text:
Executive summary.
A.I Climate Variability and Change
1. With alpine conditions, arid deserts and tropical regions, India's climate is as varied as its landscape. The summer monsoon monsoon (mŏnsn) [Arab., mausium=season], wind that changes direction with change of season, notably in India and SE Asia. marks the most important event in the economic calendar of rural India. Over 70% of the annual precipitation falls between the months of June and September and a good monsoon heralds a bountiful Bountiful, city (1990 pop. 36,659), Davis co., N central Utah; inc. 1892. It is a residential suburb N of Salt Lake City with some farming and floral nurseries; machinery and motor vehicles are produced. Bountiful was settled by Mormons in 1847. harvest and financial security. But when monsoons fail, or are excessive, suffering and economic loss can be widespread. Climate variability has been the source of both misery and prosperity for much of rural India. India is already experiencing the effects of climate variability. It is at risk of considerably deeper impacts if climate projections are indicative of what may actually happen.
2. Recognizing the significance of climate variability on growth and development, the Government of India The Government of India (Hindi: भारत सरकार [3]Bhārat Sarkār), officially referred to as the Union Government, and commonly as Central Government has established a range of programs, policies and institutions to moderate the impacts of climate-related risks. These long-standing programs have done much to unleash the development potential of agriculture and have helped build resilience to climate shocks. India's disaster management programs rank among the most comprehensive in the world and have achieved considerable success in countering the most severe effects of extreme events. When floods or drought descend, an elaborate relief machinery springs into operation, with rapidly arranged protective policies that include employment schemes, cash and food disbursements, and emergency health care.
Fiscal Burden of Climate Extremes
3. The extensive relief systems have come at a substantial price on the public purse. Several state governments spend significantly more on relief and damages than on core rural development programs. In the state of Maharashtra, a single drought (2003) and flood (2005) absorbed more of the budget (Rs 175 billion), than the entire planned expenditure (Rs 152 billion) on irrigation irrigation, in agriculture, artificial watering of the land. Although used chiefly in regions with annual rainfall of less than 20 in. (51 cm), it is also used in wetter areas to grow certain crops, e.g., rice. , agriculture, and rural development from 2002-2007. Climate change is expected to increase the frequency of extreme events in ways that are outside the realm of experience, so relief measures and their financing may not be sustainable, particularly if droughts and floods concomitantly become more severe. This is already beginning to compromise the effectiveness of many development programs. Though relief can be strengthened and will continue to remain a vital part of the defense against climate extremes, in the long term there is a clear fiscal and development imperative to strengthen climate resilience of the rural economy by addressing the root causes of vulnerability.
Vulnerability of Agriculture
4. With an emerging gap between the languishing lan·guish
intr.v. lan·guished, lan·guish·ing, lan·guish·es
1. To be or become weak or feeble; lose strength or vigor.
2. performance of agriculture and the accelerating growth of industry, the Government of India has assigned the highest priority to supporting development in the agriculture sector in the Eleventh Five Year Plan period (2007-2012), with targeted growth of 4%. However, delivering on the promise of faster agricultural growth will be difficult, given the multiple constraints facing the sector including, fragmented landholdings, inadequate market access and rapidly depleting natural resources. This will be made more challenging by the impacts and consequences of ongoing and future climate change. For the poor and marginal (1) farmers clustered along the poverty line, even small climatic shocks could impose large and irreversible losses, triggering poverty and destitution des·ti·tu·tion
1. Extreme want of resources or the means of subsistence; complete poverty.
2. A deprivation or lack; a deficiency.
Noun 1. . Reaching development targets will therefore require priority investments in building the climate resilience of vulnerable rural communities with a portfolio of adaptation options that can address climate risks. (2)
Geographic Diversity: A Further Challenge for Adaptation
5. India's immense geographic diversity adds to the complexity of developing an adaptation strategy. Projections indicate that climate variations in India will be varied and heterogeneous, with some regions experiencing more intense precipitation and increased flood risks, while others encounter sparser rainfall and prolonged droughts. The impacts will vary across sectors, locations and populations. The implication for a country so diverse is that broad generalizations on ways to promote adaptation to climate change will be misleading. Consequently, there can be no one-size-fits-all approach to developing a climate risk management strategy: approaches will need to be tailored to fit local vulnerabilities and conditions. All of this renders adaptation policy making complex and difficult.
A.II Objectives of the Study
6. It is in this context that the Government of India has acknowledged the need to develop adaptation strategies to deal with the possible human toll and economic costs of climate variability and change. The aim of this study is to assist the government in this endeavor by focusing on selected priorities. The overarching o·ver·arch·ing
1. Forming an arch overhead or above: overarching branches.
2. Extending over or throughout: "I am not sure whether the missing ingredient . . . objective of this report is to promote the mainstreaming and integration of climate related risks in India's development policies and processes, where this is appropriate. The objectives and scope of work were developed in close consultation with the Ministry of Environment and Forests as the primary counterpart, a cross-section of concerned ministries and departments in the central government and in three selected states, and scientific experts from academic, policy and research institutions. In the states, the Department of Water Resources, Government of Orissa, and the Department of Rural Development and Water Conservation, Government of Maharashtra Maharashtra, a state in India has had a separate state government since it came into existence as a separate state in 1960. Like other states of India, the government is led by the Chief Minister. The present chief minister is Vilasrao Deshmukh. , supported these assessments, reflecting a multisectoral interest in and demand for adaptation solutions.
7. The focus of this report is on vulnerabilities in natural resources and rural livelihoods, which stand at the front line of climate change impacts. (3) The approach was dictated by government priorities, which indicated the need to (a) assess climate risks to agriculture and livelihoods in areas facing elevated and increasing exposure to droughts and floods; (b) generate better information on current coping and climate risk management strategies in response to droughts and floods; (c) develop and demonstrate the use of a climate modeling framework that could be used to identify future climate risks and (d) use the information to assist in developing the key elements of a forward-looking adaptation plan that can help improve climate resilience and adaptive capacity Adaptive capacity applies to both ecological systems and human social systems.
As applied to ecological systems, the adaptive capacity is determined by :
- genetic diversity of species
- biodiversity of particular ecosystems
A.III The Approach
8. Responding to these needs, the assessment is focused on drought-prone regions of Andhra Pradesh Andhra Pradesh (än`drə prä`dāsh), state (2001 provisional pop. 75,727,541), 106,052 sq mi (275,608 sq km), SE India, on the Bay of Bengal. The capital is Hyderabad. and Maharashtra, and select flood-prone districts in Orissa. The study adopts multiple approaches to meet its objectives:
* First, it learns lessons from the past and present by gathering statistical information to understand how rural communities in the study areas cope with and build resilience to extreme climate events.
* This is complemented by a review of governmental programs and institutions, which identifies policy and administrative gaps and strengths in addressing climate risks.
* The impacts of climate variability and change are projected to differ in kind and magnitude from current climate patterns. So lessons from the past may be of limited relevance in guiding future policy. Looking forward, the study builds an integrated modeling system (IMS (1) See IP Multimedia Subsystem.
(2) (Information Management System) An early IBM hierarchical DBMS for IBM mainframes. IMS was widely implemented throughout the 1970s under MVS and continues to be used under z/OS. ) to assess future climate risks and vulnerabilities in the study regions.
* Finally, the report synthesizes the results and articulates a way forward for promoting adaptation and building climate resilience of rural communities in the study areas.
9. The modeling framework used in this study is a complex but powerful tool that generates information on future climate scenarios and the likely impacts on agriculture. The system integrates a climate model with a hydrological hy·drol·o·gy
The scientific study of the properties, distribution, and effects of water on the earth's surface, in the soil and underlying rocks, and in the atmosphere. water balance model. Together these feed information (on temperature, precipitation, and soil moisture) into an agronomic a·gron·o·my
Application of the various soil and plant sciences to soil management and crop production; scientific agriculture.
ag (crop growth) model that simulates the impacts on crop yields. A custom-built farm-level economic model assesses the financial consequences for farmers and determines cost-effective adaptation strategies. The development of the farm economic model represents an innovation of this study and provides a tool that can be used to assess the financial effects of different policies and scenarios.
10. Before delving into the main results, a number of caveats and qualifications are in order. First, neither the issues, nor the locations, examined in this report are intended to provide an exhaustive account of adaptation to climate variability and change in a country as large and varied as India. With a focus on droughts and floods, the case studies are indicative of "hotspots" and regions at the edge of climate tolerance limits. These zones constitute about one-third of the country comprising many of the "lagging regions" with a large population, who are disproportionately poor, and most at risk from climate change. There are other regions such as the fragile Himalayas, the biodiverse Western Ghats Western Ghats, mts., India: see Ghats. , the vast coastal areas, and the prolific agricultural lands of the Gangetic plains that are not covered not covered Health care adjective Referring to a procedure, test or other health service to which a policy holder or insurance beneficiary is not entitled under the terms of the policy or payment system–eg, Medicare. Cf Covered. in this study and need to be considered in subsequent work.
