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<ac:macro ac:name="unmigrated-inline-wiki-markup"><ac:plain-text-body><![CDATA[
<ac:macro ac:name="unmigrated-inline-wiki-markup"><ac:plain-text-body><![CDATA[
Zend_Acl provides lightweight and flexible access control list (ACL) functionality. In general, an application may utilize such functionality to control access to certain protected objects by other requesting objects.
In this proposal: For example, if a person requests access to a car, then the person would be the requesting ARO, and the car would be the ACO, since its access is under control. Through the specification and use of an access control list (ACL), an application may control how requesting objects (AROs) are granted access to protected objects (ACOs).
Zend Framework: Zend_Acl Component Proposal
Proposed Component Name
Developer Notes
Simon Mundy
0.2 - Finalised proposal (wiki revision: 11)
Table of Contents
1. Overview
2. References
<ac:macro ac:name="unmigrated-inline-wiki-markup"><ac:plain-text-body><![CDATA[
Zend_Acl provides lightweight and flexible access control list (ACL) functionality. In general, an application may utilize such functionality to control access to certain protected objects by other requesting objects.
In this proposal: For example, if a person requests access to a car, then the person would be the requesting ARO, and the car would be the ACO, since its access is under control. Through the specification and use of an access control list (ACL), an application may control how requesting objects (AROs) are granted access to protected objects (ACOs).
Zend_Acl provides lightweight and flexible access control list (ACL) functionality. In general, an application may utilize such functionality to control access to certain protected objects by other requesting objects.
In this proposal:
For example, if a person requests access to a car, then the person would be the requesting ARO, and the car would be the ACO, since its access is under control.
Through the specification and use of an access control list (ACL), an application may control how requesting objects (AROs) are granted access to protected objects (ACOs).
3. Component Requirements, Constraints, and Acceptance Criteria
- No database backend required - complete PHP implementation
- Permits explicit allow-all, allow-specific, neutral, deny-specific, deny-all for all groups
- Authorization queries must be computed with efficiency and speed
- Performance penalties, where reasonably unavoidable, should be isolated to ACL data structure modifications
- Instances must be serializable (e.g., for caching ACL data structures)
4. Dependencies on Other Framework Components
- Zend_Exception
5. Theory of Operation
The goal of Zend_Acl was to create a simple, flexible means of creating ACLs, free from the dependencies of Databases, template engines or complex administration tools. The starting point was phpGACL, as its 'allow,deny' and inheritance scheme is straightforward and allows huge flexibility for implementation.
Zend_Acl builds on the tree-based model of phpGACL, providing a means to add multiple ACOs that may represent 'areas' or 'domains' of control within the ACL. Objects under access control may be organized from general (at the tree root) to specific (toward tree leaves). This approach allows for creating very fine-grained access controls, where desirable, with minimal effort.
Each ACO may also be assigned its own set of 'actions' or 'permissions' (e.g., add, edit, delete) that can be used to determine the level of access each requesting ARO would have. Actions may be assigned to ACOs simply by calling allow() or deny() on the ACO in question.
AROs may be organized in different ways, according to the particular needs of an application. To accommodate these various organizations, the ARO registry of Zend_Acl is represented by a directed acyclic graph (DAG) data structure. This approach supports having multiple roles or groups, and AROs may also inherit permissions from multiple AROs.
To illustrate by example, an application may need access roles for administrators, members, and the general public. Each of these roles would have a corresponding ARO in the access control list. The general public would have the least access privileges, members would have additional permissions (e.g., to edit their profiles), and administrators would have exclusive permissions to perform administrative operations (e.g., blocking abuse). Suppose we also have an ARO for each login user identity. Each of these "user" AROs may inherit permissions that have been assigned to one or more of the "role" AROs previously mentioned (e.g., administrators). In this way we can add users to, and remove users from, such roles without having to otherwise modify the access controls.
6. Milestones / Tasks
7. Class Index
- Zend_Acl
- Zend_Acl_Aro
- Zend_Acl_Aro_Registry
- Zend_Acl_Permission
8. Use Cases
At its most simplistic level, Zend_Acl can provide the bare necessities of an authorisation scheme. To illustrate, we'll assume the following 'real-world' scenario:-
ACL - Football match
ACOs - The ground
- Stadium
- Public seating
- Reserved seating
- Corporate seating
- Coaches box
- Dressing rooms
- Pitch
AROs - The groups
- Public (or '_default' group) - unreserved seats or reserved seats
- Guests - members of the public who are invited to a corporate box
- Coaching staff
- Players
- Club officials
Basic setup
We create an ACL instance and add our AROs, adding inheritence where necessary.
Now we start adding the expected rules typical to a game of football
The above example demonstrates how a moderately complex ACL can be created with a minimum of effort. However, if you wanted to refine these generic rules so that the AROs can perform only certain actions, then you can start getting selective
Now it's time to use your ACL during the execution of your script. A simple 'valid' method provides a boolean answer to each of your queries
Zend_Acl will assume that non-specific AROs or contexts will apply to any member, so you can provide null values to these arguments as you add permissions. However, if you add specific 'allow' or 'deny' actions to an ACO, you are effectively providing only limited access to that ACO. You can, however, add multiple permissions to the same ACO to different AROs to ensure your permissions are as fine-grained as you require. Zend_Acl will also check for conflicts when adding permissions to remove the likelihood of 'deadlocks'.
9. Class Skeletons
Jul 31, 2006

For setAllow/setDeny, I think an array would be more appropriate for the first parameter rather than a delimited string. Perhaps the type could be mixed where a string would indicate a single permission and an array would indicate multiple permissions. Beyond that, I think the API is structured well and very much hope to see it adopted into the core.

Jul 31, 2006

Indeed, the _getContext method will accept either a string (which is transformed into an array) or an existing array.

While I look at this again with fresh eyes, though, I realise that a 'setAllow' or 'setDeny' doesn't allow you to incrementally add values - I will update the proposal shortly to allow addAllow and addDeny. It will also automatically resolve conflicts whilst doing so (e.g. if 'edit' existed in 'deny' and then I added 'edit' to 'allow' it will remove the former to prevent a neutral result).

Aug 02, 2006

OK, I've updated the class to allow incremental permissions via addAllow, addDeny, removeAllow and removeDeny. You can also pass an array or a string to any of the values (context, container and/or group) to allow more flexible and concise population of permissions.

