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24 Jun 2010: (2010) Correction: Biodiversity Assessment of the Fishes of Saba Bank Atoll, Netherlands Antilles. PLoS ONE 5(6): 10.1371/annotation/17094090-8f2d-4f48-8fdb-7ab903dcdaa1. doi: 10.1371/annotation/17094090-8f2d-4f48-8fdb-7ab903dcdaa1 | View correction
24 Jun 2010: (2010) Correction: Biodiversity Assessment of the Fishes of Saba Bank Atoll, Netherlands Antilles. PLoS ONE 5(6): 10.1371/annotation/c9e7d37a-0514-4aa7-affb-44d206453530. doi: 10.1371/annotation/c9e7d37a-0514-4aa7-affb-44d206453530 | View correction
Biodiversity surveys were conducted on Saba Bank, Netherlands Antilles, to assess ichthyofaunal richness and to compare with published surveys of other Caribbean localities. The primary objective was to estimate the total species richness of the Saba Bank ichthyofauna. A variety of sampling techniques was utilized to survey the fish species of both the visually accessible megafauna and the camouflaged and small-sized species comprising the cryptic ichthyofauna.
Based on results presented herein, the number of species known on Saba Bank is increased from 42 previously known species to 270 species. Expected species-accumulation curves demonstrate that the current estimate of species richness of fishes for Saba Bank under represents the actual richness, and our knowledge of the ichthyofauna has not plateaued. The total expected fish-species richness may be somewhere between 320 and 411 species.
The Saba Bank ichthyofaunal assemblage is compared to fish assemblages found elsewhere in the Caribbean. Despite the absence of shallow or emergent shore habitats like mangroves, Saba Bank ranks as having the eighth highest ichthyofaunal richness of surveyed localities in the Greater Caribbean. Some degree of habitat heterogeneity was evident. Fore-reef, patch-reef, and lagoonal habitats were sampled. Fish assemblages were significantly different between habitats. Species richness was highest on the fore reef, but 11 species were found only at lagoonal sites.
A comprehensive, annotated list of the fishes currently known to occur on Saba Bank, Netherland Antilles, is provided and color photographs of freshly collected specimens are presented for 165 of the listed species of Saba Bank fishes to facilitate identification and taxonomic comparison with similar taxa at other localities. Coloration of some species is shown for the first time. Preliminary analysis indicates that at least six undescribed new species were collected during the survey and these are indicated in the annotated list.
Citation: Williams JT, Carpenter KE, Van Tassell JL, Hoetjes P, Toller W, et al. (2010) Biodiversity Assessment of the Fishes of Saba Bank Atoll, Netherlands Antilles. PLoS ONE 5(5): e10676. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010676
Editor: Brian Gratwicke, Smithsonian's National Zoological Park, United States of America
Received: November 13, 2009; Accepted: January 21, 2010; Published: May 21, 2010
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Public Domain declaration which stipulates that, once placed in the public domain, this work may be freely reproduced, distributed, transmitted, modified, built upon, or otherwise used by anyone for any lawful purpose.
Funding: The Department of Environment and Nature of the Netherlands Antilles and Conservation International provided funding for this project. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Competing interests: Dr. Peter Etnoyer co-authored the Deep Sea News blog with PLoS One editor Dr. Craig McClain 2005–2009. Dr. McClain has recused himself from the Saba Bank Biodiversity Assessment volume for this reason.
Saba Bank is the largest atoll in the Atlantic Ocean Basin and one of the three largest atolls on earth [1]. Located in the Dutch Windward Islands about 250 km east of Puerto Rico, it is a flat-topped seamount rising 1800 m from the surrounding sea floor. Except for the fact that it does not break the water surface, Saba Bank is a classic atoll consisting of a submerged mountain crowned at the summit with a ring of actively growing coral reefs [2]. Saba Bank is relatively free of the problems that are degrading many Caribbean reef systems, and the few problems it faces include anchoring and abrasion by oil tankers maneuvering off the petroleum transshipment facilities on St. Eustatius, potential petroleum spillage and subsequent use of dispersants, general vessel passage in a zone of high maritime traffic, possible overfishing for certain species, and exploration for petroleum reserves (so far unsuccessful). Saba Bank's fisheries and dive operations are economically significant to the small community on Saba Island (about 1500 residents) that has direct responsibility for its management.
The known fish fauna of Saba Bank prior to our survey consisted of 42 fish species. Most of these species were taken during fishery bottom-trawl surveys on Saba Bank, including two M/V Oregon stations in 1958 and nine stations in 1959, and two trawl hauls taken in 1969 by the R/V Pillsbury. Although four of these trawls were taken on or near the top of Saba Bank, nine were on the deep outer slopes. The habitats sampled during these surveys were restricted to relatively soft-bottom habitats due to the exclusive use of trawling techniques. These trawl samples provided valuable records of fishes living on soft bottoms and on the outer slopes of Saba Bank.
A biodiversity-assessment survey was carried out on Saba Bank during 2006 and 2007, with a major goal being to improve knowledge of the biodiversity on one of the world's most significant, though poorly known, coral-capped seamounts. In an effort to record as many fish species as possible in the short period of time available for the survey, we utilized a variety of fish sampling techniques. These techniques included visual surveys by divers, use of SCUBA to apply ichthyocide (a natural fish toxicant consisting of dried and powdered Derris root - assayed at 7.5% rotenone), hand-line fishing, by-catch from lobster and fish traps taken by local fishermen, and port sampling observations of fish landings. During the surveys, an attempt was made to obtain a photograph documenting the fresh colors of as many species as possible, a tissue sample of each species, and preserved specimen vouchers that have been archived in the National fish collection (USNM) of the National Museum of Natural History (NMNH), Smithsonian Institution (SI). Specimens representing six or more undescribed species and two rare gobies, Pycnomma roosevelti and Psilotris boehlkei, were collected.
The habitats surveyed on the Saba Bank "atoll" during this study are classified as: fore reef, patch reef, lagoonal and Small Bank. Fore-reef areas are located around the outer rim of the submerged atoll. Patch reef is an isolated portion of "reef" situated on the lagoonal (interior) side of the fore reef. Lagoonal is the central portion of the atoll interior to the fore-reefs around the atoll rim and may have a variety of bottom types. Small Bank is a small, independent "seamount-like" structure located off the northwest corner of Saba Bank with its shallowest depth at about 11 m. Depth categories were arbitrarily assigned as shallow (11–24 m), mid-depth (25–34 m), and deep (35–38 m).
The primary goals of the overall biodiversity survey were to provide data and analysis to support designation of Saba Bank as a marine protected area, to support the development of a management plan, and to contribute to a petition to the International Maritime Organization to designate appropriate parts of Saba Bank as a Particularly Sensitive Sea Area.
We occupied fish stations at 25 locations during a rapid assessment (RAP) survey, 2–16 January 2006; including: 20 ichthyocide stations, 12 roving visual surveys, two hook & line stations, and five by-catch stations from lobster traps; two fish-ichthyocide stations were occupied at two additional locations on 20 June 2007 (Figure 1). In 2007, Toller assessed the benthic communities and fish assemblages based in part on 40 visual surveys of the fish fauna at an area on the eastern side of Saba Bank.
Figure 1. Bathymetric map of Saba Bank with fish stations marked.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010676.g001
Specimens collected during the RAP survey were preserved as vouchers and processed into the fish collection (available online at http://vertebrates.si.edu/fishes/fishes_collections.html) at the NMNH (as many species as possible were also tissue sampled and photographed in the field). Toller collected and preserved vouchers from fishery landings when possible and photographed specimens representing new records. Toller's vouchers were processed into the fish collection at the NMNH and are also available in the online database.
Some species were only taken during fishery bottom trawl surveys by the M/V Oregon (1958, 1959) and the R/V Pillsbury (1969) on Saba Bank. Species represented by voucher specimens in museum collections are included in our comprehensive species list.
A non-metric multidimensional-scaling (MDS) ordination of the 12 rotenone and roving stations based on a Bray-Curtis similarity matrix of incidence data was used to illustrate similarities and differences of fish assemblages found on the four atoll habitat types: fore reef, patch reef, lagoonal, Small Bank (Figure 2). There were significant differences among habitat types (ANOSIM Global R = 0.96, P = 0.001). Differences between fore-reef stations and patch-reef stations were most pronounced (ANOSIM, Pairwise R = 0.92, P = 0.002). Fore-reef assemblages ranged from 39 to 60 species per station while the patch-reef stations had 26 and 32 species. Fore-reef stations were 50% similar to each other, and patch-reef stations were up to 60% similar. Fore-reef assemblages were not significantly different than Small Bank, or the lagoonal habitat (ANOSIM, Pairwise R = 0.973, P = 0.11). Low sample size (one station with 39 species) in the lagoonal habitat limits this comparison.
Figure 2. MDS ordination of fish-survey stations illustrates high similarity of assemblages within fore-reef sites and significant differences (ANOSIM, P<0.05) among habitats.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010676.g002
There were significant differences in the fish assemblages when classified by depth - shallow, middle, and deep (ANOSIM Global test, R = 0.618, P = 0.006). Differences in species composition were most evident between mid-depth and deep sites (ANOSIM Pairwise test, R = 0.829, P = 0.008). Fore-reef sites were typically at mid to shallow depths (20 to 34 m) whereas the patch-reef sites were typically deep (35 to 38 m). There is some evidence of habitat heterogeneity and vertical zonation for fish assemblages on Saba Bank, but more sampling is necessary to discern whether habitat or depth best explains the differences among groups.
The horizontal axis in the MDS plot represents a gradient in species richness with patch-reef and lagoonal sites having lowest richness ( Figure 2). The vertical axis in the MDS plot illustrates differences related to depth with deepest station (Small Bank) higher in the vertical axis, and shallower sites lower in the vertical axis. The two-dimensional stress value was low in the MDS (stress = 0.1) indicating a slight chance of misrepresentation.
A principal components analysis (PCA) was used to understand which species assemblages were responsible for differences among stations. The first three components explained 43.9% of the variation. The first component (18.6% of variation explained) was dominated by ubiquitous species and most common species. Strongest loadings (negative) on the first principal component (PC1) included the four species found at all stations (Halichoeres garnoti, Serranus tigrinus, Stegastes partitus, and Thalassoma bifasciatum) and 13 species found at all but one to four of the stations. These 13 common species are rarely found at the small bank, patch-reef, and lagoonal stations and, therefore, PC1 also serves to define the fore-reef sites. For example, Acanthurus bahianus, Coryphopterus glaucofraenum, Coryphopterus dicrus, and Scarus taeniopterus were found at all fore-reef sites but rarely at the Small Bank, lagoonal and at least one of the patch-reef sites. The strongest positive loadings on PC1 are from 11 species only found at the lagoonal site. Principal components 2 and 3 correspond strongly to the horizontal or species richness component on the MDS with strongest positive loadings on species typically found at the low to medium species richness stations 3, 5, 6 and 8–12 (e.g. Cryptotomus roseus, Haemulon melanurum, Halichoeres bivittatus, Astrapogon puncticulatus, and Serranus baldwini). Strongest negative scores were on species that were frequently found at high to medium species richness stations 1, 2, 4, 7 and 8 (e.g. Hypoplectrus puella, Lythrypnus elasson, Prognathodes aculeatus, Neoniphon marianus, and Gramma loreto).
