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General Biographical Information
I (Richard Wilson) was born in London, England 87 years ago in 1926, and have been at Harvard University since 1955 (58 years) where I am now Mallinckrodt Professor of Physics, (emeritus) In 1975 I was made an affiliate of the Center for Middle Eastern Studies and of the Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs at the Kennedy School of Government. My CV shows that I am the author or coauthor of 939 published articles and papers. See also charts of my ancestors and descendants and my wife's (Andree Wilson's) ancestors. We, Andree Desiree Wilson and Richard Wilson live in Newton Centre where Andree tends her fine garden. In particular look at the web site of Elaine Wilson, a fine landscape painter. (Look in particular at her present project: a photographical study of the AMTRAK line between Ann Arbor and Kalamazoo) Richard Wilson, the physicist, may be found most days in Jefferson Laboratory of Physics room 257 at Harvard University. A page of photographs of Richard Wilson over the years is available only by password or personal request to protect the privacy of others in the pictures. My calculations and belief is that the international drug trade is far more destructive of society than Al Qaeda or the Ayatollahs in Iran. Keeping perspective was a major theme of my book "Risk-Benefit Analysis" (now in its second edition) by Richard Wilson and Edmund A. Crouch, available from Harvard University Press and on the book stands; As a sample, see the Table of Contents the first pages of the book and some comments on the book.
I have recently self-published an autobiography: "Physics is Fun" : Memoirs of a Life in Physics ISBN 978-0-615-42158-2. This was printed by MIRA DIGITAL PUBLISHING St Louis Missouri, USA. but neither Mira nor Amazon carry the book without exorbitant charge. The "back cover praise" before actual publication is here, and a set of flattering reviews are also available. You may order direct from me at $25 a copy including domestic postage. Or a digital copy in either of 2 common formats for $10.My recent interests include:
Over the years I have
worked at a number of research
reactors, cyclotrons, synchrotrons, linear accelerators
and colliding beam facilities. The
designers, builders and operators of these facilities (and
even the bureaucrats funding them) are often unsung. I
here give my thanks to each and every one of
them. These sections described my early
work mostly before 1980. and are responsible for more that
half of my 939 published papers and reports available at
Nucleon-nucleon interactionsI was awarded the degree of D. Phil. at Oxford University in 1949 for a thesis on the photo disintegration of the deuteron. I traveled to the USA in June 1950 for a research position in Rochester NY. With Clark and Roberts I used the principle of detailed balance to measure the spin of the pi zero meson at Rochester in March 1951. (see a story about this in his notes about Marshak) On return to Oxford in 1952 I studied nucleon-nucleon scattering at AERE Harwell, and after 1955 at Harvard's cyclotron laboratory for many years. I, together with Karl Strauch and Andreas Koehler led an upgrade of the cyclotron in 1955 and led a program in uses of polarized protons to study the nucleon -nucleon interaction. The Harvard Cyclotron had its first beam on June 3rd 1949 and celebrated its 50th anniversary in 1999 with a conference. The story can be found in my history of the Harvard cyclotrons; in addition to this web based history is a book which is on sale at Harvard University Press.
Then I moved to a study of nucleon
structure by electron-proton scattering at the Cambridge
Electron Accelerator from 1963 to 1970, and muon proton
scattering at Fermilab in the E98 and E665 collaborations
starting in 1972. I was an early proponent of
electron-electron and electron positron colliding beams
with a tentative proposal in 1956, and a definitive
proposal in 1962. I was a participant in the CEA "bypass"
program which demonstrated an unusually large
cross-section for producing hadrons (see published papers
150,152,155,158). I worked in the CLEO collaboration
using the electron-positron colliding beam facility at
Cornell University, until November 2001 when the Harvard
group formally left the collaboration. I am still
participating in scattering of polarized electrons from
protons at CEBAF which provides information on the strange
quark form factor in the nucleon. I am also involved
in experiments on parity violation in
electron proton scattering and comparison of neutron and
proton radii at CEBAF (Jefferson National Laboratory at
Newport News VA), I was participating in a minor
way in an experiment on "little a" in decay of polarized
neutrons. My work in that project was in
encouraging and helping Dr Boris Yerezolimski who
proposed the experiment. But Boris died in August
but my wife and I joined his family in remembering
his life on Friday March 29th 2014.
Interestingly I knew many of Boris' friends and associates
in the USSR and respected many of them and of course
More details are available in my 939 published papers of which about half are on these subjects.
I have used radiation and ionizing particles all of my professional life (indeed starting as an undergraduate in 1946). Most of the time I carried out research into the structure of nuclei and of elementary particles. This necessarily involved understanding radioactivity and radiation therefrom. Also in maintaining the cyclotron I was exposed to radioactivity from the machine and helped establish rules for the staff. Among physicists I became known for this understanding. This is exemplified by a recent Resource Letter on health effects of radiation that I have written for the American Association of Physics Teachers. The most recent version was in 2011 (This is the on-line version where many of the papers are directly linked). I became aware that radiation was first used by physicians, who did not understand it well, but this changed on August 9th 1945 when the atomic bomb was dropped on Hiroshima. Although there were less than 6,000 deaths (mostly cancers) due to that radiation, it is a major incorrect public perception that the 200,000 or so deaths in each city were caused by radiation. They were direct effects of the explosion itself. When in about 1970 I became actively involved with beneficial uses of radioactivity, particle accelerators and radiation therefrom I began to explain this to the public and anyone who would listen. As noted below I was one of the first scientists to visit Chernobyl after the accident and to arrange for translation into English of a Russian "journal" Radiation and Risk. In addition to the work with the Harvard Cyclotron noted above, I am also interested in wise and appropriate uses of nuclear energy for electricity production. One of my interests and specialties is understanding the risks of misuse of radiation and technologies involving radiation. This led me into a detailed attempt to understand other risks and dangers of life as noted below.
Starting in 1972 I became a leader
in the developing field of Risk Analysis. This arose out
of the incorrect perception of many people that radiation
is UNIQUELY dangerous.
The first
articles were comparing risks of
electricity production for a technical audience.
But in 1979 the first document for the public was an
article "The
Daily Risks of Life" published in the MIT
Technology review and then reprinted in the state of
Maine, in Farmer's Almanac and in Readers Digest and
printed in well over 10,000,000 copies. That
same summer my testimony (in the benzene case) was quoted
favorably by the US Supreme Court. This
confluence, which is unusual in the Harvard University
science areas, led me to be considered as
an expert (one even qualified to be an "expert witness"
in legal cases) and was quoted in the New York Times as
well as other newspapers. One interesting feature
that became apparent in the 1970s is that risks of
accidents, particularly radiation accidents, are
calculated by physicists and engineers, risks to health
of chemicals had been calculated by toxicologists and
physicians, and epidemiologists. These used different
words, and different structure to their understanding.
One of my roles has been to ensure that they do not talk
in opposition but in unison or at least in
harmony. The book, Risk-Benefit Analysis, with Edmund Crouch,
followed and is now in its' second edition. My
co-author Edmund A.C. Crouch is widely regarded in the
field. This led to my active concern in many subjects:
Radiation, Chemical Carcinogens, Air Pollution,
Potential Climate Change, Arsenic, Nuclear Weapons. A
recent article on development of Risk Analysis was in
the journal "Risk Analysis" and has received many compliments.
US EPA risk analysis procedures are arbitrary
and capricious and probably illegal.
In 1975 the US EPA proposed a procedure for risk assessment based on a pessimistic view of the data. Stimulated by Congress, they argued for reducing risks to less than one in a million lifetimes risk. Even in 1979 the EPA procedure was shown to be much too pessimistic, A lifetime risk of one in a million, calculated pessimistically, is NOT achievable for most materials. The EPA never backed down and modified their procedure but pretend (ERRONEOUSLY) that their procedures are scientifically based and therefore scientifically valid. A bad example of the problems this causes is the procedure for arsenic risk assessment with I have repeatedly criticized. Yet my criticisms have NEVER had an acknowledgement. If the regulations and actions are not based on the best available science, they become arbitrary and capricious. Ideally the risk assessment should be soundly based and precede any action or regulation. Then actions and regulations can be based on this risk assessment. When it transpires that the risk assessment must be changed in the light of new knowledge and understanding , the action and regulation should be promptly modified. THIS HAS NOT HAPPENED. To recognize the problem would strengthen the EPA not weaken it. For the EPA to restore its integrity and usefulness this must be addressed. Unfortunately in 2014 nether the administration nor the Congress are addressing this problem.
There is no good way as it
stands for understanding the risk of most of the 80,000
chemicals in commerce. Only a handful
(20 or so) have been measured in people. Only
a few thousand have been measured in laboratory animals
and only a few hundred measured
carefully. Ideally we would take a
cautiously conservative position, knowing that
it could be changed when new information becomes
available. A bad example is the
obligation under a 1975 agreement to do something about
nerve gases such as sarin, in the US stockpile.
