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Gaius Julius Caesar (IPA: [ˈgajjus ˈjuːlius ˈkaisar];), July 12 or July 13, 100 BC – March 15, 44 BC) was a Roman military and political leader and one of the most influential men in world history. He played a critical role in the transformation of the Roman Republic into the Roman Empire. His conquest of Gaul extended the Roman world all the way to the Atlantic Ocean, and he was also responsible for the first Roman invasion of Britannia in 55 BC. Caesar was widely considered to be one of the foremost military geniuses of his time, as well as a brilliant politician and one of the ancient world's strongest leaders. In 42 BC, two years after his assassination, the Roman Senate officially sanctified him as one of the Roman deities.
Leading his legions across the Rubicon, Caesar sparked a civil war in 49 BC that left him the undisputed master of the Roman world. After assuming control of the government he began extensive reforms of Roman society and government. He was proclaimed dictator for life, and he heavily centralized the bureaucracy of the Republic. Ironically, this forced the hand of a friend of Caesar, Marcus Junius Brutus, who then conspired with others to murder the great dictator and restore the Republic. This dramatic assassination occurred on the Ides of March (March 15th) in 44 BC and led to another Roman civil war.
Caesar's military campaigns are known in detail from his own written Commentaries (Commentarii), and many details of his life are recorded by later historians such as Appian, Suetonius, Plutarch, Cassius Dio, and Strabo. Other information can be gleaned from other contemporary sources, such as the letters and speeches of Caesar's political rival Cicero, the poetry of Catullus, and the writings of the historian Sallust.
Early life
19th century Italian marble bust of the young Julius Caesar.
Caesar was born into a patrician family, the gens Julia, which claimed descent from Iulus, son of the Trojan prince Aeneas, himself the son of the goddess Venus.[2] Legend has it that Caesar was born by Caesarean section and is its namesake,[3] though this seems unlikely because at the time the procedure was only performed on dead women, while Caesar's mother lived long after he was born. This legend is more likely a late invention, as the origin of the Caesarian section is in the Latin word for 'cut', caedo, -ere, caesus sum.
Although of impeccable aristocratic patrician stock, the Julii Caesares were not rich by the standards of the Roman nobility. No member of his family had achieved any outstanding prominence in recent times, though in Caesar's father's generation there was a renaissance of their fortunes. His father, also called Gaius Julius Caesar, reached the rank of praetor, perhaps because of the influence of Gaius Marius, the war hero and prominent politician who had married his sister Julia.[4] His mother, Aurelia Cottae, came from an influential family which had produced several consuls. They lived in a modest house in the Subura, a lower class neighhbourhood of Rome,[5] where Marcus Antonius Gnipho, an orator and grammarian who originally came from Gaul, was employed as Caesar's tutor.[6] Caesar had two sisters, both called Julia. Little else is recorded of Caesar's childhood. Suetonius and Plutarch's biographies of him both begin abruptly in Caesar's teens: the opening paragraphs of both appear to be lost.[7]
Caesar spent his formative years in a period of turmoil. The Social War was fought from 91 to 88 BC between Rome and her Italian allies over the issue of Roman citizenship, while Mithridates of Pontus threatened Rome's eastern provinces. Domestically, Roman politics was divided between two factions, the optimates, who favoured aristocratic rule, and the populares, who preferred to appeal directly to the electorate. Caesar's uncle Marius was a popularis; his protegé and rival Lucius Cornelius Sulla was an optimas. Both distinguished themselves in the Social War, and both wanted command of the war against Mithridates, which was initially given to Sulla; but when Sulla left the city to take command of his army, a tribune passed a law transferring the appointment to Marius. A messenger sent to Sulla to tell him of the decision didn't leave his camp alive, and Sulla marched on Rome. Marius was forced into exile, but when Sulla left on campaign he returned, and he and his ally Lucius Cornelius Cinna seized the city and declared Sulla a public enemy. Marius's troops took violent revenge on Sulla's supporters. Marius died early in 86 BC, but his faction remained in power.
In 84 BC Caesar's father died suddenly while putting on his shoes one morning,[8] and at sixteen, Caesar was the head of the family. The following year he was nominated for the position of Flamen Dialis (high priest of Jupiter - Lucius Cornelius Merula, the previous holder of the position, had died in Marius's purges),[9] and since the holder of that position not only had to be a patrician but also be married to a patrician, he broke off his engagement to Cossutia, a girl of wealthy equestrian family he had been betrothed to since boyhood, and married Cinna's daughter Cornelia.[10]
Then, having brought Mithridates to terms, Sulla returned to finish the civil war against the Marian party. After a campaign throughout Italy he finally crushed the Marians at the Battle of the Colline Gate in November 82 BC. As both consuls were dead, he suggested to the Senate that they appoint an Interrex, and that the Interrex should revive the office of dictator. He hinted that he would be willing to serve in the position. The Senate readily complied and this was followed by a popular vote in the assembly of the people ratifying his appointment. Sulla began a series of bloody proscriptions against his political enemies. Statues of Marius were removed from view. Cinna was already dead, killed by his own soldiers in a mutiny. Caesar, as the nephew of Marius and son-in-law of Cinna, was stripped of his inheritance, his wife's dowry and his priesthood, but refused to divorce Cornelia and was forced to go into hiding. The threat against him was lifted by the intervention of his mother's family, the Cottae (supporters of Sulla) and the Vestal Virgins. Sulla gave in reluctantly, and is said to have declared that he saw many Mariuses in Caesar.[11]
Early career
Caesar did not return to Rome, but instead joined the army, serving under Marcus Minucius Thermus in Asia. Ironically, it had been the loss of his priesthood that allowed him to pursue a military career: the Flamen Dialis was not permitted to ride or even touch a horse, sleep three nights outside his own bed or one night outside Rome, or look upon an army.[12] On a mission to Bithynia to secure the assistance of King Nicomedes's fleet, he spent so long at his court that rumours of an affair with the king arose, which would persist for the rest of his life. Nonetheless, he served with distinction, winning the Civic Crown for his part in the siege of Mytilene. This award was the second highest Roman military honour, awarded for saving the life of another soldier, and when worn in public, even in the presence of the Roman Senate, all were forced to stand and applaud his presence.[13] He also served briefly under Servilius Isauricus in Cilicia.[14]
After two years of unchallenged power, Sulla acted as no other dictator has since. He disbanded his legions, re-established consular government (in accordance to his own rules, he stood for and was elected consul in 80 BC), and resigned the dictatorship. He dismissed his lictors and walked unguarded in the forum, offering to give account of his actions to any citizen.[15] This lesson in supreme confidence, Caesar later ridiculed - "Sulla did not know his political ABC's".[16] In retrospect, of the two, Sulla was to have the last laugh, as it was he, "lucky" to the end,[17] who died in his own bed. After his second Consulship, he retreated to his coastal villa to write his memoirs and indulge in the pleasures of private life. He died two years later of liver failure brought on by a life of hard living. His funeral was stupendous, unmatched until that of Augustus in 14 AD.[18]
In 78 BC, on hearing of Sulla's death, Caesar felt it would now be safe for him to return to Rome. His return coincided with an attempted anti-Sullan coup by Marcus Aemilius Lepidus, but Caesar, lacking confidence in Lepidus's leadership, did not participate.[19] Instead he turned to advocacy, bringing a failed prosecution against Cornelius Dolabella. He became known for his exceptional oratory, accompanied by impassioned gestures and a high-pitched voice, and ruthless prosecution of former governors notorious for extortion and corruption. The great orator Cicero even commented, "Does anyone have the ability to speak better than Caesar?"[citation needed] Aiming at rhetorical perfection, Caesar travelled to Rhodes in 75 BC for philosophical and oratorical studies with the famous teacher Apollonius Molon, who was earlier the instructor of Cicero himself.[20]
Kidnapping by pirates
On the way across the Aegean Sea, Caesar was kidnapped by Cilician pirates, above whom he managed to maintain superiority even during his captivity. According to Plutarch's retelling of this incident, when the pirates told Caesar they would ransom him for 20 talents of gold, Caesar laughed and told them he was worth at least 50 (12,000 gold pieces). This event is explained to be an act to decrease the danger of being killed, still many historians have interpreted it as a humorous incident that anticipates his self-confidence also shown in his future acts as a consul. Caesar also increased the protection by joining with the crews and acting like one of them, and even expressed his reckless character by scolding a few when they showed a small sign of ignoring him. After the ransom was paid, Caesar gathered a fleet, and captured the pirates. When the governor of Asia Minor province did not mete out justice to his satisfaction, Plutarch reports, "Caesar left him to his own devices, went to Pergamum, took the robbers out of prison, and crucified them all, just as he had often warned them on the island that he would do, when they thought he was joking."
Kidnapping by pirates
On the way across the Aegean Sea, Caesar was kidnapped by Cilician pirates, above whom he managed to maintain superiority even during his captivity. According to Plutarch's retelling of this incident, when the pirates told Caesar they would ransom him for 20 talents of gold, Caesar laughed and told them he was worth at least 50 (12,000 gold pieces). This event is explained to be an act to decrease the danger of being killed, still many historians have interpreted it as a humorous incident that anticipates his self-confidence also shown in his future acts as a consul. Caesar also increased the protection by joining with the crews and acting like one of them, and even expressed his reckless character by scolding a few when they showed a small sign of ignoring him. After the ransom was paid, Caesar gathered a fleet, and captured the pirates. When the governor of Asia Minor province did not mete out justice to his satisfaction, Plutarch reports, "Caesar left him to his own devices, went to Pergamum, took the robbers out of prison, and crucified them all, just as he had often warned them on the island that he would do, when they thought he was joking."
Pontifex Maximus and Governorship in Hispania
In 63 BC, Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius, who had been appointed to the post of Pontifex Maximus by Sulla, died. In a bold move, Caesar put his name up for election to the post. He ran against two of the most powerful members of the boni, the consulares Quintus Lutatius Catulus and Publius Servilius Vatia Isauricus. There were accusations of bribery by all sides in the contest but Caesar emerged as the victor. The election to the post of Pontifex Maximus was very important to Caesar's career. The post held vast political and religious authority and firmly placed Caesar in the public eye for the remainder of his career.
Caesar was elected to the post of praetor in 62 BC. After his praetorship, Caesar was allotted Hispania Ulterior (Outer Iberia) as his province. Caesar's governorship was a military and civil success and he was able to expand Roman rule. As a result, he was hailed as imperator by his soldiers, and gained support in the Senate to grant him a triumph. However, upon his return to Rome, Marcus Porcius Cato blocked Caesar's request to stand for the consulship of 60 (or 59) in absentia. Faced with the choice between a triumph and consulship, Caesar chose the consulship.
First Consulship and First Triumvirate