An annotated list of the fishes of Saba Bank is provided below. In the list, we include the family, genus and species, author and English common name (as common names are not standardized internationally, we strove to apply the most widely used English common name based on FishBase (http://www.fishbase.org) listings). The use of "cf" before a species name indicates that the specimen photographed is similar to that species, but probably represents an undescribed species. Voucher specimens are archived at the National Museum of Natural History (USNM) and the Florida Museum of Natural History (UF) and each species with vouchers is annotated with the museum's acronym where the specimens are housed. The basis of each species record is indicated by: I – ichthyocide station, F – caught by a local fisherman and photographed, T – bottom trawl, O – visual sighting during Toller survey, V – visual sighting during RAP survey at roving and rotenone station. Lengths of specimens are recorded in mm for either standard length (SL), total length (TL), or fork length (FL). Photographs showing the color pattern of freshly collected specimens are included for as many of the species as possible. Images illustrating observed sexual and developmental (juvenile to adult) variability in color pattern are included where possible.
Ginglymostomatidae—nurse sharks
Ginglymostoma cirratum (Bonnaterre, 1788)—nurse shark; OV; Figure 3
Figure 3. Ginglymostoma cirratum, underwater photo by Juan Sanchez.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010676.g003
Squalidae—dogfish sharks
Squalus cubensis Howell Rivero, 1936—Cuban dogfish; F; Figure 4
Figure 4. Squalus cubensis, 475 mm TL, photo by W Toller.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010676.g004
Carcharhinidae—requiem sharks
Carcharhinus perezii (Poey, 1876)—reef shark; F
Galeocerdo cuvier (Péron & Lesueur, 1822)—tiger shark; F,O
Etmopteridae—lantern sharks
Etmopterus bullisi Bigelow & Schroeder, 1957—lined lantern shark; USNM, T
Dasyatidae—whiptail stingrays
Dasyatis americana Hildebrand & Schroeder, 1928—southern stingray; V
Anarchias similis (Lea, 1913)—pygmy moray; USNM, I
Enchelycore carychroa (Böhlke & Böhlke, 1976)—chestnut moray; USNM, I, F; Figure 5
Figure 5. Enchelychore carychroa, 175 mm TL, photo by JT Williams.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010676.g005
Enchelycore nigricans (Bonnaterre, 1788)—viper moray; USNM, I
Gymnothorax conspersus Poey, 1867—saddled moray; USNM, F; Figure 6
Figure 6. Gymnothorax conspersus, 730 mm TL, photo by W Toller.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010676.g006
Gymnothorax maderensis(Johnson, 1862)—sharktooth moray; USNM, F; Figure 7
Figure 7. Gymnothorax maderensis, 300 mm TL, photo by W Toller.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010676.g007
Gymnothorax miliaris (Kaup, 1856)—goldentail moray; USNM, I, O; Figure 8
Figure 8. Gymnothorax miliaris, 60.3 mm TL, photo by JT Williams.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010676.g008
Gymnothorax moringa (Cuvier, 1829)—spotted moray; USNM, I, O, V; Figure 9
Figure 9. Gymnothorax moringa, 189.8 mm TL, photo by JT Williams.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010676.g009
Gymnothorax polygonius Poey, 1876—polygon moray; USNM, F; Figure 10
Figure 10. Gymnothorax polygonius, 810 mm TL, photo by W Toller.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010676.g010
Gymnothorax vicinus (Castelnau, 1855)—purplemouth moray; USNM, I, O; Figure 11
Figure 11. Gymnothorax vicinus, 48.2 mm TL, photo by JT Williams.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010676.g011
Monopenchelys acuta (Parr, 1930)—redface moray; USNM, I; Figure 12
Figure 12. Monopenchelys acuta, 132.4 mm TL, photo by JT Williams.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010676.g012
Uropterygius macularius (Lesueur, 1825)—marbled moray; USNM, I
Ophichthidae—snake eels
Ahlia egmontis (Jordan, 1884)—key worm eel; USNM, I; Figures 13, 14
Figure 13. Ahlia egmontis, 183.0 mm TL, photo by JT Williams.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010676.g013
Figure 14. Ahlia egmontis, 183.0 mm TL, close-up of head, photo by JT Williams.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010676.g014
Aprognathodon platyventris Böhlke, 1967—stripe eel; USNM, I; Figures 15, 16
Figure 15. Aprognathodon platyventris, 149.2 mm TL, photo by JT Williams.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010676.g015
Figure 16. Aprognathodon platyventris, 149.2 mm TL, close-up of head, photo by JT Williams.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010676.g016
Myrichthys breviceps (Richardson, 1848) —sharptail eel; O
Myrichthys ocellatus (Lesueur, 1825)—goldspotted eel; USNM, I; Figures 17, 18
Figure 17. Myrichthys ocellatus, 383 mm TL, photo by JT Williams.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010676.g017
Figure 18. Myrichthys ocellatus, 383 mm TL, close-up of head, photo by JT Williams.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010676.g018
Congridae—conger eels
Bathycongrus thysanochilus (Reid, 1934)—conger eel; USNM, T
Conger esculentus Poey, 1866—grey conger; USNM, F
Chlopsidae—false morays
Kaupichthys hyoproroides (Strömman, 1896)—false moray; USNM, I; Figure 19
Figure 19. Kaupichthys hyoproroides, 79.4 mm TL, photo by JT Williams.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010676.g019
Kaupichthys nuchalis Böhlke, 1967—collared eel; USNM, I; Figure 20
Figure 20. Kaupichthys nuchalisi, 61.6 mm TL, photo by JT Williams.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010676.g020
Moringuidae—spaghetti eels
Moringua edwardsi (Jordan & Bollman, 1889)—spaghetti eel; USNM, I; Figure 21
Figure 21. Moringua edwardsi, 258 mm TL, photo by JT Williams.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010676.g021
Saurida brasiliensis Norman 1935—largescale lizardfish; UF, T
Saurida normani Longley 1935—shortjaw lizardfish; UF, T
Synodus intermedius (Spix & Agassiz, 1829)—sand diver; USNM, UF, F, O; Figure 22
Figure 22. Synodus intermedius, 316 mm SL, photo by W Toller.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010676.g022
Synodus poeyi Jordan, 1887—offshore lizardfish; UF, T
Synodus saurus (Linnaeus, 1758)—Atlantic lizardfish; UF, I, V
Synodus synodus (Linnaeus, 1758)—red lizardfish; UF, USNM, I; Figure 23
Figure 23. Synodus synodus, 42.5 mm SL, photo by JT Williams.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010676.g023
Trachinocephalus myops (Forster, 1801)—snakefish; V
Brotula barbata (Bloch & Schneider, 1801)—bearded brotula; USNM, O; Figure 24
Figure 24. Brotula barbata, 628 mm TL, photo by W Toller.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010676.g024
Neobythites ocellatus Günther 1887—ocellate cusk-eel; USNM, T
Neobythites unicolor Nielsen & Retzer 1994—unicolor cusk-eel; USNM, T
Ophidion antipholus Lea & Robins, 2003—longnose cusk-eel; UF, T
Otophidium omostigma (Jordan & Gilbert, 1882)—polka-dot cusk-eel; UF, T
Parophidion schmidti (Woods & Kanazawa, 1951)—dusky cusk-eel; USNM, I; Figure 25
Figure 25. Parophidion schmidti, 69.3 mm TL, photo by JT Williams.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010676.g025
Petrotyx sanguineus (Meek & Hildebrand, 1928)—redfin brotula; USNM, I; Figure 26
Figure 26. Petrotyx sanguineus, 62.2 mm TL, photo by JT Williams.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010676.g026
Bythitidae—viviparous brotulas
Ogilbia sabaji Moller, Schwarzhans & Nielsen, 2005—Sabaj coralbrotula; USNM, I; Figure 27
Figure 27. Ogilbia sabaji, 27.2 mm SL, photo by JT Williams.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010676.g027
Antennarius pauciradiatus Schultz, 1957 —dwarf frogfish; USNM, I; Figures 28, 29
Figure 28. Antennarius pauciradiatus, 24.9 mm SL, photo by JT Williams.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010676.g028
Figure 29. Antennarius pauciradiatus, 24.9 mm SL, close-up of head, photo by JT Williams.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010676.g029
Antennarius multiocellatus (Valenciennes, 1837) —longlure frogfish; USNM, I
A single juvenile specimen was collected in 2007. Although adults of this species have a very long first spine, our juvenile specimen has the first dorsal spine about the same length as the second. Böhlke and Chaplin [3] mention this allometric growth pattern in which the first spine is short in young specimens, but increases in length with growth. The juvenile exhibits the typical adult color pattern.
Chaunacidae—sea toads
Chaunax suttkusi Caruso, 1989—Suttkus sea toad; USNM, T
All of the batfish records from Saba Bank are based on trawl collections with vouchered museum specimens.
Dibranchus atlanticus Peters, 1876—Atlantic batfish; UF, T
Halieutichthys aculeatus (Mitchill, 1818)—pancake batfish; UF, T
Ogcocephalus pumilus Bradbury, 1980—dwarf batfish; USNM, T
Cypselurus comatus (Mitchill, 1815)—clearwing flyingfish; USNM
This specimen was probably captured at the surface using a dip net.
Anarchopterus tectus (Dawson, 1978) —insular pipefish; USNM, I
Bryx randalli (Herald, 1965)—ocellated pipefish; USNM, I; Figure 30
Figure 30. Bryx randalli, 24.3 mm SL, photo by JT Williams.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010676.g030
Micrognathus crinitus (Jenyns, 1842) —banded pipefish; USNM, I; Figures 31, 32
Figure 31. Micrognathus crinitus, 102.8 mm SL, photo by JT Williams.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010676.g031
Figure 32. Micrognathus crinitus, 102.8 mm SL, close-up of head, photo by JT Williams.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010676.g032
Aulostomus maculatus Valenciennes, 1837—trumpetfish; USNM, I, O, V
Holocentrus adscensionis (Osbeck, 1765)—squirrelfish; USNM, I, O, V; Figure 33
Figure 33. Holocentrus ascensionus, 195.0 mm SL, photo by JT Williams.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010676.g033
Holocentrus rufus (Walbaum, 1792)—longspine squirrelfish; USNM, I, O, V; Figure 34
Figure 34. Holocentrus rufus, 153.2 mm SL, photo by JT Williams.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010676.g034
Myripristis jacobus Cuvier, 1829—blackbar soldierfish; USNM, I, O; Figure 35
Figure 35. Myripristis jacobus, 114.7 mm SL, photo by JT Williams.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010676.g035
Neoniphon marianus (Cuvier, 1829)—longjaw squirrelfish; USNM, I; Figure 36
Figure 36. Neoniphon marianus, 98.2 mm SL, photo by JT Williams.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010676.g036
Plectrypops retrospinis (Guichenot, 1853)—cardinal soldierfish; USNM, I; Figure 37
Figure 37. Plectrypops retrospinis, 71.5 mm SL, photo by JT Williams.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010676.g037
Sargocentron coruscum (Poey, 1860)—reef squirrelfish; USNM, I, O; Figures 38, 39
Figure 38. Sargocentron coruscum, juvenile, 31.1 mm SL, photo by JT Williams.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010676.g038
Figure 39. Sargocentron coruscum, 81.7 mm SL, photo by JT Williams.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010676.g039
Scorpaena albifimbria Evermann & Marsh, 1900—coral scorpionfish; USNM, I; Figure 40
Figure 40. Scorpaena albifimbria, 37.4 mm SL, photo by JT Williams.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010676.g040
Scorpaena bergii Evermann & Marsh, 1900—goosehead scorpionfish; USNM, I
Scorpaena grandicornis Cuvier, 1829—plumed scorpionfish; USNM, I; Figure 41
Figure 41. Scorpaena grandicornis, 65.1 mm SL, photo by JT Williams.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010676.g041
Scorpaena inermis Cuvier, 1829 —mushroom scorpionfish; USNM, I, T; Figures 42, 43
Figure 42. Scorpaena inermis, 40.1 mm SL, red morph, photo by JT Williams.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010676.g042
Figure 43. Scorpaena inermis, 65.9 mm SL, yellow morph, photo by JT Williams.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010676.g043
Two color morphs were collected at Saba Bank, a red morph (Figure 42) and a yellow morph (Figure 43).