It has been proposed to incinerate them and a test
burn showed a huge number of chemicals not on the EPA list
(IRIS). A moment's thought should tell anyone
that these chemicals are likely to be MORE dangerous
(posing more risk) than most of the chemicals on the EPA
list. Yet the proposed risk
assessment set the risk at zero! More
recently a chemical leaked into the river at Charleston,
West Virginia. This again was one of the 60,000
with no rational risk assessment. This problem was
discussed on the radio, TV and internet. But
none of these discuss the complete failure of EPA and
other agencies to address the matter logically and
scientifically. Congress is even
worse. They should be discussing what it means to
say that something is safe. None do.
The responses of the officials commenting on TV and radio are particularly troubling. It is highly misleading to declare that "we will not let people use the water unless unless the risk is below 1 in a million" I have argued (number 939 on my publication list) that this is IMPOSSIBLE. To make such a declaration is misleading at best.
I, Richard Wilson noted as
early as 1972 that energy problems in the USA are actually
environment problems. The US has plenty of fuel
(cheap but polluting, coal) if we are willing to use
it. I started the Energy and Environment Policy Center at
Harvard University, in 1976, and in 1989 started the New
England Center of the National Institute for Global
Environmental Change (NIGEC). My organization of an
energy session at the Boston meeting of the American
Physical Society in 1973 reflects this interest. I
was a colleague of Professor Roger Revelle who was a
mentor of Senator Al Gore who popularized the issue but
misquoted Roger. It was Professor Harvey Brooks,
then Dean of the Division of Applied Sciences at Harvard
suggested that I join with AJ Meyer in convening a seminar
on "Economics of Energy". AJ invited oil experts to
talk and I brought in air pollution and nuclear
experts. Later in the 1980s I, together with
other physicists, particularly Klaus Lackner of Columbia
University noted that CARBON as
it comes out of the ground. is easy to
monitor; For it is at this point that the amounts
are recorded for payment. Yet some politicians want to
control emissions sector by
sector with huge expense and inefficiency. The
Lieberman-Warner Bill and the Waxman-Markey bills in the
US House of Representatives are loaded with pork. The
Maxwell-Markey bill was 1300 pages long. It has been said
that they are pork barrel bills with a veneer of climate
change. Some experts, including James Hansen of NASA
believe that it is best to abandon them and start again.
Regulating carbon as it comes out of the ground with
no exceptions and returning any funds from an
auction of permits to general funds leaves less room for
pork and inefficiency. Maybe the desire to cater to
special interests is why politicians and financiers are
reluctant to control upstream. In this I was encouraged by
the Cantwell-Collins
bill submitted to the US Senate. It was
short, only about 50 pages. Alas that bill was too
sensible, and had no pork barrel, to get anywhere
politically and it needed more scientific support than it
got. I have talked about this at the
meetings in Erice and some of these talks are on my
list of publications
which is available on line.
I am concerned with many environmental issues. In particular I am interested in risks of much greater magnitude than those of nuclear radiation. Of course tobacco smoking is now believed to be far worse but air pollution is also important. Being brought up in London, UK I was exposed to London fogs from early childhood. Two dramatic situations changed the widespread professional view that "the solution to pollution is dilution". The fog in London and all the way up the Thames to Oxford and beyond in December 1952 was followed by a dramatic increase in deaths in London hospitals.About the same time but obviously independently air pollution in Donora, Pennsylvania caused much of the town to get sick. I published with others a book "Health Effects of Fossil Fuel Burning" in 1982 which was updated in an edited volume in 1996: "Particles in Our Air: Concentrations and Health Effects" distributed by Harvard University Press. In my coauthors and myself argued that fine particles in air pollution pose a considerable hazard, (some tens of thousands deaths yearly in the USA) and there is probably a linear relationship between dose of these particles and the effect on health. Although this linear relationship was widely disputed in 1982, further work has led more and more experts to agree with this basic conclusion.
Once I started studying the effects of air pollution I naturally began to think about all chemicals in the environment. Traditionally they had only been studied at high exposures and therefore high doses. I soon found out that the public health implications were discussed using the terminology and attitudes of physicians which differed from those of a physicist which are used to discuss the effects of radiation. I have therefore spent considerable time trying to relate the two. Since it is undesirable and unethical to carry out experiments upon people, mankind has carried out experiments on animals, usually rodents, to understand which substances are carcinogens. The way in which the risk of cancer in people is derived from the risk of cancer in animals becomes of great importance and is discussed. Starting in 1979, I (Richard Wilson) and co-workers have written a series of papers on chemical carcinogens, on interspecies comparisons in particular and research is continuing on cancer at old age. It appears that above age 80 age specific cancer incidence falls for all tumor sites, vanishing between ages 100 and 105. This fall off is too sharp to be explained by a variation in sensitivity. The work is done with the help of the NIH SEER (Statistics Epidemiology and End Results) data base. Work continues on understanding issues of "over diagnoses" and consequent excessive, expensive and unnecessary and possibly counterproductive treatments.
The research into chemical
carcinogens naturally leads to a desire to understand the
carcinogens that pose the largest risks to life. He has
therefore been active in emphasizing the chronic health
effects of prolonged doses of arsenic. He was one of the
first to realize the importance of the studies by C.J.
Chen in Taiwan which were published in the USA in 1986 and
ignored by the US EPA for many years. In Inner
Mongolia in 1994 and more recently in
Bangladesh (1998 to 2013) I have emphasized the magnitude
of the public health catastrophe. I started the Arsenic
web site project at the Faculty of Arts and
Sciences, School of Public Health, and Parsons Laboratory
at MIT. This project aims to cover arsenic problems world
wide but in view of the magnitude of the
catastrophe has Bangladesh
as a main focus. Indeed I have often stated that the
Bangladesh Catastrophe makes Chernobyl look like a Sunday
School picnic. In that I has never been contradicted or
questioned. As a particular project, I spent
over 10 years helping the scientists and physicians
at Dhaka Community Hospital in Dhaka to build sanitary
"dugwells" in several villages to replace the older
insanitary wells and the arsenic laden tube wells. Here
is a link to photographs from a
visit in 2004. Also I realized the
success of the River Sand Filters installed with UNICEF
funding in 1982. I emphasize the importance
of reliable and frequent measurement so that the results
may be convincing even to a politician or banker. I
started the ARSENIC FOUNDATION as a charitable
organization to which every viewer of this page is invited
to contribute. In 2014 personal
pressures led me to resign as President of the
Arsenic Foundation and also I have been unable to cope
with the bureaucracy of charitable
organizations. Nor fully upgrade the arsenic
webpage. Fortunately both functions have now been
taken over by Professor Katta Reddy, (email@example.com)
Distinguished University Professor at the University of
Wyoming. This foundation not only continues the
work but is now the official owner of the arsenic
This headline represents my
personal view which is strongly held and dominates my
recent actions and writings.
It is just over 100 years since
the first world war started and it is instructive to
consider how rapidly it started. Leaders
and bureaucrats had thought they would secure peace by
making binding treaties that if country A were
attacked country B would come to their defense. I
count 5 separate agreements or treaties. When a
Serbian nationalist killed the Archduke, Austria went
to war against Serbia. But Serbia had an agreement
with Czarist
Russia which declared war on Austria. Very rapidly
Prussia (Germany)
attacked Russia,
Then by treaty France declared war on Prussia. Finally the
"Entente Cordiale" brought England in, together with
nations of the British
Empire., Canada and South Africa.
During the cold war between
USSR and the west,
NATO was created to reassure Europeans. But once the
cold war was over and the immediate threat was gone, I believe that we
should have emphasized peaceful cooperation with the
new Russia. The NATO treaty makes it
clear, as President Obama has reminded us that if one
member is attacked ALL will
come to its defense immediately. No need for
5 treaties as in 1914. But the catastrophe of
July/August 1914 could recur but somewhat
faster. In addition there is the sceptre of
nuclear weapons. On August 6th 1945 many
scientists realized that Mankind now knew how
to destroy itself. Einstein
stated the problem most simply. "Everything
has changed except our way of thinking". I believe we must heed
Einstein and change our way of thinking.
Gorbechev tried to make accommodation with NATO but he was rebuffed. Now Russia is not only being rebuffed but is being ignored. But who is NATO? Does NATO represent the people? If so how can I vote to change its directorate? It is hard to escape the conclusion that NATO is run by the military of the member countries. Not a very democratic system! The immediate effects are all too clear in the eastern Ukraine. The USA needs Russia more that the reverse. Yet there is constant pressure from some US politicians to remove Russia's influence in the world. A simple look at a map of the world shows that Russia is larger than the USA. Simple geography tells us that we have to take them seriously whether we like it or not. Nor can we ignore the simple fact that each of Russia and USA has MANY more nuclear weapons ready to go than the total of all other countries. In this I suggest we note the words of the famous American philosopher POGO."We have met the enemy and he is us".
