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Corporate guests know that this hotel's accommodations in Louisville, KY offer a winning combination: proximity to major area corporations and terrific business amenities. The location ensures easy travel to Papa Johns Corporate Headquarters, YUM! Brands, Ford Motor Company, and GE, but without the price tag of a downtown hotel. The Business Center provides fax and copy services, and the boardroom is a great resource for those planning meetings in Louisville, KY.
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- 2009 toyota rav4 sport
Lentz: Toyota sales expected to be up 30% in March, incentives working
by Zach Bowman (RSS feed) on Mar 30th, 2010 at 4:28PM
Despite pulling in the reins on production facilities in the U.S. and Europe, Toyota says it's on track to topple its sales figures for this time last year. According to Jim Lentz, President of Toyota Motor Sales, by the time all the numbers come in for March, sales should be up 30-35 percent over 2009, even with the negative impact from the company's recall bombardment. Curiously enough, the biggest motivator behind the upswing is the Rav4. Toyota moved a total of 22,000 of the small SUVs during March, thanks largely to aggressive incentives and an overall market recovery. No matter the... Read More

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The common brown-headed cowbird is the most widespread brood parasite in North America. Polytypic. Length 7.5" (19 cm).
Identification A smallish, compact and stocky blackbird with a short and thick-based bill, almost finchlike. Foraging birds are commonly seen on the ground with the tail cocked. Adult male: the glossy black body, with a greenish iridescence, contrasts with a brown head. The eyes are dark; the bill and legs are black. Adult female: dull brownish throughout, with darker wings and tail. The secondaries show crisp pale fringes. The face has a beady-eyed look due to dark eyes; the lores are pale, as is the area below the eyes. The whitish throat contrasts with the darker face; the underparts are obscurely streaked. The bill is dark, but shows a pale or horn-colored base to the lower mandible; the legs are black. Juvenile: it resembles the female, but is more strongly streaked below, and upperparts are often scaly looking due to pale feather fringes.
Geographic Variation The 3 subspecies, differing mainly in size and darkness of females, are not field identifiable.
Similar Species The male's combination of glossy black body and brown head is diagnostic. The female is extremely similar to the vagrant shiny cowbird female. However, the brown-headed is paler overall, showing a whitish throat and a pale face with a beady-eyed look. The shiny has a more marked dark eye line and paler supercilium, giving it a more striking face pattern. Compared to a shiny, the brown-headed is more compact, with a shorter tail and bill. The brown-headed's dark bill shows a pale or horn base to the lower mandible; on the shiny, the bill is shiny black. On the closed wings the secondaries show obvious pale fringes on the brown-headed. Finally, the brown-headed has a longer and more pointed wing, and the outermost primary (P9) is equal in length or longer than the second outermost primary (P8).
Voice Call: a soft kek. Females give a distinctive dry chatter, while males may give a single modulated whistle, particularly just after taking off. Song: primary song is a series of liquid, purring, gurgles followed by a high whistle, bub ko lum tseeee or glug glug glee. The song of the brown-headed has the highest frequency range of any species in North America. Males also give a flight whistle, which may be considered a secondary song rather than a call. It is a geographically variable series of 2 to 5 whistles, often frequency modulated. The flight whistle is given both in flight and while perched. Note that primary songs appear to be hardwired, while flight whistles are learned; this accounts for why "dialects" are found in the latter but not in the former.
Status and Distribution Common. Breeding: open and edge habitats. Migration: a short-distance diurnal migrant; northbound mostly mid-March–mid-April, southbound late July–October. Winter: open sites, agricultural areas, feeders.
Population The brown-headed cowbird increased its range and population greatly during the early 1800s, when the eastern forests were cleared. Commonly it is said that the brown-headed was restricted to the Great Plains, where the buffalo herds were, and they spread east and west from there. However, there are multiple subspecies, suggesting the range of the species was more widespread and primarily that an expansion in abundance occurred. More recently, brown-headed cowbird numbers have been on a decline.
—From the National Geographic book Complete Birds of North America, 2006
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Birds were falling from the sky and fish were found floating dead en masse in two recent but unrelated Arkansas die-offs, experts say.
Birds A-Z
- Acorn Woodpecker
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- Bronzed Cowbird
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- Brown Thrasher
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- Brown-Headed Cowbird
- Bullock's Oriole
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- Hairy Woodpecker
- Harris's Sparrow
- Hermit Thrush
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- Nuttall's Woodpecker
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- Orange-Crowned Warbler
- Orchard Oriole
- Pileated Woodpecker
- Pine Siskin
- Pine Warbler
- Purple Finch
- Purple Martin
- Red-Bellied Woodpecker
- Red-Breasted Nuthatch
- Red-Breasted Sapsucker
- Red-Eyed Vireo
- Red-Naped Sapsucker
- Red-Shouldered Hawk
- Red-Tailed Hawk
- Red-Winged Blackbird
- Ring-Billed Gull
- Rock Pigeon
- Rose-Breasted Grosbeak
- Ruby-Crowned Kinglet
- Ruby-Throated Hummingbird
- Rufous Hummingbird
- Say's Phoebe
- Scarlet Tanager
- Scissor-Tailed Flycatcher
- Sharp-Shinned Hawk
- Song Sparrow
- Spotted Towhee
- Steller's Jay
- Summer Tanager
- Swainson's Thrush
- Tree Swallow
- Tufted Titmouse
- Turkey Vulture
- Varied Thrush
- Verdin
- Violet-Green Swallow
- Warbling Vireo
- Western Bluebird
- Western Kingbird
- Western Meadowlark
- Western Scrub-Jay
- Western Tanager
- Western Wood-Pewee
- White-Breasted Nuthatch
- White-Crowned Sparrow
- White-Throated Sparrow
- White-Winged Dove
- Wood Thrush
- Yellow-Bellied Sapsucker
- Yellow-Billed Cuckoo
- Yellow-Rumped Warbler
- Yellow-Throated Vireo
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1. Mai-Spaß dabei
This is my second roll with my La Sardina Möbius shooted while the first of may festival in Linden-Hanover. I really like those pictures and I hope you´ll too! :)This photo was shot on film. Taken by tachauch with a Lomography La Sardina - Möbius loaded with Ferrania Solaris 100 film in Hannover, Germany. These tags describe this photo: first, may, 1.mai, you, and, me, hannover, linden, maschsee, water, kebab, sand, schaukel, selfportrait, double, exposure, la, sardina, solaris, möbius, fest, and graffiti. This photo can also be found in the album La Sardina Möbius + Solaris Iso 100.
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The Standard Rectangular Luggage Tag is Leatherology's sophisticated take on the traditional luggage tag. Handcrafted from full grain leather for superior quality, this tag has an attached strap with metal buckle for securing it to any bag or luggage. We include an ID card insert with space for all your personal information, but also include a privacy cover over it so not just anyone can see it. Sophisticated style need not be complicated, and this full sized luggage tag is a prime example of that.