Scorpaena plumieri Bloch, 1789—spotted scorpionfish; USNM, I
Scorpaenodes caribbaeus Meek & Hildebrand, 1928—reef scorpionfish; USNM, I; Figure 44
Figure 44. Scorpaenodes caribbaeus, 30.1 mm SL, photo by JT Williams.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010676.g044
All of the searobin records from Saba Bank are based on trawl collections with vouchered museum specimens.
Bellator egretta (Goode & Bean, 1896)—streamer searobin; USNM, T
Bellator militaris (Goode & Bean, 1896)—horned searobin; UF, T
Prionotus ophryas Jordan & Swain, 1885—bandtail searobin; UF, T
Symphysanodon berryi Anderson, 1970—slope bass; USNM, F; Figure 45
Figure 45. Symphysanodon berryi, top 75 mm SL, lower 63 mm SL, photo by W Toller.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010676.g045
Serranidae—sea basses
Alphestes afer (Bloch, 1793)—mutton hamlet; F, O; Figure 46
Figure 46. Alphestes afer, underwater photo by W Toller.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010676.g046
Cephalopholis cruentata (Lacepède, 1802)—graysby; USNM, I, F, O, V; Figure 47
Figure 47. Cephalopholis cruentata, 101.1 mm SL, photo by JT Williams.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010676.g047
Cephalopholis fulva (Linnaeus, 1758)—coney; UF, USNM, I, F, O, V; Figure 48
Figure 48. Cephalopholis fulva, 121.1 mm SL, photo by JT Williams.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010676.g048
Diplectrum bivittatum (Valenciennes, 1828) —dwarf sand perch; UF, T
Epinephelus flavolimbatus Poey, 1865—yellowedge grouper; F; Figure 49
Figure 49. Epinephelus flavolimbatus, 652 mm SL, photo by W Toller.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010676.g049
Epinephelus guttatus (Linnaeus, 1758)—red hind; UF, USNM, F, I, O, T, V; Figure 50
Figure 50. Epinephelus guttatus, 283.2 mm SL, photo by JT Williams.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010676.g050
Epinephelus morio (Valenciennes, 1828)—red grouper; F
Epinephelus niveatus Valenciennes, 1828—snowy grouper; USNM, F; Figure 51
Figure 51. Epinephelus niveatus, 526 mm SL, photo by W Toller.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010676.g051
Epinephelus striatus (Bloch, 1792)—Nassau grouper; F
Hypoplectrus chlorurus (Cuvier, 1828) —yellowtail hamlet; O
Hypoplectrus nigricans (Poey, 1852)—black hamlet; USNM, I, O, V; Figure 52
Figure 52. Hypoplectrus nigricans, 67.2 mm SL, photo by JT Williams.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010676.g052
Hypoplectrus puella (Cuvier, 1828)—barred hamlet; O, V
Liopropoma rubre Poey, 1861—peppermint basslet; USNM, I; Figure 53
Figure 53. Liopropoma rubre, 30.0 mm SL, photo by JT Williams.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010676.g053
Mycteroperca interstitialis (Poey, 1860)—yellowmouth grouper; F; Figure 54
Figure 54. Mycteroperca interstitialis, 328 mm SL, photo by W Toller.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010676.g054
Mycteroperca tigris (Valenciennes, 1833)—tiger grouper; V
Mycteroperca venenosa (Linnaeus, 1758)—yellowfin grouper; F, OBS
Paranthias furcifer (Valenciennes, 1828)—Atlantic creolefish; UF, USNM, I, O, V; Figure 55
Figure 55. Paranthias furcifer, 148.4 mm SL, photo by JT Williams.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010676.g055
Pseudogramma gregoryi (Breder, 1927)—reef bass; USNM, I; Figure 56
Figure 56. Pseudogramma gregoryi, 43.5 mm SL, photo by JT Williams.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010676.g056
Rypticus bistripinus (Mitchill, 1818) —freckled soapfish; USNM, I; Figure 57
Figure 57. Rypticus bistripinus, 46.2 mm SL, photo by JT Williams.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010676.g057
Rypticus saponaceus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801)—greater soapfish; USNM, I; Figure 58
Figure 58. Rypticus saponaceus, 44.1 mm SL, photo by JT Williams.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010676.g058
Rypticus new species; USNM, I
This new species of soapfish is very similar in appearance to Rypticus subbifrenatus. The new species is being described by C Baldwin and DG Smith (pers. comm.).
Rypticus subbifrenatus Gill, 1861—spotted soapfish; USNM, I; Figure 59
Figure 59. Rypticus subbifrenatus, 54.0 mm SL, photo by JT Williams.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010676.g059
Schultzea beta (Hildebrand, 1940)—school bass; UF, USNM, I
Serranus baldwini (Evermann & Marsh, 1899)—lantern bass; UF, USNM, I, O, V; Figure 60
Figure 60. Serranus baldwini, 41.6 mm SL, photo by JT Williams.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010676.g060
Serranus maytagi Robins & Starck, 1961 —maytag bass; UF
Serranus notospilus Longley, 1935—saddle bass; USNM, F; Figure 61
Figure 61. Serranus notospilus, 150 mm SL, photo by W Toller.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010676.g061
Serranus tabacarius (Cuvier, 1829)—tobaccofish; UF, O, V
Serranus tigrinus (Bloch, 1790)—harlequin bass; USNM, I, O, V; Figure 62
Figure 62. Serranus tigrinus, 71.1 mm SL, photo by JT Williams.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010676.g062
Serranus tortugarum Longley, 1935—chalk bass; UF, USNM, I, O; Figure 63
Figure 63. Serranus tortugarum, 51.8 mm SL, photo by JT Williams.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010676.g063
Gramma loreto Poey, 1868—fairy basslet; USNM, I, O, V; Figure 64
Figure 64. Gramma loreto, 38.4 mm SL, photo by JT Williams.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010676.g064
Opistognathus aurifrons (Jordan & Thompson, 1905)—yellowhead jawfish; USNM, I, O, V; Figure 65
Figure 65. Opistognathus aurifrons, 44.1 mm SL, photo by JT Williams.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010676.g065
Opistognathus whitehursti (Longley, 1927)—dusky jawfish; USNM, I; Figures 66, 67
Figure 66. Opistognathus whitehursti, juvenile with large black spot in dorsal fin, 22.1 mm SL, photo by JT Williams.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010676.g066
Figure 67. Opistognathus whitehursti, adult, 44.0 mm SL, photo by JT Williams.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010676.g067
Heteropriacanthus cruentatus (Lacepède, 1801)—glasseye snapper; O
Priacanthus arenatus Cuvier, 1829—bigeye; USNM, I; Figure 68
Figure 68. Priacanthus arenatus, 67.4 mm SL, photo by JT Williams.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010676.g068
Apogon aurolineatus (Mowbray in Breder, 1927)—barred cardinalfish; USNM, I
Apogon binotatus (Poey, 1867)—barred cardinalfish; USNM, I
Apogon maculatus (Poey, 1860)—flamefish; USNM, I; Figure 69
Figure 69. Apogon maculatus, 21.1 mm SL, photo by JT Williams.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010676.g069
Apogon pillionatus Böhlke and Randall, 1968 —broadsaddle cardinalfish; UF, USNM, I
Apogon cf quadrisquamatus Longley, 1934 —sawcheek cardinalfish; USNM, I; Figure 70
Figure 70. Apogon cf quadrisquamatus, 21.1 mm SL, photo by JT Williams (this specimen represents a new undescribed species.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010676.g070
The specimens identified here as A.cf quadrisquamatus have been found to represent a new undescribed species closely related to A. quadrisquamatus (C. Baldwin & D.G. Smith, pers. comm. 2009).
Apogon robinsi Böhlke & Randall, 1968 —roughlip cardinalfish; USNM, I; Figure 71
Figure 71. Apogon robinsi, 35.5 mm SL, photo by JT Williams.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010676.g071
Apogon townsendi (Breder, 1927)—belted cardinalfish; USNM, I; Figure 72
Figure 72. Apogon townsendi, 39.1 mm SL, photo by JT Williams.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010676.g072
Astrapogon puncticulatus (Poey, 1867) —blackfin cardinalfish; USNM, I; Figure 73
Figure 73. Astrapogon puncticulatus, 40.0 mm SL, photo by JT Williams.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010676.g073
Phaeoptyx conklini (Silvester, 1916)—freckled cardinalfish; USNM, I; Figure 74
Figure 74. Phaeoptyx conklini, 40.0 mm SL, photo by JT Williams.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010676.g074
Phaeoptyx pigmentaria (Poey, 1860)—dusky cardinalfish; USNM, I
Caulolatilus cyanops Poey, 1866—blackline tilefish; USNM, F; Figure 75
Figure 75. Caulolatilus cyanops, 288 mm SL, photo by W Toller.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010676.g075
Malacanthus plumieri (Bloch, 1786)—sand tilefish; UF, O, V
Coryphaena hippurus Linnaeus, 1758—common dolphinfish; F
Rachycentron canadum (Linnaeus, 1766)—cobia
Our record for this species is based on an underwater video recently filmed by Yap Films Inc (Toronto, Canada) at the shipwreck on Saba Bank. The video clearly shows a cobia swimming along the side of the shipwreck.