11. Second, as in all matters relating to relating to relate prep → concernant
relating to relate prep → bezüglich +gen, mit Bezug auf +acc climate change, there are long and uncertain time frames. Forecasting climate events, or the economy, even a few years into the future remains an imprecise im·pre·cise
Not precise.
impre·cisely adv. and hazardous exercise. By its nature the analysis of climate change must look ahead many decades. The model projections should be interpreted with caution and viewed as indications of the possible direction and magnitude of changes rather than as precise forecasts. Despite these uncertainties, policy makers are compelled to respond to climate risks and make decisions on matters that will be affected by future climate events. Modeling exercises can help policy makers to generate informed decisions based on scientific assessments of risks, outcomes, and policy impacts. Nevertheless, it needs to be emphasized that model simulations are not predictions but scenarios based on a host of assumptions.
B. Coping with and Adapting to Drought Conditions "Drought Conditions" is episode 126 of The West Wing. Plot
Senator Rafferty, a new presidential candidate garnered much media attention with a ground-breaking speech about health care.
B.I Consequences of and Responses to Drought
12. India has a long history of addressing droughts, so the study begins by exploring how farmers in selected drought-prone areas of Andhra Pradesh and Maharashtra are affected by and respond to droughts. The immediate consequence of drought is a predictable and often precipitous decline in agricultural production and income. This ignites an ominous chain of events--indebtedness, distress sales, asset depletion, and deteriorating health--all of which perpetuate poverty and deprivation. However, in any community certain households are less affected by drought than others, irrespective of irrespective of
Without consideration of; regardless of.
irrespective of
preposition despite landholding land·hold·er
One that owns land.
landholding n. , wealth, or location.
13. What explains why some exhibit greater resilience to drought than others? The answer lies in the interplay of key factors: the availability of water, a critical farm input; economic incentives that shape the way farmers react to climate risks; and the opportunities created by policy and circumstance. Among these the following variables are found to have a disproportionate bearing on vulnerability to droughts:
* Reliable irrigation supplies, in particular groundwater, can provide insurance against income losses due to meager mea·ger also mea·gre
1. Deficient in quantity, fullness, or extent; scanty.
2. Deficient in richness, fertility, or vigor; feeble: the meager soil of an eroded plain.
3. rainfall. Beyond this self-evident link, the assessment finds more nuanced impacts. The availability of irrigation supplies tends to promote greater reliance on lucrative and water-intensive crops such as rice and sugarcane. If irrigation supplies are assured through a drought, then agricultural incomes are protected. Conversely, when water sources become depleted there is a more dramatic fall in incomes, with debilitating de·bil·i·tat·ing
Causing a loss of strength or energy.
Weakening, or reducing the strength of.
Mentioned in: Stress Reduction consequences. In broad terms, holding other factors constant, a household with access to irrigation during a drought year in Andhra Pradesh earns about 50% more income. The clear implication is that judicious and sustainable water use can provide an indispensable buffer against deficient rainfall. For this to occur there is an overwhelming need to tackle the unrestrained competition for groundwater.
* Household indebtedness is another major consequence of drought in communities facing heightened climate risks in areas with degraded and scarce natural resources. The assessment finds that once encumbered Encumbered
A property owned by one party on which a second party reserves the right to make a valid claim, e.g., a bank's holding of a home mortgage encumbers property. by high debt, households are locked into agriculture and remain more exposed to climate risks. Obvious remedies such as debt-forgiveness schemes may help to appease ap·pease
tr.v. ap·peased, ap·peas·ing, ap·peas·es
1. To bring peace, quiet, or calm to; soothe.
2. To satisfy or relieve: appease one's thirst.
3. suffering, but they do not address one of the root causes of the problem--an overreliance on rainfall-dependent sources of income. This suggests scope for introducing cost-effective policy instruments that simultaneously tackle the problem of indebtedness and provide incentives for job mobility.
* Finally, the provision of local public goods, notably infrastructure and education, provide opportunities for income diversification, thereby limiting the exposure to drought risks. Infrastructure and education in climate-vulnerable communities yields a double dividend--they generate well-recognized development benefits in the near term and simultaneously build resilience to drought in the longer term. In particular education exhibits increasing returns in building climate resilience, whereas infrastructure stimulates economic activity and enhances employment and business opportunity. The policy implication is that climate vulnerabilities need to be integrated into decisions that guide the location and design of public investments and infrastructure.
B.II Future Prospects for Drought-Prone Regions under Climate Change
14. What does future climate change hold for these regions? The modeling framework developed in this study is used to generate projections of climate events based on two commonly used emission scenarios developed by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change "IPCC" redirects here. For other uses, see IPCC (disambiguation).
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) was established in 1988 by two United Nations organizations, the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and the United Nations Environment (IPCC See IMS Forum. ) for the period 2070-2100. (4) The assessment distinguishes between the influence of climate on agriculture, from other possible shifts in the economy (such as prices, economic structure and technology). (5) The projections find considerable variability of impacts across regions and crops. In dry areas most crops respond favorably to higher precipitation and elevated levels of carbon dioxide carbon dioxide, chemical compound, CO2, a colorless, odorless, tasteless gas that is about one and one-half times as dense as air under ordinary conditions of temperature and pressure. (termed carbon fertilization fertilization, in biology, process in the reproduction of both plants and animals, involving the union of two unlike sex cells (gametes), the sperm and the ovum, followed by the joining of their nuclei. ). But these can be offset by higher temperatures. The net effect is determined by the magnitude of changes and baseline conditions.
Drought-Prone Districts of Andhra Pradesh The state of Andhra Pradesh is divided in 23 districts which are listed below.
- Adilabad
- Anantapur
- Chittoor
- Kadapa
- East Godavari
- Guntur
- Hyderabad
- Karimnagar
- Khammam
- Krishna
- Kurnool
- Mahbubnagar
- Medak
- Nalgonda
- Nellore
15. In the arid study regions of Andhra Pradesh the climate projections indicate substantially higher temperatures (2.3[degrees]C -3.4[degrees]C, on average) and a modest but more erratic increase in rainfall (of about 4% to 8% at the basin level). With high prevailing baseline temperatures these changes generate deteriorating agroclimatic conditions, with declining yields for the major crops (rice, groundnut groundnut, common name for several different genera of twining herbaceous, leguminous plants with geocarpie (underground fruits), chiefly the peanut. Groundnuts are classified in the division Magnoliophyta, class Magnoliopsida, order Rosales, family Leguminosae. , and jowar). Though all yields decline, conditions are more favorable to groundnut, which is already prevalent in the area, reflecting farm-level adjustments to arid conditions. Despite groundnut's suitability to these harsh conditions there are well-recognized risks that prolonged monocropping brings: pests, disease, and fertility loss. Projections suggest that declining yields of major dryland crops are mirrored in lower agriculture incomes. In the harsher climate change scenarios, farm incomes could decline substantially (by over 20%), suggesting that agriculture as currently practiced may not be capable of sustaining large populations on small rain-fed farms. Recognizing these limits the Government of Andhra Pradesh has initiated numerous programs to encourage agricultural and occupational diversification and a forward-looking drought adaptation program supported by the World Bank.
Drought-Prone Districts of Maharashtra Maharashtra state is made up of 35 districts, which are grouped into six divisions. Population data are from the 2001 Census of India.
Amravati Division 9,941,903
- Akola District 1,629,305
- Amravati District 2,606,063
16. The drought-prone belt in Maharashtra (specifically Nashik and Ahmednagar districts) offers a striking contrast. The climate projections suggest a significant, though more variable, increase in rainfall (approximately 20% to 30% at the basin level) accompanied by higher temperatures of about 2.4[degrees]C to 3.8[degrees]C, on average. As a result the yield of several dryland crops (including the millet millet, common name for several species of grasses cultivated mainly for cereals in the Eastern Hemisphere and for forage and hay in North America. The principal varieties are the foxtail, pearl, and barnyard millets and the proso millet, called also broomcorn millet varieties of jowar and bajra bajra
pennisetumglaucum. ) exhibit small improvements and provide a measure of relief to rain-fed farmers with a boost of about 8% to 15% in incomes. Prospects for other crops are less certain. Sugarcane is widely grown on irrigated farms in arid regions of the state. Under the climate change scenarios sugarcane yields are expected to decline considerably (by nearly 30%) as a result of increased heat stress caused by the warmer climate.
17. Negative trends in sugarcane production are already visible across the state. Sugarcane is generously subsidized and has been implicated im·pli·cate
tr.v. im·pli·cat·ed, im·pli·cat·ing, im·pli·cates
1. To involve or connect intimately or incriminatingly: evidence that implicates others in the plot.
2. in the overabstraction of groundwater. There is mounting evidence of a significant reduction in the output and yields, due in part to increasing levels of environmental degradation. Climate change pressures would reinforce the many current benefits from encouraging a shift from sugarcane to less water intensive crops.
