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This is a discussion on Bank carrying? within the Concealed Carry Issues & Discussions forums, part of the Defensive Carry Discussions category; Originally Posted by dangerranger In Ca unless you can find a Federal prohibition its perfectly legal. DR No way! In CA?...
Nor did I state it's "illegal" to wear a hoodie, hat sunglasses, etc. into a bank, only stated that's what the signs on the door prohibited, probably on the suggestion of the FBI as a preventative action--but we know how well that works too. How many in FL don't wear sunglasses?
As to being asked to leave for any reason, no, you don't have to--but you can then be charged with "felony" trespassing if carrying. If properly concealed, it's a non-issue.
"Nowhere on that list is banks, Costco, gun shops, ......"
Seeing as most of these are privately owned entities, they do have the right to prohibit firearms on their properties, just as you would in your home. Being "open to the public" does not mean they are public property--you are an invitee on their premises, allowed entirely at their discretion. In general, public property means that which is owned by the public--the taxpayers.
While a "No Guns" sign carries no legal weight, it does represent the businesses' attitudes toward firearms and should be an indication of their response should one be detected. To not leave when asked is trespassing, a felony if armed.
Retired USAF E-8. Lighten up and enjoy life because:
Paranoia strikes deep, into your heart it will creep. It starts when you're always afraid... Buffalo Springfield - For What It's Worth
So, proceed at your own risk as IANAL, YMMV, and I did not sleep at a Holiday Inn Express last night. I mainly use the drive through. And my CU has changed, removed, and replaced signs several times. I'm not even sure what they have now.
I prefer to live dangerously free than safely caged!
"Our houses are protected by the good Lord and a gun. And you might meet 'em both if you show up here not welcome son." Josh Thompson "Way Out Here"
Legal here in WI unless the bank has a posted signage. Most banks are not posted but they just put a sign up at my bank. I will contact the bank president and see what I can do about that. I think it is a big mistake to have the sign up.
Here in WA, carrying in a bank is no different than any other business. Their sign posting is just their opinion, and unless you tell them you're carrying concealed or open carry, they don't know to tell you to leave. Unless you're told to leave and refuse, you're legal.
There are four boxes to be used in the defense of liberty: soap - ballot - jury - ammo
The great enemy of the truth is very often not the lie: deliberate, continued, and dishonest; but the myth: persistent, persuasive, and unrealistic.
-- John F. Kennedy
Every single day, sometimes twice a day. That is why I started carrying.
I do.
I am always carrying where it's legal to do so, and 'no guns' signs are the equivalent of 'no trespassing' signs (but they have to ask you to leave) in Minnesota.
"Historical examination of the right to bear arms, from English antecedents to the drafting of the Second Amendment, bears proof that the right to bear arms has consistently been, and should still be, construed as an individual right." -- U.S. District Judge Sam Cummings, Re: U.S. vs Emerson (1999)
There are four boxes to be used in the defense of liberty: soap - ballot - jury - ammo
The great enemy of the truth is very often not the lie: deliberate, continued, and dishonest; but the myth: persistent, persuasive, and unrealistic.
-- John F. Kennedy
Signs in WV do not carry the weight of law, however my bank has taken to installing metal detectors at the doors. I've been very happy with the service at my bank, but this step has forced me to start looking for another financial institution to handle my money. Very disappointing.
Hmmm...whatever happened to a person researching the laws of HIS specific state, instead of relying on the "drugstore lawyers" of Defensive Carry to give them the correct answer? Just sayin!!!
Sometimes in life you have to stand your ground. It's a hard lesson to learn and even most adults don't get it, but in the end only I can be responsible for my life. If faced with any type of adversity, only I can overcome it. Waiting for someone else to take responsibility is a long fruitless wait.
For to win one hundred victories in one hundred battles is not the acme of skill. To subdue the enemy without fighting is the acme of skill. (Sun Tzu) The Art of War
My food and product review blog
Personally, I see an open forum as a place to exchange knowledge and ideas and a place to seek clarification of existing information. I would not take the info someone offered here directly and testify in court as to its validity. However, without discussions of member's state laws, I don't see the forum as useful for much more than holster selection and rehashing news reports. Well that, and the awesome topic of busting ones concealed carry cherry in Walmart.... Not trying to open a debate or anything, but merely stating my two cents as well.
I do and have for years, but then again this IS the gunshine state..
Why?? Because at the last second, the Police are minutes away.


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- Conference date: 28–30 October 2009
- Location: Bad Honnef (Germany)
The nonlinear properties of metamaterials are going to be important for the control of new computing and sensor devices. In addition, an exciting dimension can be added through the inclusion of magnetooptical properties. Both temporal and spatial solitons will be considered for a range of metamaterials with an emphasis being placed upon bright and bright‐dark soliton interactions coupled to magnetic effects drawn from both the Voigt and the Faraday configurations. Strongly nonlinear waves will also be discussed in terms of their exciting ability to slow light and respond vigorously to both nonlinear and magnetooptic tuneability. A special emphasis will be placed upon the switching possibilities of solitons at an interface and complex waveguides, and shape effects will also be addressed.
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A New Method For A Sensitive Deuteron EDM ExperimentY. K. Semertzidis, M. Aoki, M. Auzinsh, V. Balakin, A. Bazhan, G. W. Bennett, R. M. Carey, P. Cushman, P. T. Debevec, A. Dudnikov, F. J. M. Farley, D. W. Hertzog, M. Iwasaki, K. Jungmann, D. Kawall, B. Khazin, I. B. Khriplovich, B. Kirk, Y. Kuno, D. M. Lazarus, L. B. Leipuner, V. Logashenko, K. R. Lynch, W. J. Marciano, R. McNabb, W. Meng, J. P. Miller, W. M. Morse, C. J. G. Onderwater, Y. F. Orlov, C. S. Ozben, R. Prigl, S. Rescia, B. L. Roberts, N. Shafer‐Ray, A. Silenko, E. J. Stephenson, K. Yoshimura and EDM Collaboration
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First, there isn?t anything odd about your post. Prenatal
depression is not an uncommon ailment. Also, I don?t think you?re ?throwing a
pity party,? but rather being honest with yourself about your feelings. This is
a strength, not a weakness. If you have health insurance, do you know if it
covers counseling services? If so, your OB might even be able to recommend someone
with experience in working with pregnant women and depression. Since there seem
to be several situational factors worsening your feelings of depression, a
counselor should be able to help you create a plan to address some of these
factors and improve your mood. I know counseling can seem scary if you've never been before, but it's actually not so bad I hope you feel better soon. You deserve to be happy!


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On 11-12-2011 I made a site survey from the water side in my boat. The photos above are of the bluff and water. The depth is eight feet at low water, so that is an excellent factor. I do believe that it will be an excellent site for a boat ramp.
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Eliminez-les toxines et les tensions du quotidien
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|This article needs additional citations for verification. (March 2009)
|Serum albumin family
|Pfam clan
The albumins (formed from Latin: albumen[3] "(egg) white; dried egg white") are a family of globular proteins, the most common of which is serum albumin. The albumin family consists of all proteins that are water-soluble, are moderately soluble in concentrated salt solutions, and experience heat denaturation. Albumins are commonly found in blood plasma, and are unique from other blood proteins in that they are not glycosylated. Substances containing albumins, such as egg white, are called albuminoids.
A number of blood transport proteins are evolutionarily related, including serum albumin, alpha-fetoprotein, vitamin D-binding protein and afamin.[4][5][6]
Serum albumin is the main protein of human blood plasma.[7] It binds water, cations (such as Ca2+, Na+ and K+), fatty acids, hormones, bilirubin, thyroxine (T4) and pharmaceuticals (including barbiturates) - its main function is to regulate the colloidal osmotic pressure of blood. Alpha-fetoprotein (alpha-fetoglobulin) is a fetal plasma protein that binds various cations, fatty acids and bilirubin. Vitamin D-binding protein binds to vitamin D and its metabolites, as well as to fatty acids. The biological role of afamin (alpha-albumin) has not yet been characterised.[citation needed]
The 3D structure of human serum albumin has been determined by X-ray crystallography to a resolution of 2.5 Å.[8] Albumin is a 65-70 kDa protein.
Albumin comprises three homologous domains that assemble to form a heart-shaped molecule.[2] Each domain is a product of two subdomains that possess common structural motifs.[2] The principal regions of ligand binding to human serum albumin are located in hydrophobic cavities in subdomains IIA and IIIA, which exhibit similar chemistry. Structurally, the serum albumins are similar, each domain containing five or six internal disulfide bonds, as shown schematically below:
+---+ +----+ +-----+ | | | | | | xxCxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxCCxxCxxxxCxxxxxCCxxxCxxxxxxxxxCxxxxxxxxxxxxxxCCxxxxCxxxx | | | | | | +-----------------+ +------+ +---------------+ C = cysteine, x = any amino acid
Serum albumin[edit]
Serum albumin is the most abundant blood plasma protein and is produced in the liver and forms a large proportion of all plasma protein. The human version is human serum albumin, and it normally constitutes about 50% of human plasma protein.[7]
Serum albumins are important in regulating blood volume by maintaining the oncotic pressure (also known as colloid osmotic pressure) of the blood compartment.[7] They also serve as carriers for molecules of low water solubility this way isolating their hydrophobic nature, including lipid soluble hormones, bile salts, unconjugated bilirubin, free fatty acids (apoprotein), calcium, ions (transferrin), and some drugs like warfarin, phenobutazone, clofibrate & phenytoin. For this reason, it's sometimes referred as a molecular "taxi". Competition between drugs for albumin binding sites may cause drug interaction by increasing the free fraction of one of the drugs, thereby affecting potency.
