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Żydokomuna (Polish pronunciation: [ʐɨdɔkɔˈmuna], "Judeo-Communism"[1][2]) is a pejorative[3] antisemitic stereotype which came into use in the interwar period, blaming Jews for the introduction of Communism in Poland,[4] where communism was identified as part of a wider Jewish-led conspiracy to seize power (Kopstein).[5]
The idea of Żydokomuna continued to endure to a certain extent in postwar Poland (1944–1956),[6] because Polish anti-communists saw the Soviet-controlled Communist regime as the fruition of prewar anti-Polish agitation; with it came the implication of Jewish responsibility. The Soviet appointments of Jews to positions responsible for oppressing the populace further fueled this perception.[7][8] Some 37,1% of post-war management of UB employees and members of the communist authorities in Poland were of Jewish origin. They were described in intelligence reports as most loyal to the Soviets (Szwagrzyk).[6] That some Polish historians have impugned the loyalty of Jews returning to Poland from the USSR after the Soviet takeover has raised the specter of Żydokomuna in the minds of other scholars.[9]
Żydokomuna survives in the post-Soviet era primarily in rhetoric on the political fringe.
The concept of a Jewish conspiracy threatening Polish social order dates in print to the pamphlet Rok 3333 czyli sen niesłychany (The Year 3333, or the Incredible Dream) by Polish Enlightenment author and political activist Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz, written in 1817 and published posthumously in 1858. Called "the first Polish work to develop on a large scale the concept of an organized Jewish conspiracy directly threatening the existing social structure,"[10][11][12] it describes a Warsaw of the future renamed Moszkopolis after its Jewish ruler.[12] (See "Judeopolonia" article for more.)
At the end of the 19th century, Roman Dmowski's National Democratic party characterized Poland's Jews and other opponents of Dmowski's party as internal enemies who were behind international conspiracies inimical to Poland and who were agents of disorder, disruption and socialism.[13][14] Historian Antony Polonsky writes that before World War I "The National Democrats brought to Poland a new and dangerous ideological fanaticism, dividing society into 'friends' and 'enemies' and resorting constantly to conspiratorial theories ("Jewish-Masonic plot"; "Żydokomuna"—"Jew-communism") to explain Poland's difficulties."[15] Meanwhile, Jews played into National Democratic rhetoric by affirming themselves as alien through their participation in exclusively Jewish organizations such as the Bund and the Zionist movement.[13]
The term Żydokomuna originated in connection with the Russian Bolshevik Revolution and became a prominent antisemitic stereotype[16] expressing political paranoia[12] and targeting Jewish communists during the Polish-Soviet War. The Russian revolution and emerging Soviet regime was seen by many Poles as Russian imperialism in a new guise.[12] The visibility of Jews in both the Soviet leadership and in the Polish Communist Party further heightened such fears.[12] According to Jaff Schatz, the strength of the Żydokomuna belief stemmed from age-old Polish fears of Russia and from anti-communist and antisemitic attitudes. Schatz writes that "because anti-Semitism was one of the main forces that drew Jews to the Communist movement, Żydokomuna meant turning the effects of anti-Semitism into a cause of its further increase."[17][18] Żydokomuna boosted antisemitism by amplifying ideas about an alleged "Jewish world conspiracy."[2] According to this thinking, Bolshevism and communism became "the modern means to the long-attempted Jewish political conquest of Poland; the Żydokomuna conspirators would finally succeed in establishing a 'Judeo-Polonia.'"[19]
Accusations of Żydokomuna accompanied the incidents of anti-Jewish violence in Poland during Polish–Soviet War of 1920, legitimized as self-defense against a people who were oppressors of the Polish nation. Some soldiers and officers in the Polish eastern territories shared the conviction that Jews were enemies of the Polish nation-state and were collaborators with Poland's enemies. Some of these troops treated all Jews as Bolsheviks. This Żydokomuna paranoia led to violence and killings of Jews in a number of towns, including the Pinsk massacre, in which 35 Jews, taken as hostages, were murdered, and the Lwów pogrom during the Polish-Ukrainian War in which 72 Jews were killed. Occasional instances of Jewish support for Bolshevism during the Polish-Soviet War served to heighten the stereotype.[20][21]
The concept of Żydokomuna was exploited in propaganda by Poland's interwar National Democrats.[22] Publications of the Catholic Church in Poland also commonly expressed anti-Jewish views.[23][24][25] Though Jews were well represented in the Polish Communist Party, Jewish communists were a minuscule political and social group with little actual influence in the Polish-Jewish community or Poland as a whole.[24][26]
During World War II, the term Żydokomuna was made to resemble the Jewish-Bolshevism rhetoric of Nazi Germany, wartime Romania[27] and other war-torn countries of Central and Eastern Europe.[28] A number of historians, such as Jan T. Gross and Andre Gerrits, maintain that there was a strong tradition of anti-Semitism which provided a base for Żydokomuna to feed upon.[2][10][11][12][29]
The National Democrats (Endeks) emerged from the 1930 Polish elections to Sejm as the main opposition party to the Piłsudski government. Piłsudski had a liberal attitude towards minorities, and was respected by much of the Polish Jewish minority.[30] In the midst of the Great Depression and in a climate of widespread nationalist and antisemitic sentiment, the Endeks launched an anti-Jewish campaign aimed at exploiting dissatisfaction with the government at a time of economic crisis. The anti-Jewish agitation included calls for reducing the numbers of Jews in the country and an economic boycott (launched in 1931), leading to outbreaks of violence against Jews, particularly at universities. Following the death of Piłsudski in 1935, the Endeks moved towards seizing power in Poland, and began to exploit the "Jewish question" in full. The Endeks and other parties on the right employed the old Żydokomuna stereotype alongside a new slogan, Folksfront, both signifying an alleged alliance between Jews and communists.[31][32] While there was a limited audience for Endek propaganda, it was supplemented by the much larger circulation enjoyed by Catholic Church publications, which increasingly referred to the communist threat and the alleged "Godlessness" of the Jews. One antisemitic Church newspaper alone, the Samoobrona Narodu ("Self-Defense of the Nation," which meant defense against Jews), had a circulation of over one million.[33]
In the period between the two world wars, the Żydokomuna myth grew concurrently in Poland with the myth of the "criminal Jew."[34] Statistics from the 1920s had indicated a Jewish crime rate that was well below the percentage of Jews in the population. However, a subsequent reclassification of how crime was recorded—which now included minor offenses—succeeded in reversing the trend, and Jewish criminal statistics showed an increase relative to the Jewish population by the 1930s. These statistics were used by the Polish antisemitic press to propagate an image of the "criminal Jew;" additionally, political crimes by Jews were magnified, creating a perception of a criminal Żydokomuna.[34]
Another important factor was the perceived dominance of Jews in the leadership of the Communist Party of Poland (KPP). As noted by historian Joseph Marcus, the KPP should not be considered a "Jewish party," as it was in fact in opposition to traditional Jewish economic and national interests.[35] The Jews supporting KPP saw themselves as international communists and rejected much of the Jewish culture and tradition.[36] Nonetheless, the KPP, along with the Polish Socialist Party, was notable for its decisive stand against anti-semitism.[37] Notably, the party had strong Jewish representation at higher levels. Out of fifteen leaders of the KPP central administration in 1936, eight were Jews. Jews constituted 53% of the "active members" of the KPP, 75% of its "publication apparatus," 90% of the "international department for help to revolutionaries" and 100% of the "technical apparatus" of the Home Secretariat. In Polish court proceedings against communists between 1927 and 1936, 90% of the accused were Jews. In terms of membership, before its dissolution in 1938, 25% of KPP members were Jews; most urban KPP members were Jews—a substantial number, given an 8.7% Jewish minority in prewar Poland.[38]
According to Jaff Schatz's summary of Jewish participation in the prewar Polish communist movement:
Throughout the whole interwar period, Jews constituted a very important segment of the Communist movement. According to Polish sources and to Western estimates, the proportion of Jews in the KPP [the Communist Party of Poland] was never lower than 22 percent. In the larger cities, the percentage of Jews in the KPP often exceeded 50 percent and in smaller cities, frequently over 60 percent. Given this background, a respondent's statement that "in small cities like ours, almost all Communists were Jews," does not appear to be a gross exaggeration.[39]
Research on voting patterns in Poland's parliamentary elections in the 1920s has shown that Jewish support for the communists was proportionally less than their representation in the total population.[40] Support for Poland's communist and pro-Soviet parties came largely from Ukrainian and Orthodox Belarusian voters.[40] Schatz notes that even if post-war claims by Jewish communists that 40% of the 266,528 communist votes on several lists of front organizations at the 1928 Sejm election came from the Jewish community were true (a claim Marcus describes as "almost certainly an exaggeration"),[41] this would amount to no more than 5% of Jewish votes for the communists, indicating the Jewish population at large was "far from sympathetic to communism."[38][42] In the end, while most Jews were neither communists nor communist sympathizers, a substantial and quite visible portion of the Polish Communist leadership in the interwar period was Jewish. "Even if Jews were prominent in the Communist Party leadership, this prominence did not translate into support at the mass level" wrote Jeffrey Kopstein and Jason Wittenberg, who analyzed the communist vote in interwar Poland. Only 7% of Jewish voters supported communists at the polls in 1928, while 93% of them supported non-communists (with 49% voting for Piłsudski). The pro-Soviet communist party received most of its support from Belarusians whose separatism was backed by the Soviet Union. In Lwow, CPP received 4% of the vote (of which 35% was Jewish), in Warsaw 14% (33% Jewish), and in Wilno 0.02% (36% Jewish). However, in terms of overall numbers, CPP was "the Jews' least favorite political grouping" during the 1928 elections.[5] It was the disproportionately large representation of Jews in the communist leadership that led to the Żydokomuna myth being widely used in the propaganda of the Endeks.[43]
Invasion of Poland and the Soviet occupation zone[edit]