C. Elements of a Strategy for Adaptation to Drought Conditions
18. Is there a need for additional policy and public investments to promote adaptation to climate change? Vulnerabilities to climate extremes and change are often related to poverty. So it may be argued that as India grows more prosperous, it will inevitably build greater resilience to climate risks. The myriad government programs that deal with education, infrastructure, and job creation also serve a complementary objective of reducing community exposure to climate risks. In this context, adaptation policy can be viewed as an adjunct to good development policies that promote equitable growth. All of this might suggest that adaptation to climate change requires no additional policy priority or interventions.
19. There are, however, high risks associated with complacency that could magnify mag·ni·fy
To increase the apparent size of, especially with a lens. the costs of climate variability and change. The projections in this report suggest a considerable and mounting human toll from climate change and highlight the need and urgency for mitigating the avoidable costs, particularly among the vulnerable sections of society. Incomes on the small rain-fed farms in Andhra Pradesh could decline by 5% under modest climate change and by over 20% under harsher conditions, bringing farmers closer to, and in many cases under, the poverty line. The escalating fiscal strain of the current drought relief system reinforces the need to tackle the root causes of drought vulnerability as a priority in the development process.
20. This report suggests that building greater climate resilience requires a combination of measures packaged with the right incentives and implemented at multiple levels of government (local, state, and national). Reactive or singular approaches to droughts, such as relief and emergency assistance or debt relief alone for that matter, are essential to appease suffering, but could generate perverse incentives that perpetuate climate risks and impede appropriate adaptation. Consequently these should be complemented with a combination of other initiatives that promote longer-term climate resilience.
C.I Policy Approaches
Policies to Build Adaptive Capacity and Resilience to Climate Risks
21. A strategy to build climate resilience and ignite growth needs to take account of a region's comparative advantage, resource constraints, and the impending im·pend
intr.v. im·pend·ed, im·pend·ing, im·pends
1. To be about to occur: Her retirement is impending.
2. changes brought about by climate. The exact policies and interventions will differ by location and circumstance, with emphasis given to four overarching strategies: (a) the need for policy and investment decisions to be based on sound scientific knowledge of risks, calling for the use of diagnostic risk assessment tools to generate policy-relevant information; (b) innovations and reforms in agriculture and water management that promote more climate resilient cropping systems; (c) cost-effective and efficient management of climate risks to promote income diversification through economic instruments; and (d) institutional structures to facilitate these changes. These strategies are formulated on the basis of the study findings in combination with a review of the literature and a consultative process with government officials and NGOs, and are discussed below.
Strengthening Climate Risk Information and Tools to Match Needs
22. Climate change will have heterogeneous and spatially variable impacts. The first step in building adaptation policy is to identify vulnerabilities and risks to determine priorities for investment and policy. A recent Bank assessment has also emphasized the need for such informed decision making (World Bank 2006f).
23. There are two immediate areas where climate risk information is required:
* First, climate change could have important ramifications ramifications npl → Auswirkungen pl for assets with long lead times and long design lives. The location, construction and refurbishment re·fur·bish
tr.v. re·fur·bished, re·fur·bish·ing, re·fur·bish·es
To make clean, bright, or fresh again; renovate.
re·fur of these will need to incorporate climate risk information. This is particularly important for arid regions where changing water flows or rainfall patterns could require modification or relocation of vital irrigation infrastructure.
* Second, the assessment finds that local public goods (notably education and infrastructure) play a powerful role in enhancing climate resilience. Consequently climate risks need to be integrated into policy decisions in these sectors, calling for the use of diagnostic risk assessment tools to determine how much to invest and where to invest.
24. The capacity to generate this information rests with national research centers, while the need and demand for the information lie with affected communities and the government. This argues in favor of a recent suggestion by the Planning Commission Noun 1. planning commission - a commission delegated to propose plans for future activities and developments
commission, committee - a special group delegated to consider some matter; "a committee is a group that keeps minutes and loses hours" - Milton Berle to build a climate information system at the national level to disseminate information for planning and management to end users (Planning Commission 2007). This initiative will also need to be supported by improved meteorological me·te·or·ol·o·gy
The science that deals with the phenomena of the atmosphere, especially weather and weather conditions.
[French météorologie, from Greek information at the subbasin and local levels (blocks and subblocks) to improve forecasting and monitoring capabilities.
Innovation and Reforms in Agriculture
Water Management
25. In drought-prone areas water scarcity is the limiting factor A factor or condition that, either temporarily or permanently, impedes mission accomplishment. Illustrative examples are transportation network deficiencies, lack of in-place facilities, malpositioned forces or materiel, extreme climatic conditions, distance, transit or overflight rights, of production and plays a key role in shaping the fortunes of agriculture. Much has been done across the country to address water shortages, with a particular focus on supply-side remedies, including large infrastructure, watershed, rainwater harvesting Rainwater harvesting is the collection and storage of rain from roofs or from a surface catchment for future use. The water is generally stored in rainwater tanks or directed into mechanisms which recharge groundwater. and water conservation programs, and a host of community initiatives. However, water management still remains a formidable challenge. The climate change projections indicate that even when farmers have largely adapted to arid cropping patterns, increased demand and consequent water stress could severely jeopardize livelihoods and diminish agricultural productivity Agricultural productivity is measured as the ratio of agricultural inputs to agricultural outputs. While individual products are usually measured by weight, their varying densities make measuring overall agricultural output difficult. . There is an overwhelming case for more aggressively pursuing water conservation in semi-arid and arid regions. Greater attention must be given to hybrid approaches that emphasize the efficiency of groundwater use and increase the effectiveness of watershed activities to conserve soil moisture and harvest water. Such measures are not a substitute for pricing policies and water policy reform, which would need to focus on the demand side, for example by strengthening incentives and controlling groundwater demand at the wider geographic scale necessary for effective management. However, they provide interim and feasible measures for reducing vulnerabilities (DFID DFID Department For International Development (UK) 2005a).
Research and Extension
26. The study makes a strong case for a shift in agricultural systems in order to overcome future climate change pressures. It is clear that small and medium farmers in dryland areas will need greater support with knowledge and policy assistance to make this transition work on a large scale. Much is already occurring across the country and there is research in dryland farming Dryland farming is an agricultural technique for cultivating land which receives little rainfall. Dryland farming is used in the Great Plains, the Palouse plateau of Eastern Washington regions of North America, the Middle East and in other grain growing regions such as the steppes for rice, horticulture and numerous other crops. Strengthened support for agricultural research and extension is essential to promote more sustainable modes of dryland farming. This could include looking at opportunities in farm services associated with low costs of production and intensifying agro-forestry and livestock-based production systems suitable to dryland areas, among others.
"Smart Subsidies" and Incentives
27. In the medium to near term, alternative mechanisms are needed to deliver support to farmers more effectively, with the resulting savings being used to increase public investment in ways that reduce the exposure to climate risks. This would also require complementary measures that address the farm-level incentives (including subsidies and regulations) that have implicitly encouraged the production of water-intensive crops (such as sugarcane) in arid regions. Experience elsewhere suggests that the use of interim smart subsidies may offer a pragmatic way to shift incentives and, thus, cropping patterns to modes that are better suited to agroclimatic conditions. Smart subsidies recognize that there are costs to altering cropping patterns and provide incentives to change the crop mix by shifting support from environmentally degrading activities to more benign forms of production. As an example, moving price support from water-intensive agriculture to dryland crops could help counteract the current incentives to cultivate water-thirsty crops.
Financial and Economic Instruments to Promote Income Diversification
28. In semi-arid and arid areas where the natural productivity of agriculture is low and threatened by droughts, income diversification remains the most obvious and effective way of reducing exposure to climate risks. This brings new and unfamiliar transition risks to farmers that can be tackled through a variety of financial incentives that facilitate the shift to nonfarm activities and promote job diversification.
Debt Relief Coupled with Other Instruments
29. Farmer indebtedness is among the major impediments to occupational mobility. An important priority and challenge for policy is to find cost-effective ways of reaching poorer farmers to help reduce their risk exposure. Coupling debt relief with new risk mitigation instruments is an obvious way to prevent a debt-induced poverty trap poverty trap
the situation of being unable to raise one's living standard because any extra income would result in state benefits being reduced or withdrawn
Noun 1. . Two innovations merit further policy consideration and scrutiny:
* The relief of old debt could be coupled with the provision of capital for a new business. This would simultaneously reduce indebtedness and lower the transaction costs of occupational shifts by providing new opportunities. The myriad ongoing micro-credit schemes provide a vehicle to pilot such schemes.