In the late 1930s advice was given to Americans "Go west young man and make your fortune". Indeed many did and California was rapidly populated. But it is not generally realized that a similar advice had been developing in the USSR. People were encouraged to go to the wide spaces of the east. Albeit by force in many cases. Why should that worry USA? Japan had good reason of course and that concern led to the war of 1905. We have to counter the suggestion that the present concern in the USA is based on an immoral desire to run the world. It seems clear to me that the US should use the power of NATO sparingly and prefer instead to work with the UN.
Once we recognize Russia in this way we can work together on subsidiary world problems. What is a country and does it have a right to exist? More important, what are its duties toward the rest other world? How does one work together to reduce the risk of nuclear war? Of epidemics becoming pandemics? (as the 1919 flu?)Other thoughtful writers have looked at this same problem. Dr Scott Atran in particular discusses "sacred values" – values that a country may hold that seem contrary to its economic (usually short term economic) interests. In the UK in May 1940, as I know well since it was at this time that I and many other English teenagers held these views, almost the whole population held such "sacred values" which enabled the British people to challenge the Nazi evil. This surprised and encouraged other countries to stand op to the evil Nazis.
In the
middle ages 1/3 of the population of Europe vanished (the
Black Death) and probably 1/3 of the world population
vanished also. New diseases could indeed
destroy us. The flu epidemic of 1919 killed
more people than the world war immediately preceding
it. But not until the end of WWII has the development
been studied, This has led people to emphasize that we
CAN prevent an epidemic becoming a pandemic, This has
been particularly emphasized by meetings of the World
Federation of Scientists in Erice, Sicily by Dr Garwin and
myself. The steps are not difficult but they must be
taken by at least 80% of the affected population and some
way MUST be found to include people relying on "herd
immunity". This was one of the items that I talked
about at a joint meeting with the Pontifical Academy of
Sciences in the Vatican (my published paper
But official organizations (including, alas the Harvard
University School of Public Health) we have been slow to
take such preventive action (among other things who is to
pay?) but instead of early reaction America prefers to
react after the situation is serious. That must
I am
most concerned in August 2014 with the outbreak of the Ebola
virus in west Africa. Warnings were given by
people studying emerging viruses (e.g Nicholas Mellor) as
early as January 2004 but were ignored. We must
admit that the epidemic became a pandemic. WHO, US
Center for Disease Control, and even Doctors without Borders
share and should admit the blame. This pandemic is
presently out of control. Should the world respond as
we did 3,000 years ago when we sent lepers out into the
desert with no human contact? (although food was
provided for them) or with yellow Fever 200 years ago when
victims were sent to an off shore island? The
world must act to stop the pandemic in Liberia, Ghana and
Sierra Leone and prevent one in US and European
nations. Should these countries be quarantined with
food and supplied dropped by helicopter without human
interaction? In this I recommend one of the most
sensible voices - of Dr Howard Markel, a pediatrician and
author at the University of Michigan. I recommend in
particular a webpage :
My interest in Iraq and Iran started
when I was 10 years old. We had to read, in
ancient Greek, the report of a mercenary turned adventure
story teller Xenophon "the retreat to the sea". There
was a conflict between the MEDES (Iraqis) and the PERSIANS
(Iranians) Xenophon led about 20,000 Greek
Mercenaries fighting for the Medes again Cyrus - ruler of
Persia. Their armament was swords and javelins.
They lost and their communication with Greece was cut off so
he headed north across Asia Minor, "living off the land" to
a Greek town on the southern shore of the Black
Sea. Xenophon described the joy of the soldiers
as they saw the sea at last. "Thalassa" (the sea) they
cried. When after crossing Canada by car
in 1951 I saw the sea I immediately cried out "Thalassa"!
We all know of the battle of Marathon in Thrace as Cyrus the Persian was defeated in a narrow pass and a soldier ran to Athens to bring the news of an invading army. The magnificent exploit is celebrated the world over.
I became aware of Iran when Mossadegh was elected by the people of Iran as prime minister. At the time Herbert Morrison was Foreign Minister of UK in the labour government of Clement Attlee. Herbert Morrison was a very able Trades Union Leader but he was out of his depth. Iran took over the Anglo-Iranian Oil company (later BP) and claimed the oil was Iranian with no compensation for the take over. Although Attlee had stated there would be no force, the Conservative government of Winston Churchill took over. Churchill had two problems. When he was First Lord of the Admiralty in (I believe 1912) he arranged for the British government to buy the Anglo-Iranian oil company to guarantee oil supplies to fuel the naval fleet instead of coal. He was obviously interested when the Iranian government wanted to ignore UK who was the owner. Secondly he was always an advocate for the "British Empire". In 1945 for example he would not have given India its independence. This was, I believe a factor helping to turn him out of office in 1945. England, now led by Churchill, and helped by the US (probably the CIA) organized a coup which overthrew the government replacing the Shah with a person more pliable to oil interests. It has been a rocky road since. However a speech by the present Prime Minister Mr Rouhani in the UN in September 27th 2014 makes very good sense. He argues that the middle east has been destabilized by actions of the USA and allies who should apologize to the peoples concerned. On behalf of my British friends who supported Herbert Morrison or more particularly the Empire maniacal actions of Winston Churchill I apologize. I wish bureaucrats and ministers would do likewise.
My "recent" fascination with Iraq was fed by the early days of my visiting the middle east - and in particular Kuwait. I was invited to visit Kuwait about 1975 by the Deputy Director (a Syrian) of the Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research (KISR) and met the director Adnan Shihab-Eldin who was and is probably the best scientist south of the line between Beirut and Baghdad. While there I met Usameh Jamali, born in Lebanon but flown to Baghdad as a baby and who, while at Tufts University in the early 1970s had audited the seminar course on Economics of Energy taught by Dr AJ Meyer and myself. He introduced me to several ex-patriate Iraqis, who preferred not to live in Iraq under the domination of Saddam Hussein. In particular he explained the situation of his father (Fadhel Jamali) who was then a Professor at the University of Tunis. He also introduced me to his colleagues at OAPEC (organization for Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries) related to but NOT the same as OPEC (organization of Petroleum Exporting countries) which included non Arab countries such as Iran, and Nigeria.
I had already met Abdlatif Al-Hamad
when in 1975. AJ Meyer had invited him to talk to our
seminar. Abdullatif was the third
director of Arab Foundation for Social and Economic
Development which had been set up by the Arab League in
My involvements with other countries in the world
I therefore have made many friends in
Kuwait over the years. I noted that most of them could
have got jobs in any major US University but preferred to
stay and help bring their countries into the 20th
century. I admired them all, and still admire most of
them for their dedication. As described
below under Iraq, Iran, and Russia, this view was extended
into these countries also. I have not hesitated
to act when I believe that I have something to
contribute. But it is a matter of extraordinary
sadness that my efforts in the former USSR,
Iraq, Pakistan, Armenia and the Holy Land have not
been as helpful as I had hoped.
My hopes for peace between the USSR and
its post Gorbachev fragments, from my first meeting in
Russia and Ukraine led to reduced confrontation from 25,000
active bombs to 3,000 or so but confrontation still
exists. (100 is already too many) That
period, from 1965 on was utterly crazy and
mankind is lucky to have survived it.
(1) My visit to Kuwait showed me an important role
for Kuwait in the world but since 1991 the Kuwaitis
have not quite showed the leadership for which I had
(2) My role in Iraq did not prevent the 2nd Gulf war. The second Gulf war was a mistake and while admitting the mistake the USA has not fully admitted its cause and seems likely to repeat it.
(3) My friendship with Jewish refugees had led me to hope that a state of Israel would have the generosity, hope and sense of justice that Jews had been denied for 2 millenia. But I had hoped for too much as noted below. On the one hand I had hoped that the Jewish people having suffered persecution for over 2 millenia would not inflict suffering on others. Although Palestinians always recognized Jews as individuals, the were unwilling to recognize Israel as a zionist state with special privileges and Americans in particular interpreted this a a refusal to recognize Israel as a state. But in 2001 this changed. In particular Israel and the USA did not respond to the initiative of Prince, now King, Abdullah in an unprecedented unanimous vote of the Arab League. I argue that since then that Palestine has no "partner in peace".
(4) My visits to Indians and Pakistanis in the 1970s had led me to hope that they would find a peaceful solution to their differences. I was reliably informed that when President Ayub Khan of Pakistan first met with Prime Minister Indira Gandhi of India, a historic first, discussion of control of nuclear weapons was top of the agenda. Alas it led nowhere. Suspicion remains and has led Pakistan to react in Afghanistan in unfortunate ways.
