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Barbados is an island paradise in the West Indies lying north of Trinidad. It's best known for its rum, fine island cuisine, fresh flying fish, idyllic vistas, a laid back lifestyle and nighttime party life. It is frequented by beachcombers, Europeans and carefree lovers.
This idyllic island also has a dark side - a side of bone-chilling, grisly horror: caskets that move by themselves, mysterious malignant forces, unworldly visitors, garrulous ghosts and a creepy cave creature that reputedly drove a man mad.
So let us push past tourist hotspots like Andromeda Gardens and the Jolly Roger pirate-party ship where the rum flows almost as freely as the Atlantic Ocean, and turn instead to the underbelly of the island's myths and folklore that are sometimes as fetid and ripe as a fourteen-day old corpse.
The Restless Coffins of Christ's Church
Photo 1: The Chase family tomb.
Photo 2: The vault.
Between the years of 1812 and 1820 one of the most puzzling mysteries in the world occurred in an innocuous tomb. The tomb, owned by a family called Chase, is located at the Christ's Church cemetery in Barbados.
On July 6, 1812, the family had the tomb opened to bury Docas Chase. Other family members had already been buried there over the years. When the workmen broke the seal and entered the tomb, they discovered that the two lead-encased coffins already there had been violently smashed against the walls. Since both caskets were so heavy, some great force had to be used to move the coffins in such an exceedingly violent manner.
Yet, the tomb had been sealed and no forcible entry was evident.
Dorcas Chase was buried. The workmen, with considerable effort, returned the other two caskets to their original positions.
As the years progressed, two more burials took place. Each time the tomb was opened the caskets inside were found to have been violently tossed about as if some invisible force had up heaved them.
Finally, a Mr. Samuel Brewster was laid to rest within the tomb. Almost one thousand curiosity seekers attended. When the seals were broken all the caskets inside were standing on end. This news also spread around the world. It made great reading for the Sunday supplements from New York to London, from Buenos Aires to Johannesburg.
By the time that Thomasina Clarke - a Chase family member - was ready to be interned in the tomb, the Governor of Barbados interceded. He attended the burial and personally supervised the sealing of the vault on July 17, 1819.
Now the entire island rose up with indignation and fear. The religious authorities condemned the burials and claimed that any further internments in that tome would be sacrilegious. During the year of 1820 - with little fanfare - the coffins were removed and buried in another location.
A team of researchers from the London Science Museum and the Society of Psychical Research visited the Chase tomb and investigated it thoroughly. They came away stumped. The mystery of the restless coffins was left unresolved.
The Chase vault still exists (see photos above). And yes, it remains empty.
The Ghost of Combermere Abbey
As mentioned, the restless coffins mystery had finally gotten the attention of the Governor of Barbados, Lord Viscount Combermere during 1819. After Combermere's death, the late Governor became something of a sensational mystery himself.
In an unlikely accident, a horse-drawn carriage ran over the Governor and killed him. As his funeral took place, a woman named Sybell Corbet snapped the photo (included in this article) of Combermere's study in the Abbey. When the photograph was later processed a chilling image appeared in it. There, sitting in the chair for all to see was the ghostly image of the late Governor himself!
For a time paranormal events were noted occurring within the study, and then nothing.
The Lord Combermere Ghost Photo
Look closely. Sitting in a chair placed to the left in the photo the figure of a man can be discerned. Many believe it is photographic evidence of Lord Combermere's ghost. To this day the photo remains controversial.
The Hut of the Moaning Madman
Cornelius Barnesmythe sailed the Caribbean for more than thirty years on frigates and merchant vessels. For a brief time he signed aboard a whaling vessel but found the cold weather and rougher seas didn't suit him.
The last voyage he ever made was in 1879. His ship had just passed the tiny island of St. Kitts when he spied something in the moonlight on the shore.
What he saw eventually drove him mad for Cornelius Barnesmythe had spotted a mermaid.
If that had been all there was to it the poor man no doubt would have kept his faculties, but as he later admitted in during jabbering testimony at a Maritime hearing held in Port of Spain, Trinidad, when he saw the mermaid - the most beautiful creature he had ever cast his eyes upon - he instantly became mesmerized and felt compelled to jump overboard to reach her. And that he did.
The captain and crew of his ship didn't notice him missing for several hours as he was off-watch and no one monitored his activities. When they did discover they had a man overboard they turned the ship about and sailed back in the direction they had come from desperately searching for their shipmate.
Dawn broke and the sun rose. All morning and into the afternoon they sailed in circles around the route they had taken. Although aware that the currents could have taken Barnesmythe far outside the shipping lane they doggedly pressed ahead.
By dusk they had all but given up hope when a seaman cried out. His sharp eyes had spotted movement along a thin strip of sand between the rocks along the southern shore of St. Kitts.
A skiff was launched and Barnesmythe was rescued. His manner was frenzied, erratic, like a man possessed. He related a strange tale of finding a mermaid on the island who had called him to her. He swore she had stolen his soul. He begged to be returned to the island. He could not bear to be departed from her.
The captain ordered the crew to detain Barnesmythe until they could reach port. When they made landfall the miserable sailor was dragged away sobbing and wailing.
The hearing found him guilty of abandoning his ship and endangering the crew. It also determined that he had lost his ability to reason and therefore his seaman's certificate was voided. The court decided against jailing him as they considered him mentally unstable and not responsible for his actions.
Somehow, Barnesmythe made his way from Port of Spain to Bridgetown. From there the records show that he built a one room hut of coral and cement perched on top of a giant rock where the land met the sea. He lived there until the end keeping a twenty-four hour vigil: watching the ocean; watching the horizon, waiting for his elusive the mermaid to return to him.
For many years the locals who passed that way at night heard ululating moans drifting from the hut - the sailor bewailing the lost mermaid who never returned.
The Groaning Ghosts of the Ruined Morgue
The hospital lies in ruins now, brick and mortar slowly being reclaimed by the earth it came from. Yet a wall still stands here and over there rusty medical instruments forgotten like shattered bones in the graveyard of the lost.
Built before the dawn of the Twentieth Century, the remains of the morgue now stands next to a twisted, rotting tree. Of the tree little more than a stump remains as a marker for the halls of death that ran beside it: corridors for cadavers wheeled into the chilled rooms waiting patiently for burial.
For many years the locals have claimed the old morgue has been haunted. Sometimes at sunset if the trade winds aren't blowing moans can be heard from the vicinity of the grounds. Strange mists have been spotted - ethereal fogs in the moonlight.
Skeptics claim that the moans originate from an ocean venting blow hole, yet none has ever been found. Others insist that the ghostly mists are caused by marsh gas.
The area around the old morgue has no swamps or marshes. One would be hard-pressed to find either anywhere on the island. But facts have never stopped debunkers from dismissing the unknown.
The Creature in Harrison's Cave
Harrison's Cave is one of Barbados's biggest tourist attractions. Ask any of the guides that work there about the creature that inhabits its lower levels and they will dismiss the story as sheer nonsense.
But it was no laughing matter to Johnny Beldfourd, an island worker contracted to do some masonry work deep inside the cavern. During the early 1950s the government hired his company to shore up a section of the caverns not open to the public.
As he was working one morning he heard a scuffling noise. Looking up he saw a dark figure crouching against one of the cavern walls. He swung his work light about and pinned the figure in its beam.
What he saw eventually drove him mad. In his more lucid moments before being institutionalized at a mental health facility in Trinidad, he described seeing a horrid creature "the likes of which no God-fearing man should ever see."
The creature - some sort of troglodyte - stood about four feet tall. Beldfourd was uncertain about the height because for the thirty seconds he encountered the creature it remained in a crouched position.
It carried the carcass of a small animal - perhaps a cave bat - and its slit of a mouth and yellowed fangs were smeared with blood.
According to Beldfourd both the creature and he seemed as equally shocked by the unexpected encounter.
Beldfourd also claimed the thing stank and that it made deep guttural noises. The only other characteristics he could recall were the creature's eyes - which were shaped like huge saucers - and it's hairless body which had "the color of curdled cream."
The cavern was searched thoroughly by the authorities, but nothing was found. Island experts tried to place the animal that Beldfourd insisted he saw that morning. Nothing came close in the animal world, let alone anything indigenous to the island.
As most incidents of this nature -especially one without any corroborative witnesses - the whole thing was written off as a hoax, or the ravings of a lunatic.
The latter must have been the consensus of the authorities because within a few weeks the hapless Beldfourd was ordered by court to a mental hospital in Trinidad. He was sent and remained there until he died.
Of the creature nothing has ever been heard of again.
UFOs Invade Barbados
What article about mysterious occurrences would be complete without a good UFO story? Well, Barbados has one and it's a whopper.
During 1984 the Barbados Defence Force was placed on full alert after their airport radar painted numerous images of speeding objects maneuvering off their coast. After the incident the United States Air Force was called in to assist.
"The Defence force placed on Red Alert in full battle dress with loaded weapons (including the Cadet Corps). Coast Guard units were deployed to protect the harbor and Police officers were placed on guard at beaches that might be subject to a sea landing. The Trident was deployed to check for sea traffic but did not find any.
"The then Prime Minister Tom Adams called the US Charge D'affaires to find out if the radar contacts were US aircraft which they weren't. There was a Soviet naval exercise taking place but that was over on the other side of the Caribbean Sea near the Yucatan. The BDF's Cessna aircraft was deployed to see if it could visually identify the objects but reported finding nothing. Two further aircraft with civilian pilots were on standby if needed. Around 4.00am the objects were moving away from Barbados in the general direction of Martinique. The Defence Force stood down around 7.00 am." [Get full report here.]
So if you ever get down to Barbados, take a peek behind the tourist attractions and take a walk on the dark side.