* A variant of this approach would have debt relief coupled with insurance to cover the initial risks of shifting from farming to other businesses and provide protection against new and unfamiliar sources of risk. (6)
Institutional Change: Convergence and Synergy between Programs
30. There are a large number of central- and state-sponsored programs for addressing drought risks that are implemented under different guidelines and by various implementing and coordinating agencies. Synergies between these programs could be enhanced through an integrated approach to coordinate priorities and fill gaps in these programs. This remains a challenging task, as it requires considerable institutional dexterity to synchronize See synchronization. diverse programs managed at different levels of government within a common framework. There are several institutions at the central level, including the National Rainfed Area Authority and National Disaster Management Authority, that are capable of assuming the role of an apex coordinating agency whose convening power could be harnessed to coordinate the different planning and implementation processes. Furthermore, enlarging existing schemes, such as the state Employment Guarantee Scheme (EGS EGS European Geophysical Society
EGS European Graduate School
EGS El Goonish Shive (webcomic)
EGS Environmental Goods and Services
EGS Employment Guarantee Scheme (UK)
EGS EOS Ground System ) and the National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (NREGS NREGS National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (India) ) to include resilience-building activities would be a fruitful policy measure to encourage sustainable farming systems in rain-fed areas. Finally states could build in a adaptation/climate change dimension into the district agricultural plans (7) which would go a long way in mainstreaming the climate risk management agenda as well as creating enabling conditions for translating the recommendations of the report into actions on the ground.
D. Climate Change and Vulnerability to Floods
D.I Consequences of and Responses to Floods
31. Floods are a natural feature of India's river basins. They replenish groundwater, deliver topsoil and nutrients to support agriculture in otherwise infertile in·fer·tile
Not capable of initiating, sustaining, or supporting reproduction.
adj unable to produce offspring. regions, and sustain valuable ecosystems. Excessive flooding poses risks to human life and is a major contributor to the poverty and vulnerability of marginalized communities. It is estimated that the flood-affected area has more than doubled in size from about 5% (19 million hectares) to about 12% (40 million hectares) of India's geographic area in the past five decades. This has occurred despite generous and rising government spending Government spending or government expenditure consists of government purchases, which can be financed by seigniorage, taxes, or government borrowing. It is considered to be one of the major components of gross domestic product. on a multitude of flood protection programs.
32. Orissa is among the most flood-affected states in the country. Frequently it has coped with simultaneous droughts in one part of the state and extensive floods in another, as well as with cyclones and other natural calamities. Two flood-prone districts--Puri and Jagatsinghpur--are the focus of this study. Households in the study areas endure harsh conditions. Villagers are accustomed to moving homes and losing crops and property because of flood. Livelihoods and occupations have responded and adjusted to the predictable risks of flood damage. Rice, which is among the most flood-resistant of crops, dominates agriculture. There is also an emphasis on cultivation in the dry rabi months, when flooding can often improve yields by delivering nutrients and soil moisture.
33. The communities have diversified into a range of more flood-resilient activities, such as aquaculture aquaculture, the raising and harvesting of fresh- and saltwater plants and animals. The most economically important form of aquaculture is fish farming, an industry that accounts for an ever increasing share of world fisheries production. , fishing, dairy, and petty business, though the scale of these activities is still minor. Despite significant levels of adaptation, floods continue to disrupt and devastate dev·as·tate
tr.v. dev·as·tat·ed, dev·as·tat·ing, dev·as·tates
1. To lay waste; destroy.
2. To overwhelm; confound; stun: was devastated by the rude remark. communities, with the impact bearing disproportionately upon the poorer segments of the community (the small farmers and the landless land·less
Owning or having no land.
landless·ness n.
Adj. 1. ). Even when the poor diversify into nonagricultural activities, they remain more vulnerable to floods. While the nonagricultural income of the large landholders falls by a meager 5% in a flood, that of the landless declines by about 14%, reflecting their fragile economic status as unskilled, casual workers.
D.II Future Prospects for Flood-Prone Areas under Climate Change
34. Adding to these already high risks, the climate projections suggest that temperatures, precipitation, and flooding are likely to increase, with adverse impacts on crop yields and farm incomes. Among the more substantial effects is a spatial shift in the pattern of rainfall towards the already flood-prone coastal areas. Climate change is also projected to bring a dramatic increase in the incidence of flooding. As an example of the implied magnitudes, the probability that the discharge might exceed 25,000 cubic meters per second (cumecs) (at the measuring station at Naraj on the Mahanadi River The Mahanadi rises in the highlands of Chhattisgarh. It flows through Orissa to reach the Bay of Bengal. The length of the river is about 860 km. Its drainage basin is shared by Maharashtra, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, and Orissa.The Mahanadi River is a river in eastern India. in Orissa), is currently low--about 2%. But under climate change, this is projected to rise dramatically to over 10%. This suggests a clear need for improved and accurate forecasting tools to guide the appropriate location and design for flood protection infrastructure and other high-value assets.
35. In the study districts of Puri and Jagatsinghpur, the assessment finds that rice yields could decline by 5% to 12% and profits by 6% to 8% under climate change. With the dominance of rice and high levels of preadaptation to floods, there is little that can be done to build flood resilience through adjustments in cropping patterns and farming practices. There is a need to further strengthen current flood protection initiatives and develop a proactive, comprehensive, and anticipatory flood management strategy.
36. Orissa has established a wide-ranging flood management policy with an emphasis on relief and protection. When floods strike, an elaborate relief machinery provides employment, cash, food, health care, and shelter. There is also a comprehensive action plan that envisions a host of structural measures such as a cascade of reservoirs, dams, raising and strengthening of embankments, and interbasin transfer of water. Despite the substantial fiscal burden of the flood relief and protection system floods continue to encumber To burden property by way of a charge that must be removed before ownership is free and clear.
Property subject to an encumbrance may have a lien or mortgage imposed upon it. livelihoods and impede development. With the prospect of much more severe and intense flooding under climate change, it is necessary to ask how the system could be strengthened to build greater flood resilience in communities.
37. There is no single remedy for mitigating flood damage and site-specific measures are required to address particular vulnerabilities. Experience suggests the need to integrate hard and soft engineering approaches through three components:
* Advanced systems for the detection and forecasting of floods;
* Anticipatory and proactive actions designed to minimize flood risks and build capacity to withstand flood events;
* Reactive actions that deal with the aftermath of floods and include compensation and relief.
E. Elements of a Strategy for Building Flood Resilience
E.I Strengthening Systems for Detection and Forecasting Floods
38. With the projected future changes in the spatial distribution, intensity, and frequency of floods more advanced forecasting and risk diagnostic tools will be needed to guide the location of high-value investments and the engineering design of flood protection structures. The system's effectiveness could be enhanced by combining data collection, telemetry telemetry
Highly automated communications process by which data are collected from instruments located at remote or inaccessible points and transmitted to receiving equipment for measurement, monitoring, display, and recording. , flood forecasting Flood forecasting is the use of real-time precipitation and streamflow data in rainfall-runoff and streamflow routing models to forecast flow rates and water levels for periods ranging from a few hours to days ahead, depending on the size of the watershed or river basin. M. F. C. , and flood warning elements into one integrated flood management and information system for a basin. (8) Flood inundation INUNDATION. The overflow of waters by coming out of their bed.
2. Inundations may arise from three causes; from public necessity, as in defence of a place it may be necessary to dam the current of a stream, which will cause an inundation to the upper lands; mapping is another important planning tool that is needed to guide zoning and investment decisions, but its use across India is limited. There is growing recognition in Government of India that generating such information should be a high policy priority.
E.II Strengthening Anticipatory Measures
39. Although technology can help detect and even forecast floods in a timely way, the information needs to be integrated into planning and policy for longer-term measures that reduce (a) the magnitude of the flood; and (b) vulnerability to a flood of any given magnitude.
The Assault on Floods: Importance of Structural Protection
40. Structural defenses are an indispensable tool in controlling flood damage, but with prohibitive costs and design limits they cannot offer full protection. Economic considerations argue for an emphasis towards the protection of the higher-value assets (for example urban areas, infrastructure), with greater importance given to building adaptability and flood resilience elsewhere. It is unlikely that floods can be totally subdued, so careful monitoring and planning of new settlements in these flood-prone areas must remain a priority for government authorities. This has been recognized in a number of reports (9). There is a need to strengthen incentives and institutional systems for strategic asset management so that infrastructure investments are rendered more sustainable. This must be accompanied by changes in budget priorities to enhance community resilience to floods.
The Accommodation of Floods: Importance of Nonstructural Resilience Building
41. Building flood resilience in agriculture. Flood-resilient agriculture provides a way to insulate incomes against flood damage. Numerous pilots have been attempted with more rainfall-tolerant or short-duration varieties of certain crops to minimize flood-related losses. Though economically viable solutions remain elusive, these initiatives have potential and warrant continuing support and dissemination. A further shift in agriculture to the dry (rabi) season could be promoted by increasing access to irrigation in the dry months.
42. Income diversification. Income diversification provides a robust way of mitigating flood risks. The economic instruments that are relevant for encouraging income diversification for drought management--such as credit and insurance schemes linked to job diversification--are equally pertinent in the context of floods. The spread of self-help groups in Orissa provides a potential community base for launching such schemes.
