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Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)
Associated Press
This essay was written by Michael Dobbs, the author of a cold war trilogy that includes "One Minute to Midnight: Kennedy, Khrushchev, and Castro on the Brink of Nuclear War" and "Six Months in 1945: F.D.R., Stalin, Khrushchev, and Truman — From World War to Cold War."
President John F. Kennedy was informed about the deployment of Soviet medium-range missiles on Cuba shortly after 8 a.m. on the morning of Tuesday, Oct. 16, 1962. His first reaction on hearing the news from National Security Adviser McGeorge Bundy was to accuse the Soviet leader Nikita S. Khrushchev of a double-cross. "He can't do this to me," he sputtered.
Thus began the celebrated "13 days" that brought the world closer than ever before — or since — to a nuclear war, a period now remembered in the West as the Cuban Missile Crisis. The crisis peaked on Oct. 27, "Black Saturday," when a series of startling events, including the shooting down of an American U-2 spy plane over Cuba, suggested that neither Khrushchev nor Kennedy fully controlled their own military machines. The presidential aide and historian Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr. described the October 1962 confrontation as the "most dangerous moment in human history."
Khrushchev's motivations in sending nuclear-tipped missiles to Cuba in the summer of 1962 have been the subject of great debate. Kennedy administration officials argued afterward that the Soviet leader acted for global strategic reasons. Prior to the missile crisis, the United States had around 3,500 nuclear warheads capable of reaching the Soviet Union, a 10-1 advantage over the Soviet Union. By building missile bases in Cuba capable of lobbing 60 nuclear warheads into the United States, Khrushchev would be able to redress this military imbalance somewhat, although it would have left him far short of achieving first strike capability.
In memoirs written after his ouster as Soviet leader in 1964, Khrushchev claimed that he was primarily motivated by the desire to defend the Cuban revolution, and his ally Fidel Castro, from aggression by the United States. The Kennedy administration had supported an abortive invasion of Cuba by right-wing exiles at the Bay of Pigs in April 1961, and had launched a campaign of sabotage against the Castro regime, known as Operation Mongoose. As Khrushchev later wrote, "One thought kept hammering away in my brain: what will happen if we lose Cuba? It will be a terrible blow to Marxism-Leninism."
Khrushchev also had more personal reasons for wanting to get even with Kennedy, whom he regarded as an inexperienced leader young enough to be his son. The United States had stationed medium-range Jupiter missiles in Turkey, across the Black Sea from Khrushchev's summer retreat in Sochi. Complaining that there were "U.S. missiles aimed at my dacha," the Soviet premier thought it was "high time America learned what it feels like to have her own land and her own people threatened."
The first Soviet missiles arrived in Cuba on Sept. 9, as part of an extensive military buildup that included the deployment of surface-to-air missiles for shooting down American U-2 spy planes, advanced MIG fighter jets and submarines equipped with nuclear torpedoes. The Soviets also sent three fully-armed combat regiments to Cuba to fight alongside their Cuban allies. Khrushchev intended to keep the missile deployment secret until early November, when he would travel to Havana and present the Americans with a military fait accompli.
The belated discovery of the Soviet missile deployment by an American U-2 on Oct. 14 threw Khrushchev's plans into disarray, and posed a huge political challenge for Kennedy. The president had earlier insisted that the United States could not accept the deployment of Soviet "offensive" weapons in Cuba. He now had to find a way to get Khrushchev to back down, even at the risk of nuclear war.
Fortunately for Kennedy, he knew that the Soviet missiles were not yet operational. That gave him a breathing space of a few days to privately consider his options with an ad hoc group of his closest advisers. The Executive Committee of the National Security Council, or ExComm, included his brother Robert, Defense Secretary Robert McNamara, Secretary of State Dean Rusk, the chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, Gen. Maxwell Taylor, and the presidential speechwriter Theodore Sorensen.
The uniformed military, including Taylor and Gen. Curtis LeMay, the legendary Air Force chief, were unanimously in favor of air strikes followed up by an invasion. What they did not know at the time was that the Soviet forces on Cuba were equipped with 98 tactical nuclear weapons that could have been used to wipe out an American invading force or the United States naval base at Guantánamo. The use of these weapons on Cuba could quickly have escalated to an all-out nuclear war.
At first, Kennedy also favored air strikes against the missile sites, but changed his mind after being informed that it was impossible to guarantee complete success. He then embraced a plan originally suggested by McNamara for a naval blockade around Cuba, as a way of demonstrating American resolve while allowing time for negotiations with Khrushchev. The president went on television at 7 p.m. on Oct. 22 to announce the blockade, which he described with the more innocuous-sounding term, "quarantine."
Like Kennedy, Khrushchev initially adopted a bellicose position when he heard about the American action. He talked about using tactical nuclear weapons against an American invading force, and wiping out Guantánamo, but he also took steps to avoid a confrontation. He ordered Soviet ships carrying missiles and other military equipment to turn around before the quarantine came into effect at 10 a.m. on Oct. 24. The missile-carrying ships had been heading back to the Soviet Union for some 30 hours when Rusk claimed to have uttered the memorable line, "We're eyeball to eyeball, and the other side just blinked."
The most dangerous moments of the missile crisis came not from the supposed "eyeball to eyeball" confrontation between Kennedy and Khrushchev on Oct. 24, but from events spiraling out of control three days later on "Black Saturday."
In addition to the U-2 shot down over Cuba, another American U-2 on a routine air sampling mission to the North Pole blundered into Soviet air space. The Soviets sent up MIG fighters to try to shoot the intruder down; the Alaska Air Defense Command responded by scrambling nuclear-armed F-102 interceptors. In the Caribbean, a frazzled Soviet submarine commander considered firing his nuclear torpedo against United States destroyers attempting to bring him to the surface.
