text:
Itonis Pharmaceuticals Update On Its Upcoming Anti-Nausea Product
LAGUNA HILLS, Calif., March 27, 2013 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- Itonis, Inc. (OTC:ITNS) and Charles Hensley, Ph.D., the inventor of the Zicam® Cold Remedy, and founding member of Itonis Pharmaceuticals, are pleased to provide a status update on Itonis Pharmaceuticals' developments on its over-the-counter homeopathic spray for the treatment of nausea.
The Company previously announced the selection of its U.S.-based manufacturer. Under the leadership of Dr. Hensley, the Company is on target to begin full production of its anti-nausea spray with product sales set to begin by Summer 2013.
"We are very excited that our new anti-nausea product will reach consumers just in time for summer vacation travels. It is always a proud moment when a product cycle matures from the design phase and advances to the point of actual consumer use. Please stay tuned for further production updates in the coming weeks and months ahead," says Dr. Hensley, President of Itonis Pharmaceuticals, and Mark Cheung, CEO of Itonis, Inc.About Itonis Pharmaceuticals Itonis Pharmaceuticals, a new division of Itonis, Inc., is headed by Charles Hensley, Ph.D. This division's mission is to create and market over-the-counter and prescription homeopathic products that better people's lives. Dr. Hensley is a pioneer in the development and marketing of safe and effective therapeutic nutraceutical and homeopathic preparations. He was a founder of Geltech, LLC, the company that launched the Zicam® Cold Remedy, making the product a household name and forever changing the marketing and product placement paradigm for homeopathic drugs in the United States. Dr. Hensley and his team plan to use the same methodologies to revolutionize the treatment of several other common ailments and other chronic diseases. About Itonis, Inc. Itonis, Inc. was incorporated in the state of Nevada on July 5, 2005 under the name of Kenshou, Inc., which later changed to Itonis, Inc. on December 2, 2005. For more information, please visit www.itonisholdings.com . Safe Harbor: Statements in this press release may constitute forward-looking statements and are subject to numerous risks and uncertainties, including the failure to complete successfully the development of new or enhanced products, the Company's future capital needs, the lack of market demand for any new or enhanced products the Company may develop, any actions by the Company's affiliates that may be adverse to the Company, the success of competitive products, other economic factors affecting the Company and its markets, seasonal changes, and other risks detailed from time to time in the Company's filings with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. The actual results may differ materially from those contained in this press release. The Company disclaims any obligation to update any statements in this press release.
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text:
Goldman Sachs Reports Earnings Per Common Share Of $14.13 For 2012
The Goldman Sachs Group, Inc. is a leading global investment banking, securities and investment management firm that provides a wide range of financial services to a substantial and diversified client base that includes corporations, financial institutions, governments and high-net-worth individuals. Founded in 1869, the firm is headquartered in New York and maintains offices in all major financial centers around the world.
Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements
This press release contains "forward-looking statements" within the meaning of the safe harbor provisions of the U.S. Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Forward-looking statements are not historical facts, but instead represent only the firm's beliefs regarding future events, many of which, by their nature, are inherently uncertain and outside of the firm's control. It is possible that the firm's actual results and financial condition may differ, possibly materially, from the anticipated results and financial condition indicated in these forward-looking statements. For a discussion of some of the risks and important factors that could affect the firm's future results and financial condition, see "Risk Factors" in Part I, Item 1A of the firm's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2011.Certain of the information regarding the firm's capital ratios, risk-weighted assets, total assets, level 3 assets and global core excess liquidity consist of preliminary estimates. These estimates are forward-looking statements and are subject to change, possibly materially, as the firm completes its financial statements. Statements about the firm's investment banking transaction backlog also may constitute forward-looking statements. Such statements are subject to the risk that the terms of these transactions may be modified or that they may not be completed at all; therefore, the net revenues, if any, that the firm actually earns from these transactions may differ, possibly materially, from those currently expected. Important factors that could result in a modification of the terms of a transaction or a transaction not being completed include, in the case of underwriting transactions, a decline or continued weakness in general economic conditions, outbreak of hostilities, volatility in the securities markets generally or an adverse development with respect to the issuer of the securities and, in the case of financial advisory transactions, a decline in the securities markets, an inability to obtain adequate financing, an adverse development with respect to a party to the transaction or a failure to obtain a required regulatory approval. For a discussion of other important factors that could adversely affect the firm's investment banking transactions, see "Risk Factors" in Part I, Item 1A of the firm's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2011.
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
The credits for this production have not yet been completed or verified.
The Arcadians
Liberty Theatre , (1/17/1910 - circa. 5/1910)
Knickerbocker Theatre , (5/16/1910 - 7/02/1910)
Grand Opera House , (11/21/1910 - circa. 11/1910)
Category: Musical, Original, Broadway
Description: A musical in three acts
Setting: Arcadia and London
music by Lionel Monckton and Howard Talbot; lyrics by Arthur Wimperis
(Unless otherwise noted)


text:
Rackspace Directory Sync Installation and Set-Up Procedures
Systems Requirements
Functional Level of Domain Controller and Active Directory
- Windows 2008 Server
- Windows 2008 Server R2
- Windows 2012
Important Notes:
- Directory Sync Service Must Be Installed directly on your domain controller.
- After Installation, Directory Sync Cannot automatically sync existing passwords because they are unreadable from the Active Directory. Passwords must be reset after installation to ensure password sync.
- Directory Sync is compatible with Hosted Exchange 2010, Hosted Exchange 2013, and Rackspace Email only.
Software Prerequisites
NET Framework version 4.0 on the target domain controller and any other domain controllers in the forest. You can download the appropriate .NET framework from the Microsoft Download Center.
Firewall Ports
You do not have to open any inbound ports from the internet to your domain controllers.
Enable the following ports on the Directory Sync server:
- 443 –Outbound HTTPS connections from Directory Sync service to Rackspace API.
- 8732 – Open for connections from other domain controllers to the Directory Sync server. Not used for any connections outside your network. This port is used by domain controller password hooks.
- 8080 – Only used locally on Directory Sync service machine for web browser user interface. You may block this port for any external connections.
Network Encryption
Communications between Directory Sync and Rackspace is secured through HTTPS.
Communications between the Active Directory password hook and Directory Sync is secured with Microsoft WCF Transport Security which uses Windows Authentication and encryption.
Installation Files
The installation files can be found while logged into either cp.rackspace.com or into the my.rackspace.com; depending on how you normally log in.
Admins that log into my.rackspace.com (Must be logged in as primary contact)
- Click the Products Tab and select Email and Apps from the dropdown.
- Click on your domain and the Directory Sync installers will be located on the right hand column.
Admins that log into cp.rackspace.com (Must have Super Admin permission)
- While on the home page, click Domains. This will take you to the Domains Home page
- Click on the Tools, and then select the Directory Sync Tab
- The installers are listed at the bottom of the page.
Choose the appropriate installer, based on either 32 or 64 bit platforms.
- Directory Sync Service x64.msi
- Directory Sync Service x86.msi
Administrator's Guide
See the Rackspace Directory Sync Administrator's Guide to learn more about the features and how to use it after installation.
Directory Sync Service Installation
Copy the appropriate, platform specific, Directory Sync Service .msi file to the domain controller.
There are two services that are installed with the Directory Sync System, the Directory Sync Service and the Password Hook. The Directory Sync Service is a Windows service which automatically synchronizes user information and requires a local service account under which to run. The Password Sync Service is a password handler which automatically synchronizes user password changes.
NOTE: The Directory Sync Service will run as the "Local System account" on the domain controller.
Follow the prompts for installing Directory Sync Service.
1. Click Next to begin the Directory Sync Service Setup Wizard.
2. Click Install.
3. You will have to restart your system for the changes to take effect. Click Yes if you wish to restart now.
4. Upon restart, install will continue. Click Install
5. Click Finish to complete the install process.
6. The web user interface for validation and synchronization will automatically launch when installation completes. A shortcut to the web UI will be created on both the Start Menu and on the Desktop.
Directory Sync Service Validation & Synchronization
- Within the Windows Services management console will be a new service called Directory Sync Service. The installation will auto start the service.
- If any errors occur when attempting to start the service, view the event log for more information about the error.
- It is highly advised to create new security groups in AD that will manage the list of synced users for each hosted service. For example, if you are synchronizing Exchange Users please create a new security group in AD as Rackspace Exchange or Rackspace Hosted Exchange.
To start synchronizing active directory changes with Rackspace, the Directory Sync Service must be configured. Open the Directory Sync Service administrative web application.
1. Sync Registration Page: Enter your Control Panel Admin ID and Password associated with your Rackspace Email & Apps account and click Register.
- Customers that log into my.rackspace.com will automatically create an admin id through the MyRack Customer Portal prior to download
- Customers that log into cp.rackspace.com are advised to create a new admin id dedicated to the sync service.
2. Local AD Domain: Verify that the appropriate local active directory domain is selected.
3. Hosted Exchange: Select the appropriate Security Group to be synced with Microsoft Exchange mailboxes.
4. Hosted Email: Select the appropriate Security Group to be synced with Rackspace Email mailboxes.
5. Administrator email: All alerts will be sent to this email address.
6. Time to Send Summary Email: Set the time a summary report of changes synced with your active directory will be sent to the Administrator email address. By default, this will be set to 08:00.