43. Adapting to floods. There are already numerous and successful pilots in Orissa that aim to promote flood-based livelihoods. This is the quintessential quin·tes·sen·tial
Of, relating to, or having the nature of a quintessence; being the most typical: "Liszt was the quintessential romantic" Musical Heritage Review. form of flood adaptation. With the escalating demand for fish in India, aquaculture has considerable promise for unleashing rural growth. To further develop this potential there is a need to address supply chain obstacles to improve the marketing of a highly perishable commodity.
44. Primacy of planning and zoning. The combined pressures of rapid population growth, land scarcity, and intensifying flood risks call for strengthened and more careful planning and flood zoning. Land use planning
Main article: urban planning
Land use planning is the term used for a branch of public policy which encompasses various disciplines which seek to order and regulate the use of land in an efficient and ethical way. and water management need to be combined into a synthesized plan with coordination between various departments and levels of government. A greater challenge is the implementation of a plan that would affect many interests and would need processes that involve public participation and stakeholder stakeholder n. a person having in his/her possession (holding) money or property in which he/she has no interest, right or title, awaiting the outcome of a dispute between two or more claimants to the money or property. engagement.
F. Conclusions and Recommendations:
45. With an ambitious growth target of 8% to 10% for the medium term, the Government of India recognizes that accelerating the productivity and sustainability of the agricultural sector will be a prerequisite to achieving its poverty reduction and development goals. The challenges are substantial and will call not only for the familiar investments in agriculture (such as price stability, connectivity, marketability and irrigation), but also for addressing the new and unprecedented risks emerging from climate change. This report demonstrates that climate change will continue to affect the lives and production systems of the millions in India who reside in high-risk rural areas, with a mounting human toll that falls disproportionately upon the poor. Consequently there is an urgent need for action now to avoid higher future costs and missed opportunities associated with a development path that compromises on climate risk management. Fostering a shared vision of the nature of climate change and the implications for the country's development prospects will be critical in catalyzing a policy commitment and also helping to integrate climate risks in development programs over the coming decades.
46. Fortunately, many of the policy actions required to build resilience to the impending changes in climate are wholly consistent with, and supportive of, current development objectives. Adaptation actions and investments provide a cost-effective way of addressing future climate risks. India has considerable technical and scientific expertise to understand, analyze and act upon climate risks. There are many encouraging initiatives and policy reforms that are moving in the right direction. These provide an ideal foundation for developing a comprehensive strategy for promoting adaptation to climate change and building systemic resilience in vulnerable communities. The table on the next page summarizes the policy actions and interventions suggested by the study.
47. Moving ahead the first priority is to implement and mainstream the actions proposed in the table. In addition to this climate change will also have wider impacts that go beyond the flood- and drought- affected areas that are the focus of this report. Consequently future work will be needed to fill knowledge and policy gaps. Most notably further analytical work is needed in three priority areas of high development significance. First, the effects of climate change on the rice and grain production regions of India need to be assessed in considerably greater detail to determine impacts on food security goals and growth targets. Second, glacial melt remains the most dramatic threat to water supplies, food production and life-sustaining ecosystems in the country. Further work on the likely consequences remains an urgent priority. Similarly, the threats from sea level rise on coastal communities and cities is another important issue. On the policy front, agricultural trade distortions in the developed world increase climate risks and vulnerability in developing countries, suggesting the need for integrating adaptation and climate change issues in global trade negotiations.
Summary Recommendations for Adaptation (10) Expected Outcomes Strengthening publicly Baseline information for the accessible climate information integration of climate risks into systems/mechanisms and related policy, planning and investment management tools to match needs decisions * Establish a climate information management system at central level for developing climate diagnostic and risk assessment tools with feedback mechanisms to end users. This would include: enhanced data collection systems at local level, hydrogeological data collection, information for groundwater management, and systems for improved detection and forecasting of floods. * Build climate risk assessment as a requirement for all relevant high value and long- lived infrastructure projects. Fostering climate-resilient Promote climate resilience of reforms in agriculture and water agriculture and reduce risks resource management * Promote agricultural research and extension services towards systems and cultivars better suited to local climate and its variability * Targeted implementation and development of basin level water resource management integrating groundwater resources and applying instruments that deliver economic, social and legal incentives to increase water productivity, using participatory approaches where appropriate Supporting the management of Promote income and job climate risks through economic diversification to reduce climate mechanisms and instruments that vulnerability promote efficiency * Explore new innovative financial instruments to promote income diversification, such as ** debt relief instruments coupled with credit for job diversification ** debt relief coupled with insurance for new business risks ** community-based risk financing schemes * Introduce interim smart farm subsidies to encourage switch to more suitable and climate resilient cropping practices Improving institutional Promote policy synergy, identify capacities and linkages among needs and fill gaps. sectoral programs * Establish capacities and strengthen role of central bodies in order to enhance coordination and operational linkages between departments at all levels of government. This could include establishing convergence committees for management of drought and flood. * Integrate measures targeted towards management of future climate risks in the planning process including at the local level in district agriculture plans. (11)
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Did anybody see the Awesome Rods (www.awesomerods.com) booth in the Dairy Building at the State Fair? They looked cool but were kind of heavy. I commented on how the metal rod would only be good for big fish and not pannies. He had me hold the handles of the rod and put the tip to his Adam's Apple. When he talked I could feel the vibrations.
The rods were pricy ($60-$70) but they were very compact and they had a rod with an adjustable handle.
That's my 2 cents.

subset: commoncrawl


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Police: Man shoots stepdaughter on her birthday
Miami-Dade Police say a man shot his stepdaughter on her 21st birthday then fled.
They are searching for 49-year-old Bernex Lucas. Police found his vehicle hours after the shooting.
Police said her mother was there when he fired the shot. The bullet nearly missed her.
The Miami Herald reports Dayana Saint-Fort saw the 21-year-old outside her house. She says the woman was begging for help and told her she didn't want to die.
Saint-Fort says she helped the woman and stayed with her until authorities arrived to take the woman and her mom to the hospital.
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Posts tagged: Idaho House speaker
The Twin Falls Times-News reports today that House Assistant Majority Leader Scott Bedke, R-Oakley, has publicly announced his run for Speaker of the House, taking on current Speaker Lawerence Denney, R-Midvale. "It's time for a change," Bedke told the newspaper. Leadership elections will take place at closed-door party caucuses Dec. 5, on the even of the 2013 Legislature's organizational session Dec. 6. Last week, Denney told the Idaho Statesman that he planned to "aggressively" campaign to keep his leadership post. You can read the Times-News' full report here from reporter Melissa Davlin.
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Featured news
Microsoft patch problems continue
Monday, 24 October 2005, 12:20 PM EST
Windows users are continuing to experience problems with Microsoft 's latest round of security patches. This time a problem with a critical patch relating to Microsoft's DirectShow streaming media software is leaving some Windows 2000 users unprotected, even after they've installed a patch.
By Robert McMillan at Network World.
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Currently browsing "Population"
Altruistic Acts More Common in States With High Well-Being
Geographic differences and levels of well-being predict whether people are likely to donate a kidney to a stranger, an extremely altruistic act. ... More>
You're Just One in 7 Billion!
Did you take a deep breath before pushing and shoving your way into a crowded train this morning? Stepped on a few toes or nerves perhaps? Phew, well, if you thought dodging elbows and trying to hop on that crowded morning rush hour train was bad, try thinking about this – the world's population recently hit 7 billion and in an already crowded planet, that poses quite a problem.... More>


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Summer is upon us (kind of has been since January), and that means it's time to get your butts wet on the Gexa Energy Pavilion lawn. Unless, of course, you're rich enough to have "reserved seating money." You kind of have to for the just announced Drake show on Wednesday, May 16, which will cost ... More >>
GirlsOne of the biggest records of 2011 came from San Fransisco's Girls, who successfully mine early rock and roll influences to create notable and at times brilliant albums. Gorilla Vs. Bear has championed the band for years, and the blog is bringing Girls to the Granada Theater on Friday, March ... More >>
There are weeks when the show announcements are about as flimsy as a wet persimmon. Fortunately, this is not one of them. For starters, Grimes is coming to town. Her last performance was a brilliant showing at Gorilla Vs. Bear Fest, in which she wooed the audience with her mix of Madonna's ... More >>
A Place To Bury StrangersThe fall season is starting to shape up as expected. The fall and the spring are, after all, the prime touring seasons, and right away, it looks like the Granada Theater's got some pretty impressive bills coming our way.New York noise rock band A Place To Bury Strangers w ... More >>
One of the many incarnations of Okkervil RiverStill fresh from the release of their new album I Am Very Far, Austin's Okkervil River seems to be working quite hard to let everyone know about it. The album is quite solid, thanks in part to the production work of local producer John Congl ... More >>
Bon Iver's Justin VernonIt's a risky career move, holing up in a cabin in the woods to create a debut album, but for Bon Iver's Justin Vernon, it seems to have paid off in spades. Between nods from Kanye West and the success of his R&B side project Gayngs, his highly anticipated self-titled s ... More >>
A veteran principal brought hope and self-respect to South Dallas' Lincoln High. But even some of his loyal followers say it's time for him to step down.