Casual yet distinctive, our Timeless collection is one of our favorites. This leather boasts a polished finish and a soft hand feel, making it a great choice for any leather connoisseur. And with the variety of colors it comes in, it's easy to find a shade that appeals to you or matches with your other accessories. As the name implies, our Timeless collection will hold up through years of use while aging gracefully every step of the way.
Please note: textures in this collection range from light grain to a lightly pebbled grain depending on which part of the hide it's from.
These luggage tags are well made, thoughtfully designed and a beautiful color that allows me to easily identify my luggage from a distance.
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Kirill doing his thing at the Moose Lodge with his band Bike Problems, 7/28/10This photo was shot on film. Taken by megzeazez with a Lomography Diana F+ (available in our Online Shop) loaded with Shanghai GP3 Pan 100 film in Austin, Texas, United States. These tags describe this photo: 100, 120, b&w, diana, pan, gp3, austin, 100iso, and megzeazez. Date: 2010-07-28. Time: Night. This photo can also be found in the album Diana F + B&W.
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Zend Framework: Zend_Log_Writer_Firebug Component Proposal
Proposed Component Name
Developer Notes
Christoph Dorn
Zend Liaison
Matthew Weier O'Phinney
1.0 - 15 June 2008: Initial Draft.
1.1 - 27 June 2008: Revisions based on comments.
1.2 - 16 July 2008: Major revision based on feedback from Wil and Matthew (wiki revision: 37)
Table of Contents
1. Overview
This component is now in the standard incubator with complete documentation and tests.
Why Wildfire
2. References
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Zend_Log_Writer_Firebug is used to inject logging messages into the Firebug Console from PHP. The component is a plugin for the Wildfire project. The goal of the Wildfire project is to develop standardized communication channels and a dynamic and scriptable remote plugin architecture. At this time the primary focus is to provide a system to allow PHP code to inject logging messages into the Firebug Console.
For the purpose of logging to Firebug a communication protocol has been developed that uses HTTP request and response headers to send data between the server and client components. It is great for logging intelligence data generated during script execution to the client browser without interfering with the page content. Debugging AJAX requests that require clean JSON and XML responses is possible with this approach.
Wildfire will provide a standard for allowing server-side code to dynamically extend and enhance client extensions in a streamlined and secure fashion. Users will not need to install custom extensions for specific sites, but rather simply authorize a specific site to load dynamic extensions into the browser. The dynamically loaded extensions will reside in a sandbox with the same security policies as any other web page. In addition, the Wildfire client extension will provide an API to interact with the browser itself. This API is also extensible by plugins which are installed as any other browser extension.
The Wildfire concept has been proven by the FirePHP project. The Wildfire communication protocols and plugin system will be developed over time based on user demand.
3. Component Requirements, Constraints, and Acceptance Criteria
- This component will not be automatically initialized by default
- This component will send logging information to Firebug only if the developer requests it
- This component will not send any logging information in the response headers if the FirePHP extension is not installed on the client
- This component will provide a Zend_Log_Writer implementation
- This component will provide a facility to log Exceptions
- This component will provide a Zend_Controller_Plugin_Abstract implementation to flush debug data on request end but before page content is sent
- This component will not prevent cyclical exception handling should exceptions occur in the component. This must be handled by the developer.
- This component will make use of Zend_Json_Encoder to encode debug data
- This component will allow for mapping of all existing and custom Zend_Log priority levels to Firebug logging styles
- This component will not save any data using Zend_Cache or the filesystem.
4. Dependencies on Other Framework Components
- Zend_Loader
- Zend_Log_Writer_Abstract
- Zend_Controller_Request_Abstract
- Zend_Controller_Response_Abstract
- Zend_Controller_Plugin_Abstract
- Zend_Json_Encoder
5. Theory of Operation
The idea is that the Zend_Log_Writer_Firebug component will provide the first transport to send debug information to a client in a non-destructive way. In this case the Firebug Console (via FirePHP).
Zend_Log_Writer_Firebug as it is implemented now provides a great way to aid in debugging Zend Framework applications on an ad-hock basis. This use-case will be expanded to a more comprehensive debugging framework that hooks into all Zend Framework components.
The future debugging/intelligence/insight system, possibly implemented by an enhanced Log Writer should collect data at all critical points within all components and provide facilities to enable and disable debug information on a component basis. The collected debug information may be persisted to files, logged or otherwise recorded as well as sent to the client via Zend_Log_Writer_Firebug.
A future version of Zend_Wildfire (the Firefox extension as well as the Zend components) will provide a debug toolbar to be displayed in the browser similar to the symfony debug toolbar. To achieve this we must first collect the mentioned debug information on a component basis.
All functionality beyond the current implementation should be part of new proposals that if applicable require certain additions to the Zend_Wildfire components.
6. Milestones / Tasks
- Milestone 1: [DONE] Reference implementation
- Milestone 2: [DONE] Reference implementation refined
- Milestone 3: [DONE] Working prototype checked into the incubator
- Milestone 4: [DONE] Unit tests exist, work, and are checked into SVN.
- Milestone 5: [DONE] Initial documentation exists.
7. Class Index
- Zend_Log_Writer_Firebug
- Zend_Wildfire_Exception
- Zend_Wildfire_Plugin_FirePhp
- Zend_Wildfire_Plugin_Interface
- Zend_Wildfire_Channel_Interface
- Zend_Wildfire_Channel_HttpHeaders
- Zend_Wildfire_Protocol_JsonStream
8. Use Cases
Typical use of the Zend_Log_Writer_Firebug component will be in conjunction with Zend_Controller_Front. In these use-cases initialize the component in your bootstrap file and use the logging calls in your models, views and controllers.
You can also use Zend_Log_Writer_Firebug without Zend_Controller_Front.
9. Class Skeletons
Jun 16, 2008

Zend_Debug::trace() would be a better method name than fire(). See ActionScript, .NET, etc.

http://www.adobe.com/support/flash/action_scripts/actionscript_dictionary/actionscript_dictionary808.html
http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/bb310977.aspx

The Zend_Log_Writer_FirePhp and Zend_Db_Profiler_FirePhp classes have been dispersed in the Zend namespace to place them within their parent packages. If this is not desirable we can rename them to Zend_Debug_FirePhp_Log_Writer and Zend_Debug_FirePhp_Db_Profiler respectively.