In the meantime, Soviet troops brought nuclear-tipped cruise missiles to the periphery of the Guantánamo naval base, and transported nuclear warheads to the medium-range missile sites at Sagua La Grande in central Cuba. Convinced that an attack by the United States was imminent, Castro urged Khrushchev to consider a nuclear first strike against the United States.
That night, Kennedy sent his brother Robert to meet with Anatoly Dobrynin, the Soviet ambassador to the United States, to offer a noninvasion pledge to Cuba and warn that time was running out. Acting without the knowledge of most members of the ExComm, Robert Kennedy promised to withdraw U.S. Jupiters from Turkey within five months of a withdrawal of Soviet missiles from Cuba. That part of the deal remained secret for many years.
Khrushchev announced the withdrawal of Soviet missiles over Radio Moscow at 9 a.m. Washington time on Oct. 28 (5 p.m. Moscow time). Like Kennedy, he had independently concluded that he was losing control over events, and needed to act quickly to bring the crisis to a close.
Early histories of the missile crisis drew heavily on accounts by Kennedy aides who praised the president for his brilliant "crisis management" and depicted Khrushchev's climb down as an unalloyed victory for the United States. Mr. Schlesinger wrote that Kennedy "dazzled the world" through a "combination of toughness and restraint, of will, nerve, and wisdom, so brilliantly controlled, so matchlessly calibrated."
As more evidence became available from American, Russian and Cuban sources, scholars and participants developed a more nuanced view. After learning that the Soviets had deployed 98 tactical nuclear weapons in Cuba to wipe out any American invading force, McNamara concluded in 2007 that crisis management was largely a myth and "it was luck that prevented nuclear war."
1961 | The C.I.A. Readies a Cuban Invasion, and The Times Blinks
The Times reporter David W. Dunlap explains how coverage of the Bay of Pigs disaster unfolded.
December 26, 2014, Friday
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U.S. to Restore Full Relations With Cuba, Erasing a Last Trace of Cold War Hostility
The U.S. will open an embassy in Havana for the first time in more than a half century after the release of an American contractor held in prison for five years, officials said.
December 18, 2014, Thursday
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When J.F.K. Secretly Reached Out to Castro
A meeting just a few days before the president's assassination.
December 18, 2014, Thursday
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'Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy Onassis,' by Barbara Leaming
A biographer says undiagnosed post-traumatic stress disorder explains everything that Jacqueline Kennedy did during the three decades after witnessing her husband's assassination.
December 7, 2014, Sunday
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John F. Kennedy was a teenager when he stepped out of his powerful father's shadow and into the pages of The Times, for a sailboat race off Long Island.
September 5, 2014, Friday
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Malaysia Airlines Flight: History's Lessons in Crisis Management
In 1962, President Kennedy offered a primer in how to prevent an episode involving an airplane from escalating into conflagration.
July 18, 2014, Friday
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In Our Pages: June 19
Highlights from the International Herald Tribune archives: Only a rocket the size of a mountain could reach the moon, says a scientist in 1939; Romanians asked to be considered neutral in case of war in 1964.
June 18, 2014, Wednesday
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May 28, 2014, Wednesday
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U.S. Tries Candor to Assure China on Cyberattacks
The U.S. held an unusual briefing for China on its cyberwarfare strategy in an effort to establish "an understanding of rules of the road." So far, the Chinese have not reciprocated.
April 7, 2014, Monday
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March 18, 2014, Tuesday
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The Learning Network
Flash Points: Searching for Modern Lessons in the Cuban Missile Crisis
Lessons, multimedia and other Times and Learning Network links.
At War Blog
Leaving Guantánamo With the World on the Nuclear Brink
As the United States teetered on the edge of war with the Soviets in 1962, an admiral who ran an American naval base in Cuba found himself playing an outsized role in defusing the Cuban missile crisis.
John F. Kennedy Presidential Library
The John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum in Boston emphasizes Kennedy as a president whose promise was cut short.
A Divided, Dangerous Camelot
The anniversary reverie surrounding President John F. Kennedy's death has obscured the anarchic disorder that was present in America.
50 Years Later: The Cuban Missile Crisis Remembered
Fifty years ago this week, the United States and Soviet Union narrowly averted catastrophe over the presence of nuclear missiles in Soviet-backed Cuba.
50 Years Later: The Cuban Missile Crisis Remembered
Fifty years ago this week, the United States and the Soviet Union narrowly averted catastrophe over the presence of nuclear missiles in Soviet-backed Cuba.
Jacqueline Kennedy Speaks
In 1964, just months after the assassination of President John F. Kennedy, his widow spoke about his presidency for an oral history project.
Rss Feeds On Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)
Subscribe to an RSS feed on this topic. What is RSS?


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Investigative Reports: Organ Trade Life and Death for Sale DVD
Sale Price: $19.99
To Order by Phone Call 1-800-933-6249
- Additional Details
- Format: Color, DVD-Video, NTSC
- Rating: Not Rated
- Number of Discs: 1
- Run Time: 50 Minutes
- Region: Region 1
- Aspect Ratio: 1.33:1
- Language: English
- Studio: A&E Home Video
- DVD Release Date: August 10, 1999
Kidneys for cash? Investigative Reports researches the bizarre world of the "organ trade".
The world is fast approaching a crisis in organ transplants. Annually, 64,000 Americans wait for a new organ, and 4,000 die every year for lack of a suitable transplant.