In 60 BC (or 59 BC), the Centuriate Assembly elected Caesar senior Consul of the Roman Republic. His junior partner was his political enemy Marcus Calpurnius Bibulus, an Optimate and son-in-law of Cato the Younger. Bibulus' first act as Consul was to retire from all political activity in order to search the skies for omens. This apparently pious decision was designed to make Caesar's life difficult during his Consulship. Roman satirists ever after referred to the year as "the consulship of Julius and Caesar", as Romans expressed the time period by the names of the two consuls that were elected.
Caesar needed allies and he found them where none of his enemies expected. The leading general of the day, Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus (Pompey the Great), was unsuccessfully fighting the Senate for farmlands for his veterans. A former Consul, Marcus Licinius Crassus, allegedly the richest man in Rome, was also having problems in obtaining relief for his publicani clients, the tax-farmers who were in charge of collecting Roman tributes. Caesar desperately needed Crassus's money and Pompey's influence, and an informal alliance soon followed: The First Triumvirate (rule by three men). To confirm the alliance, Pompey married Julia, Caesar's only daughter. Despite their differences in age and upbringing, this political marriage proved to be a love match.
Gallic wars
Main article: Gallic Wars
Caesar was then appointed to a five year term as Proconsular Governor of Transalpine Gaul (current southern France) and Illyria (the coast of Dalmatia). Not content with an idle governorship, Caesar started the Gallic Wars (58 BC–49 BC) in which he conquered all of Gaul (the rest of current France, with most of Switzerland and Belgium and parts of Germany, effectively western mainlaind Europe from the Atlantic to the Rhine) and annexed them to Rome. Among his legates were his cousins Lucius Julius Caesar and Mark Antony, Titus Labienus and Quintus Tullius Cicero, the younger brother of Caesar's future political opponent, Marcus Tullius Cicero.
Caesar defeated the Helvetii (in Switzerland) in 58 BC, the Belgic confederacy and the Nervii in 57 BC and the Veneti in 56 BC. On August 26 55 and 54 BC he made two expeditions to Britain and, in 52 BC he defeated a union of Gauls led by Vercingetorix at the battle of Alesia. He recorded his own accounts of these campaigns in Commentarii de Bello Gallico ("Commentaries on the Gallic War").
According to Plutarch and the writings of scholar Brendan Woods, the whole campaign resulted in 800 conquered cities, 300 subdued tribes, one million men sold to slavery and another three million dead in battle fields. Ancient historians notoriously exaggerated numbers of this kind, but Caesar's conquest of Gaul was certainly the greatest military invasion since the campaigns of Alexander the Great. The victory was also far more lasting than those of Alexander's: Gaul never regained its Celtic identity, never attempted another nationalist rebellion, and remained loyal to Rome until the fall of the Western Empire in 476.
Fall of the First Triumvirate
Despite his successes and the benefits to Rome, Caesar remained unpopular among his peers, especially the conservative faction, who suspected him of wanting to be king. In 55 BC, his partners Pompey and Crassus were elected consuls and honored their agreement with Caesar by prolonging his proconsulship for another five years. This was the last act of the First Triumvirate.
In 54 BC, Caesar's daughter Julia died in childbirth, leaving both Pompey and Caesar heartbroken. Crassus was killed in 53 BC during his campaign in Parthia. Without Crassus or Julia, Pompey drifted towards the Optimates. Still in Gaul, Caesar tried to secure Pompey's support by offering him one of his nieces in marriage, but Pompey refused. Instead, Pompey married Cornelia Metella, the daughter of Metellus Scipio, one of Caesar's greatest enemies.
The civil war
Main article: Caesar's civil war
An engraving depicting Gaius Julius Caesar.
In 50 BC, the Senate, led by Pompey, ordered Caesar to return to Rome and disband his army because his term as Proconsul had finished. Moreover, the Senate forbade Caesar to stand for a second consulship in absentia. Caesar thought he would be prosecuted and politically marginalized if he entered Rome without the immunity enjoyed by a Consul or without the power of his army. Pompey accused Caesar of insubordination and treason. On January 10, 49 BC Caesar crossed the Rubicon (the frontier boundary of Italy) with only one legion and ignited civil war. Upon crossing the Rubicon, Caesar is reported to have said "Iacta alea est." This is normally rendered as "The die is cast".
The Optimates, including Metellus Scipio and Cato the Younger, fled to the south, not knowing that Caesar had only his Thirteenth Legion with him. Caesar pursued Pompey to Brindisium, hoping to restore their alliance of ten years prior. Pompey managed to elude him, however. So instead of giving chase Caesar decided to head for Hispania saying " I set forth to fight an army without a leader, so as later to fight a leader without an army." Leaving Marcus Aemilius Lepidus as prefect of Rome, and the rest of Italy under Mark Antony, Caesar made an astonishing 27-day route-march to Hispania where he defeated Pompey's lieutenants. He then returned east, to challenge Pompey in Greece where on July 10, 48 BC at Dyrrhachium Caesar barely avoided a catastrophic defeat. He decisively defeated Pompey, despite Pompey's numerical advantage (nearly twice the number of infantry and considerably more cavalry), at Pharsalus in an exceedingly short engagement in 48 BC.
In Rome, Caesar was appointed dictator, with Mark Antony as his Master of the Horse; Caesar resigned this dictatorate after eleven days and was elected to a second term as consul with Publius Servilius Vatia Isauricus as his colleague. He pursued Pompey to Alexandria, where Pompey was murdered by an officer of King Ptolemy XIII. Caesar then became involved with the Alexandrine civil war between Ptolemy and his sister, wife, and co-regnant queen, the Pharaoh Cleopatra VII. Perhaps as a result of Ptolemy's role in Pompey's murder, Caesar sided with Cleopatra; he is reported to have wept at the sight of Pompey's head, which was offered to him by Ptolemy's chamberlain Pothinus as a gift. In any event, Caesar defeated the Ptolemaic forces and installed Cleopatra as ruler, with whom he fathered his only known biological son, Ptolemy XV Caesar, better known as "Caesarion". Cleopatra moved into an elaborate estate in Rome.
Caesar and Cleopatra never married. In fact they could not marry. As Roman law stood, the institution of marriage was only recognized between two Roman Citizens and as Cleopatra was Queen of Egypt, she was not a Roman citizen. In Roman eyes this did not even constitute adultery. Adultery could only occur between two Roman citizens. Caesar is believed to have committed this crime numerous times during his last marriage which lasted 14 years but produced no children.
After spending the first months of 47 BC in Egypt, Caesar went to the Middle East, where he annihilated King Pharnaces II of Pontus in the battle of Zela; his victory was so swift and complete that he commemorated it with the words Veni, vidi, vici ("I came, I saw, I conquered"). Thence, he proceeded to Africa to deal with the remnants of Pompey's senatorial supporters. He quickly gained a significant victory at Thapsus in 46 BC over the forces of Metellus Scipio (who died in the battle) and Cato the Younger (who committed suicide). Nevertheless, Pompey's sons Gnaeus Pompeius and Sextus Pompeius, together with Titus Labienus, Caesar's former propraetorian legate (legatus propraetore) and second in command in the Gallic War, escaped to Hispania. Caesar gave chase and defeated the last remnants of opposition in the Munda in March 45 BC. During this time, Caesar was elected to his third and fourth terms as consul in 46 BC (with Marcus Aemilius Lepidus) and 45 BC (without colleague).
Aftermath of the civil war
Caesar returned to Italy in September 45 BC. Among his first tasks he filed his will, naming his grand-nephew Gaius Octavius (Octavian) as the heir to everything, including his title. Caesar also wrote that if Octavian died before Caesar did, Marcus Junius Brutus would inherit everything. That also applied to a situation where, if Octavian died after inheriting everything, Brutus would inherit it from Octavian. The Senate had already begun bestowing honours on Caesar in absentia. Even though Caesar had not proscribed his enemies, instead pardoning nearly every one of them, there seemed to be little open resistance to him.
Great games and celebrations were held on April 21 to honour Caesar's great victory. Along with the games, Caesar was honoured with the right to wear triumphal clothing, including a purple robe (reminiscent of the kings of Rome) and laurel crown, on all public occasions. A large estate was being built at Rome's expense, and on state property, for Caesar's exclusive use. The title of Dictator became a legal title that he could use in his name for the rest of his life. An ivory statue in his likeness was to be carried at all public religious processions. Images of Caesar show his hair combed forward in an attempt to conceal his baldness.
Caesar was the first living man to appear on a Roman Republican coin.
Another statue of Caesar was placed in the temple of Quirinus with the inscription "To the Invincible God". Since Quirinus was the deified likeness of the city and its founder and first king, Romulus, this act identified Caesar not only on equal terms with the gods, but with the ancient kings as well. A third statue was erected on the capitol alongside those of the seven Roman Kings and with that of Lucius Junius Brutus, the man who led the revolt to expel the Kings originally. In yet more scandalous behaviour, Caesar had coins minted bearing his likeness. This was the first time in Roman history that a living Roman was featured on a coin.
When Caesar returned to Rome in October of 45 BC, he gave up his fourth Consulship (which he held without colleague) and placed Quintus Fabius Maximus and Gaius Trebonius as suffect consuls in his stead. This irritated the Senate because he completely disregarded the Republican system of election, and performed these actions at his own whim. He celebrated a fifth triumph, this time to honour his victory in Hispania. The Senate continued to encourage more honours. A temple to Libertas was to be built in his honour, and he was granted the title Liberator. They elected him Consul for life, and allowed to hold any office he wanted, including those generally reserved for plebeians. Rome also seemed willing to grant Caesar the unprecedented right to be the only Roman to own imperium. In this, Caesar alone would be immune from legal prosecution and would technically have the supreme command of the legions.
More honours continued, including the right to appoint half of all magistrates, which were supposed to be elected positions. He also appointed magistrates to all provincial duties, a process previously done by draw of lots or through the approval of the Senate. The month of his birth, Quintilis, was renamed Julius (hence the English July) in his honour and his birthday, July 12, was recognized as a national holiday. Even a tribe of the people's assembly was to be named for him. A temple and priesthood, the Flamen maior, was established and dedicated in honour of his family.
Caesar, however, did have a reform agenda and took on various social ills. He passed a law that prohibited citizens between the ages of 20 and 40 from leaving Italy for more than three years unless on military assignment. This theoretically would help preserve the continued operation of local farms and businesses and prevent corruption abroad. If a member of the social elite did harm or killed a member of the lower class, then all the wealth of the perpetrator was to be confiscated. Caesar demonstrated that he still had the best interest of the state at heart, even if he believed that he was the only person capable of running it. A general cancellation of one-fourth of all debt also greatly relieved the public and helped to endear him even further to the common population.