I think Zend_Debug_FirePhp_LogWriter and Zend_Debug_FirePhp_DbProfiler would be the best options, to keep everything together. There's only one class for each, so no need to make "Log" or "Db" its own namespace. (See the variety of components that have DbTable classes.)

I'd like to see as part of this proposal a simple plugin mechanism using Zend_Loader_PluginLoader. Something like Zend_Debug::setDebugger('FirePhp'); (along with an add() method) that implements Zend_Debug_Interface.

Jun 16, 2008

Zend_Debug::trace() would work for me. Just need to make sure users are aware that it does not necessarily generate a backtrace but rather only logs what you supply to the method.

Zend_Debug_FirePhp_LogWriter and Zend_Debug_FirePhp_DbProfiler is fine with me.

I like the idea of a plugin system for Zend_Debug. Question is if it should cover both the ::dump() and ::trace() methods? If both, then it may be nice for people to be able to specify which debugger/target to use for each method. This would allow for ::dump() to go to page content while ::trace() goes to FirePhp or if a lot of ::dump() calls are already present in the application one could simply route these to FirePhp without having to rename ::dump() to ::trace().

With add() you mean Zend_Debug::addDebugger() to be able to add multiple targets? If not, I am not quite sure what you mean.

Instead of ::setDebugger('FirePhp') would ::setTarget('FirePhp','trace') be more appropriate?

Jun 24, 2008

I agree that trace() would be a better method name. It does have the connotation of backtrace, which is a familiar idiom with debug tools; documentation could make it clear to developers not to expect a full backtrace.

Additionally, we're typically recommending that components be self-contained, even if they interact with other components, so I'd recommend renaming the log writer and db profiler to fit under the Zend_Debug_FirePhp namespace (which it sounds like you are already planning to do).

Regarding the plugin interface Matthew Ratzloff refers to, this would be at the Zend_Debug level, not in the FirePhp subcomponent – I think he's suggesting the idea of having multiple debug strategies in place in a single request. However, I think your idea of a plugin architecture within FirePhp also makes sense, as it allows users to determine what exactly they wish to profile with FirePHP – as well as to create profilers for their own components that plug in to it.

Jun 25, 2008

The plugin architecture was intended for Zend_Debug. It could be as simple as calling Zend_Debug::addMethod('trace','FirePhp') to add a static "trace()" method to Zend_Debug which directs the data to FirePhp. We could also simply add a ::trace() method to Zend_Debug and always direct it to FirePhp for now.

I think it is important to have a method to direct data to FirePHP in Zend_Debug to make usage easier. Also the FirPhp component is more of a transport and should not be used directly. Zend_Debug is suited better for that. If this is not desirable I guess we could just use Zend_Debug_FirePhp::trace() for now.

Could you let me know about your preference so I can finalize the code.

Jun 26, 2008

Well, adding dynamic static methods is not possible without PHP 5.3 at this time, so it would make most sense to add a single method to Zend_Debug, and attach observers/plugins to Zend_Debug that it would then dispatch to. (Man, I can't wait for __callStatic() and LSB!).

Otherwise, this sounds fine!

Jul 01, 2008

It's great to see Zend_Debug finally moving forward. I never understood why people said that you only need xDebug to debug your applications. It's like saying you only need PHPUnit to test them.

Great stuff Chris <ac:emoticon ac:name="smile" />

Jul 01, 2008

It's interesting that you say this. I have heard that lots of times as well. I think it all depends on your use. If you are working on straight-forward business logic within a framework and have a good understanding of PHP and your data structures interactive debugging is a complete overkill and only slows you down. xDebug is great for complex algorithms, profiling and fining bugs, but during development I hardly ever use it.

The addition to Zend_Debug is a first step. The next will be a developer bar and then tight integration will all parts of Zend Framework. There are lots of exciting things to look forward to.

Jul 24, 2008

Given the development of an entire protocol component as part of this, Zend_Wildfire, I think the Firebug integration should happen separately, as part of Zend_Log_Writer_Firebug. This is where other log writers exist – for example, there is no "Zend_Db_LogWriter" class. It's also where users would look first – I can't think of anyone who would think to check under the Zend_Wildfire namespace for this functionality. A similar situation would be the Zend_Http component (a protocol) and the Zend_Controller_Request_Http class (a class that uses the protocol).

Jul 24, 2008

I can move Zend_Wildfire_FirebugLogWriter to Zend_Log_Writer_Firebug no problem. I like it better too.

~matthew: Should I go ahead and make this change?

Jul 24, 2008

As I understand it, Wildfire is intended to be a protocol that anyone can implement – Firebug (through FirePHP) just happens to be a consumer of this protocol. So wouldn't a more appropriate name be Zend_Log_Writer_Wildfire, or are there some Firebug-specific parts to this?

Jul 24, 2008

It is specific to Firebug as the writer needs to know what Firebug supports and how to communicate with it. Wildfire is just the underlying protocol without any knowledge of the data it is communicating.

Zend_Log_Writer_Firebug is the best name I think.

Jul 25, 2008

This makes sense for now, as the other component-specific log writers are in the Zend_Log tree.

However, we have been moving towards self-contained components lately (see Zend_Dojo, Zend_Layout, and Zend_Tool for examples). We may revisit this for ZF 2.0. Short answer: go ahead with renaming to Zend_Log_Writer_Firebug.