Here's an example of a live site I have running:-

<ac:macro ac:name="code"><ac:plain-text-body><![CDATA[
$acl = new Zend_Acl();
$acl->addGroup('member', 'staff');
$acl->addGroup('administrator', 'franchisee');
$acl->addAllow('all', null, 'staff')
->addAllow('edit', 'profile', 'staff')
->addAllow('all', array('reports', 'staff', 'admin'), 'administrator')
->addAllow('finance', 'staff', array('administrator', 'member'))
->addDeny('edit,delete,finance', null, 'staff')
->addDeny('all', 'admin', 'staff')
->removeAllow('finance', 'admin', 'staff')
->removeAllow('finance', 'staff', 'member')
->addDeny('all', 'reports', array('staff', 'member'));

(You would obviously optimise this in your own app, but the redundant 'addDeny' methods are added for the purpose of demonstration).

With these 9 lines I have a pretty robust approach for permission checking across the whole site. In my app, I have a sitemap class that uses the above rules to automatically show/hide sections for staff/members/admins. This also works in conjunction with a Zend_Controller_Action_Plugin that performs automatic ACL checks and auto re-routes to a nopermissionAction if a user has insufficient privileges for that controller.

Aug 08, 2006

1) Role/Group/User should act same as permission object. Any permission object can inherit permissions from another permission object. Doesn't care if the permission object is authentificationable or not. It seems that's the way you do it.

2) At initialization time, permissions should be made static as much as possible. I mean they should inherit their permissions and be converted into simple set of area-action. And these static permission should be cached. Whather permission object or its ancestor changes the cache is deleted. It can be done via cache's tags or via dependencies and chain reaction. Doing so make frontend checks/validations much faster - just in_array. On the other hand changes to permissions (which aren't so often in comparsion to checks) are little more complex due to requirement of deleting caches.

3) There should be much more transparent solution for checks.

Posibility to set default permission object.

Posibility to auto-magically check area and action using debug_backtrace().

My dreaming use case is like this:

<ac:macro ac:name="code"><ac:plain-text-body><![CDATA[
//initialize Acl
$acl = new Zend_Acl();
//set default permission object
//simple usage
class Area {
function Action()Unknown macro: { //magically check using debug_backtrace() (for default object) if(!$acl->valid()) return false; //simple check for Action in Area which is same as above one in this context if(!$acl->valid(null, 'Area', 'Action')) return false; //check permission for Action and Action2 in Area if(!$acl->valid(null, 'Area', Array('Action', 'Action2'))) return false; //magically check permission for another permission object for this context if(!$acl->valid($ObjectNameOrId2)) return false; //check for multiple areas and actions if(!$acl->multivalid( null, Array( //array of checks Array('Area', Array('Action', 'Action2')), Array('Area2', 'Action') ) )) return false; //any action.. }

4) Posibility to check against set of permission objects and so set, add and remove default set of permission objects.

<ac:macro ac:name="code"><ac:plain-text-body><![CDATA[
//magically check permission for another permission object for this context
Array($ObjectNameOrId, $ObjectNameOrId2)
) return false;
Aug 08, 2006

Hi Marek

You're right on point 1 - authentication is something best tested for outside of this component.

Point 2 touches on caches and inheritance but they're not really issues with the current implementation. The permissions checking works its way from the outside->in rather than vice-versa. It means that you get a definite answer much quicker if explicit permissions are set to either allow or deny.

For example, say I have a container of $acl->house->upstairs->bedroom->cupboard set to 'deny' for the group 'children' and $acl->house set to 'allow' for 'parents'. When $acl->house->upstairs->bedroom->cupboard->valid('rummage', 'children') is performed, the validation starts from the outermost path (i.e. cupboard). Since an explicit deny is found, the validation returns false immediately which is nice and quick. If $acl->house->upstairs->bedroom->cupboard->valid('rummage', 'parents') is called, it tries 'cupboard' first and finds no explicit or implied permissions for 'parents', so it checks the next valid permission back up the tree. Now, because no explicit permissions have been set for 'upstairs' or 'bedroom' either, the next explicit permissions object to check is back at 'house', where it finds 'allow' for 'parents' and that returns a true. So as you can see, the performance is quite good as there are no calls to redundant/non-existent objects along the path and any dynamic changes to permissions on the object are quite straightforward to achieve.

Point 3 I may need some further explanation. How/why will debug_backtrace be required? And why do we need to check for specific objects within the ACL - is there any benefit over simply identifying it by a string? I can see where you're heading with 'multivalid' (the existing valid method would still work with this kind of call) but did you imagine that those checks would be AND instead of OR - i.e. Return true for $acl->house->valid() if context is in 'rummage,store,add' and group is 'parent' OR context is in 'hide' and group is in 'children'? I could add this as a convenience but it still may be simpler just to add this to your own logic rather than beefing up the component's methods.

And Point 4 - what are we checking for when comparing permissions objects? Can you provide an example of the kinds of properties to check against or the contents of $objectNameOrId to illustrate the point?

Many thanks - look forward to your feedback

Aug 08, 2006

If there are any plans for DB permissions, how it will be done?

My idea is to have column permissionId at each table i wanna be able to check. Then at the inicialization time, permission object will get 3 sets of permissionId's for updates, deletes and selects. Then when it queries against DB then additional where is added. It should be done via extended Zend_Db e.g. Zend_Db_Perms.

The permissionId supplies set of accessibilities like which permission objects have which rights (update, delete, select).

This is most optimal for performance and there isn't any deal. But it shows problem of permissions from another perspective. Because It's not the permission object who tell which records are for him even It's not DB record who tells which users can hadle him. There is 1:1 between records and permissionId due performance decision. And relationship M:N between permissionId and permission object with set of actions (delete, update, select) which is negotiated during initialization into 3 permissions sets described above. Simply accesses for record are grouped into permissionId.

Solution should be like this: These three sets can be unified under areas (in acl naming conventions paths) db-delete, db-update and db-select with actions (in acl naming conventions contexts) as sets of permissionsId (which reflect to the column in DB).

But the main deal is while editing db record. You need to convert (by event) given permissions into new/existing permissionId and add this permissionId into permission objects.

Maybe It should be done via completely another rountine or extended one. But if not, think about it here. There is too much common for them - e.g. inheritance and workarounds for managing them.

Aug 08, 2006

I didn't see the class itself needing to be completely driven by a DB driver - all it really needs to do is load data from a source (such as a Zend_Config container or via a Zend_Db object) and parse that to make the root Zend_Acl object.

But then again if there's any specific benefits that can be gained by moving the permissions checking into SQL then I'd be happy to look at that. Performance at the moment is quite good and the ACL can be serialised/cached, so I don't see any advantages yet that can't be achieved by loading permissions once from the database.

Oct 05, 2006

I've received feedback regarding storing and loading the ACL to/from files or databases. I also see a need to mix and match ACO and ARO trees both, without having to merge everything into a single "blob" before storing or loading. If everyone agrees that there is a need and value in the ability to save and load individual ACO/ARO trees, then do we need detailed use cases, or would it be easy to support storing, loading, and using multiple ACO/ARO trees? For example, the ability to getSerializedACO(), getSerializedARO(), setACO($serializedARO) and setACO($serializedACO) appear to solve the requests I've heard for persistence, excluding the mixing and matching idea (seems less important to me).