Alectis ciliaris (Bloch, 1787)—African pompano; O; Figure 76
Figure 76. Alectis ciliaris, underwater photo by W Toller.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010676.g076
Caranx bartholomaei Cuvier, 1833—yellow jack; O, V
Caranx crysos (Mitchill, 1815) —blue runner; O
Caranx latus Agassiz, 1831—horse-eye jack; O, V
Caranx lugubris Poey, 1860—black jack; O, V
Caranx ruber (Bloch, 1793)—bar jack; UF, F, O, V; Figure 77
Figure 77. Caranx ruber, 260.8 mm SL, photo by JT Williams.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010676.g077
Decapterus macarellus (Cuvier, 1833)—mackerel scad; O; Figure 78
Figure 78. Decapterus macarellus, underwater photo by W Toller.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010676.g078
Elagatis bipinnulata (Quoy & Gaimard, 1825)—rainbow runner; F, OBS
Selar crumenophthalmus (Bloch, 1793)—bigeye scad; F; Figure 79
Figure 79. Selar crumenophthalmus, 240 mm SL, photo by W Toller.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010676.g079
Seriola dumerili (Risso, 1810)—greater amberjack; F; Figure 80
Figure 80. Seriola dumerili, large specimen at top; Seriola rivoliana, two smaller specimens below, photo by W Toller.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010676.g080
Seriola rivoliana Valenciennes, 1833—almaco jack; F; Figure 80
Apsilus dentatus Guichenot, 1853—black snapper; USNM, F; Figure 81
Figure 81. Apsilus dentatus, 234 mm SL, photo by W Toller.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010676.g081
Etelis oculatus (Valenciennes, 1828) —queen snapper; F
Lutjanus apodus (Walbaum, 1792)—schoolmaster; O, VIS
Lutjanus buccanella (Cuvier, 1828)—blackfin snapper; USNM, F, O; Figure 82
Figure 82. Lutjanus buccanella, 249 mm SL, photo by W Toller.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010676.g082
Lutjanus cyanopterus (Cuvier, 1828)—cubera snapper; USNM, I
Lutjanus mahogoni (Cuvier, 1828) —mahogany snapper; O
Lutjanus purpureus (Poey, 1866)—Caribbean red snapper; USNM, F; Figure 83
Figure 83. Lutjanus purpureus, 207 mm SL, photo by W Toller.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010676.g083
Lutjanus synagris (Linnaeus, 1758)—lane snapper; USNM, F; Figure 84
Figure 84. Lutjanus synagris, 208 mm SL, photo by W Toller.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010676.g084
Lutjanus vivanus (Cuvier, 1828)—silk snapper; USNM, F; Figure 85
Figure 85. Lutjanus vivanus, 311 mm SL, photo by W Toller.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010676.g085
Ocyurus chrysurus (Bloch, 1791)—yellowtail snapper; UF, O, V
Pristipomoides aquilonaris (Goode & Bean, 1896)—wenchman; USNM, F; Figure 86
Figure 86. Pristipomoides aquilonaris, 263 mm SL, photo by W Toller.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010676.g086
Rhomboplites aurorubens (Cuvier, 1829) —vermilion snapper; USNM, F; Figure 87
Figure 87. Rhomboplites aurorubens, 227.3 mm SL, photo by JT Williams.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010676.g087
Lobotes surinamensis (Bloch, 1790)—Atlantic tripletail; F; Figure 88
Figure 88. Lobotes surinamensis, 300 mm SL, photo by W Toller.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010676.g088
Haemulon album Cuvier, 1830—margate; F; Figure 89
Figure 89. Haemulon album, 342 mm SL, photo by W Toller.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010676.g089
Haemulon aurolineatum Cuvier, 1830—tomtate; F, O; Figure 90
Figure 90. Haemulon aurolineatum, 175 mm SL, photo by W Toller.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010676.g090
Haemulon carbonarium Poey, 1860—caesar grunt; F; Figure 91
Figure 91. Haemulon carbonarium, approximately 200 mm SL, photo by W Toller.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010676.g091
Haemulon flavolineatum (Desmarest, 1823)—French grunt; O, V
Haemulon melanurum (Linnaeus, 1758)—cottonwick; UF, USNM, F, I, O, V; Figure 92
Figure 92. Haemulon melanurum, 213.8 mm SL, photo by JT Williams.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010676.g092
Haemulon plumierii (Lacepède, 1801)—white grunt; USNM, F, I, O, V; Figure 93
Figure 93. Haemulon plumierii, 244.7 mm SL, photo by JT Williams.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010676.g093
Haemulon striatum (Linnaeus, 1758)—striped grunt; F; Figure 94
Figure 94. Haemulon striatum, 154 mm SL, photo by W Toller.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010676.g094
Inermia vittata Poey, 1860—boga; O
Calamus calamus (Valenciennes, 1830)—saucereye porgy; V
Sciaenidae—drums and croakers
Equetus punctatus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801)—spotted drum; USNM, I; Figure 95
Figure 95. Equetus punctatus, 146.8 mm SL, photo by JT Williams.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010676.g095
Pareques acuminatus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801)—high-hat; USNM, I; Figure 96
Figure 96. Pareques acuminatus, 150.0 mm SL, photo by JT Williams.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010676.g096
Mulloidichthys martinicus (Cuvier, 1829)—yellow goatfish; USNM, F, I, O; Figure 97
Figure 97. Mulloidichthys martinicus, 105 mm SL, photo by JT Williams.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010676.g097
Pseudupeneus maculatus (Bloch, 1793)—spotted goatfish; USNM, I, O, V; Figure 98
Figure 98. Pseudupeneus maculatus, 218.8 mm SL, photo by JT Williams.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010676.g098
Chaetodon capistratus Linnaeus, 1758—foureye butterflyfish; USNM, I, O, V; Figure 99
Figure 99. Chaetodon capistratus, 99.4 mm SL; when younger, the specimen was apparently injured in the region of the fourth dorsal-fin spine (missing) and the area healed leaving a gap in the fin; photo by JT Williams.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010676.g099
Chaetodon ocellatus Bloch, 1787—spotfin butterflyfish; USNM, F, O, V
Chaetodon sedentarius Poey, 1860—reef butterflyfish; UF, O, V
Chaetodon striatus Linnaeus, 1758—banded butterflyfish; USNM, I, O, V; Figure 100
Figure 100. Chaetodon striatus, 111.3 mm SL, photo by JT Williams.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010676.g100
Prognathodes aculeatus (Poey, 1860)—longsnout butterflyfish; USNM, I, O, V; Figure 101
Figure 101. Prognathodes aculeatus, 62.9 mm SL, photo by JT Williams.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010676.g101
Centropyge argi Woods & Kanazawa, 1951—cherubfish; USNM, I, O, V; Figure 102
Figure 102. Centropyge argi, 33.8 mm SL, photo by JT Williams.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010676.g102
Holacanthus ciliaris (Linnaeus, 1758)—queen angelfish; USNM, F, I, O, V
Holacanthus tricolor (Bloch, 1795)—rock beauty; USNM, I, O, V; Figures 103, 104
Figure 103. Holacanthus tricolor, 19.3 mm SL, juvenile color pattern, photo by JT Williams.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010676.g103
Figure 104. Holacanthus tricolor, 40.1 mm SL, intermediate color pattern, photo by JT Williams.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010676.g104
Pomacanthus arcuatus (Linnaeus, 1758)—gray angelfish; V
Pomacanthus paru (Bloch, 1787)—French angelfish; O, V
Kyphosidae—sea chub
Kyphosus incisor (Cuvier, 1831)—yellow chub; V
Kyphosus sectatrix (Linnaeus, 1766)—Bermuda chub; O, V
Amblycirrhitus pinos (Mowbray, 1927)—redspotted hawkfish; USNM, I, O; Figure 105
Figure 105. Amblycirrhitus pinos, 22.6 mm SL, photo by JT Williams.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010676.g105
Chromis cyanea (Poey, 1860)—blue chromis; USNM, I, O, V; Figure 106
Figure 106. Chromis cyanea, 67.5 mm SL, iridescent blue colors on body faded immediately after death, photo by JT Williams.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010676.g106
Chromis multilineata (Guichenot, 1853)—brown chromis; USNM, I, O, V; Figure 107
Figure 107. Chromis multilineata, 56.3 mm SL, photo by JT Williams.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010676.g107
Microspathodon chrysurus (Cuvier, 1830)—yellowtail damselfish; O, V
Stegastes adustus (Troschel, 1865) —dusky damselfish; O
Stegastes leucostictus (Müller & Troschel, 1848) —beaugregory; O
Stegastes partitus (Poey, 1868)—bicolor damselfish; USNM, I, O, V; Figures 108, 109
Figure 108. Stegastes partitus, 58.6 mm SL, black-tailed color morph, photo by JT Williams.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010676.g108
Figure 109. Stegastes partitus, 58.6 mm SL, yellow-tailed color morph, photo by JT Williams.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010676.g109
This species has a variable color pattern throughout its range. Two color morphs were found at Saba Bank. Both morphs have a yellow pectoral fin and a reduced yellowish white area covering the caudal peduncle. One morph has a black caudal fin (Figure 108) and the other morph has a pale yellowish caudal fin with a dusky brown area in the middle of the upper and lower lobes (Figure 109).
Stegastes planifrons (Cuvier, 1830)—threespot damselfish; USNM, I, O; Figure 110
Figure 110. Stegastes planifrons, 82.7 mm SL, photo by JT Williams.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010676.g110
Bodianus rufus (Linnaeus, 1758)—Spanish hogfish; O, V
Clepticus parrae (Bloch & Schneider, 1801)—creole wrasse; USNM, I, O, V; Figure 111
Figure 111. Clepticus parrae, 59.8 mm SL, photo by JT Williams.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010676.g111
Doratonotus megalepis Günther, 1862—dwarf wrasse; USNM, I, V; Figure 112
Figure 112. Doratonotus megalepis, 44.1 mm SL, photo by JT Williams.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010676.g112
Halichoeres bivittatus (Bloch, 1791)—slippery dick; USNM, I, O, V; Figures 113, 114
Figure 113. Halichoeres bivittatus, 37.9 mm SL, juvenile/initial color phase, showing the black spot in the dorsal fin and a somewhat unusual orangish anal fin, photo by JT Williams.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010676.g113
Figure 114. Halichoeres bivittatus, 103.0 mm SL, terminal male color phase, with a distinctive red blotch on the side of the body above the pectoral fin, photo by JT Williams.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010676.g114
Halichoeres cyanocephalus (Bloch, 1791)—yellowcheek wrasse; O, V
Halichoeres garnoti (Valenciennes, 1839)—yellowhead wrasse; UF, USNM, I, O, V; Figures 115, 116, 117
Figure 115. Halichoeres garnoti, 46.4 mm SL, juvenile color phase, showing the characteristic blue stripe on a yellow body, photo by JT Williams.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010676.g115
Figure 116. Halichoeres garnoti, 118.1 mm SL, initial/terminal color phase, this specimen has almost completed the transition from the female initial phase into a terminal male, photo by JT Williams.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010676.g116
Figure 117. Halichoeres garnoti, 125.3 mm SL, terminal male color phase, this specimen has completed the transition from the female initial phase into a terminal male and shows the characteristic black bar and dark area over the caudal peduncle, photo by JT Williams.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010676.g117
These figures show portions of the transitional color phases as individuals transform from juveniles (Figure 115) into initial phase females (Figure 116) and finally into terminal phase males (Figure 117).