7. Click Save & Start Sync to begin a Full Sync.
There are two types of synchronization:
- Full Sync: This sync will find all items available for synchronization in the entire directory. This sync type only initiates on the first sync process.
- Delta Sync: This sync will find changes available for synchronization in active directory that occurred since the last synchronization. This sync type will run automatically every 5 minutes by default but can also be performed manually. To manually run a Delta Sync, click on the Sync History tab and click the button Sync Now.
NOTE: No changes are EVER made by the Directory Sync Service to the directory; all access is read-only.
Synchronizing Users and Groups
Please check out the Directory Sync Operations Guide on how to start synchronizing your AD objects to your mailboxes and distribution lists.
Optional Multiple Domain Controllers Password Synchronization Installation
The main installer for Directory Sync is installed on 1 Domain Controller (DC) that will communicate directly to Rackspace. The DC communicates through Rackspace's API to the Rackspace Email and Apps Control Panel over an HTTPS connection on port 443. This DC or Primary DC will include the Directory Sync User Interface and where Directory Sync is configured.
If you have multiple DCs to manage the Active Directory, the Password Handler must be installed on all DCs not including the Primary DC (the primary DC already has this installed during initial set up). Normally, password changes in a network occur locally and then are replicated to the other DCs. Directory Sync is unable to see those password changes after replication due to encryption. To ensure password changes are synchronized, each DC will require the Password Handler to be installed directly. This will require each DC to restart.
Password changes made in the other DCs are delivered to the Primary DC over port 8732. Multiple DCs will communicate internally to the Primary DC and will not send any password changes outside of the network. All password syncs are funneled through the Primary DC and then synchronized to Rackspace.
Where to find the installation Files?
During the Installation, the Directory Sync Password Handler Install folder is created on the desktop. This installer allows you to synchronize your users' passwords across multiple domain controllers.
The .msi file within the folder should be installed on the secondary domain controllers only.
This process applies to multiple domain controllers; it can be more than two. Repeat these steps for each additional domain controller in the AD forest. Below are the steps needed to complete the install of all other domain controllers in the AD forest.
Note: YOU MUST RESTART EACH DOMAIN CONTROLLER TO COMPLETE THIS PROCESS. PLEASE PERFORM THIS ACTION DURING OFF HOURS.
1. Copy the msi file to the new domain controller.
2. Double click the install file. A window will appear click the next and install button to start.
3. After a minute to 3 minutes it will complete and ask you to restart your DC.
4. After restart the installer will start up to finish the installation.
5. Click the final Install button and finish and it will finish installing the Password Handler.
At this time you have successfully installed the Password Handler of Directory Sync
Please ensure that you install this on the secondary DC of your Domain not the Primary.
This application will run in the background there will be no Settings screen as this looks to the primary program installed on the first DC.
Now that the installation is complete, check out the Rackspace Directory Sync Administrator's Guide & Directory Sync Operations Guide to learn how to use it and its features.
© 2014 Rackspace US, Inc.
Except where otherwise noted, content on this site is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License
See license specifics and DISCLAIMER


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1958 MGA 1600 roadster that is ready to be enjoyed. The car is in yellow with a black interior and it comes with a... More
For sale in our Orlando showroom is a 1977 MG Midget. 1974 marked the last generation of Midget in the US. With tighter impact... More
1950 MG TD in very good overall condition with 88,179 miles. Restored in 1978 by authorized MG dealer for the dealer principal. Car was... More
1974 MGB Roadster Rebuilt Engine. Factory 4-Speed Transmission. Nice black interior. Total disassembly and reassembly. Recent NEW seat webbing. Paint and tires in good condition.... More
Nice original car restored as necessary. Just out of long storage and recently serviced with new brakes and fluids. Not a show car but... More
1952 MG TD Roadster '52 MG TD Roadster, matching numbers, black with red interior, great color combination, comes with a soft top and side curtains,... More
1960 MGA 1600 Mk-1 Roadster Recently discovered stored in a garage for 28 years. It is quite solid and straight with a one time make... More
1955 MG TF, One owner, low mileage (69,575) TF 1500 with original black paint, green leather interior with original tan top and tan side... More
Very solid GT Runs and Drives well all gears work easily, motor rebuilt, runs strong new brakes Interior is original, clean and neat ... More
Offered here is a 1979 MGB with 108k original miles located in mid-state California. The car remains in original paint and graphic stripes with... More
1974 MGB Convertible for sale in our Indianapolis Showroom. This 74 MG is powered by a GM 3.5L V6 backed by a Tremec T-5... More
1975 MG Midget for sale in Louisville Kentucky. The MG Midget is a small two-seater sports car produced by the MG division of the... More
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1974 MGB GT that can be driven as it is. The car is in maroon with a black interior. It has been with its... More
Up for sale in our Tampa Showroom is this historic 1953 MG TD. Straight out of 1953 this car has never gone through a... More


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Now in its Seventh Edition, the best-selling Fundamentals of Early Childhood Education by renowned author and educator, George S. Morrison, remains keenly focused on what it means to be an early childhood professional in today's world. Providing a brief, reader-friendly introduction to the field, it presents engaging chapter features on early childhood programs, professionals in practice, diversity strategies, technology issues, and ethical decision-making. Separate chapters on infants and toddlers, preschoolers, kindergartners, and the primary grades explore young children's unique developmental and educational needs. Fundamentals' emphasis on professionalism throughout keeps the focus on meeting the needs of each and every child and providing up-to-date information and strategies to develop competent, informed early childhood professionals. This thoroughly revised edition offers a contemporary, accessible, user-friendly approach to all of the major topics, programs, and issues at the forefront of the field today. Comprehensive, yet brief, this text is a perfect resource for a variety of courses in early childhood education.
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'Liking' something on Facebook is now protected by the First Amendment
Ben Johnson
Interview by
Sep 19, 2013 Now when you 'like' something on Facebook, you're exercising your First Amendment rights.
How the @### is Twitter going to make money?
Queena Kim
Sep 13, 2013 Twitter's going public! But no-one quite knows how the company expects to generate revenue. And for now, Twitter's not telling.
Why Twitter is going public now
Mark Garrison
Sep 13, 2013 For Twitter, patience was probably a virtue.
For Twitter, the 'P' in 'IPO' may not be so public yet
David Brancaccio
Interview by
Sep 13, 2013 The company won't have to reveal company information publicly for quite some time.
Twitter files for IPO
Ben Johnson
Interview by
Oct 3, 2013 The social media company publicly filed its IPO documents today, hoping to raise $1 billion in the largest Silicon Valley IPO since Facebook in 2012.
What's confidential about Twitter's IPO filing?
Paddy Hirsch
Sep 12, 2013 Twitter tweeted that it had "confidentially submitted" papers for a planned initial public offering. The news reached more more than 23.6 million people, so what's confidential about that?
It's confidential, but Twitter's going public
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Interview with
Sep 12, 2013 Twitter announced today -- over Twitter -- that it's going public. The news wasn't much of a surprise, but the way in which the company filed papers with the SEC is a bit of a mystery.
LinkedIn opens doors to younger teens
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Sep 12, 2013 The company is lowering the entry age from 18 to 14.
Do your Facebook friends affect your credit score?
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Sep 4, 2013 They say be careful what you post on social media What you do on Facebook could affect your credit score.
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Aug 28, 2013 A school district in Southern California has revealed that it is paying a company to track its students online.


text:
Meanings of 10 Valentines Day Flowers
Learn how to send the right romantic message with your bouquet
By Amanda Greene Kelly
"Tulips stand for perfect love," says Gaffney. The elegant and easily identifiable blooms are one of the most popular flowers in the world but are most often associated with the Netherlands, where they flourished in the 17th century. They convey comfort and warmth, says Law, and are a good Valentine's Day pick since they're classic and affordable.


text:
You are here
Citizen's Police Academy
***Due to low application numbers the Citizen's Academy scheduled for Fall 2014 has been postponed to Spring 2015. It should begin around March 2015 provided we get enough applications.***
Some of the topics in this 8-week program are:
- Vision, Values, Mission & Recruiting and Hiring Process
- Field Operations & Criminal Investigations
- Traffic Control & Traffic Stop Scenarios
- VICE, Street Crimes & Gangs in Lynchburg
- Crime Prevention Unit & FATS machine
- Tactical Unit - Crisis Negotiations, K-9 & Firearms Demos
- Crime Scene Processing
The 25th session classes will begin March 2015. This course is open to those interested in becoming better citizens and for people wishing to learn more about law enforcement. Even though you will not be trained as a law enforcement officer, we hope you will gain a better understanding of police work.
If you are interested in this program please complete the Citizen's Police Academy Application. There is no cost to participate in this program. You must be 18 years of age or older to apply. The deadline for applications is February 15, 2015. Please look for future updates and the 25th Citizen's Police Academy for Spring 2015 at our Facebook Page.