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"Represents the first attempt to bring together and analyze under a cogent theoretical framework the works of the four most prominent Angolan fiction writers living today. . . . Highly recommended."--Ana Paula Ferreira, University of California, Irvine"Original and provocative readings of [writers who are] unquestionably the most important figures in current Angolan narrative fiction."--Luís Madureira, University of Wisconsin, MadisonIn the first volume devoted to the work of contemporary Angolan writers, Phyllis Peres analyzes the ways in which four writers--Luandino Vieira, Uanhenga Xitu, Pepetela, and Manuel Rui--imagine their emerging nation as nationalist movements first opposed the Portuguese colonial regime beginning in the early 1960s. Peres's analysis follows these writers and their work through independence, achieved in 1975, and the two ensuing decades of civil war to the 1990s.Applying a postcolonial theoretical perspective, Peres looks at how these four writers, all of them active in the early nationalist movements, first attempt to use distinctly Angolan materials--language, folk stories, forms based on traditional narrative techniques, and forms consistent with a revolutionary ideology--in their work. She shows how these early optimistic experiments gave way, in the face of civil war, to more ironic, self-questioning works evoking an Angola too disparate to be imagined, too polarized to have an identity. The literary project of "narrating a nation" remains uncertain, but Peres's book draws from the particulars of the Angolan experience to reach broader conclusions about patterns of narrative resistance and transculturation applicable to the literatures of other emerging nations and identities.Given the growing interest in Lusophone African literature in the United States and the increasing availability of such works in translation, Peres's book should prove particularly valuable to students of Luso-Brazilian studies, colonial and postcolonial African literatures, and comparative literature. Transculturation and Resistance is also a wonderful critical companion to the works (many of them currently available in translation) of Angola's most prominent writers.Phyllis Peres is associate professor of Spanish and Portuguese at the University of Maryland, College Park, and a regular contributor to various scholarly journals on African, Brazilian, and Portuguese literatures and colonial discourse.
Tags: Literature-Fiction, Contemporary,


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How Long Does It Take To Get Rid Of Cmv
Here's a taste of what TheBody.com has to offer on this topic:
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Cytomegalovirus (CMV)Table of Contents Introduction How Is CMV Spread? How Do I Prevent CMV Infection? How Can I Tell If I Have CMV Infection? How Do I Prevent CMV Disease? Can I Ever Stop Preventive Therapy How Can I Tell if I Have CMV Disease? How Do You Treat CMV Disease? Concerns for Pregnant Women Concerns for Children Your CD4 Cell Counts How Can I Get the Medicines to Treat CMV? What About Resistance? What Research Is Being Done on...
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Transplant Patient with CMV InfectionHope I am writing these questions in the right section. A year ago I received a kidney/pancreas transplant. I had been on ganciclovir for exactly a year and discovered after my one year review that I had CMV. Now we knew from the beginning that I...
Response from Judith Feinberg, M.D.
University of Cincinnati, College of MedicineYour story was a bit hard to follow from the point of whether you did or did not have prior exposure to CMV (+ antibody test) from the start. Nonetheless, let me try to answer your questions:Ganciclovir is not 100% effective, so it is possible to... Read more »
Response from Barbara McGovern, M.D.
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University of Massachusetts, Medical SchoolIt usually becomes negative after several months but in some instances may remain positive for a year or more; JLS.... Read more »
CMV and EBV -- First Exposure,long story but Small questions1. I read that CMV is common in USA and is often transmitted by Saliva. Can sharing of a Bottle of Coke with an infected person give me CMV or EBV?2. In Sri Lanka where I come from CMV/EBV is very uncommon (that's what the people who call...
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Posted by Anonymous, 2 Repliesfine ill post my whole story tonight or tommorow morning and then ill stop unless i really need to post but just so you know i did get exposed to it by having unprotected sex with a girl ok. here is a short part of my story: i had unprotected sex... Read more »
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Retired Air Force lieutenant colonel from Spotsylvania reflects on his role as an Atlas missile crew commander on 50th anniversary of the Cuban Missile Crisis
Wayne Colton (right) during his time as an Air Force adviser in Vietnam, several years after after commanding an Atlas missile crew in Plattsburgh, N.Y. Colton was later stationed in Germany, and then Hawaii, where he retired in 1981.
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By RUSTY DENNEN
The date was Oct. 24, 1962, and then-Air Force Capt. Wayne
That day, for the first time ever--or since--the U.S. military elevated its threat level to an unprecedented Defense Condition Two. The United States and the Soviet Union were on the brink of nuclear war and Colton and his crew were prepared to kill millions of people, if so ordered.
Two days earlier, President John F. Kennedy announced to a stunned nation that spy-plane reconnaissance photos had confirmed the presence of Soviet medium-range nuclear missiles on Cuba, 90 miles from the U.S. mainland, and he ordered a naval blockade.
On the eve of the 50th anniversary of the Cuban Missile Crisis, Colton recalled those two tense weeks in October against the backdrop of now-simmering nuclear tensions in Iran and North Korea.
"At the time, we didn't think of being a part of history. Our thought was that this is really bad. We were in a state we had never been in before," said Colton, 75, who retired as a lieutenant colonel and now lives with his wife, Linda, off Catharpin Road in Spotsylvania County.
"We knew about Hiroshima and Nagasaki, and we knew that this was many multiple times worse."
Those Japanese cities were destroyed by the first two nuclear bombs, dropped in August 1945. Colton's crew was responsible for an Atlas F intercontinental ballistic missile carrying a 4-megaton warhead nearly a thousand times as powerful as those World War II bombs.
"I don't think any of us had any doubt about what we would do," he said, thinking back to that fateful day in October. "You do your job. If you've got to fire this thing, fire it."
He knew that the missile could potentially kill millions of people in Eastern Europe.
The crew, he said, didn't know what target it would strike. The missile was programmed to accept either of two destinations, labeled "A" and "B."
CAROLINE MAN RECALLS HASTY EVACUATION OF BASE IN CUBAOct. 14, 1962--Spy planes capture images of Soviet missiles and launchers under construction in Cuba. Oct. 22--President Kennedy announces the findings on national TV, orders naval blockade. Oct. 24--Nuclear forces threat level heightened to Defense Condition 2--one step short of war. Oct. 27--A U-2 spy plane is shot down over Cuba and Soviets demand that United States remove its missiles from Turkey in exchange for USSR removing missiles from Cuba. Oct. 28--Soviet Premier Nikita Krushchev announces he will dismantle the missile launchers and return the missiles to the Soviet Union.
Retired Air Force Lt. Col. Wayne Colton wrote down some of his memories of the Cuban Missile Crisis. Here's an excerpt from one tense day:
"As I sat in the launch control center I thought back to the then-popular film 'On the Beach,' based on Nevil Shute's novel. In the book and film, an all-out nuclear war had polluted the atmosphere, killing all human life in the Northern Hemisphere. I knew the weapons had gotten progressively 'cleaner' over the years, but radiation fallout would still be extensive in any nuclear exchange. By looking over our pre-launch imaging monitor, I could observe the nuclear warhead resting comfortable on top of the missile, awaiting its potential call to duty. It was with mixed emotions that I viewed this extraordinary advanced technological weapon, awaiting the 'Go Order.'"


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dissolved oxygen monitoring Companies in New York
Business type: Technology - Manufacturer ×
Keyword: dissolved oxygen monitoring ×
Location: USA ×
Location: New York ×
ABB Measurement Products
based in Zurich, PENNSYLVANIA (USA)
ABB (www.abb.com) is a leader in power and automation technologies that enable utility and industry customers to improve performance while lowering environmental impact. The ABB Group of companies operates in around 100 countries and employs about 130,000 people. The company`s North American operations, headquartered in Cary, North Carolina, employ about 20,000 people in ...
Precision Measurement Engineering, Inc. (PME)
based in Vista, CALIFORNIA (USA)
Precision Measurement Engineering, Inc. (PME) is dedicated to the design and manufacture of reliable and accurate water monitoring systems and instruments for oceanographic and limnologic use. PME products can be found throughout the international scientific community and are used for high resolution measurement of electrical conductivity, temperature, dissolved oxygen, ...
Measurement Specialties, Inc.
based in Hampton, VIRGINIA (USA)
Measurement Specialties is a global designer and manufacturer of sensors and sensor-based systems which measure pressure/force, position, vibration, temperature, humidity, and fluid properties. Our products are used as embedded devices by original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) or as stand alone sensors for test and measurement to provide critical monitoring, feedback and ...