Caesar tightly regulated the purchase of state-subsidized grain, and forbade those who could afford privately supplied grain from purchasing from the grain dole. He made plans for the distribution of land to his veterans and for the establishment of veteran colonies throughout the Roman world. One of his most long lasting and influential reforms was the complete overhaul of the Roman calendar. Caesar had been elected Pontifex Maximus in 63 BC. One of the roles of Pontifex Maximus was the setting of the calendar. In 46 BC, Caesar established a 365-day year with a leap year every fourth year (this Julian Calendar was subsequently modified by Pope Gregory XIII in 1582 into the modern calendar). As a result of this reform, the year 46 BC was 445 days long to bring the calendar into line.
Additionally great public works were undertaken. Rome was a city of great urban sprawl and unimpressive brick architecture and Rome desperately needed a renewal. A new Rostra of marble, along with court houses and marketplaces were built. A public library under the great scholar Marcus Terentius Varro was also under construction. The Senate house, the Curia Hostilia, which had been recently repaired, was abandoned for a new marble project to be called the Curia Julia. The Forum of Caesar, with its Temple of Venus Genetrix, was built. The city Pomerium (sacred boundary) was extended allowing for additional growth.
All of the pomp, circumstance, and public taxpayers' money being spent incensed certain members of the Roman Senate. One of these was Caesar's closest friend, Marcus Junius Brutus.
The assassination plot
Plutarch records that at one point, Caesar informed the Senate that his honours were more in need of reduction than augmentation, but withdrew this position so as not to appear ungrateful. He was given the title Pater Patriae ("Father of the Fatherland"). He was appointed dictator a third time, and then nominated for nine consecutive one-year terms as dictator, effectually making him dictator for ten years. He was also given censorial authority as prefect of morals (praefectus morum) for three years.
At the onset of 44 BC, the honours heaped upon Caesar continued and the rift between him and the aristocrats deepened. He had been named Dictator Perpetuus, making him dictator for the remainder of his life. This title even began to show up on coinage bearing Caesar's likeness, placing him above all others in Rome. Some among the population even began to refer to him as 'Rex' (king), but Caesar refused to accept the title, claiming, "Rem Publicam sum!"(I am the Republic!) At Caesar's new temple of Venus, a senatorial delegation went to consult with him and Caesar refused to stand to honour them upon their arrival. Though the event is clouded by several different versions of the story, it's quite clear that the Senators present were deeply insulted. He attempted to rectify the situation later by exposing his neck to his friends and saying he was ready to offer it to anyone who would deliver a stroke of the sword. This seemed to at least cool the situation, but the damage was done. The seeds of conspiracy were beginning to grow.
Brutus began to conspire against Caesar with his friend and brother-in-law Cassius and other men, calling themselves the Liberatores ("Liberators"). Two days before the assassination of Caesar, Cassius met with the conspirators and told them that, if anyone found out about the plan, they were going to turn their knives on themselves.
On the Ides of March (March 15; see Roman calendar) of 44 BC, a group of senators called Caesar to the forum for the purpose of reading a petition, written by the senators, asking him to hand power back to the Senate. However, the petition was a fake. Mark Antony, having vaguely learned of the plot the night before from a terrified Liberatore named Servilius Casca, and fearing the worst, went to head Caesar off at the steps of the forum. However, the group of senators intercepted Caesar just as he was passing the Theatre of Pompey, and directed him to a room adjoining the east portico.
As Caesar began to read the false petition, the aforementioned Casca pulled down Caesar's tunic and made a glancing thrust at the dictator's neck. Caesar turned around quickly and caught Casca by the arm, crying in Latin "Villain Casca, what do you do?" Casca, frightened, called to his fellow senators in Greek: "Help, brothers!" ("αδελφοι βοήθει!" in Greek, "adelphoi boethei!"). Within moments, the entire group, including Brutus, was striking out at the great dictator. In a panic, Caesar attempted to get away, but, blinded by blood, he tripped and fell; the men eventually murdering him as he lay, defenseless, on the lower steps of the portico. According to Eutropius, around sixty or more men participated in the assassination.
The dictator's last words are, unfortunately, not known with certainty, and are a contested subject among scholars and historians alike. In Shakespeare's Julius Caesar, Caesar's last words are given as "Et tu, Brute" ("And [even] you, Brutus?"). His actual last words are most widely believed to be "Tu quoque, Brute, fili mi" ("You also, brutus, my son?"), or "Tu quoque, mi fili?" ("you also, my son?"). It is possible, however, that these phrases are translations or adaptations of his last words, which he spoke in Greek, into Latin; Suetonius stated (Jul. 82.2) that Caesar said, in Greek, "καί σύ τέκνον;" (transliterated as "kai su, teknon", or "you too my child?").
Regardless of what Caesar said, shortly after the assassination the senators left the building talking excitedly amongst themselves, and Brutus cried out to his beloved city: "People of Rome, we are once again free!". However, this was not the end. The assassination of Caesar sparked a civil war in which Mark Antony, Octavian (later Augustus Caesar), and others fought the Roman Senate for both revenge and power.
Aftermath of assassination
Deification of Julius Caesar.
Caesar's death also marked, ironically, the end of the Roman Republic, for which the assassins had struck him down. The Roman middle and lower classes, with whom Caesar was immensely popular, and had been since Gaul and before, were enraged that a small group of high-browed aristocrats had killed their champion. Antony did not give the speech Shakespeare penned for him ("Friends, Romans, countrymen, lend me your ears...") but he did give a dramatic eulogy which appealed to the common people, a perfect example of what public thinking was following Caesar's murder. Antony, who had been as of late drifting from Caesar, capitalized on the grief of the Roman mob and threatened to unleash them on the Optimates, perhaps with the intent of taking control of Rome himself. But Caesar named his grand nephew Gaius Octavian sole heir of his vast fortune, giving Octavius both the immensely powerful Caesar name and control of one of the largest amounts of money in the Republic. In addition, Gaius Octavius was also, for all intents and purposes, the son of the great Caesar, and consequently the loyalty of the Roman populace shifted from dead Caesar to living Octavius. Octavius, only aged 19 at the time of Caesar's death, proved to be dangerous, and while Antony dealt with Decimus Brutus in the first round of the new civil wars, Octavius consolidated his position.
In order to combat Brutus and Cassius, who were massing an army in Greece, Antony needed both the cash from Caesar's war chests and the legitimacy that Caesar's name would provide any action he took against the two. A new Triumvirate was found—the Second and final one—with Octavian, Antony, and Caesar's loyal cavalry commander Lepidus as the third member. This Second Triumvirate deified Caesar as Divus Iulius and—seeing that Caesar's clemency had resulted in his murder—brought back the horror of proscription, abandoned since Sulla, and proscribed its enemies in large numbers in order to seize even more funds for the second civil war against Brutus and Cassius, whom Antony and Octavian defeated at Philippi. A third civil war then broke out between Octavian on one hand and Antony and Cleopatra on the other. This final civil war, culminating in Antony and Cleopatra's defeat at Actium, resulted in the ascendancy of Octavian, who became the first Roman emperor, under the name Caesar Augustus. In 42 BC, Caesar was formally deified as "the Divine Julius" (Divus Iulius), and Caesar Augustus henceforth became Divi filius ("Son of a God").
Caesar's literary works
Caesar was considered during his lifetime to be one of the finest orators and authors of prose in Rome—even Cicero spoke highly of Caesar's rhetoric and style. Among his most famous works were his funeral oration for his paternal aunt Julia and his Anticato, a document written to blacken Cato's reputation and respond to Cicero's Cato memorial. Unfortunately, the majority of his works and speeches have been lost to history.
The Commentarii de Bello Gallico (Commentaries on the Gallic War), campaigns in Gallia and Britannia during his term as proconsul; and
The Commentarii de Bello Civili (Commentaries on the Civil War), events of the Civil War until immediately after Pompey's death in Egypt.
Other works historically attributed to Caesar, but whose authorship is doubted, are:
De Bello Alexandrino (On the Alexandrine War), campaign in Alexandria;
De Bello Africo (On the African War), campaigns in North Africa; and
De Bello Hispaniensis (On the Hispanic War), campaigns in the Iberian peninsula.
These narratives, apparently simple and direct in style—to the point that Caesar's Commentarii are commonly studied by first and second year Latin students—are in fact highly sophisticated advertisements for his political agenda, most particularly for the middle-brow readership of minor aristocrats in Rome, Italy, and the provinces.
Very little of Caesar's poetry survives to this day. One of the poems he is known to have written is The Journey.
Military career
Main article: Military career of Julius Caesar
Historians place the generalship of Caesar on the level of such geniuses as Alexander the Great, Hannibal, Genghis Khan, and Napoleon Bonaparte. Although he suffered occasional tactical defeats such as Battle of Gergovia during the Gallic War and The Battle of Dyrrhachium during the Civil War, Caesar's tactical brilliance was highlighted by such feats as his circumvallation of Alesia during the Gallic War, the rout of Pompey's numerically superior forces at Pharsalus during the Civil War, and the complete destruction of Pharnaces' army at Battle of Zela.
Caesar's successful campaigning in any terrain and under all weather conditions owes much to the strict but fair discipline of his legionaries, whose admiration and devotion to him was proverbial due to his promotion of those of skill over those of nobility. Caesar's infantry and cavalry was first rate, and he made heavy use of formidable Roman artillery; additional factors which made him so effective in the field were his army's superlative engineering abilities and the legendary speed with which he maneuvered (Caesar's army sometimes marched as many as 40 miles a day). His army was made of 40,000 infantry and many cavaliers, with some specialized units such as engineers. He records in his Commentaries on the Gallic Wars that during the siege of one Gallic city built on a very steep and high plateau, his engineers were able to tunnel through solid rock and find the source of the spring that the town was drawing its water supply from, and divert it to the use of the army. The town, cut off from their water supply, capitulated at once.
^ Official name after 42 BC, Imperator Gaius Iulius Caesar Divus (in inscriptions IMP•C•IVLIVS•CAESAR•DIVVS), in English, "Imperator Gaius Julius Caesar, the deified one". Also in inscriptions, Gaius Iulius Gaii Filius Gaii Nepos Caesar, in English, "Gaius Julius Caesar, son of Gaius, grandson of Gaius".
^ Suetonius, Lives of the Twelve Caesars: Julius 6; Velleius Paterculus, Roman History 2.41; Virgil, Aeneid
^ Suda kappa 1199.
^ Suetonius, Julius 1; Plutarch, Caesar 1, Marius 6; Pliny the Elder, Natural History 7.54
^ Suetonius, Julius 46
^ Suetonius, Lives of Eminent Grammarians 7
^ Suetonius, Julius 1; Plutarch, Caesar 1
^ Suetonius, Julius 1; Pliny the Elder, Natural History 7.54
^ Florus, Epitome of Roman History 2.9
^ Suetonius, Julius 1; Plutarch, Caesar 1; Velleius Paterculus, History of Rome 2.41
^ Suetonius, Julius 1; Plutarch, Caesar 1
^ William Smith, A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities: Flamen
^ Smith, A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities: Corona
^ Suetonius, Julius 2-3; Plutarch, Caesar 2-3; Dio Cassius, Roman History 43.20
^ Appian. Civil Wars 1.103
^ Suetonius, Julius 77.
^ Sulla had adopted the cognomen Felix: "lucky".
^ Plutarch, Sulla 36-38
^ Suetonius, Julius 3; Appian, Civil Wars 1.107
^ Suetonius, Julius 4. Plutarch (Caesar 3-4) reports the same events but follows a different chonology.
^ Suetonius, Julius 49; Dio Cassius, Roman History 43.20
^ Suetonius, Augustus 68, 71
Courtesy of: http://www.wikipedia.org