ORGAN TRADE: LIFE AND DEATH FOR SALE follows the emerging organ market around the world. While people in the U.S. wait for the gift of an organ, in countries like India organs can be bought--and sometimes people don't wait for one to be sold! INVESTIGATIVE REPORTSTM interviews women who have sold their kidneys and one man who claims to have had a kidney stolen! Then, the attention to the U.S. system, which is handicapped by a scarcity of donors. The cases of two people waiting for a transplant offer a personal view of the crisis. Finally, medical experts offer their opinions on whether it is possible to create a safe and regulated system, and if so, how.


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Zend Framework RSS Feeds and Notifications
Each of our tools is full of RSS and e-mail notification settings. Search around and you will find most things can be viewed in one or both of those formats. More specifically, the following feeds and notifications are available.
Issue Tracker
Any filter or view in JIRA (our issue tracker) can be used as an RSS feed. Just look across the top links for a "XML" link and that will provide an RSS feed of the current view. For example, the "Added Recently" view could be used to watch for new issues. Or the "Updated Recently" for issues that are changing.
Also, when viewing an issue, can you elect to receive e-mail notifications for any changes to that particular issue. There is a "Watch it" link on the left hand bar towards the bottom that will cause you to receive a notification of every change. The same link can be used to terminate the "Watching" when you are done. As a creator of an issue, the current assignee, or the project lead, you will always receive notifications for changes on your issues.
Typical RSS feed...
note: to create an RSS feed of issues assigned to YOU, you should go to "find issues" and create a search that includes your username as the assignee (not "current user") and then use the XML feed from the results.
The Wiki also has an RSS feed for all changes made to the Wiki that can be seen on the dashboard in the upper-right corner. There is also an RSS Feed Builder that lets you create a custom feed down to the space and page-type level. If you want e-mail notifications, you can go to a space, select "Browse Space", go to the "Advanced" tab, and select "Start watching this space." This can be a bit noisy so RSS feeds are recommended. Or, alternatively modify your profile and in the e-mail settings you may setup a daily summary update of the Wiki. Your profile is also where you can see all of your e-mail watches that you have setup.
Speaking of watches, on any page there is a link in the upper-right that allows you to watch for changes to that specific page only. This is useful if it is a page you care highly about and want to ensure you see every change made to the page.
Typical RSS feeds...
- See all new pages added to the Zend Framework Development Space
- See all updates to pages in the Zend Framework Development Space
- See all new comments made in the Zend Framework Development Space
Fisheye and SVN
Fisheye has RSS feeds available (icon in upper right corner) along with customized versions of those feeds. Later, when we enable accounts on Fisheye, you will be able to add e-mail notifications as well. In the meantime, you may subscribe to email@example.com to receive e-mail updates directly from SVN for new commits.
Typical RSS feed...


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Medi 2012
Drysau Agored: Taith i weld Murluniau Gwreiddiol Eglwys Teilo Sant
Mae nifer gyfyngedig o lefydd ar ôl ar daith arbennig, a hoffwn eu cynnig i chi, annwyl ddarllenwyr!
Fe fydda i'n arwain taith i'n storfeydd, i weld murluniau gwreiddiol Eglwys Teilo Sant, a beintwyd tua 1500. Fe dynnwyd nhw oddi ar y waliau cyn i ni symud yr eglwys i'r amgueddfa. Replicâu ohonynt a welwch ar waliau'r eglwys heddiw. Os ydych chi isie gwybod pa siâp sut ar y rhai gwreiddiol, dyma'r gweithdy i chi!
Er i ni arddangos rhai o'r esiamplau yn y gorffennol, bydd y daith yn gyfle i'w gweld i gyd yn eu cyflwr gwreiddiol, yn ein storfeydd newydd. Bydd yn gyfle i edrych ar sut, a pham, y symudwyd nhw i'r amgueddfa.
Bydd y daith yn cael ei chynnal ar y 25ain o Fedi. Bydd y sesiwn bore rhwng 11:00 a 13:00, ac yn edrych ar Eglwys Teilo Sant fel y mae hi heddiw, gan ganolbwyntio ar y lliwiau, y paent a'r eiconograffeg. Bydd y sesiwn bnawn rhwng 14:00 a 16:00, yn mynd â chi i'r storfeydd ac at y murluniau gwreiddiol. Mae nifer gyfyngedig iawn o lefydd ar gael ac felly rhaid archebu lle o flaen llaw. Galwch (029) 20 57 35 29 i hawlio lle!
It's been a long wet summer and our snow has disappeared!
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It has to be said that the summer of 2012 was a particularly wet one and the visitor figures shot up as families sought a warm dry haven in our galleries at Cathays Park. The more visitors the better, but the increased footfall presents a challenge for the Natural History Conservation Team as we try to keep up with the wear and tear on the galleries. We know it's very tempting for the younger visitors to touch the open dioramas and our sparkly snow seems to attract them most of all, but as the summer progressed and the small hands reached out, our scenery started to disappear before our eyes!
So on a quiet Monday in September when the gallery was closed we decided to clean and freshen up the display. We started by clearing away the damaged areas, then laying fresh fabric over the top. The fabric that we use to replicate the snow is thin upholstery wadding which gives a fluffy appearance when applied in layers. It's easy to shape over the polystyrene base and around the rocks. When we've got the layers in the right position we use a spray adhesive to stick it down. The finishing touches are our favourite part of the job because we get to sprinkle handfuls of fake snow flakes and sparkly glitter over the top of the wadding. This gives the snow a freshly fallen look and the glitter sparkles as you walk around the display. For now the scene is looking fresh and crisp again, let's see how long we can make it last!