Aug 14, 2006
<ac:macro ac:name="note"><ac:parameter ac:name="title">Zend Comments</ac:parameter><ac:rich-text-body>

According to the proposal overview, Zend_Acl would enable assigning permissions to both 'containers' and 'context' to one or more groups. We should be well served by further explanation of the terminology and an analysis of the problem.

Now let's revise the proposal - this version is noted as being a "rough draft" - with respect to the issues outlined below and the attached code, in order to arrive at a version which is expected to be approved for the framework incubator. We are closing in on a good authorization component design, and with the continued help of the community, we should succeed in providing a solution that fits well for most use cases.

These comments are intended to be neither normative nor authoritative. It is encouraged, rather, that we continue to question and debate and revise various issues toward reasonable conclusions.

In alignment with the proposal and Simon's comments, we support that no backend requirement be imposed. Instead of theorizing on data storage implementations, let's focus on getting a best-of-breed PHP API for managing and checking against authorization rules (aka permissions or access controls). Where the authorization data are stored for a particular application is expected to vary widely: database, XML, LDAP, Active Directory, etc.

Standardize the proposal terminology for describing the problem model and the proposed solution. For the purposes of this review, we leverage existing terms as seen in the phpGACL documentation. Feel free to divert from the terminology used here, however; just strive for clarity and consistency.

The main problem that this component should solve is that of authorization. Authorization may be described as the process of answering a simple question, to which a boolean answer is expected: in general OOP terms, whether a requesting object is allowed access to another object. Of course, the component must also enable simple but robust management of the authorization rules to support various applications. The final answer to an authorization question must be boolean (e.g., ALLOW or DENY); there must be no "neutral" response.

We can refer to an object requesting access as an Access Request Object, or ARO. For example, Han Solo may need access to the cockpit controls. Here, Han Solo is requesting access, so he would be represented by an ARO.

The object to which access is being requested can be referred to as an Access Control Object, or ACO. In the previous example, the cockpit controls would be an ACO, an object to which access controls are applied and to which access may be requested.

In order to simplify management of access rules, AROs may be organized in groups. An example of the use of groups would be for assigning access rules on a group, such as "Administrators" or "Guests", so that AROs in the group inherit the access permissions of the group. This prevents the requirement of redundant access rules assigned directly to each ARO in a group for such cases. An ARO must not be restricted to a single group, however, and thus, the component will need to address an ambiguity problem with a sane policy. That is, access rules may conflict across different groups to which the ARO is a member, and Zend_Acl must have a sane policy for preventing and/or resolving such ambiguities.

A tree structure seems to fit the problem model well - access rules are ordered in the tree from general (at the root) to specific (at a leaf), enabling simple expression and calculation of access rules. We may organize groups and AROs into what we may call an ARO tree.

We may benefit from having the problem model illustrated and analyzed for possible shortcomings of proposed solutions.

Arrays are preferable to delimited strings for expressing multiple items.

Operations outside the context of checking against a particular access rule, such as AND, NOT, and OR, should be performed with PHP and not reimplemented within the component. For example, the pseudo-expression
<ac:macro ac:name="code"><ac:plain-text-body><![CDATA[
$acl->valid("Han has access to the cockpit") && $acl->valid("Han has access to the flight controls")
should be used by developers if necessary, and we should not provide a reimplementation of PHP operators. In many cases the necessity of performing such operations can be avoided by having a well-constructed access ruleset. The previous pseudo-expression can be reduced to one method call if we have the cockpit be a parent of the flight controls in an ACO hierarchy, so that in effect we have:
<ac:macro ac:name="code"><ac:plain-text-body><![CDATA[
$acl->valid("Han has access to the cockpit flight controls")

Zend_Acl->setAllow($values, $path = Zend_Acl::PATH_DEFAULT, $id = Zend_Acl::GRP_DEFAULT) and friends (i.e., setDeny(), addAllow(), addDeny(), removeAllow(), and removeDeny())

'all' is used as a reserved word, and it is preferred that establishing reserved words is avoided where reasonably possible.

$path - denotes an ACO hierarchy to which access rules are applied.

Are there good reasons why there seem to be two "root" path values (i.e., null and '_default')? Please explain.

Paths should not be delimited by underscores in strings. Perhaps a better expression to use would be the object notation, such as $acl->door->hatch. This would only apply to ACO identifiers; extra information about ACOs (such as full descriptions and locations) would be stored elsewhere, perhaps within extending classes.

The current implementation appears to include support for ACO trees and directed acyclic graphs (DAGs) of AROs. Adapted from the proposal test code, one might write something like:
<ac:macro ac:name="code"><ac:plain-text-body><![CDATA[
// Create ACL object
require_once 'Zend/Acl.php';
$acl = new Zend_Acl();
// Set up ARO DAG
$aro = $acl->initARO();
$aro->add('chewie', $aro->crew);
$aro->add('jedi', $aro->passenger);
$aro->add('luke', $aro->passenger->jedi);
$aro->add('engineer', array($aro->crew, $aro->passenger));
// The engineer node inherits from both crew and passenger, so the engineer group
// may be accessed by either:
// $aro->crew->engineer
// or
// $aro->passenger->engineer
// Set up ACO tree having access controls
$aco = $acl->initACO('deny'); // by default, no one is granted access to anything (whitelist approach)
$aco->allow($aro->crew); // grants the crew access to everything
$aco->door->allow(); // grants everyone access to the door
$aco->door->hatch->deny(); // denies everyone access to the door hatch
$aco->door->hatch->handle->allow(); // allows everyone access to the door hatch handle
$aco->engine->fix->deny($aro->crew->chewie); // denies chewie access to fix the engine
$aco->lounge->allow($aro->passenger); // allows passengers to access the lounge
$aco->cockpit->allow($aro->passenger->jedi); // allows jedi to access the cockpit
$aco->guns->allow($aro->passenger->jedi->luke); // allows luke full access to the guns
// Engineers should be able to start, stop, and fire the guns.
// This could be done with three leaf nodes:
$aco->guns->stop->allow($aro->crew->engineer); // recall that engineers are both passengers and crew members
// or by listing them as "actions" or "operations", which may end up being leaf nodes:
$aco->guns->allow($aro->passenger->engineer, array('start', 'stop', 'fire'));
// Authorization questions could then be phrased as:
echo "Passenger can visit lounge: " . (($acl->valid($aro->passenger, $aco->lounge)) ? 'Yes' : 'No') . "\n";
// or perhaps:
echo "Passenger can visit lounge: " . (($aro->passenger->hasAccess($aco->lounge)) ? 'Yes' : 'No') . "\n";
This is just a slightly different suggested API usage, and it imposes that ARO identifiers are valid PHP object members. This may or may not be preferable to using flat namespaces with arbitrary string identifiers.