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Md. gun forum and the Governor's proposed bill
BALTIMORE - Maryland Attorney General Doug Gansler hosted a forum on the state's gun violence on Monday at the University of Maryland Francis King Carey School in Baltimore.
The forum convened state and local community leaders, as well as law enforcement officers, prosecutors, legal scholars and gun violence experts.
The group discussed challenges and practical solutions to keep illegal guns off the street.
Gov. Martin O'Malley is sponsoring a gun-control measure this session in Annapolis. Maryland lawmakers also are pushing a variety of legislation this session related to guns.
The issue is being highlighted this year following the December massacre at an elementary school in Newtown, Conn., where a gunman killed 20 children and six adults before committing suicide.
(Copyright 2013 The Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.)

subset: commoncrawl


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Brown Sugar Top 5 Albums of 2012
Follow me on twitter and you'll realize I LOVE music. I listen to it as often as possible. Just one problem most of my favorite music was made prior to 2000 however every very now and then I'll discover a new artist or an old favorite will bring out a project that instantly becomes a part of my life's soundtrack. So why a top 5 and not a top 10? Eh I just wanted to be different lol! Alright let's get to it…
# 5 (a tie) – Elle Varner -Perfectly Imperfect & Miguel- Kaleidoscope Dream- These two very different artists both hit the scene with major hits in recent years and followed them up with solid projects. Varner's debut deals with everything from positive self-image ("So Fly") to wishing for her version of home and family ("Welcome Home"). Her writing is thoughtful and her raspy yet sweet tone makes this an album I can play all day. I purchased Miguel's Kaleidoscope Dream off the strength of the single "Adorn"! That song alone makes the album list worthy. Luckily "Adorn" is not the only dope track on the record. Miguel explores love, lust and everything in between in a way not seen since John Legend's debut project. On songs like "Arch and Point" he describes exactly how he wants his partner to *ahem* perform, while on "Candles in the Sun" he takes a Marvin Gaye-sque look at our world with a nod to the late notorious B.I.G. Kaleidoscope Dream takes the listener on an extremely sensual journey. I'll take that ride over and over again Miguel!
# 4- Jon Bibbs- Ode to Ode Flames- Dr. Jon Bibbs 4th studio album is most definitely one that belongs in your musical library. The album features soaring musical moments that transport you visually through the journey of loving and losing love. Bibbs toured the east coast this summer (with live band) to audiences sheer delight. My favorite track on the VA native's project is "Gone" featuring Ms. Conya Doss. Other appearances include Derek 32Zero, Skillz, and the beautiful Alison Carney. Bibbs' "Ode to Old Flames" feels like 1960, like a night by the fireplace, like the after burn left in that place where your heart used to be. His voice soars multiple octaves over jazz and soul tracks. If you haven't hit iTunes yet just pause reading and go do that now.
# 3- Robert Glasper- Black Radio- Music so good it gets released twice in one year? Yep that happened! Glasper followed up the amazing success of "Black Radio", released in February, with Black Radio: Recovered released in October. The Recovered EP features remixes, new cuts, and some yummy doses of Dilla (Fresh in Peace J Dilla)! "Black Radio" has something for jazz lovers as well as hip hop, soul and r&b fans alike. I play "Black Radio" and get lost in the intricate compositions of the covers as much as I do the original pieces. The February release appearances from everyone from Yasiin Bey to Chrisette Michelle, it is definitely the most bang for your musical buck. The Recovered EP features additions from J Dilla, Pete Rock, Phonte, Bilal and Black Milk (I mean seriously that line up is CRAZY). Also featured on production and instrumentation is Questlove! His track features Solange on vocals, and their "?uestlove's Twice Baked Remix" is so good it made me a Solange fan real quick.
#2- Nas- Life is Good- When I heard Nas had an album coming out I was just glad that his name was in headlines and not followed by personal drama or hip hop beef, but about the MUSIC. Whew the music! As hip hop ages many emcees seem stuck, as if they've run out of things to say, or as if their fans won't accept new material from them. Nas held a middle finger up to alladat and put out a project so thorough and so diverse lyrically that it was an instant classic in my book. After his nasty divorce Nas showed that there was also heartbreak from losing his life partner on "Bye Baby", he showed he was not bitter but was willing to love again on my fave "Cherry Wine" which features the late Amy Winehouse. <~~~~ (Literally my fave I play on repeat A LOT) Then keeping to his Queens roots we got tough joints like "Back When" and "A Queens Story" and "Accident Murderers" (although I skip the Ross verse each time, I just can't…). "Life is Good" was not only the right album for Nas to make it was the album he had to make! A declaration that he was still here and that he was still the same dope storyteller we met on "Illmatic" in '94. I own the deluxe version and it's 19 tracks of straight hip hop, grown hip hop for the 30 plus crowd, and that's fine with me.
# 1- Emelie Sande- Our Version of Events – Earlier this year I was on VEVO looking for a new Jill Scott video and I saw an amazing image on the screen. Something about her bold haircut and the wonderful coloring of the video still made me click play. The song was "Next to Me" and the artist was UK singer/songwriter Emelie Sande (see her flex her writing skills on Alicia Key's new album). I was instantly captivated by the clean crisp vocals and amazingly thoughtful lyrics. I hit YouTube and iTunes for more. At this point in the year she had not released any music here in the states so I clung to my videos until her album was released. "Our Version of Events" was released and my musical landscape was expanded. My favorite track is the inspiring anthem "Wonder"! The lyrics and melody of "Wonder" instantly up my mood and confidence. Sande discusses everything from relationships and family to making a difference in this world, definitely my kind of music.
Eric Roberson – Mr. Nice Guy
South Bronx Teachings: A Collection of Boogie Down Productions by Boogie Down Productions
Esperanza Spalding- Radio Music Society
Gravity – Lecrae
Wu Block – Wu-Tang Clan & D-Block Records
2013 is set to have releases from everyone from VA's own Skillz (his alleged last LP as an emcee) to Missy to Charli Baltimore (no really, that's happening), Jay Z, and of course Dre's Detox (I mean one day in 2013 it might be released lol) So I'm sure there will be lots to talk about and listen to in the upcoming months.
Don't forget Fresh Radio is music 24/7, everything from old school hip hop to classic soul and even some 1980's MTV classics. The music that makes you nod, paired with turntablism by deejays from around the country. Fresh now has an official app for iPhone and one for Droid is on the way. Fresh Radio is a winning mix whenever these new releases fail you.


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2011 Ford Edge begins shipping to dealers as model hits 400,000 units
by Jeremy Korzeniewski (RSS feed) on Aug 17th, 2010 at 6:01PM
It goes without saying, but we're going to go ahead and say it anyway: Crossovers are so hot right now. According to data compiled by Ford, the CUV industry has expanded 220 percent since 2006, which is the year the Blue Oval introduced the world to the Edge, its main player in the hotly contested market. Ford also contends that the over 400,000 Edge CUVs have sold since late 2006, making it the best-selling mid-size crossover over that period of time. Don't expect that growth to slow down any time soon, either, as Ford projects the CUV segment will increase another few percentage points... Read More


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'This hammer is perfect for tiny hands to hold and will keep any little one from 6months old entertained. ...'
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The CP671 provides high performance with a quite comfortable ride. Designed for all seasons, CP671´s straight wide grooves channel away water to maximize traction and avoid hydroplaning on wet roads. Acceleration is no problem - the straight center rib block aides in direction driving at high speeds and the lateral groove assure reliable traction and braking.
4 Straight Wide Grooves - Maximize wet traction and anti-hydroplaning performance. Rapid Angle Round Groove - Maximized noise performance. Lateral Groove - A quiet, comfortable ride with great traction and braking. Straight Center Rib Block - Helps directional driving stability at high speeds.