Return of the Vikings? 8th September
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In the past week finds processing started in earnest, as stratified deposits were by then being dug across most of the site. In the first two weeks keeping on top of the objects coming from the site had only been a part time job: listing and packing the individual metal, pottery and glass finds that had been turning up. With the serious digging of stratified deposits, however, animal bone worth keeping for further study, started to emerge in considerable quantity. The midden (spread of dumped rubbish) in the main trench (Trench AG) was also being systematically sampled, producing tubs of soil needing processing.
The animal bone and the soil samples form the two main strands of the finds processing going on site. The animal bone needs washing and drying before it can be bagged up for future study: when it will hopefully give insights into the diet and farming methods of the inhabitants of the site.
The soil samples are processed in a flotation tank. A sample, held in a fine mesh, has water pumped up through it from below while being agitated and broken up by the hands of the operator. The flow of the water carries off light, organic, components (charcoal, grain, seeds and other plant remains), which is collected in a very fine mesh sieve. Meanwhile the bulk of the soil drops through the mesh into the bottom of the tank leaving the coarse residue of the sample in the mesh. This is mostly small fragments of stone but will hopefully also contain small animal and fish bones that would not otherwise get found. Both the material floated off and the coarse residues are then left to dry and bagged up for later sorting.
Evan Chapman
Return of the Vikings? 5th September
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The teams in our three trenches have made excellent progress. In the main trench (AG), the full width of the stone enclosure wall has been revealed, and today we were able to identify a buried ground surface beneath (pre-dating) the wall, as well as upcast from the cutting of the early medieval ditch. In the north-east of the trench, a gully has been identified which formed one side of a small enclosure within the walls. This appears to have been a drip gully and drainage ditch around a timber building.
We have decided to extend our small square trench (AH) in the light of the human remains found a few days ago. This trench was sited to establish whether further burials existed in this part of the site, and the discovery promises to add significantly to our understanding of this episode of the site's history. The crouched burial identified so far has only been partially uncovered (top of skull and femur), but it is clear that these articulated bones represent an addition to the small group of five bodies buried outside the defensive wall of the site during the second half of the tenth century.
In our narrow slit trench (AI) on the north-east side of the early medieval enclosure, the team has defined the edges on the inner and outer edges of the two defensive ditches, and a possible prehistoric feature at one end.
One of the more significant finds made so far is the hoop and decorated terminal of a copper-alloy penannular brooch. This is reminiscent of one found in the ninth- century Trewhiddle hoard. The midden deposits within trench AG continue to produce copious quantities of animal bone (important for our understanding of husbandry and diet), as well as ironwork.
Mark Redknap
Return of the Vikings? 3rd September
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After two weeks of hard work by all the team to remove ploughsoil, and backfill from previous years' excavation, the archaeological remains are finally being examined in detail.
Today, one discovery brought the entire site to a halt, bringing everyone to gather around one of the smaller exploratory trenches opened last week. Following clearing rubble from the upper fill of the enclosure ditch, the longbone of a burial was found on the western side of the enclosure ditch. It is hoped that this exciting discovery will provide more information relating to a group of five skeletons previously found immediately to the south during the excavation seasons of 1998 and 1999.
Weather conditions on site are currently excellent for the detection of archaeological features. This is exemplified by the discovery of a several archaeological features within an area previously excavated in 1998 at the east end of the main trench. Some of these features were previously known from the earlier season, but remained unexcavated because of a lack of time.
Elsewhere in the main trench, the team has uncovered more of the enclosure wall defining the western boundary of the site, and have also begun the excavation of a slot through the enclosure ditch adjacent to that wall. Exploratory slots placed through midden deposits at the east end of the trench are finding animal bones in large quantities, which will provide valuable dietary information about the inhabitants of the site.
These tantalising glimpses into the archaeology of the site are getting everyone very excited, and we look forwards to seeing what new discoveries await us during the next two weeks.
Tudur Burke Davies
Return of the Vikings? Friday 31st August
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Today started very pleasantly with sun and light winds, although became overcast by lunchtime, but thankfully still dry. The muddy remains of the deluges of previous days are now largely cleared away from site surfaces and we are down to midden layers across most of the main trench. The trench has now been allotted various sample areas to provide detailed insights into the midden layers, which are getting blacker as we go down through them. The main enclosure ditch where it crosses through this trench has been cross-sectioned, with a grey charcoal-flecked soil filling its upper layer. At the other end of the trench, not far from the spring and pool at the centre of the enclosure, the location of a single, important human burial found deep under the midden in a previous season (2001) is being explored and the backfill of the old trench above it is being removed.
Two smaller trenches are revealing details of the enclosure defences and ditches. One on the western side shows an interesting stepped profile to the ditch, almost as if those digging it were progressively deepening it as it crossed over the limestone scarp. Another long, narrow trench on the north-eastern side of the enclosure was started two days ago to test a possible double-ditch type anomaly which was noticed on the geophysics. This has proved to be correct, with two ditches crossing this trench. Work is now under way to establish their depth and extent, and hopefully to clarify whether one is earlier than the other.
Today is my last day on site as I am only able to supervise for the first half of the four week excavation season. It has been an extremely enjoyable and nostalgic return for me to dig on a favourite site with old friends, having been part of the site team here in the 1996-99 seasons. The weather this time has been less than brilliant, but we have had quite a few nice days amidst the rainy ones, and the forecast is now good. The student team (from Cardiff and Bangor universities) is excellent, at least as good as any we have had in previous seasons. I strongly suspect the most interesting discoveries of this season will now occur in the next two weeks! I will be watching this blog with interest.