Citizens that complete the 8 week academy are eligible to join the Lynchburg Citizen's Police Academy Alumni Association. Members will be able to continue on with the Police Department with various volunteer opportunities and events.
For more information contact Steven Wood, Crime Prevention Unit at (434) 455-6158, Fax (434) 847-1408, or email@example.com


text:
Ripping Out And Starting Again: Puting A Couple Simplicity Products To The Test Under Deadline Pressure
I finally finished quilting the beast that was panel three of my charity ArtPrize quilt project. I had some thread tension issues in the wee hours of the morning that cost me some valuable time and sleep, but I'm back on track and a little more in tune with my machine.
If I've learned anything from this morning's rip-out session it was to pay attention to the sound of my machine and any changes in tension I feel. After I dropped in a new bobbin last night, I noticed that the machine sounded different and the quilt started to glide a little too easily. But I was tired and very anxious to wrap out work on the panel three so I kept sewing…. for miles. And then when I finally flipped the quilt over to check my work, it was clear that I had made a serious error. Thread was bunching up and the stitches were too loose. I still can't believe I kept sewing when I knew something was off.
After wasting about 2.5 hours of my life ripping out stitches, I'm happy to report that all is well with panel three. I ripped out the stitching on the section I goofed and quilted it again. I'm paying very close attention to tension now because I think I will need to be institutionalized if this happens again.
As luck would have it, I had a box of review samples from Simplicity sitting in my dining room when this quilting debacle unfolded. When I realized I was going to have to rip out about a bobbin's worth of meandering stitches, I ran to the box to retrieve 4 1/2″ Curved Blade Snips by Simplicity.
Little did I know that these little snips that retail for $17.99 would be my tool of choice when I needed to rip out stitches fast. I was beyond exasperated when I pulled these babies out and started carefully ripping out the mess I made. I pinched the blade shut and used the tiny points to get under small stitches and loosen them up before clipping. In the past I've used a seam ripper to remove machine quilting mistakes, but I find the snips faster and more effective. From here on out I'm going to keep a pair of snips on hand for situations like these. I put the snips to a serious test and they passed with flying colors.
One of the pitfalls of scrambling to finish a project on deadline is not thinking things through. I was unthreading my machine and winding bobbins as I needed them because I was tired, it was very late and this seemed like a logical thing to do. I know. Sewing while sleepy leads to silly mistakes.
Another product that I busted out is Simplicity's new Deluxe SideWinder, a portable bobbin winder. I admit that I was a woman of little faith when I opened the box because I own a smaller version of this product by Wrights and never got it to work quite right.
But I needed a way to wind a bunch of bobbins without disturbing the tension of my threaded machine. So I fired up the Deluxe SideWinder today. I didn't set the tension disks correctly the first time in my haste to get on with my quilt project, but that was definitely a case of operator error. Once I tightened the disks correctly I was good to go. The bobbins wound fast and spared my sewing machine motor that seems to be performing at its limit.
This winder contains two storage compartments to keep the power cord and assortment of spindles sized to hold bobbins from a variety of name brand machines. You can adjust this machine to wind threads of varying weights and control speed and how much thread you want to go on each bobbin. You can also use this machine to wind bobbins from 1200 yard cones. I have yet to try winding thread from a cone, but I like the results I got today.
If you sew a lot and want to wind a bunch of bobbins without taxing your machine, this is a quality product to consider. It retails for $99, so it's a bit of an investment. But after the events of the last 24 hours, I'm wishing I would have had the clarity of mind to open the box and try out this product sooner.
Ok. I have to get back to work. I'll be weaving in the ends tonight and then moving on to panel four. Just two more to go.
What is your favorite quilting tool?
Posted: September 7th, 2010 under Art quilts, ArtPrize, Quilting, Review, Sewing.
Comments: 8
Comment from Mandy
Time: September 8, 2010, 6:55 am
Have had the same tension/sound issues myself today and my own share of ripping out. I feel your pain!! Don't give up Jennifer!
Comment from ellen
Time: September 8, 2010, 7:25 am
I'm going to run out and buy those snips as soon as $$ allows. My old combination of seam ripper and manicure scissors works but this looks much better. Your moral: always listen to your machine! I've had mine since 1968 (indestructible Kenmore) and she never lies!
Comment from Diane
Time: September 8, 2010, 8:48 am
My little Singer Featherweight has taken me to many quilting classes. Abandoned in a friend's mother's attic, I was so grateful to buy it for less than $200.
I do all my piecing in class on the Featherweight and then machine quilt on my Bernina with the quilting foot on it.
Good luck with the quilting – I'm sure you'll do a wonderful job!
Comment from Martha Barrett
Time: September 8, 2010, 10:38 am
All I can say is that you may need to change your blog name to CraftInsanity if you don't get a little more sleep. But you're doing great, so I'll just say Good Luck and I can't wait to see the finished project.
Comment from Deb
Time: September 8, 2010, 2:53 pm
Jennifer, I use an electric razor to get a stiches. They are built to not nick your skin, so it doesn't nick the fabric, either. ZZZZZsst. Done, and then with a lint brush, I pick up all the thread ends. Done and done, easy peasy. Although, I do have sympathy for your frogging (ripit, ripit) session!
Comment from jennifer
Time: September 8, 2010, 3:01 pm
Hi Deb. Thanks for posting. I haven't tried the electric razor, but it sounds like I should invest in one. I would have saved me loads of time.
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Time: September 12, 2010, 6:36 am
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Time: August 2, 2013, 6:53 pm
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Adventurer LP Introduces Double-Slide Camper
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Yakima, Washington-based Adventurer LP announced Tuesday (September 6) it had begun shipping its all-new Eagle Cap 1160 double-slide truck camper to dealers. The first two dealers to receive the 1160 were George Sutton in Eugene, Oregon, and Lacombe RV in Lacombe, Alberta.
According to Adventurer, most of their dealers have the 1160 on order and will be receiving them as soon as they are completed.
The Eagle Cap 1160 is a redesigned above-the-rails truck camper that allows for increased interior room in its 102-inch wide-body design and features a rear sofa and dinette in separate slide-outs to provide maximum interior space. The 1160 is also a side entry unit allowing room in the rear of the unit for a large Class A-style rear storage bay.
2012 Eagle Cap Series
According to Adventurer, Eagle Cap truck campers feature the company's exclusive "hybrid aluminum superstructure," a construction blend of welded aluminum framing and fiberglass shell design (full front and back one-piece fiberglass caps), essentially utilizing the best construction designs in the industry.
Another Eagle Cap exclusive is the "EC-MAX," which is a four-season insulation package, providing R-values of R-17 ceiling, R-11 walls, and R-22-plus in the basement/floor.
Eagle Cap also features rear sofa and driver's side dinette slides providing RVers with the type of room typically only seen in trailers and motorhomes, according to Adventurer.
Thermal Pane windows also are standard.
Eagle Cap has increased production. In a recent interview, Greg Tucknies, Adventurer Manufacturing's National Sales Manager, indicated that business has been growing rapidly. "We had a meeting last week where we discussed our need to ramp up Eagle Cap production to two units per day," indicated Tucknies. "Our original plan was two campers per week. As of now, we are running three and a half to four campers a week."
Website Redesign
Adventurer LP also announced that they have completed a redesign to its website to include all of the products the company manufactures.
The newly-expanded site now includes Adventurer Truck Camper products, the new Eagle Cap Truck Camper product line, and a sneak peak at the company's new RV line debuting soon.
Users can also find past brochures, owner's manuals, employment opportunities, a FAQs page, and testimonials page.
2012 Eagle Cap 1160
2012 Eagle Cap 1160 specifications include:
- Hard-side, dry bath, double-slide truck camper with a side entry made for long bed trucks
- High gloss gel-coat fiberglass automotive finish sidewalls
- 2 electric slide-outs, with manual override system
- 4-season thermal pane tinted windows
- Interior floor length: 11'6"
- Interior height: 76"
- Dry weight: 4,298 pounds
- 4-season holding tanks
- 75 gallon fresh water tank capacity with lockable freshwater fill and city water hookups
- 32 gallon gray water tank capacity
- 28 gallon black water tank capacity
- 6-gallon DSI gas water heater with insulated tank
- 110-volt, 30-amp electric power cord in locking compartment
- LPG gas, carbon monoxide, and smoke detectors
- 2 batteries
- 2 thirty-pound propane tanks
Adventurer LP
Web site: amlrv.com
Address: 3303 West Washington Avenue, Yakima, Washington 98903
Phone: (509) 895-7064
Worth Pondering…
Do you know why a vehicles's WINDSHIELD is so large and the rear view mirror is so small? Because our PAST is not as important as our FUTURE. So, look ahead and move on.
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If you enjoy these articles and want to read more on RV travels and lifestyle, visit my website: Vogel Talks RVing.


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4. Horizon Pharma, Inc. ( HZNP): Develops and commercializes medicines for the treatment of arthritis, pain, and inflammatory diseases. Market cap at $148.41M, most recent closing price at $2.41. Net institutional purchases in the current quarter at 22.6M shares, which represents about 54.03% of the company's float of 41.83M shares. Over the last six months, insiders were net buyers of 575,356 shares, which represents about 1.38% of the company's 41.83M share float.