Specific types include:
- human serum albumin
- bovine serum albumin (cattle serum albumin) or BSA, often used in medical and molecular biology labs.
Low albumin (hypoalbuminemia) may be caused by liver disease, nephrotic syndrome, burns, protein-losing enteropathy, malabsorption, malnutrition, late pregnancy, artefact, genetic variations and malignancy.
High albumin (hyperalbuminemia) is almost always caused by dehydration. In some cases of retinol (Vitamin A) deficiency, the albumin level can be elevated to high-normal values (e.g., 4.9 g/dL). This is because retinol causes cells to swell with water (this is also the reason too much Vitamin A is toxic).[9] In lab experiments it has been shown that All-trans retinoic acid down regulates human albumin production[10]
Normal range of human serum albumin in adults (> 3 y.o.) is 3.5 to 5 g/dL. For children less than three years of age, the normal range is broader, 2.9-5.5 g/dL.[11]
Albumin binds to the cell surface receptor Albondin.
Other types[edit]
Other types include the storage protein ovalbumin in egg white, and different storage albumins in the seeds of some plants, including hemp.[12]
- Note that the protein 'albumin' is spelled with an "i", while "albumen" with an "e", is the white of an egg, which contains (among other things) several dozen types of albumin (with an 'i'), mostly ovalbumin.
Medical uses[edit]
For patients with low blood volume, there is no evidence that albumin reduces mortality when compared with cheaper alternatives such as normal saline, or that albumin reduces mortality in patients with burns and low albumin levels. Therefore, the Cochrane Collaboration recommends that it not be used, except in clinical trials.[13]
In acoustic droplet vaporization (ADV), albumin is sometimes used as a surfactant. ADV has been proposed as a cancer treatment by means of occlusion therapy.[14]
See also[edit]
- Cohn process (human serum albumin purification method)
- Serum albumin
- ^ Sugio S, Kashima A, Mochizuki S, Noda M, Kobayashi K; Kashima; Mochizuki; Noda; Kobayashi (June 1999). "Crystal structure of human serum albumin at 2.5 A resolution". Protein Eng. 12 (6): 439–46. doi:10.1093/protein/12.6.439. PMID 10388840.
- ^ a b c He XM, Carter DC; Carter (1992). "Atomic structure and chemistry of human serum albumin". Nature 358 (6383): 209–15. doi:10.1038/358209a0. PMID 1630489.
- ^ Historia Naturalis 28, 6, 18.
|last1=in Authors list (help)
- ^ Haefliger DN, Moskaitis JE, Schoenberg DR, Wahli W; Moskaitis; Schoenberg; Wahli (October 1989). "Amphibian albumins as members of the albumin, alpha-fetoprotein, vitamin D-binding protein multigene family". J. Mol. Evol. 29 (4): 344–54. doi:10.1007/BF02103621. PMID 2481749.
- ^ Schoentgen F, Metz-Boutigue MH, Jollès J, Constans J, Jollès P; Metz-Boutigue; Jollès; Constans; Jollès (June 1986). "Complete amino acid sequence of human vitamin D-binding protein (group-specific component): evidence of a three-fold internal homology as in serum albumin and alpha-fetoprotein". Biochim. Biophys. Acta 871 (2): 189–98. doi:10.1016/0167-4838(86)90173-1. PMID 2423133.
- ^ Lichenstein HS, Lyons DE, Wurfel MM, Johnson DA, McGinley MD, Leidli JC, Trollinger DB, Mayer JP, Wright SD, Zukowski MM; Lyons; Wurfel; Johnson; McGinley; Leidli; Trollinger; Mayer; Wright; Zukowski (July 1994). "Afamin is a new member of the albumin, alpha-fetoprotein, and vitamin D-binding protein gene family". J. Biol. Chem. 269 (27): 18149–54. PMID 7517938.
- ^ a b c Farrugia A (January 2010). "Albumin usage in clinical medicine: tradition or therapeutic?". Transfus Med Rev 24 (1): 53–63. doi:10.1016/j.tmrv.2009.09.005. PMID 19962575.
- ^ Sugio S , Kashima A , Mochizuki S , Noda M , Kobayashi K; Kashima; Mochizuki; Noda; Kobayashi (June 1999). "Crystal structure of human serum albumin at 2.5 A resolution". Protein Engineering 12 (6): 439–446. doi:10.1093/protein/12.6.439. PMID 10388840.
- ^ Gaull, H; Wright, CE; Gaull, GE (December 1984). "Protective effect of taurine, zinc and tocopherol on retinol-induced damage in human lymphoblastoid cells.". J Nutr. 114 (12): 2256–61. PMID 6502269.
- ^ Suzuki, T; Matsuura, T; Ohkawa, K; Miyamura, T; Okazaki, I; Watanabe, T; Suzuki, T (July 2006). "All-trans retinoic acid down-regulates human albumin gene expression through the induction of C/EBPbeta-LIP". Biochem J. 397 (2): 345–53. doi:10.1042/BJ20051863. PMC 1513275. PMID 16608438.
- ^ "Normal Ranges for Common Laboratory Tests." Rush University
- ^ "Hemp Repairs Damaged DNA". High Times. 28 Aug 2014. Retrieved 10 Sep 2014.
- ^ Albumin Reviewers (Alderson p, Bunn F (2011). "Human albumin solution for resuscitation and volume expansion in critically ill patients". Cochrane Database Syst Rev (10): CD001208. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD001208.pub3. PMID 21975732.
- ^ Lo, A. H.; Kripfgans, O. D.; Carson, P. L.; Rothman, E. D.; Fowlkes, J. B. (May 2007). "Acoustic droplet vaporization threshold: effects of pulse duration and contrast agent". IEEE Trans Ultrason Ferroelectr Freq Control 54 (5): 933–946. doi:10.1109/tuffc.2007.339. PMID 17523558.
External links[edit]
|Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Albumin.
- Albumins at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
- The Albumin website
- Albumin binding prediction
This article incorporates text from the public domain Pfam and InterPro IPR014760


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Confidence Breeds Distance
Tags: more golf distancepowerpowerful golf swing
Author Description
Paul Wilson is the creator of Swing Machine Golf and founder of Ignition Golf. Paul's golf swing technique is based on the Iron Byron swing machine. YouTube Channels: Paul Wilson Golf and Ignition Golf Tips. Please Join me on Google+
11 Responses to "Confidence Breeds Distance"
July 11, 2014johnhoyle Log in to Reply
Greetings coach I want to tell you i am impressed with something almost as amazing as your tips and that is how you can come up with these great tips everyday day after day /Its like a preacher who has to come up with a topic each week except you have to do it every day /Well done Laddie
I am amazed too. When I first stated doing tips I was worried I would run out after 30 of them. I have a list of about 700 to go.
Glad you like them. I appreciate the feedback.
July 11, 2014PierreBourgeois Log in to Reply
Hi Paul,
great tip and I couldn't agree more about what you say. For some months now, I tried to go very easy with the driver. I have a rather slow swing speed (something around 77 mph) and for the moment I decided not to bother about it. 6 months ago, I got stuck within a 190 yards or so range, and since I managed to swing very smoothly, it's now consistently in the 200-210 yards but, more importantly, I can hit 11/14 fairways more regularly. Even if I will probably never hit it much longer than 220, I know I can hit my second shot with a reasonable chance of getting close to the green on most par 4′s (and some times even on the green), which is very rewarding.
Everyone wants everything too fast. I'm glad you saw what I was talking about. As you keep playing at this speed you may have one more increase left in you. That day will be a good day for you.
July 11, 2014robertweiss Log in to Reply
What you're saying sounds like being "in the zone". I've been following your tips for a couple of months and notice I string
more consecutive good shots and holes together. I'm a 25 hdcp working my way down. When I hit a poor shot, I can readily explain what I did wrong, (usually coming over the top and swinging too hard). Of course, I'm working on my body making the downswing rather than the arms and I notice I hit the longest drives when I turn my left hip fully and face the target at the finish. Your style of instruction is fun and informative and I look forward to continued progress. Thanks.
Bob Weiss
Glad you like the tips and my instruction. I appreciate the feedback.
As you keep working on things the strings of good holes get even better but more importantly the blow up holes disappear. It's great when this happens. It just adds to the confidence.
Keep at it.
July 11, 2014LenKoblenz Log in to Reply
Hi Paul,
Amazing. Tip after tip that make me smile. So simple, so logical. Great stuff!
Thanks. I appreciate it.