Aug 15, 2006

I think it's a great idea to add an assert method of some kind, that works like valid(), but throws an exception instead of returning false.

<ac:macro ac:name="code"><ac:plain-text-body><![CDATA[
try {
} catch ( Zend_Acl_Exception ) {
echo "Insufficient permissions!";

 This way, you could assert permissions, say, inside of a Controller_Action, and dispatch any security exceptions to a default access denied view.

Aug 15, 2006

That sounds like a good idea; the same can be accomplished with an extending class providing the assert() method, however, where such behavior would be desirable. Let's keep this feature in mind, since it may be useful enough to include as a convenience method.

<ac:macro ac:name="code"><ac:plain-text-body><![CDATA[
public function assertValid(...)
if (!$this->valid(...))Unknown macro: { throw new Zend_Acl_Exception(...); }
Sep 08, 2006
<ac:macro ac:name="note"><ac:parameter ac:name="title">Zend Comments</ac:parameter><ac:rich-text-body>

The Zend_Acl proposal has been approved for incubator development.
</ac:rich-text-body></ac:macro>
Oct 05, 2006

This is one of the component I am waiting to use desperately. Is there a working example or demo so that I can test it on my website.

Thank you.

Oct 05, 2006

We currently have code (and docs) in the incubator for this component:

http://framework.zend.com/svn/framework/trunk/incubator/library/Zend

Acl.php and the Acl/ directory contain the code. Currently I am working on a revision that includes some changes to the code and documentation as well as a first crack at the unit tests. Please feel free to try it out presently, though be warned there are no guarantees to stability at this time, and today I expect to make at least an interstitial commit.

Oct 05, 2006

Thank you for the quick response. I am looking for an example to learn how to use this component. Simon Mundy had on Aug 02, 2006 posted a code above he used on a site. I wonder if he can share how he implemented it on the site. It may be to early to see a tutorial on this.

Thanks again.

Oct 05, 2006

I'll let Simon speak for himself, but I suspect there will be plenty of "real-world" integrated examples once the new MVC components have been added and documented, as well as once we have a few more revisions to the Zend_Acl code and docs.

Thanks for your continued patience as these parts evolve!

Oct 05, 2006

Thank you very much. Hope to see the integrated, simple example in the near future. Your effort is very much appreciated.


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Before there were snowmobile helmets, riders would take their street or dirt helmets out with them for riding in the snow. Long gone are the days of your face freezing and/or not being able to see out of your shield due to fogging. The snowmobile helmet will keep your face warm and your vision clear of fog while riding in the snow. Snowmobile helmets are similar to regular street helmets. They have additional parts that make them into snowmobile helmets. You can purchase extra parts and turn your regular helmet into a snowmobile helmet. One of the greatest options of the snowmobile helmets are their shields. The snowmobile helmet comes standard with a dual lens shield to help cut down on fogging. You also have the option to purchase an electric shield which almost completely eliminates fogging, making it a lot easier to see out of your snowmobile helmet. There are many different styles and colors of snowmobile helmets, full face, modular, off road, and they all come in solid colors and most graphics. So before riding in the snow, make sure to purchase a snowmobile helmet.
Snowmobile Helmets
- HJC CS-MX Graphics
- HJC CL-X6 Graphics
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- Scorpion EXO-900 Solids
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- HJC IS-Max 2 Solids
- HJC IS-Max 2 Graphics


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Pat & Sheila Day
Most might expect Pat Day's first love to be riding. After all, he is a retired Hall of Fame horse jockey with a slew of accolades under his belt, including the prestigious honor of winning the Kentucky Derby in 1992. But, "It's Sheila," Pat stated. "I love my wife deeply. She is the best part of my day." It's easy to see why – Sheila's fiery personality and contagious laugh lends itself as a perfect complement to Pat's kind and gentle spirit.
While the couple readily agree that they were "made for each other" they are also careful not to sugarcoat the institution of marriage in any way. "Marriage is difficult," Pat explained. "It's hard even when you're with the right person." Sheila agreed. "Our marriage has been wonderful. I married the greatest man. But, our marriage has had low points, too." When asked why they insisted on conveying these realities, Pat quickly stated: "Because frequently, people have the wrong idea about marriage. We want people to know that a lifetime commitment to your marriage is still possible – it still exists. But it takes work. When we exchanged vows, we took them seriously – 'til death do us part."
Pat and Sheila's lifetime commitment began in November of 1975, when they were set up on a blind date with each other. While they consider themselves a "perfect match," Sheila confessed, "At first, we couldn't stand each other!" Pat admitted that he was a "renegade" back then and that he looked at Sheila as his "conquest." But somewhere between Pat's strenuous riding schedule in Chicago, the couple gradually fell in love and became engaged. "When I asked Sheila if she would marry me, she said, 'Would I?!' To this day, I've never gotten an answer!" Pat laughed.
On June 30, 1979 the couple married. Extensive traveling due to Pat's schedule meant that Sheila became Pat's "right-hand" – a full-time homemaker and personal assistant, intent on making their "gypsy" lifestyle as comfortable and normal as possible.
Because Sheila actively supported Pat's career before they married, she was well aware of how exhausting and dangerous his profession could be. She got the first taste of it when Pat broke his collarbone a month into their marriage. Suddenly, Sheila also added "nurse" to her resume. Both agreed that while the first year of marriage was difficult, the trials strengthened their relationship by forcing them to depend on each other.
The trials extended into the first years of their marriage. While Pat garnered success in his early days as a jockey, they were overshadowed by what he considered the lowest point of his life (and subsequently, marriage). "I abused drugs and alcohol, and I was a woman-beater. The Lord, in his graciousness, saved me from that." In 1984, Pat became a born-again Christian, explaining "my life completely changed." Seeing the positive change in her husband, Sheila became a Christian a year later. Over time their marriage was renewed, and Pat set out to lead and serve his family according to Biblical standards. While they both agreed that their marriage would be in shambles without their faith, they laugh when asked if God perfected their marriage. "There's no such thing as a perfect marriage," Sheila said.
In 2002, their church, Northeast Christian Church, encouraged its members to go out in their communities and make a change, starting with $100. Sheila excelled in the face of this challenge, and founded Mom's Closet Resource Center, a "hand up" to single mothers in the community. The center is a resource for items such as food and clothing, but Sheila quickly points out that the real goal is to help these women discover God's plan for their lives. When Pat retired from racing in 2005, the couples' roles reversed: suddenly Pat was heavily involved in aiding his wife at Mom's Closet, while Sheila consistently put in long days at the center. "All that you have is your gift from God. What you do with it is your gift to God," Pat explained. Although Pat was retired, his schedule became a plethora of speaking engagements, including one as a spokesperson for Mom's Closet.
While the Day's lives aren't as demanding as their days on the track, they are just as busy promoting Mom's Closet and reaching out to those in the Louisville community. One of the highlights of life recently was the marriage of their only daughter, Irene, to Mike Reynolds last year. With an empty-nest, their brood expanded to 6 cats and 1 dog. The couple are enjoying this season of life – pursuing their passions and enjoying one another's company. Both encouraged other couples to seek out their talents and do something constructive with them. For Pat, his fascination with horses turned into a successful career as a jockey. For Sheila, her spark and charisma made her an excellent candidate to jump-start a much-needed ministry. "God gives us all gifts," Pat pointed out. "I was given the gift to ride. Out of that has come many opportunities for speaking engagements. I love talking about riding and horses – that was a huge part of my life. Sheila is an enormous part of my life. But Jesus Christ is my whole life. I can't help but talk about it."
"Read 'His Needs, Her Needs: Building an Affair-Proof Marriage' by Willard F. Harley, Jr.," Pat insisted. "That's the first book I recommend to anyone seeking marriage advice."
"Agree early on to never use the word 'divorce' in your vocabulary," Sheila said. "It's a relief to know your spouse won't leave you when you're having a bad day."
"Be quick to apologize," Pat pointed out. Sheila coached on: "Say 'I was wrong, I'm sorry, please forgive me, I love you.' That goes a long way."
"Pat sends out all his laundry!" Sheila cheered. "Am I happy? You bet."
"Don't marry someone to change them," Sheila persisted. "God does that."
"It's a common piece of advice, but there's so much truth to this: don't go to bed angry," Pat declared. "Especially because it irks the heck out of (Sheila) when I start snoring!"
"Don't overlook the small things. There's something so sweet about Pat helping out with the animals at home, or picking up the steaks for dinner while I'm at work," Sheila noted. "He doesn't have to do these things, but he does it to give me a break."
Category: In Tandem
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Wonderful article about a wonderful couple!
Recently, I (we – my husband and I) have gotten to really know these two wonderful people.
They are so passionate about the Lord and it translates in their passion for each other.
Thank YOU Lord that you give us all good people on earth who are an accurate picture of YOU!
God Bless Pat and Sheila –
Pat and Elizabeth