Halichoeres maculipinna (Müller & Troschel, 1848)—clown wrasse; USNM, I, O
Halichoeres pictus (Poey, 1860)—rainbow wrasse; USNM, I, O; Figures 118, 119
Figure 118. Halichoeres pictus, 70.7 mm SL, juvenile color phase, photo by JT Williams.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010676.g118
Figure 119. Halichoeres pictus, 85.0 mm SL, terminal male color phase, photo by JT Williams.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010676.g119
Halichoeres poeyi (Steindachner, 1867)—blackear wrasse; UF, USNM, I, O, V; Figure 120
Figure 120. Halichoeres poeyi, 87.9 mm SL, terminal male color phase, photo by JT Williams.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010676.g120
Halichoeres radiatus (Linnaeus, 1758)—puddingwife; O, V
Lachnolaimus maximus (Walbaum, 1792)—hogfish; USNM
Thalassoma bifasciatum (Bloch, 1791)—bluehead; USNM, I, O, V; Figures 121, 122
Figure 121. Thalassoma bifasciatum, 39.3 mm SL, juvenile/initial color phase, photo by JT Williams.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010676.g121
Figure 122. Thalassoma bifasciatum, 63.5 mm SL, terminal male color phase, photo by JT Williams.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010676.g122
Xyrichtys splendens Castelnau, 1855—green razorfish; USNM, I, O; Figures 123, 124, 125, 126
Figure 123. Xyrichtys splendens, 15.1 mm SL, young juvenile color phase, photo by JT Williams.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010676.g123
Figure 124. Xyrichtys splendens, 22.1 mm SL, juvenile color phase, photo by JT Williams.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010676.g124
Figure 125. Xyrichtys splendens, 52.4 mm SL, initial color phase of female, photo by JT Williams.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010676.g125
Figure 126. Xyrichtys splendens, 72.5 mm SL, terminal male color phase, photo by JT Williams.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010676.g126
Cryptotomus roseus Cope, 1871—bluelip parrotfish; UF, USNM, I, O; Figure 127
Figure 127. Cryptotomus roseus, 61.5 mm SL, terminal male color phase, photo by JT Williams.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010676.g127
Scarus coelestinus Valenciennes, 1840—midnight parrotfish; V
Scarus guacamaia Cuvier, 1829—rainbow parrotfish; F; Figure 128
Figure 128. Scarus guacamaia, 647 mm SL, terminal male color phase, photo by W Toller.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010676.g128
Scarus iseri (Bloch, 1789)—striped parrotfish; USNM, O, V
Scarus taeniopterus Desmarest, 1831—princess parrotfish; USNM, I, O, V; Figure 129, 130
Figure 129. Scarus taeniopterus, 174.9 mm SL, initial female color phase, photo by JT Williams.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010676.g129
Figure 130. Scarus taeniopterus, 231.7 mm SL, terminal male color phase, photo by JT Williams.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010676.g130
Scarus vetula Bloch & Schneider, 1801—queen parrotfish; O
Sparisoma atomarium (Poey, 1861)—greenblotch parrotfish; USNM, I, O; Figure 131
Figure 131. Sparisoma atomarium, 13.7 mm SL, juvenile color phase, photo by JT Williams.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010676.g131
Sparisoma aurofrenatum (Valenciennes, 1840)—redband parrotfish; USNM, I, O, V; Figures 132, 133, 134
Figure 132. Sparisoma aurofrenatum, 53.8 mm SL, juvenile color phase, photo by JT Williams.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010676.g132
Figure 133. Sparisoma aurofrenatum, 164.0 mm SL, initial female color phase, photo by JT Williams.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010676.g133
Figure 134. Sparisoma aurofrenatum, 164 mm SL, terminal male color phase, photo by JT Williams.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010676.g134
Sparisoma chrysopterum (Bloch & Schneider, 1801)—redtail parrotfish; USNM, I, O; Figure 135
Figure 135. Sparisoma chrysopterum, 274 mm SL, terminal male color phase, photo by JT Williams.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010676.g135
Sparisoma radians (Valenciennes, 1840)—bucktooth parrotfish; USNM, I, O, V; Figure 136
Figure 136. Sparisoma radians, 51.6 mm SL, juvenile color phase, photo by JT Williams.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010676.g136
Sparisoma viride (Bonnaterre, 1788)—stoplight parrotfish; USNM, I, O, V; Figure 137
Figure 137. Sparisoma viride, 222.9 mm SL, initial female color phase, photo by JT Williams.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010676.g137
Enneanectes altivelis Rosenblatt, 1960 —lofty triplefin; USNM, I; Figure 138
Figure 138. Enneanectes altivelis, 18.3 mm SL, photo by JT Williams.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010676.g138
Enneanectes atrorus Rosenblatt, 1960—redeye triplefin; USNM, I
Enneanectes jordani (Evermann and Marsh, 1899) —mimic triplefin; USNM, I
Dactyloscopidae-sand stargazers
Dactyloscopus tridigitatus Gill, 1859—sand stargazer; USNM, I; Figures 139, 140
Figure 139. Dactyloscopus tridigitatus, 50.8 mm SL, photo by JT Williams.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010676.g139
Figure 140. Dactyloscopus tridigitatus, 50.8 mm SL, dorsal view, photo by JT Williams.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010676.g140
Gillellus uranidea Böhlke, 1968—warteye stargazer; USNM, I; Figure 141
Figure 141. Gillellus uranidea, 27.7 mm SL, photo by JT Williams.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010676.g141
Platygillellus rubrocinctus (Longley, 1934)—saddle stargazer; USNM, I; Figures 142, 143, 144
Figure 142. Platygillellus rubrocinctus, 24.1 mm SL, adult, photo by JT Williams.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010676.g142
Figure 143. Platygillellus rubrocinctus, 12.1 mm SL, lateral view of juvenile, photo by JT Williams.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010676.g143
Figure 144. Platygillellus rubrocinctus, 12.1 mm SL, dorsal view of juvenile, photo by JT Williams.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010676.g144
Blenniidae—combtooth blennies
Parablennius marmoreus (Poey, 1876)—seaweed blenny; USNM, I
Labrisomidae—scaly blennies
Labrisomus gobio (Valenciennes, 1836)—palehead blenny; USNM, I; Figure 145
Figure 145. Labrisomus gobio, 36.2 mm SL, photo by JT Williams.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010676.g145
Labrisomus haitiensis Beebe &Tee-Van, 1918—longfin blenny; USNM, I; Figure 146
Figure 146. Labrisomus haitiensis, 18.8 mm SL, photo by JT Williams.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010676.g146
Malacoctenus boehlkei Springer, 1959—diamond blenny; USNM, I; Figure 147
Figure 147. Malacoctenus boehlkei, 36.3 mm SL, photo by JT Williams.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010676.g147
Paraclinus grandicomis (Rosen, 1911)—horned blenny; UF, USNM, I; Figure 148
Figure 148. Paraclinus grandicomis, 27.1 mm SL, photo by JT Williams.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010676.g148
Starksia atlantica Longley, 1934—smootheye blenny; USNM, I; Figures 149, 150
Figure 149. Starksia atlantica, 9.5 mm SL, juvenile, photo by JT Williams.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010676.g149
Figure 150. Starksia atlantica, 15.1 mm SL, adult male, photo by JT Williams.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010676.g150
The Saba Bank population may be a distinct species in the species complex currently referred to as Starksia atlantica. This complex requires additional taxonomic study.
Starksia cf lepicoelia Böhlke & Springer, 1961—blackcheek blenny; USNM, I; Figures 151, 152
Figure 151. Starksia lepicoelia, 20.2 mm SL, adult female, photo by JT Williams.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010676.g151
Figure 152. Starksia lepicoelia, 19.8 mm SL, adult male, photo by JT Williams.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010676.g152
Females (Figure 151) lack the black spot on the cheek that is characteristic of mature males (Figure 152). The Saba Bank population may be a distinct species in the species complex currently referred to as Starksia lepicoelia. This complex requires additional taxonomic study.
Starksia melasma Williams & Mounts, 2003—black spot blenny; USNM, I
Starksia nanodes Böhlke & Springer, 1961—dwarf blenny; USNM, I; Figure 153
Figure 153. Starksia nanodes, 10.6 mm SL, adult male, photo by JT Williams.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010676.g153
The Saba Bank population may be a distinct species in the species complex currently referred to as Starksia nanodes. This complex requires additional taxonomic study.
Chaenopsidae—tube blennies
Acanthemblemaria aspera (Longley, 1927)—roughhead blenny; USNM, I; Figures 154, 155, 156
Figure 154. Acanthemblemaria aspera, 14.0 mm SL, juvenile/female, photo by JT Williams.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010676.g154
Figure 155. Acanthemblemaria aspera, 19.7 mm SL, adult male, photo by JT Williams.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010676.g155
Figure 156. Acanthemblemaria aspera, 20.4 mm SL, yellow color morph (female?), photo by JT Williams.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010676.g156
Three different color patterns were observed at Saba Bank: juvenile/female (Figure 154), adult male (Figure 155), and a distinctive yellow, probably female, color morph (Figure 156). The adult male and the yellow morph were taken together at the same collecting station.
Emblemaria pandionis Evermann & Marsh, 1900—sailfin blenny; USNM, I; Figure 157
Figure 157. Emblemaria pandionis, 37.0 mm SL, adult female, photo by JT Williams.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010676.g157
Emblemariopsis cf signifer (Ginsburg, 1942)—flagfin blenny; USNM, I; Figure 158
Figure 158. Emblemariopsis cf signifer, 16.2 mm SL, adult male, this specimen represents an undescribed species in the signifer species complex, photo by JT Williams.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010676.g158
The signifer species complex ranges from Brazil throughout the Caribbean and includes a number of undescribed species in the Caribbean region. Additional taxonomic study is required to resolve the taxa.
Acyrtus artius Briggs, 1955—papillate clingfish; USNM, I; Figures 159, 160, 161
Figure 159. Acyrtus artius, 20.4 mm SL, dorsal view, photo by JT Williams.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010676.g159
Figure 160. Acyrtus artius, 20.4 mm SL, lateral view, photo by JT Williams.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010676.g160
Figure 161. Acyrtus artius, 20.4 mm SL, ventral view showing pelvic disk, photo by JT Williams.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010676.g161
Paradiplogrammus bairdi Jordan, 1888—lancer dragonet; USNM, I, O; Figures 162, 163
Figure 162. Paradiplogrammus bairdi, 39.8 mm SL, lateral view of an adult male, photo by JT Williams.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010676.g162
Figure 163. Paradiplogrammus bairdi, 29.8 mm SL, dorsal view of a smaller adult male, photo by JT Williams.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010676.g163
Coryphopterus dicrus Böhlke & Robins, 1960—colon goby; USNM, I; Figure 164
Figure 164. Coryphopterus dicrus, 31.8 mm SL, photo by JT Williams.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010676.g164
Coryphopterus eidolon Böhlke & Robins, 1960—pallid goby; USNM, I; Figure 165
Figure 165. Coryphopterus eidolon, 18.3 mm SL, photo by JT Williams.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010676.g165
Coryphopterus glaucofraenum Gill, 1863—bridled goby; USNM, I, V; Figure 166
Figure 166. Coryphopterus glaucofraenum, 33.7 mm SL, photo by JT Williams.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010676.g166
Coryphopterus personatus (Jordan & Thompson, 1905)—masked goby; USNM, I; Figure 167
Figure 167. Coryphopterus personatus, 19.0 mm SL, photo by JT Williams.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010676.g167
Coryphopterus thrix Böhlke & Robins, 1960—bartail goby; USNM, I; Figure 168
Figure 168. Coryphopterus thrix, 26.8 mm SL, photo by JT Williams.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010676.g168
Elacatinus chancei (Beebe & Hollister 1933)—shortstripe goby; USNM, I; Figure 169
Figure 169. Elacatinus chancei, 28.1 mm SL, photo by JT Williams.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010676.g169
Elacatinus evelynae (Böhlke & Robins, 1968)—sharknose goby; USNM, I; Figure 170
Figure 170. Elacatinus evelynae, 27.7 mm SL, photo by JT Williams.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010676.g170
Elacatinus genie (Böhlke & Robins, 1968)—cleaner goby; USNM, I
Evermannichthys metzelaari Hubbs, 1923 —roughtail goby; USNM, I; Figure 171
Figure 171. Evermannichthys metzelaari, 21.0 mm SL, photo by JT Williams.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010676.g171
Gnatholepis thompsoni Jordan, 1904—goldspot goby; USNM, I, V; Figure 172
Figure 172. Gnatholepis thompsoni, 31.5 mm SL, photo by JT Williams.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010676.g172
Lythrypnus elasson Böhlke & Robins, 1960—dwarf goby; USNM, I; Figure 173
Figure 173. Lythrypnus elasson, 9.2 mm SL, adult male, photo by JT Williams.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010676.g173
Lythrypnus minimus Garzón & Acero P., 1988 —pygmy goby; USNM, I; Figure 174
Figure 174. Lythrypnus minimus, 10.6 mm SL, adult male, photo by JT Williams.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010676.g174
Lythrypnus nesiotes Böhlke & Robins, 1960—island goby; USNM, I; Figure 175
Figure 175. Lythrypnus nesiotes, 11.9 mm SL, adult male, photo by JT Williams.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010676.g175
Priolepis hipoliti (Metzelaar, 1922)—rusty goby; USNM, I; Figures 176, 177
Figure 176. Priolepis hipoliti, 12.2 mm SL, female, photo by JT Williams.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010676.g176
Figure 177. Priolepis hipoliti, 18.7 mm SL, adult male, photo by JT Williams.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010676.g177
Psilotris batrachodes Böhlke, 1963—toadfish goby; USNM, I; Figure 178
Figure 178. Psilotris batrachodes, 13.3 mm SL, adult, photo by JT Williams.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010676.g178
Psilotris boehlkei Greenfield, 1993—yellowspot goby; I; Figure 179
Figure 179. Psilotris boehlkei, 26.5 mm SL, adult, photo by JT Williams.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010676.g179
The fresh colors of P. boehlkei are presented (Figure 179) for the first time. This very rare species was previously known from only five specimens taken at St. Barthelemey in 1965. The single specimen we collected extends the known distribution of P. boehlkei to Saba Bank. We have named this species the yellowspot goby in reference to the yellow spots on the head and body.