July 15, 2014RichardBourke Log in to Reply
Paul I want to thank you too. You have transformed my iron play (still inconsistent) but I can now hit my 5 iron up to 190 with a good tempo swing. This is coming from someone who had no distance separation on my clubs. I could have cried when I finally hit one that far and straight too,
My driver is the one outstanding problem and it's not getting any better. In fact I mostly top it still or sky it. I know I have to follow your advice but it's hard when you see a ditch 120 yards from the tee and you can't make the carry because you scuttle it along the ground usually.
I know I'll get there though even if it takes me longer than some.
Thank you again.
That's great news. You actually hit it as far if not farther than I do. Now we just have to dial it in.
Topping it = you hitting too hard.
Skying = Your head is ahead of the ball in the downswing. Again, you are hitting it with your arms.
So you need to still be working on your swing.
You need to immediately start working on this:
Impact Head Behind Ball: http://ignitiongolf.com/impact-head
And constantly do this drill:
Drill: Swing Up with Driver: http://ignitiongolf.com/drill-swing-up-driver/
Couple this with doing the roll over drill a little and think you will see major improvement.
July 22, 2014HermanKoh Log in to Reply
Hi Paul,
How does Rory Mcilroy hit the ball such a long way? For not a tall guy compared to the other tour players he is practically bombing it past them by 20 yards or if not more. What is his source of power? and why can't the other tour players does what he does in terms of power.
You must be logged in to post a comment.
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Pittsburgh with a Passion
"People make fun of Pittsburgh," said the saleswoman at the airport's Brooks Brothers store upon our arrival (after deplaning, I wanted to pick up a shirt that would match my Paul Newman steely blues). Well, you'll never hear me denigrating the city of the Steelers and Penguins and unfortunate Pirates.* I--we--loved Pittsburgh; the rivers (rowing teams and kayakers cutting a slender swath), the bridges, the stadiums, the hilltop houses that reminded me of LA, the industrial and postindustrial architecture, the human scale of the city, the generosity, the aesthetic touches (hanging flowers on the bridges), the clarity of the place. There have been cities that everyone assured me that I would love and that on casual acquaintance I just didn't dig: Charleston, for one, New Orleans for another. That puts me in the minority camp, so what else is new? Point is, Pittsburgh struck me as the real item and not a self-conscious reproduction of itself, a tourist brochure brought to pretend life.
First night, Laura did an author's event for The Bird Catcher at the Penguin Bookshop in Sewickley, which is everything an independent bookstore should be and then some--small yet airy, community-oriented, and staffed by an exemplary elite squad of passionate, caring erudites. Everything went beautifully and afterwards we were guests at a dinner party about which I will say little because I'm never quite sure about the etiquette of mentioning civilians in a blog as searing, combative, and controversial as mine. So I will just say that our hosts couldn't have been hostier and it felt like childhood again going out into the night and hearing a chorus of bullfrogs croaking their little hearts out.
Next day we made what was for me a sacred pilgrimage to the Warhol Museum, the Shrine of the Silver Andy that preserves so much I hold dear. When we entered the top floor to the throaty drone of "All Tomorrow's Parties" as images of Nico--so blonde, so bored, so ethereal, so sublime--flashed on the wall, I thought, This is what Heaven must be like... One installation featured clips from Warhol's cable show and Laura asked, "Is that Heather?" And it was, former NYCB dancer, Vanity Fair contributor, and illustrious Heather Watts (along with Jock Soto) taking part in a segment devoted to "Ecstatic Orange." Such serendipity. It reminded me of being at the Tate Modern's Warhol exhibit and hearing Maura Moynihan's voice coming from a speaker--I swiveled my head and there she was, appearing in a continuous loop of Warhol celebrity interviews. If you ever attend the Warhol Museum, something I implore you to do, be sure to visit the room featuring Cunningham's Rainforest, where the silver clouds Andy designed for the production float and bump through the magic of air currents supplied by electric fans. It's what they call in museum circles "an interactive installation," and I have to say the father and daughter in matching tie-dyed hippie t-shirts seemed to be enjoying themselves hugely.
After attending the exhibits we repaired to downstairs cafe, where I had a grilled cheese sandwich that would have made Andy himself say, "Wow."
Laura's reading that night was at the Aviary, and it was more than a reading, it was a festival of feathers and cawing hellos. It was preceded by a tour of the Aviary and although I understand why everyone loves the penguins, I was more smitten with the White-Crested Laughing Thrush, which I am contemplating making the official bird of this blog. The heroine of the evening was our friend, fellow writer, and renowned Steelers scholar Holly Brubach, who was Amelia Earhart, Katherine Hepburn, and Florence Nightingale rolled into one; she organized the event, arranged the invitations, supplied food and drinks, set up the table, served as bartender, greeted guests, and gave Laura a moving, eloquent, impromptu introduction. She was tireless and unflappable; together, she and Laura could have orchestrated the evacuation of Dunkirk without breaking a sweat. And what a perfect setting for The Bird Catcher, with the cries of birds punctuating the reading from the adjacent pavilions and birds swooping across the glassed dome.
After the reading a group of us suavely piled into a glossy, elegant restaurant in the Strip District called Eleven, which is one of those places where everyone is bathed in enhancing amber light and looks as if they're enjoying themselves like those people in casino ads whose cares have been cast aside. For dessert fetishists, my sweet tooth highly recommends the banana creme pie.
Then it was back to New York, where Veronika and Swan Lake awaited.
*As an Orioles fan, I can relate.


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Law&Business Students and Professors challenged by Italian Companies
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Alexandra Fattal (The Economist) and Federico Fubini (La Repubblica) will lead the WeHave The Future! Closing Talk.Read More
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The President's motto is "si privatum vis, para publicum". This means that it is essential for a public institution to be managed with an entrepreneurial spirit, being efficient and independent, in order to be effective and successful in its relationship with the private sector.Read the News!
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"It's not about being the biggest, most wealthy company, it is about being the coolest, the one that has a story" were the words of advice given to WeHave The Future! by Renzo Rosso the founder of Diesel.Read the News!
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Evolution is directionless and blind. Features that evolve at one point can become a hindrance later on. Mutations and inefficiencies leads to dysfunctions and disease. This is about unintelligent design and the potential that the Human species has at lending a proper engineering hand to the whole haphazard process of selection.
2500 years ago there arose a society scattered across certain Greek islands that devoted itself to accurate study and produced the great Library of Alexandria. So long ago, they deduced from various observations that animals must have evolved from earlier animals:
"Anaximander of Miletus [was an early scientist from Ionia]. For ages men had used sticks to club and spear one another. Anaximander used one to measure time. He was the first person in Greece to make a sundial, a map of the known world and a celestial globe that showed the patterns of the constellations. [...] He argued that we are so helpless at birth that, if the first human infants had been put into the world on their own, they would immediately have died. From this Anaximander concluded that human beings arose from other animals with more self-reliant newborns: He proposed the spontaneous origin of life in mud, the first animals being fish covered with spines. Some descendents of these fishes eventually abandoned the water and moved to dry land, where they evolved into other animals [...]. He believed in an infinite number of worlds, all inhabited, and all subject to cycles of dissolution and regeneration. 'Nor', as Saint Augustine ruefully complained, 'did he, any more than Thales, attribute the cause of all this ceaseless activity to a divine mind.' [...]
He taught that there was once a much greater variety of living things on the Earth, but that many races of beings 'must have been unable to beget and continue their kind. For in the case of every species that exists, either craft or courage or speed has from the beginning of its existence protected and preserved it.' In this attempt to explain the lovely adaptation of organisms to their environments, Empedocles, like Anaximander and Democritus, clearly anticipated some aspects of Darwin's great idea of evolution by natural selection."
I have already written on the demise of the Ionians, so I will leave you with a quotation:
"Such astounding wisdom backed up by studious thinking and experimentation could have launched the world into the modern era. But it didn't.
Rising superstition, the taking of slaves and the growth of monotheistic religion led to the demise of scientific enterprise. The culture changed. The last great scientist of Alexandria, Hypatia, was born in 370CE at a time when the "growing Christian Church was consolidating its power and attempting to eradicate pagan influence and culture". Cyril, the Archbishop of Alexandria, considered Hypatia to be a symbol of the learning and science which he considered to be pagan. "In the year 415, on her way to work she was set upon by a fanatical mob of Cyril's parishioners. They dragged her from her chariot, tore off her clothes, and, armed with abalone shells, flayed her flesh from her bones. Her remains were burned, her works obliterated, her name forgotten. Cyril was made a saint".
The last remains of the Alexandrian Library were destroyed not long after Hypatia's death. Nearly all the books and documents were completely destroyed. The Western Dark Ages had begun, and all knowledge and science was forgotten in the West for over a thousand years."
"Science: Its Character and History: Ionia, 6th century" by Vexen Crabtree (2006)
Astronomers, mathematicians and chemists had to recover from the dark ages before the theory of evolution was once again worked (in much more detail) out by Darwin and his contemporaries.