Following the 1939 Soviet invasion of Poland, resulting in the partition of Polish territory between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union (USSR), Jewish communities in eastern Poland welcomed with some relief the Soviet occupation, which they saw as a "lesser of two evils" from openly antisemitic Nazi Germany.[44][45][46] The image of Jews among the Belorussian and Ukrainian minorities waving red flags to welcome Soviet troops had great symbolic meaning in Polish memory of the period.[47] Young Jews joined or organized communist militias, others organized a new, communist, temporary self-government.[46] Such militias often disarmed and arrested Polish soldiers, policemen and other authority figures; often, Poles and the Polish states were mocked.[46] In the days and weeks following the events of September 1939, the Soviets engaged in a harsh policy of Sovietization. Polish schools and other institutions were closed, Poles were dismissed from jobs of authority, often arrested and deported, and replaced with non-Polish personnel.[48][49][50][51] Before the war, Poles had a privileged position. In the space of a few days, this changed. Jews and other minorities from within Poland occupied positions in the Soviet occupation government—such as teachers, civil servants and engineers—that they had trouble achieving under the Polish government.[52][53] What to majority of Poles was occupation and betrayal, to some Jews, especially to Polish communists of Jewish descent, who emerged from the underground, was an opportunity for revolution and retribution. There were even some extreme cases of Jewish participation in massacres of ethnic Poles such as Massacre of Brzostowica Mała.[53][54] This strengthened the myth of Żydokomuna, which would hold Jews responsible for the introduction of communism in Poland.[53][55] Such behavior affronted non-Jewish Poles, who likely exaggerated Jewish participation in the Soviet occupation because a Jewish presence in the government apparatus was a novel phenomenon in pre-war Poland.[4] Such events implanted in the Polish collective memory the image of Jewish crowds greeting the invading Red Army as liberators, and willing collaborators,[46] further strengthening the antisemitic żydokomuna myth.[53][56] "The relations between the Poles and the Jews are at present markedly worse than before the war" - noted a Polish observer in Stryj in June 1940. Niall Ferguson wrote: "The entire Polish population adopted a negative attitude towards the Jews because of their blatant cooperation with the Bolsheviks and their hostility against non-Jews...the people simply hate the Jews.".[57]
After the German invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941, belief in the Żydokomuna stereotype, combined with the German Nazi encouragement for expression of anti-Semitic attitudes, was a principal cause of massacres of Jews by gentile Poles in Poland's northeastern Łomża province in the summer of 1941, including the massacre at Jedwabne.[58][59]
Though some Jews had initially benefited from the effects of the Soviet invasion, this occupation soon began to strike at the Jewish population as well; independent Jewish organizations were abolished and Jewish activists were arrested. Hundreds of thousands of Jews who had fled to the Soviet sector were given a choice of Soviet citizenship or returning to the German occupied zone. The majority chose the latter, and instead found themselves deported to the Soviet Union, where ironically, 300,000 would escape the Holocaust.[53][60] While there was Polish Jewish representation in the London-based Polish government in exile, relations between the Jews in Poland and Polish resistance in occupied Poland were strained, and Jewish armed groups had difficulty joining the official Polish resistance umbrella organization, the Armia Krajowa (AK).[61][62] Some Jewish groups (such as the Bielski partisans) were forced to rob local Polish peasants for food; in turn, the Polish underground often labeled those armed Jewish groups fighting for survival in the forests as "bandits" and "robbers."[63] Jewish partisans instead more often joined the Armia Ludowa of the communist Polish Workers' Party[63][64] and Soviet guerrilla groups, which increasingly clashed with Polish guerillas; contributing to yet another perception of Jews working with the Soviets against the Poles.[53]
Communist takeover of Poland in the aftermath of World War II[edit]
The Soviet-backed communist government was as harsh towards non-communist Jewish cultural, political and social institutions as they were towards Polish, banning all alternative parties.[65][66] Thousands of Jews returned from exile in the Soviet Union, but as their number decreased with legalized aliyah to Israel, the PZPR members formed a much larger percentage of the remaining Jewish population. Among them were a number of Jewish communists who played a highly visible role in the unpopular communist government and its security apparatus.[67] Hilary Minc, the third in command in Bolesław Bierut's political triumvirate of Stalinist leaders,[68] became the Deputy Prime Minister, Minister of Industry, Industry and Commerce, and the Economic Affairs. He was personally assigned by Stalin first to Industry and than to Transportation ministries of Poland.[69] His wife, Julia, became the Editor-in-Chief of the monopolized Polish Press Agency. Minister Jakub Berman – Stalin's right hand in Poland until 1953 – held the Political propaganda and Ideology portfolios. He was responsible for the largest and most notorious secret police in the history of the People's Republic of Poland, the Ministry of Public Security (UB) employing 33,200 permanent security officers, one for every 800 Polish citizens.[68] The new government's hostility to the wartime Polish Government in Exile and its World War II underground resistance – accused by the media of being nationalist, reactionary and antisemitic, and persecuted by Berman – further strengthened the myth of Żydokomuna, to the point where in the popular consciousness Jewish Bolshevism was seen as having conquered Poland.[67] It was in this context, reinforced by the immediate post-war lawlessness, that Poland experienced an unprecedented wave of anti-Jewish violence (of which most notable was the Kielce pogrom).[70]
The Polish-American historian Marek Jan Chodakiewicz stressed that after the Soviet takeover of Poland in 1945 violence had developed amid postwar retribution and counter-retribution, exacerbated by the breakdown of law and order and a Polish anti-Communist insurgency.[71] According to Chodakiewicz, some Jewish "avengers" endeavored to extract justice from the Poles who harmed Jews during the War and in some cases Jews attempted to reclaim property confiscated by the Nazis. These phenomena further reinforced the stereotype of Żydokomuna, a Jewish-Communist conspiracy in post-war Poland. Chodakiewicz noted that after World War II, the Jews were not only victims, but also aggressors. He describes cases in which Jews cooperated with the Polish secret police, denouncing Poles and members of the Home Army. Chodakiewicz noted that some 3,500 to 6,500 Poles died in late 1940s because of Jewish denunciations or were killed by Jews themselves.[72]
Regarding this period, Andre Gerrits wrote in his study of the myth of Jewish communism, that even though for the first time in history they had entered the top echelons of power in considerable numbers: "The first post-war decade was a mixed experience for the Jews of East Central Europe. The new communist order offered unprecedented opportunities as well as unforeseen dangers."[73]
The combination of the effects of the Holocaust and postwar antisemitism led to a dramatic mass emigration of Polish Jewry in the immediate postwar years. Of the estimated 240,000 Jews in Poland in 1946 (of whom 136,000 were refugees from the Soviet Union, most on their way to the West), only 90,000 remained a year later.[74][75] The surviving Jews of Poland found themselves victims of the explosive postwar political situation. The image of the Jew as a threatening outsider took on a new form as antisemitism was now linked to the imposition of communist rule in Poland, including rumors of massive collaboration of Jews with the unpopular new regime and the Soviet Union. Of the fewer than 80,000 Jews who remained in Poland, many had political reasons for doing so. Consequently – as noted by historian Michael C. Steinlauf – "their group profile ever more closely resembled the mythic Żydokomuna."[76][77]
Encouraged by their Soviet advisors, many Jewish functionaries and government officials adopted new Polish-sounding names hoping to find less acrimony among their adversaries. "This practice often backfired and led to widespread speculation about 'hidden Jews' for decades to come."[78]
Stalinist violations of human rights law[edit]
During Stalinism, the preferred Soviet policy was to keep sensitive posts in the hands of non-Poles. As a result "all or nearly all of the directors (of the widely despised Ministry of Public Security of Poland) were Jewish" as noted by Polish journalist Teresa Torańska among others.[79][80] A recent study by the Polish Institute of National Remembrance showed that out of 450 people in director positions in the Ministry between 1944 and 1954, 167 (37.1%) were of Jewish ethnicity, while Jews made up only 1% of the post-war Polish population.[36]
Among the notable Jewish officials of the Polish secret police and security services were Minister Jakub Berman, Joseph Stalin's right hand in the PRL; Vice-minister Roman Romkowski (head of MBP), Dir. Julia Brystiger (5th Dept.), Dir. Anatol Fejgin (10th Dept. or the notorious Special Bureau), deputy Dir. Józef Światło (10th Dept.), Col. Józef Różański among others. Światło – "a torture master" – defected to the West in 1953,[81] while Romkowski and Różański would find themselves among the Jewish scapegoats for Polish Stalinism in the political upheavals following Stalin's death, both sentenced to 15 years in prison on 11 November 1957 for gross violations of human rights law and abuse of power.[81][82][83] While Jews were overrepresented in various Polish communist organizations, including the security apparatus, relative to their percentage of the general population, the vast majority of Jews did not participate in the Stalinist apparatus, and indeed most were not supportive of communism.[53] Krzysztof Szwagrzyk has quoted Jan T. Gross, who argued that many Jews who worked for the communist party cut their ties with their culture – Jewish, Polish or Russian – and tried to represent the interests of international communism only, or at least that of the local communist government.[36]
It is difficult to assess when the Polish Jews who had volunteered to serve or remain in the postwar communist security forces began to realize, however, what Soviet Jews had realized earlier, that under Stalin, as Arkady Vaksberg put it: "if someone named Rabinovich was in charge of a mass execution, he was perceived not simply as a Cheka boss but as a Jew..." [81]
In 1956, over 9,000 socialist and populist politicians were released from prison.[84] A few Jewish functionaries of the security forces were brought to court in the process of de-Stalinization. According to Heather Laskey, it was not a coincidence that the high ranking Stalinist security officers put on trial by Gomułka were Jews.[85] Władysław Gomułka was captured by Światło, imprisoned by Romkowski in 1951 and interrogated by both, him and Fejgin. Gomułka escaped physical torture only as a close associate of Joseph Stalin,[86] and was released three years later.[87] According to Joanna Michlic, the categorization of the security forces as a Jewish institution – as disseminated in the post-war anti-communist press at various times – was biased and rooted in Żydokomuna while the belief that the secret police was predominantly Jewish became one of the factors contributing to the post-war stereotype of Jews as agents of the security forces.[88]
The Żydokomuna myth and scapegoating of Jews reappeared at times of severe political and socioeconomic crises in Stalinist Poland. After the death of Polish United Workers' Party leader Bolesław Bierut in 1956, a de-Stalinization and a subsequent battle among rival factions looked to lay blame for the excesses of the Stalin era. According to L.W. Gluchowski: "Poland's communists had grown accustomed to placing the burden of their own failures to gain sufficient legitimacy among the Polish population during the entire communist period on the shoulders of Jews in the party."[81] (See: above.) As described in one historical account, the party hardline Natolin faction "used anti-Semitism as a political weapon and found an echo both in the party apparatus and in society at large, where traditional stereotypes of an insidious Jewish cobweb of political influence and economic gain resurfaced, but now in the context of 'Judeo-communism,' the Żydokomuna."[89] "Natolin" leader Zenon Nowak entered the concept of "Judeo-Stalinization" and placed the blame for the party's failures, errors and repression on "the Jewish apparatchiks." Documents from this period chronicle antisemitic attitudes within Polish society, including beatings of Jews, loss of employment, and persecution. These outbursts of antisemitic sentiment from both Polish society and within the rank and file of the ruling party spurred the exodus of some 40,000 Polish Jews between 1956 and 1958.[90][91]
1968 expulsions[edit]