Pycnomma roosevelti Ginsburg, 1939 —Roosevelt's goby; USNM, I; Figure 180
Figure 180. Pycnomma roosevelti, 14.6 mm SL, adult, photo by JT Williams.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010676.g180
Although P. roosevelti has previously been taken from a several scattered localities around the Caribbean (Isla Providencia, Guadeloupe, Belize and Puerto Rico), there are fewer than 10 specimens known and its fresh colors (Figure 180) have not been published previously.
Risor ruber (Rosén, 1911) —tusked goby; USNM, I; Figure 181
Figure 181. Risor ruber, 18.7 mm SL, adult, photo by JT Williams.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010676.g181
Acanthurus bahianus Castelnau, 1855—ocean surgeon; USNM, I, O, V; Figure 182
Figure 182. Acanthurus bahianus, 128.2 mm SL, photo by JT Williams.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010676.g182
Acanthurus chirurgus (Bloch, 1787)—doctorfish; USNM, I, O, V; Figure 183
Figure 183. Acanthurus chirurgus, 168.0 mm SL, photo by JT Williams.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010676.g183
Acanthurus coeruleus Bloch & Schneider, 1801—blue tang; USNM, I, O, V; Figure 184
Figure 184. Acanthurus coeruleus, 146.2 mm SL, photo by JT Williams.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010676.g184
Sphyraena barracuda (Walbaum, 1792)—great barracuda; O, V
Acanthocybium solandri (Cuvier, 1832)—wahoo; F
Euthynnus alletteratus (Rafinesque, 1810)—little tunny; USNM; Figure 185
Figure 185. Euthynnus alletteratus, 355.1 mm FL, photo by JT Williams.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010676.g185
Scomberomorus regalis (Bloch, 1793)—cero; USNM
Thunnus atlanticus (Lesson 1831)—blackfin tuna; F; Figure 186
Figure 186. Thunnus atlanticus, 516 mm FL, photo by W Toller.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010676.g186
Antigonia capros Lowe, 1843—deepbody boarfish; USNM, F; Figure 187
Figure 187. Antigonia capros, 37 mm SL, close-up of head, photo by W Toller.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010676.g187
Antigonia combatia Berry & Rathjen 1959—shortspine boarfish; UF, T
The shortspine boarfish record from Saba Bank is based on a trawl collection with vouchered museum specimens at UF.
Bothidae—lefteye flounders
Bothus lunatus (Linnaeus, 1758)—peacock flounder; O
Bothus ocellatus (Agassiz, 1831)—eyed flounder; UF, USNM, I; Figure 188
Figure 188. Bothus ocellatus, 95.8 mm SL, photo by JT Williams.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010676.g188
Trichopsetta ventralis (Goode & Bean, 1885)—sash flounder; UF, T
Paralichthyidae—sand flounders
Citharicthys dinoceros Goode & Bean, 1886—spined whiff; USNM, T
Symphurus arawak Robins & Randall, 1965—Caribbean tonguefish; USNM, I; Figure 189
Figure 189. Symphurus arawak, 30.7 mm SL, photo by JT Williams.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010676.g189
Symphurus ommaspilus Böhlke, 1961—ocellated tonguefish; USNM, I; Figure 190
Figure 190. Symphurus ommaspilus, 42.9 mm SL, photo by JT Williams.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010676.g190
Balistes vetula Linnaeus, 1758—queen triggerfish; USNM, O, V
Canthidermis sufflamen (Mitchill, 1815)—ocean triggerfish; O, V
Melichthys niger (Bloch, 1786)—black durgon; USNM, O, V
Xanthichthys ringens (Linnaeus, 1758)—sargassum triggerfish; USNM, I; Figure 191
Figure 191. Xanthichthys ringens, 87.3 mm SL, photo by JT Williams.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010676.g191
Aluterus scriptus (Osbeck, 1765)—scrawled filefish; USNM, F, V
Cantherhines macrocerus (Hollard, 1853)—whitespotted filefish; USNM, F; Figure 192
Figure 192. Cantherhines macrocerus, 273 mm SL, image flipped horizontally – right side is shown, photo by W Toller.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010676.g192
Cantherhines pullus (Ranzani, 1842)—orangespotted filefish; O, V
Monacanthus ciliatus (Mitchill, 1818)—fringed filefish; USNM, I, V; Figure 193
Figure 193. Monacanthus ciliatus, 33.4 mm SL, photo by JT Williams.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010676.g193
Monacanthus tuckeri Bean, 1906—slender filefish; USNM, I; Figure 194
Figure 194. Monacanthus tuckeri, 32.3 mm SL, photo by JT Williams.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010676.g194
Acanthostracion polygonia Poey, 1876—honeycomb cowfish; USNM, F, O, V
Acanthostracion quadricornis (Linnaeus, 1758)—scrawled cowfish; USNM, F, O
Lactophrys bicaudalis (Linnaeus, 1758)—spotted trunkfish; F
Lactophrys trigonus (Linnaeus, 1758)—trunkfish; USNM, I, V; Figure 195
Figure 195. Lactophrys trigonus, 293.1 mm SL, photo by JT Williams.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010676.g195
Lactophrys triqueter (Linnaeus, 1758)—smooth trunkfish; USNM, F, OBS, VIS; Figure 196
Figure 196. Lactophrys triqueter, 111.7 mm SL, photo by JT Williams.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010676.g196
Canthigaster rostrata (Bloch, 1786)—sharpnose puffer; USNM, I, O, V; Figure 197
Figure 197. Canthigaster rostrata, 50.9 mm SL, photo by JT Williams.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010676.g197
Sphoeroides spengleri (Bloch, 1785)—bandtail puffer; USNM, I, O; Figure 198
Figure 198. Sphoeroides spengleri, 73.1 mm SL, photo by JT Williams.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010676.g198
Chilomycterus antillarum Jordan & Rutter, 1897—web burrfish; USNM, F; Figure 199
Figure 199. Chilomycterus antillarum, 180.0 mm SL, photo by JT Williams.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010676.g199
Diodon holocanthus Linnaeus, 1758—balloonfish; USNM, I, V; Figure 200
Figure 200. Diodon holocanthus, 104.9 mm SL, photo by JT Williams.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010676.g200
Diodon hystrix Linnaeus, 1758—porcupinefish; O
We document the occurrence of 270 species of fishes at Saba Bank. The diversity of fishes at Saba Bank is comparable (Table 1) to that of the oceanic atolls of Colombia (273 species), the islands in the Mona Passage of Puerto Rico (261 species) and Buck Island Reef National Monument (BIRNM; 262 species). The relatively high diversity of fishes at Saba Bank exists despite the lack of emergent land at the bank. There is no shallow-water shore-fish fauna represented on the bank due to the absence of a high-energy shoreline. These habitats typically add significantly to the fish diversity of Caribbean habitats. For example, the tube blennies (family Chaenopsidae) are a group of shorefishes typically found in fairly shallow coastal waters. According to Williams [4], there are approximately 22 recognized species of tube blennies known to occur in the central Caribbean, but only three of these species were found on Saba Bank. In addition, the absence of mangrove vegetation and apparent lack of sea-grass beds also limits the fish fauna of Saba Bank. In their quantitative study of a number of Saba Bank habitats, Toller et al. [5] attribute the apparent lack or rarity of a number of fish species found on Saba Bank to the absence of those habitats as nurseries for the juvenile stages of these fish species. Nevertheless, diverse habitat types exist on Saba Bank ranging from coral reefs and algal flats to soft-bottom lagoon areas and scoured hard, flat, pavement-like zones. These diverse habitats support a highly diverse, fish fauna and include a number of undescribed, new species along with species rarely encountered elsewhere in the Caribbean.
Table 1. Number of fishes recorded at well sampled sites in the Greater Caribbean.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010676.t001
The highly diverse, fish fauna so far reported appears to substantially under represent the species richness of fishes for Saba Bank. The actual species-accumulation curve of rotenone collections and visual surveys combined do not reach an asymptote (Figure 201). The expected species-accumulation curves (Chao2 and Jack1 estimators in EstimateS) predict total fish-species richness somewhere between 320 and 411 species.
Figure 201. Actual species-accrual curve (black dots) for 38 dives collecting and identifying fish species on Saba Bank.
Sobs (Mao Tau) 95% confidence intervals [8] are shown as light blue dashed lines.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010676.g201
Of the 270 species we report (Table 1) from Saba Bank, 132 (49%) were observed during visual surveys. This result is comparable to the findings for Navassa Island where 41% of the fish species were detected by visual surveys [6], for the Mona Passage islands with 43% of the fish species detected visually [7], and for BIRNM with 44% of the fish species detected visually [8]. A higher percentage of fish species was detected visually at Saba Bank than at Navassa, Mona, or BIRNM. This could possibly be a result of the higher number of visual surveys carried out at Saba Bank than at Navassa or Mona. Although the BIRNM results are based on a higher number of visual surveys (70), a comparable percentage of the fauna was detected visually at BIRNM. BIRNM ichthyocide surveys (58) appear to demonstrate the ability of ichthyocide collections to more thoroughly sample the fauna (see below). Visual censuses have numerous biases as discussed in the methods for the Pelican Cays study [9]. Despite the slight differences in methods and sampling designs between the published fish species-richness studies in different parts of the Caribbean, the methods utilized produce consistent and comparable results.
Ichthyocide collections at Saba Bank yielded specimens representing 155 fish species (57% of the total fish fauna). At Navassa Island where there were fewer visual surveys than at Saba Bank, over 70% of the fish species were collected with ichthyocide [6], at the Mona Passage islands, 61% of the fish species were collected with ichthyocide [7], and at BIRNM, 87% of the fish species were collected with ichthyocide despite their being more visual surveys in the BIRNM study [8]. By occupying 58 (27 at Saba Bank) ichthyocide stations covering a broader diversity of ecological habitats, the BIRNM study appears to have obtained a more thorough sampling of the resident species. The lower number of species taken at Saba Bank with ichthyocide is at least partially due to the absence of shallow habitat. Shallow habitat is required by many of the small cryptic fish species that are normally detected only with the use of ichthyocide and these species have not been found at Saba Bank. The prevalence of strong currents across Saba Bank further limits the effectiveness of ichthyocide, which is only effective when relatively high concentrations of ichthyocide remain in one place (preferably in a confined area) for more than 15 to 20 minutes. The ichthyocide-collecting methods employed at Saba Bank were the same as those used at Navassa Island and Belize. The BIRNM ichthyocide collecting methods differed from ours only in that the BIRNM study used a block net in addition to collecting outside the net. Nevertheless, the BIRNM methods were comparable to ours because the BIRNM study included those species collected outside the block nets in their results. There are inherent biases in ichthyocide collecting due to unpredictability of environmental parameters, such as currents, temperature, degree of confinement of the sampling area, ability of larger species to swim away, and variable assays of active rotenone in the powdered Derris root (batches often vary from 5% to over 11% active rotenone due to natural variation in rotenone concentration among the roots of different plants). Despite these biases, ichthyocide collections yield comparable results as described above.
Neither visual surveying nor ichthyocide collecting alone are capable of providing a comprehensive survey of coastal (or submerged atoll in the case of Saba Bank) fish species. A combination of visual surveys, ichthyocide sampling using SCUBA, and various fishing techniques must be employed to effectively assess fish-species richness in marine habitats shallow enough to be accessible to SCUBA divers.