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National / International News:
VATICAN CITY (CNS) -- Pope Francis condemned the "absurd violence" being used against Christians in several countries and called on people of good will everywhere to take up the cause of religious freedom.
VATICAN CITY (CNS) -- The Big Bang theory and evolution do not eliminate the existence of God, who remains the one who set all of creation into motion, Pope Francis told his own science academy.
Father Joseph Terra, FSSP, 56, was critically injured during a burglary at Mater Misericordia Mission Parish in Phoenix, where he is currently assigned.

subset: commoncrawl


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Jacob Phelps Foundation, Inc.
A 501(c)(3) non-profit dedicated to raising awareness and funds for pediatric brain tumor research.
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Urban Oscillations
by Inaki Gonzalez
Art Print
Collect your choice of gallery quality Giclée, or fine art prints custom trimmed by hand in a variety of sizes with a white border for framing.
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John Sluder
|John Sluder
|Former candidate for
|Board Member, Mesa County Valley School District 51, At-large
|Elections and appointments
|Last election
|November 5, 2013
|Term limits
|Campaign website
Sluder is a Colorado native, having lived in Grand Junction for 25 years. He is a businessman and has been an educator for the last 15 years at Western Colorado Community College.[1]
Sluder lost to incumbent Greg Mikolai for the District E seat on November 5, 2013.
|Mesa County Valley School District 51, District E General Election, 4-year term, 2013
|Vote %
|Greg Mikolai Incumbent
|John Sluder
|Total Votes
|Source: Mesa County, Colorado "2013 Coordinated Election," Accessed December 16, 2013
Sluder reported $8,108.00 in contributions and $7,907.97 in expenditures to the Colorado Secretary of State, which left his campaign with $200.03 on hand.[2]
Sluder was endorsed by the Mesa County Republican Women.[3]
Campaign themes
Sluder stated the following about his vision on his website:[4]
I have a vision that supports the kind of real-world education our 21st Century learners will need to meet the challenges of a changing and very competitive world. I've formulated my vision for students in Mesa County through years of experience as an educator, and in the private sector. My vision, core values, and leadership skills are what drives me in my effort to ensure that School District 51 offers the best education possible to our kids.
The conditions of the 21st Century workplace demand that we offer multiple pathways for students and parents to access the education that is best for them. The economic conditions of today demand that we have a shared accountability to make sure our schools thrive, even when budgets are tight. Mine is a vision that brings together the entire community in that shared accountability, because it makes good sense for families, schools, and for the business community which is counting on a skilled, well-educated workforce.
My opponent receives his funding from organizations which oppose the changes and innovations that will help our kids succeed in the 21st Century. My opponent would keep us in the 20th Century, where school policies protect unions, instead of students. My opponent appears to more committed to his union donors, than to the vision of a great education for students in Mesa County.
Note: The above quote is from the candidate's website, which may include some typographical or spelling errors.
What was at stake?
Three seats on the Mesa County Valley School Board were up for election. Current District C seat holder John Williams and District E seat holder and Board President Greg Mikolai sought re-election to their seats, while District D seat holder Leslie Kiesler was term-limited.
About the districtMesa County, Colorado. According to the 2010 US Census, Mesa County is home to 146,723 residents.[5]
Mesa County underperformed in terms of its average household income, poverty rate and higher education achievement in 2011 compared to the state of Colorado. The median household income in Mesa County is $52,986 compared to $57,685 statewide. The poverty rate in Mesa County is 12.7% compared to 12.5% for the entire state. The U.S. Census also found that 26.1% of Mesa County residents aged 25 years and older attained a Bachelor's degree compared to 36.3% in Colorado as a whole.[5]
Recent news
This section displays the most recent stories in a Google news search for the term "John + Sluder + Mesa + County + Valley + School + District + 51"
- All stories may not be relevant to this page due to the nature of the search engine.
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See also
External links
- ↑ John Sluder, accessed November 1, 2013
- ↑ Colorado TRACER, "Candidate Detail," Accessed December 19, 2013
- ↑ Emily Shockley, The Daily Sentinel, "Mesa County Democrats shun endorsements in school races," published October 7, 2013
- ↑ John Sluder, "Home," accessed November 1, 2013
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 United States Census Bureau, "Mesa County, Colorado," accessed October 31, 2013
- ↑ Colorado Secretary of State, "Total Registered Voters By Party Affiliation and Status," accessed October 4, 2013