The stereotype of Żydokomuna was reignited by Polish state propaganda as part of the 1968 Polish political crisis. Political turmoil of the late 1960s – exemplified in the West by increasingly violent protests against the Vietnam war – was closely associated in Poland with the events of the Prague spring which began on 5 January 1968, raising hopes of democratic reforms among the intelligentsia. The crisis culminated in the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia on 20 August 1968.[92][93] The repressive government of Władysław Gomułka responded to student protests and strike actions across Poland (Warsaw, Kraków) with mass arrests, and by launching an anti-Zionist campaign within the communist party on the initiative of Interior Minister Mieczysław Moczar (aka Mikołaj Diomko, known for his xenophobic and antisemitic attitude).[94] The officials of Jewish descent were blamed "for a major part, if not all, of the crimes and horrors of the Stalinist period."[95]
The campaign, which began in 1967, was a well-guided response to the Six Day War and the subsequent break-off by the Soviets of all diplomatic relations with Israel. Polish factory workers were forced to publicly denounce Zionism. As the interior minister Mieczysław Moczar's nationalist "Partisan" faction became increasingly influential in the communist party, infighting within the Polish communist party led one faction to again make scapegoats of the remaining Polish Jews, attempting to redirect public anger at them. After Israel's victory in the 1967 Arab-Israeli War, the Polish government, following the Soviet lead, launched an antisemitic campaign under the guise of "anti-Zionism," with both Moczar's and Party Secretary Władysław Gomułka's factions playing leading roles. However, the campaign did not resonate with the general public, because most Poles saw similarities between Israel's fight for survival and Poland's past struggles for independence. Many Poles felt pride in the success of the Israeli military, which was dominated by Polish Jews. The slogan, "Our Jews beat the Soviet Arabs"[96] was very popular among the Poles, but contrary to the desire of the communist government.[97]
The government's antisemitic policy yielded more successes the next year. In March 1968, a wave of unrest among students and intellectuals, unrelated to the Arab-Israeli War, swept Poland (the events became known as the March 1968 events). The campaign served multiple purposes, most notably the suppression of protests, which were branded as inspired by a "fifth column" of Zionists; it was also used as a tactic in a political struggle between Gomułka and Moczar, both of whom played the Jewish card in a nationalist appeal.[98][99][100] The campaign resulted in an actual expulsion from Poland in two years, of thousands of Jewish professionals, party officials and state security functionaries. Ironically, the Moczar's faction failed to topple Gomułka with their propaganda efforts.[101]
As historian Dariusz Stola notes, the anti-Jewish campaign combined century-old conspiracy theories, recycled antisemitic claims and classic communist propaganda. Regarding the tailoring of the Żydokomuna myth to communist Poland, Stola writes:
Paradoxically, probably the most powerful slogan of the communist propaganda in March was the accusation that the Jews were zealous communists. They were blamed for a major part, if not all, of the crimes and horrors of the Stalinist period. The myth of Judeo-bolshevism had been well known in Poland since the Russian revolution and the Polish-Bolshevik war of 1920, yet its 1968 model deserves interest as a tool of communist propaganda. This accusation exploited and developed the popular stereotype of Jewish communism to purify communism: the Jews were the dark side of communism; what was wrong in communism was due to them.[95]
The communist elites used the "Jews as Zionists" myth for a purge of Jews from scientific and cultural institutions, publishing houses, and national television and radio stations.[102] Ultimately, the communist government sponsored an anti-Semitic campaign which resulted in most remaining Jews being forced to leave Poland.[103] Moczar's "Partisan" faction promulgated an ideology that has been described as an "eerie reincarnation" of the views of the pre-World War II National Democracy Party, and even at times exploiting the antisemitic Żydokomuna myth.[104]
Stola also notes that one of the effects of the 1968 antisemitic campaign was to thoroughly discredit the communist government in the eyes of the public. As a result, when the concept of the Jew as a "threatening other" was employed in the 1970s and 1980s in Poland by the communist government in its attacks on the political opposition, including the Solidarity trade-union movement and the Workers' Defence Committee (Komitet Obrony Robotników, or KOR), it was completely unsuccessful.[105]
Post-communist Poland experienced what has been described as a sudden, intense and widespread outburst of anti-Jewish mood, including allegations that Jews were to blame for Poland's "decline" during the communist years, and Jew-baiting of political opponents during election campaigns. More recent efforts have emerged from a wide range of sources in the Polish community to challenge these conceptions of Jews and to foster a pluralistic society in Poland.[106]
The expression Żydokomuna is now used almost exclusively by fringe nationalists, usually in reference to former communist party members and to "liberals" who have supported capitalist reforms, globalization and European integration.[citation needed] Organizations attacked as "Żydokomuna" have included the SLD and UW political parties, and Gazeta Wyborcza, whose editor-in-chief, Adam Michnik, is of Jewish origin.[107]
Historiography of Żydokomuna remains controversial.[108] Works such as those by Jan T. Gross have polarized debate over anti-Jewish violence in Poland, Gross and his supporters characterizing Żydokomuna as an antisemitic cliché while to some of his critics Żydokomuna was a fact of history.[109]
Historian Omer Bartov has written that "recent writings and pronouncements seem to indicate that the myth of the Żydokomuna (Jews as communists) has not gone away" as evidenced by the writings of younger Polish scholars such as Marek Chodakiewicz, contending Jewish disloyalty to Poland during the Soviet occupation.[9] Historians Joanna B. Michlic and Laurence Weinbaum charge that post-1989 Polish historiography has seen a revival of "an ethnonationalist historical approach".[109][110] According to Michlic, among some Polish historians, "[myth of żydokomuna] served the purpose of rationalizing and explaining the participation of ethnic Poles in killing their Jewish neighbors and, thus, in minimizing the criminal nature of the murder."[109][111]
See also[edit]
- ^ Gershon David Hundert, YIVO Institute for Jewish Research. The YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe: 2 Volumes. Yale University Press, 2008.
- ^ a b c Andre Gerrits. "Antisemitism and Anti-Communism: The Myth of 'Jiudeo-Communism' in Eastern Europe". East European Jewish Affairs. 1995, Vol. 25, No. 1:49-72. Page 71.
- ^ Poland and the Jews: reflections of a Polish Jew By Stanisław Krajewski pg 87
- ^ a b Antony Polonsky and Joanna B. Michlic (2003). The Neighbors Respond: The Controversy over the Jedwabne Massacre in Poland. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-11306-8. p.469
- ^ a b Jeffrey S. Kopstein and Jason Wittenberg. "Who Voted Communist? Reconsidering the Social Bases of Radicalism in Interwar Poland". PDF 31 pages including "Notes". Laboratory in Comparative Ethnic Processes 5 research group, Encina Hall, Palo Alto 2002. Sponsored by Stanford University.
- ^ a b Krzysztof Szwagrzyk, OBEP Wrocław, Żydzi w kierownictwie UB. Biuletyn IPN – 11/2005. (Polish)
- ^ Bozena Szaynok. "Antisemitism in Postwar Polish-Jewish Relations." In: Robert Blobaum, ed. Antisemitism and Its Opponents in Modern Poland. Cornell University Press, 2005.
- ^ Natalia Aleksiun. "Jewish Responses to Antisemitism in Poland, 1944–1947." In: Joshua D. Zimmerman, ed. Contested Memories: Poles and Jews During the Holocaust and Its Aftermath. Rutgers University Press, 2003.
- ^ a b Omer Bartov. "recent+writings" Erased: Vanishing Traces of Jewish Galicia in Present-day Ukraine. Princeton University Press, 2007, p. 206. "Some younger Polish scholars claim again that the nation's Jewish citizens were disloyal to it during the Soviet occupation and therefore had to be suppressed by the forces of the state." Bartov refers to Chodakiewicz's book After the Holocaust, written about the postwar violence in Poland after the Soviet takeover. Amid a raging Polish anti-Communist insurgency, the Polish Jewish Communists returning from the Soviet Union fought to establish a revolutionary Marxist-Leninist regime, thus adding to the stereotype of Żydokomuna among some Poles.
- ^ a b Magdalena Opalski, Israel Bartal. Poles and Jews: A Failed Brotherhood. University Press of New England, 1992. P29-30
- ^ a b Joanna B. Michlic. Poland's Threatening Other: The Image of the Jew from 1880 to the Present. University of Nebraska Press, 2006. Pages 47-48.
- ^ a b c d e f Antony Polonsky, Poles, Jews and the Problems of a Divided Memory, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts, page: 20 (PDF file: 208 KB)
- ^ a b Brian Porter. When Nationalism Began to Hate: Imagining Modern Politics in Nineteenth-Century Poland. Oxford University Press US, 2002. Pages 230ff.
- ^ See also Theodore R. Weeks. From Assimilation to Antisemitism: The "Jewish Question" in Poland, 1850–1914. De-Kalb: Northern Illinois University Press. 2006.
- ^ Antony Polonsky. "The Dreyfus Affair and Polish-Jewish Interaction, 1890-1914". Jewish History, volume 11, no. 2: 21-40. Page 40.
- ^ Robert Blobaum. Antisemitism and Its Opponents in Modern Poland Cornell University Press, 2005, pp. 81-82.
- ^ Jaff Schatz, The Generation: The Rise and Fall of the Jewish Communists of Poland, University of California Press, 1991, p. 95.
- ^ Jaff Schatz, "Jews and the Communist Movement in Interwar Poland," in Jonathan Frankel, Dark Times, Dire Decisions: Jews and Communism: Studies in Contemporary Jewry, Oxford University Press US, 2005, p. 30.
- ^ David S. Wyman, Charles H. Rosenzveig. The World Reacts to the Holocaust. The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996.
- ^ (English) Tadeusz Piotrowski (1997). Poland's Holocaust: Ethnic Strife, Collaboration with Occupying Forces and Genocide... McFarland & Company. pp. 41–42. ISBN 0-7864-0371-3.
- ^ Joanna B. Michlic. Poland's Threatening Other. The Myth and Anti-Jewish Violence between 1919 and 1939: Investigation, rationalization and justification of violence. University of Nebraska Press, 2006. P117ff.
- ^ Daniel Blatman, "The Encounter between Jews and Poles in Lublin District after Liberation, 1944-1945," East European Politics & Societies, 2006, vol. 20, no. 4 (598-621), page 601.
- ^ Daniel Blatman. "The Encounter between Jews and Poles in Lublin District after Liberation, 1944-1945". East European Politics & Societies, 2006, Vol. 20, No. 4, 598-621.
- ^ a b Dariusz Libionka. "Alien, Hostile, Dangerous: The Image of the Jews and the "Jewish Question" in the Polish-Catholic Press in the 1930s." Yad Vashem Studies. 32 (2004): 248-252.
- ^ Robert Blobaum. Antisemitism and Its Opponents in Modern Poland Cornell University Press, 2005, p. 110.
- ^ Daniel Blatman, "The Encounter between Jews and Poles in Lublin District after Liberation, 1944-1945," East European Politics & Societies, 2006, vol. 20, no. 4, 598-621: "However, interwar Polish–Jewish relations were much more complex and multifaceted; one cannot deem the Jews' role in the Polish or global Communist movement to have been a principal factor in shaping relations between the two national groups. Although numerically they were rather well represented in the Polish Communist Party and its counterparts in Ukraine or Lithuania, the Jewish Communists were a small political and social group, isolated and practically devoid of influence in the Jewish street, let alone the Polish."
- ^ George Voicu (2004). The Notion of "Judeo-Bolshevism" in Romanian Wartime Press. Studia Hebraica. p.55-68
- ^ A. Gerrits (1995). Anti-Semitism and Anti-Communism: The Myth of 'Judeo-Communism' in Eastern Europe. East European Jewish Affairs. 25,1,49-72
- ^ Ezra Mendelsohn, Studies in Contemporary Jewry, Oxford University Press US, 2004, ISBN 0-19-517087-3, Google Print, p.279
- ^ Cieplinski, Feigue (2002). "Poles and Jews: The Quest For Self-Determination 1919–1934". History Department at Binghamton University. Archived from the original on September 18, 2002. Retrieved June 2, 2006.
- ^ Joseph Marcus. "Anti-Semitism and Jewish Economic and Social Condition, 1918-1939." In: Herbert Arthur Strauss, ed. Hostages of Modernization: Studies on Modern Antisemitism, 1870-1933/39. Walter de Gruyter, 1993. Page 1106-1116.