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Biblical Studies
Face to Face with Jesus
Teaching Series by R.C. Sproul
The Gospels describe a number of encounters of first-century Jews and Gentiles with Jesus Christ. From the encounter with Nathaniel to the encounter with Pontius Pilate, the writers of the Gospels describe the varying reactions of people to this One … Learn MoreCD $38.00 $34.20 Add to Cart
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God Delivers: Isaiah Simply Explained
Book by Derek Thomas
Isaiah saw in his lifetime the power of God at work amongst His people. He witnessed the collapse of the northern kingdom of Israel under the Assyrian onslaught and saw the southern kingdom brought to the edge of disaster. The … Learn MorePaperback $24.00 $19.20 Add to Cart
God's Pattern for Creation: A Covenantal Reading of Genesis 1
Book by W. Robert Godfrey
"In the beginning God created the heavens and the earth." Beginnings are important. If we want to understand the Bible as a whole, we must understand what it teaches about creation. Interpreting Genesis 1 has become controversial among "In the … Learn MorePaperback $11.00 $8.80 Add to Cart
The Christ of the Covenants
Book by O. Palmer Robertson
From the Covenant of Creation to the Covenant of Consummation, Robertson presents the successive scriptural covenants in a way that uncovers their role in developing the central thrust of God's redemptive plan for His people. Robertson also demonstrates that covenant … Learn MorePaperback $15.00 $12.00 Add to Cart
The Christ of the Prophets
Book by O. Palmer Robertson
In this thorough introduction to the prophets of ancient Israel, O. Palmer Robertson captures the passion and purpose of their extraordinary writings. He writes, "A new covenant, a new Zion, a new temple, a new messiah, a new relation to … Learn MoreHardcover $30.00 $24.00 Add to Cart
Coming of the Messiah
Teaching Series by R.C. Sproul
Every Christmas, many Christians sing the hymn "Oh Come, Oh Come Immanuel," which depicts the longing of the people of God for their Savior. This hope for the Savior is grounded in the Old Testament and their definition of the … Learn More
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The Coming of the Kingdom
A thorough study of the nature of the kingdom, its fulfillment in the world, and its consummation with the second advent. Includes a comprehensive analysis of the parables and the Sermon on the Mount. "This volume is a monumental study … Learn MorePaperback $23.00 $18.40 Add to Cart
Dust To Glory
Teaching Series by R.C. Sproul
Fifty-Seven 23-Minute Messages. 21 Hours of Teaching. Join Dr. Sproul on a unique study tour as he explores the major themes, events, and people that are brought to life in the Bible. Dust to Glory provides a panorama of biblical truth and … Learn MoreDVD $142.50 $128.25 Add to Cart
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First Peter
Teaching Series by R.C. Sproul
R.C. Sproul explains that our hope is far afield from popular usages of the term. He says that the believer's hope has been completely secured by Christ and is now preserved in heaven by God. He demonstrates that Christ is … Learn More
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Psalm 51
Teaching Series by R.C. Sproul
Eight 23-Minute Messages. As he examines David's sin and confession, Dr. R.C. Sproul demonstrates how God was merciful to David, restoring to him the joy of salvation. In addition, Dr. Sproul addresses the need for all people to recognize their … Learn MoreDVD $40.00 $36.00 Add to Cart
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The Messiah is Born
Teaching Series by R.C. Sproul
Two thousand years ago, the birth of a baby boy in the tiny city of Bethlehem changed the course of world history. However, though many people can recount the circumstances surrounding the birth of Jesus, fewer understand the true significance … Learn More
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Tabletalk Slipcase
A slipcase to store up to 3 years of Tabletalk Magazine. Learn More
The Hard Sayings of the Prophets
Teaching Series by R.C. Sproul
What did Ezekiel mean by saying that his message of woes was like honey and sweetness to him? Why did Amos pronounce woe to those in his day who desired the Day of the Lord? Did Isaiah say that God … Learn More
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Safavieh CY7019-303 Courtyard Chocolate and Red Area Rug
Product Description
Courtyard Chocolate and Red Area Rug
Safavieh's Courtyard collection was created for today's indoor/outdoor lifestyle. These beautiful but practical rugs take outdoor decorating to the next level with new designs in fashion-forward colors, and patterns from classic to contemporary. Made in Turkey with enhanced polypropylene for extra durability, Courtyard rugs are pre-coordinated to work together in related spaces inside or outside the home. Safavieh developed a special sisal weave that achieves intricate designs that are so easy to maintain, you simply clean your rug with a garden hose.
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[1 of 2 customers found this review helpful]
I drove 5 and a half hours to see him in Toledo set in row c on floor near his daughter tossed him a WV hat hope he gets it . he could sell out MORANGTOWNS 14000 SEATS IN 2 DAYS WEST VIRGINA LOVES BOB SEGER from my 75 year old mother to my 21 year old daughter she looks like bobs daughter
[2 of 2 customers found this review helpful]
One of the best shows that you wll ever see. Band is awesome and all the show is tight.performance is off the charts. Bobs voice and energy is awesome. Great set he has so much to chose from.well worth any price wish he would make a live dvd of the concert
[12 of 27 customers found this review helpful]
i seen bob seger a long time ago my son and i went to see him in cincinnati on 4/05/2011 on some of his songs u couldnt understand him he realy nees to fix that but we had a good time would i go back and see him i realy dont know because of the sound
[19 of 23 customers found this review helpful]
I purchased these tickets for my Husband's 68th Birthday!!! We had a blast!!!! Bob played all his hits and we danced all night!!! The audience was gifted two wonderful encores as well!!! The Concert we attended was in Toledo, OH, on March 31st. We look forward to the May 26th Concert in Cleveland, OH!!! Bob is a genuine talent and performer!!!
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Bob Seger, a successful singer-songwriter straight out of the 1960s, is best known for his classic anthems. The raspy crooner is regaled for his down to Earth tunes that speak directly to the heartland. Inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2004, Seger has joined the ranks of legions of elite rockers before him. Bob Seger tickets are an invitation to an exhilarating performance and energy-packed live concert experience.
Whether it's filed away as classic rock, heartland rock or blue-eyed soul, Seger is known for his gruff, emotive and barking voice. Seger started his musical career in the 1960s as a singer in and leader of the Bob Seger System. During the 1970s Seger released several solo albums, one which resulted in the hit "Katmandu." Seger co-wrote the popular "Heartache Tonight" with the classic rock greats the Eagles in 1979. The blues driven sound that would later come to define Seger's sound really developed in his work with the Silver Bullet Band. It was during this time that the Michigan born rocker put out hits "Night Moves," "Old Time Rock and Roll," "Like a Rock" and "Against the Wind." His songs have been covered by bands ranging from Metallica to Thin Lizzy. While Seger is often disregarded as the poor man's Bruce Springsteen, this comparison is apples to oranges since Seger's professional career predates Springsteen's by five years. Seger has collaborated or played with Kid Rock, Little Feat and Glenn Frey.
Witness the breadth and energy that is a live Bob Seger concert and take away a piece of musical history. A great performance anytime, the reviews from concertgoers shout "best live concert ever," "fantastic" and declare that Bob Seger is a great live concert experience for the whole family! Grab your opportunity to experience the legend yourself when you buy your Bob Seger concert tickets today!
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Black Label Fringe Poncho
The poncho-inspired sweater is a Black Label standout with a dramatic cowl collar and notice-me fringed hem.
- Individual style. Clean, modern lines. The exclusive Black Label by Chico's™ collection.
- 50% cotton, 25% nylon, 20% viscose, 5% cashmere.
- Hand Wash Cold. Imported.
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Pipeline Integrity news and technical articles from Oil & Gas Journal. Search Pipeline Integrity latest and archived news and articles
NEB said. The regulations make it clear that management systems must apply to key company programs for safety, pipeline integrity , security, environmental protection, and emergency management, according to NEB. They also require these systems
opposition from environmentalist groups. That same month Northern Gateway announced additional measures to ensure pipeline integrity , including increased WT, more remote-operated isolation valves, more in-line inspections, and staffing at
said at the time that his group's members reported this past summer that they spent more than $1.1 billion on pipeline integrity management in 2011. They also announced an additional $1 million investment in new research to improve in-line
to push the Pipeline Safety Action Plan established by US DOT Sec. Ray LaHood. "We need to better understand pipeline integrity challenges; repair, replace, or rehabilitate the highest risk infrastructure; identify construction, corrosion
PHMSA, and their own initiatives. Operators reported this summer that they spent more than $1.1 billion on pipeline integrity management in 2011 and announced an additional $1 million investment in new research to improve in-line pipeline
Pipeline reliability analysis requires selection of a defect growth model that will accurately predict both the time evolution of corrosion defects and the probability of these defects' failure.
Convenios de Investigacion y Desarrollo de Integridad Mecanica (CIDIM), which has service contracts with Pemex for pipeline integrity and risk analysis. He holds BS and MS degrees in physics from Universidad de La Habana, Cuba, and a PhD in materials
way pipeline owners, operators, and their select pipeline integrity service vendors prove-up pipeline defects identified ..... with a single source for gathering and analyzing pipeline integrity information. The companies note that this will
leak-detection efficiency, pipeline shutdown and restart, and the running of pipeline pigs that clean and check pipeline integrity . The severity of potential TAPS operational problems is expected to increase as throughput declines, the report
Minister of Energy, will focus on incident response, pipeline integrity management, and pipeline safety near water crossings ..... public safety and responses to pipeline incidents, pipeline integrity management, and safety of pipelines at or near water