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SAN JUAN, Puerto Rico (AP) -- The president of Puerto Rico's Senate has been chosen as the new leader of the National Hispanic Caucus of State Legislators.
Eduardo Bhatia assumed the presidency Saturday of the Washington D.C.-based nonpartisan organization. It has some 400 members and serves as an advocate for more than 52 million Hispanics living across the U.S.
Bhatia spoke about the importance of eradicating poverty and the power of the Latino vote after being elected president.
He also said he would seek to strengthen the ties between the U.S. territory and Puerto Ricans living in the U.S. mainland.
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(This is the blog of Terrence Barr)
I am Senior Technologist and Principal Product Manager for embedded Java at Oracle, responsible for embedded Java platforms and products, and key aspects of Oracle's Internet of Things strategy.
I have broad development and architectural experience on mobile and embedded systems and platforms including industrial control systems, multiprocessor architectures, implementation and optimization of virtual machines, byte code hardware acceleration, advanced client-side and mobile applications, scalable client-server architectures, and more. I also drove the overall architecture of Java ME 8.
I participate in industry organizations and standards bodies, have authored or co-authored a number of papers and patents in the U.S. and Europe, and speak frequently at events around the world.
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|By PR Newswire
Article Rating:
|November 16, 2012 03:31 PM EST
NEW YORK, Nov. 16, 2012 /PRNewswire/ -- (SEND2PRESS NEWSWIRE) -- Today, Digiarty Software, a global multimedia software leader company, announced the initial availability of new WinX DVD Ripper Platinum. After five months elaborate developing and repeated tests, this notably upgraded DVD ripper finally makes its debut - in the form of a giveaway during Thanksgiving season on November 16, 2012.
The official giveaway page is the sole channel to acquire WinX DVD Ripper Platinum 7.0. It has a redesigned UI layout being more concise and with enhanced usability for average users. On the inside, the DVD ripping and copy performance has been enhanced and almost all accumulated problems have been fixed. More specifically, it has been introduced with as many as 350 output profiles so that iPad Mini/4, Galaxy S3/Note, Nexus 7, WP8, Surface tab are included.
Visit http://www.winxdvd.com/giveaway/ to download WinX DVD Ripper Platinum 7.0 full license.
"We tried our best to maintain DVD original audio effect. For example, when ripping DVD to AVI/AVC video, user can enjoy up to 6 channels to feel original surround sound," said Mr. Jack, CEO of Digiarty.
The renewed WinX DVD Ripper Platinum is a faster, more stable and user-friendly DVD backup program to rip DVDs to AVI, MPEG4, WMV, MOV, M4V, etc.; and MP3/AAC/AC3 music, convert DVDs to videos playable on Apple, Android, Windows and Google devices such as the iPhone 5, iPad Mini, Surface, Galaxy S III, Galaxy Note, HTC, WP8, Kindle Fire and other products from Samsung, Lenovo, Acer, Asus, Huawei, etc. It also provides options to clone DVD to ISO, copy DVD full title and main title.
In this way, the Thanksgiving giveaway attendees can be the first to experience the updated and latest version of DVD ripper with numerous profiles and eye-catching UI.
Price and Availability:
WinX DVD Ripper Platinum Thanksgiving Edition is available for free from Nov. 16 to 27, 2012 at: http://www.winxdvd.com/giveaway/
About Digiarty Software:
Digiarty Software is specialized in multimedia software based on Windows and Mac OS, providing home used video audio software across Apple iOS and Droid platforms and devices, including DVD Ripper, Video Converter, DVD Author, and DVD Copy, etc.
This release was issued on behalf of the above organization by Send2Press(R), a unit of Neotrope(R). http://www.Send2Press.com
LOGO 72dpi: Send2Press.com/mediaboom/12-1116-digiarty_72dpi.jpg
SOURCE Digiarty Software
SYS-CON Events announced today that Windstream, a leading provider of advanced network and cloud communications, has been named "Silver Sponsor" of SYS-CON's 16th International Cloud Expo®, which will take place on June 9–11, 2015, at the Javits Center in New York, NY. Windstream (Nasdaq: WIN), a FORTUNE 500 and S&P 500 company, is a leading provider of advanced network communications, including cloud computing and managed services, to businesses nationwide. The company also offers broadband, phone and digital TV services to consumers primarily in rural areas.
Nov. 23, 2014 07:30 PM EST Reads: 1,668
"There is a natural synchronization between the business models, the IoT is there to support ," explained Brendan O'Brien, Co-founder and Chief Architect of Aria Systems, in this SYS-CON.tv interview at the 15th International Cloud Expo®, held Nov 4–6, 2014, at the Santa Clara Convention Center in Santa Clara, CA.
Nov. 23, 2014 12:00 PM EST Reads: 1,604
The major cloud platforms defy a simple, side-by-side analysis. Each of the major IaaS public-cloud platforms offers their own unique strengths and functionality. Options for on-site private cloud are diverse as well, and must be designed and deployed while taking existing legacy architecture and infrastructure into account. Then the reality is that most enterprises are embarking on a hybrid cloud strategy and programs. In this Power Panel at 15th Cloud Expo (http://www.CloudComputingExpo.com), moderated by Ashar Baig, Research Director, Cloud, at Gigaom Research, Nate Gordon, Director of T...
Nov. 23, 2014 07:45 AM EST Reads: 1,453
The definition of IoT is not new, in fact it's been around for over a decade. What has changed is the public's awareness that the technology we use on a daily basis has caught up on the vision of an always on, always connected world. If you look into the details of what comprises the IoT, you'll see that it includes everything from cloud computing, Big Data analytics, "Things," Web communication, applications, network, storage, etc. It is essentially including everything connected online from hardware to software, or as we like to say, it's an Internet of many different things. The difference ...
Nov. 22, 2014 10:00 PM EST Reads: 1,332
Cloud Expo 2014 TV commercials will feature @ThingsExpo, which was launched in June, 2014 at New York City's Javits Center as the largest 'Internet of Things' event in the world.
Nov. 22, 2014 05:30 PM EST Reads: 1,437
An entirely new security model is needed for the Internet of Things, or is it? Can we save some old and tested controls for this new and different environment? In his session at @ThingsExpo, New York's at the Javits Center, Davi Ottenheimer, EMC Senior Director of Trust, reviewed hands-on lessons with IoT devices and reveal a new risk balance you might not expect. Davi Ottenheimer, EMC Senior Director of Trust, has more than nineteen years' experience managing global security operations and assessments, including a decade of leading incident response and digital forensics. He is co-author of t...
Nov. 22, 2014 05:30 PM EST Reads: 1,281
ARMONK, N.Y., Nov. 20, 2014 /PRNewswire/ -- IBM (NYSE: IBM) today announced that it is bringing a greater level of control, security and flexibility to cloud-based application development and delivery with a single-tenant version of Bluemix, IBM's platform-as-a-service. The new platform enables developers to build ap...
Nov. 22, 2014 05:30 PM EST Reads: 1,452
Explosive growth in connected devices. Enormous amounts of data for collection and analysis. Critical use of data for split-second decision making and actionable information. All three are factors in making the Internet of Things a reality. Yet, any one factor would have an IT organization pondering its infrastructure strategy. How should your organization enhance its IT framework to enable an Internet of Things implementation? In his session at Internet of @ThingsExpo, James Kirkland, Chief Architect for the Internet of Things and Intelligent Systems at Red Hat, described how to revolutioniz...
Nov. 21, 2014 09:15 PM EST Reads: 1,361
The security devil is always in the details of the attack: the ones you've endured, the ones you prepare yourself to fend off, and the ones that, you fear, will catch you completely unaware and defenseless. The Internet of Things (IoT) is nothing if not an endless proliferation of details. It's the vision of a world in which continuous Internet connectivity and addressability is embedded into a growing range of human artifacts, into the natural world, and even into our smartphones, appliances, and physical persons. In the IoT vision, every new "thing" - sensor, actuator, data source, data con...
Nov. 21, 2014 08:00 PM EST Reads: 1,373
Technology is enabling a new approach to collecting and using data. This approach, commonly referred to as the "Internet of Things" (IoT), enables businesses to use real-time data from all sorts of things including machines, devices and sensors to make better decisions, improve customer service, and lower the risk in the creation of new revenue opportunities. In his General Session at Internet of @ThingsExpo, Dave Wagstaff, Vice President and Chief Architect at BSQUARE Corporation, discuss the real benefits to focus on, how to understand the requirements of a successful solution, the flow of ...
Nov. 21, 2014 08:00 PM EST Reads: 1,427
"BSQUARE is in the business of selling software solutions for smart connected devices. It's obvious that IoT has moved from being a technology to being a fundamental part of business, and in the last 18 months people have said let's figure out how to do it and let's put some focus on it, " explained Dave Wagstaff, VP & Chief Architect, at BSQUARE Corporation, in this SYS-CON.tv interview at @ThingsExpo, held Nov 4-6, 2014, at the Santa Clara Convention Center in Santa Clara, CA.
Nov. 21, 2014 07:00 PM EST Reads: 1,282
Focused on this fast-growing market's needs, Vitesse Semiconductor Corporation (Nasdaq: VTSS), a leading provider of IC solutions to advance "Ethernet Everywhere" in Carrier, Enterprise and Internet of Things (IoT) networks, introduced its IStaX™ software (VSC6815SDK), a robust protocol stack to simplify deployment and management of Industrial-IoT network applications such as Industrial Ethernet switching, surveillance, video distribution, LCD signage, intelligent sensors, and metering equipment. Leveraging technologies proven in the Carrier and Enterprise markets, IStaX is designed to work ac...
Nov. 20, 2014 09:15 PM EST Reads: 1,371
C-Labs LLC, a leading provider of remote and mobile access for the Internet of Things (IoT), announced the appointment of John Traynor to the position of chief operating officer. Previously a strategic advisor to the firm, Mr. Traynor will now oversee sales, marketing, finance, and operations. Mr. Traynor is based out of the C-Labs office in Redmond, Washington. He reports to Chris Muench, Chief Executive Officer. Mr. Traynor brings valuable business leadership and technology industry expertise to C-Labs. With over 30 years' experience in the high-tech sector, John Traynor has held numerous...
Nov. 20, 2014 06:00 PM EST Reads: 1,331
Bit6 today issued a challenge to the technology community implementing Web Real Time Communication (WebRTC). To leap beyond WebRTC's significant limitations and fully leverage its underlying value to accelerate innovation, application developers need to consider the entire communications ecosystem.
Nov. 20, 2014 04:45 PM EST Reads: 1,124
The 3rd International @ThingsExpo, co-located with the 16th International Cloud Expo - to be held June 9-11, 2015, at the Javits Center in New York City, NY - announces that it is now accepting Keynote Proposals. The Internet of Things (IoT) is the most profound change in personal and enterprise IT since the creation of the Worldwide Web more than 20 years ago. All major researchers estimate there will be tens of billions devices - computers, smartphones, tablets, and sensors - connected to the Internet by 2020. This number will continue to grow at a rapid pace for the next several decades.
Nov. 20, 2014 01:00 PM EST Reads: 1,579
The Internet of Things is not new. Historically, smart businesses have used its basic concept of leveraging data to drive better decision making and have capitalized on those insights to realize additional revenue opportunities. So, what has changed to make the Internet of Things one of the hottest topics in tech? In his session at @ThingsExpo, Chris Gray, Director, Embedded and Internet of Things, discussed the underlying factors that are driving the economics of intelligent systems. Discover how hardware commoditization, the ubiquitous nature of connectivity, and the emergence of Big Data a...
Nov. 20, 2014 12:30 PM EST Reads: 1,790
Almost everyone sees the potential of Internet of Things but how can businesses truly unlock that potential. The key will be in the ability to discover business insight in the midst of an ocean of Big Data generated from billions of embedded devices via Systems of Discover. Businesses will also need to ensure that they can sustain that insight by leveraging the cloud for global reach, scale and elasticity.
Nov. 18, 2014 09:00 PM EST Reads: 2,015
SYS-CON Events announced today that IDenticard will exhibit at SYS-CON's 16th International Cloud Expo®, which will take place on June 9-11, 2015, at the Javits Center in New York City, NY. IDenticard™ is the security division of Brady Corp (NYSE: BRC), a $1.5 billion manufacturer of identification products. We have small-company values with the strength and stability of a major corporation. IDenticard offers local sales, support and service to our customers across the United States and Canada. Our partner network encompasses some 300 of the world's leading systems integrators and security s...
Nov. 18, 2014 08:15 PM EST Reads: 1,565
IoT is still a vague buzzword for many people. In his session at @ThingsExpo, Mike Kavis, Vice President & Principal Cloud Architect at Cloud Technology Partners, discussed the business value of IoT that goes far beyond the general public's perception that IoT is all about wearables and home consumer services. He also discussed how IoT is perceived by investors and how venture capitalist access this space. Other topics discussed were barriers to success, what is new, what is old, and what the future may hold. Mike Kavis is Vice President & Principal Cloud Architect at Cloud Technology Pa...
Nov. 18, 2014 01:30 PM EST Reads: 2,007
Cloud Expo 2014 TV commercials will feature @ThingsExpo, which was launched in June, 2014 at New York City's Javits Center as the largest 'Internet of Things' event in the world. The next @ThingsExpo will take place November 4-6, 2014, at the Santa Clara Convention Center, in Santa Clara, California. Since its launch in 2008, Cloud Expo TV commercials have been aired and CNBC, Fox News Network, and Bloomberg TV. Please enjoy our 2014 commercial.
Nov. 13, 2014 05:00 AM EST Reads: 3,543