- ^ Jaff Schatz. "Jews in the Communist Movement in Interwar Poland." In: Johnathan Frankel, editor. Studies in Contemporary Jewry. Oxford University Press US, 2005. Page 15ff
- ^ Joseph Marcus. "Antisemitism and Jewish Economic and Social Conditions." In: Hostages of Modernization: Studies on Modern Antisemitism, 1870-1933/39. Walter de Gruyter, 1993. P.1116 ff
- ^ a b Robert Blobaum. "Criminalizing the 'Other': Crime, Ethnicity, and Antisemitism in Early. Twentieth-Century Poland." In: Robert Blobaum, ed. Antisemitism and its opponents in modern Poland. Cornell University Press, 2005: 83-97.
- ^ Joseph Marcus. Social and Political History of the Jews in Poland, 1919-1939. Walter de Gruyter, 1983. p.290.
- ^ a b c Krzysztof Szwagrzyk Żydzi w kierownictwie UB. Stereotyp czy rzeczywistość? (Jews in the authorities of the Polish Secret Security. Stereotype or Reality?), Bulletin of the Institute of National Remembrance (11/2005), p. 37-42,online article, entire issue
- ^ Celia Stopnicka Heller. On the Edge of Destruction: Jews of Poland Between the Two World Wars. Wayne State University Press, 1993. Page 253-254.
- ^ a b (English) Tadeusz Piotrowski (1997). Poland's Holocaust: Ethnic Strife, Collaboration with Occupying Forces and Genocide... McFarland & Company. pp. 36–37. ISBN 0-7864-0371-3.
- ^ Tadeusz Piotrowski, Poland's Holocaust, (ibidem) p. 37
- ^ a b Robert Blobaum (1983). Antisemitism and Its Opponents In Modern Poland. Cornell University Press. ISBN 0-691-11306-8. p. 97.
- ^ Joseph Marcus. The Social and Political History of the Jews in Poland, 1919-1939. Walter de Gruyter, 1983. P. 291
- ^ Jaff Schatz. "Jews and the communist movement in interwar Poland". In: Jonathan Frankel. Dark Times, Dire Decisions: Jews and Communism. Studies in Contemporary Jewry. Oxford University Press US, 2005, p. 211.
- ^ Joseph Marcus (2003). The Social and Political History of the Jews in Poland, 1919-1939. Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 90-279-3239-5. p. 362.
- ^ Dov Levin. The Lesser of Two Evils: Eastern European Jewry Under Soviet Rule, 1939-1941. Philadelphia, 1995.
- ^ The Death of Chaimke Yizkor Book Project, JewishGen: The Home of Jewish Genealogy
- ^ a b c d (Polish) Krzysztof Jasiewicz, Opór przed rzeczywistością, Rzeczpospolita, 24-01-2009
- ^ Ben Cion Pinchuk. Facing Hitler and Stalin: On the Subject of Jewish "Collaboration" in Soviet-Occupied Eastern Poland, 1939-1941, p.63, and Andrzej Zbikowski. Polish Jews Under Soviet Occupation, 1939-1941: Specific Strategies of Survival. In: Joshua D. Zimmerman, ed. Contested Memories: Poles and Jews during the Holocaust and its Aftermath. Rutgers University Press, 2003.
- ^ Jerzy Jan Lerski, Piotr Wróbel, Richard J. Kozicki, Historical Dictionary of Poland, 966-1945, Greenwood Publishing Group, 1996, ISBN 0-313-26007-9, Google Print, 538
- ^ Tadeusz Piotrowski, Poland's holocaust, (ibidem) p. 11.
- ^ Davies, Europe: A History, pp. 1001–1003.
- ^ Josef Krauski, "Education as Resistance: The Polish Experience of Schooling During the War", in Roy Lowe, Education and the Second World War : studies in schooling and social change, Falmer Press, 1992, ISBN 0-7507-0054-8, Google Print, p.128-138
- ^ István Deák, Jan Tomasz Gross, Tony Judt. The Politics of Retribution in Europe. Princeton University Press, 2000.
- ^ a b c d e f g (English) Tadeusz Piotrowski (1997). Poland's Holocaust: Ethnic Strife, Collaboration with Occupying Forces and Genocide... McFarland & Company. pp. 49–65. ISBN 0-7864-0371-3.
- ^ Dov Levin. The Lesser of Two Evils: Eastern European Jewry Under Soviet Rule, 1939-1941. Philadelphia, 1995.
- ^ Robert Blobaum. Antisemitism and Its Opponents in Modern Poland. Cornell University Press, 2005.
- ^ Robert Blobaum. Antisemitism And Its Opponents In Modern Poland. Introduction. Cornell University Press, 2005. p.13.
- ^ Niall Ferguson, The War of the World, The Penguin Press, New York 2006, page 422
- ^ Joanna B. Michlic. Poland's Threatening Other: The Image of the Jew from 1880 to the Present. University of Nebraska Press, 2006. Pages 170-180.
- ^ Richard Levy. Antisemitism: A Historical Encyclopedia of Prejudice and Persecution. ABC-CLIO, 2005.
- ^ David Wyman. The World Reacts to the Holocaust. Johns Hopkins university Press, 1996.
- ^ Israel Gutman. The Jews of Warsaw, 1939-1943: Ghetto, Underground, Revolt. Indiana University Press, 1982.
- ^ Joanna B. Michlic. Poland's Threatening Other: The Image of the Jew from 1880 to the Present. University of Nebraska Press, 2006. Pages 153-156.
- ^ a b Shmuel Krakowski. "The Attitude of the Polish Underground to the Jewish Question during the Second World War". In: Joshua D. Zimmerman, ed. Contested Memories: Poles and Jews during the Holocaust and its Aftermath. Rutgers University Press, 2003. Pages 100-103.
- ^ Yehuda Bauer. Rethinking the Holocaust. Yale University Press, 2001.
- ^ (English) Tadeusz Piotrowski (1997). Poland's Holocaust: Ethnic Strife, Collaboration with Occupying Forces and Genocide.... McFarland & Company. pp. 59–61. ISBN 0-7864-0371-3. Retrieved November 30, 2010.
- ^ Stanisław Krajewski. "The Impact of Shoah on the Thinking of Contemporary Polish Jewry. A Personal Account." In: Joshua D. Zimmerman, ed. Contested Memories: Poles and Jews During the Holocaust and Its Aftermath. Rutgers University Press, 2003. p. 61
- ^ a b (English) Tadeusz Piotrowski (1997). Poland's Holocaust: Ethnic Strife, Collaboration with Occupying Forces and Genocide.... McFarland & Company. pp. 58–64. ISBN 0-7864-0371-3.
- ^ a b "Jakub Berman's Papers Received at the Hoover Institution Archives", Stanford University Hoover Institution, August 11, 2008 by the Board of Trustees of Leland Stanford Junior University Library and Archives Recent Acquisitions
- ^ Wilson Center, "New Evidence on Poland in the Early Cold War" By Andrzej Werblan PDF
- ^ David S. Wyman, Charles H. Rosenzveig. The World Reacts to the Holocaust. Johns Hopkins University Press. 1996. pp. 102-113.
- ^ Marek Jan Chodakiewicz, After the Holocaust Polish-Jewish Conflict in the Wake of World War II, Columbia University Press, New York 2003, ISBN 0-88033-511-4
- ^ (Polish) Marek Jan Chodakiewicz, Chodakiewicz: medialny "Strach" i niemedialna prawda, gazeta.pl, 2008-01-11
- ^ André Gerrits. The myth of Jewish communism: a historical interpretation. Peter Lang, 2009, 220 pages. ISBN 90-5201-465-5. Listed in Bibliography: "Antisemitism and Anti-Communism: The Myth of 'Judeo-Communism' in Eastern Europe". East European Jewish Affairs. 1995, vol. 25, no. 1:49-72. Page 61.
- ^ Natalia Aleksiun. "Jewish Responses to Antisemitism in Poland, 1944–1947." In: Joshua D. Zimmerman, ed. Contested Memories: Poles and Jews During the Holocaust and Its Aftermath. Rutgers University Press, 2003. Pages 249; 256.
- ^ Richard C. Lukas, Out of the Inferno: Poles Remember the Holocaust University Press of Kentucky 1989 - 201 pages. Page 13; also in Richard C. Lukas, The Forgotten Holocaust: The Poles Under German Occupation, 1939-1944, University Press of Kentucky 1986 - 300 pages.
- ^ Michael C. Steinlauf. "Poland.". In: David S. Wyman, Charles H. Rosenzveig. The World Reacts to the Holocaust. The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996.
- ^ Steven Elliott Grosby, Athena S. Leoussi. Nationalism and Ethnosymbolism: History, Culture and Ethnicity in the Formation of Nations. Edinburgh University Press, 2007. Page 137-139. See also Michlic (2006), pp 271-277.
- ^ Michael C. Steinlauf, in David S. Wyman, Charles H. Rosenzveig, The world reacts to the Holocaust. Page 112. JHU Press, 1996. ISBN 0-8018-4969-1. 981 pages.
- ^ Teresa Torańska, Them: Stalin's Polish Puppets, Harper & Row, New York 1987, ISBN 0-06-015657-0.[page needed]
- ^ Stanisław Krajewski, Jews, Communism, and the Jewish Communists
- ^ a b c d "L.W. Gluchowski, The defection of Jozef Swiatlo and the Search for Jewish Scapegoats in the Polish United Workers' Party, 1953-1954" (PDF). An earlier draft, presented at the Fourth Convention of the Association for the Study of Nationalities. Paper presented by Gluchowski at the Harriman Institute, Columbia University, New York City. April 17, 1999. Retrieved 2010-11-28..
- ^ Barbara Fijałkowska, RÓŻAŃSKI "LIBERAŁEM", 15 December 20002, Fundacja Orientacja abcnet; see also: B. Fijałkowska, Borejsza i Różański. Przyczynek do dziejów stalinizmu w Polsce, ISBN 83-85513-49-3. (Polish)
- ^ Jacek Topyło, "Dossier oprawców." PDF Glaukopis Magazine, 2007. ISSN 1730-3419 (Polish)
- ^ A. Kemp-Welch, Poland under Communism: a Cold War history. Pages 83-85. Cambridge University Press, 2008. ISBN 0-521-71117-7. 444 pages.
- ^ Heather Laskey, Night voices: heard in the shadow of Hitler and Stalin. Pages 191–194, McGill-Queen's Press MQUP, 2003. ISBN 0-7735-2606-4. 254 pages.
- ^ "Poland's New Chief", LIFE Magazine, 26 November 1956. Pages: 173–182, Google Books
- ^ Nikita Sergeevich Khrushchev, Sergeĭ Khrushchev, George Shriver, Stephen Shenfield, Memoirs of Nikita Khrushchev: Statesman, 1953-1964. Page 643. Penn State Press, 2007. ISBN 0-271-02935-8. 1126 pages.
- ^ Joanna B. Michlic. Poland's Threatening Other: The Image of the Jew from 1880 to the Present. University of Nebraska Press, 2006. ISBN 0-8032-3240-3. Page 205.
- ^ Frances Millard. "The Failure of Nationalism in Post-Communist Poland 1989-95: An Historical Perspective." In: Brian Jenkins, Spyros A. Sofos, eds. Nation and Identity in Contemporary Europe. Routledge, 1996. Page 208
- ^ Joanna B. Michlic. Poland's Threatening Other: The Image of the Jew from 1880 to the Present. University of Nebraska Press, 2006, pp 232 ff.
