely with all interested stakeholders and civil society to maximise on the opportunities presented by the European Year and ensure that the objectives of the Year are met in Malta. "MEUSAC will be playing a leading role throughout the Year in disseminating the messages of this European Year through various media, activities and events," he said.
During his presentation of the Programme and Priorities of the Irish Presidency, the Ambassador of Ireland to Malta, Jim Hennessy, stated that Ireland's top priority during its six-month Presidency of the Council of the EU is to improve economic growth and job creation within the Union. He added that the Irish Presidency is about securing stability and ensuring that it leads to jobs and growth.
The Minister of Foreign Affairs Francis Zammit Dimech, said that one of the key areas for the EU at present is economic governance and added that Malta takes positive note of the Irish Presidency's focus in this regard. Minister Zammit Dimech said that Malta remains opposed to the introduction of an EU-wide Financial Transactions Tax unless this is also introduced at a global level, but will not stand in the way of those Member States that wish to proceed with adopting such a tax by way of enhanced cooperation. Minister Zammit Dimech went on to say that the Government has worked to safeguard employment and foster a climate of job creation and highlighted the importance of maritime related issues as well as the conclusion of negotiations on the MFF for 2014-2020.
The European Year of Citizens 2013 was launched in Dublin on January 10 by the Irish Taoiseach Enda Kenny, Tánaiste and Minister of Foreign Affairs and Trade Eamon Gilmore and the President of the European Commission, José Manuel Barroso.
The objective of the Year is to ensure that people know their rights as EU citizens and how to exercise them to the full. The Year of Citizens will also encourage public debate about what EU citizenship means for the people of the EU.


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Dear Michelle Bachelet,
It is indeed my pleasure writing you and your team on our vision and recommendation for UN Women. It pleased us so much to hear that women are now given a place in the UN agenda and that you are appointed as the head. I want to encourage you on behalf of the women in my community to address seriously the issue of lack of leadership which continue to plague women all over the world especially Africa. The reason for the marginalization of women in this part of the world is not far from the culture of silence which is so much established in the society. In Nigeria, there are many proverbs which established the fact that women are not suppose to raise their voices in the society. Some of them are:- 'husband is the head of the wife, it is then that life is good', ' orders are in the mouth of men, women are to keep quiet,carry them out without complain', When women is issuing order, the world is turning upside down'. The equal representation of women in politics and leadership is becoming more and more difficult because of the stereotypical attitudes towards the gender role of men and women. In Nigeria where 45% of the population are women according to the last census in 2006, yet out of the 109 seats at the Senate, women are 8 and out of the 360 seats at the House of Representative, women are 24. As at 2002, only 4.6% of the academic staff of 23 universities were female professors. it was also observed that (8) out of those 23 universities were not having female professors at all. As at 2007/08 in Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, 17% of the academic staff are females with only 13 female professors out of 192 professors.
Nigeria have never produced a female Governor not to talk of president to date. Women continue to be minority among men where they will have little or no impact at all. The issue of poverty must be addressed seriously, women should be empowered, respected and stereothypical attitudes must stop if we are going to achieve gender equality. God will use you and your team to put women in the appropriate place God want them which is beside the men for the good of His universe.
Thank you
Busayo Obisakin
Guidance Counsellor, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife
Director, Women Inspiration Development Center, Ile-Ife, Nigeria.
As the United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women officially begins its work this month, World Pulse is asking women worldwide: What is YOUR vision and recommendation for UN Women? We invite you to raise your voice by writing a letter to UN Women Executive Director Michelle Bachelet outlining your recommendation for how this new UN agency can truly affect change on the ground to promote gender equality and uphold the rights and needs of women both on a local and global scale.
Learn more: http://www.worldpulse.com/pulsewire/programs/international-violence-agai...
Thank you!
Dearest Busayo,
Thank you sister for speaking up for women in Nigeria, especially for those who have no platform to speak their needs and voice their visions. Thank you for sharing your recommendations for the new UN Women agency and stressing the urgency for women's participation and leadership positions in the highest level of governance. Your voice is so powerful!
I am currently working to compile your letters and share your voices with the GEAR Campaign, who have been working closely with UN Women to ensure the inclusion of civil society groups, and through the PulseWire community, grassroots women leaders, as they set their agenda. We will also be sending your letters directly to Michele Bachelet and other senior leaders of the newly formed UN agency, to demonstrate the effectiveness for sourcing opinion, knowledge and needs from the global grassroots women's movement through our online community. Through this, we hope to open a portal for our community to have a direct line of influence within the UN Women agency.
I will keep you updated on the progress of our campaign!
In friendship and solidarity,


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flickrgeist 16aug11
August 16th, 2011 | photography
A snapshot of my network:
1. @miranda_july That cat was mega-creepy and hilarious. #ihaveseenthefuture, 2. Ape, Man, Machine, 3. 14:31, 4. A secret location in Japan that will be featured in @milesobrien @NewsHour story I worked with him on, from Japan. Bet you can't identify…, 5. Shard on shard, 6. St Dunstan-in-the-East, London, For The Colourblind/Drugged I