The number of fish species living on Saba Bank is undoubtedly higher than 270 as indicated by Chao2 and Jack1 estimators. As most parts of Saba Bank are deeper than 25 m, sampling with ichthyocides using SCUBA is limited by the reduced bottom time at these depths. As a result we focused primarily on the rim (shallowest parts) of the submerged atoll to maximize bottom time for collecting. Future sampling with ichthyocides applied by divers utilizing rebreathers, supplemented with trawl and dredge sampling would allow collecting from the outer slopes and would certainly yield additional new and interesting species of fishes from this submerged atoll.
The NMNH/SI Animal Care and Use Committee approved the methods and procedures utilized during the course of this biodiversity assessment project. All Saba Bank projects had collecting permits through the Convention on Trade in Endangered Species (CITES, where necessary) and the Saba Conservation Foundation (where CITES was not required).
Roving surveys were completed using SCUBA and lasted 60 minutes, bottom time permitting. All species encountered were listed on a slate while swimming in a haphazard pattern covering all bottom depths possible down to a maximum of 38 m. Other visual surveys are described in Toller et al [5]. Collecting methods follow Collette et al [6]. Species were photographed in aquaria after the fins were pinned out and brushed with formaldehyde solution. Tissue samples were taken from fresh specimens and the voucher specimens were preserved in a formaldehyde solution diluted with water to 3.75% formaldehyde. Large specimens were also injected with 37.5% formaldehyde before being soaked in the 3.75% formaldehyde solution.
After arrival at the Museum Support Center (MSC), National Museum of Natural History, specimens were transferred sequentially through water-diluted solutions of 25% ethanol, 50% ethanol, and finally into 75% ethanol for permanent archival storage. Specimens were then processed and cataloged into the USNM at the MSC in Suitland, MD.
To generate species-accumulation curves, a data matrix of presence/absence was constructed from 38 combined roving surveys, rotenone collections, and fish-habitat transects using species as variables and dives as observations (Table 2 provides details for each survey and collecting station). The matrix was employed for actual and expected species-accumulation curves (Mao Tau) in EstimateS v.8.0 software [10]. Total expected richness was estimated using Chao2 and Jack1 estimators.
Table 2. Collecting stations occupied on Saba Bank, 2006-2007.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010676.t002
A Bray-Curtis resemblance matrix was generated from a matrix of presence/absence data from 12 combined roving surveys and rotenone collections in order to produce a non-metric multidimensional scaling (MDS) ordination and group averaged hierarchical clustering dendrogram in PRIMER v. 6.1 software [11]. The ANOSIM statistic was employed to test for a priori differences between habitat types and depth classes. A dendrogram based on group averaged hierarchical cluster techniques was used to illustrate the differences among depth classes (Figure 202). Color codes are derived from the similarity profile (SIMPROF) statistic in Primer 6.1. SIMPROF is less powerful than ANOSIM, intended for a posteriori tests of structure in the data. The test was employed here for representational purposes. A second data matrix of species presence and absence was introduced for an a posteriori test of genuine data structure among Caribbean localities, using the Bray-Curtis resemblance measure to determine the level of similarity among localities. Principal Components Analysis (PCA) was also conducted in PRIMER 6.1 in order to determine the fish species primarily responsible for differences among habitats.
Figure 202. Hierarchical clustering dendrogram of stations showing significant differences (black bars) among fish assemblages at deep stations versus middle-depth and shallow stations (SIMPROF, P<0.05).doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010676.g202
This program was a joint initiative of the Department of Environment and Nature of the Netherlands Antilles and Conservation International. We are especially grateful to the many people who made the biodiversity survey possible, including Andy Caballero of Nature Foundation St. Maarten; David Kooistra, Stanley Peterson, and Jan Den Dulk of Saba Conservation Foundation; Shelley Lundvall, Saba Bank project manager; fishermen Leroy Peterson, Nicky Johnson and Armand Simmons. We thank Jerome Finan, Kris Murphy, and David G. Smith, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, for their help with this project. We thank Menno Van der Velde and Wim Schutten for collecting fishes at several ichthyocide stations. Jill Leger, Yap Films Inc, provided a video clip of fishes filmed at the shipwreck on Saba Bank. Emma L. Hickerson, Flower Garden Banks National Marine Sanctuary (FGBNMS), NOAA, kindly provided information on the number of fish species known to occur at the FGBNMS. Dr. JA Sanchez, University de los Andes, allowed us to use his photograph for Figure 3.
Author Contributions
Conceived and designed the experiments: MS. Performed the experiments: JTW KEC JLVT PCH WWT PJE MS. Analyzed the data: JTW KEC JLVT PCH PJE. Wrote the paper: JTW. Wrote portions of the paper: KEC PCH PJE. Helped prepare tables and check species identifications: JLVT. Prepared Fig. 1: PCH.
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As the adoption of electronic health records (EHRs) increases, more opportunities are available for leveraging the system and the data to facilitate research. Historically, for patients enrolled in clinical research trials or studies, data have been documented in the medical record, and then study-related data are manually reentered into an electronic case report form in a research system. By utilizing data collected in the EHR to prepopulate electronic case report forms, manual transcription is reduced, data quality is improved, and the workflow for capturing research data is streamlined.Read More »
Examination of Office Visit Patient Preferences for the After-Visit Summary (AVS)
The federal government advocates the practice of routinely providing an after-visit summary (AVS) to patients after each office-based visit as an element of stage 1 meaningful use. A significant potential benefit of the AVS is improved patient engagement achieved by enabling patients and family members to better understand and retain key health information. The methodology for this study was a mixed-methods pilot study to examine, through the perspectives of adult primary care patients, how relevant and actionable data can be better formatted in the AVS.Read More »
Electronic Health Records: What Are the Most Important Barriers?
The process of design and adoption of electronic health records may face a number of barriers. This study aimed to compare the importance of the main barriers from the experts' point of views in Iran. This survey study was completed in 2011. The potential participants (62 experts) included faculty members who worked in departments of health information technology and individuals who worked in the Ministry of Health in Iran and were in charge of the development and adoption of electronic health records.Read More »
Can Utilizing a Computerized Provider Order Entry (CPOE) System Prevent Hospital Medical Errors and Adverse Drug Events?
Computerized provider order entry (CPOE) systems allow physicians to prescribe patient services electronically. In hospitals, CPOE essentially eliminates the need for handwritten paper orders and achieves cost savings through increased efficiency. The purpose of this research study was to examine the benefits of and barriers to CPOE adoption in hospitals to determine the effects on medical errors and adverse drug events (ADEs) and examine cost and savings associated with the implementation of this newly mandated technology. Read more.Read More »

subset: commoncrawl


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Michelle Basch,
WASHINGTON - With rising gas prices, the gas rewards programs at Giant and Safeway may save you money.
Giant and Safeway have very comparable programs, and if you have a Giant Bonus Card or a Safeway Club Card you're already signed up.
In general, customers earn one gas reward point for every $1 spent on groceries and prescriptions.
Once a customer spends $100 they earn 10 cents off per gallon. If you spend $200 you get 20 cents off, and so on.
At various times, both stores offer ways to earn even more gas rewards. For example, right now you can earn five times the usual number of gas rewards when you buy selected items at Giant.
Here are some of the differences between the programs:
- Rewards from Giant can be redeemed at many Shell stations, and Safeway's
rewards can be
used at participating Exxon and Mobil locations.
- Safeway will give you two rewards points (instead of one) for every $1 spent
on most gift cards.
- With Safeway, the most you can save in one fill-up is $1 per
gallon, but
Giant customers can save as much as $2.20 per gallon.
- Giant's gas rewards can be used toward as many as 35 gallons of gas in one
transaction, while Safeway's rewards are limited to 25 gallons at a time.
- Giant's gas rewards expire exactly 30 days after you earn them, and Safeway's are good through the end of the month that follows the month in which you earned them.
More details on Giant's program.
More details on Safeway's program.
Follow @MBaschWTOP and @WTOP on Twitter.


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Shop A/C Accumulator/Drier for your Jaguar vehicles here at Auto Parts Point for wholesale prices. We carry a wide range of replacement A/C Accumulator/Drier for all models of Jaguar. Choose either the OEM made or quality aftermarket A/C Accumulator/Drier parts that are designed to work efficiently and last long. Call us toll free at 1-800-281-9177 and speak to our auto parts expert regarding all your queries or get information on prices. You can also order by phone any part you need.
Contact Us by filling up our online form or call us toll free at 1-800-281-9177 in case you have any queries.
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mouse over photo to zoom click for larger image
Silvertone/Grey Stone Drop Hoop Earring
Smokey crystals smolder in position around a rhodium-finish hoop you'll wear everywhere. A definite must-have with the Silvertone/Grey Floral Stretch Bracelet and Silvertone/Grey Floral Ring. Glass crystals; nickel-free metal. French wire. 2.25" drop.
We're so sorry: this item sold out sooner than expected. For an equally stylish substitute, please call our Style Experts at 1.877.948.2525. Or click on Live Help below for immediate assistance.


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Macedonian family loving life in Berne area
Brothers Safet and Fatmir Veseli realize that their names may not be the most recognized in the local area at this time. But as long as people recognize their restaurant (Berne Dining) food and where it is prepared, that is all that matters to them.
Safet Veseli came to the United States, looking for a place of freedom and safety to bring his children. It was early this year when Veseli checked out the sale of an eatery on the south side of Berne. Veseli came and investigated and liked what he saw. He purchased the restaurant and soon his family was flying to the Berne area to start a new life in North America.
At the beginning of the school year, Veseli and his wife, Azbie, and children, daughters, Vjosa and Ardita and son, Suletman, re-established their residence in the Berne area.
"I like it here because everyone works together here," observed Safet. "I would like to find a job for my wife and brother."
While school has been an adjustment for the children, 17-year-old Ardita bubbles with enthusiasm when she describes her love for the American culture and school opportunities.
"I like it a lot here," said Ardita. "I like the people and I like the school. I like the teachers; they are such good people. I like the students.
"It was so hard to leave the friends I had over there (Macedonia). I am looking forward to meeting new friends; I left the good old people in Macedonia. That was hard.
"I am glad to be surrounded by good people in such a nice place as Berne," continued Veseli. "I learn a lot about the young people by listening to the music that is popular in their land."
Ardita, who is a sophomore at South Adams, is in choir and is working hard to keep her grades up. Veseli said that school in Macedonia primarily lasts from 7 a.m. to 1p.m.
"Here we have one semester of classes and subjects and then we are sent to another room," observed Sharp.
'The students are good and friendly," said Ardita, who radiated with happiness about the family move.
Ardita said that although there are mountains in the area that she came from, she is more fascinated by the people of this area, especially the Amish folks. She noted that she is happy that her computer is equipped so that she can speak to her friends in Macedonia.
"Everyone is happy here," said Safet Veseli. "My country is so different. People are just kind of persevering. I like Berne; I like to make it like my home."
Safet and his brother, Fatmir, worked together at a fresh fish restaurant in Macedonia. Fatmir's family, wife, Resmie, Edita, Emira and Rinor have all been in the Berne area for five months. So far, Safet has provided jobs for his family members. But many of them are hoping to be employed by area businesses.
"It means a lot to see all of my family members over here and working together in the restaurant," Safet said. "We have a very caring family. Some of the family members are living together right now."
Veseli said that his children love the school, in spite of the struggles to learn the English language.
"They said there is a better cafeteria here," Veseli said, "They are learning English. The teachers help them. I am very happy with the way the school helps them out."
Like the rest of the family, Veseli's wife, Azbie, loves living in the Midwest.
"This place is so very good and our children love living here," Veseli said. "There are some differences in the food. There are some things that you have here that we don't approve."
Veseli said that the last he knew, gas in Macedonia was eight dollars a gallon. In addition, he noted that many laborers take on more than one job because laborers are currently working off of an income of $400 per month.