(5) One Persian acquaintance at school (about 1938-1939) had encouraged me to a positive view of Iranian history, and Iran's role in US supplies to USSR in 1942-3 by the "back door" led me to hope that Iran would become a helpful country in the world. But I was never seriously involved.
(6) I have argued a number of meetings that if we are worried about the Taliban we should make common cause with Iran who for good reason hates the Taliban more that we do. It is a tragedy that the USA has not responded to this "obvious" suggestion, but insists on following George W Bush (Dubya) who defined Iran as being part of an "axis of evil". Maybe in the discussions about Iran's ability to separate uranium isotopes and the obvious desire to prevent them using this ability to make atomic bombs this could be quietly brought into the picture.
They are not all
(6) One of my big involvements was with ARSENIC as a
major health threat not only to the whole world but
particularly to Bangladesh. Fortunately, as noted
below this will continue as Professor Katta Reddy will take
over my role and expand it in whatever way he
chooses. I regard this as a success.
I argue that scientists MUST get involved in public policy and not stay in an ivory tower. They, especially physicists, think very fundamentally about problems and in public policy about world problems. I argue that any public policy "expert" who forgets this is almost by definition not an "expert". This is especially true of the Harvard University physics department. I was hired as an assistant professor at Harvard by Professor Kenneth Bainbridge (department chairman) and was encouraged to come by Professor Norman Ramsey. It should be remembered that Bainbridge was in charge of the Alamagordo test in July 1945 and Ramsey was director of the Atomic Energy Laboratory in Tinian to which were delivered pieces of metal which were assembled into devices which were loaded on the airplane and dropped on Hiroshima and then Nagasaki. The name of the airplane "Enola Gay" is better known publicly. The military ensures that its pilots were remembered and honored. Likewise we should remember Ramsey and his team. Both Bainbridge and Ramsey were eager that this never be repeated. Many discussions of these issues took place in the physics department. Strangely many supposed "policy experts" did not realize this experience which led to expertize.
This is particularly vital
in any discussion of events involving nuclear weapons, and
or lead to pandemics, which might destroy
civilization. Alas we are only just beginning to
face this. My own activities have led me to
write a number of letters to government and
newspapers. Here
is a selection.
It is particularly
important in the USA, the only country almost exclusively
run by lawyers. Almost all of Congress and now a
president are lawyers. There are only two physical scientists
in Congress and one (Rush Holt) is retiring at the end of
the year. Fortunately Bill Foster (with a PhD in physics
from Harvard) was reelected in spite of strong opposition.
Although it was obvious in 1945 that
a nuclear bomb could be used by a terrorist organization
(usually thought to be a state actor) I was not
directly involved until 1970 when I had become involved with
energy and environment issues, but I remain deeply concerned
that we do not learn from small actions.
In 1970 we did not talk about
terrorism. Locally in USA it was sabotage by a person
deciding to avenge himself on his employer. But
that has changed. It is now all too clear that
when there is a confrontation that has lasted 50 years or so
there is potential for international terrorism.
These confrontations include Ireland, particularly Northern
Ireland since 1970; Ceylon/Sri-Lanka where the Tamil
tribe has disagreed with the Sri-Lankan or Indian
government; the relics of the Ottoman empire where
Serbia and Bulgaria have disagreed; The relics of the
Austrian Hungarian empire where Serbians and Austrians have
been at odds; the Caucusus where Armenians and Azeris
have quarelled - with the Kurds acting as a third
(interested ) party complicating the question and of
of course the eastern Mediterranean (Israel/Palestine) where
there have been disputes for millenia. In
9/11/2001 the attack on the twin towers led Americans to
change their views. President Bush promised to "get
the guys who did this". But they had died in these
suicide attacks. In the next couple of years I gave a
dozen or so talks entitling them "Complications".
I have since accepted the arguments by Scott Atran
(add link to his 2010 book)that the danger is the
"sacred values" that persuade extremists to pursue actions
contrary to their economic interest. I also accept
Dick Garwin's important distinction between "ordinary"
weapons, ordinary explosives, knives, etc
that cannot be contained and weapons of mass destruction,
Nuclear nerve gases etc. (See the next paragraph)
In September 2014 we consider the
threat posed by the organization ISIS. The USA is
falling into a trap. It is trying to get international
support for military action against ISIS. But the trap
into which many people would have us fall, is to for the USA
to lead and coordinate these international activities.
But as a coordinator we would inevitably be
called anti-Islam. The USA MUST NOT let that happen
or the USA will inevitably become a target for extreme
Muslim terrorists (often called jihadists). This view
seems to be shared by the distinguished economist Jeffery
My hopes in 1945 for a generous and forgiving Israel.
A As
noted in my memoirs I was well aware of the oppression of
the Jewish people when I was a boy. When
our school was evaluated to Crowthorne, during the war,
and particularly between 1940-1943, I
met many Jewish refugees from Germany. The
holocaust was underway. My best friend
at the time, Klaus Roth, was a refugee from Breslau in East
Germany, now Wroclaw in Poland. At
school we read the merchant of Venice, and I had sympathy
with the money lender who made what is now called an absurd
loan (guaranteed by a pound of flesh) than the merchant who
came off scot free. I of course agree with the standard view
that Portia represented mercy. I
talked a lot with these refugees. My
memory is that only one out of about 30 had any desire to be
part of a Jewish state; the
others wanted to be accepted as British subjects equal to
all others. I was strongly socialist in my leanings
and supported the immediate postwar government of Clement
Attlee. Ernest Bevin, a former trade's union leader
and strong anti communist, became Foreign Minister.
To him fell the task of considering the aim of many Jews
to form a Jewish state. The League of
Nations mandate of Palestine came to an
end in 1948 and Bevin was urging that Britain was prepared
to hand over control to the people living there in a unitary
state. That seemed sensible to
But I had little doubt that Jews in that state would have
dominated their government more than
their proportion in the population would suggest.
I noted that Jews over the centuries were always keen on education. More so than gentiles.
Jews were not allowed to own land so they developed "portable" skills, which had become very important to everyone after the industrial revolution.
The Jewish people had suffered greatly during the centuries and, as a Unitarian, I did not believe in the collective guilt for their behavior toward Jesus of Nazareth and did not believe Jewish people would believe in the collective guilt of Palestinians
I believed that the Jewish people EVERYWHERE would not, and by their traditions could not wreak vengeance on the Palestinians for the anti-semitic behavior of others: Russians, Turks and of course Nazis. This seemed impossible to me.
A Alas,
over the years I have been proven wrong by
events. My first disillusionment was the murder
of the UN representative Count Bernadotte. This
is now admitted by Israel but I unequivocally reject their
justification and the leader of the murderous group, Shamir,
was twice elected prime minister of Israel.
Next came the hatred by so many Jews of Ernest Bevin. Bevin was a plain-spoken man but not anti-semitic - though he became anti-zionist. (Zionism is here defined as someone following the suggestions of Theodore Herzl including the last page).
When in 1947 President Truman was pressing Britain to accept all displaced persons to Palestine after the war Bevin told a labour party meeting that America would not admit Jews who applied to the USA because they did not want too many in New York - a statement that was almost certainly correct but infuriated many. This seems strange today but is noted in detail by the Iraqi foreign Minister Fadhel Jamali. Truman had commented that in the next election more Jews would vote for him than arabs. Such statements were (later) made to me by many US Jews including one who had walked in 1944-1945 from Latvia to a refugee camp in France and later joined the staff of the Harvard physics department. For this Bevin was blamed particularly by Zionists. But Britain depended on US economic support after the war and had to yield to US pressure. on Palestine policy.
The Attlee
government publicly declared in February 1947 that the
British Mandate in Palestine had become "unworkable".
Bevin duly negotiated the Portsmouth Treaty on 15th
January 1948 which according to the then Iraqi foreign
Fadhel Jamali was soon ignored by the Israeli
On December 4th 1948, A prominent group of American Jews intellectuals wrote to theNY Times warning the American people about the behavior of the Freedom Party started by Begin. (http://physics.harvard.edu/~wilson/HUMANRIGHTS/Einstein Letter Warning Of Zionist Facism In Israel.html). I was only 22 years old and still in the UK. But I found a copy of the article and read it.
I was very disappointed in 1969 that Israel did not accept UN resolution 242 This had given them 80% of the Historical land of Palestine from the sea to the Jordan river– much more than the 50% recommended by the UN in 1947. I sent to the Israeli leaders and to every Israeli leader since then that I saw 4 possibilities.
I note that the 1973 war began after
Egypt had asked UN troops to leave its territory.