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Brain Sci. 2014, 4(1), 125-135; doi:10.3390/brainsci4010125
Published: 4 March 2014
Abstract: The neurophysiological changes that occur during pregnancy in the female mammal have led to the coining of the phrases "expectant brain" and "maternal brain". Although much is known of the hormonal changes during pregnancy, alterations in neurotransmitter gene expression have not been well-studied. We examined gene expression in the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus (VMH) during pregnancy based on the fact that this nucleus not only modulates the physiological changes that occur during pregnancy but is also involved in the development of maternal behavior. This study was designed to identify genes that are differentially expressed between mid- and late-pregnancy in order to determine which genes may be associated with the onset and display of maternal behavior and the development of the maternal brain. A commercially available PCR array containing 84 neurotransmitter receptor and regulator genes (RT2 Profiler PCR array) was used. Brains were harvested from rats on days 12 and 21 of gestation, frozen, and micropunched to obtain the VMH. Total RNA was extracted, cDNA prepared, and SYBR Green qPCR was performed. In the VMH, expression of five genes were reduced on day 21 of gestation compared to day 12 (Chrna6, Drd5, Gabrr2, Prokr2, and Ppyr1) whereas Chat, Chrm5, Drd4, Gabra5, Gabrg2, LOC289606, Nmu5r2, and Npy5r expression was elevated. Five genes were chosen to be validated in an additional experiment based on their known involvement in maternal behavior onset. This experiment confirmed that gene expression for both the CCK-A receptor and the GABAAR γ2 receptor increases at the end of pregnancy. In general, these results identify genes possibly involved in the establishment of the maternal brain in rats and indicate possible new genes to be investigated.
1. Introduction
The physiological changes that occur during pregnancy in the female mammal include neural adaptations, which have led to the coining of the phrases "expectant brain" or "maternal brain" [1,2]. These adaptations include changes in stress responsiveness [3], learning and memory [4], preparation for parturition and lactation with alterations in oxytocin and prolactin regulation [5], respectively, and changes in feeding behavior and energy metabolism in favor of the fetus [6,7]. Many of these changes involve the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus (VMH) (e.g., [8]).
The VMH is also involved in a variety of reproductive behaviors, including sex behavior [9] and the onset of maternal behavior [10,11]. The role of the VMH in the onset of maternal behavior has been shown to be an inhibitory one. While spontaneous maternal behavior is displayed during the periparturitional period [12,13], maternal behavior does not occur spontaneously in virgin rats. However, if virgin females are housed with young pups for several days, they can be induced or "sensitized" to show maternal behavior with an average latency of 5–7 days [14]. Paradoxically, spontaneous maternal behavior does occur in both female and male 20–24-day-old juvenile rats [15,16] and appears to be "hard-wired", and not dependent on the endocrine system [15,17]. The reason that juvenile maternal behavior disappears and adult virgin rats are not spontaneously maternal is due to the existence of a neural circuit that actively inhibits the display of maternal behavior. Early studies have shown that rendering the virgin female anosmic shortens the latencies to become maternal to 2–3 days [18]. Further studies demonstrated that both the main and accessory (vomeronasal) olfactory systems are involved in the inhibition of maternal behavior [18,19], as well as the medial amygdala (meA) and bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BnST) [20,21,22]. Additional evidence indicates that the hypothalamus also contributes to the maternal behavior inhibitory neural circuit. Lesioning the VMH decreases the latency to display maternal behavior in virgin rats and in first-time pregnant rats [10,11].
Therefore, the objective of the current study was to identify neurotransmitter and neuromodulator genes that may be change from mid-pregnancy (day 12) to late pregnancy (day 21) for the purpose of determining which genes may regulate the changes in the expectant or maternal brain.
2. Results and Discussion
Table 1 lists the genes that displayed at least a two-fold difference between groups, either decreasing (Part A) or increasing (Part B) in the VMH at the end of pregnancy. Further validation was performed on five genes. In the VMH, RT-PCR using 5–6 animals per group confirmed that primigravid rats on day 21 of gestation had significantly higher CCK-A receptor expression levels than day 12 of gestation (p = 0.0024, Figure 1). CCK-B receptor levels upon validation not only did not decrease as preliminary results indicated, but increased, approaching significantly higher levels at the end of pregnancy (p = 0.08, Figure 1). Expression levels in both dopamine D2 and D5 receptors did not change over the course of pregnancy contrary to the array results (p's > 0.05, Figure 1). GABA(A) receptor levels, on the other hand, were confirmed demonstrating a significant increase at the end of pregnancy (p = 0.005, Figure 1).
|Table 1. (A) Genes that Decrease at the End of Pregnancy; (B) genes that Increase at the End of Pregnancy.
|Fold Difference
|Acetylcholinesterase (Hache)
|Cholinergic receptor, muscarinic 1 (Chrm1)
|Cholinergic receptor, muscarinic 3 (Chrm3)
|Cholinergic receptor, muscarinic 4 (M4)
|Cholinergic receptor, nicotinic, alpha polypeptide 2 (ACHR)
|Cholinergic receptor, nicotinic, beta polypeptide 2 (Chrnb2)
|Cholecystokinin B receptor (CHOLREC)
|Dopamine receptor D5 (Drd5)
|G protein-coupled receptor 83 (Gir)
|Gastrin releasing peptide receptor (Grpr)
|Glutamic acid decarboxylase 1 (Gad67)
|Neuropeptide FF receptor 1 (Gpr147/NPFF1)
|Neuropeptide Y receptor Y1 (NPY-1)
|Prokineticin receptor 2 (Gpr73l1)
|Prolactin releasing hormone receptor (Gpr10/Uhr-1)
|Gamma-aminobutyric-acid receptor alpha-2 subunit precursor (GABA(A) receptor) (LOC289606)
|Somatostatin receptor 1 (Gpcrrna)
|Somatostatin receptor 3 (Smstr28)
|Somatostatin receptor 4 (Smstr4)
|Tachykinin receptor 1 (Tac1r)
|Fold Difference
|Cholecystokinin A receptor (Cck-ar)
|Dopamine receptor 2 (dopamine D2)
|Dopamine receptor D1A (D1a/Drd-1)
|Gamma-aminobutyric acid A receptor, gamma 2 (Gabrg2)
|Neuropeptide FF receptor 2 (Gpr74/Npff2)
The modifications that occur in the brain during pregnancy presumably prepare the female rat for the physiological and behavioral changes necessary for motherhood. Reproductive experience, therefore, can be considered similar to the changes that occur in utero and during puberty on sexual differentiation of the brain [23]. The use of a Neurotransmitter Receptors and Regulators PCR Array allows the researcher to confirm the changes in the brain during pregnancy that are already described and to discover possible new genes involved with these changes. Alterations in estrogen, progesterone, prolactin, and oxytocin during pregnancy are well-known [24] and prepare the female physiologically and behaviorally for the requirements postpartum. The role of neurotransmitters is less understood. The present study has identified genes in the VMH that change during pregnancy that have not been reported previously. The most surprising finding, in fact, was the number of cholinergic genes that decreased at the end of pregnancy (Table 1). While much is known of the changes in the cholinergic system during fetal development [25,26], very little is known of its role in the maternal brain during pregnancy. In sheep and goats, the cholinergic system seems to regulate maternal recognition of offspring and maternal attachment after parturition [27]. In the VMH, specifically, infusion of acetylcholine or its agonists into the VMH stimulates lordosis behavior in female rats [28] while in vitro administration to VMH explants increases single unit activity [29,30]. Rainbow et al., [31] showed that estradiol increased the levels of muscarinic receptors in the VMH and correlated these results with lordosis behavior. Even though the changes in cholinergic genes were not confirmed, together this evidence indicates the possible role for cholinergic neurons in the VMH in the regulation of another reproductive behavior, maternal behavior, and points to a new avenue of research involving the cholinergic system in pregnancy-induced modifications of the brain.
The change in dopamine levels in the brain during pregnancy has also not been well-studied. Before day 12 of pregnancy there is a down regulation of the dopamine system in the hypothalamus that allows for the diurnal and nocturnal surges of prolactin of early pregnancy in the rat [32]. Studies have shown a reduction in tuberinfundibular dopamine (TIDA) activity at this time to allow for the surges [33], but not much else is known until late pregnancy when it thought that a reduction in dopamine activity might be partially involved in the prepartum prolactin surge [34]. There are also changes in dopamine receptor concentrations in the brain during pregnancy. Bakowska and Morrell, 1995 [35] choosing areas that might be relevant to maternal behavior onset, found that both D1 and D2 dopamine receptors were reduced in the striatum and nucleus accumbens in late pregnancy. Studies on the dopaminergic regulation of maternal behavior have shown that systemic administration of dopamine antagonists such as haloperidol (D1/D2, [36]), SKF83566 (D1, [37]), or pimozide (D2, [37]) interfere with maternal responding during lactation. When dopamine receptor antagonists are injected intracranially, drugs that are selective for the DA D1 receptor are more efficacious than DA D2 antagonists into the preoptic area (SCH23390, D1 [38]) or nucleus accumbens ([39] but see [40]). Less is known of dopamine's role in the onset of maternal behavior. Hansen et al., 1991 [41] found that depletion of dopamine using 6OHDA injections into the ventral tegmental area during