- ^ Bożena Szaynok. "The Role of Antisemitism in Postwar Polish-Jewish Relations." In: Robert Blobaum, ed. Antisemitism and Its Opponents in Modern Poland. Cornell University Press, 2005, p. 265.
- ^ Excel HSC modern history By Ronald E. Ringer. Page 384.
- ^ Encyclopedia of the Cold War, Volume 1 By Ruud van Dijk. Page 374. Taylor & Francis, 2008. ISBN 0-415-97515-8. 987 pages.
- ^ Michael Costello, The Political Fortunes of Mieczysław Moczar, report for Radio Free Europe, 2 June 1971. Open Society Archives. Scanned original in PDF.
- ^ a b Dariusz Stola. "Fighting against the Shadows The Anti-Zionist Campaign of 1968." In: Robert Blobaum, ed. Antisemitism and Its Opponents in Modern Poland. Cornell University Press, 2005.
- ^ http://www.wprost.pl/ar/13189/Wojna-zastepcza/?O=13189&pg=1 Nasi Żydzi biją sowieckich Arabów
- ^ Iwona Irwin-Zarecka. Neutralizing Memory Transaction Publishers, 1988. Page 60.
- ^ Dariusz Stola. "Fighting against the Shadows The Anti-Zionist Campaign of 1968." In: Robert Blobaum, ed. Antisemitism and Its Opponents in Modern Poland. Cornell University Press, 2005.
- ^ David S. Wyman, Charles H. Rosenzveig. World Reacts to the Holocaust. Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996, pp 120ff.
- ^ Joanna B. Michlic. Poland's Threatening Other. The Myth and Anti-Jewish Violence between 1919 and 1939: Investigation, rationalization and justification of violence. University of Nebraska Press, 2006. pp240-248.
- ^ The world reacts to the Holocaust By David S. Wyman, Charles H. Rosenzveig. Ibidem. Pages 120-122.
- ^ Joanna B. Michlic. Poland's Threatening Other: The Image of the Jew from 1880 to the Present. University of Nebraska Press, 2006, p.256.
- ^ Mikolaj Kunicki. "The Red and the Brown: Boleslaw Piasecki, the Polish Communists, and the Anti-Zionist Campaign in Poland, 1967-68". East European Politics & Societies, 2005, Vol. 19, No. 2, 185-225.
- ^ Antony Polonsky, Joanna B. Michlic. The Neighbors Respond: The Controversy Over the Jedwabne Massacre in Poland. Princeton University Press, 2004. Page 8.
- ^ Dariusz Stola. "Fighting against the Shadows The Anti-Zionist Campaign of 1968." In: Robert Blobaum, ed. Antisemitism and Its Opponents in Modern Poland. Cornell University Press, 2005. pg 15
- ^ Steven Elliott Grosby, Athena S. Leoussi. Nationalism and Ethnosymbolism: History, Culture and Ethnicity in the Formation of Nations. Edinburgh University Press, 2007. Page 137-139. See also Michlic (2006), pp 271-277.
- ^ Henryk Pająk, Piąty rozbiór Polski 1990–2000, Wydawnictwo Retro, 1998, p.92
- ^ Marci Shore. "Conversing with Ghosts: Jedwabne, Zydokomuna, and Totalitarianism." Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History, Volume 6, Number 2, Spring 2005:345-374
- ^ a b c Joanna B. Michlic. "The Soviet Occupation of Poland, 1939–41, and the Stereotype of the Anti-Polish and Pro-Soviet Jew." Jewish Social Studies: History, Culture, Society. 13, no. 3 (Spring/Summer 2007): 135–176. Page 137
- ^ http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/986231.html Whoever controls the past By Laurence Weinbaum
- ^ Joanna B. Michlic. "Antisemitism in Contemporary Poland: Does It Matter? And For Whom Does It Matter?" In: Robert D. Cherry, Annamaria Orla-Bukowska, eds. Rethinking Poles and Jews: Troubled Past, Brighter Future. Rowman & Littlefield, 2007. Page 163.
- (Polish) August Grabski, Działalność komunistów wśród Żydów w Polsce (1944–1949) (Communist Activity among the Jews in Poland, 1944–1949), Warsaw, Trio, 2004, ISBN 83-88542-87-7.
- (Polish) Krystyna Kersten, Polacy, Żydzi, Komunizm: Anatomia półprawd 1939-68 (Poles, Jews, Communism: an Anatomy of Half-truths, 1939–68), Warsaw, Niezależna Oficyna Wydawnicza, 1992, ISBN 83-7054-026-0.
- Scott Ury, Barricades and Banners: The Revolution of 1905 and the Transformation of Warsaw Jewry, Stanford University Press, Stanford, 2012. ISBN 978-0-804763-83-7
External links[edit]


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At Lawrence Plastic Surgery, we strive to combine technical excellence in cosmetic and reconstructive surgery with a friendly, comfortable atmosphere. We are committed to making our patients feel they are valuable to us, and we appreciate the fact they have chosen us for their medical care. While we are a busy practice, we believe that the quality of our work is more important than the quantity.
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Jul 31, 2011 6:30 PM by Gene Cotton
SALT LAKE CITY (AP) - A Utah State University psychology professor has launched a research study aimed at better understanding the experiences of gay Mormons and their relationship with the church.
Professor Renee Galliher says she hopes the survey data will dispel myths and promote better understanding about the lives of Mormon gays.
Like many faiths, Mormonism teaches that any sexual relationship outside of traditional marriage is a sin, and in the past, the church preached that homosexual feelings, alone, were a sin. One faith leader last year even suggested gays could be cured through prayer.
Among other questions, the survey asks respondents to describe their commitment to Mormon teachings before and after accepting their sexual orientation.
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Drinking water 101
Learn more about the water you drink -- everything from the molecules that form this amazing liquid, to the many different ways it powers our economy and businesses, to how much water it takes to make a hamburger, fries and a soda.
- Water Ways[PDF] : A Wisconsin Water Primer & Project WET Companion
- Drinking water
- Groundwater
- Water use and water conservation
Drinking water fast facts
- Wisconsin has more public water systems than any other state in the nation. Public water systems serve at least 25 people at least 60 days of the year.
- Wisconsin communities, businesses, farms, utilities and other users withdrew about 2.2 trillion gallons of water in 2012, roughly enough water to fill Lambeau Field about 4,700 times.
- Wisconsin residential customers on average used 55,100 gallons per year. Average usage has declined 6 percent since 2007.
- Wisconsin residents pay on average $4 for 1,000 gallons of tap water�mere fractions of a penny per gallon.
- Wisconsin's community water systems and not-for-profit non-community water systems will need to invest an estimated $6.2 billion between 2007 and 2027 to continue to provide safe and adequate supplies of drinking water.
Sources: Wisconsin Public Service Commission, Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources
Think before you drink
Every day millions of Wisconsinites experience something amazing -- and likely never think twice about it. They turn on their faucets, drink from a water fountain, bake bread or brew beer and seemingly without effort, are provided with safe drinking water.
That's amazing in a world where 1 billion people still must walk on average 3.5 miles to get water - and can't be assured it's safe to drink.
That's why we celebrate National Drinking Water Week every year and this year, honor as well the 40th anniversary of the Safe Drinking Water Act [exit DNR]. That landmark law is the primary federal law safeguarding the water we drink and use every day in our homes and our businesses.
Raise your glass
We owe our safe drinking water to the men and women who work behind the scenes to deliver safe water -- local operators, public utilities, county health officials, state drinking and groundwater staff, association staff, testing laboratories and consultants, to name a few.
Let's raise a glass in recognition of their efforts and appreciation for the time savings and confidence means to our daily lives and to the success of your business.
Drink locally, act locally
As much progress as has been made under the Safe Drinking Water Act, protecting sources of drinking water is key for the future, says Jill Jonas, who leads DNR's drinking and groundwater programs. "Protecting sources of drinking water is the key for the future. There are tens of thousands of potential contaminates and we're never going to be able to use the approach we're using now. There is no way to keep up."
How you can help protect sources of drinking water
What's in my water?
Wisconsin is viewed as a national model for the amount and accessibility of drinking water information provided to water consumers. Check out these resources for the statewide picture - or to zero in on your own water supply.
- 2012 annual Drinking Water ReportStatewide report on the performance of Wisconsin public water systems
- Consumer confidence report 2013 Generate a report for your individual municipal water suppliers.
- What's wrong with my water? Use our diagnostic information to get to the bottom of your water concern
Where does my water come from?
Two-thirds of Wisconsin residents get their drinking water from groundwater. One-third of Wisconsin residents get their drinking water from surface water supplies such as Lake Michigan, Lake Superior and Lake Winnebago.
- Groundwater: Wisconsin's Buried treasure , Wisconsin Natural Resources, April 2006.
- Wisconsin's Great Lakes
How do we use water?
Operations that withdraw more than 100,000 gallons of water a day are required to report their usage and are starting to give Wisconsin important information on how much water we collectively use. See the breakdowns by major uses.
Resources for youth leaders & educators


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St Mirren skipper Jim Goodwin believes the team's positive play was a key factor in securing the Scottish Communities League Cup.
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The Buddies won the competition for the first time with an exciting 3-2 victory over Hearts at Hampden.
While Danny Lennon's men have been pleasing on the eye for some time, they have also struggled to get out of the bottom six in the Scottish Premier League.
But with a semi-final victory over Celtic ahead of Sunday's win over the Jambos, Goodwin reckons the wait for glory has been worthwhile as St Mirren claimed their first cup triumph in 26 years.
"We have been rewarded," Goodwin said. "We have always tried to play good, attractive football.
"We have made mistakes in the past that cost us. We have lost the ball close to the goal and the opponents have gone through and scored.
"We have been criticised in the past for doing it, but we showed in the semi-final against Celtic that we are good enough to play that way.
"We have got players who only know that way. If we start going long ball, then we are doing them an injustice.
"We train the way we play and I'm just delighted now that the boys have been rewarded."


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The Anchorman saga's secret? Will Ferrell's generosity.
This Sunday the Country Music Hall of Fame and Museum in Nashville will correct a grievous oversight when it inducts the late Jack Clement, who wrote an early hit for Johnny Cash ("Ballad of a Teenage Queen"), effectively desegregated country music by adopting Charley Pride as a protege, and produce ... More >>
These Generals speak the name of the Lord, but is it in vain?
Corridos get updated with drugs and guns
Web designer George Kalas wanted to re-fight the Civil War. Instead, he started one in his own movement.
Ensemble entertains with a sexy, provocative production
Houston sculptor David Adickes has one message for the art world: large is good


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To root or not to root? That is the question (that we'll help you answer in this article). You may have heard about "rooting" your Android phone but might not understand exactly what it is and why you'd even want to do it in the first place. Rooting has many, many advantages that we'll go over but also can come with some serious disadvantages. Therefore, it is important to know whether you'd even want to root your device before you decide to go down this path.
What does root or rooting mean? The word "root" comes from Linux terminology which refers to a user having complete permissions over all system files. Okay, that may have confused you even more. The easiest way to think about it is it's like being an administrator on a Windows computer instead of just a regular user (allowing you to install, uninstall, delete or otherwise modify any file on the computer). In other words, you have complete control over what is on your phone.