The war was started by Israel. In
1973 the US ship LIBERTY was attacked and almost
sunk while in international waters. I
did not, in 1973 believe that the attack was deliberate - merely
that the Israel air force was trigger happy. But the
story of the LIBERTY released by the US some 25 years
later (link) shows otherwise. I was deeply
disappointed. in early 1970 Lebanon had allowed
Palestinian refugees to occupy two refugee camps - Sabra
and Shatila - in Beirut. In
1982 Begin
had ordered Israeli troops to surround the camp – an area
no larger than Harvard Yard, while phalangists (who
claimed to be Christian!) rampaged and slaughtered the
This is described in a small book (from
Beirut to Jerusalem by Chinese surgeon Dr Swee Chai Ang. (not to be confused
with Thomas Friedman's book of the same name) She
describes the tragedy of the Palestinians and reported
on it in Jerusalem. Begin was reprimanded
by the Israeli Knesset. Yet the world took little
notice. I had been in Beirut about 6
months earlier and walked through the Sabra camp and
realized it was no larger than Harvard yard. It had
been as crowded as Harvard yard on commencement! The
massacre took place during Rosh Hasannah and just before
Yom Kippur (the day of Atonement). As I told
everyone who would listen: "Both Jews and Christians
have a lot to atone for".
But in all of this there was no clear Palestinian acceptance of Israel. Technically, a hawkish Israeli leader could say "we have no partner in peace". But all this changed when in an unprecedented unanimous vote in the Arab League by on a motion by prince (now King Abdullah) of Saudi Arabia expressed a willingness to make peace. unanimous vote of the Arab League. Since then the world should respond: "the Palestinians have no partner in peace". The USA allows itself to ignore the arab resolution and thereby renders itself liable to terror attacks.
Boycotts are a procedure whereby a group can firmly force their opinion on an authority which is not listening . Again boycotts historically have been local and the extent to which they can and should be used in international situations is hotly debated. I have participated in one major Boycott - of USSR scientists when Orlov and Sharansky were sentenced - and asked to Boycott in others. But I have been misquoted. and that led to my discussing boycotts in some detail.
In many of the issues which arise throughout the world I (Richard Wilson) have been asked by one party or another, to sign petitions, support divestitures, participate in boycotts or otherwise join in actions of others. Whether I have signed, or declined to sign, I have often been misquoted. A more detailed discussion of boycotts etc. is therefore appropriate.
I note that for a boycott to be ethical and also to
(1) the person or organization boycotting must lose something as he/she boycotts. Boycotting USSR in the late 1970s and early 1980s worked. Soviet scientists spoke out in the Soviet Academy of Scientists.
(2) The person or organization being boycotted must have some influence on the his peers and persuade them that being boycotted is to be avoided.
(3) In general any boycott is imposed from outside, but interestingly the cries to boycott Israel come from inside. 10 years ago there were three Israeli academics ASKING TO BE BOYCOTTED. One, Avnery has written extensively about the problem and two others were found jobs outside Israel. In July 2014 there were 80 academics in Israeli Universities demanding that the Israeli government change its policy in a similar way to those demanding a boycott. http://physics.harvard.edu/wilson/Israeli_academics_July_2014.docx). This demands attention, although it has received little in the USA.
(4) We also note that the rectors of about 128 Turkish Universities and colleges have called (in August 2014)
for similar actions.
Right to Exist
This phrase is now being used in a
particular way. Again it can be used locally,
(do I have a right to exist?) or by groups and
nations. It might seem that my right to
exist is obvious yet even now it is contested by those
who ask for the death penalty for
murderers. But when it is extended to groups
and nations complications multiply.
When does a nation have
aright to exist? and under what conditions?
This has been disputed for millenia. Clearly the
rights and duties must be defined. Presumably
both France and Germany have a right to exist.
But what are their boundaries? After John
Churchill (Duke of Marlborough) won the battle of
Blenheim, France's ambitions to exercize
control over the area declined. This was
accelerated in 1870 when Germany in the Franco Prussian
war took over Alsace and Lorraine. This
changed again after world war I. Does France
have a "right to exist"?
We now tend to insist
that the right of a state to exist not only is dependent
on well defined boundaries, which rarely exist but
is very dependent on a detailed concern for Human
Rights of ALL persons living within these boundaries.
These rights are enshrined in many UN resolutions
formally agreed by all UN countries. But it
is evident that not one country in the world (no even the
Vatican) has a perfect record in this respect.
Both I and my wife call upon the USA to continually
examine our actions to see whether they correspond to the
world view on human rights. I note here two
reports by former US diplomats, Mr
Dean and Mr
Speirs about this.
Does the right to
exist imply a right to defend oneself?
Again this is simpler for an
individual than for a nation. Does an
individual have the right to exist? The death
penalty for individual miscreants was normal until the
last 50 years or so. But the right for a nation
brigs complications. My own experience can
illuminate this. I first heard a similar phrase by
Franz Goebbels, Adolf Hitler's propoganda minister
when I was in my teens. At school we would
parody this. One boy would approach another with
raised fists: "I am just defending myself" .
This happened several times in my memory WITH
MY FRIENDS. In retrospect I note that this
parody was largely by refugees from Nazi Germany - a
correlation whose significance was not immediately obvious
to me. Clearly this right to exist is limited, and if
misused it leads to extremists taking over.
Distinguishing terror actions with
small and large consequences
Now imagine a battle with 300 nuclear
bombs on each side, each with the address of a major town.
At the end of the battle 3 bombs were remaining, did the
owner of the three "win"? No. He lost heavily. So
did everyone including non-participants. Civilization as
we know it would come to an end. This was stated to a
group of us, in his office by Marshal Yazov of the USSR on
May 29th 1981 about 10 am. This group, led by the Deputy
Speaker of the UK House of Lords, Baroness Cox
(Caroline) had been to a meeting about Chernobyl, and had
just returned from facing down Azeri militia on the
border. "Chernobyl taught those of us who did
not know that a nuclear war could not be won. If a device
not intended to explode (Chernobyl Reactor) caused that
much mess a nuclear war would destroy the
planet". I have heard no pentagon
leader, civilian or military make such a clear
statement. We wish that every military
man would state the problem as clearly as Marshal Yazov
and think every day about its logical consequences.
It follows that the first side to
reduce the (undesirable) number of nuclear bombs wins and
saves money. It is generally agreed that having
weapons plutonium for tens of thousands of weapons is
excessive. But it is not yet agreed that reducing to
100 or so is a clear financial advantage for the
"side" that does the eduction whether or not is is
balanced by the other side. THIS
The false hope
of an ABM system
The idea came up in the 1960s that it
was possible to build an Anti-Ballistic Missile system to
prevent a nuclear attack. There is general (alas not
unanimous) scientific agreement that this will not work. I
note that other scientists more distinguished than I
(Bethe, Garwin, Panofsky) have been arguing that an ABM
system will not work for over 40
years. All three gave such
testimony in the US Congress in the late 1960s The
world set up an Anti-Ballistic Missile treaty in 1972 to
stop this escalation of the arms race.
The ABM treaty was abrogated in the 2002 by the USA. (Pief) Panofsky (my wife's brother-in-law) continued to raise the issue and his important oped piece in the San Francisco, "Missiles No Defense" was published two days after he died. (http://physics.harvard.edu~wilson/Missiles_no_defense.doc) The losers are the American people who were persuaded that there is a technical solution to a political problem that demands the best diplomacy we can imagine.
I have written and talked about this several times at the Erice meetings of the World Federation of Scientists. (Bush-Putin_disagreement) Some of these talks are listed in my publications (http://users.physics.harvard.edu/%7Ewilson/published_papers.html/). I repeat that other scientists more distinguished than I (Bethe, Garwin, Panofsky) have been arguing that an ABM system will not work for over 40 years. I was a strong supporter of the Eisenhower "Atoms for Peace" initiative, and its partial implementation in the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, but left details up to the scientists named above (Bethe, Garwin, Panofsky) and others such as Professor Bernard Feld of MIT who went to the Pugwash meetings, I felt after 1975 or so that there was a major gap which I could help to fill. Discussions on nuclear weapons took place between those states which had them. USA, USSR, China, France UK. I was more interested in those countries which did not have them but had the capability to make them in a short time but had declined to do so. Can we encourage them not to make them and lead the world by example? I started to visit India, China and then Middle Eastern countries. I found to my sorrow that many leaders in Pakistan or Arab countries did not even understand the questions and issues. The urgency, magnitude and difficulty of my self imposed, task increased after President George W Bush (Dubya) abrogated the ABM treaty.
I strongly argued these
positions in the seminars on prevention of Nuclear War in
Erice in the 1980s with Dr Evgeny Velikhov (science
advisor to Secretary Gorbachev) and argued strongly
with Dr Edward Teller who took a different position.