New Media, New Challenges
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Plasty Margam, Morgannwg, tua'r Gogledd
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Plasty Margam, Morgannwg, tua'r Dde
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Graham Davies, Online Curator, Amgeddfa Cymru - National Museum Wales
Earlier this year I was approached by the Keeper of Art regarding a recent acquisition of two oil paintings dating from 1700. The paintings in question - two large panoramic paintings of Margam House - were purchased with help from the Heritage Lottery Fund and the Art Fund, and as the funding included some form of digital exploration, I was asked to produce an interactive to compliment the gallery display (that would also be available to tour with the paintings).
On closer inspection of the paintings, lot of small, intricate detail became noticeable. As some details were very small - and would benefit from additional interpretation - some sort of zoomable image would offer the visitors with the best form of digital exploration.
In previous gallery interactive developments, the New Media Department have used the iPad2 platform, but as the newer iPad3 has a retina display - a screen resolution and pixel density so high that a person is unable to discern the individual pixels at a normal viewing distance - this platform seemed ideal to explore small detail in high resolution images. As for the software, we decided to use an adaptation of a previously developed interactive that allowed the user to move around a high-resolution image to predetermined hotspots (to explain certain details of the painting).
I then went about locating numerous details on the canvas that would be interesting and informative to the viewer. I was keen to pick things out that would not be contained on the gallery labels, thus ensuring no duplication and offering an enhanced visitor experience.
Resolution issues
After obtaining high-resolution images of the two paintings I was able to upload these to our Content Management System (amgeuddfacms), to allow them to be served from our website server. It was at this point that a strange technical inconsistency occurred....
Viewing 3800?pixel wide image on a standard Firefox browser on my desktop screen rendered the image sharp and clear. However, serving the exact same image into the iPad3 web browser rendered a fuzzy pixelated image. Given that the same image was being served to both screens it seemed that the different web browsers were handling the image in a different way.
A little bit of research on the internet revealed the possible problem: The default web browser on an iPad (Safari), runs WebKit which only seems to serve images up to a maximum size (somewhere around 1024 pixels wide). The iPad browser seemed to be downsampling the original 3800 wide image to 1024 wide, before then upscaling this 1024 wide image back up to 3800, causing the image to render at almost 400% it's downsampled 1024 pixel size.
The problem was how to get around this. After some researching on the internet for similar problems, it seemed that there was no conclusive solution. This was mainly due to the logical assumption that it's bad practice to serve huge images to a website (especially on a mobile device such as an iPad, where web content was readily downloaded via mobile networks), so the advice was always to use small images. Of course we wanted very large images, so this didn't help!
One solution that Chris Owen, our Web Manager came up with was to serve two halves of the image separately and automatically stitch them back together again after they loaded on the web page - thus the page would load two smaller images. Technically this gave a good result, but cutting the image in half was not enough. We therefore generated a script that sliced the image into 500 by 500 pixels (totaling 64 separate images), and stitched them all back together again once they were loaded into the browser.
The outcome was a high-resolution image (made up of smaller individual images) that renders sharply even when zoomed right in. This gets around the issue of the Safari web browser on an iPad automatically scaling down large images.
Research suggests that this may be a first in application development of this sort, especially one developed wholly in HTML5.
Gesture enhanced interactive
Once this high resolution was served up onto the new iPad3, in high resolution quality, it became clear that it would make more sense to make this a 'gesture enhanced' (pinch to zoom) interactive in addition to interpreting predetermined parts of the painting.
This means that the user can now fully explore the entire image, zooming right into any part of the image, whilst being able to read interpretive labels embedded within the image.
Colour Accuracy
The next problem to solve was the one of colour accuracy. Due to the original paintings being very dark, most images that we had to play with were lightened in order to see the detail. This lightening caused the colours to be untrue to the original, something that would be noticeable once screen and canvas were next to each other in the gallery.
A quick phone call to our photography department affirmed that they had high-resolution master TIFF files available that were 'colour correct', i.e. the colours in the digital capture were exactly as they were in the painting.
These colour correct images turned out to be strikingly different to the ones that we had previously been playing with, the increased sharpness causing even more detail to become apparent, even figures appeared that weren't noticeable on the previous images.
The application will be installed alongside the paintings of Margam House in the Art in Wales 1500-1700 gallery at National Museum Cardiff in October 2012.
Bringing it all together: Art in Wales 1550-1700
A parallel development to this in-gallery interactive is a website interactive exploring a major portrait of the builder of Margam House – Sir Thomas Mansel with his wife, Jayne (hung alongside the Margam paintings in Art in Wales 1550-1700 gallery). Again, certain parts of the painting can be explored in high resolution through interpretive labels embedded in the image. This further compliments an existing interactive, exploring another major portrait in the gallery – Katheryn of Berain, the Mother of Wales.
It is hoped to extend this program to include all the items in the gallery, thus forming a holistic digital interpretation of Art in Wales from 1550-1700, available both within the gallery and through the website.
Pob cofnod
Ffotograffau Hanesyddol (Esmee Ffairburn)
Linking Natural Science Collections in Wales
Project Sain Ffagan Amgueddfa Werin Cymru Project Creu Hanes
Ymchwilio yn Ynysoedd Falkland
cofnodion diweddar
A Window into the Industry Collections


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Intel® Atom™ processors 400 and 500 series with Intel® 82801HM I/O Controller, formerly Luna Pier (Pineview + Intel® ICH8M)
This block diagram provides a description of the functions, capabilities, and connectivity within the Intel® processor platform shown. The Intel® Embedded Flexible Design enables scalability while delivering robust performance. Processors are available in dual- and single-core options with memory support up to DDR3 800 MHz. The chipset provides rich I/O capabilities, offering solutions for many embedded applications.