In "The Origin of Life" by Paul Davies (2003) the author notes that 99% of all species have gone extinct - around 3 973 000 000 species have died out completely2. The number of species that have become extinct is from ten to a hundred times those which exist today3 - and that's not including the present "sixth mass extinction" which is caused by humankind's mass destruction of natural habitats. The vast majority of biologists and zoologists know that life is not 'designed' at all - let alone in an intelligent manner. Victor Stenger in his book documenting the scientific evidence against a designer God, includes this in one of his arguments:
"Estimates of the number of biological species on Earth range as high as one hundred million. Species on the order of ten or a hundred times this number once lived and have become extinct. Without getting into the current situation, where scientists and environmentalists fret that an increasing number of species may become extinct because of the degradation of the environment by humanity, these data can be best understood in terms of mindless natural selection. The large number of species results from the many, largely random attempts that evolution makes to produce a solution to the survival problem; many failures are to be expected as the bulk of these solutions fail. Many successes are marginal, leaving the species open to eventual extinction. [...] Earth and life look just as they can be expected to look if there is no designer God."
"God, the Failed Hypothesis: How Science Shows That God Does Not Exist"
Prof. Victor J. Stenger (2007)3
Our evolution, to our present state, is like that of other animals: a path of many misadventures. What was once useful and an advantage, can at later times become a nuisance. These wrong-turns vary from the interesting to the deadly. For example, professors Bear, Connors and Paradiso in their book "Neuroscience" (1996) explain that the hypothalamus evolved to give us goose pimples when we are cold and call it "a futile attempt to fluff up your nonexistent fur - a reflexive remnant from our hairier ancestors"4. Prof. Richard Dawkins, the foremost evolutionary biologist, supplies a few more serious examples:
"Many of our human ailments, from lower back pain to hernias, prolapsed uteruses and our susceptibility to sinus infections, result directly from the fact that we now walk upright with a body that was shaped over hundreds of millions of years to walk on all fours."
"The God Delusion" by Prof. Richard Dawkins (2006)5
Scientists Olshansky, Carnes and Butler published an article mentioning yet more defects and detailing many improvements that could be made to the Human body in order to prevent many of our physical ailments. Some of these are simple changes that any engineer would clearly have seen to make:
"Our bones lose minerals after age thirty, making them susceptible to fracture and osteoporosis. Our rib cage does not fully enclose and protect most internal organs. Our muscles atrophy. Our leg veins become enlarged and twisted, leading to varicose veins. Our joints wear out as their lubricants thin. Our retinas are prone to detachment. The male prostate enlarges, squeezing and obstructing urine flow. [... Improvements include] bigger ears, rewired eyes, a curved neck, a forward-tilting torso, shorter limbs and stature, extra padding around joints, extra muscles and fat, thicker spinal disks, a reversed knee joint, and more."
"God, the Failed Hypothesis: How Science Shows That God Does Not Exist"
Prof. Victor J. Stenger (2007)6
Another symptom of the blindfolded nature of evolution is the presence of masses of unused and out-of-use genes; results of mutations and changes that have rendered them useless and ignored by our bodies. Genetic junk. Sometimes, entire organs ('vestigial organs') are no longer required by a species.
"Vestigial characteristics are still another form of morphological evidence, illuminating to contemplate because they show that the living world is full of small, tolerable imperfections. Why do male mammals (including human males) have nipples? Why do some snakes (notably boa constrictors) carry the rudiments of a pelvis and tiny legs buried inside their sleek profiles? Why do certain species of flightless beetle have wings, sealed beneath wing covers that never open? Darwin raised all these questions, and answered them, in The Origin of Species. Vestigial structures stand as remnants of the evolutionary history of a lineage."
National Geographic (2004)7
Such waste is not only apparent in the complete structure of living animals as a result of evolution's unguided nature, but also for example during development in the womb. This is particularly apparent where evolution selects for something (i.e., larger brains) and that the benefits far outweigh inefficiencies of development. In such cases, evolution will charge forwards accumulating mistakes - as long as the general aim is achieved and successful traits are acquired, the inefficiencies can continue to build up.
"There is a huge proliferation of neurones in early life. [...] One feature of the proliferation is worthy of note: it is very wasteful. Over half of the neuroblasts produced die without achieving any functional capacity. [For example, half of all retinal neurones are never used] Some 25-30% of retinal ganglion cells fail to reach their correct targets in the brain and hence die. This leaves the death of a further 25% of retinal ganglion cells to make up the known loss of 50% of retinal ganglion cells."
"Exploring the Brain" by Terry Whatson (2004)8
The reason why so many neurones die without being used is that our genes did not know, during the course of evolution, how many neurones are going to be required. So an adequate way to proceed was to produce as many neuroblasts as possible. This comes about because species that can capitalize on genes that lead to greater brain growth outperform those that don't. A surplus of neuroblasts allows future mutations involving brain growth to have a greater chance of being successful. This is all clear evidence that evolution, genetics, and our most prized asset, our neurones and brain, are the result of a process that does not have any lookahead or intelligent aspect to its 'design'. Given that the eye is one of the organs that creationists claim to prove the 'design' is a necessary part of a species' development through history, it appears to be somewhat unintelligently and inefficiently designed.
We have dysfunctions, genetic junk, evolutionary dead-ends and obscure morphologies (birds that can't fly, male nipples, etc) and countless other little imperfections that belie the any idea that evolution 'knows' what it is doing. It merely gets by with whatever comes up, and doesn't make future plans. Many features evolve first for one purpose before being modified and finding themselves useful for another. Take the human eye as an example. The history of the eye has been carefully documented by evolutionists; from its basic form in ancient fish, to designs of ever increasing complexity and functionality: the eye is a good example of the haphazard nature of evolution. There was no foresight in its development, and in vertebrates our ancient ancestors evolved an eye with an unfortunate feature. Us humans, as vertebrates, have ended up with inside-out retinas. The nerves that carry signals from the rods and cones in our retina lay on the sensors instead of under them. This is because once something starts evolving, there is no easy way to restart the design. Things move on, and new designs build on old ones.
As the eyes increased in resolution, more and more nerves lay on the inside of the retina; their way to the brain remains a hole in the retina which now features as the blind spot in our vision. A little foresight on the behalf of nature would have led to a much more sensible design! The biologist and philosopher Daniel C. Dennett comments, "no intelligent designer would put such a clumsy arrangement in a camcorder, and this is just one of hundreds of accidents frozen in evolutionary history that confirm the mindlessness of the historical process"10.
The eye has developed independently in quite a few species in quite a few different ways. This why there is so much difference between the eyes of species. It is possible to take eye-forms and map them; we find that their forms are similar in species that evolved from common ancestors. This is why all vertebrates have the same style inside-out retina.
"The eye is neither poorly nor well designed. It is simply not designed."
"Other animals, such as octopodes and squids, have their eyes wired more rationally. [...] The retina of the eye evolved as a modification of the outer layer of the brain that gradually developed light sensitivity. The eye is neither poorly nor well designed. It is simply not designed. Eyes provide such obvious survival value that they developed at least forty times independently in the course of evolution."
"God, the Failed Hypothesis: How Science Shows That God Does Not Exist"
Prof. Victor J. Stenger (2007)11
Compared to other primates and many mammals, why are Human babies so particularly incapable? It is because of competing evolutionary pressures and some engineering solutions that turned out to be inappropriate for Human evolution.
As evolutionary pressure altered Human posture to an upright position, the birthing canal was effectively made narrower9 as the hips became orientated for walking on two legs. Our birthing mechanism works best if our hips were still orientated for all-fours walking. As Humankind has continued to evolve, brain size has got bigger and bigger, meaning that now Human babies have to be born underdeveloped so that their brain can continue to grow and mature outside the womb, after birth at an awkward angle through the too-narrow birth canal. Giving birth through the pelvis has turned out to be severely limiting giving our new posture and increasing skull size; now, agility (defined by narrow hips) and baby brain-size are in direct competition. What a mess! If only evolution operated with some foresight, things would have turned out somewhat more practically.
The anthropologist Prof. John Bock talks about some of these issues in a recent article:
"A horse can walk within an hour after birth. A newborn baboon baby can cling to its mother's hair while she jumps through the trees. Even among our closest evolutionary relatives - chimpanzees and bonobos - babies are far more agile than their human counterparts. That's because humans are born with brains that are largely immature. [...] This uniquely human attribute is the result of a lengthy evolutionary battle between big brains and narrow pelvises. [...]
Over time, natural selection increased brain size in these early humans. But at some point, the selection for bigger and bigger brains collided head on, so to speak, with the narrow pelvis. [...] There is simply not enough room for a big, mature brain to pass through. [...] So in contrast to other mammals, humans have a good bit of development to do after birth. The result is a relatively underdeveloped infant who needs lots of care and can do much less for itself than other newborn primates."
Prof. John Bock (2009)9
Much of the data on what personality traits are inherited comes from the studies of identical twins that were raised from birth in different families. This means that the genetic component of their development can be statistically examined, as their environments are different so similarities in character cannot be attributed to similarities in upbringing. Another method to improve this data is to balance the results according to the socio-economic group of the different parents. Large-scale studies have generally shown that in total, about 50% of the variation in personality is due to heredity12. As part of this general trend, some traits are more inherited than others.