I was not very active in nuclear electric power till about 1970 since then I have spent a great deal of time explaining it to the public and discussing it. I summarize the recent work on a special webpage nuclear_power_support.html
Russian radiation issues
Just as at Harvard where Professors Kenneth Bainbridge and Norman Ramsey encouraged, almost insisted, that young physicists understand effects of radiation on health I wanted to understand the studies on effects of radiation and radioactivity releases in Russia. For these and other reasons I was asked (by the Chairman of the Supreme Soviet of Belarus) to help found the International Sakharov College of Radioecology, in Minsk, Belarus and be the Chairman of its' International Advisory Committee (which position he held until 2001). This has now become the (International Sakharov Environmental University) on the tenth anniversary of the opening (in May 2002) of this university, Dr. Frantisek Janouch, from the Czech Republic and Sweden, gave an admonition to students (in Russian and in English) to think carefully whether they deserved to use the Sakharov name. At the ninth anniversary (Sakharov's 80th birthday), I told the students my memories about Sakharov. I believe in putting my actions where my mouth is and followed closely the Russian and Ukrainian radiation accidents at Chernobyl in the Ukraine, and the accidents at the Techa River and the Mayak production complex in the Ural Mountains. This interest also led me to become editor of the English Translation of the Russian Journal Risk which is published by the Russian Medical Research Laboratory in Obninsk and is mainly about effects of Chernobyl. In 1987 I visited Chernobyl with a Chicago TV crew and the resulting film (Back to Chernobyl) was on public television in late 1988. I was among the first in the USA to emphasize the importance of the Russian radiation accidents in the 1950 - 60 period. In that period, for example, 2 million Curies of radioactive material were dumped into the upper reaches of the Techa River. The effects have been studied for 40 years by a dedicated group of physicians and scientists in the Urals Center for Radiation Medicine (URCRM) in Chelyabinsk. See also public comment on EPA proposals to regulate DOE facilities, and tighten standards for uranium in drinking water. Starting in the late 1990s I was the spokesman for a group "Scientists for Secure Waste Storage" (SSWF) which supported the Skull Valley Band of Goshute Indians who would like to store nuclear waste (temporarily) on their reservation. Although after 7 years the Nuclear Regulatory Commission was ready to grant a license, the politicians in Utah, both the Governor and the Senators, have vowed to oppose it. They persuaded the US Bureau of Land Management to deny use of land to transfer casks from rail to road and to deny the right to make a long term agreement. SSWF sent in a brief supporting the Goshutes, and the Bureau of Indian Affairs to deny the right to make a long term agreement. The activity is in limbo for the last 10 years and it is unclear whether anyone can resurrect it. More detail on some radiation issues is available in a separate page on this site.
(and by extension other accidents)
Those who favor new energy
technologies argue that even if they are too
expensive now, there will be a "learning curve" and they
will become cheaper. Yet these same people object when I
ask for a real study of the "forgetting curve" displayed
by commercial nuclear power plant implementation. Nuclear
power was cheap - cheaper than coal - in 1971. This
statement is based upon actual bills by the reactor
operator to the distributor of electricity - the busbar
cost. WHY IS IT NOW SO MUCH MORE EXPENSIVE? (Both capital
cost and operating cost) The cost cannot be due to safety
improvements. The main safety improvement is careful
analysis according to Rasmussen's procedure in his
landmark report in 1975 (Reactor Safety Study), and
analysis is cheap. A large part is intransigent opposition
by a segment of the population which has persuaded the
politicians at every stage. Why do we
let these intransigent members of the population control
the discussion? It is vital to realize the
distinction between prompt deaths (Acute Radiation
Sickness occurring within days) and delayed effects such
as cancer. Prompt evacuation is only necessary to
ensure that no one gets acute radiation
sickness. Even the most exposed worker at
Fukushima had an exposure and hence dose well below that
giving Acute Radiation Sickness so there would have been
time for a careful analysis of the situation. I
argue that at Fukushima evacuation
was unnecessary and undesirable.
The calculated figures for future radiation cancers will
never be fully verified by experiment yet there are
definite deaths from unnecessary evacuation.
More important, when something untoward happens, the risk and benefits of any risk/benefit decision immediately change, and should be analyzed (preferably in a procedure discussed and maybe mandated in advance). The increase in dirty coal use with its concomitant air pollution in Tokyo and other cities also dramatically altered the risk equation. If that had been immediately taken into account, no evacuation wold have taken place at the Fukushima-daichi nuclear power plant area The Japanese earthquake and Tsunami has led to other tests of nuclear ideas. Why do we worry about disposal of radioactive materials which last only thousands of years yet mercury and arsenic last forever? Why is a secure land fill for ordinary waste one which is guaranteed for 30 years whereas one for nuclear waste must last 1,000,000 years? In the USA radiation standards for clean-up of radioactive material are far tighter than necessary and that has led to unconscionable delay in clean-up of weapons sites such as the Hanford reservation.
Both I and my wife Andree
Desiree Wilson have been concerned about the
disadvantaged in the world all our lives. We were both
happy (independently because we had not then met) that in
1945 America was known throughout the world for its
optimism, its enthusiasm, its generosity even to the
defeated countries (the Marshall Plan) and its
responsibility to those who defended her (the GI Bill). By
2011 these have disappeared and as we contemplate the
terrible events on 9/11 and
again on 11/11/11 we remembered these important American
ideals that these veterans fought to defend. When
opportunity arises, which it does all too often, we engage
in various Human
Rights activities. A short summary of my
human rights activities since the 1960s is available here.
Richard Wilson is serves on the Board of Directors of
the Andrei
Sakharov Foundation which endeavors to
continue the work of Andrei Dmitreyvich Sakharov in Human
Rights and Human progress. It is now 47 years since
Sakharov's famous article on "Progress, Peaceful
Coexistence and Intellectual Freedom". A major
conference to discuss this and
implications for the future was held on 24th and 25th
October 2008 hosted by Harvard University and the American
Academy for Arts and Sciences . A copy of this is
also available here with some auxiliary papers.
I am trying to put back on this
website a collected summary of some papers and
reports with separate folders on many countries
including Palestine. This is running into
problems. I believe, however, that the following
link leads to the HUMAN
RIGHTS list (which is huge) and in particular the
PALESTINE list which is topical.
important Human Rights figure Andrei
Dmitreyvich Sakharov
Early one Saturday morning in 1978
Andree and I went to see Andrei in the apartment in
Moscow. we spend 2-3 hours and arranged to leave
Russia immediately before anyone read the recordings of
our discussions. At that meeting
he asked me about the situation in the Sudan.
Fortunately I had just talked to Abdullatif
Al-Hamad, director of the Arab Fund, who had
described the misuse of the money from the Arab
Fund. "Almost all the money we provided went
in to the pockets of the Army Officers". That
reminded Andrei of the problems in 1928 when collective
farming was forced on the "kulaks" in the Ukraine and they
were prevented from fleeing the country. I had read
about "the liquidation of the kulaks" as a boy in the UK
in the late 1930s but had forgotten. But Andree rarely
forgot an injustice. I simply formulate this view
with the maxim: "Never forget:
but Always Forgive" Alas too many people do
the opposite! The continual emphasis in the press on
"closure" after a death indeed suggests the
opposite. At our meetings was his second wife Elena
who helped him establish himself as a foremost
critic of the "system". I next saw him when I
returned from my first visit to Chernobyl after the
disaster there, and reported on the details.
I was particularly honored when after his death Andrei's widow, Elena Bonner, valiantly fought to preserve the memory of Andrei and asked me to join the Andrei Sakharov foundation because Andrei had trusted me. Here is a personal tribute to Yelena Georgovna Bonner. Elena arranged a conference to remember Andrei on his 70h birthday in 1991. After this I joined a fact finding group, led by Baroness Cox, President of Christian Solidarity worldwide, that visited the Armenian-Azerbaijan border in May 1991 and reported thereon to the first Sakharov conference on physics two days later. I attended, (and talked at) a conference on self-determination of peoples in Moscow on June 27th to July 1st 1999. I helped Dr. Stanislaw Suskevich, then Chairman of the Supreme Soviet of Belarus, and de facto head of state, set up the Sakharov College of Radioecology in 1991. I was the first Chairman of the International Advisory Committee. This is now the International Sakharov Environmental University (ISEU). I am especially proud to be the recipient of the Andrei Sakharov prize of the American Physical Society in 2012. After meeting Andrei Sakharov in 1979 I actively worked for the principles he espoused and on his death I have worked for his memory and remembrance of his principles. I spoke about my meetings with Sakharov in acknowledgement of the prize. The detail about these world problems is on another page.
Monday, April 15th, Patriots Day, saw terrorism in Boston. As we mourn for those killed and wounded, and prepare for worse, we must contemplate how lucky we are in the USA. Tragedies such as this happen every day in Iraq and Syria is far worse. Let us redouble our efforts to make the whole world safe. We must also contemplate that these bombs had an explosive power of a few pounds of TNT; 5 billion times less that Andrei Sakharov's 1964 Nuovo Zembla test. (the TSAR BOMBA). I am deeply disturbed that Americans are careless about words and thereby misinform the public. 10 pounds of TNT is NOT a weapon of mass destruction. Nor even are the chemical weapons used in WWI. The real weapons of mass destruction are, as noted above nuclear weapons and biological weapons. To misuse the word encourages a dangerous complacency.