pregnancy completed disrupted maternal behavior postpartum. Using the pregnancy terminated model, studies indicate that DA D1 receptors are involved in the onset of maternal behavior when infused into the nucleus accumbens [42,43]. The results of the PCR array in the present study indicate a decrease at the end of pregnancy in the dopamine D5 receptor (part of the D1-like family) gene and an increase in dopamine D2 and D1A receptor expression at the end of pregnancy. However, the RT-PCR results in the follow-up validation experiment did not significantly confirm these changes in the VMH. It is possible that the validation study was underpowered or that the differences in probe handling, RNA extraction and conditions between the two techniques affected the results. Further studies are needed to pursue the role of dopamine in the maternal brain during pregnancy. The inhibitory neurotransmitter, GABA, acts at GABA receptors to mediate most inhibitory signaling in the brain. The GABAAR is an ion-gated chloride channel that has a pentameric complex usually consisting of 2 α (1–6) and 2 β (1–3) subunits with an additional γ (1–3), δ, or ρ subunit. The GABAAR γ2 is thought to be present at postsynaptic membranes mediating inhibitory signaling. The PCR array and subsequent validation experiment confirmed the increase in GABAAR γ2 mRNA in the VMH at the end of pregnancy. These results, however, are in contrast with the decrease in GABAAR γ2 mRNA that occurs in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus across pregnancy [44], and different from Fenelon and Herbison, 1996 [45] who report no change in GABAAR γ2 mRNA in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) or supraoptic nucleus (SON) in the hypothalamus at the end of pregnancy. The role of the GABAAR, in general, in the onset of maternal behavior is not well studied. Carretero et al., 2003 [46] found that administration of bicuculline, a GABAAR receptor antagonist, into the accessory olfactory bulb stimulates the onset of maternal behavior in virgin rats, but no studies have examined the role of the GABAAR on the onset of maternal behavior at parturition. During pregnancy, however, research indicates a possible role for the GABAAR γ2 in neurosteroid binding [47] and, since the GABAAR γ2 binds the benzodiazepines, there may be a role in pregnancy-induced stress hyporesponsiveness [48].
Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a gut peptide that is released postprandially in the proximal small intestine [49]. In addition CCK is found in the brain and is involved in feeding behavior (a satiety factor), pain and analgesia, and learning and memory (for review see [50]). During pregnancy, the satiety effect of CCK is absent or diminished. Ladyman et al., 2011 [51] found that day 14 pregnant rats did not reduce food intake after injections of CCK-8 compared to nonpregnant controls. The actions of CCK are mediated by Type A and Type B CCK receptors with Type A mostly present in the periphery and select CNS sites and Type B throughout the central nervous system [52], although the satiety actions of CCK is thought to be mediated by CCK-A receptors. The role of CCK in the onset of maternal behavior has been equivocal. Linden et al., 1989 [53] demonstrated a fast onset of maternal behavior in ovariectomized, estrogen-treated virgin rats, however, Mann et al., 1995 [54] found no effect of CCK in stimulating maternal behavior in virgin rats, but did find that CCK antagonists disrupted maternal behavior in postpartum, lactating rats. In the VMH specifically, CCK seems to have an inhibitory role in neuronal firing [55] and its binding influenced by the presence of estradiol [56]. In the present study, the validation experiment replicated the finding that there is an increase in CCK-A receptors mRNA on day 21 of pregnancy as compared to day 12. CCK-B receptor results however were not confirmed. In fact, the validation experiment showed a nonsignificant increase in CCK-B receptor mRNA at the end of pregnancy. Further studies need to be performed to confirm these results.
3. Experimental Section
3.1. Animals
Nulliparous Sprague-Dawley female rats (225–250 g; CRL:CD(SD)BR) were purchased from Charles River Laboratories, Inc. (Kingston, NY, USA). The females were triply-housed in polypropylene cages (45 × 25 × 20 cm) with food and water were available ad libitum in light (on 0500–1900 h)- and temperature (21–25 °C)-controlled rooms. All animals were maintained in accordance with the guidelines of the Committee on the Care and Use of Laboratory Animal Resources, National Research Council.
One week after the experimental animals arrived, they were housed with experienced males. The day that sperm were present in the vaginal lavage was considered day 1 of pregnancy.
3.2. Tissue Collection
On either days 12 or 21 of gestation, between 0900 and 1200 h, rats were briefly anesthetized with CO2 and brains were removed rapidly and flash-frozen in methylbutane (−15 °C) and buried in dry ice. Brains were then kept at −80 °C until micropunched in a cryostat (−20 °C). Micropunches using the atlas of Paxinos and Watson [57] were collected from the VMH (1 mm in diameter by 1 mm deep; from ≈ −2.04 to ≈ −3.04 mm from Bregma, between midline and ≈ 1 mm lateral and ≈ 9 to 10 mm ventral to the dura) for PCR Array analysis. Samples were immediately stored at −80 °C prior to processing.
Five genes were chosen to be validated based on having more than 2-fold differences in gene expression determined by the PCR array and their known involvement in the regulation of maternal behavior. An additional group of animals (N = 5–6/group) were treated as described above.
3.3. Sample Preparation
Total RNA was extracted from micropunched tissues using the RNeasy Mini Kit (Qiagen, Valencia, CA, USA) following the manufacturer's instructions. cDNA was synthesized by RT2 First Strand Kit (Qiagen) following the manufacturer's instructions.
3.4. Quantitative Real-Time PCR (qPCR)
Relative mRNA expression of 84 neurotransmitter receptors and regulators were determined using the rat Neurotransmitter Receptors and Regulators PCR Array (PARN-060A, SABiosciences, for a complete list of genes, see [58]). Quantitative real-time PCRs were performed on an Applied Biosystems 7500 (Foster City, CA, USA) using RT2 Real-Time SYBR green PCR master mix. Expression of each gene was normalized using the mean expression of five housekeeping genes. Data from the day 21 group was compared using the mean data from the day 12 group (control) as the calibrator. Linearized relative expression was obtained according to the 2−ΔΔCT method [59]. Genes that had positive or negative fold changes of more than two were considered candidates for validation.
3.5. Reverse Transcription PCR (RT-PCR)
The oligonucleotide sequences used for RT-PCR are presented in Table 2 and were designed using Primer Express (Applied Biosystems) and purchased from Integrated DNA Technologies. PCR amplification was performed using a Thermal Cycler (BioRad, Hercules, CA, USA) with the following reaction profile: 94 °C for 2 min, 94 °C for 45 s, 55 °C for 45 s, 72 °C for 1 min, 72 °C for 5 min for 30 cycles. The reaction mixture (25 μL) included 1 μL template DNA, 2.5 μL Platinum® Taq polymerase (Applied Biosystems), 3.3 mM magnesium chloride, 0.5 μL of 10× dNTP and 5 μM of each primer. PCR products were checked on a 2.2% agarose gel using ethidium bromide.
|Table 2. Oligonucleotide sequences for primers used in the RT-PCR validation.
|Accession #
|Colecystokinin A receptor (CCKar)
|Colecystokinin B receptor (CCKbr)
|Dopamine receptor 2 (Drd2)
|Dopamine receptor 5 (Drd5)
|Gamma-aminobutyric acid A receptor (Gabrg2)
3.6. Data Analysis
The RT-PCR data comparing days 12 and 21 of gestation were analyzed with two-sample t-tests. Differences were considered significant if p < 0.05.
4. Conclusions
In summary, the combination of gene expression profiling and subsequent validation experiments have confirmed changes in mRNA for neurotransmitter known to be involved with the physiological changes during pregnancy and the onset of maternal behavior. In addition the use of PCR arrays during pregnancy has ascertained several new genes that may be important for the development of the maternal brain.
I thank Jong O. Lee for his help on this project. This work was supported by the U.S. Public Health Services Grant, R01HD039668, from the National Institutes of Health.
Conflicts of Interest
The author declares no conflict of interest.
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- Russell, J.A.; Douglas, A.J.; Ingram, C.D. Brain preparations for maternity—Adaptive changes in behavioral and neuroendocrine systems during pregnancy and lactation. An overview. Prog. Brain Res. 2001, 133, 1–38.
- Ladyman, S.R.; Augustine, R.A.; Grattan, D.R. Hormone interactions regulating energy balance during pregnancy. J. Neuroendocrinol. 2010, 22, 805–817.
- Ladyman, S.R.; Fieldwick, D.M.; Grattan, D.R. Suppression of leptin-induced hypothalamic JAK/STAT signalling and feeding response during pregnancy in the mouse. Reproduction 2012, 144, 83–90, doi:10.1530/REP-12-0112.
- Elmquist, J.K.; Bjorbaek, C.; Ahima, R.S.; Flier, J.S.; Saper, C.B. Distributions of leptin receptor mRNA isoforms in the rat brain. J. Comp. Neurol. 1998, 395, 535–547, doi:10.1002/(SICI)1096-9861(19980615)395:4<535::AID-CNE9>3.0.CO;2-2.
- Flanagan-Cato, L.M. Sex Differences in the neural circuit that mediates female sexual receptivity. Front. Neuroendocrinol. 2011, 32, 124–136, doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2011.02.008.
- Bridges, R.S.; Mann, P.E.; Coppeta, J.S. Hypothalamic involvement in the regulation of maternal behaviour in the rat: Inhibitory roles for the ventromedial hypothalamus and the dorsal/anterior hypothalamic areas. J. Neuroendocrinol. 1999, 11, 259–266, doi:10.1046/j.1365-2826.1999.00322.x.
- Mann, P.E.; Babb, J.A. Disinhibition of maternal behavior following neurotoxic lesions of the hypothalamus in primigravid rats. Brain Res. 2004, 1025, 51–58.
- Slotnick, B.M.; Carpenter, M.L.; Fusco, R. Initiation of maternal behavior in pregnant nulliparous rats. Horm. Behav. 1973, 4, 53–59, doi:10.1016/0018-506X(73)90016-0.