It is not only the standard personality traits that are partially inherited, but, distortions, dysfunctions and abnormal traits can be inherited too. Many are come primarily from shoddy genes. Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder is 'partially' inherited13, panic disorders and schizophrenia are generally inherited, and bipolar disorder is strongly inherited (see the chart below).
|Extent Inherited Genetically
|Personality in general
|50% inherited12.
|60% inherited14.
|Strongly linked to heredity14.
|Fears and phobias
|Primarily inherited14.
|Panic disorder
|Generally inherited15.
|Bipolar disorder
|72% inherited15.
|Transmitted genetically17.
|Strongly linked with 3 genes18.
|Autism Spectrum Disorders
|90% inherited19.
Aggression, neatness, social closeness, and intellectual achievement all depend mostly on upbringing (only 33 to 48 percent is contributed by inheritance)14. After presenting information on the studies of alcoholism and drug abuse, Prof. Dean shows us that responses to alcohol and drugs are partially inherited:
"Physiological and biochemical responses to alcohol and drug use are at least in part inherited. A wide range of evidence, from adoption and twin studies to the identification of biological markers for responses to drug and alcohol use, have supported the findings that certain traits associated with use are inherited."
"Chaos and Intoxication" by Alan Dean (1997)20
Note that responses to the environment can be inherited. So, certain inheritable traits will only show up in certain life circumstances.
Humankind suffers from around 4,000 known genetic diseases, linked with thousands of genes, and which are mostly incurable21. The following are some of the more horrific:
Cystic fibrosis: "A rare disease of the endocrine glands [...] caused by a genetic defect [... That] occurs most frequently in Caucasian Europeans and is the most common fatal genetic disease of Caucasian children. As yet, there is no cure"22.
Down's syndrome "occurs when an individual is born with an extra copy of chromosome number 21 [and] causes mental retardation, distinctive facial features, and abnormalities of some systems of the body. [It] is caused by a defect in the separation of the chromosomes, called nondisjunction. Most scientists do not consider Down's syndrome hereditary"22.
Hemophilia, the blood disease, carried on the X chromosome22.
Huntingdon's disease "is a rare hereditary disease of the nervous system that appears in early adult life or middle age. It is characterized by involuntary muscular twitching. It is a degenerative disease that eventually affects the entire body and causes mental deterioration, and eventual death. No medical treatment exists, though certain sedatives minimize the symptoms"22.
Lissencephaly, untreatable, results from an error in the L1S1 gene during fertilisation. It causes the brain's cortex to develop only into four layers instead of six. "Babies born with lissencephaly have a very poor prognosis; the disease proving lethal before their second birthday. Behaviourally, lissencephaly results in epilepsy, mental retardation, motor impairment and a general lack of development"23.
Muscular dystrophy "is caused by an inherited enzyme deficiency, resulting in a defect in the muscles' ability to use certain amino acids to make proteins"22.
Sickle-cell diseases (anemia) "affects people of African descent and less frequently people of Mediterranean, Greek, Italian, Arabian or Indian decent"22.
"At present, researchers have found more than 1,250 disease-related gene mutations that can be identified and potentially avoided by means of [genetic intervention]"24. If us humble Human Beings are capable of fixing these errors, how could they be part of a 'design' that is maintained by an intelligent supernatural being? Their existence means that evolution is proven to be blind and meandering rather than intentionally directed.
The way genetics works, some genes have terrible effects only when inherited from both parents. This means that the gene can be successful and get passed on from generation to generation, but, it occasionally wrecks havoc on a baby or child. It is very unfortunate that this type of gene exists, but, thankfully the march of evolution means that most dysfunctional genes are eventually removed from the gene pool because they reduce the average viability of offspring. It would be so much better if evolution could see what it was doing, because there is an unfortunate twist. Some of these terrible diseases, which only strike families occasionally, have an advantage when they're not showing their ugly side. This is known as "heterozygote advantage". Examples of this type of disease include sickle-cell anaemia. This disease is spread because in its hidden, harmless form it gives an advantage against malaria. Likewise, cystic fibrosis is believed to give protection against cholera, and the terrible neurodegenerative tay-sachs disease linked with protection against tuberculosis. Due to the advantage of having these genes in their heterozygote form they spread, but, this means that the terrible diseases caused by them occasionally afflict unborn babies and the very young.
"Sickle cell [...] exhibits the phenomenon known as "heterozygote advantage." Heterozygotes have only one copy of a mutant gene. Since sickle cell is a recessive disorder, heterozygous people carry the sickle cell trait but do not usually get sick. It is now known that the mutation that causes sickle cell arose several thousand years ago in parts of Africa where the parasite that causes malaria had recently made its appearance. Over time, the mutation became widely disseminated in those populations, because, even though people who inherited two copies of the gene often died, those with just one copy, the heterozygotes, had significantly improved resistance to malaria.[...] Heterozygote advantage explains why some harmful mutations persist and proliferate."
"Babies by Design: The Ethics of Genetic Choice" by Ronald M. Green (2007)24
"If I was an evil architect who wanted to create a species that would suffer needlessly, then, I would design evolution in such a way that terrible diseases were hidden by genes that conferred an advantage and therefore spread well in the population. If I was a good designer, I wouldn't create genetic diseases at all. Which way does the evidence point? The existence of genetic diseases with heterozygous advantage is evidence that, if there is a creator, or a designer of evolution, such a being is either malevolent or a very poor geneticist."
"God Must Be Evil (If It Exists): 2.5. Genetic Diseases" by Vexen Crabtree (2003)
The total picture is of a species that copes with multiple inherited dysfunctions. Many of our psychological ills result from the fact that our underlying psychological processes are leftovers from previous eras when life was much more simplistic and Machiavellian. Prof Dietrich from the Philosophy Department at Binghamton University bemoans this history, stating that "it is a sad fact that much of our basic human psychology is built by evolution. These innate psychological capacities of ours are principally responsible for many of humanity's darkest ills. But in short, we abuse, discriminate, and rape because we are human"25. Likewise, many of our common everyday thinking errors result from cognitive strategies that are not suited to modern information-processing, resulting in many lines of thought that are instinctive but wrong.
Genetic diseases are inherited or are made present from the moment of conception and do not result from any choice of lifestyle. Such random suffering is hardly the hallmark of a well-designed genetic system. Genetic diseases and undesirable personality traits afflict us because evolution is imperfect in its mechanism and blindly progresses down roads that can later turn out to be harmful. When it comes to random genetic mutations during our lives, our cells have had to evolve better and better ways of counteracting biochemical disturbances to DNA. In bacteria, such error-rectification was much less important due to the simplicity of single-cell life, and due to the very rapid lifecycle. Their error rate in their DNA is one in a million. We have developed better specialist enzymes that detect errors and our human rate is cut down to one in a billion26. The only reason that these coping mechanisms are necessary is because the entire way DNA works is not 'well designed', but has merely bumbled along because it happens to work well-enough.
The science of genetic engineering is very young yet we can still remove many horrible inherited diseases from family lines. A success in 2008 with Leber's congenital amaurosis, which is caused by a faulty (inherited) version of gene RPE65, came when scientists used a genetically engineered virus to fix a patient's genes27. There is no reason to think that our competence will not continue to increase. With foresight and intelligence we can rectify more and more of the problems that unmonitored evolution has given us over hundreds of thousands of years: a process which has never before had the oversight of intelligent beings.
E. O. Wilson28
The Human species has reached a unique evolutionary point, where our behaviour is so complex and intelligent that we understand the processes of evolution that resulted in our creation. We are still evolving; and although E. O. Wilson stated that cultural evolution is now more important than biological, sexual selection still has a powerful role in the continued evolution of humanity [Dawkins 1976]. This means that the driving force behind genetic evolution - who we decide to have children with - is still operating. Elements of sexual selection such as breast size, hip width and physical appearance are still providing evolutionary pressure on our genes. But, with increasing levels of cosmetic surgery and other tricks, E. O. Wilson may be right sometime in the future: through the manipulation of our appearance we might begin to overcome the (misguided) natural process of sexual selection. The best hope we have is that we will learn to manipulate our own genes ourselves, and therefore make wiser choices than the haphazard legacy of natural evolution so far.
The rate of DNA change has accelerated over the past 40,000 years, including areas of the genome that influence disease resistance, skin colour and hair follicles (which regulate sweat), "such findings imply that human populations are continuing to adapt to regional differences in sun exposure, foods, and pathogens"29. The National Academy of Sciences published results that indicate that not only is Humanity still evolving, but that in the last 5000 years we have evolved faster than we ever have since we split from chimpanzees 6 million years ago30. "They found that at least 7% of human genes have undergone recent evolution. The changes include lighter skin and blue eyes in northern Europe and partial resistance to diseases such as malaria among some African populations"30, and, a lactose-tolerance gene is now widespread across Europe. In the future, the researchers think that evolutionary pressure will mean the spread of genes that allow mothers to start families later in life.
One of the causes of our accelerated evolution include, they say, is the surge in global population which allows more mutations to occur. The increase in travel and globalisation means that good mutations will move through the world population quicker, a process which the researchers say will also lead to a reduction in genetic differences between races, as African blacks, Chinese, Europeans, etc, have become less isolated populations.