All people are very concerned when
one human being kills another, and more so when it is a
terrorist attack. Yet, we must all be aware that the same
week saw an explosion at a fertilizer plant in West Texas
which killed more people and did more damage than the
Marathon bombers. While we must await full
information, I note that in addition to anhydrous
ammonia, which is not in itself explosive, there was
500,000 pounds (250 tons) of ammonium nitrate which was
not properly rendered non explosive by the addition of
urea. Alas, urea also makes the uranium nitrate stink and
farmers object.
Press reports say this was true of over 44 Texas communities. Apparently farmers object to the foul smelling addition. Although it would not have helped in a coordinated terror attack (because the urea can be removed easily) it would have made the plant safe for accidents.
My wife Andree and I are also shattered by the collapse of the top 4 floors of a 7 story building in Savar, a suburb 25 km NW of Dhaka, Bangladesh. Andree and I drove through Savar 2 years ago. According to a reliable report from Dhaka Community Hospital (DCH) the building was approved at 3 stories high and the top floors with the garment factories were illegal. This accident killed over 1000 people mostly women garment workers. It is tragic that although women have gained a degree of independence by finding a job in the city rather than stay in the country with no control over their lives, they are being exploited in the cities. We should worry about earthquakes which would bring many buildings down with a tragedy greater than that in Haiti 2 years ago. That would be terrible but the stupidity of the building owner in ignoring developing cracks makes a bad situation worse. The USA had a tragedy like in Savar in the garment district in the USA a century ago. A major part of the solution was a garment workers union. Bangladesh needs one.
The question also arises "How do we
in the western world help the developing countries?"
"Refuse to buy garments from them and reducing the
national income of Bangladesh by 30%?" "Send money to a
corrupt government to distribute?" Our personal solution
is to bypass the government and send money to the Dhaka
Community Hospital Trust (DCH), a charity hospital which
offers a minimum of health care for everyone. The DCH
staff were fully occupied after the SAVAR accident in
helping in the situation. DCH is also a major group that
has been concerned with the nation's arsenic pollution
As noted above we have been helping
through the 501(c)3 charity the Arsenic Foundation
Inc. While this is for helping on the arsenic
problem, sending funds to Bangladesh releases funds for
general help to the poor. Any donations will be forwarded
without any overhead. But as
noted earlier I have felt unable to continue my work for
the foundation and have resigned from the
Presidency. Fortunately these functions have been
taken over by Professor Katta Reddy, (email
firstname.lastname@example.com) Distinguished University Professor at the
University of Wyoming.
Another financial fact raises another paradox. Although more people were killed in Sandy Hook CT by the rampage of a young man who took his mother's guns, than in the Boston Marathon bombings, the funds for helping the victims are in the other order ($32 million for the marathon bombing survivors vs. $3 million for the Sandy hook victims. A part of that is a result of the fact that compensation for a disabled person can far exceed compensation to the family of a dead one. This simple statement should be pondered by everyone. Is this what society wants?
Over the years I have testified at
a number of public federal
and state hearings on various issues
from nuclear power to risk analysis. But the President of
the National Academy of Science (Dr. Fred Seitz at that
time) persuaded me to become a member of the Scientific
Advisory Board of the Atlantic Legal
Foundation (ALF), a public interest
foundation which specializes in contesting "junk" science
in the courts. I disagreed with Fred on a number of issues
but he, like Sakharov also believed that disagreements
needed more discussion than agreements. I started a
special "sound
science" page.
ALF has submitted three briefs of "amicus curiae" to the
US Supreme Court (DAUBERT, JOINER and KUMHO decided
by the Supreme Court in 1993 (Daubert),
and on March 23rd 1999 (Kumho)
and several "amicus curiae" briefs (ASHLAND , CANAVAN and JENNINGS )
to state courts on behalf of a number of distinguished
scientists on the admissibility of scientific evidence. In
these I was one of the "amici" and helped write the
In particular I have emphasized that the data that suggest that low frequency and low intensity magnetic fields cause cancer are unconvincing, and that many such claims fall into this category of junk science. In this I criticized a 1998 draft report of a committee of the National Academy of Sciences which fortunately never got beyond draft form. The Atlantic Legal Foundation also criticized this draft report on legal grounds. The Atlantic Legal Foundation submitted a brief of "amicus curiae" (COVALT) to the Supreme Court of California and to two district courts on the issue of whether the court should take seriously claims that electromagnetic fields cause cancer. The courts decided that they should NOT take the claims seriously. I joined two Physics Nobel Laureates in submitting a brief of amicus curiae to a Hawaii court supporting the start-up of the Large Hadron Collider in CERN, Geneva, and opposing a proposed injunction to prevent operation. The court threw out the case claiming lack of legal jurisdiction. Yet in the court of common sense a claim that the whole world will vanish into a black hole inherently involves everyone! On behalf of the Atlantic Legal Foundation, I started a web page: sound-science.net (also addressable from this page) to outline these matters. I also wrote a paper in Technology and Society to explain these issues.
For this work I was recognized by
ALF with a "Lifetime Achievement" award presented in
Washington DC in March 2013.
After thesecond wolrd war many American Scientsis formed the Federation of American Scientists to bring the details of the risks of nuclear war to government and public attention.Although I was not a part of this till 1955 when I settled in the USA I followed it with interest and became later more active.
I have often participated in
meetings of the Ettore Majorana Institute of Scientific
Culture in Erice and activities of the World
Federation of Scientists (based in
Geneva, Switzerland). These were set up and
run by a brilliant, but often controversial
figure, Professor Antonino (Nino)
Zichichi with whom I corresponded about physics in the
1970s when CERN began to function and whim I met
personally a few years later.. I attended
several of the seminars he organized on nuclear physics in
the 1970s and ran, with Professor Fernando Amman an
International School on Energetics in late 1970s and
1980. More important, I was privileged to be
invited to the Seminars on Prevention of Nuclear War in
1982 and 1983. These were very important and as described
elsewhere influenced Professor Evgeny Velikhov
(Gorbachev's Science Advisor) of the USSR. On page
445 of my autobiography is a photograph, taken in Erice,
of my failure to persuade Evgeny the meeting should have a
resolution opposing secrecy (a task requested specifically
by Edward Teller). As the "cold war" ended
Nino set up Seminars on Planetary Emergencies to
continue or replace this highly successful activity.
I was (2001-2005) Chairman of the Permanent Energy
Monitoring Panel which meets at Erice, Sicily (August
2003, August 2004, August 2005) and am still (2014) a
member thereof. The informal webpage,
started in 2003, is now organized by other excellent
I attach here introductory comments at a session on
non-proliferation in summer 2006. I am also a
member of the Permanent Monitoring Panel
on Terrorism. I started a page of information on Mitigation of Terrorist
For all of this work I was awarded the 2005
"Erice" prize for Science and Peace.
I plan to
continue this website as long as I am capable,
and end this in the same vein as I concluded my
autobiography, (page 515). I continue to
urge my scientist colleagues to stand up and be
counted and address the problems of mankind in ways
that so many politicians and political scientists
are too shortsighted to contemplate.
"How do I know my youth
is all spent,
My get-up-and-go, has got up and went.
But in spite of it all I face life with a grin,
And think of the places my get-up has been."


text:
League of Legends
There are 379 cosplay photos tagged with "Ashe (アーシェ)" of League of Legends. Photos that tagged with it's series are also submitted with tag Ahri (2718), Katarina (1565), Annie (1319), Jinx (1016), Caitlyn (977).