5. Infinity Pharmaceuticals, Inc. ( INFI): Engages in the discovery and development of medicines for the treatment of cancer and other conditions in the United States. Market cap at $1.04B, most recent closing price at $26.33. Net institutional purchases in the current quarter at 8.7M shares, which represents about 39.28% of the company's float of 22.15M shares. Over the last six months, insiders were net buyers of 5,158,726 shares, which represents about 23.29% of the company's 22.15M share float.6. Molycorp, Inc. ( MCP): Focuses on the production and sale of rare earth oxides from stockpiled feedstocks in the western hemisphere. Market cap at $1.52B, most recent closing price at $10.99. Net institutional purchases in the current quarter at 10.1M shares, which represents about 17.82% of the company's float of 56.68M shares. Over the last six months, insiders were net buyers of 7,107,150 shares, which represents about 7.81% of the company's 91.00M share float. 7. Nanosphere, Inc. ( NSPH): Develops, manufactures, and markets a molecular diagnostics platform, the Verigene System that enables genomic and protein testing on a single platform. Market cap at $159.86M, most recent closing price at $2.85. Net institutional purchases in the current quarter at 4.9M shares, which represents about 12.34% of the company's float of 39.72M shares. Over the last six months, insiders were net buyers of 1,924,100 shares, which represents about 4.84% of the company's 39.72M share float. BONUS: Significant short covering month-over-month: Shares shorted have decreased from 3.11M to 1.56M over the last month, a decrease which represents about 3.9% of the company's float of 39.72M shares. Days to cover ratio at 2.33 days.
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Sky Movies Premier has been around for a while now but used to be known under a different name. The channel also has a +1 version so that if you have missed the start of the movies you have another chance to watch it an hour later.
-----Why would you want it-----
If you love seeing the very latest movies first, the this is the channel for you. You will be able to see five first-run films every week, that's 20 premieres each month, one year before they are shown on any other channel, this does exclude any pay per views on sky of course. For 14 hours a day there are movies to suit all tastes and suitable for all ages, with the new titles launching each Saturday and running for 1 week. There are different times during the week that the movies will play, this allows more variety on when you can watch them, and means that more people will benefit from the films that are being shown.
-----How do you receive it-----
This channel is only available the customers that have the movies pack or the full sky world pack.
-----When can you watch-----
Daily - midday -2AM channel number 301
+1 daily - 1PM - 3AM channel number 302
-----More information-----
-----My opinion-----
I like watching Sky Movies as there are always a good variety of movies to watch, which are suitable for all different age ranges and tastes. I also like the fact that the movies show for a week at a time and they are on at different times within that week so that everyone, no matter what there schedule, have a chance to watch them. This in my opinion is one of the best movie channels that sky offer.
The Sky Movies channels were reshuffled back in April 2007. They used to have about 10 movie channels and they all had a mixture of movies on the channel, but then Sky decided to change the format and Sky Movies Premier was launched.
Sky Movies Premier is on Sky channel 301, Cable channel 401 and Sky HD channel 313. There is also a +1 hour of this channel on Sky channel 302.
So what is on the channel and is it any good? The newest films from Sky goes onto this and the same films run all week from Saturday-Friday. In my opinion it is a bit long to have the same films on every day and repeated an hour later, but then again I have an HD box and Sky+ box, so I can record this at the first showing , but I guess ont everyone has a recordable box or hard drive.
I'm not sure if it is depending on how long the films are, but for example this week the channel runs from 10am-1.30am. So what is on this week?
10am-12pm Hairspray
12pm-2pm Bailey's Billions
2pm-4pm The Children of Huang Shi
4pm-6pmAmerican Pastime
6pm-8pm Breach
8pm-10pm Hairspray
10pm-11.45pm The Counterfeiters
11.45pm-1.30am Wrong Turn 2
Usually between films there is about 20 minutes of adverts telling you films that are coming up and so on, and to be cynical if there was a few less adverts then there could always be another film squeezed in. There is no adverts during the films, which is always good, as no interruptions. If you have a Sky+ or HD box and have Sky Anytime on it, then you often get the odd Premier film appearing on Sky Anytime on Thursdays, so you get it ahead of the Saturday night premier showing.
Unfortunatly to get the Premier and +1 channel with a Sky subscription you must have all the movies channels. It you only take half movies, you won't get these 2 channels. To get the channels you must at least have a 1 mix package from Sky, which costs £17, so to add the whole movies on will push your bill to £35 a month, which is a huge jump. Although you get more than these 2 channels for this amount, it is a lot more to pay out.
I admit I don't watch too many movies just now, as there is not many I want to watch, but I normally watch maybe 3 films a month and they are usually from this channel.
Good films, but quite a lot more to pay and it may not be to everyone's taste. Most people should find a film for them though!
SKY MOVIES PREMIERE is a movie channel on the Sky Digital satellite system in the UK. It is the channel which shows the latest movies - many of the other Sky Movies channels show older movies. It is well worth watching if you like seeing recent movies.
Movies coming up this month include ROCKY BALBOA (the 6th and latest in the ROCKY series, starring Sylvester Stallone), HOLLYWOODLAND (the movie about the life and strange death of George Reeves, the Hollywood actor who played Superman in the 1950s TV show THE ADVENTURES OF SUPERMAN), and NIGHT AT THE MUSEM (the comedy starring ben Stiller). I've seen all of these films at the cinema, thanks to my Cineworld Unlimited card, but I also love watching movies at home and so I am looking forward to seeing all of these on Sky Movies Premiere.
Sky Movies Premiere is supplemented by Sky Movies Premiere +1 which is a timeshifted channel, showing the same films but starting 1 hour later. The channels are part of the 'Movies Mix' - Sky's channel packages and prices are not simple to understand, but personally I get the 'Variety Mix' (which would cost £16 per month) plus the 'Movies Mix' and I pay a total of £34 per month. Other combinations cost other prices.
I thoroughly recommend Sky Movies Premiere if you like seeing recent movies in your living room.
If you have Sky Sports then you probably have the movie channels as well, it's only a few quid for the whole package and those few pounds are good value. Sky Premier is the 'premier' channel in the Sky Digital package for movies. This is where you'll find all the big hitters first. Digital customers have a choice of 5 Premier channels so they have some good choice of what to watch. Each Saturday there is a premier of a hollywood movie. Recent weeks have seen the debut of such films as Ali and The Last Castle, recent months have also seen the likes of Hannibal, Heartbreakers and Bandits. Now the thing is if you're into films then you're likely to have seen the really big ones on their original release. Sky Premier is good for seeing those films that you've not really fancied seeing on the big screen, they have big stars in them but you just feel like watching them in the comfort of your own home. Recently Premier has switched to widescreen for a lot of presentations, this is after a lot of customer feedback from customers so if you have a widescreen TV then you'll get the full benefit of how the films should be seen. During the week they'll be premiers of smaller hollywood films as well giving all genres and audiences the chance to watch what they want. As there are five channels you'll find that every film will shown at regular intervals for a couple of months. yes this could be seen as repeats but you can only watch one thing at a time on Sky so this gives you a good opportunity to not miss what you want to see. Between films Premier will also have movie news, charts and interviews with stars. My only gripe is that during the day Premier is pretty dull, there's not a lot of interesting films on and most of the time they may be films you've not heard of. The majority of them are also aimed at the kids. This is fine but some more mature films of a decent quality would be nice. However most of
the time it's an incredibly melodramatic movie that's very dull and would probably not even go straight to video. But this is a small quibble on a channel that delivers some god value for money. If you're prepared to wait 18 months from a theatrical release then this certainly saves on any cinema prices or rental fees. Some people may think it's expensive but a few quid a month against the £3 you normally get charged to hire out a video is really no contest.
Currently the only Widescreen content availalbe through the movie channels is the Sky Movies Widescreen - 1 part time channel. Personally I think this is poor and recently decided to cancel my movie channels until they put more Widescreen output on. BUT Reports have been appearing in various publications that at the end of October Sky1 will start broadcasting in Widescreen and shortly after Sky Movies widescreen will be removed completely and widescreen movies will then be broadcast on all the movie channels. If this is the case then it's about time in my opinion. The movie channels are very good anyway but having a widescreen TV I want to see the movies in the format/aspect ratio they were filmed in and the way the director/producer intended it to be seen... not after it has had the sides chopped of or worse. Although many other comments often say that the movie channels repeat too much but I feel this is a bad thing (to a point). It means for me that I can choose the day/time most convenient for me although with some films they do go a bit too far. There may be some readers who read this that don't want films to be in widescreen as you currently have a standard 4:3 TV. I would recommend if you are a real film enthusiast to consider looking inot a Widescreen set (especially as they are now sensibly priced) as this genuinly is the way the films are shot. All film camera shoot on 16:9 or even wider (cinemascope - I forget the aspect ration of this), often this is because it suits the film. Also easier to watch as your eyes naturally see in a rectangle shape. When watching in 4:3 even though sky may be broadcasting it in 4:3 the sides are being chopped off before transmission so you are losing some of the picture. After now having a widescreen set for about 3 years I would never go back. The intention for broadcasters is to switch completely to Widescreen over the next 5 years.