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Home Classics® New Traditions Eloise Quilt Coordinates
More modern, more comfort. These Home Classics quilt coordinates are the perfect combination for your cozy bedroom. In blue.
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by Sian Phillips on December 31st, 2012 No Comments
Sian Phillips is the Managing Editor of TweakYourBiz.com and a Moderator on Bizsugar.com. Sian is also the accountant for her clients Henparty.ie, (Dragons Den winner 2009), Clearwave.ie and Comserv.ie. With over 20 years' worth of experience in business and accounting Sian provides help to the SME sector. The other half of Sian's day is spent working in the Social Media space; writing blog posts and conducting interviews for TweakYourBiz.com, plus writing for clients globally about Social Business and Accounting. She is a qualified Accountant with an Honours Diploma in Journalism too.
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Coast Coal Harbour Hotel
Hotel Information1180 West Hastings Street
Vancouver BC, V6E 4R5
Ph: 604.697.0202
Fax: 604.697.0123
Coast Coal Harbour A Green Hotel in Vancouver
Vancouver has a whole lot to offer, and at our green hotel, Coast Coal Harbour Hotel, you'll be at the perfect location to soak it all in.
The Coast Coal Harbour Hotel is a Vancouver hotel situated right near the water, a stone's throw from beautiful Stanley Park as well as the bustling Gastown district and the renowned shopping on Robson St. We're steps away from the Vancouver Convention Centre and within easy access to an incredible array of arts and entertainment.
Each of the guest rooms at our green Vancouver hotel features floor-to-ceiling windows and sleek, yet comfortable, décor. Our rooms come with complimentary wireless Internet and a range of modern amenities. You'll also have access to our top-notch fitness center, pool and hot tub—not to mention our signature Prestons Restaurant, the perfect spot to drink, dine and dish about your Vancouver experience.
Looking for the perfect space for a meeting, event, or wedding? Allow us to help. Our Vancouver hotel has over 8,000 square feet of meeting space and an elegant ballroom with 20-foot-high ceilings and floor-to-ceiling windows.
Our green hotel in Vancouver is one of the city's most environmentally friendly hotels and we do our best to preserve Vancouver's incredible beauty with eco-friendly programs such as our Zero Waste management systems, which enable us to contribute nothing to landfills.
At Coast Coal Harbour, we take great pride in service and connecting with our guests. In a city with so much to see and do, we think it's nice to know you'll have a friendly, relaxing place to come home to.


text: 14 India's Holy Men In Powerful Portraits By New York-Based Photographer Joey L (3/15) 399K views 299 days ago by Justina (Full article) 399K views Share on Facebook What do you think ? About the author Justina Community Member Justina Community Member www.facebook.com Art, design, typography & urban communication lover. Always open for an interesting story, so contact me if you have one. Find me on FB/Twi


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Santa Margarita Ford is committed to providing its employees with tools that enhance productivity. The car dealership switched from Google Apps to Microsoft Online Services and plans to use Microsoft Office 365 to ease collaboration with customers, enable employees to work from any smartphone, and help preserve business data. Because Office 365 is easy to learn and manage, employees will be able to use it without additional training.
Part of what makes Santa Margarita Ford successful are the productivity tools that its employees use to get their jobs done. "We had been using Google Apps for email and online storage, but as our company expanded, we began to need more capabilities than the product could provide. For instance, we couldn't have POP3 Forwarding while syncing emails over the Google Apps network, and there was no real customer support with Google," says C. J. Allen, System Administrator for Santa Margarita Ford.
Allen notes that the dealership needed a more reliable, secure email solution and an easy way for employees to schedule meetings. It also wanted video and audio conferencing capabilities to use for training purposes and an online workspace where employees could collaborate with customers. "We needed a solution that would help employees and customers communicate in a quick and effective manner," says Allen.
Santa Margarita Ford contacted Managed Solution, a member of the Microsoft Partner Network, for help in selecting the best solution. "Most companies use Microsoft productivity products on-premises," says Sean Ferrel, CEO and President of Managed Solution. "Because we want to provide them with a consistent online solution, we offer Microsoft Business Productivity Online Standard Suite instead of Google Apps or Amazon Web Services. Microsoft Online Services makes the most business sense for us, and we thought it would be a perfect fit for Santa Margarita Ford."
The dealership agreed and switched to the Microsoft solution in 2010. "Moving to Microsoft Business Productivity Online Standard Suite was a great decision. It had the capabilities we were looking for, and it worked great," says Allen. Since then, Santa Margarita Ford has been using Microsoft Exchange Online for email, Microsoft SharePoint Online for collaborating on documents and spreadsheets, and Microsoft Office Communications Online and Microsoft Office Live Meeting to enhance communications among employees.
Office 365, the next generation in cloud productivity from Microsoft, is a subscription service that makes enterprise-class communication and collaboration capabilities available to organizations of all sizes. It includes Microsoft Exchange Online, Microsoft SharePoint Online, Microsoft Lync Online, and Microsoft Office Professional Plus.
"Office 365 will provide Santa Margarita Ford with great tools for communicating, both within and outside the company. The dealership will be able to speed productivity and enable more personal interactions with customers. And the fact that Microsoft priced it affordably for small and medium-sized businesses makes Office 365 very compelling," says Ferrel.
"Office 365 means three things to me: It's effective, it's easy, and it's exciting," says Allen.
It will also be simple for IT to manage and scale. "I like that you can add a single user or do bulk uploads of users at one time, and can designate roles to users on a per person or group basis. It will make my life easy," notes Allen.
For more information about other Microsoft customer successes, please visit:
Santa Margarita Ford specializes in selling new and used Ford vehicles. The dealership is located in Rancho Santa Margarita, California.


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Article Extras
Updated: May 25, 2013 6:45AM
It may not be as easy to find a place in your heart for Cornelius "Cornbread" German as it was for Hadiya Pendleton, two 15-year-old Chicago kids bound together by the common fate of being shot dead within walking distance of President Barack Obama's home.
Hadiya was the high-achieving honor student from a middle class, church-going family whose light-up-the-room smile shone through from the grave.
Cornelius was a struggling young man previously expelled from elementary school for fighting, a kid raised in poverty who hung with the wrong crowd and met his demise at a backyard dice game.
That's why Cornelius' death Monday night is a test for this city. It's a test of our commitment to Hadiya Pendleton's memory, a test of our determination to stop the violence, and as such, you might even say it's a test of character.
It's one thing to be sympathetic when a beautiful and innocent young girl with a promising future who dies from a bullet, but quite another to take an interest in the at-risk problem youth who are more commonly the victims of street violence.
The police say Cornelius was affiliated with a street gang. His parents, Timika Rutledge and Ronald German, deny he was a gang member, but admit that he hung with a rough, older crowd.
Either way, it shouldn't matter.
"He was somebody's baby," Rutledge told me Tuesday across the kitchen table in the family's apartment at 51st and Morgan. "Just like she was somebody's baby, he was somebody's baby."
Cornelius was her baby, the youngest of three boys and one girl, and she can sing his praises like any mother.
"He was smart. He was a comedian. He was handsome. He was charismatic," Rutledge said between stirring a pot of oatmeal. "He had a smile to light up a room."
Unlike Hadiya, though, there was no smile on the photos Cornelius left behind, the scowl taking its place a hint of a very different childhood from hers.
"The truth is he had problems," Rutledge said.
Cornelius was kicked out of Reavis Elementary School for "fighting and a bad attitude," she said. As a result, he was required to spend seventh and eighth grade and part of his freshman year at an alternative school for students with behavior problems.
Cornelius only recently had transitioned into Kenwood Academy, but was having trouble there as well, his mother said.
"He would go [to school] some days, and some days he wouldn't," German, the father, explained.
They assume he was in class Monday because the school didn't call to report him absent, as it normally would.
"[Cornelius] had a problem with authority figures," said his mother, adding, "He was starting to calm down."
"He was a hothead if you talked to him wrong, if you picked on him," agreed his father as he finished off the last of a Newport cigarette. "He had slowed that down some."
Cornelius also had at least one brush with the law, his mother said, an arrest for allegedly stealing a cell phone.
A judge ordered him to perform community service with an anti-violence program run by the Precious Blood Ministry of Reconciliation, near his home.
When I called there to learn more about Cornelius, they told me he showed up so infrequently that nobody had any information about him.
German, 61, once worked as a CTA motorman but said he was fired for altercations with a passenger and a co-worker. He now receives disability.
Rutledge, 42, said she recently received a degree from Everest College as a medical tech and is looking for a job. She and German have been together for 22 years, and "yes, we're married," she volunteered.
It was German who said he'd given Cornelius the nickname of Cornbread as an infant for a voracious appetite that seemed to soak up the formula from his baby bottles.
German was struggling Tuesday with the fact his son had called him for a ride home at 8 p.m. but he hadn't felt like going then and told him to stay put. It wasn't until 9:15 that German and his wife went to collect him, and by then, it turned out he had drifted off to watch the dice game.
By the time they tracked him down, they reckon they arrived two minutes too late.
"He was such a little joker that I dreamed about him last night," his father said. "He said he wasn't dead, that it was just a trick. Then I woke up and realized it was just a nightmare."
These killings will continue to be a nightmare for all of Chicago until we realize that the lives — and deaths — of those like Cornelius German are important, too.