A famous experiment in the late 1960s used a small RNA virus named QB to provide proof-of-principle that artificially created life can evolve and converge with natural life: and both can be created from inorganic chemistry:
"A virus is simply a strand of DNA or RNA encased in a protein coat. Although viruses store genetic information, they cannot replicate on their own. To do so they invade cells and hijack their reproductive apparatus, adapting it to make more viruses. [...] The QB virus doesn't need anything as complicated as a cell in order to replicate: a test tube full of suitable chemicals is enough. The experiment, conducted by Sol Spiegelman of the University of Illinois, consisted of introducing the viral RNA into a medium [... to] let it multiply. He then decanted some of that RNA intro yet another solution and so on, in a series of steps.
The effect of allowing unrestricted replication was that the RNA which multiplied fastest won out, and got passed on to the 'next generation' in the series. The decanting operation therefore replaced, in a highly accelerated way, the basic competitive process of Darwinian evolution [...].
Spiegelman's results were spectacular. As anticipated, copying errors occurred during replication. Relieved of the responsibility of working for a living and the need to manufacture protein coats, the spoon-fed RNA strands began to slim down, shedding parts of their genome that were no longer required [...]. Those RNA molecules that could replicate the fastest soon came to predominate for the simple reason that they out-multiplied the competition. After 74 generations, what started out as an RNA strand with 4500 nucleotide bases ended up as a dwarf genome with only 220 bases. This raw replicator with no frills attached could replicate very fast. It was dubbed Spiegelman's monster."
"The Origin of Life" by Paul Davies (2003)31
An even better experiment followed in 1974. Manfred Eigen and colleagues found that massive replication could be had by adding just one virus instead of a whole load of them. They experimented with the initial virus, artificially slimming it down to find out what the bare minimum was that they could insert in order to stimulate mass replication. They slimmed down what they added a great deal, and stumbled upon something absolutely stunning.
"Replicating strands of RNA were still produced when not a single molecule of viral RNA was added! [...] They were witnessing for the first time the spontaneous synthesis of RNA strands from their basic building blocks. Analysis revealed that under some experimental conditions the created RNA resembled Spiegelman's monster."
"The Origin of Life" by Paul Davies (2003)31
Spiegelman experimented on living things and obtained a virus called Spiegelman's monster by accelerating the process of evolution. Further experimenters produced practically the same simple virus from non-living matter.
Living and non-living matter can both create life, spontaneously, given the right ingredients.
Such life is subject to evolution.
Note that this was not obtained from the mix of chemicals that actually produced life as we know it; it is merely a proof-of-principle that evolving life can arise spontaneously from building blocks. In reality, the chemical make-up of life's first environment would have been different and occurred in a massively hotter environment.
The USA has sprouted an anomaly: In the world's most technologically advanced country there are a growing number of people who disbelieve in evolution, carbon-dating, geology, genetics and a number of other sciences that underpin evolution. The cause of such disbelief is religious.
"The findings are based on several recent Gallup Polls conducted in May and June, showing that a significant number of Americans have doubts about the theory of evolution. The new poll data suggest that Americans' religious behaviour is highly correlated with beliefs about evolution. Those who attend church frequently are much less likely to believe in evolution than are those who seldom or never attend."
Skeptical Inquirer (2007)32
Andrew Heywood places this movement in a political context:
"There is a significant religious element in the conservative new right, especially in the USA. [...] Many of these were associated with the 'born again' Christian movement and in effect constituted a 'Christian new right'. Moral Majority, founded by Jerry Falwell in 1979 and supported by Ronald Reagan and powerful Southern senators such as Jessie Helms, acted as an umbrella organization for this movement. Since the 1980s its principal energies have been devoted to the campaign against abortion. [...] Homosexuality, pornography, premarital sex and, in the USA at least, the teaching of Darwinian theories of evolution rather than Biblical 'creationism' have also been castigated as morally 'bad'."
"Political Ideologies" by Andrew Heywood (2003)33
We already saw at the beginning of this page how religious superstition eradicated the Ionians, who first stumbled across evidences for evolution 2500 years ago. As to why religious types have been so anti-evolution, I do not really know. After the USA, it is only Africa that has such virulent anti-evolutionists. Richard Leakey, who was once the director of Kenya's national museum, had to fight regularly to keep the descriptions of fossils and skeletons accurate. Christians vandalized, threatened and sometimes won the right to have exhibits removed.
Unfortunately such people are not content to merely believe strange things. They want others to believe them too. They have fought battles in the USA - and won some of them - to get their religious ideas taught in school. There are even 'faith schools' in the UK who teach that the Universe is less than 10 thousand years old [Crabtree 200334]. But to push creationism they have to ignore mountains of evidence for evolution from many different strands of science, not just biology.
"Anti-evolutionists are also trying to convince students to reject large chunks of well-established physics, chemistry, astronomy, anthropology, and geology. [...] Today the United States is being confronted with large numbers of scientifically ignorant, politically active Christians who are locked into ultra-religious, anti-scientific views and who want to force these views on others through our elected officials, our courts, and our schools."
Charles L. Rulon in Skeptical Inquirer (2007)35
What most of these Christians instead believe in is creationism or intelligent design theory (ID). Although not all of them believe in the actual Adam and Eve story, they do all share a belief that God designed all the species exactly as they are now, and that evolution is not the force that shapes life. What they think the use of genes are, I have no idea. As 99.9% of all species that have ever existed are now utterly extinct, it turns out that God is not such a great designer anyway.
Fundamentalists tried for a while to pass ID off as a different theory to creationism, but their bluff has been called and a series of legal defeats has seen the establishment recognize that ID is religious myth, not science. The forty-seven member states of the Council of Europe resolved against the teaching of creationism, and implored that scientific education is important and should not be mixed with religious beliefs36.
Christian doctrine holds that mankind suffers because of sin, which we choose as a result of free will. Without free will there would be no sin, and therefore no suffering. But it is obvious that a great number of the genetic diseases reviewed above on this page are inherited from the moment of conception, and therefore are nothing to do with choice or character. Not only that, but genetic diseases affect all species, although, as a result of mankind's increasing lifespan, many diseases have come to fore in humankind due to senescence. It is possible to construct evolutionary trees tracing the history of a faulty inherited gene through species by looking at which species emerged from what predecessors (phylostratigraphy), and through other genetic techniques. Many faulty genes that afflict mankind originated in previous species that existed before humankind emerged21, therefore, it is a logical impossibility that the existence of mutations and diseases are a result of human sin. In other words, the suffering that results from genetic diseases has affected all species throughout the history of life, and is part of the fundamental process of evolution. It has been noted that this is a hefty piece of evidence that if there is a god, it isn't the good-natured creator that traditional religions believe in.
Many religionists, especially conservative Christians in the USA and fundamentalists around the world, oppose Humankind's intervention in genetics. "Some, like Leon Kass, the former head of President Bush's bioethics council, regard genetic interventions as humankind's contemporary replay of the Tower of Babel episode"37. They say we 'shouldn't play God', that genetic engineering is a Promethean seizure of God's power. A poll in 1997 revealed that 70% of Americans said only God should have the power to interfere with inherited traits, following on from polls in the 1980s that saw two-thirds of Americans declare that the altering of human genes was against God's will37.
I will now offer four arguments that genetic engineering is in accordance with God's will - and also offer one cheeky argument that at the very least, genetic engineering foils the Devil's plans! So for those of us who don't believe in such dualisms, take the following with a philosophical pinch of salt:
"The same Genesis narratives that many read as a source of the prohibition confer on human beings the task of governing and tending to nature. Throughout the Bible, agriculture, animal husbandry, metalworking, and many other technological interventions in nature are permitted and even approved."
"Babies by Design: The Ethics of Genetic Choice" by Ronald M. Green (2007)37
Human achievements with crops and domesticated animals are much more extreme that the simple genetic engineering changes we would implement now, such as removing genes mutations that cause certain diseases, and adding vitamin-producing genes to common crops. This is small fry to what we have already achieved. It's not that the religionists are opposed to the results, it's just that they perceive continued scientific achievements to be a threat to their general religious worldview.
It is not just religionists that hold dangerously strange beliefs about evolution, although some say that the policies which the Nazis developed with regards to race became religious. The biggest failure of this type of ideology is that it depends on the mistaken idea that evolution progresses with purpose, so that everything gets better over time. It takes the facts of the evolutionary struggle for survival (the survival of the fittest), and turns them from description into proscription. This is like a doctor, because he can diagnose a particular disease that occurs naturally, thinking that such a disease is therefore good.
Steve Stewart-Williams, a lecturer at the School of Psychology at Massey University in New Zealand, explains that Social Darwinists thought evolution always progressed and improved the species, therefore justifying some economic and political practices (such as the abolition of health care). "It is those conclusions that have unjustly tarnished evolutionary theory by association", he writes and explains that "as the environment changes, the criteria for goodness of design change with it. More important, selection favours any trait that increases the likelihood that the genes contributing to it will be copied, regardless of whether we consider it good or desirable in any sense"39.