Rosemount Measurement Division
based in Chanhassen, MINNESOTA (USA)
Emerson Process Management`s Rosemount Measurement Division is a leading supplier of pressure, temperature, flow, level, and safety measurement instrumentation. Located in Chanhassen, Minnesota, our devices are specified more often than any other brand of process instrumentation in the process industries.
WTW GmbH - a xylem brand
based in Weilheim, GERMANY
WTW offers robust analysis products for the measurement of pH, dissolved oxygen, conductivity, total dissolved solids and specific ions in lab, field and on-line applications serving the environmental, water and wastewater, food and beverage, educational, pharmaceutical, clinical, research and chemical/petrochemical industries. WTW has provided outstanding leadership in ...
Bibby Scientific
based in Stone, UNITED KINGDOM
Bibby Scientific focuses on the design, manufacture and distribution of four world leading benchtop laboratory equipment brands, Jenway, Stuart, Techne and Electrothermal. The Jenway extensive product range includes UV/Vis Spectrophotometers, Life Science and Environmental Spectrophotometers, Flame Photometers, Colorimeters, Portable and Laboratory meters and probes, for ...
OxyGuard International A/S
based in Birkerød, DENMARK
OxyGuard has been supplying water quality measuring and monitoring equipment to the aquaculture and other markets all over the world. We have achieved the position of leading supplier of water quality monitoring equipment to the aquaculture industry and are preferred supplier of PPB level DO meters to power plants. The probe of our dissolved oxygen meter for waste water ...
Mettler - Toledo Int. Inc
based in Greifensee, SWITZERLAND
Manufactures a complete line of pH, Redox, and dissolved oxygen systems including sensors, stationary and retractable housings, microprocessor-based transmitters, and conductivity and turbidity systems.
Centec Gesellschaft für Labor- und Prozessmesstechnik mbH
based in Maintal / Frankfurt, GERMANY
Centec is a strong globally operating group of companies. Specialized in liquid and gas processing, we are rapidly growing in the major world markets. With decades of experience we develop and manufacture customized process plants and high precision measurement devices. A key to the performance of our skid mounted units is our unique ability to accurately monitor and ...
Point Four Systems Inc
based in Coquitlam, BRITISH COLUMBIA (CANADA)
Point Four Systems Inc manufactures and supplies systems for the measurement, control and diffusion of oxygen and other gases in water. Also monitor and control DO (including optical), CO2, TDGP, pH, ORP, and more. It is Point Four's mission to provide users with solutions to enable them to gather information about their water quality parameters; to supply systems to ...


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Governor John Hickenlooper says resolving land-use conflicts between energy companies and homeowners is one of the Continue reading
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Governor Working on Fracking Compromises
Hickenlooper Makes Deal to Legislate Fracking
Governor John Hickenlooper says legislation should result next year from a commission he's created to study hydraulic fracturing in Colorado. The Continue reading
Gardner Calls on Udall to Change Stance on EPA Rules
As the EPA hearings begin in Denver today on the agency's new carbon emissions rules, Congressman Cory Gardner is calling on Senator Mark Udall to change his stance on the rules. Senator Udall praised the new rules as "a good start," indicating that he wants the federal government to go even further Continue reading


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Save to My Recipes
Butterscotch Pudding
Servings: Makes 8
- 3/4 cup sugar
- 1/4 cup water
- 1/4 cup whipping cream
- 1/2 cup (packed) golden brown sugar
- 1/3 cup cornstarch
- 1 teaspoon salt
- 3 cups whole milk
- 4 large egg yolks
- 1/4 cup (1/2 stick) unsalted butter, cut into smal pieces, room temperature
- 2 tablespoons Scotch
- 1 teaspoon vanilla extract
- 4 bananas, sliced
- Whipped cream
- 1/2 cup English toffee bits
PREPARATIONView Step-by-Step Directions
Stir 3/4 cup sugar and 1/4 cup water in heavy medium saucepan over low heat until sugar dissolves. Increase heat to high and boil without stirring until syrup turns deep amber color, occasionally brushing down sides of pan with wet pastry brush and swirling pan. Remove from heat. Add cream (mixture will bubble vigorously). Stir until smooth. Set caramel sauce aside.
Mix brown sugar, cornstarch, and salt in heavy medium saucepan. Gradually whisk in milk. Stir over medium-low heat until mixture thickens and boils, about 8 minutes. Remove from heat. Whisk in caramel sauce.
Whisk egg yolks in large bowl to blend. Gradually whisk 1 cup warm caramel mixture into yolks. Gradually whisk yolk mixture back into caramel mixture in saucepan. Bring to simmer over medium heat. Gradually whisk in butter, Scotch, and vanilla.
Divide pudding among 8 parfait glasses. Chill until cold, at least 6 hours and up to 1 day. Top puddings with banana slices, whipped cream, and toffee bits.
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Advice from the Bon Appétit Test Kitchen
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text: Stories Melissa Harris-Perry Obama to send openly gay delegates to Russia Rachel Maddow Obama sends Putin an Olympic message Rachel Maddow US to send openly gay delegates to Olympics Thomas Roberts Another world leader snubs Sochi The bumpy road to Sochi Gay rights going for gold The Last Word IOC says LGBT community must be protected Rachel Maddow A singlet affair at Grand Central's... The Cycle Photo Finish: London 2012 Paralympics The Last Word Michael Phelps' agent: He won't lose medals The Cycle Photo Finish: Despejo na Favela The Cycle Recapping the London Summer Olympics The Cycle Photo Finish: Globalists The Cycle My Olympic experience Morning Joe Misty and Kerri Three-peat! The Cycle The breakout Olympic stars Making Olympic winnings tax-exempt is a... Morning Joe USA Women's Soccer Takes Tuesday's... Obama backs letting Olympic medal winners... The Cycle They've got next Morning Joe Host country surges in medal winnings The Cycle Watching The Olympics for the first time The Cycle British prime minister: I'll work with... The Ed Show African-American gymnast wins gold, but... The Cycle My reaction to the Fab 5 winning the gold The Cycle A picture is worth a thousand words Morning Joe USA USA USA! Tuesday Medals Recap The Last Word Rewriting the GOP's idea of elitism Pages< 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 >


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1-10 of 16 properties for sale found
£595,000 Offers in Excess of
Offers in Excess of £595,000
3 bedroom barn conversion for sale Sheraton West Grange Farm,, Elwick,, Hartlepool
SOUGHT AFTER LIFE STYLE WITH COUNTRY AIR & WALKS, COMPLETE WITH YOUR OWN WATER SUPPLY! An extraordinary & imaginatively designed Barn Conversion. DIFFICULT TO DO JUSTICE TO IN PRINT. PART EXCHANGE CONSIDERED. More details ›
5 bedroom detached house for sale The Walk, Elwick, Hartlepool, TS27
*** AVAILABLE IMMEDIATELY WITH NO ONWARD CHAIN** Well Proportioned and Well Positioned! This substantial five double bedroomed detached home has so many features for you to see that a viewing is a must. The rooms on the ground floor are larger than might be expected and the breakfast kitchen is a... More details ›
3 bedroom detached bungalow for sale The Green, Elwick, Hartlepool
UPVC sealed unit double glazed, gas central heated, two reception rooms, fitted kitchen,three large double bedrooms, coloured bathroom / wc, guest cloakroom, delightful conservatory, beautiful rear garden, front garden with carriage driveway leading to large detached double garage. More details ›
2 bedroom detached bungalow for sale The Green, Elwick, HARTLEPOOL
AN IMMACULATELY PRESENTED AND DECEPTIVE 2 / 3 BEDROOMED DETACHED BUNGALOW IN THE IDYLLIC VILLAGE OF ELWICK. Luxurious quality appointments fitted throughout this property. Must be viewed to be fully appreciated. Features Gas Central Heating and Double Glazing. More details ›
3 bedroom detached bungalow for sale Hillcrest Grove, Elwick Village, Hartlepool
SOUGHT AFTER LOCALITY ON A 0.25 ACRE SITE, A SPACIOUS (OVER 1850 SQ FT) A 3 BEDROOMED DETACHED BUNGALOW. Overlooking the school playing field to the south-west in this highly regarded village. More details ›
3 bedroom terraced house for sale The Green, Elwick, Hartlepool
A traditional, tastefully appointed, spacious family Cottage with 3 Double Bedrooms, 3 Bathrooms, long private south facing Rear Garden overlooking Village Green in sought after village. More details ›
4 bedroom house for sale Hazel Bank Cottage, The Green, Elwick, Hartlepool
** MUST BE VIEWED ** RARELY AVAILABLE ** A unique & extremely impressive 4 bed semi detached period property. Hazel Bank Cottage occupies an unrivalled and substantially sized plot on The Green, situated with a conversation area in Elwick Village. Features incl. off road parking, integral garag... More details ›
4 bedroom house for sale The Green, Elwick, Hartlepool, TS27
APPEARANCES CAN BE DECEPTIVE!!! NO CHAIN This property is not what you may think it is from its front aspect! In fact it is a spacious four bedroom home situated in a prominent position within the sought after village of Elwick, Hartlepool. The current owners have improved this property in recent... More details ›
4 bedroom cottage for sale 10 The Green
RECENTLY REDUCED by £10,000 Eden Estate are pleased to welcome to the market this beautiful four bedroomed village house that is situated in the sought after area of Elwick. More details ›
Reduced on 03/11/2014 by Eden Estates, Hartlepool. Call: 01429 720024 Local call rate
£300,000 Offers in Region of
Offers in Region of £300,000
3 bedroom detached bungalow for sale 'WESTLANDS' MANOR CLOSE, ELWICK, HARTLEPOOL
Located in an enchanting village, unique and rarely available!! This amazing three bedroom detached bungalow has undergone massive improvements and no expense spared. Westland's is situated in a very popular rural village which offers a Primary School, two traditional pubs yet ideal for the comm... More details ›
Reduced on 11/08/2014 by Dowen, Hartlepool - Sales. Call: 01429 720030 Local call rate
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Mass Transit:
Review of the Tren Urbano Finance Plan
RCED-00-94R: Published: Mar 31, 2000. Publicly Released: Mar 31, 2000.