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Shop Our Family of Brands
Hey, what's cooking? Great cookies that's what! And, not any ordinary cookies, sweet, yummy, moist and delicious hand-decorated cookies that's what! Welcome to Shari's Berries, your ultimate online shopping destination for all things gourmet, and now your number one source for superbly sweet and sophisticated hand decorated cookies. From boxed assortments of seasonal cookies, to extravagant surprise cookie bouquets, we've decked out our decorated cookie assortment to include a whole host of great favorites for kids and adults alike.
No matter the occasion, there's nothing quite like a Shari's Berries cookie delivery to help lift the spirits, share a moment of joy, say congratulations or quite simply show you care. No wonder then that you'll find a whole host of fun, whimsical and downright delicious hand-decorated cookies here in our gourmet gift store.
We know that our chocolate chip cookies, mouthwatering peanut butter cookies and oatmeal raisin cookies are nothing but the best, but when it comes to sending a cookie selection with tons of wow factor, our custom decorated cookie designs are unrivaled. Assembled from deluxe, fresh-from-the-oven, moist sugar cookies and nothing but the best premium frosting, choose from bold and bright get well soon designs, cute baby shower designs, fun birthday designs and even sporty designs and you'll have a cookie gift like no other.You can always turn to Shari's Berries for classic or new flavors of Mrs. Fields cookies.
In fact you'll want to check back often because we're always updating our yummy cookie decorating ideas so you can always be sure to find the perfect decorated cookie bouquet, cookie selection box or large individual decorated cookie decorated cookie bouquet that suits the season. Think classic holiday cookies, fun Halloween cookies, sweet springtime Easter cookies, patriotic July 4th decorated cookies and much more besides. Gift an assortment for a birthday, or quite simply order one in as an incredible and edible table centerpiece for your next party or special celebration. And remember to give one to a deserving hostess or find many other great thank you baskets that would be perfect too. There are so many great ways to decorate cookies and so many great opportunities to give them too.
Shopping for a Fashionista? Then you'll want to take a look at our fun and frivolously fashion-conscious cookie bouquet complete with frosted shoes and purses. C'est chic! Or, for a floral delight that's also an edible dessert, look no further than our traditional cookie bouquets featuring a spray of pretty flower-shaped decorated cookies. For a truely memorable gift browse our multi-day gifts that include one day of sweets and one day of real ProFlowers. In fact, young or old, we've got great gifts and cookies for all ages. Shopping for a Mother's Day gift mom will love? Consider our Mother's Day cake pops made with the tastiest ingredients.
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The Marketing Function
When you are standing at the bathroom sink tomorrow morning, squeezing toothpaste onto your toothbrush, consider this: A team of people used the techniques of business-to-consumer marketing to persuade you to purchase the tube in your hand. Prior to that decision, the company that produced the toothpaste relied on business-to-business marketing to persuade the retailer to stock the toothpaste on its shelves.
Both business objectives were achieved through a combination of the fundamental fours P's of marketing: product, place, price, and promotion.
Major Overview
Marketing touches all aspects of a business organization and helps shape and direct corporate strategy. It begins with understanding the needs and wants of a firm's customers, leads to the development of new products, and establishes how a company communicates with customers about its products.
"Business has only two functions—marketing and innovation." - Peter Drucker
The marketing faculty at Penn State are among the world's leading scholars in consumer marketing, business-to-business marketing, and quantitative modeling of buyer behavior and firm interaction. They consistently publish theoretically rigorous and managerially relevant research that contributes to our understanding of marketing issues. The department is consistently ranked in the top 20 marketing departments in the U.S. on research output. The faculty are keenly interested in working with bright and enthusiastic individuals who seek to advance knowledge and become leading scholars in top business schools. Check out the marketing PhD program.
Faculty members are also sought-after thought leaders in the business world. The Institute for the Study of Business Markets, led by Penn State marketing faculty, is a prominent center of thought-leadership in the Business to Business (B2B) Marketing and eBusiness areas. Our faculty members regularly consult with companies such as Dupont, IBM, and SAP on important strategic problems. The Center for Sports Business & Research, also led by Penn State marketing faculty, likewise provides thought-leadership in the area of business research on the burgeoning sports industry.
Becoming a Marketing Major
Interested in becoming a Marketing major? Go to the Undergraduate Student Exchange Website that describes exactly what you need to enter a major.


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Redeem when you want, for what you want. Your points never expire and there are no blackout dates.
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To book more than 9 rooms for one stay or request a quote, please use our Easy Meetings tool or call 1-800-MEETING (in United States, Mexico and Canada).
The Candlewood Suites® Nanuet - Rockland County hotel is in one of the most conveniently located hotels in Hudson Valley. Less than 20 miles from New York City and West Point Military Academy, you can experience the charm of Nanuet, New Jersey without compromising access to major attractions.
We offer apartment-style suites with a full kitchen, comfy recliner, cover lit bedding, and a flexible workspace. Business
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We offer apartment-style suites with a full kitchen, comfy recliner, cover lit bedding, and a flexible workspace. Business guests especially take advantage of our free Wi-Fi access and free laundry services. Our extended stay hotel is located near major businesses including Mercedes- Benz and Towers Watson, as well as both Rockland Community College and Dominican College.
Rockland County, N.Y., is a wonderful place for a leisurely getaway. Travel to the village of Nyack and enjoy an exceptional meal at one of the many unique restaurants or stroll through the antique shops that dot the streets of this delightful town. Once you spend time here, you'll discover why the pleasant surroundings of our extended stay hotel in Hudson Valley, NY captures so many hearts.
We welcome you with amenities that include our 24-hour Candlewood Gym, Lending Library and Lending Locker, and our 24-hour Candlewood Cupboard stocked with snacks, drinks, and sundry items. Make our hotel your home while visiting Nanuet, NJ.