If for half a dozen generations, no-one in the world had children with a blond mate, before long there would be no blond human beings. This is how strong the forces of sexual selection can be. If everyone in the world thought cats cute and bred the fluffiest, most child-like and domicile ones, Humans could create a whole new species. In fact, that is exactly how the Egyptians created the domesticated cat from the wild one. Nature did not produce our feline friends; we did. It took them hundreds of years to accomplish what nature does over tens and hundreds of thousands of years. How was it possible for Egyptians to turn wild cats into a new species of domestic cats? Because they commandeered natural selection for their own ends. The result is artificial selection. It is the same process that exists in nature, but with the intelligence and willpower of humankind behind the driving wheel, instead of blind mother nature. Carl Sagan furnishes us with more examples of artificial selection:
"Ten thousand years ago, there were no dairy cows or ferret hounds or large ears of corn. When we domesticated the ancestors of these plants and animals - sometimes creatures who looked quite different - we controlled their breeding. We made sure that certain varieties, having properties we consider desirable, preferentially reproduced. [...] Our corn, or maize, has been bred for ten thousand generations to be more tasty and nutritious than its scrawny ancestors; indeed, it is so changed that it cannot even reproduce without human intervention. [...]
In less than ten thousand years, domestication has increased the weight of wood grown by sheep from less than one kilogram of rough hairs to ten or twenty kilograms of uniform, fine down; or the volume of milk given by cattle during a lactation period from a few hundred to a million cubic centimetres. If artificial selection can make such major changes in so short a period of time, what must natural selection, working over billions of years, be capable of? [...] If humans can make new varieties of plants and animals, must not nature do so also? [...] The answer is all the beauty and diversity of the biological world. Evolution is a fact, not a theory."
Our growing understanding of genetics results from our understanding of evolution. When we have mapped out genetic trees through history, tracing changes and predicting what fossils we have yet to find, we have frequently found those very intermediary species. Thousands of such missing links have been found41, proving our knowledge of nearly every lineage. But all this knowledge is not just a bed-mate for paleontologists; our understanding of rapidly-evolving bacteria and viruses results in the development of new cures. Take SARS in 2002/3, for example. When several hundred people in China developed severe acute respiratory syndrome, genetic tests based on evolutionary theory led researchers in the right direction:
"The disease soon spread to Vietnam, Hong Kong, and Canada and led to hundreds of deaths. In March 2003, a team of researchers at the University of California, San Francisco, received samples of a virus isolated from the tissues of a SARS patient. Using a new technology known as a DNA microarray, the researchers compared the genetic material of the unknown virus with that of known viruses. Within 24 hours, they assigned the virus to a particular family based on its evolutionary relationship to other viruses -- a result confirmed by other researchers using different techniques. Immediately, work began on a blood test to identify people with the disease (so they could be quarantined), on treatments for the disease, and on vaccines to prevent infection with the virus."
National Academy of Sciences and the Institute of Medicine (2008)41
Fossil-record predictions and genetic kung-fu are two of the most exciting confirmations of evolutionary theory. Another is the record of what we have achieved so far. Our creation of cats, maize, the green carrot, cattle and sheep, and our deepening understanding of genetics is not to be feared. Nature has shown us how to combine genes to produce children; we have shown nature how much better, more nutritious, and safer, the animal and plant kingdom can be if only it is guided intelligently. Between nature and nurture, we have already created a genetically engineered world. We merely done it so slowly that no particular generation of humans was particularly shocked by the process.
Now things have changed.
"Babies by Design: The Ethics of Genetic Choice"
Ronald M. Green (2007)42
"Genetic evolution is about to become conscious and volitional, and usher in a new epoch in the history of life."
"Consilience: The Unity of Knowledge"
E. O. Wilson (1998)43
We used our minds to domesticate animals and produce plants with unnatural yields. The method we used was to control the spread of genes in the chosen species, continually improving it. In this millennium, the method is the same but our tools are being updated. Instead of manipulating the spread of genes through sexual selection, we can change them from inception using genetic engineering. We can take genes that produce Vitamin C from one plant and import them into another; we can eliminate hereditary disease through genetic screening. We have made the present, and we will make the future. To say that we shouldn't is to say that we should no longer have cats and dogs, nutritious corn, or wool. None of these things have heralded the end of the world, and neither will the things to come!
Genetic diseases afflict not only mankind, but also all other animal species, and all other forms of life down to the simplest bacteria and harmless single-cell lifeforms floating in the oceans. In all these species and in plants there are seemingly endless cases of genetic flaws and problems. Perhaps the best indicator of how badly life is 'designed' is the stark reality that 99% of all species have gone extinct. The food chain requires that nearly every living being survives by killing other creatures to eat for food, and species naturally expand to use up all local resources, limiting the success of other species. Everywhere in nature, predator-and-prey chains are central to life. This isn't a design for life, but a design of strife and violence. The genetic defects of nature, and the violence and strife of the natural world, indicate that life was not designed by a good-natured creator god but maybe by an evil one. My favourite phrase to describe all of this waste and bad design is one I picked up from Paul Kurtz in the Skeptical Inquirer:
"The existence of vestigial organs in many species, including the human species, is hardly evidence for design; for they have no discernable function. And the extinction of millions of species on the planet is perhaps evidence for unintelligent design."
Paul Kurtz (2006)44
By Vexen Crabtree 2007 Feb 25
Last Updated: 2009 Dec 08
Skeptical Inquirer. Pro-science magazine published bimonthly by the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry, New York, USA.
Philosophy Now. Philosophy Now, 41a Jerningham Road, Telegraph Hill, London SE14 5NQ, UK. Published by Anja Publications Ltd. www.philosophynow.org
Barnes-Svarney, Patricia
New York Public Library Science Desk Reference (1995, Ed.). Published by The Stonesong Press Inc. and The New York Public Library, New York, USA.
Bear, Connors and Paradiso
Neuroscience (1996). Published by Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, Maryland, USA. The Amazon link is to a newer version. Mark F. Bear Ph.D. and Barry W Connors Ph.D. are both Professors of Neuroscience at Brown University, Rhode Island, USA, and Michael A. Paradiso Ph.D., associate professor.
Crabtree, Vexen
"The Scientific Method: Ionia, 6th century BCE" (2006). Accessed 2013 Jul 05.
"Faith Schools, Sectarian Education and Segregation: Divisive Religious Behavior" (2010). Accessed 2013 Jul 05.
"Christian Mythology: Adam and Eve, and the Serpent, in the Garden of Eden" (2013). Accessed 2013 Jul 05.
Davies, Paul
The Origin of Life (2003). Originally published as The Fifth Miracle in 1998. Published by the Penguin Group.
Davison & Neale
Abnormal Psychology (1997). Hardback 7th edition. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Amazon link points to a newer edition than the one I've used here.
Dawkins, Prof. Richard
The God Delusion (2006). Hardback. Published by Bantam Press, Transworld Publishers, Uxbridge Road, London, UK.
Dean, Alan
Chaos and Intoxication (1997). Hardback 1st edition. Published by Routledge. Alan Dean is lecturer in the School of Social and Political Sciences at the University of Hull.
Dennett, Daniel C.
"Show Me the Science" in New York Times (1999 Nov 18). In Green (2007) chapter "Playing God".
Feldman & Marks
Panic Nation: Unpicking the Myths We're Told About Food and Health (2005, Eds.). Edited by Stanley Feldman and Vincent Marks. Published by John Blake Publishing Ltd, London, UK.
Green, Ronald M.
Babies by Design: The Ethics of Genetic Choice (2007). Yale University Press.
Gross, Richard
Psychology: The Science of Mind and Behaviour (1996). 3rd edition. Published by Hodder & Stoughton, London UK.
Heywood, Andrew
Political Ideologies (2003). 3rd edition. First edition 1992. Published by Palgrave MacMillan.
National Academy of Sciences and Inst. of Medicine
Science, Evolution and Creationism (2008). Produced by a committee of the NAS and the Institute of Medicine. Full-length 88-page report available on www.nap.edu. Quotes taken from a NAS brochure based on the report.
Sagan, Carl
Cosmos (1995). Originally published 1981 by McDonald & Co. This edition published by Abacus.
Stenger, Prof. Victor J.
God, the Failed Hypothesis: How Science Shows That God Does Not Exist (2007). Published by Prometheus Books. Stenger is a Nobel-prize winning physicist, and a skeptical philosopher whose research is strictly rational and evidence-based.
Turkington, Carol
The Brain Encyclopedia (1996). From 1999 paperback edition published by Checkmark Books, USA.
Whatson, Terry
Exploring the Brain (2004). A neurology textbook published by the Open University, Milton Keynes, UK.
Wilson, E. O.
Consilience: The Unity of Knowledge (1998). Hardback. Published by Little, Brown and Company, London, UK. Professor Wilson is one of the foremost sociobiologists.
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Breads, Muffins, and Desserts
(5 Recipes) Created by KCFLUTES
Recipes in this Collection
Perfect for breakfast or a quick snack.