Additional Materials:
- Full Report:
(202) 512-8024
Office of Public Affairs
(202) 512-4800
Pursuant to a legislative requirement, GAO reviewed the Puerto Rico Highway and Transportation Authority's finance plan for its Tren Urbano Rapid Rail Line Project, focusing on the: (1) financing of the Tren Urbano project; and (2) reasonableness of the assumptions contained in the finance plan.
GAO noted that: (1) the Authority has sufficient funding to meet the expected cost of the project without seeking additional New Starts funds or adversely affecting other parts of the transportation system in Puerto Rico; (2) to finance the project, the Authority plans to use a combination of federal New Starts funds (18 percent), other federal transportation funds (25 percent), and local funds (57 percent); (3) the finance plan identifies numerous local funding sources, including the proceeds of taxes and other receivables that have been committed to the Authority by law and do not require further legislative action; (4) in addition, GAO found that the Authority's finance plan contains reasonable cost and financing assumptions; (5) GAO did, however, find that a number of issues could affect the project's schedule and cost; (6) for example, some of the project's contractors have had problems meeting construction milestones because of the lack of skilled labor; and (7) nevertheless, in light of the Authority's significant dedicated revenues and bonding capacity, the Authority should be able to pay for future cost increases if they occur.
Nov 18, 2014
Highway Projects:Many Federal and State Environmental Review Requirements Are Similar, and Little Duplication of Effort OccursGAO-15-71: Published: Nov 18, 2014. Publicly Released: Nov 18, 2014.
Public Transportation:Multiple Factors Influence Extent of Transit-Oriented DevelopmentGAO-15-70: Published: Nov 18, 2014. Publicly Released: Nov 18, 2014.
Oct 9, 2014
Highway Trust Fund:DOT Has Opportunities to Improve Tracking and Reporting of Highway SpendingGAO-15-33: Published: Oct 9, 2014. Publicly Released: Oct 9, 2014.
Sep 26, 2014
Freight Transportation:Developing National Strategy Would Benefit from Added Focus on Community Congestion ImpactsGAO-14-740: Published: Sep 19, 2014. Publicly Released: Sep 26, 2014.
Sep 25, 2014
Aviation:Impact of Fuel Price Increases on the Aviation IndustryGAO-14-331: Published: Sep 25, 2014. Publicly Released: Sep 25, 2014.
Sep 23, 2014
Surface Transportation:Department of Transportation Should Measure the Overall Performance and Outcomes of the TIGER Discretionary Grant ProgramGAO-14-766: Published: Sep 23, 2014. Publicly Released: Sep 23, 2014.
Sep 12, 2014
Air Traffic Control System:Selected Stakeholders' Perspectives on Operations, Modernization, and StructureGAO-14-770: Published: Sep 12, 2014. Publicly Released: Sep 12, 2014.
Jul 31, 2014
Aviation Manufacturing:Status of FAA's Efforts to Improve Certification and Regulatory ConsistencyGAO-14-829T: Published: Jul 31, 2014. Publicly Released: Jul 31, 2014.
Jul 23, 2014
Aviation Safety:FAA's Efforts to Implement Recommendations to Improve Certification and Regulatory Consistency Face Some ChallengesGAO-14-728T: Published: Jul 23, 2014. Publicly Released: Jul 23, 2014.
Jun 25, 2014
Aviation Safety:Additional Oversight Planning by FAA Could Enhance Safety Risk ManagementGAO-14-516: Published: Jun 25, 2014. Publicly Released: Jun 25, 2014.
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Over the weekend, the Denver music scene lost another one of its own, and the whole town is reeling from the loss. Bryon Woodard was a dearly regarded member of our scene. As one reader asserted yesterday, he was as iconic as the Cricket on the Hill, the beloved Capitol Hill bar he once co-ow ... More >>
Tom MurphyBlindfold the DevilMoore, Blindfold the Devil and Born in Winter Friday, December 11, 2009 Gothic Theatre Better Than: A lot of metal shows I've seen. Blindfold the Devil, a four-piece with the lead vocalist also playing guitar, kicked off its set with its speed/thrash metal sound, whi ... More >>
Although Moore has been together for over a decade, it has garnered very little press, mainstream or otherwise, despite being something of an institution in the local metal scene and having put out a handful of albums during its time together. In the last year and a half or so, Moore has been evo ... More >>
Jefferson County officials show Mike Zinna that what goes around comes around.
Heath Urie knows how to get official secrets on the record.
From the week of August 4, 2005
His enemies thought they could use Mike Zinna's website to destroy him. Instead, they got caught with their fax down.
His enemies thought they could use Mike Zinna�s website to destroy him. Instead, they got caught with their fax down.


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Position Available: Full Time Research Assistant
Click here to apply
In Advanced Search enter Job ID: 2255996.
Please note that we cannot confirm individual submissions.
The Disparities Solutions Center (DSC) within the Mongan Institute for Health Policy of the Massachusetts General Hospital, is seeking a full time research assistant to assist with the day-to-day duties of a variety of projects.
The candidate must demonstrate strong organizational, administrative, and oral and written communication skills, with a strong interest and background in public health and/or disparities. A successful candidate will possess both strong program support and analytical skills. Responsibilities include a variety of program and meeting support activities. These include the following:
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You spoke; we listened. Back by popular demand, welcome to Mug-Shot Monday, a longstanding New Times franchise focusing on the week's most eye-catching mugs from South Florida's tat heads, tough guys, derp faces, and femmes fatale. Click on and enjoy.
Susan Tedeschi's true blues fly in the face of commercialism


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According to our radio partners WSAU, Wausau's City Council has passed a $1 million plan to renovate what's known as 'the 400 block.'
Some city officials say the time is now to shine up Wausau's diamond in the rough.
"If you want to be a first class city, it starts with a first class downtown," said Mayor Jim Tipple.
That's why officials have invested $100 million in Wausau's downtown over the last several years, and they aren't done yet.
"Well I think the plan for the City Square is an excellent plan. I think the committee that's worked on this has worked long and hard," said 4th District Alderman Jim Brezinski, who plans to vote yes.
The project includes adding specific features to the entire block, making it more cohesive and more beautiful...while making downtown a bigger destination.
"Each side of the block has a significant feature. Probably the most prominent feature along Jefferson Street is the stage," said Bill Dunchanson, director of Wausau and Marathon County's Parks, Recreation and Forestry Department.
Other amenities include lines of honey locust trees and plants, an interactive water fountain, and extra seating on an elevated plaza.
It will also feature permanent power and irrigation systems.
"Our department's very proud of this design. This project has had more public input than any project I've been involved in in 35 years of public service," said Dunchanson.
A public hearing in July drew nearly 100 residents.
The comments were mostly positive, but some believe the $900,000 price tag is too high during a down economy.
"One of the concerns was the funding mechanism and I think again one of the things we can be proud of Wausau for, is the private sector has stepped forward," Brezinski said.
The city will rely almost soley on private donations to fund the project.
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10 Signs The Woman You're Dating Is Crazy
Sometimes we can all use a little guideline. Chances are you already thought she was crazy, here is your checklist!
Would You Let Your 17-Year-Old Date A 24-Year-Old?
Kylie Jenner is dating a 24-year-old…if she was your daughter, what would you do?
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A new study says that 76% of men feel guilty.
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If you're being cheated on..chances are there are some signs! These are some of the clues to be on the look out for!
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50% of women admit to this…
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See how Sarah Pepper did on the test…is she just too difficult to date?
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She has been with him 11 months and he won't call her his girlfriend…leave…stay or side-chick…
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You know how quickly women can turn something small into something big…but apparently, this guy forgot that lesson. A 32 year old man in Britain wanted to go to a party all night at his […]