Jul 29, 2008

The writer has been renamed to Zend_Log_Writer_Firebug.

I have also implemented a Zend_Db_Profiler_Firebug component for which I can write tests and documentation should there be interest to include this right away as well.

Aug 05, 2008
<ac:macro ac:name="note"><ac:parameter ac:name="title">Zend Comment</ac:parameter><ac:rich-text-body>

This proposal is accepted as-is for immediate development and inclusion in 1.6.0
</ac:rich-text-body></ac:macro>


text:
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text:
Friday, July 11, 2008
ENnies Nominations By Publisher
PDF Link
And yes, I am making the rounds still, so if you have a question for me here or an a message board, let me know. If I haven't answered right away, there's a chance I missed it, so feel free to email me as well.
13 comments:
Nice work, ZtF. I don't agree with everything, but I'll have to admit this came out better than I'd hoped-somewhat.
Are you running again next (this?) year?
- July 12, 2008 at 1:28 PM
- Zachary The First said...
Yeah, I am, but I'd rather not discuss election stuff right now; I'd rather talk about the products. They'll be time enough for my stumps speeches after a bit. :)
ZtF???? :) :) :)
- July 12, 2008 at 3:39 PM
Ok, I'll throw myself under the bus. How much did being soft cover hurt Ventrue for Production Value? Do you guys have a one publisher rule in categories? Is that why Ventrue got HM instead of going up against Changeling in Production Value or Interior Art? Or even the Rome books going against Scion in cover? Not trying to be a prick. I'm happy that some Vampire books got recognized, just curiouswhat kept them out of competition.
- July 13, 2008 at 11:12 AM
- Zachary The First said...
Hey there!
No, as far as I know, softcover didn't hurt Ventrue at all. It was right up there with the nominees. And if you look at other categories, I know there are ones where Paizo or Green Ronin had two nominees (see Best Supplement and Adventure).
As far as I'm concerned, if a book is made well, softcover or hardcover, that's what matters. We saw awfully-made hardcovers, and gorgeous softcovers.
As far as keeping Ventrue out, well it very nearly was a nominee and not an honorable mention. But the other products in the category all had really superb production values overall, to include layout, art, durability, and overall design, and I guess they garnered just a few more votes. I believe the Top 5 there are all simply the class of the competition (and I think if you get a chance to look at any of them you haven't, you'll likely feel the same), but I think you could jumble that Top 6 and there wouldn't be much complaining.
- July 14, 2008 at 12:13 AM
- simonjrogers said...
Thank you for this list. I hadn't realised we were doing so well.
- July 14, 2008 at 6:17 AM
- simonjrogers said...
Thank you. I hadn't realised we were so far up the rankings.
- July 14, 2008 at 6:18 AM
- simonjrogers said...
Thank you. I hadn't realised we were so far up the rankings.
- July 14, 2008 at 6:19 AM
BTW, Zach, since Crafty Games and Schroedinger's Cat pulled their entries in Best Electronic Book, White Wolf just jumped up in your list with 1 new nomination and 1 new HM, putting them solidly ahead of Wizards of the Coast and Green Ronin.
- July 15, 2008 at 7:39 AM
- Zachary The First said...
Good catch, Denise! White Wolf jumps up!
- July 15, 2008 at 8:18 AM
Thanks Zach, I look forward to seeing some of the other competitors at GenCon. One other question dealing with the Production Value category that I've seen brought up elsewhere. Why are the Campaign Coins in that category when the category description specifically says "book". Shouldn't they have been limited to Aids and Regalia?
- July 16, 2008 at 1:44 AM
- Zachary The First said...
Hey, no problem. Happy to help! :)
As for the Campaign Coins/Production Values questions, there's the following on the ENnies Publisher page:
"The Judges have the right to place entries into categories which they deem the product eligible. If you do not wish to be considered for specific categories, please indicate this upon submission. The placement of entries in the final categories is at the discretion of the judges and Board. Their combined decision is final".
In this case, it was decided Campaign Coins merited inclusion into the category based on their, well, merits. :) It comes down to a matter of discretion, and the easing of the term "book" into the more general "product". In essence, it was a judgment call, and I'm pretty happy with Campaign Coins being in there--they are a fantastic product. But I do think the board and ENnies should look at changing "book" to "product" at the outset next year to avoid any confusion.
- July 16, 2008 at 6:58 PM
No problem, Zach, that's why they pay me the big bucks. Hey, waitaminute- this is a voluntee position! (shakes fist)
BTW, you might also want to check your addition on Mongoose.
- July 16, 2008 at 7:25 PM
- Zachary The First said...
Yeah, I did it at about 2 in the morning after we were done. I'm sure I fudged a few things. Hell, it was close enough at the time. :)
- July 16, 2008 at 9:29 PM


text:
Volume is typically more essential on the upside
Volume ought to for the most part expand toward the business sector pattern and is a significant affirming variable in the finishing of all price patterns. The consummation of each one pattern ought to be joined by a perceptible build in volume, especially at business bottoms. Business tops have a tendency to fall on their own weight once a pattern inversion is underway. At a business bottom, if the volume pattern does not demonstrate a noteworthy expansion taking after the upside breakout, the whole price pattern ought to be addressed.
The second kind of graph pattern is the continuation pattern.
Continuation patterns propose that market is stopping for some time before the predominating pattern will continue. An alternate contrast between inversion and continuation patterns is their time span. Inversion patterns normally take any longer to structure on the outline and speak to significant changes in pattern. Continuation patterns, then again, are normally shorter-term in length of time and are frequently considered transitional term graph patterns. Probably the most widely recognized continuation patterns incorporate; banners, climbing and plummeting triangles, symmetrical triangles, flags, holes, and rectangles and active futures
The marker window demonstrates the Stochastic Oscillator being utilized to recognize overbought ricochets. A move over 80 is acknowledged overbought. Once over 80, chartists can then search for an outline indicator or a move again underneath 80 to sign a downturn (red specked lines). The principal indicator was affirmed with a help break. The second indicator brought about a whipsaw (misfortune) in light of the fact that the stock moved over 20 a couple of weeks after the fact. The third sign was affirmed with a pattern line soften that came about up a somewhat sharp decrease.
Like %price Oscillator
When proceeding onward to overbought and oversold levels, it is worth bringing up that Moving Normal Envelopes are like the Percent Price Oscillator (PPO). Moving Normal Envelopes let us know when a security is exchanging a certain rate over a specific moving normal. PPO shows the rate contrast between a short exponential moving normal and a more extended exponential moving normal. Ppo(1,20) shows the rate contrast between a 1-period EMA and a 20-period EMA. A 1-day EMA is equivalent to the nearby. 20-period Exponential Moving Normal Envelopes reflect the same data.