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10 Unusual Eggnog-Flavored Foods
From candies and cookies to a savory roast, the smorgasbord of delicious foods available this time of year is hard to beat. But it's the signature combination of creamy cinnamon, vanilla, and nutmeg flavors that make eggnog one of the most indulgent of all (especially with an added dash of brandy or rum for those old enough). For those of you who can't get enough of it, youre in luck. There are all kinds of treats, from bubblegum to popcorn, that emulate eggnog's classic, creamy taste. Go ahead and try one of these eggnog edibles while you can.
By Olivia Putnal
One of the most delicious-sounding treats on the list, this eggnog-flavored cupcake, available between Thanksgiving and Christmas, boasts cinnamon, ginger, and nutmeg goodness in both the cake batter and the buttercream frosting. Yummy Cupcakes also sells a "spiked" version that's kicked up with brandy and a dollop of fresh vanilla bean buttercream on top so you can tell which cupcakes are for adults only!
Courtesy of Yummy Cupcakes


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Sun, Sep 26, 2010 at 11:00 AM
Word Up! Magazine does another tribute to Nicki Minaj and Drake in their November 2010 issue.
Sat, Sep 25, 2010 at 8:20 AM
Nicki Minaj featured in the October 2010 issue of Nylon Magazine.
Fri, Sep 24, 2010 at 1:35 PM
Nicki Minaj is featured on another song from Lil Wayne's upcoming album, I Am Not A Human Being, which is set to be released September 27th. Lil Wayne ft. Nicki Minaj "What's Wrong With Them"
Fri, Sep 24, 2010 at 7:10 AM
Nicki Minaj, Rick Ross and more will rock the stage at the 2010 BET Hip Hop Awards.


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I think it would be entirely inappropriate for this forum to be used as an opportunity to propagate Christian concepts..on the other hand I think it would be a form of dishonesty to allow misinformation to go unremarked on.
Christian Theology does not hold that colours are mind-made in that sense.
It holds that colours are a quality inherent in an objectively exisisting and created world. And that creation is a constantly occurring and objective event intiated by God and perceptible to human beings who are endowed with permanent attas.
Further, that human beings are free to accept or reject that view.
Buddhists have a quite different view.


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Shocking: Reporting Factory Farm Abuses to be Considered "Act of Terrorism" If New Laws Pass
Photo Credit: © schankz/ Shutterstock.com
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This article was published in partnership with GlobalPossibilities.org.
How do you keep consumers in the dark about the horrors of factory farms? By making it an "act of terrorism" for anyone to investigate animal cruelty, food safety or environmental violations on the corporate-controlled farms that produce the bulk of our meat, eggs and dairy products.
And who better to write the Animal and Ecological Terrorism Act, designed to protect Big Ag and Big Energy, than the lawyers on the Energy, Environment and Agriculture Task Force at the corporate-funded and infamous American Legislative Exchange Council (ALEC).
New Hampshire, Wyoming and Nebraska are the latest states to introduce Ag-Gag laws aimed at preventing employees, journalists or activists from exposing illegal or unethical practices on factory farms. Lawmakers in 10 other states introduced similar bills in 2011-2012. The laws passed in three of those states: Missouri, Iowa and Utah. But consumer and animal-welfare activists prevented the laws from passing in Florida, Illinois, Indiana, Minnesota, Nebraska, New York and Tennessee.
In all, six states now have Ag-Gag laws, including North Dakota, Montana and Kansas, all of which passed the laws in 1990-1991, before the term "Ag-Gag" was coined.
Ag-Gag laws passed 20 years ago were focused more on deterring people from destroying property, or from either stealing animals or setting them free. Today's ALEC-inspired bills take direct aim at anyone who tries to expose horrific acts of animal cruelty, dangerous animal-handling practices that might lead to food safety issues, or blatant disregard for environmental laws designed to protect waterways from animal waste runoff. In the past, most of those exposes have resulted from undercover investigations of exactly the type Big Ag wants to make illegal.
Wyoming's HB 0126 is the perfect example of a direct link between an undercover investigation of a factory farm and the introduction of an Ag-Gag law. The bill was introduced mere weeks after nine factory workers at Wheatland, WY-based Wyoming Premium Farms, a supplier to Tyson Foods, were charged with animal cruelty following an undercover investigation by the Humane Society of the United States (HSUS). HSUS activists videotaped workers kicking live piglets, swinging them by their hind legs and beating and kicking mother pigs. Charges were filed in late December. In January, State Rep. Sue Wallis and Senator Ogden Driskill introduced Wyoming's Ag-Gag bill which would make it a criminal act to carry out investigations such as the one that exposed the cruelty at Wyoming Premium Farms.
Wallis and Driskill both have ties to Big Ag. Wallis was the subject of a conflict-of-interest complaint filed in 2010 by animal welfare groups. The groups accused her of improper and fraudulent abuse of her position as a legislator after she introduced a bill allowing the Wyoming Livestock Board to send stray horses to slaughter. At the time she introduced the bill, Wallis also was planning to develop a family-owned horse slaughter plant in the state. Both Wallis and Driskill are members of the Wyoming Stockgrowers Association. Driskill has accepted political contributions from the livestock industry and Exxon Mobil, a member of ALEC.
Most of the Ag-Gag laws introduced since 2011 borrow the premise, if not the exact language, from model legislation designed by ALEC. ALEC's sole purpose is to write model legislation that protects corporate profits. Industry then pushes state legislators to adapt the bills for their states and push them through. The idea behind the Animal and Ecological Terrorism Act is to make it illegal to "enter an animal or research facility to take pictures by photograph, video camera, or other or other means with the intent to commit criminal activities or defame the facility or its owner."
Stay up to date with the latest headlines via email


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Starfires dodge Falcons to get first win
South Adams rallied back from an early deficit, and squelched a late comeback attempt by Winchester to post a 6-5 victory in varsity softball Thursday night in Berne.
"This was a good win for us,†said South Adams coach Jessie O'Dell. "Winchester has really improved.
"We still need to clean up a lot of defense, but our kids battled and stayed in the game mentally, and were able to pull it out.â€
The Starfires fell behind 3-0 after the top of the first as Winchester loaded the bases and scored all three runners on a double. South Adams got one of those runs back in the home half of the inning when Alyssa Bluhm singled and scored on a ba...
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ABSTRACT: The physiologic and morphologic changes of pregnancy may interfere with the ability to engage safely in some forms of physical activity. A woman's overall health, including obstetric and medical risks, should be evaluated before prescribing an exercise program. Generally, participation i...
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ABSTRACT: Phenylketonuria (PKU) is an autosomal recessive disorder of phenylalanine (Phe) metabolism characterized by a deficiency of the hepatic enzyme, phenylalanine hydroxylase, an enzyme responsible for the conversion of phenylalanine to tyrosine, and elevated levels of Phe and Phe metabolite....
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Sale Price: $19.99
To Order by Phone Call 1-800-933-6249
- Additional Details
- Format: Color, DVD-Video, NTSC
- Rating: Not Rated
- Number of Discs: 1
- Run Time: 50 Minutes
- Region: Region 1
- Aspect Ratio: 1.33:1
- Language: English
- Studio: A&E Home Video
- DVD Release Date: April 17, 1997
No one can deny the power of sexual attraction, but can the compelling "chemistry" of lovers be fully explained?
Sexual attraction is confusing, maddening, euphoric and even dangerous. It is, like love, an intangible essence. We can examine it only through its physical symptoms--the beating pulse, the sweating palms, the rise and fall of chemicals in the brain--all part of the unexplained emotion of infatuation.
Through real-life cases and interviews with psychologists, biologists, anthropologists and others, SEXUAL ATTRACTION explores the mysteries of human sexuality. If the urge for sex can be traced to the need to procreate, then how can we explain homosexual love? What forces are at work when a couple truly falls in love at first sight? Is monogamy the only way to have a successful relationship, and if so, why do so many marriages end in divorce? Just what are pheromones anyway? With insight and humor, these questions and others are explored in this compelling program.


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Suggested First Classes | Courses: Browse & Enroll | Contact Us
You have the option to take up to 15 credits before applying to Isenberg Online or while your application is being processed. You can also take stand-alone classes to advance your expertise or transfer to another academic institution without formally enrolling.
The "Try a Class" option is ideal for people who want to:
Get to Know Us
Decide if Isenberg Online is the right fit for you – and earn credits and expertise at the same time. Classes will be transferred to your undergraduate record. There is no grade requirement to transfer classes.
Jump Ahead
Earn credits that will help you get ahead in your program, catch up or graduate early.
Add Skills
Taking stand-alone classes can advance your knowledge and expertise, and increase your value to future employers.
Follow a Passion
Take a class based solely on your interests and passions, like the "History of Baseball in America" or "Internet Marketing".
Keep Your Own Schedule
Pace yourself around the demands of your work and home life with the flexibility of online classes.
Transfer Credits to Your School
Students from other institutions can take advantage of Isenberg Online's outstanding offerings and transfer credits from UMass.
See What Courses We're Offering
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Of the five biological kingdoms, fungi is definitely the oddball. So, to celebrate mushrooms' many mysteries, Telluride's annual Shroomfest - set to run Aug. 16-19 - will both educate and entertain."It's a celebration of the mushroom world," event organizer and mushroom enthusiast Art Goodtimes said.Goodtimes, also known as "Shroompa," has been organizing and directing the festival since its inception.From the budding mushroom enthusiast to the hard-core mushroom fanatic, this festival has something for everyone, Goodtimes said. There's more than 60 seminars, cooking classes, even an entertaining parade. The annual chef cook-off starts at noon on Friday, Aug. 17, and Saturday's class offerings include a course on ... zombies? Embrace the strange with "Aflatoxins to Zombies: The weird weird chemistry of fungi." "(Mushrooms are) a booming industry. There's good money to be made if you know what you're doing," Goodtimes added.The psychedelic and entheogenic properties of mushrooms will also be discussed at the festival through forums and lectures."We're very interested in their place in society," Goodtimes said, in reference to taboos and stigmas about the psychoactive properties of certain mushrooms. However, "that's not the focus," of the festival, he said. "It's also cooking, hunting, learning and identification."
For 31 years, Shroomfest in Telluride has celebrated the diverse and unique properties of fungi. Dr. Emanuel Salzman of Beth Israel Hospital originally organized mushroom festivals in Aspen, Snowmass and Crested Butte, but was displeased with the lack of support for exploration of the entheogenic and psychedelic properties of mushrooms. So in 1981, Salzman teamed up with Goodtimes, then the art director of the Telluride Institute, and the festival came to Telluride. Professional mycologists, professors, and other fungal experts now travel to the remote mountain town from all over the country to speak and share knowledge about the fungal world. The University Center of San Miguel will be offering education credits in the study of fungi in conjunction with events at the festival.The festival is more than just classes and seminars, however. A mushroom-themed parade, followed by a drum circle and a dance party is a central tradition at the mushroom festival."The parade (Saturday, Aug. 18) is the fun thing. We all dress up as mushrooms, and anyone is welcome to join," Goodtimes said. "It's great for the whole family. Bring your kids."Tickets are $160 before the festival starts, and $175 at the festival gates. The parade and events afterward are free to the public. For more information, history, a schedule of events, or to purchase tickets, visit www.shroomfest.com. A full schedule and list of events is available at www.shroomfest.com/schedule.