Terrestrial television ... do you actually remember it? It was a minor craze in its day, when it attracted crowds of literally hundreds with its stunted little offering. Apparently, so the wizened old men of the North still mutter into their broth of a Winter's evening, there were four 'proper' channels plus a mysterious fifth channel that always seemed to be set in a snowstorm or heavy mist and was designed for particularly discerning and rare tastes. It came in as a development for the curious, and was only seen by a few hardy souls who could bear the ignominy of being amongst the sacred few who had the pleasure of something known mysteriously as 'GOOD RECEPTION'. I don't know any of this from my own personal experience, however, but am relying on the guttural mouthings of Mrs D, WHO KNOWS ABOUT SUCH THINGS from her underprivileged and backwards childhood. Well, I'm glad to say that for the dave27 clan, such things are a thing of a dim and distant past when petrol cost two quid for something called colloquially 'a gallon'. These past four hundred years, we have revelled in the teachings of the Evil Son of Saran, the fiend known as Roo-Pett Merrdok, and have taken on his Holy Grail, Sky Television, a legendary treasure indeed. Okay, enough of the dave27 introductory b****cks. Let's get down to the matter at hand. Sky Premier does exactly what it says on the tin, it is Sky TV's Premier film channel and features an absolutely unrivalled selection of top class films, and is the most wonderful way of spending a Saturday night, although it's pretty damn fine the rest of the week as well. When you get Sky, however, the standard £29.99 a month package (soon to go up to £34.99, so be warned) is never enough for some and every Saturday night I get the interminable whine of the dave27-ettes: "We want a Sky Box Office," to which the standard reply is "I don't t
hink so, young man," on "No chance, Fatty," depending on whether Leeds have lost or not. Homespun philosophy time - If I'm paying that much a month for the Sky package anyway, I don't see why I should pay any more to see a film which is soon going to migrate across to Sky Premier. I didn't get where I am today without being a seasoned tight git, you know. It may only be three quid, right, but look after the pennies and you've got about as much as you get via Spedia Net for a full month, is what I always say. I know it's boring when you're supposed to be talking about the football, but a catchphrase is a catchphrase after all and must be used at every opportunity if it is to catch on. Anyway, the fare on Sky Premier is of such a high quality and is so relatively up to date that I really don't see the benefit of getting two or three weeks ahead of the trend. This Saturday, just for example, you get My Favo(u)rite Martian (starring Christopher Lloyd and Jeff Daniels) at 5.40, The Talented Mr Ripley (a supposedly vivid and murderous classic starring Matt Damon, Gwyneth Paltrow and Jude Law) at 8 and Brad Pitt in the critically acclaimed (but disliked by Mrs D) Fight Club at 10.20. Now, you'd be quite a mean little individual to see that as anything but an exceptionally good evening's viewing, especially when the alternative is the Saturday Night Lottery programme with Philip Scofield. The Sky Box Office alternatives include Gone In Sixty Seconds and X-Men, which are extremely good films, but give it another month or two and they'll be on Sky Premier anyway and I can wait. In recent weeks, the Sky Premier on Saturday has included Sleepy Hollow, American Beauty and Angela's Ashes, all of which have been the subject of my reviews on this very site. If you want any more details about the quality of the sort of offering you get on Sky Premier, then check out my very big and w
onderful reviews of those excellent films, I can imagine it's going to continue to provide excellent material for future ops as well. In many ways, a night down the pub is more attractive than a night with Sky Premier, but it's more expensive, will make you ill and leave you wondering exactly how you got that burn on your hand. Sky Premier will not get you drunk or see you copped off, but is certainly a fine alternative to such hedonistic chaos. You also get the admirable Claire Grogan providing wonderful previews in the hour preceding the Saturday night eight o'clock showcase offering, so I'm starting to reconsider what I said about hedonism. Get in a crate of Special Brew and you could well get all your worldly desires satisfied by a little piece of Sky Premier magic.
What a great channel this is. To descibe it only really takes 3 words: Pure Movie Channel. And thats it. The premier channels, there are 5 in all, show pure movies, all day long. And NOTHING ELSE. Ok, so they have adverts, but noone watches them, because all the adverts are inbetween films when noone is actually watching it. That is the thing I love about the premier channels (and moviemax for that matter), they do not show adverts during the film. Absolutely brilliant. Although I do not understand why they bother with this advertisement, as noone will watch the channel during times when the movies are not on. So, what are the movies like? Well, admittably it is not really possible to have 24 hour good movies over 5 channels, so some movies really are quite "b". Saying that though, there is always a good movie on in the evening, on at least one of the channels. As the name suggests, these channels show alot of premiers, and many of them are quite new. There main premier is on every Saturday night, and every premier since I have had these channels has been good. To give you an idea of the "newness" of the films, they are showing Star Wars episode 1 this Saturday (April 7th 2001), and last week they showed American Pie. So quite new then, and two very good films. Of course because there are so few adverts on Premier, this means that the channels are subcribtion, and this means shelling out money. So is it worth paying £8 (my deal) for it? Well, yes. I say, on average I watch about 3 films a week, all of which are well known and ones I really wanted to see, but missed. Ok, £2.66 for a film (averaged) is quite expensive, but you can always watch more films if you like. The great thing about Premier is that if there is absolutely nothing on any other channels, then there will be on Premier. It really impresses your friends, as the films on it will n
ot be on terrestrial TV for at least another two years. Definately worth it, especially if you do not have to pay for it! If you have Sky, then you ought to have Premier, it is worth the subcription.
Sky have brought absolutely great movies to there audiences in the last few years and this has been spearheaded by there specialist film channel Sky Premier. Sky Premier can now be seen both on digital Sky packages and also analogue sky packages and each week you are supplied with at least one great film that you are likely to have never seen. Sky's offer which they advertise regularly is that they supply great movies on Thursdays and Saturdays and they always do. Some of the great films they brought to our screens in recent times include The Matrix, Austin Powers II, Enemy Of The State, Breakdown, Sphere, Blade, Armageddon, Snake Eyes, Scream movies, I know What you did last summer and many others. We have had Sky for about 4 years now and we have had digital movies for about a year or two. As well as the main Premier channel, it is now supported by the new Sky Premier Wide screen which allows you to watch the movies in a wide screen format by adjusting your T.V settings. Sky's choice of movies is very good so you know you will always get great movies that are generally, very popular. The channel is very consistent in this too and if you do miss a movie, you can easily catch up as the movie is nearly always shown again on more than one occasion. Viewings of the filmS are usually at 2pm, 4pm, 6pm, 8pm, 10pm and midnight for most of the top movies with the 8pm movies on Thursday and Saturday being the specialist movies. The movies are shown all day, every day for all of the year. This is a great advantage to those of you who enjoy films but do not have Sky. If you are unsure about Sky, the movies package alone is strong enough and would easily save you money on them video rentals. So sit back and enjoy the great movies you can see on Sky Premier. All in all, a great channel with many advantages over other channels and great movies and top names.
Sky Premier is the best channel for movies available at the moment. It has all the big, successful films and has major premiers every Saturday Night. Sky Premier shows repeats quite often and the films are always top quality, if they aren't they will go on Sky Moviemax. Not that I'm putting Moviemax down, it has some great films too, particularly the comedy BASEketball. But Premier is the place to go for the first showings of all the big films, all the ones that have appeared on Sky Box Office. The only difference is, on Sky Premier they're free(except for subscription fee)! Top film channel, I give it 5 out of 5.
Sky premier, I honestly feel they call it that because it shows the premier of their movies before they repeat each one 20-30 times on the other Premiere and Moviemax channels. However having said that it is the better of the moviemax and premier channels, plenty of choice which for the price sky charge should be better than it is. What we need is some competition to sky which I can't see happening, we have different providers in cable and sky etc but they all use sky for it's programmes so the choice isn't there neither is the competition needed to improve the frequency of new films and shows.
Sky Premier shows the latest films to be realeased on Sky first. They are called "Premiers". They are repeated many many times throughout the month but it is a good channel. They usually come out on Sky about 3 months after they come out on video. The channel is quite pricey, as is Moviemax. You will pay about £20 extra a month for the movie and sport package. The whole package of all the other channels is £13 on SKYDigital. If you can't pay £32, then don't bother with the movies or sport, just get all the other channels.
I love watching films and with all these new movies channels on Sky digital I watch a lot of films on Sky Premier. The best thing is that with 3 other Premier channels you get 4 to choose from. There are no commercials spoiling the films and once the Premier has shown the Premier of a film it quickly spreads to the other Premier channels. I found the picture quality most times is very good but on some occasions the picture and sound quality has been pretty poor. If you pay for it you are entitled to complain try it I did and got 2 free box office films for my trouble. A very good service which I would recommend to anyone who has the Sky Digital Package.