- Mayer, A.D.; Rosenblatt, J.S. Prepartum changes in maternal responsiveness and nest defense in rattus norvegicus. J. Comp. Psychol. 1984, 98, 177–188, doi:10.1037/0735-7036.98.2.177.
- Rosenblatt, J.S. Nonhormonal basis of maternal behavior in the rat. Science 1967, 156, 1512–1514.
- Bridges, R.S.; Zarrow, M.X.; Goldman, B.D.; Denenberg, V.H. A developmental study of maternal responsiveness in the rat. Physiol. Behav. 1974, 12, 149–151, doi:10.1016/0031-9384(74)90082-1.
- Brunelli, S.A.; Hofer, M.A. Parental Behavior in Juvenile Rats: Environmental and Biological Determinants. In Mammalian Parenting; Krasnegor, N.A., Bridges, R.S., Eds.; Oxford University Press: New York, NY, USA, 1990; pp. 372–299.
- Stern, J.M. Pubertal decline in maternal responsiveness in long-evans rats: Maturational influences. Physiol. Behav. 1987, 41, 93–98, doi:10.1016/0031-9384(87)90136-3.
- Fleming, A.S.; Rosenblatt, J.S. Olfactory regulation of maternal behavior in rats. II. Effects of peripherally induced anosmia and lesions of lateral olfactory tract in pup-induced virgins. J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol. 1974, 86, 233–246, doi:10.1037/h0035936.
- Fleming, A.S.; Vaccarino, F.; Tambosso, L.; Chee, P. Vomeronasal and olfactory system modulation of maternal behavior in the rat. Science 1979, 203, 372–374.
- Fleming, A.S.; Vaccarino, F.; Luebke, C. Amygdaloid inhibition of maternal behavior in the nulliparous female rat. Physiol. Behav. 1980, 25, 731–743, doi:10.1016/0031-9384(80)90377-7.
- Numan, M.; Numan, M.J.; English, J.B. Excitotoxic amino acid injections into the medial amygdala facilitate maternal behavior in virgin female rats. Horm. Behav. 1993, 27, 56–81, doi:10.1006/hbeh.1993.1005.
- Numan, M.; Numan, M. A Lesion and neuroanatomical tract-tracing analysis of the role of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis in retrieval behavior and other aspects of maternal responsiveness in rats. Dev. Psychobiol. 1996, 29, 23–51, doi:10.1002/(SICI)1098-2302(199601)29:1<23::AID-DEV2>3.0.CO;2-O.
- Kinsley, C.H.; Meyer, E.; Rafferty, K.A. Sex steroid hormone determination of the maternal brain: effects beyond reproduction. Mini Rev. Med. Chem. 2012, 12, 1063–1070, doi:10.2174/138955712802762248.
- Numan, M.; Woodside, B. Maternity: Neural mechanisms, motivational processes, and physiological adaptations. Behav. Neurosci. 2010, 124, 715–741, doi:10.1037/a0021548.
- Dwyer, J.B.; Broide, R.S.; Leslie, F.M. Nicotine and Brain Development. Birth Defects Res. C Embryo Today 2008, 84, 30–44, doi:10.1002/bdrc.20118.
- Mao, C.; Lv, J.; Li, H.; Chen, Y.; Wu, J.; Xu, Z. Development of fetal nicotine and muscarinic receptors in utero. Braz. J. Med. Biol. Res. 2007, 40, 735–741, doi:10.1590/S0100-879X2006005000094.
- Sanchez-Andrade, G.; Kendrick, K.M. The main olfactory system and social learning in mammals. Behav. Brain Res. 2009, 200, 323–335, doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2008.12.021.
- Kaufman, L.S.; McEwen, B.S.; Pfaff, D.W. Cholinergic mechanisms of lordotic behavior in rats. Physiol. Behav. 1988, 43, 507–514, doi:10.1016/0031-9384(88)90126-6.
- Kow, L.M.; Pfaff, D.W. Transmitter and peptide actions on hypothalamic neurons in vitro: Implications for lordosis. Brain Res. Bull. 1988, 20, 857–861, doi:10.1016/0361-9230(88)90102-5.
- Kow, L.M.; Tsai, Y.F.; Weiland, N.G.; McEwen, B.S.; Pfaff, D.W. In vitro electro-pharmacological and autoradiographic analyses of muscarinic receptor subtypes in rat hypothalamic ventromedial nucleus: implications for cholinergic regulation of lordosis. Brain Res. 1995, 694, 29–39, doi:10.1016/0006-8993(95)00747-E.
- Rainbow, T.C.; Snyder, L.; Berck, D.J.; McEwen, B.S. Correlation of muscarinic receptor induction in the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus with the activation of feminine sexual behavior by estradiol. Neuroendocrinology 1984, 39, 476–480, doi:10.1159/000124044.
- Voogt, J.L.; Lee, Y.; Yang, S.; Arbogast, L. Regulation of prolactin secretion during pregnancy and lactation. Prog. Brain Res. 2001, 133, 173–185, doi:10.1016/S0079-6123(01)33013-3.
- Arbogast, L.A.; Voogt, J.L. Mechanisms of tyrosine hydroxylase regulation during pregnancy: Evidence for protein dephosphorylation during the prolactin surges. Endocrinology 1991, 129, 2575–2582, doi:10.1210/endo-129-5-2575.
- Andrews, Z.B.; Kokay, I.C.; Grattan, D.R. Dissociation of Prolactin secretion from tuberoinfundibular dopamine activity in late pregnant rats. Endocrinology 2001, 142, 2719–2724.
- Bakowska, J.C.; Morell, J.I. Quantitative autoradiographic analysis of D1 and D2 dopamine receptors in rat brain in early and late pregnancy. Brain Res. 1995, 703, 191–200, doi:10.1016/0006-8993(95)01097-1.
- Stern, J.M.; Keer, S.E. Maternal motivation of lactating rats is disrupting by low dosages of haloperidol. Behav. Brain Res. 1999, 99, 231–239, doi:10.1016/S0166-4328(98)00108-9.
- Silva, M.R.P.; Bernardi, M.M.; Felicio, L.F. Effects of dopamine receptor antagonists on ongoing maternal behavior in rats. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 2001, 68, 461–468, doi:10.1016/S0091-3057(01)00471-3.
- Miller, S.M.; Lonstein, J.S. Dopamine D1 and D2 receptor antagonism in the preoptic area produces different effects on maternal behavior in lactating rats. Behav. Neurosci. 2005, 119, 1072–1083, doi:10.1037/0735-7044.119.4.1072.
- Numan, M.; Numan, M.J.; Pliakou, N.; Stolzenberg, D.S.; Mullins, O.J.; Murphy, J.M.; Smith, C.D. The effects of D1 or D2 dopamine receptor antagonism in the medial preoptic area, ventral pallidum, or nucleus accumbens on the maternal retrieval response and other aspects of maternal behavior in rats. Behav. Neurosci. 2005, 119, 1588–1604, doi:10.1037/0735-7044.119.6.1588.
- Silva, M.R.; Bernardi, M.M.; Cruz-Casallas, P.E.; Felicio, L.F. Pimozide injections into the nucleus accumbens disrupt maternal behaviour in lactating rats. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 2003, 93, 42–47, doi:10.1034/j.1600-0773.2003.930106.x.
- Hansen, S.; Harthon, C.; Wallin, E.; Lofberg, L.; Svensson, K. The effects of 6-OHDA-induced dopamine depletions in the ventral or dorsal striatum on maternal and sexual behavior in the female rats. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 1991, 39, 71–77, doi:10.1016/0091-3057(91)90399-M.
- Stolzenberg, D.S.; McKenna, J.B.; Keough, S.; Hancock, R.; Numan, M.J.; Numan, M. Dopamine D1 receptor stimulation of the nucleus accumbens or the medial preoptic area promotes the onset of maternal behavior in pregnancy-terminated rats. Behav. Neurosci. 2007, 121, 907–919, doi:10.1037/0735-7044.121.5.907.
- Stolzenberg, D.S.; Zhang, K.Y.; Luskin, K.; Ranker, L.; Bress, J.; Numan, M. Dopamine D1 receptor activation of adenylyl cyclase, not phospholipase c, in the nucleus accumbens promotes maternal behavior onset in rats. Horm. Behav. 2010, 57, 96–104, doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2009.09.014.
- Follesa, P.; Floris, S.; Tuligi, G.; Mostallino, M.C.; Concas, A.; Biggio, G. Molecular and functional adaptation of the GABAA receptor complex during pregnancy and after delivery in the rat brain. Eur. J. Neurosci. 1998, 10, 2905–2912, doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.1998.00300.x.
- Fenelon, V.S.; Herbison, A.E. Plasticity in GABAA receptor subunit mRNA expression by hypothalamic magnocellular neurons in the adult rat. J. Neurosci. 1996, 16, 4872–4880.
- Carretero, M.I.; Segovia, S.; Gomez, F.; del Cerro, M.C.R. Bicuculline Infusion into the accessory olfactory bulb facilitates the induction of maternal behavior in rats. Scand. J. Psychol. 2003, 44, 273–277, doi:10.1111/1467-9450.00345.
- Concas, A.; Mostallino, M.C.; Porcu, P.; Follesa, P.; Barbaccia, M.L.; Trabucchi, M.; Purdy, R.H.; Grisenti, P.; Biggio, G. Role of brain allopregnanolone in the plasticity of gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptor in rat brain during pregnancy and after delivery. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1998, 95, 13284–13289, doi:10.1073/pnas.95.22.13284.
- Russell, J.A.; Douglas, A.J.; Brunton, P.J. Reduced hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis stress responses in late pregnancy: Central opioid inhibition and noradrenergic mechanisms. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 2008, 1148, 428–438.
- Dockray, G.J. Cholecystokinin. Curr. Opin. Endocrinol. Diabetes Obes. 2012, 19, 8–12, doi:10.1097/MED.0b013e32834eb77d.
- Noble, F.; Roques, B.P. Cholecystokinin Peptides in Brain Function. In Handbook of Neurochemistry and Molecular Neurobiology; Springer: New York, NY, USA, 2006; pp. 545–571.
- Ladyman, S.R.; Sapsford, T.J.; Grattan, D.R. Loss of acute satiety response to cholecystokinin in pregnant rats. J. Neuroendocrinol. 2011, 23, 1091–1098, doi:10.1111/j.1365-2826.2011.02191.x.
- Wank, S.A. Cholecystokinin receptors. Am. J. Physiol. 1995, 269, G628–G646.
- Linden, A.; Uvnas-Moberg, K.; Eneroth, P.; Sodersten, P. Stimulation of maternal behaviour in rats with cholecystokinin octapeptide. J. Neuroendocrinol. 1989, 1, 389–392, doi:10.1111/j.1365-2826.1989.tb00135.x.
- Mann, P.E.; Felicio, L.F.; Bridges, R.S. Investigation into the role of cholecystokinin (CCK) in the induction and maintenance of maternal behavior in rats. Horm. Behav. 1995, 29, 392–406, doi:10.1006/hbeh.1995.1027.
- Sabatier, N.; Leng, G. Responses to cholecystokinin in the ventromedial nucleus of the rat hypothalamus in vivo. Eur. J. Neurosci. 2010, 31, 1127–1135, doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2010.07144.x.
- Popper, P.; Priest, C.A.; Micevych, P.E. Regulation of cholecystokinin receptors in the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus: Sex steroid hormone effects. Brain Res. 1996, 712, 335–339, doi:10.1016/0006-8993(95)01561-2.
- Palkovits, M.; Brownstein, M.J. Maps and Guide to Microdissection of the Rat Brain; Elsevier: New York, NY, USA, 1988.
- Neurotransmitter Receptors and Regulators PCR Array. Available online: http://www.sabiosciences.com/rt_pcr_product/HTML/PARN-060A.html (accessed on 24 February 2014).
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© 2014 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).