text:
Second Boston Marathon bombing suspect in custody
Published On: Apr 19 2013 04:02:17 AM EDT
Updated On: Apr 19 2013 09:17:24 PM EDT
Updated On: Apr 19 2013 09:17:24 PM EDT
Police have arrested the second suspect in connection with the bombings at the Boston Marathon.
Click here for live updates.
The views expressed are not those of this site, this station or its affiliated companies. By posting your comments you agree to accept our terms of use.blog comments powered by Disqus


text:
21st Century Learning Lab Webinar: Customized Learning
Monday, October 21, 2013 - 4:00pm to 5:00pm
Monday, October 21, 2013 - 4:00pm to 5:00pm
Representatives from three districts: Danville Community Schools, Plymouth Community Schools and Garrett-Keyser-Butler Schools will share their collaborative work on Customized Learning as part of Imagining and Creating Grant. This consortium is focused on developing a framework for instruction that is student-paced and focused on mastery of content and skill. Click here to register for this webinar.


text:
Priyankar Samanta
Position: Research Assistant
Lab: Van Es 108
Office: Van Es 191
Program: Molecular Pathogenesis PhD
Advisor: Dr. Pruess
Graduate Student Profile
Research Focus:
Biofilm can be defined as single species or multispecies bacterial communities that grow on solid surfaces or solid-liquid interfaces. An extracellular matrix of polymeric substances, an important phenotypic characteristic of the maturation phase, makes biofilm a thousand times more antibiotic resistant than planktonic bacteria. Because of this, biofilm research has increased rapidly over the past 15 years. From past studies, quorum sensing, which is defined as the cell-to-cell communication of bacteria, has already been established as a target mechanism against biofilms. According to a high-throughput experiment in our lab, several two-component signal transduction systems (2CSTS) may also exert significant effects on biofilm formation. In my project, we will propose 2CSTSs for the development of novel prevention and treatment techniques for biofilm-associated infectious diseases by identifying the particular 2CSTSs that are expressed during the early phases of biofilm formation (prevention), as well as the particular regulators that are expressed at the surface of the fully developed three-dimensional structure (treatment). We will focus on the temporal and spatial expression of selected 2CSTSs along with the global regulator FlhD/FlhC. We will study the spatial and temporal expression from those promoters using novel fluorescence microscopy techniques and the fluorescence probes, the spatial as well as the temporal expression from those promoters will be studied.
Department and Community Involvement:
Selected Publications/Notable Achievements:


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text:
They came in threes for South Adams Tuesday night as the Starfires put a decidedly black and gold flavor on the annual Allen County Athletic Conference cross country meet at Adams Central.
South Adams' Hannah Moore won her third individual conference title.
The Starfire girls had three girls finish first team All-ACAC.
South Adams' boys won their third straight ACAC meet title.
It was the third straight year South Adams had the individual boys' champion.
South Adams had the first three finishers in the boys meet, and saw its next three hit the chute in order, giving the Starfires six of the top nine finishers.
To say three's ...
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text:
Civil War Journal: The Commanders DVD
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- Additional Details
- Format: DVD
- Rating: Not Rated
- Number of Discs: 2
- Run Time: 200 Minutes
- Region: Region 1
- Aspect Ratio: Fullscreen
- Language: English
- Studio: A&E Home Video
- DVD Release Date: July 31, 2001
- Genre: Documentary
A probing look at the men who shaped the course of the War Between the States.
- In depth profiles of Lee, Sherman and Stonewall Jackson.
- Hosted by Danny Glover.
- Over three hours of programming
The Civil War ravaged America and transformed the nation, righting a great injustice but opening wounds that have never completely healed. The saga of the War Between the States is captured in CIVIL WAR JOURNAL, which goes beyond the battles to tell the personal stories that shaped the epic conflict. This illuminating DVD set examines the commanders whose decisions changed history, and includes familiar tales told in a refreshing way and overlooked stories of friendships torn apart in the heat of battle. The four episodes (on two DVDs) included are:
- West Point Classmates--Civil War Enemies
- Robert E. Lee
- Stonewall Jackson
- Sherman and the March to the Sea


text:
<ac:macro ac:name="toc"><ac:parameter ac:name="maxLevel">3</ac:parameter></ac:macro>

Zend Framework exceptions use the following pattern:

A top-level Zend_Exception class is defined, extending Exception, and providing forward compatibility with PHP 5.3 exception support (namely, the "additional exception" argument).

Each component defines a component-level exception extending Zend_Exception, named after the component: e.g., Zend_Application_Exception.

Subcomponents may optionally define additional exceptions, extending from their component exception class.

Only one exception per level in the hierarchy is supported.

This approach, while pragmatic, introduces some inflexibility:

No component may be distributed without Zend_Exception; this becomes a hard dependency.

In many cases, it would make sense to utilize and/or extend one of the various SPL exception classes. However, due to the requirement that all exceptions derive from Zend_Exception, this is currently impossible.

Currently, developers must rely on exception messages to understand why and/or where an exception was thrown. This has led to several requests for translatable exceptions and/or development of unique exception codes – all of which lead to increased maintenance costs.

To illustrate, with the current situation, if we want to handle different exceptions from the same component separately, we need to know (a) what type of exception is thrown, and (b) some static part of the exception message:

<ac:macro ac:name="code"><ac:default-parameter>php</ac:default-parameter><ac:plain-text-body><![CDATA[
try {
} catch (Some_Component_Exception $e) {
if (strstr($e->getMessage(), 'unknown'))
elseif (strstr($e->getMessage(), 'not found'))

If we were to allow simply using SPL exceptions when they seem appropriate, suddenly you need multiple catch blocks to catch all possible types of exceptions for a given operation:

<ac:macro ac:name="code"><ac:default-parameter>php</ac:default-parameter><ac:plain-text-body><![CDATA[
try {
} catch (Some_Component_Exception $e) {
// handle exceptions that derive from this class
} catch (InvalidArgumentException $e) {
// handle a particular type of exception

What we've found is that developers typically want one of the following situations:

Catch specific exceptions

Catch all exceptions by component

Catch exceptions by SPL exception type (including the base Exception class)

Our recommendation is to modify how exceptions are defined in Zend Framework 2.