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Moderator: Mod Squad
Dr. Mandalor wrote:So that was Death who saved her life, correct? And Buttercup went berserk when she thought Blosom was dead, and won mostly because the others were in shock that the sword didn't kill her. Did i get everything right? (If not then just contradict me, cause i don't mind)
Blood Lord wrote:That was easily the best answer I've ever seen in a update thread.
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text: Details Good basic tools you'll need to get started. Includes the definitive Fret Work Step-By-Step book! Want to learn how to fret a guitar, but not sure how to start or which tools to choose? Stop fretting...and start fretting! Assembled by our experts, the Essential Fretting Took Kit is a great way to master the fundamentals with only a modest investment in good quality tools. These are the basic tools you'll need for removing, installing, leveling, crowning and inspecting frets. And to give you the best possible head start, we include Fret Work Step-By-Step book. It's the most complete book ever published on the subject, with techniques, tips, tools and tricks. The Essential Fretting Kit features the same tools we supply to professional repair shops—good tools that give you the confidence to do good work. They'll help prepare you for more specialized jobs and tools later as your skills develop.Our professional Deadblow Fretting Hammer is now included in the kit. The shock-absorbing head reduces fret springback, for an easier, more trouble-free fret job.Kit contents (click the links for details on each tool)• Fret Cutter• Deadblow Fretting Hammer• Fret Leveling File, 6"• Double-edge Fret File, medium/wide• Fret End Dressing File• Fret Dressing Stick with 8 belts (2 of each grit)• Fret Rocker• Fret Work Step-By-Step, 2nd edition Works on stainless frets, too!All of our tools are suitable for use on stainless-steel fretwire, with the exception of our Fret Tang Nippers and Fret Cutters. Modern stainless-steel fretwire is known to be harder than the traditional nickel-silver blends, but our own shop experience indicates the wire does not cause premature wear of files or sandpapers.


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Eleven games into the season, Stanislav Chistov, Travis Green and Ian Moran are still waiting for their first opportunities to play.
In the wake of Todd Fedoruk's facial injury suffered Friday night in Minnesota, the Ducks recalled winger Shawn Thornton from American League affiliate Portland, Maine, and it was Thornton who stepped into Fedoruk's lineup spot for Saturday's 3-0 victory at Chicago. At 6-foot-1 and 209 pounds, Thornton is not exactly a heavyweight, but the Ducks needed someone to serve as a tough guy. Fedoruk returned to Orange County for further medical evaluation, but it certainly appears he won't be back in the lineup any time soon. Depending on exactly how long Fedoruk figures to be sidelined, it will be interesting to see whether Ducks general manager Brian Burke pursues another enforcer on the trade market. The Ducks are a skilled, skating team, but unless they have someone to protect them, there won't be nearly as much room for those types of players.
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Digging for the Truth: The Lost Tribe of Israel DVD
Sale Price: $19.99
To Order by Phone Call 1-800-933-6249
- Additional Details
- Format: Color, DVD-Video, NTSC
- Rating: Not Rated
- Number of Discs: 1
- Run Time: 50 Minutes
- Region: Region 1
- Aspect Ratio: 1.33:1
- Language: English
- Studio: History Channel
- DVD Release Date: March 14, 2005
"Adventure has a new name." Host, explorer and survival expert Josh Bernstein takes a fresh look at the world's greatest ancient mysteries and puts adventure back into history as he travels to some of the most intriguing, remote and physically challenging locations in the world. With a fresh and engaging approach to archaeology, Josh goes to extremes and takes us along for the ride.
The mystery of the 10 Lost Tribes of Israel has fascinated people through the ages. Explorers claim to have discovered evidence of them from Australia to Siberia, but few claims have been backed up by solid evidence. Now a provocative possibility about the whereabouts of one of the tribes has emerged in Southern Africa. Host and explorer Josh Bernstein retraces the amazing journey that the Lemba people claim they made centuries ago. As Josh discovers, recent DNA studies suggest that the Lemba's remarkable tales might be true.


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Most people eat much more sodium (salt) than they need. This can lead to health problems like high blood pressure. To reduce the sodium in your diet, keep these tips in mind when you go food shopping:
Take the list below with you the next time you go food shopping.
Choose fresh or frozen vegetables and fruits when possible.
Compare labels to find products with less sodium. When you cook rice or pasta, don't add salt.
Choose fresh meats when possible. Some fresh meat has added sodium, so always check the label.
Choose fat-free or low-fat milk and yogurt. Be sure to check the label on cheese, which can be high in sodium. Milk and yogurt are also good sources of potassium, which can help lower blood pressure.
When you cook, use ingredients that are low in sodium or have no sodium at all.
Try these seasonings instead of salt to flavor food.
Content last updated on:
September 30, 2014


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Lawn Mowing
Lawn mowing sounds extremely straightforward. However, lawn connoisseur knows the proper procedure of lawn mowing. Biggest miscue homeowners make cutting grass too short. Evenness of the cut provides lawn, a good look. Grass grows faster after it has been trimmed to regain its genetic form.
Second most issue is when to stop mowing. Lawn mowers maintain, never to remove more than one-third of blade length. Mowing means pruning. Severe cutbacks are more stressful for grass and require extra energy to heal. When grass grows faster in mid-spring, mowing is required twice a week.
You should not leave enormous piles of clippings of grass after mowing. This will mat down the leaving grass blades, which will discolor the grass and provoke diseases. Clippings in small piles need to be raked up. It is preferable if you compost it or use as mulch over garden beds.
Finally, many homeowners take the same route while mowing. This is because of convenience, habit or nosy neighbor. No horticultural problem will arise with that, but altering the route provides cosmetic difference.
Lawn mowing tips include mow high and often with sharp blades. Soon, you will become a master of mowing.
Simply call us at 248-588-1694, email us at firstname.lastname@example.com, or Click Here to use our Online Request to secure your spot, or get a free estimate!
Thank you!


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Summer is an interesting season if you're trying to be VB6. While the bounty of fresh summer produce can all-but make you forget about meat, the smell of backyard grilling makes you crave it. Striking a balance is the key. With that in mind, here are my favorite summery recipes from VB6, some with meat, most without, all delicious.
Baked Falafel with Tahini Sauce
Makes: 8 servings
Time: 45 minutes, plus up to 24 hours to soak chickpeas
Falafel is easy: just soak raw chickpeas until they're soft enough to grind in the food processor, combine with some spices, shape, and bake. The baking makes lighter falafel, but they're just as crunchy as deep-fried. This makes a big batch, which is fine, since you can refrigerate the leftovers for several days, or freeze them for a couple of months. To reheat, wrap them in foil and bake at 350°F until they're hot throughout, 15 to 30 minutes depending on whether they were frozen. Here are some serving suggestions: Make a sandwich with half a whole wheat pita, lettuce, tomatoes, cucumbers, and other raw vegetables, then drizzle with sauce. Or add lemon juice to the sauce and eat on top of a green salad, using the tahini for dressing.
1¾ cups dried chickpeas
2 garlic cloves, chopped
1 small onion, quartered
1 tablespoon cumin
Scant teaspoon cayenne, or to taste
1 cup chopped fresh parsley or cilantro
1½ teaspoons salt, plus more to taste
½ teaspoon black pepper, plus more to taste
½ teaspoon baking soda
1 tablespoon fresh lemon juice
4 tablespoons olive oil
½ cup tahini


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New Arrivals
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Vanishing Back Full Coverage Front Close Bra
Vanishing Back bra with a secure front closure. Sleek full-coverage bra boasts a unique design with a powerful, seamless back that eliminates bumps for a beautiful silhouette.
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- Front slide closure: Insert the pin into the hole at the top of the left side of the closure. Slide along the channel until secured at the end. Click closed.
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- All Soma bras undergo a 70-point test to ensure great quality, fit and comfort.
- 76% Nylon, 24% LYCRA® Spandex. Hand wash, cold. Imported.


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Girls Shoes
Let her step into the newest collection of girls shoes in the styles and sizes she'll adore. From fashionable girls ballet flats and the latest boots, to fun flip flops and sparkly girls sneakers, our stylish footwear can be worn all season long. Our selection of shoes for girls provides a glam look at an affordable price. Help her show off her unique style everywhere she goes with a pair to match trendy skinny jeans or cute, comfortable tops. Plus, our girl shoes coordinate perfectly with school uniforms and transition seamlessly for after-school activities. With perfect details, sequins and sparkles, she can't go wrong with our cute shoes for girl tweens.