Why would I want to root my phone? I can't count how many times I've been asked this question. The simple answer is because you can! Of course, that isn't always enough to convince someone to do it (at least it shouldn't be). But the following list of the top advantages of rooting just might be enough to convince you:
1. WiFi/USB Tethering: Wait a minute, can't you already do this without rooting your phone? Yes, but when you have root permissions, you don't have to pay for anything other than your regular data package. If you are currently paying for this feature (which the carriers love), you can save up to $20 a month or $240 a year.
2. Overclocking: Every Android phone has a processor underneath the hood that ultimately determines how fast things run on the phone. When you root your phone, you can tweak the processor to make it faster. For example, my Galaxy S came factory "clocked" at 1 GHz. I rooted my phone and overclocked it to 1.3 GHz. That's a 30% gain in performance!
3. Custom ROMs: The word ROM is actually an acronym for read-only memory, which is the part of the phone where the Android operating system is stored. When you root your device, you have the ability to replace that version of the OS with a custom one (as long as it is compatible). This lets you choose from dozens of ROMs out there instead of being stuck with only the one that came with your phone.
4. Customization: Not only can you install custom ROMs from developers that tweaked the Android OS to their liking, but you can further customize those custom ROMs by doing things like replacing the boot animations, changing the icons in the notification bar, install different themes, and much, much more.
5. Updating The OS: One of the biggest drawbacks to having a non-Nexus device is the fact that you have to wait for what seems like an eternity before you get updated to the latest version of the OS. For example, it took my Galaxy S over 7 months to get updated officially by Samsung to version 2.2. By then, 2.3 was out. Luckily, I never had to wait that long as I just flashed a custom ROM that was based off of the latest version of Android.
6. Remove Bloatware: While some of the features that come along with manufacturer UI's like HTC Sense or TouchWiz can be useful, I think it's safe to say that are are some we can live without. The problem with a non rooted phone is that these preloaded apps (bloatware) aren't uninstallable most of the time. With root permissions, you can delete just about any stock app you want.
7. Screenshots: While screenshots are now supported natively with Android 4.0, and some device manufacturer's offer this ability with their UI's, the rest of the Android community is left in the dark. Unless of course, you root your phone and download a screenshot app. That takes us to the next point:
8. Root Only Apps: There are hundreds of apps out there that are meant only for rooted phones. We already mentioned the ones that can take screenshots, but there are plenty of other ones that let you do things with your phone that you might not even though possible. There are apps that can crank up your phones speaker to be louder, remove all the annoying ads from other apps, modify your LED notifications, and more.
9. Better Backup: Sure, you can back up your contacts and pictures with a stock phone. You can even back up the apps you have with certain applications out there. But it's not a real backup. Why? It just re-installs the app. For example, if you "backup" a game, usually your high scores and settings will be lost. That's not the case when you are rooted and use an app like Titanium Backup.
There you have it. Those are 9 good reasons why you would want to root your phone. But we must caution you that doing this can have some potential downfalls. You can brick your phone (rendering it useless) if something goes wrong and can also void the manufacturer warranty. But with that said, if you follow the how-to guides most of the time you should be just fine. But make sure do your research and have a basic understanding of what you're about to do before you proceed.


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Bottle Bombs
Two men indicted for Magic Johnson Theater 'bottle bomb' incident in Largo
Two men accused of setting off a "bottle bomb" at a Maryland movie theater have been indicted by a grand jury.
Michael Hollingsworth arrested in Virginia bottle bombings
A second man has now been charged in Virginia with setting off "bottle bombs" inside crowded movie theaters.
Second suspect arrested for bottle bomb at Largo movie theater
A second suspect, Michael Hollingsworth, 23, of Takoma Park, Maryland, was arrested Friday and charged with two felonies in connection with a "bottle bomb" detonation last month at a theater in Largo, Maryland, fire officials said.
Police: Manuel Joyner-Bell, 20, admits to all 6 theater bottle bomb incidents
Joyner-Bell was arrested in his home in Bowie, Md. on Saturday.
Theater bottle bomb in Alexandria last month could be connected to recent incidents
At first, not much was thought about a similar bottle bomb explosion at an AMC theater in Alexandria - but now, authorities are approaching the incident with fresh eyes.
Bottle bomb set off in Largo AMC theater
Theater goers at a Largo movie theater received quite a scare early Saturday morning. For the second time in a week, a "bottle bomb" was found inside a local movie theater.
Tysons Corner bottle bomb 911 calls released by Fairfax County police
Fairfax County police have released some of the panicked phone calls the received last weekend from the Tyson's Corner movie theater where someone set off multiple "bottle bombs."
Two juveniles apprehended for Maryland bottle bombsComment
Authorities say 13 soda bottle bombs were found in the parking lot of a Hagerstown church and two 11-year-old were apprehended in connection with the bombs.
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Only On 7
The ABC7 I-team investigates cop cruiser crashesCop Cruiser Crashes happen more often than you think in the Washington area. Are officers being held accountable? And should you be paying the price? The I-Team investigates TONIGHT on ABC7 News at 11 after "Castle."


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Lady Lions lose late lead, game to No. 3 Stars
SAGU puts scare into OKCU behind Winston, Page, Ward
Thursday is final home game until February 8
Box Score (link below)
Standings: http://www.soonerathletic.org/sport/0/5.php
WAXAHACHIE, Texas -- A valiant effort by Southwestern Assemblies of God University that witnessed them leading the nation's No. 3 ranked Oklahoma City University with eight minutes remaining didn't last as the Stars rallied for a 77-65 triumph at the Sheaffer Center on Monday.
After jumping to an 8-0 lead the heavily favored Stars toiled the rest of the way against an inspired Lady Lions team. They simply couldn't create any separation on the scoreboard.
SAGU was in position to pull a stunning upset until going cold down the stretch.
Jirah Rodriguez (Georgetown, Tx / Georgetown HS ) split a pair of free throws to lift the Purple Pride to a 59-58 lead with 8:37 to go.
That's when OKC (9-1 / 6-0 in SAC) regrouped and staved off the upset-minded Lady Lions.
SAGU, now 8-8 overall and 2-4 in the Sooner Athletic Conference, had given the Stars fit all night. They battled tooth and nail, refusing to fold.
Eight times they drew to within two-points and reduced their deficit to one point on seven occasions. They had numerous opportunities to tie or move ahead but were denied by a Stars team that couldn't distance themselves from the upstart hosts.
SAGU scored nine unanswered points, by four different players; Rodriguez had three points, while Shaquita Roberts (San Antonio, Tx / Byron Steele HS ), Charity Page (Nacogdoches, Tx / Nacogdoches HS ) and Bethany Krock (San Antonio, Tx / Cornerstone Christian ) had two apiece.
The Stars countered with four straight three-pointers to shut the door on the Lady Lions bid to end OCU's 34-game conference winning streak.
Junior guard Yvonte Neal fired the first one on their next trip down the court. Thanks to an offensive rebound on their ensuing possession, Autumn Lau, a senior forward, drained another trey from the right corner.
SAGU senior Nia Winston (Garland, Tx / Lakeview Centennial HS ), who poured in 18 first half points, cashed in an offensive putback. Autumn Huffman countered by duplicating the play with a stickback of a Lau miss.
Rodriguez replied with a basket on a sweet pass inside from Laken Ward (Cleveland, Ark / Wonderview HS ), to keep SAGU within 66-63 with 6:13 remaining.
Kayla McKenzie ripped the nets from beyond the arc, then assisted on a trifecta by Neal to swell the lead to 72-63 (3:53). It capped a 14-4 run.
Lau was the catalyst for Team Blue with seven points during an overall 19-6 scoring spree (since SAGU took the lead).
In the game's final 8:37, SAGU made just 3-of-9 shots and committed four turnovers. Meanwhile, OCU was 7-of-14 with no errors.
Winning games on nights when you don't have you're A-game is the sign of good teams. The Stars, who have averaged 31 wins during the past 10 seasons, had to sweat against a very determined SAGU team.
SAGU could make a lot of noise over the remaining 14 games with more showings like Monday. Rising to the occasion has the opportunity to reveal a "coming of age" for Team Purple.
Golden Eagles visit on Thursday
They will get another chance on Thursday when No. 16 John Brown University (11-3 / 3-2 in SAC) comes to town.
The Golden Eagles have lost their last two games, including a 60-53 decision to a hot-shooting Southwestern Christian (4-9 / 2-3 in SAC) on Saturday.
Team Statistics and Player Totals
SAGU connected on 45% (13 of 29) of their first shots before cooling off in the second. They were 10 of 36 for 28% down the stretch to finish at 35%.
OCU was steady, tossing in 14 field goals in both halves, shooting 45% for the game.
Fourteen of twenty (70%) from the foul line is good for the Pride, though it included six makes and five costly misses after intermission. OCU was 14 of 19.
The difference was a 50-32 control of the boards by the visitors. They pulled down 21 misses on offense and converted on most of them.
SAGU grabbed 16 of their own, cashing in on many.
Forcing the Stars into 20 turnovers enabled the home team to actually take more shots, 65-62, than the perennial powerhouse.
Winston led SAGU with 24 points. Teamed with defensive splinter, Taylor Hill (Waxahachie, Tx / Waxahachie HS ), the guards combined for seven steals and seven assists.
Winston's game included four three-balls and just one turnover in 38 minutes.
Rallying from an 8-0 hole, it was Winston scoring 12 points to draw the Lions to within 16-14. Her trifecta kept SAGU on the Stars' heels at 19-17.
Ward, active on both ends, displayed power in the paint with a drive to the rack. The Stars still led by the slimmest of margins at 30-29.
An offensive follow by Page and a pair of Ward free throws had SAGU providing answers while trailing 35-34.
Hill notched five assists, all before halftime. SAGU trailed 42-38.
Stellar freshmen Page and Ward are arriving just in time. Both accounted for 12 points.
Ward added seven boards, four of the on offense, while Page made 4-of-5 shots and latched onto five boards.
Their consistency and assertive play is gobbling up minutes and increasing in their role on the team.
Roberts registered six boards and blocked two shots. Rodriguez added nine points.
The Stars placed four in double digits, led by Lau (like 'ouch') with 17.
Her intensity was almost tangible, overcoming a technical foul for taunting with gritty play down the stretch. She converted six of her eight shots.
Neal netted 16 with MacKenzie and Huffman each scoring 14. The latter led both teams with 13 rebounds, including a whopping nine on offense.