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subset: commoncrawl


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This week is pretty stacked with some great shows. One of the best we've had in Dallas in a while. Lionel Richie does the whole casino in Oklahoma thing, the English Beat plays Trees, as does Run the Jewels and Ratking. Death from Above 1979 is set to play a surely rambunctious show at the Granada. ... More >>
Well people, this is not a drill. We are in a full-fledged government shutdown, for the first time in 17 years. Have you noticed how people keep saying that like 17 years is a really long time? Seventeen-year-old people were born in 1996. Think about that, lamestream media. We were doing the Macaren ... More >>
Every community has its movers and shakers. Some are more outwardly apparent and get the social accolades, while some go unmarked by much of the community that they impact. Musician, college professor, sound engineer, poet and Denton resident Chris Hughes is of the latter category -- motivated by ma ... More >>
If you're excited about These Machines Are Winning, Dylan Silvers' latest project, you're in for plenty of background. We got the rundown on their musical beginnings, their first shows, and what to expect in the near future, and you can expect more in next week's print edition. As a preview of their ... More >>
St. Vincent and David Byrne McFarlin Auditorium Sunday, October 7 Musical collaborations among established artists usually don't work. Sometimes there's too much baggage of past success to overcome, or the resulting product is just a novelty that didn't bring out the best of the artists involved or ... More >>
Gabriel Mendoza, aka DJ Gabe, has been spinning (literally, he uses turntables) since 2004. His DJ career took off when his friend, Patricia Rodriguez, pitched him on doing a psych/mod night. Gabe's response was, "Hells yes." He now spins all over town, and folks looking to unwind to some funky t ... More >>
Annie Clark (St. Vincent) and David Bryne (Talking Heads) will premiere their collaborative effort, Love This Giant, on September 11, via 4AD. The album comes after the duo began recording and writing together in 2010, and the live show will apparently feature eight brass players, a keyboardist and ... More >>
Coldplay AMD Stage -- Austin City LimitsSeptember 16, 2011 Better than: waiting for Coldplay to release a Greatest Hits album. ColdplayIt would be a pretty hipster thing to say that the Coldplay show at Austin City Limits Music Festival on Friday was cheesy and overly sincere. But you won't actu ... More >>
Welcome to Local Music'Mericans, where we meet the people in the local music scene that you don't see on stages.Frank CampagnaFrank Campagna's first mural, painted at age 16, was a 9-foot-by-12-foot rendering of a clown wearing a police uniform, sporting a badge that said "pig," and all in front of ... More >>
Wednesday, June 9, at Palladium Ballroom
Erik Wofford and John Congleton on the art of production
With or without Fleetwood Mac, Lindsey Buckingham goes his own way
C.J. Davis celebrates his birthday with one band for every decade
Todd Gautreau hops from a Pink Moon to land on Crushed Stars
The men of Nada Surf are finally OK with being popular
Love, sex, obsession, pain-- it's all in a day's work for Trent Reznor
The most exhaustive--and exhausting--Depeche Mode collection ever
Producer of geniuses Daniel Lanois whips out his pedal-steel and goes it alone on Shine
Single sisters shouldn't settle?
At SXSW, it's all about the buzz, not the Buzz Band
Familiar to Millions (Epic Records) / All That You Can't Leave Behind (Interscope)
Kid A (Capitol Records)
When Babies Eat Pennies is a shock to the system, whether you like it or not
Beating the drum for German electronica
A heartbroken politician sets about Waking the Dead
Don't call it space-rock, even if the Falcon Project's new record is set in...outer space
The glam-rock saga Velvet Goldmine has substance to back up its style
Local music exec's departure is a sign of better things than you might at first think
Canadian chanteuse Jane Siberry abandons a major label to continue her own musical voyage
Mazinga Phaser's neon glories
Surprise! It's Syd Straw.


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All posts tagged "LGBT"
Pride takes strides toward equality
"Being gay is the only identity where people will hate you, your family might hate you, and God could hate you." Words Brian Buford, the director of the LGBT Center heard when he first came out as a...
- Posted September 28, 2014
What a drag (show)!
By Simon Isham– The most sickening spectacle on campus returns for its 17th year. And in this case — and only in this case — "sickening" is a good thing! Turn with me in your drag dictionaries to "S."...
- Posted March 23, 2014
Olympic athletes speak out against Russia's anti-LGBTQ laws
By Val Servino– In late June, Russian President Vladimir Putin signed a bill into action that altered the freedom of queer individuals in the country. Formally known as Article 6.21 of the Code of the Russian Federation...
- Posted November 6, 2013
Nature vs. nurture is the wrong way to frame the gay rights debate
By Adam Dahmer– While feedback from last month's column on the abolition of marriage has been varied, one recurrent theme among both opponents and supporters of marital equality between heterosexual and homosexual couples, is the question as...
- Posted September 30, 2013
2012-2013 recap: Best of the best
By Joey Yazell– The 2012-2013 year has been filled with events and activities of all sorts with something for everyone. With the work of the Student Activities Board and sports programs, U of L had moments and...
- Posted May 1, 2013
'The Orientation' Issue:' Poised to be the case of the summer, the Defense of Marriage Act meets the 'court of last resort'
By Simon Isham– Name: Sonia Sotomayor Age: 58 Track record: Attempted to avoid the question of same-sex marriage in her 2009 Supreme Court nomination hearing. Remarks: "If the issue is letting the states experiment and letting the...
- Posted April 30, 2013
U of L students talk about marriage equality
"It's not a political issue, is it? It's a humanitarian issue. There's no apparent reason why anyone shouldn't be able to marry who they want to." "I think everybody should be able to marry who they...
- Posted April 3, 2013
Rustin community maintains momentum
By Val Servino– Senior Molly Eames is the delightfully exuberant Resident Assistant in the Rustin Community, on University Tower Apartments' eighth floor. "They're in top five best things that happened to me, along with bacon," she jokes...
- Posted April 3, 2013
In the news: What you missed while you were in class
By Simon Isham and Maggie Cunningham– Supreme Court hears same-sex marriage case Edie Windsor married Thea Spyer in Canada after a 40-year romantic partnership. After Spyer's death in 2009, Windsor was faced with $363,000 in federal estate...
- Posted April 2, 2013
Painting the Town PINK
By Simon Isham– The Multipurpose Room in the SAC is no stranger to fierce and fabulous. As host to PINK, the university's annual drag variety show, the venue lives a double life. By day, it is a...
- Posted March 27, 2013


text: 'Lawless' Blu-ray Review: Don't Let LaBeouf Hate Keep You from Bloody Moonshine Saga Print article Send a Tip by Christian Toto 4 Dec 2012 post a comment Hating Shia LaBeouf seems to be a spectator sport these days, but it's not entirely fair to the busy young actor. LaBeouf doesn't necessarily elevate "Lawless," an aggressive new gangster film now out on Blu-ray and DVD. The "Transformers" star simply finds another role tailored to his youthful demeanor, one flecked by darker, more intriguing impulses. LaBeouf's character is the youngest of three moonshine moving brothers, a tale based on a real-life trio of Virginia outlaws. LaBeouf plays Jack, the wimpiest member of the three Bondurant bunch. Older brothers Forrest (Tom Hardy) and Howard (Jason Clarke) handle the messier side of the business while Jack keeps clear of the melee. The money flows as smoothly as the booze until a Chicago copper (Guy Pearce) arrives in town to wipe out every moonshine peddler in the region. Now, Jack must push past his cowardly nature to ensure the Bondurant clan survives its gravest threat to date. "Lawless," adapted from the book "The Wettest County in the World" based on author Matt Bondurant's family tree, nails the Prohibition America's moral knuckle curves. Everyone exists here beneath a thin layer of dust, the period details exhaustive and true. Poor Clarke should sue the production for a near total lack of support, but between Hardy's grunting antihero and LaBeouf's sweet story arc there's barely elbow room for sibling no. 3. Watching a near mute Hardy get seduced by the film's ambiguous beauty (Jessica Chastain) is worth a certain investment of time and resources. Pearce is a hoot, proving once more he's getting more interesting with every atypical film assignment, and a smarter film would give co-star Gary Oldman far more lines. Still, "Lawless" erupts with ferociously conceived violence to distract us from the thinness of the end game. The Blu-ray extras include "Lawless: The True Story of the Wettest County in the World," a feature letting the cast as well as author Matt Bondurant recall the actual headlines which partially inspired the project. "Suddenly there was more demand for the liquor they were producing," Bondurant says. "This area became the new gold rush." "Franklin County, Va. Then and Now" lets historians dig deeper into the moonshine period, detailing how the alcohol production meshed tradition with tried and true farming principles. Moonshine sales also helped the south bounce back from the lingering economic effects of the Civil War. Other extras include commentary track featuring director John Hillcoat and Matt Bondurant, deleted scenes and a music video featuring modern day "outlaw" Willie Nelson singing "Midnight Run."


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Have you been waiting anxiously to get your new yearly memberships.
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5 - Fun, friendly atmosphere
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1 - Good value for your money
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Wind: NW, 5.6 km/h
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Wapiti Nordic Ski Club © 2012


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Moved in
More posts about: -Uncategorized // Add Comment »
Well, finished moving in last night, and I say – my place is
comfortable! It's a small one-bedroom place with a kitchen. My mom
definitely had a lot of fun helping me furnish the place. We have
everything we need and a few things we want, like my beanbag – such
luxury! ;) No opposite-sex visitors inside the rooms, but there's a nice garden right nearby.
A short walk away from school – quite convenient. Yay!


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Hernia repair is surgery to correct a hernia. A
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East Lyme Little League: Summer League
Summer League 2012
The summer league 2012 is now in full swing. I can/will post any usefull information about the league on this page. This includes the master pitch count sheets for both the 9/10 and 11/12 leagues. I will do my best to update them as I receive the information. The home team is responsible to send me at firstname.lastname@example.com the scores and the pitch count totals.
Saturday, July 21
9_10 Summer League
Saturday, July 21
11_12 Summer League