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Sleeper In Metropolis
Anne Clark, "Sleeper In Metropolis", (ZTT, 1984).
Anne Clark's first single "Sleeper In Metropolis" was released on Art Of Noise co-founder Trevor Horn's ZZT Records in 1984.
"Confined in the helpless safety of desires and dreams, we fight our insignificance. The harder we fight, the higher the wall."


text: Mifune is the best Japanese place in town, in our opinion. As it is in traditional Teppan Yaki, you have a hot plate integrated into your table (around which 6-7 people can sit) and the chef de cuisine prepares your odered dishes right in front of you - delicious! Sashimi and sushi is also of good quality. As almost throughout... More


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Pfeiffer University News
Pfeiffer students help Rowan Helping Ministries assist those in need
- Details
- Published on Monday, November 29, 2010 ( 8:40 am )
Pfeiffer students interviewed clients, filled food orders, sorted donations, and stocked the food pantry shelves at Rowan Helping Ministries recently as part of National Hunger & Homelessness Week. The group distributed food to 29 families and completed 50 combined hours of service.
Pfeiffer volunteers included Kelly Buck, Kaleigh Featherstone, Hunter House, Sara Hutchinson, Steven Jordan, Diamond Pate, Kayleigh Peterman, Caitie Smith, Catie Thomas, and staff advisor Jonathan Rowe.
The service project demonstrated to students how fortunate it is to have basic necessities such as housing and food.
"I was really touched being able to work in the food pantry,†said Kaleigh Featherstone. "Every time we had a new order to fill, we tried to make their meal special.†This Saturday of Service event was sponsored by the Francis Center for Servant Leadership.
Rowan Helping Ministries in Salisbury provides assistance in meeting basic human needs for those finding themselves in crisis in Rowan County, N.C. This year, Rowan Helping Ministries will serve more than 70,000 prepared meals in their soup kitchen and shelter. In addition, more than 285,000 pounds of groceries will be distributed to 21,000 individuals.
For more information on how you can get involved, please email firstname.lastname@example.com.
- Caitie Smith
Charlotte News
New Program - RN to BSN
October 16, 2014
Homeland Security and Counterterrorism: A View from the Top
September 12, 2014
Misenheimer News
Pfeiffer students and professors roll up their sleeves for "I Love My City"
October 22, 2014
The Stanly County Concert Band to perform free concert
October 08, 2014
Triangle News
Pfeiffer Campuses Welcome New Faculty
August 26, 2014
Friends of the Library Welcomes Smoky Mountains Author Wally Avett
August 13, 2014


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|10 Jul 2012
Horizontal lines a cross screen!!!
I keep getting what seems like static line horizontally across my screen I just bought this laptop a couple months ago any help??

Hp 2000-369wm notebook PC
|My System Specs
|10 Jul 2012
You might have a bad power inverter board. This is the board that powers back light to the lcd.
This is what it sounds like.. Check your RAM. You might need to reset it or it could be bad. If you have two sticks of ram in your machine you might want to try booting your machine with just one of the sticks and then swap it with the other if the problem persists. Remember that you can only touch the RAM when the machine is off... Otherwise you could damage you machine by shorting it.
|My System Specs
|10 Jul 2012
I assume you are talking about an LC display. If so, the problem is never RAM. Instead, it is usually a bad contact between the driver circuitry and the display panel itself. This happens because the contacts are secured by pressure, not gripping or soldering as is true with most other electronics; this is a major failure point for LCDs--and one of my biggest gripes about them.
Here's what I have suggested in the past, and it reportedly has helped in more than one case: monitor repairman that I am (or once was), it sounds like bad contacts between the driver electronics and the display itself. One relatively easy test for this problem is as follows:
With the unit on,gently grasp the left and right edges of the display. Gently twist the display (no more than a few ounces of pressure) as though you are wringing out a towel. See if the display flashes, changes, etc. This may even fix the problem by "wiping" the contacts of dirt or oxidation.
|My System Specs
|10 Jul 2012
i also have noticed that it wont come up unless i let the screen fall asleep thats when it starts to happen when i leave it on stand bye mode
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April 6, 2009
Apollo Video Technology partnered with Everett (Wash.) Transit to address on-time performance by installing Apollo's RoadRunner system on city buses.
Utilizing the RoadRunner system will enable Everett Transit officials to use video and GPS data to monitor boarding counts, peak load factors and on-time performance, as well as to ensure all city buses are operating in compliance with the ADA.
Apollo Video Technology equipped Everett Transit's buses with interior and exterior mounted cameras capable of recording activity inside and outside the vehicles. In addition, each bus was equipped with GPS featuring Apollo Video's iSM interface, which provides an interactive map that combines historical graphical route information with current vehicle GPS location and speed data, all synchronized with video and audio recordings.
By using GPS features to address on-time performance, transit officials can compare weeks of data to better ensure that buses arrive on time and meet ADA requirements.
In addition to service planning and reducing liability, violence and graffiti, Everett Transit uses video feeds to ensure that all city buses meet ADA compliance and all other local, state and federal regulations. Audio recording synchronized with location information provides an easy method for verifying that bus drivers are making the appropriate announcements at each stop and throughout the route.
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Factors in Transit Bus Ramp Slope and Wheelchair-Seated Passenger Safety Nearly 3 million U.S. adults are wheelchair or scooter users1, and as the population ages this number is expected to rise. Many wheelchair users rely upon public transportation to access work, medical care, school and social activities.
Mass Transit Capital Planning An overview of the world-class best practices for assessing, prioritizing, and funding capital projects to optimize resources and align with the organization's most critical immediate and long-term goals.
The Benefits of Door-to-Door Service in ADA Complementary Paratransit Many U.S. transit agencies continue to struggle with the quality of ADA service, the costs, and the difficulties encountered in contracting the service, which is the method of choice for a significant majority of agencies. One of the most basic policy decisions an agency must make involves whether to provide door-to-door, or only curb-to-curb service.
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International Health Regulations
The Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) / World Health Organization (WHO) recommends that Member States implement prevention and control in health care and gated communities to reduce the impact caused by norovirus outbreaks.
|Read the full document: 8 January 2013 Norovirus outbreak in institutional health care and community settings
Last Updated on Thursday, 29 August 2013 13:33
:: Mandates and Strategies
- CD50/INF/6. Implementation of the International Health Regulations (2005)
- CD49/INF/2. Progress Report on Technical Matters: International Health Regulations (Includes the Report on the [H1N1] Pandemic 2009)
- CSP27/11 International Health Roundtable. Implementing the International Health Regulations (IHR 2005)
- CD45/12. International Health Regulations: Perspectives from the Region of the Americas; 2004
- CD43.R13. (Resolution) International Health Regulations; 2001
:: IHR Publications
Communicable Diseases and Health Analysis Department