There WILL NOT be a top level Zend\Exception class

Each component WILL define a marker Exception interface; subcomponents may optionally define a similar marker interface extending that interface.

Each component WILL define a generic ComponentException class, extending \Exception and implementing the component level Exception marker interface.

Exceptions extending other SPL exception classes and implementing the marker Exception interface MAY be created.

Exceptions deriving from SPL exception classes SHOULD be named after the SPL exception they extend, but MAY be named uniquely. In most cases, we would recommend using the original SPL exception name to prevent a proliferation of exceptions.

Exceptions not named after SPL exceptions WILL be named meaningfully: InvalidTemplateException, UnbalancedTagException, etc. Exception types can be re-used, but only if the name has a similar meaning in each context in which it is used.

Because the previous requirement may lead to a proliferation of exception classes, exception classes MAY be grouped into an "Exception" subcomponent. The rule of thumb will be that if the number of exception classes exceeds 1/2 the number of regular classes and interfaces, they should be segregated.

Theory of Operation

The theory of operation is best summed up in a use case.

Consider the following directory hierarchy:

<ac:macro ac:name="code"><ac:default-parameter>text</ac:default-parameter><ac:plain-text-body><![CDATA[
|– _autoload.php
|– Exception
|– DomainException.php
|– InvalidArgumentException.php
|– InvalidStateException.php
|– TemplateNotFoundException.php
|– Exception.php
|– Lexer.php
|– Mustache.php
|– MustacheException.php
|– Pragma
|– AbstractPragma.php
|`-- ImplicitIterator.php
|– Pragma.php
`-- Renderer.php

Exception.php contains a single interface, Exception in the current namespace. The class Mustache throws exceptions in several cases:

When given an invalid template path, it throws Exception\InvalidArgumentException.

When it is unable to resolve a template file, it throws Exception\TemplateNotFoundException, which extends \DomainException

While you can catch the individual exception types, it will often be easier to catch more general types. In these cases, you can use one of the SPL exception types (e.g., DomainException, InvalidArgumentException), or the marker interface for the component's exceptions (e.g., Zend\Markup\Exception):

<ac:macro ac:name="code"><ac:default-parameter>php</ac:default-parameter><ac:plain-text-body><![CDATA[
use Zend\Markup;
try {
$output = $markup->render($string);
} catch (Markup\Exception $e) {
// do something...
Sep 02, 2010

Just to make sure I understand this, the proposal will add three points of identity (essentially) to an Exception:

The base \Exception class or SPL Exception class types

A base Exception interface type on a per component basis

A specifically named Exception type for varying contexts

All three points seem to indicate that this will require a proliferation of Exception files which doesn't seem likely (programmers are inherently lazy animals). How many Exception files will we need to cover the framework by the time everyone covers all possible contexts?

What is the thinking behind the proposal? Is there something inherently problematic with a) using specific sub-classes of SPL Exceptions, and/or b) using SPL Exceptions as is? I'm guessing that you're targeting a three-point ID system - allowing users to ID an Exception by base type, component name and context - and that seems to be its main advantage.

The downside is that the benefits come with the obvious costs of requiring Exception proliferation, denying code reuse (context is King), increasing complexity, and memory capacity issues (in brains) over hundreds of Exception types which I suspect will lead to anti-proliferation without enforcement.

I recognise the potential benefits but it just seems to be too complex for my tastes.

Sep 03, 2010

You hit the nail on the head: the point is to be able to catch exceptions by either generic PHP types, by component type, or by specific type.

The problem with simply using SPL exceptions is that you cannot catch based on component exception:

<ac:macro ac:name="code"><ac:default-parameter>php</ac:default-parameter><ac:plain-text-body><![CDATA[
try {
} catch (Component\Exception $e) {
// will not catch for SPL exceptions

If we have a base exception class per component, we then run into the situation that when there are more valid, descriptive SPL exception types, we cannot extend both the SPL exception type AND the component's exception type – multiple inheritance works only in the case of interfaces. This leads to needing constructs like this:

<ac:macro ac:name="code"><ac:default-parameter>php</ac:default-parameter><ac:plain-text-body><![CDATA[
try {
} catch (Component\Exception $e) {
// handle exceptions that derive from this class
} catch (InvalidArgumentException $e) {
// handle a particular type of exception

This is putting the onus on the end-user to know what all the different exception types are – instead of being able to use a single "catch-all" type for a given component.

Yes, it will potentially lead to a proliferation of exception classes. That's part of why I created the proposal – to find out if perhaps we need to refine the proposal. <ac:emoticon ac:name="smile" />

What about if we were to do the following:

Base exception marker interface per-component

Base exception class per component implementing the interface: e.g., MustacheException

If desiring to extend SPL exceptions, create variants in the component: e.g. DomainException extends \DomainException implements Exception

Names could vary IF a good case is made (e.g., multiple DomainException types might clarify intent)

Sep 03, 2010

Last comment was me thinking out loud - I think the proposal could elaborate on the whys and why nots because it's very vague at the moment making it hard to judge the proposal.

That said, I think your later comments clear up the main point of contention I had so I'm all out of arguments <ac:emoticon ac:name="wink" />. Once you can put some slowdown on the need to proliferate Exception types, the benefits are worth it.

Sep 03, 2010

I've updated the proposal to reflect the discussion here in the comments – and glad to hear that my clarifications/revisions so far have made you more comfortable with the proposal!

Sep 04, 2010

This is a huge improvement over ZF1. Branching off of message text is silly and makes catching exceptions awkward.

> Base exception marker interface per-component

> Base exception class per component implementing the interface: e.g., MustacheException

This makes it easy to catch everything under the component, so it helps early prototypes and really helps the lazy. This is a good thing <ac:emoticon ac:name="smile" />

> If desiring to extend SPL exceptions, create variants in the component: e.g. DomainException extends \DomainException implements Exception

This makes getting granular less awkward and it is what other frameworks have found to make sense (because, well, it makes sense).