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Winter always brings out the colors in our evergreens. Some evergreens turn purple or rust-colored due to the development of anthocyanin pigments. Some other evergreens become light-green or develop a yellow cast and sadly, some evergreens, especially pines turn white or light brown especially on the south and west side of the tree.
Anthocyanins are the cause of the purple and rusty color. These pigments are the major reason for the red color of beets and the purple and blues of flower petals, leaves, roots and seeds. The purple kernels of Indian corn are the result of genes that key for the development of anthocyanins.
So far, 1,000 different anthocyanins have been identified which accounts for profusion of shades of colors resulting from this group of pigments. Arborvitae and some of the upright junipers exhibit a bronze color in part due to the anthocyanin bronze gene (Bz1). The Eastern red cedar, Juniperus virginiana, develops a bronze cast during the winter to help protect it from the winter sun but turns green again in the spring when the green chlorophyll molecules increase in number and the anthocyanin pigment degrades. Not all evergreens have the full complement of active genes necessary to develop anthocyanins. Our two native upright junipers, Juniperus scopulorum and osteosperma, generally don't develop as large a concentration of anthocyanins and thus don't show as much bronze as their eastern cousin. -
Anthocyanin pigments increase when a tree is attacked by pathogens, exposed to cold temperatures or exposed to high levels of ultraviolet light. Anthocyanins help protect against these stresses. These flavonoids not only help protect plants but are the antioxidants your doctor recommends for your health. They also have been used to develop flexible organic solar cells because of their strong light harvesting, and their ability to convert light energy into electrical energy.
Additional pigments called carotenoids also appear in the winter. The carotenoids xanthophyll (yellow) and carotene (yellow-orange) pigments, however, are always present but don't appear until the green chlorophyll pigments degrade in the winter. The carotenoids develop along with chlorophyll in the chloroplasts, organelles where photosynthesis takes place. Sadly, the natural colorful anthocyanin and carotenoid pigments are not the only reason for a change in color of some our evergreens.
Some of the color change is due to dehydration of stems and needles. The needles of some pine trees are turning white from the tip back to the stem. The majority of this damage appears on the south and/or west side of the tree due to the high light intensity these needles are exposed to. Needles continue to give off moisture during the winter and if they can't replace what they lose due to a lack of adequate soil moisture they turn white or brown.-
In some cases the moisture loss from the tissue is so great any amount of soil moisture would be inadequate to replenish it. This is especially true with shrub-type junipers that were sheared last fall. The opens wounds caused by this practice allowed moisture to be pulled out of stems as well as the awn-like needles resulting in death. It was interesting to see the proliferation of lollipop- and marshmallow-shaped junipers appear through the Grand Valley last fall. This spring it will be interesting to do a tally on how many of these junipers exhibit severe winter dehydration. Ensuring these and or other evergreens have soil moisture they can utilize is critical to help avoid this winter injury.
A week ago I was checking the soil in the lavender research plots at Colorado State University's Research Center on Orchard Mesa. The soil had thawed to a depth of about 8 inches so I took up a handful and squeezed it into a ball. If the soil had stayed in a ball when I opened my hand it would have indicated sufficient moisture. As soon as I opened my hand the soil ball fell apart. This simple test told me if evergreens were growing in this soil, they would not be able to obtain sufficient water to replenish that lost from the needles. This test also told me I had better drag hoses and wet everything down to help reduce winter injury to these lavender plants.-
Dr. Curtis E. Swift is a retired horticulture agent with the CSU Extension. Reach him at firstname.lastname@example.com or check out his blog at http://SwiftsGardeningBlog.blogspot.com. He owns Swift Horticultural Consulting and High Altitude Lavender.