"For awhile my father was over here. I am so glad that we are together as a family again," observed Ardita. "I'm so glad to have both of my parents back again. I am fortunate to have them. They work hard. I miss my sister (Edita). She is in Macedonia in school right now."
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WWJ Newsradio 950
Automotive InsightWWJ Newsradio 950's Automotive Analyst John McElroy's daily thoughts on the auto industry.
Car ChroniclesJeff Gilbert's daily feature on trends in the automotive industry, plus a weekly test drive of a key new model.
Charlie Langton BriefsWWJ's Charlie Langton takes a look at interesting court cases in and around Michigan.
Education TodayWWJ Newsradio 950 and Oakland Community College bring you "Education Today," helping parents of college bound children and adults seeking training prepare for future success in college and beyond.
Made in MichiganWWJ Newsradio's Marie Osborne profiles Michigan Businesses and the people that run them.
Making the GradeWWJ Newsradio's Greg Bowman highlights stories impacting your kids and your schools.
Roberta's What's Hot...WWJ Newsradio 950's Roberta Jasina highlights events going on in Southeast Michigan.
Staying In TouchRon Dewey talks with people who are in touch with what's going on in the region, highlighting events in Southeast Michigan.
The Feldman ReportMurray Feldman's consumer business reports heard on WWJ Newsradio 950.
WWJ PlusMore on important local stories coming into the WWJ Newsroom.
Your Eye On HealthStay up on the latest health topics with WWJ Newsradio 950's Dr. Deanna Lites in Detroit. From weight loss and exercise to cutting edge medical procedures, you'll get the details on stories relevant to you.


text: The Fashionable Life: Lady Goga Vionnet's larger-than-life Goga Ashkenazi opens a new chaptertaking Milan by storm. Read her interview, here. By Harper's Bazaar Staff on 10/25/2013 A painting by Marc Quinn in the dining room. Vionnet top, skirt, belt, and bracelets, vionnet.com. Manolo Blahnik shoes, saks.com. The Fashionable Life: Lady Goga - Page 3


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Hirepool - the place to go for all your equipment hire
The Hirepool brand has been operating for nearly 60 years and has a national footprint with 58 branches, so we can offer you nationwide capabilities, a well maintained fleet and knowledegable staff.
We have experience, large range of hire fleet and we look to provide you with enhanced products, services and customer support.
We look forward to working with you today, tomorrow and beyond.
To help us ensure we meet your requirements every time, please feel free to provide feedback on your hire experience by contacting your local Hirepool branch or by emailing your comments to email@example.com
Vehicle Hire
With many years of experience taking care of recreational, businesses and commercial travellers, our objective is to provide you with the right vehicle and friendly, personal service you can rely on.
Read moreabout:Vehicle Hire
Events and Portables
Hirepool Events & Portables is one of New Zealand's largest party, events & portable hire companies. Serviced by 9 dedicated Events & Portables branches throughout the country and complemented with 58 General Hire branches from Whangarei to Invercargill we can support you throughout the country.
Read moreabout:Events and Portables
Hirepool Careers
At Hirepool we know that our employees are our most important asset and we work hard to create an environment where the company direction is clear, where you can develop and learn the "tools of the trade", and where the team are committed to providing our customers with great service and experience.
Read moreabout:Hirepool Careers
Alice the (Not So) Boring, Breaking on Through
Tuesday, 30 September 2014
Just a quick brief, "Alice" the Tunnel Boring Machine for project Waterview broke through on site yesterday. As you can see, our plant was close to action.
Read moreabout:Alice the (Not So) Boring, Breaking on Through


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Celebs attending 2012 political conventions
POSTED: 08:53 AM PDT Aug 28, 2012
Hollywood is no stranger to politics. Find out which celebrities will be attending this year's political conventions.
The views expressed are not those of this company or its affiliated companies. Please note by clicking on "Post" you acknowledge that you have read the Terms Of Service and the comment you are posting is in compliance with such terms.blog comments powered by Disqus


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Get it in time for Christmas with UPS Next Day Air®. Click for details...
Updated for 2014! The feature-rich Big Agnes Copper Spur UL 1 solo
backpacking tent boasts an impressive interior space-to-weight ratio. The
balance of weight and performance is sure to appeal to ounce-counters who still
appreciate comfort.
Updated for 2014! The innovative, freestanding Big Agnes Fly Creek UL 1
is an ultra-light enthusiast's dream. Streamlined to cut unnecessary weight,
the Fly Creek UL 1 delivers surprising livability at a trail weight of just 1
pound, 10 ounces!
Compact, lightweight and sturdy, the Marmot Eos 1P backpacking tent is ideal for thru-hikes or solo outings. A good balance of weight, weather and bug protection, the freestanding Eos 1P is a perfect trail companion for backpackers.
Updated for 2014! Built especially for backpackers determined to have
the lightest freestanding shelter possible, the Big Agnes Fly Creek 1 Platinum
tent weighs in at just 1 pound, 6 ounces!
New for 2014! The
lightweight and versatile NEMO Switch 1P tent can serve as a solo backpacking
ground shelter, a bug net on safari or even as a protected sleeping enclosure
on top of a cot (not included).
Catering to fast and light solo
backcountry travelers, thru-hikers and touring cyclists, the Mountain Hardwear
SuperMega UL 1 backpacking tent offers freestanding geometry and full weather
protection for one in a 1 pound, 12 ounce package.
New for 2014! The MSR Hubba Hubba NX is the lighter weight next
generation of MSR's highly acclaimed Hubba Hubba tent. Designed for two
backpackers, the freestanding Hubba Hubba NX weighs 3 pounds, 7 ounces.
Updated for 2014! With a packed weight of less than 3 pounds, the Big Agnes Seedhouse SL 1
is a lightweight favorite. The shape of the tent provides more
usable interior volume than most other one-person tents, making it
ideal for solo backpackers.
Offering reliable performance at a budget-friendly
price, the solo Big Agnes Lone Spring 1 is ideal for 3-season use. The Lone
Spring 1 boasts durable construction and livable features like interior mesh
pockets, a large door and a spacious vestibule.
With its 3-pole design and lightweight materials, the Exped Mira I is an excellent 3-season backpacking tent. A spacious interior and functional exterior storage space combine to make the Mira I an extremely livable backcountry shelter.
While not the lightest 1-person tent on the market, the Gunnison 1.2 is roomy enough for tall hikers to stretch out and provides solid construction and durable weather protection for any solo backpacker.
Designed especially for car and family camping (not for backpacking)
Minimalist designs and advanced materials make these the lightest offerings available
View more videos in our Video Library.


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Patricia Deyton
Associate Dean for Graduate Programs; Director, Center for Gender in Organizations; Chair, Nonprofit Concentration; Professor of Practice
Master of Social Work, Administration, Columbia University; Master of Divinity, Yale University
Nonprofit and General Management, Gender and Diversity
Patricia H. Deyton is the Associate Dean for Graduate Programs and the Faculty Director of the Center for Gender in Organizations (CGO), the internationally recognized research arm of the Simmons School of Management in Boston. At the School of Management, Ms. Deyton is also Professor of Practice in both the MBA and Undergraduate Programs and is Chair of the Nonprofit Concentration in the MBA Program. She teaches courses in Negotiations, Principled Leadership, Nonprofit Management, Philanthropy, Introduction to Management, Managing Diversity in Organizations (the capstone course in Management), and a travel course to Japan studying women's leadership She also teaches Gender, Leadership and Management, and Nonprofit Management at the Harvard University Extension School, and the capstone course on Leadership in the Ph.D. program at the Graduate School of Library and Information Science at Simmons. Deyton teaches sections on Gender and Leadership and Gender and Negotiations in the SOM Executive Education Program. She was recently named to the Simmons' President's Diversity and Inclusion Advisory Council.
In her work as Director of CGO, she leads numerous research and practice projects consultancies and projects as Principle Investigator currently including Gender Equity in Higher Education in Sub-Saharan Africa Universities; the Japanese Women's Leadership Initiative, and the Gender Mainstreaming Leadership Initiative of Oxfam America. She works as a gender consultant to UNWomen.
Prior to joining Simmons in the summer of 2004, Ms. Deyton was the Executive Director of the Council of Women World Leaders based at the John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University. The Council is comprised of current and former heads of state and government and works to mobilize the experience, network, knowledge and global visibility of the women who hold or have held the highest offices in their own country. The Council moved to Washington, D.C. in 2004 and Ms. Deyton continues her role with the Council as the consulting Senior Advisor.
From 1989 to 2001, Ms. Deyton was Chief Executive Officer of the American Red Cross of Massachusetts Bay. During her tenure the organization doubled in size of programs and budget. She was active in many national and international programs, leading delegations to Cambodia and Macedonia.
Ms. Deyton has served on numerous boards of directors and public commissions and currently serves as a trustee of the Longy School of Music of Bard College where she chairs the Education Committee. She is an active member of The Boston Club and was lead researcher and co-author for the Club's first Census of Women on Boards of Nonprofit Organizations, published in 2013. She also co-authored several CGO Insights on topics relating to gender, women's leadership, and/or organizational effectiveness. She actively trains and speaks on issues relating to gender, negotiations, women's leadership, and principled leadership. She has traveled to over 30 countries worldwide.
Ms. Deyton holds a Masters of Social Work from Columbia University, a Masters of Divinity from Yale University, certificates in management from the Kellogg School at Northwestern University and the Harvard Kennedy School, and a certificate in Ethics from the Darden School at the University of Virginia.


text:
All About SAB
Contact Us
SAB Staff
Pastor C. MeGill Brown
Reverend Jessie S. Holmes
Rosalyn Kirkland
Gloria C. Smith
LaWanda Dixon
Dea. Willie Morris
Dea. Gregory Vincent
Dea. Herbert Smith
Elonda Dozier
Dea. Eugene Artis
Pastor C. MeGill Brown
Pastor's Bio
Pastor's Family
Prayer Request
From These Roots (History)
Parade of Pastors
Pastor's Blog
New Family Members
SAB Calendar
Bus Ministry
Christmas Club
Deaconess Ministry
Deacons Ministry
Education Commission
Food Program Ministry
Kitchen Committee
Media Ministry
Mission Ministry
Music Ministry
Voices of Hope (Children's Choir)
SAB Inspirational Voices
Angels of Praise
Sounds of Thunder
Oper Walker Guild Ministry
S.A.S.S.Y./Youth Advisors
Senior Saints
Senior Ushers Ministry
Sons of Solomon
Sunday School
Adult Class
Young Adult Class
Teen Class
Young Teen Class
Junior Class
Primary Class
Beginners Class
Travel Ministry
Trojans Ministry
Trustees Ministry
Women's Ministry
Youth Ushers
Bible Trivia
Bible Trivia Answers
Easter 2014
MLK Day Parade 2014
Women's Day 2013
Deaconess Ordination 2013
Men's Day 2013
Baptism March 2013
Family & Friends Day
Vacation Bible School 2012
Fun Festival & VBS Closeout Ce
Deacons Appreciation Sunday
Deacons Ordination & Induction
Bible Trivia Answers
Bible Trivia Answers
Bible Trivia Answers
They Heard Voices - Part II (Answers)
Jesus' baptism
(Matthew 3.17)
Samuel (1 Samuel 3.3-14)
On the Mount of Transfiguration (Matthew 17.5)
David (2 Samuel 22.7)
John (Revelation 6.10)
Elijah (1 Kings 19.13)
The Gerasene demoniac (Mark 5.7)
Hezekiah (2 Kings 19.22)
Leprosy (Luke 17.13)
Elijah (1 Kings 19.12)
Barabbas (Luke 23.18)
Job (38.1)
An eagle (Revelation 8.13)
The heavens (Psalm 19.4)
John the Baptist (John 3.29)
Second African Baptist Church
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