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Book your room at Mini Hotel Central
Mini roomMax Occupancy: 2 guests
Smart RoomMax Occupancy: 2 guests
Solo RoomMax Occupancy: 1 guest
Apartment in Hong Kong (Central) near Lan Kwai Fong
Located in the heart of Hong Kong, this apartment is within walking distance of Hong Kong Fringe Club, Lan Kwai Fong, and Victoria Peak Tram. Also nearby are Soho and Bank of China Tower.
Property Features
Mini Hotel Central provides complimentary wireless Internet access and multilingual staff.
Room Amenities
Televisions come with cable channels. Guestrooms also feature complimentary wireless Internet access, air conditioning, and desks.Information missing or incorrect? Tell us!
At your hotel
At your hotel
Mini Hotel Central features multilingual staff and an elevator (lift). High-speed wireless Internet access is complimentary. A total renovation of this property was completed in 2012.
Mini Hotel Central is a smoke-free property.
- Total number of rooms - 196
- Number of floors - 13
- Elevator/lift
- Free Wi-Fi
- Multilingual staff
- Smoke-free property
- Number of buildings/towers - 1
Stay connected
Available in all rooms: Free Wi-Fi
Available in some public areas: Free Wi-Fi
In your room
- Air conditioning
- Phone
- Free local calls
- Shower only
- Iron/ironing board
- Desk
- Cable TV service
- Free Wi-Fi
- Daily housekeeping
- Hair dryer
- Individually furnished
- Individually decorated
- Partially open bathroom
The fine print for Mini Hotel Central
When you arrive
Check-in time starts at 2 PM
Minimum check-in age is 18
When you leave
Check-out time is 11 AM
How you can pay
You need to know
Extra-person charges may apply and vary depending on hotel policy.
Government-issued photo identification and a credit card or cash deposit are required at check-in for incidental charges.
Special requests are subject to availability upon check-in and may incur additional charges. Special requests cannot be guaranteed.
No rollaway/extra beds available
No cribs (infant beds) available
- Deposit: HKD 500 per night
- Rollaway beds are available for an additional fee


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ISSN (Print) 1013-9052
P.O. Box 52500,
Riyadh 11563,
Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
|933-1-467-7308 /
Mandibular cephalometric characteristics of a Saudi sample of patients having impacted third molars
Ali H. Hassan
Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, Saudi Board in Orthodontics - Western Region, Saudi Arabia
Third molar; Impaction; Etiology; Mandibular geometry; Cephalometrics; Saudi
Objective: To evaluate the cephalometric characteristics of mandibles of Saudi patients having impacted third molars and to compare them to those of patients having normally erupted third molars. Material and methods: One hundred and twenty-one Saudi adult subjects (59 females and 62 males; age: 20-40 years) were divided into two groups based on the status of the mandibular third molars: [1] impaction group and (2) normal group. Means and standard deviations of 21 cephalometric measurements related to mandibular geometry were measured and compared between the two groups using the unpaired t-test. Males and females in the impaction group were also compared with their equivalent subgroups in the normal group using the unpaired t-test. Results: Anteroposteriorly, space distal to second molar, ramal width and mandibular body length were significantly less in the impaction group than in the control group. In addition, posterior teeth were more upright in the impaction group. Vertically, posterior alveolar height was significantly less in the impaction group. The Y-axis was significantly increased in the impaction group. The significance of these measurements was variable between males and females. Conclusions: Third-molar impactions in the Saudis living in the Western region of Saudi Arabia were more likely to occur when inadequate retromolar space is present. This can be attributed to certain mandibular skeletal and dental features, among which the increased width of mandibular ramus and backward inclination of posterior teeth seem to be the most influencing factors in both sexes.
|1. Introduction
Third molar is the most frequently impacted tooth (Andreasen, 1997). The registered frequency of its impaction was highly variable among the different populations with the highest registered in a Singapore Chinese population at 68.6% (Quek et al., 2003). In a Saudi population living in the central region, the prevalence was reported to be 32.2% (Haidar and Shal- houb, 1986). In the Western region of Saudi Arabia, however, a higher frequency was reported at 40.5% (Hassan, 2010). Interestingly, impaction was significantly more common in the mandibles than in the maxillae (Hassan, 2010).
Many international studies were conducted to determine the etiology of third-molar impaction. Lack of space between the distal surface of the second molar and the ramus (retromo- lar space) was found by many investigators to be a significant etiological factor for mandibular third-molar impaction (Bjork et al., 1956; Ricketts, 1972; Schulhof, 1976; Forsberg et al., 1989). Several other skeletal and dental factors were also blamed to contribute to the impaction of third molars. These include, the size, the growth amount and direction of the mandible (Broadbent, 1943; Bjork et al., 1956; Bjork, 1963; Richardson, 1977), the remodeling and the width of the ramus, the rate of maturation of third molars, the inclination of posterior dentition and the size of dentition relative to the jaws (Begg, 1954; Bjork et al., 1956; Bjork, 1963; Ricketts, 1972; Richardson, 1977; Forsberg, 1988).
Bjork (1963) in a longitudinal cephalometric study found that the space distal to the second molar was considerably reduced in most of the mandibular third-molar impaction cases. This agrees with the findings of (Ricketts, 1972; Schulhof, 1976; Forsberg et al., 1989). Bjork (1963) identified two skeletal and two dental factors that may cause third-molar impaction: vertical direction of condylar growth, a small total mandibular length as the distance from the chin point to the condylar head, backward directed eruption of the dentition and retarded maturation of third molars. However, Broadbent (1943) found that the inability of the mandible to achieve its full growth potential may contribute to the impaction of third molar. Capelli (1991) suggested that third-molar impaction is more likely to occur in vertically growing mandibles. A long ascending ramus, short mandibular length, and greater mesial crown inclinations of the third molars seem to be indicative of third-molar impaction. Breik and Grubor (2008) concluded that subjects with brachyfacial facial growth pattern demonstrated two times lower incidence of third-molar impaction than subjects with dolichofacial growth pattern.
Ricketts (1972) believed that the direction of tooth eruption plays a critical rule for third molar. This agrees with the findings of Bjork (1963) and Bjork et al. (1956) who stated that distal direction of eruption is associated with lack of space for third molar. It also agrees with the observations of Begg (1954) who attributed impaction to insufficient forward movement of the teeth of modern man due to the lack of interprox- imal attrition that was observed in ancient skulls. Richardson (1977) concluded that the space distal to the mandibular second molar increases over the five years following full transition form the primary to permanent dentition and this increase is due to equal but highly variable contribution from the remolding resorption of the anterior border of the ramus and the mesial movement of the first molar.
An unfavorable path of eruption might also be blamed for mandibular third-molar impaction. Richardson (1977) found that the developmental initial mesial angulation of third molars to the mandibular plane was observed more in subjects with impacted third molars than in those with normally erupted third molars.
Extraction of permanent second molars (Cavanaugh, 1985; Gooris et al., 1990), first molars (Bayram et al., 2009), or premolars (Kim et al., 2003) was found to reduce the frequency of third-molar impaction due to the increased eruption space accompanying the mesial movement of the molars during space closure.
These findings point out that mandibular third-molar impaction is associated with certain dental and skeletal man- dibular features that are controversial and different among the different populations. This is beside the fact that different samples and methods of analyses were used in the supporting studies. In Saudi Arabia, the etiology of the relatively high frequency of mandibular third-molar impaction remains a mystery. Therefore, it seems important to investigate the etiology of third-molar impaction in Saudis using thorough cephalo- metric analysis.
The objective of this study was to evaluate the cephalomet- ric characteristics of mandibles having impacted third molars in a sample of Saudi patients living in the western region of Saudi Arabia, and to compare them with those of patients having normally erupted third molars.
|2. Material and methods
This study was approved by the Ethical Research Committee at King Abdulaziz University, Faculty of Dentistry (KAU-FD). Records of patients, registered for the treatment at the Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, during 2003-2004 were reviewed, from which 121 patients (59 females and 62 males; age: 20-40 years with a mean age of 23.89 years) were selected. The inclusion criteria were: (1) non-syndromic patients, (2) no history of orthodontic treatment, (3) presence of initial orthopantomogram (OPG) and lateral cephalometric radiograph (LC), (4) presence of complete normal mandibular dentition, and (5) presence of mandibular third molars which have complete root formation and either fully erupted or impacted.
Subjects were divided into two groups based on the status of the mandibular third molars: (1) impaction group (IG), which included patients having one or two of incompletely erupted mandibular third molar with radiographic evidence of apical closure or near closure (n = 71) and (2) normal group (NG), which included patients having normally erupted third mandibular third molars (n = 50). Groups were further divided into male and female groups: male impaction group (MIG) (n = 41), male normal group (MNG) (n = 21), female impaction group (FIG) (n = 30) and female normal group (FNG) (n = 29).
All cephalometric radiographs were traced and analyzed manually. Fourteen landmarks and 21 linear and angular measurements related to mandibular geometry were identified (Tables 1 and 2, Figs. 1 and 2).
To assess the intra-examiner reliability, 15 randomly selected lateral cephalograms were re-traced and re-analyzed, two weeks after the first measurements. The method error was calculated using Dahlberg's double determination formula (Dahlberg, 1940).
Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software package (SPSS for Windows 98, version 16.0, SPSS Inc, Chicago, IL, USA). Means and standard deviations of all the variables were calculated. An unpaired t-test was used for the statistical analysis at a significance level of P < 0.05 to compare variables between the two groups; IG and NG. Males and females in the impaction group were also compared to their equivalent subgroups in the NG using unpaired t-test (P < 0.05).
|3. Results
The range of the method errors was between 0.2 and .95° for the angular measurements and between 0.25 and 1 mm for the linear measurements. (Table 3).
Means and standard deviations of the measured variables are presented in Table 4.
Comparing the anteroposterior dimensions of the mandibles (MAPD) between the IG and NG has shown the following: the retromolar space (Xi-M2) was significantly decreased in the IG as compared to NG and it was in the range of 21.28 ± 3.06 (P < 0.001). Skeletal pattern was Class I in both groups, although A and B points were significantly retruded in the IG as compared to the NG (P < .05). SN inclination angle relative to FH was significantly increased in the IG than in the NG (P < 0.05). Mandibular body length was significantly smaller in the IG than in the NG (P < 0.05). Ramal width was also significantly increased in the impaction group as compared to NG (P < 0.05).
Comparing the vertical dimensions of the mandibles (MVD) has shown the following: Condylar axis length (Dc-Xi) was not significantly different between the two groups. (P > 0.05) Y-axis was also significantly increased in the IG than in the NG (P > 0.05). Posterior alveolar height of the mandible was significantly increased in the IG (P > 0.05). Mandibular first molar was significantly more upright in the IG than in the NG (P > 0.001).
Effective mandibular length (Co-Gn), ramal length (Co-Gn), and condylar axis length were all insignificantly different between the two groups. In addition, lower face height and angle, mandibular arc angle, and mandibular plane angle were also insignificantly different between the two groups.
In the FIG, only four mandibular measurements were significantly different than the FNG; retromolar space, ramal width, posterior alveolar height and inclination of mandibular first molar (Table 5).
In the MIG, retromolar space, A and B projection, effective mandibular length, mandibular body length, corpus length, condylar axis length, Y-axis, and ramal width were significantly different than in the MNG (Table 6).
|4. Discussion
Knowing the development of third molar, its prognosis, its eruption pattern, its possible effect on the dentition during and after orthodontic treatment as well as the effect of orthodontic treatment on the third molar eruption is an important issue for orthodontists to formulate a successful long term treatment plan.
The etiology of mandibular third-molar impaction was investigated by many investigators and several dental and skeletal factors were blamed. Lack of space in the retromolar region seems to be the main factor, which can be attributed to either the failure of the mandible to attain its adequate size or the tooth size-jaw size discrepancy. In addition, narrow alveolar arch can be a retarding factor for the eruption of third molar. Finally, late third molar maturation combined with early physical maturation can also be a contributing factor (Svendsen and Maertens, 1997). These etiological factors seem to be highly variable and depend in many aspects on the studied population. The current study was designed to evaluate the cephalometric characteristics of mandibles in patients having third-molar impaction in order to find out if mandibular geometry contributes to the impaction as an etiological factor in the selected Saudi population living in the western region. A comprehensive evaluation of the geometry of the mandible was performed using 21 cephalometric variables, taken form different analyses to evaluate the anteroposterior and the vertical dimensions of the mandible, as well as its relationship to the cranial base.
The minimum sample size needed for this study was estimated to be 45 patients in each group. It was calculated based on the result of a pilot study on 40 patients using the following equation:
n = (2s2Xt2)/D2
where n = minimum number of subjects needed to achieve significance at 0.05; s = average standard deviation for the two groups; t = t-test value at P = 0.05; D = half of the means standard deviation of the two groups.
The number of subjects was increased to provide adequate number for the evaluation of males and females separately.
The present study found that geometry of the mandible, which is a reflection of the growth and maturity of the mandible, seems to be different in many aspects in people having third-molar impaction which might be blamed for the impac- tion. The present results indicate that patients with impacted mandibular third molars had smaller retromolar space (21.28 mm) when compared to those with normally erupted third molars (27.6 mm) (P < 0.001). This is in agreement with previous studies (Bjork et al., 1956; Ricketts, 1972; Schulhof, 1976; Forsberg et al., 1989). Moreover, Ricketts, 1972 and Schulhof, 1976 have concluded that a retromolar space less than 21 mm is associated with impaction group and 31 mm or more is associated with normally erupted third molars. In the present study, the retromolar space was found to be 21.28 mm in the impaction group and 27.6 mm in the normal ones. Legovic et al. (2008), however, concluded that the presence of adequate space for mandibular third molars does not guarantee its normal development. The author believes that these numbers can be used as references to clinically predict third-molar impaction at a later age, around the age of 18 years when most of the remodeling of the ramus is completed and the third molars are ready to erupt. In addition, they can be used as references to evaluate the space availability in the posterior dental segments, especially when attempting molar distalization.
In the present study, different linear measurements were used to evaluate the MAPDs. Ramal width seems to contribute strongly to the impaction of third molars as it was significantly increased in the impaction group as compared to the normally erupted group. The increased ramal width was attributed to the failure of remodeling resorption of the anterior border of the ramus (Bjork, 1963; Richardson, 1977; Behbehani et al., 2006) which provides inadequate sagittal space distal to second molars in the mandibles (Richardson, 1977).
At the same time, mandibular body length (Go-Gn) was smaller in the impaction group (79.28 ± 5.23 mm) (P < 0.002). This agrees with the findings of Broadbent (1943), Bjork (1963), and Capelli (1991) and disagrees with the findings of Dierkes (1975) and Kaplan (1975) who did not show any significant difference in the mandibular length between subjects with impacted and erupted third molars. However, the present results showed that effective mandibular length was insignificantly decreased in the IG. This disagrees with the findings of Bjork (1963).
MVDs were also investigated using different measurements, which included condylar axis length, ramal length, and vertical alveolar height. In the present study, the increased vertical alveolar height was the only vertical measurement that was associated with the impaction of third molars.
Inclination of lower posterior teeth (L6-MP angle) was also assessed in the two groups. Interestingly, the angle was significantly reduced in the impaction group. This agrees with the findings of several investigators (Ricketts, 1972; Bjork, 1963; Begg, 1954; Richardson, 1977; Shiller, 1979; Capelli, 1991). They, except Bjork, demonstrated that the initial angulation of the lower third molar to the mandibular plane can be a factor in predicting impaction. Those studies based their conclusion on evaluating the path of eruption of the third molar itself which was difficult to evaluate in the present study, in which the first molar inclination to mandibular plane was used instead.
Assessing the rotational and angular measurements of the mandibles revealed that the orientations of mandibular plane, occlusal plane and gonial angle are indifferent between people having impacted third molars and those who do not. This disagrees with Sakuda et al. (1976), and Leighton and Hunter (1982) who demonstrated larger mandibular plane angle and occlusal plane angles to Sella-Nasion (S-N) in patients having dental crowding, who are expected to have impacted third molars, as compared to patients having spacing.
The present findings also disagree with Behbehani et al. (2006) who found that small mandibular plane and gonial angles are associated with an increased risk for mandibular impaction. The only measurement that was found different was the Y-axis angle (to SN) which was larger in the IG when compared to the NG. This agrees with Breik and Grubor (2008) who found that brachyfacial subjects have a lower incidence of mandibular third-molar impactions. This was explained by the fact that greater growth potential of the mandible is expected in brachyfacial subjects. However, it seems that growth pattern has no effect on the impaction of third molar in the Saudis living in the Western region. This is because the other measurements that determine the growth pattern such as the lower face height and mandibular arc angle and mandibular plane angle were found to be indifferent between the IG and the NG. In addition, the Saudis in the western region are characterized by large mandibular plane, occlusal plane and Y-axis angles (Hassan, 2006).
Breik and Grubor (2008) findings contradict those of Behbehani et al. (2006) in explaining the effect of the rotational growth of the mandible on the resorption of the anterior border of the ramus and consequently on third-molar impaction. Breik and Grubor (2008) believe that growth potential is greater in brachyfacial growth pattern, which allows more remodeling resorption of the anterior border of the ramus. Behbehani et al. (2006) believe that vertical growth of condylar, which is associated with forward mandibular growth, predisposes to less resorption of the anterior border of the ramus and consequently to greater third-molar impaction. The present findings disagree with the two theories. Although the ramal width was found increased in the IG, the growth pattern was indifferent between the IG and the NG.
The sample was further divided into males and females to see if there is any gender difference in mandibular geometry as related to the impaction of third molars. Both impaction groups (FIG and MIG) were compared to the corresponding normal groups.
Patients in both MIG and FIG had smaller retromolar spaces, larger ramal width and more backward inclination of the posterior teeth, when compared to their corresponding normal groups. However, most of the remaining differences between IG and NG were found among males. Males with impacted third molars were found to have more retruded A and B points and an increased Y -axis than those with normally erupted third molars.