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American Justice: Cops On Trial DVD
Sale Price: $19.99
To Order by Phone Call 1-800-933-6249
- Additional Details
- Format: Color, DVD-Video, NTSC
- Rating: Not Rated
- Number of Discs: 1
- Run Time: 50 Minutes
- Region: Region 1
- Aspect Ratio: 1.33:1
- Language: English
- Studio: A&E Home Video
- DVD Release Date: 2002
Former L.A. Police Chief Daryl Gates and the author of the landmark book PRINCE OF THE CITY share their thoughts in this expose of corruption and crime among police.
They are charged with protecting society and preventing crime. But what happens when cops turn bad? And what happens when corruption and criminality among the police becomes endemic?
AMERICAN JUSTICE® tackles this difficult issue with help from numerous experts, including prosecutors in police brutality and corruption cases, former L.A. Police Chief Daryl Gates and Bob Leuci, author of Prince of the City. Chronicling some of the most famous of all these controversial cases, including the Rodney King beating trial and the corruption cases that resulted from Frank Serpico's investigations in New York City, COPS ON TRIAL shows that justice does indeed work differently when the ""boys in blue"" are involved. But what is the best way to proceed in these tricky, charged situations? Legal experts debate that and other issues in this gripping program.
COPS ON TRIAL is a must-see for anyone interested in justice in America.


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Elegant Long Cherry Blossom Pillow
Item #80239
Sale Price: $24.99
Original Price: $45.00
This item cannot be shipped outside the continental U.S.
- Description
- Reviews
Enjoy the fleeting beauty of cherry blossoms the year round with this Elegant Long Cherry Blossom Pillow. Designed exclusively for the Smithsonian, the lovely blossom motifs are hand-hooked in rich hues of 100% wool. Cotton velveteen backing. Polyfill insert. Zipper closure. Imported. 24" x 8"
Museum Provenance
Recalls several antique textiles with cherry blossom designs in our Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum.
Every Smithsonian purchase will arrive with a museum provenance card explaining how it is adapted from or inspired by an object or objects in our collection.
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You may also like:Elegant Square Cherry Blossom Pillow
Original Price: $69.00
NOW: $39.99Cherry Blossom Waterglobe


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Stevie Wonder
Although he had his greatest commercial success in the '70s, by which time the onetime child prodigy was already a seasoned pro, Stevie Wonder remains one of the most beloved figures and dynamic creative forces in the music business today. His entire career has been one of refusing to accept boundaries -- in the early years of the 21st century, for example, he appeared on albums by pop artists including Luther Vandross, Gloria Estefan and Rod Stewart, but also was introduced to a whole new audience when rapper Coolio had a hit with a hip-hopified update of one of Wonder's early songs.
Born Steveland Hardaway Judkins in Saginaw, Michigan (he'd later change his name to Steveland Morris when his mother married), Wonder was a premature baby, and the oxygen treatments he received as a result are believed to have caused his blindness. Young Stevie grew up idolizing Ray Charles and showing amazing musical ability; he was performing in the church choir at 4 and by age 11 had attracted the attention of one of the Miracles. As a result, he was signed to Motown, and although his first two albums didn't set the world on fire, the single from his third, live album, The 12 Year Old Genius, made up for it. The bouncy, cheerful "Fingertips, Pt. 2" made Wonder a star and gave Motown its first #1 album.
Before Wonder was out of his teens, he'd had countless hits and grown tremendously as an artist, co-writing many of his own songs as well as other Motown hits. When he turned 21, and took control of his earnings, he didn't rush into another record deal, but instead built a state-of-the-art studio and spent time learning to use it. By the time he did re-sign with Motown, it was on his own terms, with creative control that was to serve him well.
Starting with 1972's Music of My Mind and culminating with 1976's Songs in the Key of Life, Wonder enjoyed a golden age of artistic achievement, with huge success with the critics and on the charts. In later years he was often to be found in interesting (often charitable) collaborations, from the superstar-heavy famine-relief "We Are the World" single to the cheery, hokey but beloved "Ebony and Ivory" ode to racial harmony with Paul McCartney. He continues to work on varied projects and garner new Grammy Awards as the new millennium progresses.
Written by: Mary Eisenhart
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Monday, Dec 22, 2014
|Long One @ 9
Cheap Trick
|Ten @ 10 Replay
Tuesday, Dec 23, 2014
|Milestones in Rock
|Ten @ 10
|One 45 @ 1:45
|Lost & Found
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Darlene Love
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Chips and Crackers
Imported Specialty
Sea Vegetables
Soy Sauces
Use keywords to find the product you are looking for.Advanced Search
Traditional Japanese Foods — Nuclear Radiation Food SafetyJapanese Ocean Currents
Eden Brown Rice Chips provide great food value and delicious flavor. They contain no artificial colors, flavorings or preservatives. Most packaged snacks are loaded with hydrogenated oil (trans fats), harsh salt, refined sugar and preservatives. Eden Brown Rice Chips are a healthy choice and the lowest in sodium of all our chips.
Eden Brown Rice Chips give you the wholesome benefits of brown rice in a convenient snack. Packed with flavor and a light, crispy texture. Enjoy them as is or with your favorite dip, spread or salsa. A great healthy snack food for hiking, camping, parties, picnics and lunches.