Box Score / Play-by-Play: http://www.dakstats.com/WebSync/Pages/BoxScores/BoxScores.aspx?association=10&sg=WBB&sea=NAIWBB_2013&team=299&compID=169996
(for play-by-play click on split blue box in right corner)
Women's Basketball News
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Lady Lions top Paul Quinn College
Nov 21, 2014 - Womens Basketball News
Waxahachie, Texas- November 21, 2014- The Southwestern Assemblies of God University (SAGU) women's basketball team improved to 4-3 for the season after a win over Paul Quinn College, 93-48. Sop...Read more
Lady Lions split games in SAGU Classic
Nov 10, 2014 - Womens Basketball News
Waxahachie, Texas- The Southwestern Assemblies of God University went 1-1 in their own tournament. SAGU beat University of the Southwest (USW), 73-32. SAGU lost to St. Thomas in a very clo...Read more
Lady Lions top Dallas Christian in season opener
Nov 05, 2014 - Womens Basketball News
Dallas, Texas- November 5, 2014- In the first game of the 2014-15 season, the Southwestern Assemblies of God University (SAGU) women's basketball team came away with a win over Dallas Christian (DC).&...Read more
SAGU women's basketball picked middle of the pack in SAC preseason poll
Oct 29, 2014 - Womens Basketball News
Waxahachie, Texas- October 24, 2014- The Sooner Athletic Conference (SAC) preseason poll has been release and the Southwestern Assemblies of God University (SAGU) women's basketball team has been pick...Read more
Coach Arlon Beadles announces his last season at SAGU
Oct 06, 2014 - Womens Basketball News
Waxahachie, Texas- October 6, 2014- After nearly half of century of coaching basketball, Southwestern Assemblies of God University (SAGU) women's basketball coach Arlon Beadles has announced the 2014-...Read more
SAGU women's basketball team cools down for ALS
Sep 10, 2014 - Womens Basketball News
SAGU women's basketball accepts the Ice Bucket Challenge Waxahachie, Texas- September 10, 2014- When September temperatures flirt with triple digits in Texas you must find a way to cool down. The Sout...Read more
SAGU women's basketball sign Diggles and Becker
Jun 20, 2014 - Womens Basketball News
Waxahachie, TX- June 20,2014- The lady lions have signed two recruits that could make an instant impact on the court this winter. Dy'Tessha Diggles comes to SAGU from Desoto High Scho...Read more
SAGU women's basketball team returns from ministering overseas
Jun 20, 2014 - Womens Basketball News
Waxahachie, Texas – June 9, 2014 – Members of the Southwestern Assemblies of God University (SAGU) Lady Lions basketball team recently returned from a trip to Juan Dolio, Dominican Republic. The trip ...Read more
Winston earns NAIA All-American honors
Mar 27, 2014 - Womens Basketball News
Senior led league in scoring, caps career with 1,142 points WAXAHACHIE, Texas -- The National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA) just announced its post-season honors a...Read more
NAIA's No. 5 ranked defense not enough for SAGU
Mar 16, 2014 - Womens Basketball News
Lady Lions basketball falls at NCCAA Regionals Winston, Roberts, Hankins, Lugo close hoops careers Returning players, recruits seek to continue team's ascent NCCAA Women's/Men...Read more
Winston named to NCCAA All-Region Team
Mar 12, 2014 - Womens Basketball News
Senior guard part of 11-person group in Central Region WAXAHACHIE, Texas -- Nia Winston, the leading scorer in the Sooner Athletic Conference, was recently named to the National Chr...Read more
Women's hoops entered in NCCAA regionals
Mar 07, 2014 - Womens Basketball News
SAGU looks to bounce back after recent narrow setbacks Lady Lions open on March 14 against Oklahoma Christian Brackets for Women's and Men's tourney announced WAXAHACHIE, Te...Read more
Lady Lions ousted on late shot in OT, 67-66
Mar 05, 2014 - Womens Basketball News
SAGU has 14-point second half lead crumble during Cavs' comeback Seniors Winston, Roberts lead Pride in scoring and rebounds On Deck: NCCAA Regional next week in Edmond, Ok Box...Read more
Winston, Roberts, Hill honored by SAC
Mar 04, 2014 - Womens Basketball News
League scoring title earns Winston First Team All-Conference Lady Hoopsters play Wednesday at noon in conference tourney Click here to view official SAC honors list WAXAHACHIE, Te...Read more
Lady Lions drop heartbreaker at No. 16, JBU
Mar 02, 2014 - Womens Basketball News
Golden Eagles close on 9-2 run to win, 59-55 SAGU controls lead, boards but not free throw count NEXT: SAC Tournament / Lady Lions play Wednesday at noon Standings, Box ...Read more
Triumphant farewell for Winston, Roberts
Feb 28, 2014 - Womens Basketball News
Duo engineers 70-46 win over St. Gregory's Watch SAGU at #16 John Brown at 1pm on Saturday Box Score and Play-by-Play (posted below) SAC Current Standings: http://www.soonerat...Read more
No. 24 Flying Queens pull away from SAGU
Feb 23, 2014 - Womens Basketball News
Lady Lions final home game next Thursday Seniors Winston, Roberts enjoy honors, productive effort Current Standings: http://www.soonerathletic.org/sport/0/5.php Box Score and Play-b...Read more
Cheer Team, Lady Lions sponsor baby shower
Feb 20, 2014 - Womens Basketball News
First Look Clinic and Noah's Room to benefit from gifts Event to take place Saturday, Feb. 22, from 1-5pm WAXAHACHIE, Texas -- The arrival of the spring season is often view...Read more
Strong second half leads to Lady Lions victory
Feb 19, 2014 - Womens Basketball News
Trio of guards; Winston, McAfee, Dorsey fuel comeback Roberts blocks six shots, steals five passes to anchor the defense Current Standings: http://www.soonerathletic.org/s...Read more
Offensive rebounding not enough for Lady Lions
Feb 17, 2014 - Womens Basketball News
Winston pours in 26, but SAGU falls to MACU, 66-52 Next three games at home, starting with Northwood on Tuesday SAC Standings: http://www.soonerathletic.org/sport/0/5.php OKLAHOMA CITY...Read more
Winston, Lady Lions battle, but No. 5 OBU rolls
Feb 15, 2014 - Womens Basketball News
SAGU senior guard, the SAC's scorer, pours in 25 Watch Saturday's doubleheader at MACU on video WAXAHACHIE, Texas -- Southwestern Assemblies of God University ran u...Read more
Lady Lions defense smothers Wesleyan, 61-47
Feb 10, 2014 - Womens Basketball News
SAGU forces Rams into 8 turnovers and 0-for-15 start Winston pours in 18, continues to lead SAC in scoring No. 4 Oklahoma Baptist visits the Sheaffer Center on Thursday Box Score, Play-...Read more
SAGU upset at USAO, 65-63
Feb 07, 2014 - Womens Basketball News
Eight-point lead, 61-53, evaporates in final seven minutes Lady Lions (11-12) host Texas Wesleyan (11-11) on Saturday Box Score, Play-by-Play (available below) CHI...Read more
SAGU holds off Lady Eagles rally, win 68-66
Feb 02, 2014 - Womens Basketball News
Lady Lions roar to 27-point lead behind Winston, Rodriguez Key games with USAO and Wesleyan this week Box Score, Play-by-Play (access below) Current Standings: http://www.soonerathletic...Read more
No. 7 Stars shine, stifle SAGU
Jan 31, 2014 - Womens Basketball News
Lady Lions offense blanketed by OCU Winston edges Neal in battle of Top 2 scorers Current Standings: http://www.soonerathletic.org/sport/0/5.php OKLAHOMA CITY, Oklahoma ...Read more
Inside job allows Flying Queens to crown SAGU
Jan 24, 2014 - Womens Basketball News
Wayland Baptist controls boards in 75-58 triumph Rodriguez sinks three 3's, Roberts swats 4 shots, McAfee has 5 assists Click here for Box Score Click here for Play-by-Play ...Read more
Rodriguez, Lady Lions thump Knights, 87-43
Jan 22, 2014 - Womens Basketball News
SAGU wins second-in-a-row on the strength of defense Team can continue upsurge with win in Wayland on Thursday Box Score and Play-by-Play link below CEDAR HILL, Texas -- Led...Read more
Lady Lions take Cavaliers to 'boarding school'
Jan 18, 2014 - Womens Basketball News
SAGU evens their record at 9-9 in 64-42 road victory Seniors Winston and Roberts and freshmen trio pave the way Box Score and Play-by-Play (links below) SAC Standings at: ...Read more
Slow starts in both halves dooms Lady Lions
Jan 17, 2014 - Womens Basketball News
SAGU comes up short to No. 19 John Brown, 55-39 Defense holds Golden Eagles 15-points under their average WAXAHACHIE, Texas - - Southwestern Assemblies of God University, unable to ov...Read more
Coach Beadles' Monday night post-game praise
Jan 14, 2014 - Womens Basketball News
He explains critical elements that hindered Lady Lions SAGU needs consistent effort and production to win in SAC WAXAHACHIE, Texas -- After an exhilarating game against the NAIA...Read more
Lady Lions lose late lead, game to No. 3 Stars
Jan 14, 2014 - Womens Basketball News
SAGU puts scare into OKCU behind Winston, Page, Ward Thursday is final home game until February 8 Box Score (link below) Standings: http://www.soonerathletic.org/sport/0/5.php&nbs...Read more
Winston, Roberts propel Lady Lions to 78-54 rout
Jan 12, 2014 - Womens Basketball News
Seniors shine; Frosh trio charges ahead SAGU to host No. 3 OKC on Monday night Box Score / Stats (link below) Conference Standings (link below) Photo Gallery (directions ...Read more
Wesleyan too hot for Lady Lions in 80-59 setback
Jan 10, 2014 - Womens Basketball News
Averaging 2.8 threes per game, Lady Rams sink 11 Hill leads SAGU with career night in points, assists Box Score and Standings (links below) FORT WORTH, Texas -- Runnin...Read more
Lady Lions, Winston deliver in 57-52 triumph
Jan 07, 2014 - Womens Basketball News
SAGU earns first conference win; seek second on Thursday Roberts, Page, Dorsey and timely free throws prove critical Box Score (link below) Current S.A.C. Standings: http://www.so...Read more
Lady Lions yield late rally, fall to MACU, 65-52
Jan 05, 2014 - Womens Basketball News
SAGU builds eight-point, second half lead Winston, Hill lead offense; freshman duo - Ward, Page, shine Box Score (link below) Photo Gallery (link below) WAXAHACHIE, Texas --&n...Read more
Lady Lions foiled by cold start at No. 9 OBU
Jan 03, 2014 - Womens Basketball News
Winston leads with 14-points in road setback Pride hosts MACU on Sat; game aired by SAGU Sports Live Box Score and Standings links below SHAWNEE, Oklahoma -- Cold shoot...Read more
Lady Lions take on No. 9 OBU tonight on the road
Jan 02, 2014 - Womens Basketball News
Winston leads the league and SAGU in scoring Watch the game on video livestream WAXAHACHIE, Texas -- The Southwestern Assemblies of God University women's basketball team ...Read more
Winston is SAC Women's Player of the Week
Dec 18, 2013 - Womens Basketball News
Garland native is the pick after 28-point game Winston is second in league in scoring, third in threes WAXAHACHIE, Texas -- Recognition and praise are two of the most sought aft...Read more
Lady Lions build 37-point lead, coast to 88-68 win
Dec 17, 2013 - Womens Basketball News
Ward, Winston, Rodriguez ignite SAGU victory Team takes 6-4 record into Christmas break Box Score (link posted below) WAXAHACHIE, Texas -- Southwestern Assemblies of God Uni...Read more
Lady Lions defense faces test from ABC Patriots
Dec 14, 2013 - Womens Basketball News
Contrasting strengths collide on Monday night SAGU plays final game of semester at home Players to Watch (stat leaders posted below) WAXAHACHIE, Texas -- The strength ...Read more
Lady Hoopsters get in the gift-giving spirit
Dec 13, 2013 - Womens Basketball News
SAGU players bless the families of prisoners WAXAHACHIE, Texas -- When a basketball is passed leads to someone's benefit, the one doing the passing is awarded with an as...Read more
Lady Lions roll to 71-49 victory
Dec 11, 2013 - Womens Basketball News
Winston enjoys career night with 28 points SAGU plays pre-Christmas home game on Monday, Dec. 16 DALLAS, Texas -- Behind a defensive effort that forced 26 turnovers, Southwester...Read more