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New Arrivals
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Anzia Tassel Necklace
Beaded and tasseled, the barrel pendant swings with ultra-chic style.
- Adjusts from 29" to 33" with a 7" pendant.
- Glass, metal, suede, synthetic materials, and wood.
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This is a particular view of Animalia
This is the Animalia view, as seen by A new species and records of Diolenius Thorell, 1870 (Araneae: Salticidae) from New Guinea checklist. Remember that you can also check the GBIF view on Animalia.
This record has been created during indexing and did not explicitly exist in the source data as such. It was created as an implicit record from the denormalized, higher classification.


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A Friend of Mine
Category: Designers/Studios,
Posted by: Laura Louise Greaves
Location: New York
Posted: Jan 14th 2012
I love the work from A Friend of Mine, a studio run by Suzy Tuxen, because of the flexibility of the branding packages they create, as well as the color palettes they use. The studio is in Melbourne. They design for many different industries, doing work that includes branding, packaging and custom typography.


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Lavatory Grid Drain Less Overflow
Real beauty can be found in the details. KOHLER bath accessories are designed to perfectly coordinate with our fixtures and faucets, so that every element in your bath is in perfect harmony. Easy to install and built to last, our bath accessories are available in a full spectrum of beautiful finishes.
- Solid brass construction ensures durability and reliability
- KOHLER finishes resist corrosion and tarnishing, exceeding industry durability standards over two times
- Without overflow
- For use in non-overflow applications
Additional Kohler Links
Our SKU: Kohler K-7129
This product is listed under the following manufacturer number(s):
- Kohler K-7129-BV
Brushed Bronze
- Kohler K-7129-G
Brushed Chrome
- Kohler K-7129-BN
Brushed Nickel
- Kohler K-7129-AF
French Gold
- Kohler K-7129-2BZ
Oil Rubbed Bronze (2BZ)
- Kohler K-7129-BRZ*
Oil Rubbed Bronze (BRZ)
- Kohler K-7129-CP
Polished Chrome
- Kohler K-7129-TB*
Satin Black
- Kohler K-7129-BGD
Vibrant Moderne Brushed Gold
- Kohler K-7129-PGD*
Vibrant Moderne Polished Gold
- Kohler K-7129-PB
Vibrant Polished Brass
- Kohler K-7129-SN
Vibrant Polished Nickel
- Kohler K-7129-VS
Vibrant Stainless
*Denotes a finish or option that has been discontinued
Manufacturer Resources
Installation Resource Center
Whether you are installing the product yourself or hiring a professional, our installation Resource Center has everything you need to get your project done. Visit the Installation Resource Center to get started.


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39 sales of this design so far, one of my most popular designs, and I'm so very grateful for all my customers and all the support of redbubble members, who constantly uplift and offer encouragement, my gratitude is unending, thank you!*
Beachcombers Sunrise (alternative vintage version)
*Beachcombers has just been featured on pages 12 and13 in Australian Homespun Magazine (The Summertime Issue) – thank you to Catherine Sanchez (Editor) and all the team, it is a great honour and privilege Complete Craft.com.au
contact Redbubble | Known problems | redbubble@twitter | help something is broken | enhance your profile tutorial by karin | creating links & clickable images for beginners | text & image links simplified
a little drawing I created by hand a few weeks ago, I've just completed painting this one digitally, in time for Mother's Day in Australia which falls on May 10 (just happens to be my birthday too :)
Here's the before shot:
Karin (myself) and Sal (my mum) at Yamba on holiday in 1968
art, beach, beachcombers, children, drawing, gifts, girls, illustration, karin taylor, painting, art, canvas, prints, greeting, cards, mothers day, special occasions, mother, daughter, blue, waves, birthday
beautiful, sweet and adorable !
gorgeous colors too !
my best, francis.
thank you very very much artisandelimage!!! :)
– © Karin Taylor
Should we go in or not?…I LOVE it…..you are a genuis…but you know that….
lol, that's right Janis.. thank you!!
i just found out that my mum has a photo of a similar image when I was 3 with her at the beach in Yamba, on our first family holiday, she is having dad copy it and send it to me, and i'll post it here and perhaps with a little 'memories' journal about it all, as I have no memory of mum and I doing this, only the photo to prove it happened. I have one memory of that time, but its of me catching my first fish with my father :) x
– © Karin Taylor
awesome work
Daniel, wow, thank you :)
– © Karin Taylor
Awwwwwwwwwwwwwwww, this is soooooooooo cute!!!!! Great work as always!!!
Marlo, terrific of you to say such a nice thing, makes me all warm and gooey inside, thank you sweetie :) x
– © Karin Taylor
Very cute!!!!
i so appreciate poupoune, very kind of you :) x
– © Karin Taylor
As always, searching out the little details in your work is a wonderful little adventure in itself. Love the little flower the toddler is holding and the delicate fringing on the towel.
Beautiful work Karin.
o Marion i am so glad you like it, and the little flower…the fringing, thank you for noticing….i really appreciate you :) x
– © Karin Taylor
Very awesome work !
so very deeply appreciated cieloverde!!! :)
– © Karin Taylor
this is adorable…i really appreciate the fact that you share your process with everyone as well, it's great!
Steph, great to see you, thank you very much for your lovely response, i always enjoy seeing the process other's take, i'm glad you enjoyed mine! :)
– © Karin Taylor
Absolutly fantastic!!!!
Yool, so very kind, i thank you :)
– © Karin Taylor
love love love this!!!!
Mike, so kind….thank you mate! :)
– © Karin Taylor