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On Sunday morning at approximately 3 a.m., latin pop star Jenni Rivera boarded a private Learjet in Mexico, along with two pilots and four other passengers including her publicist, lawyer, and makeup artist. Ten minutes later, they were all dead. The victims of a tragic plane crash in the desert. ... More >>
Uncle Luke,the man whose booty-shaking madness made the U.S. Supreme Court stand up for free speech, gets as nasty as he wants to be for Miami New Times. This week, Luke criticizes Joe Philbin for letting go of Chad Johnson.The Miami Dolphins are the most hypocritical football organization to ever b ... More >>
The internet is scornful again. This time, it's a music video called "Booty Pop", in which a 6-year-old South Florida aspiring rapper named Albert Roundtree, Jr. uses a super soaker to hose down gyrating chicks in bikinis, which has made the world wide web very angry. Vibe thought about calling chi ... More >>
Television icon Andy Griffith is dead. The 86-year-old actor who played The Andy Griffith Show's Sheriff Andy Taylor died at his North Carolina home earlier today, triggering an outpouring of online tributes. "His pursuit of excellence and the joy he took in creating served generations and shape ... More >>
Andy Griffith, television's beloved sheriff on The Andy Griffith Show, has died at the age of 86. The actor died at his home in Roanoke Island, North Carolina, according to a statement from his family.Though Griffith went on to have a long-lasting career in television and music, playing Matlock for ... More >>
We might get the Miami-themed episode of Modern Family yet.Hollywood would be happy to take Florida's tax breaks, but it's not exactly thrilled about controversial proposed legislation that would ban productions featuring GLBT characters from receiving state assistance.While the bill would ultima ... More >>
Octogenarians need love too.
The director assigns motive to Dubya's MO, but at this point, who cares?
The Heat's former center and cult hero resurfaces in Milwaukee, bucking for a permanent home


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Welcome to prairie-rose's Member Page
See my Clippings See my Journal See my trade list
Primary gardening interests are roses, perennials, flowering shrubs, and ornamental grasses. Trying to design and create the perfect mixed beds and borders--haven't gotten there yet, but every year is a fun experiment.
I live in: United States
My zone is: 5a
My favorite forum 1 is Roses.
My favorite forum 2 is Perennials.
First registered on April 09, 2008 .


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Watson Island: Where developers' dreams turn to dust
Despite its conditional life span, Gateway Park is coming
I'm pleased to see that John Dorschner is now writing for Biscayne Times.
Did you hear the one about the secession proposal?
Deep down, I didn't really believe I'd be able to do it, but I thought I'd at least try
Biscayne Landing's developers pack the house and stack the deck
An open-and-shut case -- guitar case, that is -- for donations
Let's hear it for a 79th Street renaissance
A waterfront park in Surfside offers joyous chaos amid security
On the humility of the schmear
Use ties, not nails, to hang holiday lights
Their little quirks make our animals more like us
Tallahassee gridlock, no to the AG, and two secessionist tales
Who does Rick Scott think he's kidding?
A story lies behind each handpicked piece
Food news we know you can use
If Publix really wants to help the environment, make reusable bags free
Burglars will look for any easy entry point if they can. This home had a flimsy side door to a garage that called this intruder's name.
Volume 12, Issue 9, November 2014
A tented "swamp," popups, and more multimedia twists
|Read more...
Sales, special events, and more from the people who make Biscayne Times possible
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A view of our past from the archives of HistoryMiami
|Read more...


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Patrick Dempsey is yet to officially retire "Grey's Anatomy" after next season. Following his statement that the eighth season will be the last for him, his representative clarifies the situation, stating "He was referring to the fact that his contract is up at the end of next season and we have no idea what the future holds."
Report of Dempsey's departure hit the web after the lead actor told the Italian edition of Vanity Fair, "It [season 8] will be my last." He added, "I don't know what will happen with the other characters, but for me, it's done."
The on-screen husband of Ellen Pompeo on the ABC drama series claimed that leaving Seattle Grace after seven years will be "bittersweet because it's been great and a great part of my life. But I can't see me doing it anymore."
While the eighth season will not be the last for Dempsey, creator Shonda Rhimes is approaching the coming season as if it is the finale. "It might be the last hurrah for a lot of them; you never know," she said earlier this month. "I really don't know and I don't presume to know. Everybody has an individual choice to make and I get that.... All the originals are in play."
© AceShowbiz.com


text: During initial takeoff from a private airfield, the single-engine agricultural airplane experienced a substantial loss of engine power. The pilot was unable to restore engine power and performed a forced landing to a field. During the landing roll-out the airplane collided with a levy, nosed over, and caught fire. The pilot was able to egress the airplane uninjured before the airplane was consumed by the post-impact fire. The airplane had been fully fueled and loaded with applicant. An inspection of the engine revealed that the #8 cylinder assembly cracked through the spark plug holes resulting in the cylinder head separating from the barrel in-flight.


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The prefabrication of CABIN has commenced with the making of the wall cassettes.
Using the 1:1 mock up we are moving between the CAD drawing, material and detail to further refine the design.
Aiming for a 1 day site build presents an interesting challenge for the logics of construction.
Research trip to leather workshop at Fritz Hansen HQ Copenhagen.
Further to our collaborative project OFFCUT we are looking at the re-use of leather offcuts from the furniture production process for the design of a new 'Digital Upholstery'.
This is the hand finishing of an Arne Jacobsen Egg chair in natural leather.
Just about to start building a prototype prefabricated garden studio with the working title – CABIN in collaboration with Steve Connah and Ronan Connelly.
Alma Smithy is a former window making factory in St Helens and will be workshop project space for the duration of the build. Space kindly offered by S. Connah Senior.
We have just completed a 3 week set build for the BBC drama 'Death in Paradise' designed by Production Designer Eryl Ellis. The production is filmed in Guadeloupe, West Indies.
One of the best workshop locations we've experienced, set within a mature orchid garden, located high in the mountains of Basse Terre with distant sea views.
Bartlett Summer Show now open until Saturday 5th July at the Slade UCL.
U7 exhibition exploring the themes of Metabaolism.
Kindly sponsored by James Latham Advanced Technical Panels.
image: S. Mittal
Just completed the lower link roof in preparation for the green roof build up.
This is the second phase of roof construction and requires the upper roof scaffolding to be dismantled and phase 2 scaffolding to be erected.
To form outlets for rainwater drainage Nick spent a day using the diamond core drill.
The hole openings are carefully co-ordinated with the external brickwork joints, finished roof level and will line up with the final galvanised rainwater hopper and downpipe locations.
We are building the timber roof structure for the upper roof in preparation for single ply membrane installation next week.
Forming the roof firrings to fall and the WBP plywood deck and parapets was straightforward – more tricky was the hauling of full sized boards to roof level when there are only two of us on site.
The brickwork contract is now complete and looking like a distinct partner to the Coach House.
Raked joint details require a time consuming clean up with the brick chariot tool and dry brush.
The tidy up and snagging begins…


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Praise Fest 2011 is the first outdoor Faith based Festival in Southwest Florida, featuring over 20 bands and speakers on two stages at the Lee County Civic Center and Fairgrounds this Saturday.
Paul Jennings with Paul Jennings Ministries tells WINK News more about the event.
What: Faith Based Festival with live entertainment and speakers
When: May 7th from 10am – 10pm
Where: Lee County Civic Center (11831 Bayshore Rd.)
Tickets: At the gate: $7 entry or bring a canned food item and pay just $5. Children under 12yrs. - FREE!
For more information contact: email@example.com