Carbs: 29.1g | Fat: 1.3g | Fiber: 2.2g | Protein: 3.1g | Calories: 119
Submitted by SHAKE_IT_CALI
Carbs: 28.5g | Fat: 2g | Fiber: 1.5g | Protein: 2.4g | Calories: 135
Deliciously light, moist and chocolatey! What can be better than that? Add in 1/2 C. chocolate chips to the batter and they will only be 140 calories!
Submitted by VTERHART
Carbs: 25.2g | Fat: 0.5g | Fiber: 2.4g | Protein: 2.9g | Calories: 112.9
Very Good 4.0/5
(1 rating)
Cookbook creator says: Substitute applesauce for the margarine.
Submitted by MARYCMCGREGOR
Carbs: 16.4g | Fat: 4.8g | Fiber: 1.1g | Protein: 2g | Calories: 112.2
Just one of these muffins packs nearly 9 grams of protein! Pack one of these sweet, moist and delicious treats in your gym bag for a post-workout snack.
Submitted by STEPFANIER
Carbs: 19.2g | Fat: 7.4g | Fiber: 2.8g | Protein: 8.7g | Calories: 173.1
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The outbreak might have killed one person and sickened four others, the FDA says. One of the cases involved a pregnant woman who suffered a miscarriage. Incidents occurred in Minnesota, Illinois, Indiana and Ohio.
Listeria most often affects pregnant women, older adults, newborns and people with compromised immune systems. The U.S. Center for Disease Control reports 1,651 cases from 2009-2011 with a fatality rate of 21 percent. Of the 12 reported outbreaks, five were linked to soft cheeses.
For its part, Crave Brothers stopped production on the cheese immediately and issued the recall. "We are cooperating with the regulatory agencies' ongoing investigation of the cause of the potential health risks," said George Crave, president, in a statement.
We included the Petit Frère in our May 2013 Food Lover's Guide, which was printed and on newsstands before the cases were diagnosed.


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By Emily AndersonMore in Home Improvement
HVAC filters
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TIP: Here's what to do before calling an HVAC repair service.
1. Check filters and replace them, if necessary.
TIP: Clogged filters can disrupt airflow and lower performance.
2. Check supply and return vents for obstructions.
3. Clear debris around outdoor unit.
4. Make sure thermostat is in proper heating or cooling mode.
5. Replace thermostat batteries.
6. Make sure breakers, switches, and disconnects are in 'ON' position.
7. Leave fan on 'continuous' setting while waiting for repair service.
TIP: This keeps filtered air circulating and makes your home more comfortable.
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American Horror Story Review: They See Dead Peopleby Matt Richenthal at . Comments
American Horror Story introduced a storyline on "Murder House" that was more unbelievable than any ghost tale or basement haunting: no doctor in the history of mankind would ever tell a patient she can't move because she's pregnant.
I know this FX drama had to answer the question of why the Harmons wouldn't just leave, but both the reasons given felt like a stretch. There was this wayward, inappropriate medical advice; and then there was Ben's admission that the family's money is tied up in the home itself.
They can't move unless they sell.. and good luck selling the star attraction on the Hollywood murder tour!
Granted, that's a small complaint for a show that isn't asking viewers to buy into its take on reality. It's just asking us to strap in for a gory, mysterious, suspenseful ride. And that wasn't difficult to do here.
We learned a lot more about the property and those familiar with it, including the history lesson many had been waiting for since Constance warned Moira on the pilot about killing her again. Yes, she apparently already did so. Back when Constance was married (and lived in the house?) and Moira was the pretty young thing Ben currently views her as.
So this makes the modern day version of Moira some kind of apparition, but not a happy one. She doesn't want to be in this world. She's being punished for her sins somehow. She's being forced to remain alive, remain as a maid, and remain in contact with the woman who shot her. And the same is true of Denis O'Hare's Larry, right?
But there's a difference between these two: I'm operating under the assumption that no one can see Larry except for Ben. There's something Sixth Sense-ish going on here. Think about it: Ben only sees Moira as she was before she died, and he sees Larry as a mostly-burned shell of a human being. Have we seen anyone else talk to Larry? Acknowledge him? Give any strange looks when Ben is speaking to this disfigured individual in the park? No.
Larry literally killed his wife and daughter, while Ben is figuratively doing so via lies, affairs and major deceptions. That makes for an interesting, paranormal pairing.
Vivien, meanwhile, interacted this week with the ghost of a woman with whom she shares a similar history of child-bearing problems. No, Viven isn't encouraging Ben to abort fetuses in the basement, and I can't possibly say for certain what is actually going on here, but it's worth noting the connections between the unusual visitors both Ben and his wife have entertained.
Overall, for the second week in a row, American Horror Story put to rest my fears that this show would simply aim to be weird for the sake of being weird. There are explanations being given (the ghosts in the basement are dead babies and children? Creepy.) and major character developments taking place. Ben Harmon is one seriously effed up individual, digging a hole deeper for himself than the one in which he buried his ex-mistress.
She was pregnant, too, of course. Can we now expect that gazebo to be haunted? Unborn children don't like being killed on this show. You might not wanna plan too many picnics out there, Harmons.
Matt Richenthal is the Editor in Chief of TV Fanatic. Follow him on Twitter and on Google+.Tags: American Horror Story, Reviews
I do feel sympathetic for Moira and everything, but the 'Why is Constance punishing her?' comments are a little annoying when both Moira and Constance's husband stated that they've had sex before. :P "Last time was a mistake...I was just lonely!" "Do you want a car?"
I'd like to find out why Moira is being punished. In the flashback she seemed more like a victim of sexual assault. She might appear guilty of seduction in Constance's twisted mind but that would imply that Constance is the one who is punishing her. How? And is she still manipulating Moira's spirit, forcing her to seduce Ben? I think you're right about Larry. If he's a living person that means he dug that hole one-handed. It looks as if someone/something is forcing the Harmon family to relive the same scenario that the house's previous occupants experienced.
I'm not a horror genre fan by any means, though I did love Discovery's "A Haunting", and laughed at "Paranormal Activity". American Horror Story is intriguing and simply so suspenseful and drama-filled I have to continuously push pause on the DVR to re-collect myself. I don't think Tate is a ghost, I think he's a "ghoul" as he seems to enjoy the "taste" of blood. He may or may not be Constance's son, I'm leaning toward yes. My husband thinks the Harmon's are already dead a la The Sixth Sense. I love this show and sad I almost didn't bother with it. A dear friend begged me to watch it so she'd have someone with whom to discuss the show. The writers are over-the-top...and it works well.
Hopefully this show will answer some questions but leave the rest a mystery. I think when Zachary Quinto (love him in anything) guest stars as the former homeowner who is alive (say what?) we may start to see some more crazy. I also agree about the basement, dead children are creepy.
I'm starting to think there's some kind of conspiracy to keep the Harmons in the house and many characters are involved, even the doctor. So instead of seeing the admittedly weak explanation for their staying as a plot hole, it could just be one more layer in this intriguing show. I don't know about you but even though I tuned in for the horror, I'm sticking around because of the humor. Larry is a darkly hilarious character. And that Constance, she's funny... and a good shot. I mean, it's not like the show should change its name to America's Funniest Home Horror Stories, but for me, very few things are more satisfaying that a nice dose of good ol' fashion dark humor.
i just love it.
I think there is too much going on its hard to keep up..we need MORE explanations or its just going to be too confusing. Overall good show a lot different then most of the shows out there.
I love this show its very interesting and creepy!! I look forward to learning more about these characters every week.


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Lissimore's Best of 2009 Slideshow
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With 2010 on our doorstop I figured now was a good time to do my yearly look back at my favorite images. This is always one of my favorite things to do every year, after shooting all season it always brings back so many good memories when I start going back through the archives. This year is extra special as many of these images are in my new book, Canadian Motocross: A Photo Annual. To check it out, hit this preview up here. You can order it from my site, www.lissimorephoto.com.
Sit back and enjoy the slideshow, for best viewing hit the "Fullscreen" button on the bottom right of the slideshow.
Best of 2009 - Images by James Lissimore


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Annelou de Groot MRICS is Managing Director and a member of the board of Dynamis B.V., the number three Real Estate Agent in The Netherlands (both in Commercial and Residential Real Estate). With a Bachelor of Business Administration from the Hotel Management School of Maastricht and a Master of Science in Financial Management from the Nyenrode Business University of Breukelen, she manages the head office of a national full-service real estate adviser with over thirty offices and approximately 350 employees. Her job is an independent and political function with a wide range of skills which include HR, ICT, finance, procurement, marketing and communication and legal and tax issues.
With a Young Talent Award Nomination from Vastgoedmarkt/Yardi (2009), a listing in the top 20 Real Estate Networkers from Vastgoedjournaal (2010) and a Real Estate Woman of the Year honoree (2011), this professional is an inspiration to her colleagues. Her outstanding knowledge in the field has made her a profound guest lecturer at Hogeschool Rotterdam and a Member of the Advisory Board of Vastgoedjournaal, the largest online platform for real estate in The Netherlands. As a member of RICS, WIRE and DWIRE she keeps her knowledge up to date and available for others in her field.