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Please note: Standard Terms & Conditions apply when purchasing this trip. Government taxes and fees are included in your airfare price. Ask our A Travel Counselors for details. Every effort has been made to produce this information accurately. We reserve the right to correct errors. Ship and decks vary by departure date. Prices are based on preferences selected above, including meals and sightseeing as specified in What's Included. Prices reflect savings when applicable. All prices are subject to change. Departure dates and prices shown may be updated several times daily, and apply to new bookings only.
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Please try selecting a different date or have a look at other rooms this hotel offers at reduced rates.
Important Information:
01/01/2014 to 31/12/2023 - Rates displayed for Sofitel Brussels Le Louise are the total price of the room. All taxes are included, with the exception of city tax, which will be charged at 9 € per room.
Important Information:
The LateRooms.com rates for Sofitel Brussels Le Louise in Brussels are the total price of the room and not the 'per person' rate.
Check in and Check out times:
You can check in from 15:00 to 18:00.
You need to check out by 12:00.
Rates displayed for Sofitel Brussels Le Louise are the total price of the room and not the 'per
person' rate. All taxes are included, with the exception of city tax, which will be charged at
$10.96 per person per night, and is payable to the hotel directly.
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Summer FunStays at Rio
3-star Peermont Metcourt at Rio, Klerksdorp
Celebrate Summer in the spirit of the Rio Carnival!
The contemporary 3-star Metcourt hotel at Rio allows guests to explore the city of Matlosana - an exciting and mystical venue for any tourist. Klerksdorp is conveniently situated on the N12 Treasure route, which runs from O.R. Tambo International Airport to Cape Town - and is a mere 2-hour drive from Johannesburg.
This pulsating little hub offers something for everyone; from historical sites and horse trails to golf and gaming.
The Summer FunStay package offers two options:
Just the two of you ... pay R430* per person sharing and you'll get the following:
- 3-star accommodation at the Peermont Metcourt Hotel
- Free Breakfast for two in the F.L.A.G. Café
- R100* Gaming Voucher per adult per stay (once-off)
Bringing the children? Then pay only R1640* per room and you'll get the following:
- Family accommodation for 2 adults and an interleading room for 2 children under 18 years.
- Breakfast at the F.L.A.G. Café
- R100* Gaming Voucher per adult per stay (once-off)
Call Peermont Central Reservations on +27 (0) 11 928 1928 or 0860 777 900 (SA only). Ask for the promotion code SUMMER.
Click here to view terms and conditions
- Rates are valid from 13 December 2013 to 13 January 2014
- Rates are inclusive of Breakfast, except for the Mondior, Gaborone and Metcourt,Francistown hotels in Botswana
- The room rate is applicable to single or double occupancy only, maximum of 2 persons per room.
- Offer is valid for standard rooms only. Family room rates are available on request at selected properties.
- Rates are commissionable (10%) to bona fide travel agents
- Rate is subject to availability. In the event that the rate is sold out on a particular night, the best available rate will be offered instead.
- Rate cannot be combined with other promotional rates or discounts.
- The rates are quoted in ZAR for the South African properties and BWP for the Botswana properties
- The rates are inclusive of VAT (14% ZA and 12% BW)
- The rates includes Tourism Levy for the ZA properties, but is excluded at the BW properties (BWP 10.00 per person, per night)
- Offer not applicable to the Tour segment (FIT or groups).
- Offer is not applicable to leisure, sport or conference groups
- This rate does not qualify for Crown Key Points or Stay Benefits.
- Standard booking terms and conditions apply.


text:
List Price$36.86 20% OFF-$7.37
Now$29.49 Save $7.37 (20%) + FREE Shipping
UBC Ceramic Tap Handle Model:A-100B
Hurry, Sale Ends Monday!List Price: $36.86 $29.49
+ FREE ShippingSave $7.37 (20%) Today!
Usually Ships in 3 - 5 Business Days (details)
Usually Ships in 3 - 5 Business Days (details)
Description & HighlightsBe the first to Write a Review
UBC Ceramic Tap Handle
Add the perfect finishing touch to your draft beer system with the UBC Ceramic Tap Handle (A-100B, A-100R, A-100W). Available in red, black or white, this classic tap handle adds a little something extra to your pour.
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UBC Ceramic Tap Handle $29.49
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Kids & Families
View All Scheduled Family Programs
Family Workshops
Family Workshops are facilitated weekend programs for children ages 4-10 and their caregiver. The programs connect features of The Ringling to hands-on activities. Together you will investigate one area of The Ringling, then explore it more deeply by working on science experiments, art-making or other open-ended projects.
ROAR! Ringling Order of Art Readers
Give a child the gift of reading and you give them the world at their fingertips. Families with children 4 to 7 are invited to join The Ringling Order of Art Readers. A Ringling staff member will enchant children with a story about art and follow it with a fun craft or activity. Registration is required. Programs are limited to 20 children and an adult must accompany each child. Get your kids to ROAR! about Reading!
The David F. Bolger Playspace
Slide, swing, splash, tumble and bounce: every so often the child in all of us needs to get outdoors, let go and just play. Now families and school groups visiting The Ringling have just such a place to gather, The David F. Bolger Playspace, where a tower and slide, basket swings, hand-powered fountains and other novel pieces of equipment promise to deliver good times and gales of laughter.
Family Friendly Itinerary
The Ringling is the perfect place for a day filled with family fun! This self-guided itinerary highlights some kid-friendly exhibits and activities and provides introduces John and Mable Ringling and the Museum they built. View Itinerary