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- review 2009 lotus exige s 260 0
Report: Lotus to phase out Toyota-powered Elise and Exige with special Final Editions
by Aaron Richardson (RSS feed) on Apr 16th, 2011 at 3:22PM
2009 Lotus Exige S260 – Click above for high-res image gallery Lotus's supply of Toyota 2ZZ-GE engines has finally run out, meaning production of the company's highly popular Exige and Elise will come to an abrupt halt in July. To commemorate its track-day superstars' success, Lotus will send the cars off with an extremely limited number of Final Editions. With Lotus up to its axles in financial uncertainty, this may represent your last chance to get your hands on a new Lotus Elise or Exige. There are two trim levels planned for the Exige's parting-shot model. Lotus says it will... Read More


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Quality footwear at a decent price.
No terrain or weather can deter our Tucson hiking shoe's confident traction when you head out for your daily trail fix. M-Select GRIP uses a specialized sole design, with self-cleaning lugs that deliver extra grip for lateral moves and aggressively bite into anything underfoot, wet or dry.
• Cow suede leather and mesh upper
• M-Select FRESH naturally prevents odour before it starts for fresh smelling feet
• EVA removable footbed
• Merrell air cushion in the heel absorbs shock and adds stability
• 4.0 mm lug depth
• M-Select GRIP tunes each outsole with durable traction that grips when and where you need it
Men's Sizes: 6.5-14
Men's Weight: 397g
Quality footwear at a decent price.
Sized as Expected
I walk about 5k a day so needed something practical to wear.


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ABB's Aquamaster 3 Electromagnetic Water Flowmeter
- Category: Measurement & Sensing
- Product Type: Flow
- Manufacturer: ABB Measurement Products
Aquamaster 3 electromagnetic water flowmeter offers a choice of line voltage and battery options, plus a renewable power option that draws from either solar or wind-powered energy sources. With the new option, a simple DC (6V-21V) connection can be hooked up to sources as small as a 5-W solar panel or 60-W equivalent wind supply. It has built-in GSM/SMS technology.


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Science and Theology: Questioning the "Two-State Solution"
Theology needs science, but science needs theology; there can be no two-state solution.
The Resource Finder has powerful filtering features — check out the tutorial to learn more.
Theology needs science, but science needs theology; there can be no two-state solution.
In this video originally featured in March of 2012, Dr. David Finch, a biologist at New York University, discusses his thoughts on both Creationism and the effects of "new atheists" like Richard Dawkins.
Here are some of the best responses from around the web to David's Barash's controversial editorial about God and Evolution in the New York Times.
New BioLogos content editor Brad Kramer reviews Chapter 1 of "Surprised by Scripture" by NT Wright, and sees Wright's work as a signpost for the future of the science/faith debate.
Do we see God because of design, or do we see design because of God?
This entry was originally posted on February 13, 2010. While the question of evolutionary predisposition toward religious belief may be challenging, Christians need not see it as threatening. In fact, this is actually a Pauline notion that is explored in Romans 1, where Paul claims that it is in mankind's nature to "know God".
I was raised in a household of atheists. My parents were card-carrying members of the American Communist Party, and therefore the atheism in my household was quite close to the militant anti-theism of the so-called "new atheists".
In this video conversation, N.T. Wright discusses how the Enlightenment worldview -- which clearly separates God from the world -- has impacted our view of Scripture, and why cleaning the "spectacles" through which we view the world can help us see both Scripture and the world more clearly.
Genes and physiology are seen as something different from "us" and "our mind," and they seem to be controlling us, so we can't even change our mind. Humans are presented as pawns of their biology, puppets dancing to the tune of their genetic masters.
Once we have a scientific hypothesis for how something exists, it is tempting to make the philosophical inference that this is also why it exists.
In this three-part series, Cal DeWitt offers insights and examples of why science and ethics must work together to help us make informed, practical decisions within our society. DeWitt's science-ethics-praxis model provides a framework by which we can live more effectively as God's stewards.
In this series, David Buller pays careful attention to the original language and cultural context of Genesis 2, revealing that our responsibility to care for creation is a sacred task given to us by God, not merely a modern secular activity. By taking Scripture seriously, we learn that we have a God-given mandate to be diligent stewards of His creation.
Do you believe in God? If a cadre of outspoken, strong atheists wrote a litmus test for scientists, that might very well be question #1.
As an Evangelical and a scientist, Katharine Hayhoe is already a member of a rare breed. As a climate change researcher who is also married to an evangelical Christian pastor, she is nearly one of a kind.
To say something is poetic is not to declare it ultimately untrue, futile and meaningless—it is to say it is more profound and meaningful and true than many other modes of expression.
In this talk, Professor Plantinga addresses the fact that many contemporary thinkers—including many theologians—believe that God cannot perform miracles, providentially guide history, or interact in the lives of people, as these activities would be contrary to science. Plantinga, on the other hand, makes the case that this popular view is mistaken; excluding divine action in the world is not a central feature of natural science itself, but a philosophical or theological preference that has been added on to science (and can just as readily be removed). Plantinga concludes that it is completely logical to accept the miracles of the Bible and support contemporary science.
The discovery of the Higgs boson would certainly be a breakthrough for particle physics and cosmology, but would such a finding also radically redefine theology's understanding of God or challenge the existence of such a deity? Is there actually any theological or religious significance in Higgs physics at all?
Many people use the words "dominion" and "subdue" as "unconditional permission to use the world as they please." I came to realize, like many, that such an interpretation is contradicted by the rest of the Bible.
Scientism is a rather strange word, but for reasons that we shall see, a useful one. Though this term has been coined rather recently, it is associated with many other "isms" with long and turbulent histories: materialism, naturalism, reductionism, empiricism, and positivism.
Some criticized John for his theistic evolutionary position and even his appreciation for Darwin. But Stott saw no contradiction between his own commitment to the authority of Scripture and his openness to God's use of evolution in His creative process.