Sep 03, 2010

I would be against the proposal.

There will be potentially an explosion of exceptions all with a different use case. If some new functionality is added which can throw an exception we are almost bound to also create an exception class for this.

Only one exception per level in the hierarchy is supported is a good thing. The context can be given as the message param. You can always getPrevious() and get the message from the previous Exception if needed.

One benefit I see is you can catch the individual exception types, but do we really want to be that specific in our error handling?

I can see this system is already implemented at \Zend\Loader but in my honest taste it shouldn't, together with my arguments from above, just take a look at that folder and you know what I mean.

Sep 03, 2010

Please see my comment to Paddy's notes, and comment on whether the revisions I suggest would answer your concerns?

The problem I see with continuing to use the exception message as context include:

Exception messages are often unclear about intent

Non-fluent English speakers often have trouble understanding the message

For messages with variable content, it's often difficult to search code for the message, making identifying the source more difficult. (Yes, that's what the trace string is supposed to help you with, but not all developers understand how to read a trace, and instead search for the string.)

The above issues have led to calls for "translatable exceptions", which would add a ton of complexity to the current exception system, for what I feel is very little benefit (this is not intended to slam or slight non-fluent English speakers; however, if you consider that the API documentation, class names, variable names, etc. are all English, translating the exception messages seems fairly pointless). However, if we don't change the way in which we approach exceptions and make them more self-describing, I don't see how we can stand in the way of adding some sort of functionality for categorizing exceptions (exception codes, translations, etc.). And this will be as much or more of a burden as having a larger number of exceptions when it comes to maintenance and planning (as each exception would require a separate code, and we'd need to ensure these are unique across components).

Sep 04, 2010

At the beginning of the proposal everything didn't seem very clear to me, but as the proposal has been refined, made more clear, and the discussion grew which addressed the cons and pros, I now feel more comfortable with the proposal. Thanks for taking the time to optimize the proposal.

Sep 03, 2010

This looks good to me, I can understand peoples worries about exception proliferation. Could we address that by providing more concrete guidelines?

Currently we have:

Exceptions WILL be named meaningfully: InvalidTemplateException, UnbalancedTagException, etc.

This seems a bit open to me, are we going to end up with lots of the same types of exception named differently?

I suppose what I am trying to ask is is there a way we can manage the exception proliferation?

Sep 03, 2010

See my comments to Paddy – I think if we were to have the following structure, we could manage the proliferation:

<ac:macro ac:name="code"><ac:default-parameter>php</ac:default-parameter><ac:plain-text-body><![CDATA[
namespace Zend\Component;
interface Exception {}
class ComponentException extends \Exception implements Exception {}
class DomainException extends \DomainException implements Exception {}

Typically, exceptions would be named after their SPL counterparts with this paradigm, meaning we'd only have a handful per component. If a situation truly demanded a more semantic name for the exception, we'd allow it, but we'd discourage proliferation in that way.

Make sense?

Sep 03, 2010

I think that this is a strong improvement over exceptions in ZF1. My primary complaint with Exceptions in ZF1 is that they do not have meaningful names. Exceptions should express what went wrong, not where it went wrong and I think that this proposal addresses that issue.

Yes, it sounds a bit onerous, but I think it is correct. The use of interfaces is a clever way to communicate the 'where' when throwing SPL exceptions.

Sep 09, 2010

I like the new way of dealing with exceptions. It makes it more clear what was wrong and adds better support to do different actions on different types of exceptions.

My only notation is the following:

The exception interface it located directly within base component namespace and all exception classes are located on an own namespace within the component.

This is fine but why the base exception class per component isn't located within the own namespace? The only different is it extends the base exception class instead of one of the SPL exceptions.

For me it would make it more clear to move this into the own exception namespace, too:

e.g. Mustache\MustacheException -> Mustache\Exception\MustacheException

-> A component can only throw one of the SPL based exception classes or the base exception class on failure - this means - not all components need the base exception class if all failures will throw SPL based exceptions.

Sep 10, 2010

"This is fine but why the base exception class per component isn't located within the own namespace?" – it would be, if exceptions are moved into their own sub-namespace.

"not all components need the base exception class if all failures will throw SPL based exceptions" – Correct. In fact, the trial run Ralph did in Zend\Authentication falls under this category, as all of the exceptions he defined fell under the aegis of one of the SPL exceptions. A base exception class is only necessary for components having exceptions that cannot easily be categorized by one of the SPL exception types.

Sep 15, 2010

Would there be a problem with always putting the exception classes/interface under a sub-namespace? I would personally prefer the consistency knowing it is always done that way.

Sep 11, 2010

The SPL exceptions are:

BadFunctionCallException

BadMethodCallException

DomainException

InvalidArgumentException

LengthException

LogicException

OutOfBoundsException

OutOfRangeException

OverflowException

RangeException

RuntimeException

UnderflowException

(from http://www.php.net/manual/en/spl.exceptions.php)

Being able to use these will be very handy.

Sep 13, 2010

One thing to note: almost all of these exceptions descend from either LogicException or RuntimeException – which gives another level of granularity you can use when catching.

Sep 14, 2010
<ac:macro ac:name="note"><ac:rich-text-body>
Community Review Team Recommendation

The CR-Team recommends accepting this proposal as-is.

Oct 01, 2010

As I am working on the exceptions milestone at the Zend\Text Component I see another point.

I my opinion it would be usefull to add another Interface, a Zend\Exception.

namespace Zend;

interface Exception {}

namepace Zend\SomeComponent;

interface Exception extends \Zend\Exception {}

namespace Zend\SomeComponent\Exception;

class InvalidArgumentException extends \InvalidArgumentException implements \Zend\SomeComponent\Exception {}

This way we can test, whether an Exception has been thrown through Zend Framework.

Oct 01, 2010

We actually specifically chose not to do that.

The reason is that having a base exception class provides little value, and adds an extra dependency to each and every component. This latter makes packaging individual components more difficult – and in ZF2, we plan to package components individually for those that want to cherry-pick what they use.