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Porsche cranks out 200,000th Cayenne
by Alex Nunez (RSS feed) on Feb 2nd, 2008 at 2:02PM
Click image to enlargeEnthusiasts blanched when Porsche began producing the Cayenne SUV back in 2002, but positive reviews of the vehicle, particularly the Turbo, communicated that Porsche had clearly kept the "sport" in "sport utility." Today, the Cayenne is Porsche's top-selling vehicle and a common (if not pretty) sight on the road; an observation bolstered by the news that Cayenne number 200,000 rolled out of Leipzig this week. The milestone truck was one of the new Cayenne GTS models, finished in that red that looks particularly good on its jumbo bodywork. According to Porsche,... Read More


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Built for established trails and hard packed surfaces, FLEX NRG 24 snowshoes deliver comfort, traction and integrated shock absorption. An innovative binding and lightweight deck make this snowshoe a great option for winter fitness.
The versatile MSR Evo Tour delivers all-day-comfort and all-around performance. The Evo Tour's features include a durable, molded frame, integrated traction rails, a built-in heel-lifter and a comfortable, easy-to-use binding.
Snowshoes designed and fine-tuned specifically for women.
Maximum-flotation shoes for heavy loads over 210 lbs.
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What does CLP mean in Educational?
This page is about the meanings of the acronym/abbreviation/shorthand CLP in the Community field in general and in the Educational terminology in particular.
Continuously Learning Professional
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Use the citation below to add this abbreviation to your bibliography:
"CLP." Abbreviations.com. STANDS4 LLC, 2014. Web. 22 Dec. 2014. <http://www.abbreviations.com/term/78916>.
CLP also stands for:
- Caja Labor Popular
- Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh
- Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh's
- Cascade Locks Park
- Cell Loss Priority
... and 48 more »
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BEGIN:VCALENDAR VERSION:2.0 PRODID:-//184.108.40.206//NONSGML kigkonsult.se iCalcreator 2.20// CALSCALE:GREGORIAN METHOD:PUBLISH X-FROM-URL:http://belmontabbeycollege.edu X-WR-TIMEZONE:America/New_York BEGIN:VTIMEZONE TZID:America/New_York X-LIC-LOCATION:America/New_York BEGIN:STANDARD DTSTART:20141102T020000 TZOFFSETFROM:-0400 TZOFFSETTO:-0500 TZNAME:EST END:STANDARD BEGIN:DAYLIGHT DTSTART:20150308T020000 TZOFFSETFROM:-0500 TZOFFSETTO:-0400 TZNAME:EDT END:DAYLIGHT END:VTIMEZONE BEGIN:VEVENT UID:firstname.lastname@example.com DTSTAMP:20141226T022033Z CATEGORIES;LANGUAGE=en-US:Admissions\,Home CONTACT:Admissions Department\; 704-461-6665 DESCRIPTION:
Sunday Luncheon.\n
We welcome you to come learn more about the admission s process\, join us for Mass\, receive a tour of the school\, and enjoy a lunch with some of our professors.\n
Abbey Experience for prospective stu dents. We welcome you to our open house. We will have a Financial Aid sess ion\, the opportunity to meet with professors\, a tour of the school\, and Mass will be available.\n
For the complete agenda click here.\n
Crusader Preview Day (for admitted a nd deposited traditional day students only) Attend our Crusader Preview Da y for the inside scoop on Belmont Abbey College and take your next step to becoming a Crusader! This all-day event for parents and accepted students will answer your questions\, give you valuable insights and create experi ences that are uniquely the Abbey. Topics like Financial Aid\, Scholarship s\, Residence Life\, Student Activities\, Class Registration\, Career Serv ices\, Campus Ministry\, Athletics and a discussion of a Liberal Arts Educ ation will all be covered. Enjoy a picnic lunch and have the opportunity t o win great prizes! Don't miss this fun and informative event — your next step to joining the Belmont Abbey College Family.\n
The college music students\, chorus and instrumental en sembles present the annual end of the college year concert.\n div> DTSTART;TZID=America/New_York:20150503T200000 DTEND;TZID=America/New_York:20150503T203000 LOCATION:Belmont Abbey College Basilica @ 100 Belmont Mount Holly Road\, Be lmont\, NC 28012\, USA SEQUENCE:0 SUMMARY:Spring Concert URL:http://belmontabbeycollege.edu/event/spring-concert/ X-INSTANT-EVENT:1 END:VEVENT END:VCALENDAR


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What does PAP mean in Politics?
This page is about the meanings of the acronym/abbreviation/shorthand PAP in the Governmental field in general and in the Politics terminology in particular.
People's Action Party
Find a translation for PAP in other languages:
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What does PAP mean?
- pap(n.)
- soft food for infants or invalids, as bread soaked in milk.
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"PAP." Abbreviations.com. STANDS4 LLC, 2014. Web. 22 Dec. 2014. <http://www.abbreviations.com/term/370643>.
PAP also stands for:
- A Protocol Authentication Port
- Asia Pulp & Paper, LTD.
- H. Paulin & Company, Limited
- Paddy Power, PLC.
- Paintball Adventure Park
... and 57 more »
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This map shows the size of Nepal in relation to Indonesia.Show Nepal on the map
Nepal has an unemployment rate of 46.00% while Indonesia has 7.70%
This entry contains the percent of the labor force that is without jobs.
Source: CIA World Factbook
Nepal consumes 0.0261 gallons of oil per day per capita while Indonesia consumes 0.2704
This entry is the total oil consumed in gallons per day (gal/day) divided by the population. The discrepancy between the amount of oil produced and/or imported and the amount consumed and/or exported is due to the omission of stock changes, refinery gains, and other complicating factors.
Source: CIA World Factbook
The per capita consumption of electricity in Nepal is 77kWh while in Indonesia it is 491kWh.
This entry consists of total electricity generated annually plus imports and minus exports, expressed in kilowatt-hours. The discrepancy between the amount of electricity generated and/or imported and the amount consumed and/or exported is accounted for as loss in transmission and distribution.
Source: CIA World Factbook
The GDP per capita in Nepal is $1,200 while in Indonesia it is $4,000
This entry shows GDP on a purchasing power parity basis divided by population as of 1 July for the same year. A nation's GDP at purchasing power parity (PPP) exchange rates is the sum value of all goods and services produced in the country valued at prices prevailing in the United States. This is the measure most economists prefer when looking at per-capita welfare and when comparing living conditions or use of resources across countries. The measure is difficult to compute, as a US dollar value has to be assigned to all goods and services in the country regardless of whether these goods and services have a direct equivalent in the United States (for example, the value of an ox-cart or non-US military equipment); as a result, PPP estimates for some countries are based on a small and sometimes different set of goods and services. In addition, many countries do not formally participate in the World Bank's PPP project that calculates these measures, so the resulting GDP estimates for these countries may lack precision. For many developing countries, PPP-based GDP measures are multiples of the official exchange rate (OER) measure. The differences between the OER- and PPP-denominated GDP values for most of the wealthy industrialized countries are generally much smaller.
Source: CIA World Factbook
The number of deaths of infants under one year old in a given year per 1,000 live births in Nepal is 46.00 while in Indonesia it is 28.94.
This entry gives the number of deaths of infants under one year old in a given year per 1,000 live births in the same year; included is the total death rate, and deaths by sex, male and female. This rate is often used as an indicator of the level of health in a country.
Source: CIA World Factbook
The life expectancy at birth in Nepal is 65.81 while in Indonesia it is 71.05.
This entry contains the average number of years to be lived by a group of people born in the same year, if mortality at each age remains constant in the future. The entry includes total population as well as the male and female components. Life expectancy at birth is also a measure of overall quality of life in a country and summarizes the mortality at all ages. It can also be thought of as indicating the potential return on investment in human capital and is necessary for the calculation of various actuarial measures.
Source: CIA World Factbook
The annual number of births per 1,000 people in Nepal is 22.43 while in Indonesia it is 18.45.
This entry gives the average annual number of births during a year per 1,000 persons in the population at midyear; also known as crude birth rate. The birth rate is usually the dominant factor in determining the rate of population growth. It depends on both the level of fertility and the age structure of the population.
Source: CIA World Factbook
The GINI index measures the degree of inequality in the distribution of family income. In Nepal is 47.20 while in Indonesia it is 39.40.
This index measures the degree of inequality in the distribution of family income in a country. The index is calculated from the Lorenz curve, in which cumulative family income is plotted against the number of families arranged from the poorest to the richest. The index is the ratio of (a) the area between a country's Lorenz curve and the 45 degree helping line to (b) the entire triangular area under the 45 degree line. The more nearly equal a country's income distribution, the closer its Lorenz curve to the 45 degree line and the lower its Gini index, e.g., a Scandinavian country with an index of 25. The more unequal a country's income distribution, the farther its Lorenz curve from the 45 degree line and the higher its Gini index, e.g., a Sub-Saharan country with an index of 50. If income were distributed with perfect equality, the Lorenz curve would coincide with the 45 degree line and the index would be zero; if income were distributed with perfect inequality, the Lorenz curve would coincide with the horizontal axis and the right vertical axis and the index would be 100.
Source: CIA World Factbook
Per capita public and private health expenditures combined in Nepal are $52 USD while Indonesia spends $82 USD
This entry contains the per capita public and private health expenditure at purchase power parity using US Dollars. This figure combines government, personal, and employer spending on health care
Source: World Health Organization
The number of adults living with HIV/AIDS in Nepal is 0.50% while in Indonesia it is 0.20%.
This entry gives an estimate of the percentage of adults (aged 15-49) living with HIV/AIDS. The adult prevalence rate is calculated by dividing the estimated number of adults living with HIV/AIDS at yearend by the total adult population at yearend.
Source: CIA World Factbook
With its 28,951,852 people Nepal is the 43rd largest country in the world by population. It is the 93rd largest country by area with 147,181 square kilometers. In 1951, the Nepalese monarch ended the century-old system of rule by hereditary premiers and instituted a cabinet system of government. Reforms in 1990 established a multiparty democracy within the framework of a constitutional monarchy. An insurgency led by Maoist extremists broke out in 1996. The ensuing ten-year civil war between insurgents and government forces witnessed the dissolution of the cabinet and parliament and assumption of absolute power by the king. Several weeks of mass protests in April 2006 were followed by several months of peace negotiations between the Maoists and government officials, and culminated in a November 2006 peace accord and the promulgation of an interim constitution. Following a nation-wide election in April 2008, the newly formed Constituent Assembly declared Nepal a federal democratic republic and abolished the monarchy at its first meeting the following month. The Constituent Assembly elected the country's first president in July. The Maoists, who received a plurality of votes in the Constituent Assembly election, formed a coalition government in August 2008, but resigned in May 2009 after the president overruled a decision to fire the chief of the army staff.
Check out the recommended reading list below for great sources of information on Nepal.