SAC Coaches tab Lady Lions to finish ninth
Dec 06, 2013 - Womens Basketball News
Oklahoma City is solid pick to wear crown SAGU plays at Southwestern Christian on Saturday WAXAHACHIE, Texas -- There was no surprise when the results of the Coaches' Pres...Read more
Ebony Colbert signs with SAGU basketball
Nov 27, 2013 - Womens Basketball News
5'8 two-guard stars at DeSoto High School First recruit could be cornerstone for Class of 2014 WAXAHACHIE, Texas -- The Southwestern Assemblies of God University women...Read more
'Fire'birds propel OKWU past Lady Lions
Nov 24, 2013 - Womens Basketball News
SAGU falls to No. 8 Ok. Wesleyan, 74-58 Winston hits 20 for fifth time in eight games Current SAC Standings: http://www.soonerathletic.org/sport/0/5.php Box Score (link below) ...Read more
Lady Lions corral Mustangs, 61-50
Nov 23, 2013 - Womens Basketball News
Winston pours in 23, Rodriguez has double-double SAGU builds leads of 25-2 and 40-13 at the half, coasts to win Follow Saturday game vs No. 8 Oklahoma Wesleyan on LiveStats BARTLESVILLE...Read more
Lady Hoopsters in Okla. for tournament
Nov 22, 2013 - Womens Basketball News
SAGU's strength rests on No. 10 ranked defense Follow both games on LiveStats Lady Lions Player Stats Link (below) BARTLESVILLE, Oklahoma -- The Southwestern Assemb...Read more
Lady Lions breeze past Dallas Christian, 97-56
Nov 20, 2013 - Womens Basketball News
SAGU scores 56 in second half, prepare for big games Team, now 3-3, heads to Oklahoma tournament RICHARDSON, Texas -- Southwestern Assemblies of God University snapped a th...Read more
Lady hoopsters play Tuesday at Dallas Christian
Nov 19, 2013 - Womens Basketball News
6:00pm game precedes Lions at DCC at 8pm SAGU will play in Oklahoma tourney on Fri/Sat WAXAHACHIE, Texas -- Southwestern Assemblies of God University, after dropping three strai...Read more
Lady Lions suffer first loss to LSU-Shreveport
Nov 10, 2013 - Womens Basketball News
Roberts, McAfee lead SAGU against No. 25 Lady Pilots On Deck: Sterling Classic in Central Kansas WAXAHACHIE, Texas -- After battling No. 25 ranked LSU-Shreveport for over ...Read more
Lady Lions crush Crusaders, 81-25
Nov 06, 2013 - Womens Basketball News
Game was "worth the wait" for three players Next up, the SAGU Classic on Friday and Saturday BOX SCORE (link below) WAXAHACHIE, Texas -- The worst part of li...Read more
Lady Lions basketball roster announced
Oct 31, 2013 - Womens Basketball News
SAGU fields a revved up squad of 15 Season opener at home on Tuesday, 6:00pm WAXAHACHIE, Texas -- The start of the 2013-14 basketball season is less than a week away for Southwe...Read more
SAGU Basketball Classic set for Nov. 8-9
Oct 14, 2013 - Womens Basketball News
Four teams play two games apiece in less than 24 hours WAXAHACHIE, Texas -- The annual SAGU Basketball Classic is less than a month away and the anticipation is building. Southw...Read more
Women's Basketball Schedule Released
Oct 03, 2013 - Womens Basketball News
Lady Lions play 30-games, 14 at home SAGU opens Nov. 5 against Dallas Christian College WAXAHACHIE, Texas -- The Southwestern Assemblies of God University women's ba...Read more


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Fueled by a growing creative community, post-industrial Boerum Hill is currently being forged into Brooklyn's next big arts and cultural destination. Get a glimpse of the revolution in this eclectic three level space housed within a former electrical factory. With two bedrooms, two baths, a serene atrium, and a sunlit rooftop, this is the ideal place to blow off some steam after a day of exploring the city.Read the full story »
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text: Karissa Yoder Benefit Concert View full-size image < previous next > Is this photo a winner? "This is a photo of my husband(the creator of the t-shirts) and I listening to the final band at the benefit concert for Karissa Yoder who is suffering from a tramatic brain injury. Karissa, our daughter, Olivia and Amber were in a auto accicent Nov. 7th, 2010. Our benefit concert was held Feb. 26th 2011 at our church, Shiloh Mennonite Church in Resaca, Ohio. Everyone loved the t-shirts! They thought the quality of the t-shirts was excellent and many people purchased them. Thanks for your partnership in this endeavor. Hundreds of people came to the benefit for Karissa and the money will help the family who have been by her side for over three months." - Karissa Yoder Benefit concert (Mar 01, 2011) Share this photo on: Twitter Facebook Pinterest Similar Photos: benefit concert | church | charity | fundraising | brain injury | daughter | parents Feeling inspired? Visit the CustomInk Design Lab to start your own group order. Design Your Own


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Good Afternoon All,
We have an ipad 3 and weould like to use the dictation feature which works fine on home broadband but in school it doesnt. The ipad can get onto the internet fine in school and has the correct proxy setting etc.
Ive spoke to our ISP and they want to know which ports to open and the destination ip to allow the dictation feature to work.
Does anyone know how to find this out, ive tried googling and found this info about different ports but none about the ip.
Well known TCP and UDP ports used by Apple software products
The vast majority of iPad apps are not proxy aware - there's nothing you can do sadly.
One reason why they still aren't great for "business" use - we use them fine for the kids, but the SLT who prefer them to laptops for ease of use have massive problems with productivity apps that are not proxy aware such as Skype and Dragon Naturally.
There are currently 1 users browsing this thread. (0 members and 1 guests)


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Petite 2Jours leather tote (201343)
Style notes
The 2Jours handbag is a Fendi house icon, defined by its neat, boxy structure and enamel logo front bar. This shrunken version is crafted from teal-blue grained leather and, despite its compact size, is still large enough to carry all essentials in its fully-lined interior.Shown here with Balenciaga Zip-back leather ankle boots and Roksanda Eldon stretch-wool twill top.
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Sam Huntington
Date of Birth: April 1, 1982
Sam Huntington was born in Peterborough, New Hampshire. His mother, actress Christine Stabile, helped him get his start in acting and currently serves as his manager. He began acting at her children's theater, The Black Box, at age nine, and was later cast in four major stage productions at the Peterborough Players, including To Kill A Mockingbird. Sam was eager to begin acting onscreen, but his mother encouraged him to gain more experience. They both moved to New York City, where Huntington signed with the JM Bloom Agency. He attended The Professional Children's School where he became friends with Macaulay Culkin.
During his period of less than a year in New York City, Huntington acted in commercials, did a voiceover for children's cartoon The Magic School Bus, and appeared in Disney's Jungle 2 Jungle (1997). He then returned to New Hampshire to attend high school, and was a guest on an episode of NBC's Law & Order. He landed roles in Detroit Rock City (1999) and Not Another Teen Movie (2001), Rolling Kansas (2003), Raising Genius (2004) and Sleepover (2004) before playing Jimmy Olsen in Superman Returns (2006). He also wrote, directed, and starred in his short thriller Sprint, filmed in New Hampshire. Huntington has appeared in television series CSI: Miami (2004), CSI: New York (2005), Veronica Mars (2004-2005), and Cavemen (2007-2008).
He also appears in Fanboys (2009), in which his wife, Rachel Klein, also has a role. The pair married on August 12, 2006, in New Hampshire.
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Philly GiveCamp @ Microsoft, Malvern PA Friday, Jan. 18 – Sunday, Jan. 20 Hackathon to lend IT support to local nonprofits, volunteer participants requested. Register online Knight-Mozilla HTML/CSS facilitator training @ Drexel Thursday, Jan. 24 Before EduCon, Mozilla is hosting a workshop on how to teach about modern web technologies. Register online Hat tip to […]
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Hack (def): to find a new (sometimes inelegant) solution to a problem
Factory (def): a place where products are made, or art like Andy Warhol's Factory
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Chadi Abou Daher, the General Manager of WTC Beirut, considered that the resilience of the Lebanese real estate sector to the international financial crisis and its steady growth have made of Beirut a natural place …Read full article » Lebanon: Wednesday, February 10 - 2010 @ 16:39
The announcement was made at MIPIM 2006 in Cannes where WTC Beirut participated along other WTCs. The General Manager of WTC Beirut Chadi Abou Daher explained that Beirut International Property Forum is the first conference …Read full article » United Arab Emirates: Tuesday, March 14 - 2006 @ 14:20
Although focusing on community issues is not a new phenomenon, companies are becoming more aware of the need to be responsible towards the economy, society, environment, and human welfare.
CSR professionals and business leaders will gather …Read full article » Lebanon: Thursday, October 14 - 2010 @ 15:12
The Forum has quickly grown to become Qatar's leading real estate event. It is organized by World Trade Center Qatar in partnership with the Ministry of Business and Trade.
Chadi Abou Daher, General Manager of …Read full article » Qatar: Tuesday, March 16 - 2010 @ 16:51


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Rookie Yearbook Two
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A collection of articles, interviews, photo editorials, and illustrations from the highly praised and hugely popular online magazine RookieMag.com
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Launching a direct attack on the Congress ahead of the Hisar Lok Sabha bypoll, Anna Hazare aide Arvind Kejriwal on Saturday called upon voters to hand down a "historic defeat" to the party. "I am here to convey Anna Hazare's message. If voters of Hisar launch a campaign against the Congress government, the party will be forced to accept the Jan Lokpal Bill. The eyes of entire India are now on the Hisar byelection," Arvind Kejriwal said.
The Congress hit back at Team Anna's campaign in Hisar, saying Anna Hazare should come out in the open if he wanted to be in politics. -What do you
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Rehoboth Beach House Rental Photos and Description
7 bedrooms, 4.5 bathrooms
The quintessence of modern luxury and old-fashioned family comfort, Laurel House is bright, spacious and perfect for multiple-family getaways. Offering 7 bedrooms, 4 1/2 baths, up to 20 guests can sleep comfortably in this exquisite beach residence. Located just steps from Rehoboth Avenue, Laurel House is decorated and furnished in magnificent style and is equipped to fulfill any needs that our guests may have. Recent renovations include two master suites with fireplaces and private baths, as well as a fully equipped gourmet kitchen and separate dining room. Perfect for private family dinners or for entertaining friends, this home offers a unique venue for fun and relaxation. After a leisurely stroll on the nearby beach and boardwalk, guests can enjoy an evening of quiet repose by gathering for conversation on the screened porch. Offering a taste of old-world elegance, this classic Rehoboth Beach house is sure to become your favorite seaside retreat.
- Suitability:
- children welcome
- non smoking only
- pets not allowed