In addition, MAPDs were significantly smaller only in MIG, which disagrees with the findings of Richardson (1977) who found smaller mandibular length in the FIG as compared to the FNG. They also disagree with Kaplan (1975) who found no significant sex predilection when comparing impacted group to the erupted group. This observed sex variability among the different studies seems to be due to the variability of the timing of mandibular skeletal maturity between males and females and among the different populations. Interestingly, the present findings indicate that MAPDs can be considered as influencing factors on the impaction of mandibular third molars in males but not in females, possibly due to the presence of late mandibular growth in males, which continues until the age at which third molars are about to erupt. In females, mandibular growth rate decreases tremendously at menarche, which is greatly affected by environmental factors such as health and socioeconomic conditions and energy balance related to physical activities, rather than genetics. In Saudi females, the estimated age for menarche is 13.05 (Babay et al., 2004), which is different from many other populations (Thomas et al., 2001). This variability in the timing of menar- che among the different populations can explain the variability seen in the literature regarding the sex predilection as related to third-molar impaction.
The present study represents the first study to evaluate the geometry of the mandible as related to third-molar impaction in the Saudi population. Future studies are required to evaluate other possible factors such as the tooth mass which if evaluated together with MAPDS (Tooth size-jaw size discrepancy) can give more accurate understanding of the effect of MAPDs on third-molar impaction in the Saudi population and to find predictors for impaction in the Saudi population. In addition, future studies are required to investigate the etiology of upper third molars.
5. Conclusion
The high frequency of mandibular third molar in the Saudis living in the Western region can be attributed to certain skeletal and dental features. Lack of retromolar space distal to second molar seems to be the main etiological factor for third-molar impaction. Other specific dental and skeletal mandibular features can also be blamed for the impaction of third molars. These include:
- the presence of wide mandibular ramus in both sexes.
- upright lower posterior dentition in both sexes
- shorter MAPDs especially in males.
- hyperdiverged Y-axis especially in males
- increased posterior alveolar height especially in females.
However, angular and rotational measurements of the mandibles such as mandibular and occlusal planes, mandibu- lar arc and gonial angles seem to be irrelevant to the impaction of third molars.
These features should be considered when assessing third molars, especially when formulating a long-term orthodontic treatment plan.
Andreasen, J.O., 1997. In: Andreasen, J.O., Peterson, J.K., Laskin, D.M. (Eds.), Textbook and Color Atlas of Tooth Impactions. Munksgaard, Copenhagen, pp. 222-223.
Babay, Z.A., Addar, M.H., et al., 2004. Age at menarche and the reproductive performance of Saudi women. Ann Saudi Med 24 (5), 354-356.
Bayram, M., Ozer, M., et al., 2009. Effects of first molar extraction on third molar angulation and eruption space. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 107 (2), e14-20.
Begg, P R., 1954. Stone age man's dentition. Am J Orthod 40, 298312, 373-383, 517-531.
Behbehani, F., Artun, J., et al., 2006. Prediction of mandibular third- molar impaction in adolescent orthodontic patients. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 130 (1), 47-55.
Bjork, A., 1963. Variations in the growth pattern of the human mandible: longitudinal radiographic study by the implant method. J Dent Res 42 (Suppl 1), 400-411.
Bjork, A., Jensen, E., Palling, M., 1956. Mandibular growth and third molar impaction. Acta Odont Scand 14, 231-272.
Breik, O., Grubor, D., 2008. The incidence of mandibular third molar impactions in different skeletal face types. Aust Dent J 53 (4), 320324.
Broadbent, B., 1943. The influence of the third molars on the alignment of teeth. Am J Orthod 29, 312-330.
Capelli Jr., J., 1991. Mandibular growth and third molar impaction in extraction cases. Angle Orthod 61 (3), 223-229.
Cavanaugh, J.J., 1985. Third molar changes following second molar extractions. Angle Orthod 55 (1), 70-76.
Dahlberg, G., 1940. Statistical Methods for Medical and Biological Students. George Allen and Unwin Ltd, London, pp. 122-132.
Dierkes, D.D., 1975. An investigation of the mandibular third molars in orthodontic cases. Angle Orthod 45 (3), 207-212.
Forsberg, C.M., 1988. Tooth size, spacing, and crowding in relation to eruption or impaction of third molars. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 94 (1), 57-62.
Forsberg, C.M., Vingren, B., et al., 1989. Mandibular third molar eruption in relation to available space as assessed on lateral cephalograms. Swed Dent J 13 (1-2), 23-31.
Gooris, C.G., Artun, J., et al., 1990. Eruption of mandibular third molars after second-molar extractions: a radiographic study. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 98 (2), 161-167.
Haidar, Z., Shalhoub, S.Y., 1986. The incidence of impacted wisdom teeth in a Saudi community. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 15 (5), 569571.
Hassan, A.H., 2006. Cephalometric norms for Saudi adults living in the western region of Saudi Arabia. Angle Orthod 76 (1), 109113.
Hassan, A.H., 2010. Pattern of third molar impaction in a Saudi population. Clinical Cosmetic Investigational Dentistry 2, 109-113.
Kaplan, R.G., 1975. Some factors related to mandibular third molar impaction. Angle Orthod 45 (3), 153-158.
Kim, T.W., Artun, J., et al., 2003. Prevalence of third molar impaction in orthodontic patients treated nonextraction and with extraction of 4 premolars. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 123 (2), 138145.
Legovic, M., Legovic, I., et al., 2008. Correlation between the pattern of facial growth and the position of the mandibular third molar. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 66 (6), 1218-1224.
Leighton, B.C., Hunter, W.S., 1982. Relationship between lower arch spacing/crowding and facial height and depth. Am J Orthod 82 (5), 418-425.
Quek, S.L., Tay, C.K., et al., 2003. Pattern of third molar impaction in a Singapore Chinese population: a retrospective radiographic survey. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 32 (5), 548-552.
Richardson, M.E., 1977. The etiology and prediction of mandibular third molar impaction. Angle Orthod 47 (3), 165-172.
Ricketts, R.M., 1972. A principle of arcial growth of the mandible. Angle Orthod 42 (4), 368-386.
Sakuda, M., Kuroda, Y., Wad, K., Matsumoto, M., 1976. Changes in crowding of teeth during adolescence and their relation to the growth of the facial skeleton. Trans Eur Orthod Soc, 93-104.
Schulhof, R.J., 1976. Third molars and orthodontic diagnosis. J Clin Orthod 10 (4), 272-281.
Shiller, W.R., 1979. Positional changes in mesio-angular impacted mandibular third molars during a year. J Am Dent Assoc 99 (3), 460-464.
Svendsen, H., Maertens, J.K.M., 1997. In: Andreasen, J., Petersen, J.K., Laskin, D.M. (Eds.), Etiology of third molar impaction. Textbook and Color Atlas of Tooth Impactions. Munksgaard, Copenhagen, pp. 223-227.
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|Tables and Figures


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I-65 N. back open near Seymour after crash involving semi, FedEx truck
Updated On: Mar 08 2013 11:49:50 AM EST
Traffic is back to normal after an early morning crash on I-65 in Seymour.
It happened near the US 50 exit.
Police say that's where a FedEx truck slammed into a semi-truck, causing debris to scatter all over the road.
Traffic was rerouted off the interstate while crews worked to clear the scene.
They had to unload frozen chicken from the semi before it could be towed away.
No one was injured and the roadway is now clear.


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13 June 2007
Current health services are failing to provide adequate care for women working in prostitution, according to new research by Cardiff University.
A study led by Dr Nikki Jeal of the School of Medicine found striking differences in the health needs of parlour-based prostitutes when compared with street-based prostitutes, having implications for the content and delivery of health services.
Dr Jeal said: "This group of women have high health risks but this new research demonstrates that women selling sex are not all the same, and have different health needs according to their working environment".
"Those in massage parlours require more specialist sexual health care while women working on the street require a broad range of services that also address much wider health and living needs. Development of effective services requires good evidence rather than good intentions. Otherwise money will be wasted and the needs of vulnerable women will continue to be unmet."
71 female parlour based sex workers in Bristol were interviewed for the study and compared to a similar survey of street sex workers taken three years ago. The findings suggest that if health and social services are to have a positive impact their services need to be tailored accordingly.
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Community Asset Toxic Tours, (CATT) includes visits to drum manufacturing, plastics recycling, chemical sites, brown fields and a Superfund in the Little Village Community in Chicago. You will hear about the communities struggles to hold industry and government officials accountable for toxic pollution in their neighborhoods. Learn about how communication travels skills and talents and youth groups that are making a difference in the community as part of the assets. These tours will strengthen personal knowledge of how you can protect your health.
Through community asset toxic tours LVEJO hopes to educate and increase public awareness and action about our communities and outreach to a broader public about the impacts of environmental racism.
Contact for reservations and information: (773) 762-6991 email: email@example.com
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A reporter takes one of the Little Village Environmental Justice Organization's Toxic Tours of the West side (PDF) pictorial
"Pollution and poverty are often presented as separate problems," said UIC student John West. "This tour revealed how back-room political dealings and strong corporate interests led to pollution in the back yards of the working class people of Little Village."
To view photos on Flickr from this particular tour click here.
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