As to my assertion that adding it provides little value, I ask you this: What value is there to catching any exception thrown by any component of the framework? If you're catching something that broad, you can likely simply catch on Exception instead; otherwise, it's better to know what components you're invoking, and catch based on the component exceptions. Even when mixing and matching components from a variety of libraries, you will likely still want to react to specific types of exceptions, and not at the library-level; in fact, in this latter case, you probably have more insight into what exceptions may be thrown than in any other situation.

Oct 06, 2010

I have a question regarding how to treat exceptions of subcomponents.

F.e. we take a look at Zend\Search\Lucene:

Formally we had exceptions for all the subcomponents of that, f.e. Zend\Search\Lucene\Exception, Zend\Search\Lucene\Document\Exception, and so on.

If we change all exceptions to: Zend\Search\Exception\InvalidArgumentException, Zend\Search\Exception\RuntimeException, and so on, we will lose the extra benefit of knowing whoch subcomponent throwed that exception.

For the example of Zend\Search\Lucene, we probably have one day a Zend\Search\Solr and others, so a marker interface Zend\Search\Exception would be good, and an additional marker interface Zend\Search\Lucene\Exception, with an exception folder in Zend\Search\Lucene and some exceptions in there. Additionally for deeper subcomponents, like Document, Analysis, Search, and so on, it would be a good idea, to add another marker interface, Zend\Search\Lucene\Document\Exception, and so on, with another Exception folder in Zend\Search\Lucene\Document.

We gain our extra value back, but in some cases, we need a autoload many interfaces and classes to throw just a simple exception.

What do you think?

Oct 06, 2010

My comment is not only about subcomponents, but also about subsubcomponents, subsubsubcomponents, and so on. Do we need an extra marker interface for every (sub-)subcomponent with exception folder inside?

Oct 06, 2010

It makes complete sense to create a marker interface for discrete sub-components. In fact, IIRC, Zend\Authentication does exactly that – it has a separate sub-component marker for adapter exceptions. In such cases, the marker interface extends the exception interface from its parent component.

Basically, whenever it makes sense to add an additional level of granularity, do it.

Jan 16, 2011

I write some code using dev versions of ZF2, and this idea with overwriting default SPL exceptions with same names makes big problems in code writing.

Just an example of how it looks like in IDE. Netbeans use autocomplete

In most modern IDE whuch supports php 5.3 we can write a short name and autocomplete it to full, generete use, etc. So having tons of identical short names makes autocomplete and class search much harder (moreover IDE's sometimes can't catch so many variants, ex. Netbeans kill my Compiz/X-server, when press alt+enter on InvalidArgumentException <ac:emoticon ac:name="smile" /> )

Jan 16, 2011

I think you should blame your IDE for this. The thing about namespaces is that you will have classes with the same classname. The thing that tells them apart is the namespace they're in.

What you should do is to autocomplete Zend\Controller\Exception\InvalidArgumentException is (the backslashes are probably redundant too):

Z<tab>\Co<tab>\Ex<tab>\Inv<tab>

ex. Netbeans kill my Compiz/X-server

That is what they invented real IDE's for.

Jan 16, 2011

This is an issue you should raise with the Netbeans developers. One reason for having namespaces in PHP in the first place is to allow for classes of the same name living under different namespaces. This allows "overriding" the functionality of one class within another namespace – another good example is extending SPL data structures such as SplPriorityQueue – you can then do something like the following in your code:

<ac:macro ac:name="code"><ac:plain-text-body><![CDATA[
namespace Foo\Bar;
$queue = new SplPriorityQueue(); // actually Foo\Bar\SplPriorityQueue!
<ac:macro ac:name="code"><ac:plain-text-body><![CDATA[
use Project\Stlib\SplPriorityQueue; // References to SplPriorityQueue within this file now refer
// to this implementation

If the IDE is having issues with autocompletion, then it's likely not doing static analysis on the file in order to determine the namespaces and aliases in play.

Jan 19, 2011

I'm a little bit disagree. Namespaces (packages/etc) in different languages is an ability to avoid name conflicts with external libs, and not use the same short name. Also, i think, that short name should give a maximum information about class.

In your example Spl prefix just sais that it's an SPL 'package' and PriorityQueue gives a full info about this class. So I don't understand what is the reason to name a custom class as NS\SplPriorityQueue, what the difference with SplPriorityQueue? this name give us nothing, like tons of InvalidArgumentExceptions which doesn't modify anything, just implement an interface

ex. our class can be locked to prevent future modification, than name it NS\LockablePriorityQueue. Or it has some persistent operations inside, ok, name it NS\Orm\Collections\PersistentPriorityQueue.

Let's return to IDE's. All modern IDEs support shortname => fullname class completition for languages with namespaces/packages/etc, use/import/etc auto generation and other features (For example Java language and Idea,Netbeans,Eclipse). And when you have too many classes with same short names, this features become useless, it's faster to write a full name by your self, but there is no such problems in other languages with IDEs, because programmers try to have different shortnames for classes by giving full descriptive names.

Jan 16, 2011

This is likely a problem with a specific version of netbeans or a configuration issue. I am using IntelliJ (+IdeaVim) and my other two team members are using Netbeans. Nobody on our team has had a similar problem with either IDE thus far...

BTW, it is not such a hot idea to allow your IDE to tie you down or stop you from using more advanced language features. I suggest that if the IDE is in the way, raise an issue with the IDE vendor (I've done this several times), and until they get it corrected, set the IDE aside or ignore the missing feature. In other words, please do not change the code to support the IDE <ac:emoticon ac:name="smile" />

Jan 19, 2011

The problem that we miss IDE features, using same short names for every exception also i disagree with php namespace understanding, i still think that we must give descriptive short names, not just copy it from an overrided class. I replied one post upper about IDE features that we miss (this feature are standard for package/namespace support). JetBrains IDE's unfortunately don't support such features for PHP yet (just pulled them a request), Netbeans already supported partialy, don't know about current version of PDT.

Jan 19, 2011

Also, is there an example of real advantage of using exception interfaces for built-in or external exceptions?

I opened such discussion in our Russian community few months agom but nobody from this propsal defenders could give a real example. Most of examples had an OOP problems, when trying to catch exceptions, which should be unknown for current code.


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