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Eugene Runkis and Spencer Two Dogs Bolejack have survived in swamps, the deep mountain wilderness and the primitive Caribbean bush. Now, Eugene and Spencer are using their backwoods ingenuity to survive the Appalachian Mountains - the Hillbilly way. From crossing a freezing river in a raft made out of vines, to eating deer heart for dinner, it's a hardscrabble life.
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Mon, Aug 6, 12 at 22:53
Follow-Up Postings:
|I waited all day to get home so I could see your pictures and I wasn't disappointed. Yum! I am so close to having my own veggies to put on the grill. Picked my first ever homegrown eggplant. It was awesome.
- Posted by soilent_green 4b MN (My Page) on Tue, Aug 7, 12 at 22:07
|Hi Jodi,
Congrats on your first eggplant! I am curious as to how you prepared it in the meal?
You are in for a treat when your harvest kicks in - nothing tastes better or is more satisfying than eating your own home grown vegetables.
|Tom, I just sliced it and sauted it w/a little salt and pepper. Can't wait to try it on the grill this weekend. My corn is ready, tomatoes are coming on and picked my first cabbage head. Very exciting.
- Posted by a.girl.named.max 4a (My Page) on Mon, Sep 3, 12 at 20:12
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WATCH: Zedd releases video for 'Stay The Night' feat. Hayley Williams
JUST ADDED: 5 Seconds of Summer will be rocking the stage at this year's iHeartRadio Music Festival Village in Las Vegas! The band sat down with Ryan Seacrest to break the news.�Click here to buy your tickets now, before they sell out!
Check out the full lineup for this year's iHeartRadio Music Festival
Listen to Zedd on iHeartRadio | Listen to Paramore on iHeartRadio
Zedd has released the video to his new single with Paramore's Hayley Williams, "Stay The Night," off of his Carlity: The Deluxe Edition (which comes out September 24th).
In a clip showing the making of the video, Zedd says, "The music video is basically about a break-up, and a couple spending the last night together, even though they know it's probably not the right thing."
The video features Zedd playing the piano, and Hayley singing, as well as two very talented dancers to tell the story.
Zedd recently performed at the iHeartRadio Music Festival in Las Vegas, where right before he performed, he sat down with Pete Tong and revealed how he got together with Hayley for the song.
[PHOTOS: Zedd Live at the 2013 iHeartRadio Music Festival]
Check out Pete's interview with Zedd below:


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Tory Burch
USD http://schema.org/OutOfStock
Make your presents pop with our signature colorful packaging. Simply select the Gift Packaging option during checkout.
Color:Our Chunky Stripe Tote, in timeless navy and ivory, is an enduringly chic warm-weather style made of straw and raffia. Finished with a magnetic snap closure, the roomy design features interior pockets to ensure things stay safely stowed yet always within reach, while leather straps and trim add a hint of polish.
- Straw and raffia.
- Magnetic snap closure.
- Flat leather shoulder strap with 9" (23 cm) drop.
- Interior zipper pocket and two open pockets.
- Height: 12.7" (32 cm)
- Length: 13.2" (43 cm)
- Depth: 9" (23 cm)
In-Store Availability
Style Number: 51139989
Rated 4.2 out of 5 by 5 reviewers.
Rated 4 out of 5 by ShilohXia So cute! Perfect for summer Just received the bag today. It looks the same as the picture shows. Very roomy and thats what I want. Perfect for summer time. Can't wait to use it tomorrow! The reason why I didn't give 5 stars is the straw looks delicate. I am worrying it would be broken by something sharp, so have to be careful when using it. May 13, 2014
Rated 4 out of 5 by Sparkle19 Lightweight tote Always looking for a lightweight bag especially for warm summer days. This tote is roomy enough and I love the colors. Classic casual goes with everything. I would have given it 5 stars if it had a top zipper that would have been the icing on the cake! April 25, 2014
Rated 5 out of 5 by Tmerrick Navy striped straw tote bag Loved this product. The bag is a perfect size and will be cute for the summer February 18, 2014
Rated 3 out of 5 by Lisa57 Colors are awesome However, the bag seemed to sag and the Tory logo pointed to the sky. Sadly, I had to return it but plan to order the Holly Tote in Vanilla Cream. January 15, 2014
Rated 5 out of 5 by kmpyke love it! . Very classic and so cute!! Can't wait for warmer weather so I can use it! January 2, 2014
1-5 of 5


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Friends Volunteers enjoy themselves and make new friends. Come be a part of the fun!!
The Friends Down Under Bookstore is always looking for volunteers to sell and shelve at the store and at our other library book sales during the year. For more information on how to volunteer at the Bookstore please call 313-343-2074 x204.
We would like to thank you for your generous volunteer efforts.