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Making potato latkes -- how do YOU remove the excess liquid?
- CindyJ Dec 17, 2011 07:36 AM
I spent a few minutes reading through past posts on this subject and haven't found quite what I'm looking for. I'd like to know the easiest, least messy way to remove that excess liquid from the potato/onion mixture. In the past I've wrapped the mixture in a dish towel and squeezed it out, but that leaves me with an onion-scented dish towel that I really don't want to put into my washer. I've seen a suggestion for using a salad spinner. Has anyone used this method? Does it really work? I also saw a suggestion for squeezing the mixture through cheesecloth, and that sounds good, but I'm wondering if cheesecloth would really hold up, or if it'd burst open, leaving me with a potato/onion mess to clean up.
So... how do you do it? With all the kitchen gadgetry out there, has anyone yet invented a Latke De-liquifier? Thanks!
re: alexjames
I can't thank you enough! I never even knew about Serious Eats until I saw your post. I'm not sure I found the "master class," but I did find "The Complete, No-Nonsense, Slightly Neurotic Guide to Making Great Latkes" and the cheesecloth bundle method shown is positively brilliant!
I read (somewhere) that you can put your raw grated potato into a potato ricer and squeeze out excess water. >Dont squeeze so hard that you force potato through the holes....only enough pressure to drain off excess liquid !< Haven't tried it myself, as yet....but it makes good sense to me. Also, I use dry granulated onion powder for flavor (in addition to pepper and salt).
re: Lisbet
This is what I do and it works very well. Don't worry about squeezing too hard -- it's almost impossible to force raw potato through the holes unless you are Chuck Norris.
re: acgold7
Chuck Norris doesn't squeeze grated potatoes. He just stares at them and they wet themselves.
re: acgold7
That sounds like a great idea.....
re: Lisbet
I love this method and also use a potato ricer for recipes I have that call for thawed, drained frozen spinach. Works like a charm!
re: jpr54_1
This is what I do, too. I use a strainer with a wide, flat bottom that hooks onto a bowl. The large surface area speeds up the draining of the starch. This method works especially well when the potatoes are grated. If they are shredded (for example, using the shredding disk of a food processor), wringing in cheesecloth may be more efficient. I mince my onion separately (I prefer it finely minced, rather than grated) and add it to the batter after the potato starch liquid has been drained.
re: jpr54_1
the strainer/colander sounds like a good idea ..... if you have a bowl that just fits inside of the strainer/colander - you can press down on the potato mixture easily.
re: gordon wing
That's the method I use. I put a bowl under the colander to catch the starch (which stays in the bowl when you drain off the water) and then put a bowl on top and weight it down and let it sit for a while.
cheese cloth: squeeze well, let rest two minutes , squeeze again. Make sure to mix the starch back in . never fails and the potatoes do not discolor.
Also, I like to put potatoes the long way in the FP tube for longer strands.
re: paprikas
Exactly. The key is to wring out just the potatoes, BEFORE you mix them with onion or anything else. Then the cloth is perfectly washable (though it will stain brown - which is why I have a dedicated latke towel that I bring out every year for this purpose.)
re: CindyJ
I wring the onions too if I grate them. If I mince them I add them after wringing. With onions included potatoes don't discolor themselves or the towel, though I use cheesecloth and discard.
re: The Professor
You don't pre-wash the towel before you put it into the wash?
re: Kajikit
I just use my hands too. Never occurred to me to do anything else.
I use cheese cloth and it works great. I use several layers of it and it's always held up just fine for me.
I prefer to grate half the potato into mush while shredding the other half (my treasured cheap plastic Boerner grater is made just for this and is genius). I stir them together, then prop the bowl so it is tilted, with the mixture pushed to the higher side, and folded paper towels on the lower. After a few minutes the exuded liquid has been sopped up. The potatoes discolor but that does not bother me.
re: greygarious
but can you capture the starch with this method?
re: magiesmom
No, but I have always added a smidgen of Wondra flour so the lost starch is inconsequential.
I just use a fine mesh strainer in a plastic bowl, and after grating I salt a bit and dump in there. I let it sit a few minutes, press down with a wooden spoon or my hand, and repeat this process a few times while I prepare anything else I'm eating. I tip the water out of the bowl, and put the shredded potato in. After swirling it around the bowl a little, the leftover starch re-sticks to the shreds. I find that plastic bowls 'grab' the starch a bit better.. it may just be my imagination, but I am superstitious :)
I am a big fan of the ricer-- you can squeeze out the water, and it is easy clean up. I throw it in the dishwasher. It works great for latkes or hashbrowns.
I've always just squeezed it with my hands and drained out over the sink. Then add more matzo meal.
I just lift the latke mixture out with a slotted spoon and leave the moisture behind in the bowl. That's how my mother did it. No need to add matzo meal, etc.
re: 2intune
i don't get wanting to get rid of starch, especially by adding more water.
re: 2intune
Why would you want to get rid of the starch??? I've been making latkes for 40 years and never heard of that!!
re: The Professor
I agree totally about the starch but I like the idea of the salad spinner. Of course, the liquid with the starch would stay in the bowl of the salad spinner, so you can pour off the water and leave the starch. I'm going to try that today--thanks for the tip!
I'm used to supple, not stiff, latkes, so the idea of keeping the starch or beefing up latkes with flour or matzo meal is moot.
I wring the grated potatoes (only, without onions) with my hands, in a colander over a bowl. Afterwards, I pour the liquid out of the bowl, and re-add maybe 3/4 of the potato starch, which is very stiff and firm. Since I usually don't use eggs, this step is especially important.
I had some friends over for a Hanukah party tonight, so I made a big batch (15 baking potatoes). I pureed a few on the blade of the food processor and grated the others fairly course. So I decide to try all three methods today--the salad spinner, the towel, and the colander. Here are the result of this (extremely unscientific) experiment:
1. I had great hopes for the salad spinner method. Maybe it's the cheap plastic model I have, but I didn't think it extracted enough. Maybe if I had put less in at a time it might have worked better, but all the cranking I did didn't really pay off.
2. The towel method was definitely the most effective. It extracted the most water and left a lot of good starch at the bottom. The downside: I find it really tedious and messy. With such a large batch, that's a lot of squeezing, but if I'm going for optimum results, that would be my choice.
3. My old method, putting it in a colander over a bowl, and putting a weighted bowl over it, worked pretty well with not a lot of effort, but not as well as the towel method.
Bottom line: When I'm aiming for perfection, I'll use the towel. If I'm a bit lazier, I'll use the colander. Your mileage may vary.
Happy Hanukah!
Just to follow up -- I used the cheesecloth-lined bowl method, and did exactly what the photo on Serious Eats suggested, wrapping the gathered ends of the cheesecloth around the handle of a wooden spoon and twisting. It took another set of helping hands to squeeze even more liquid out, but it was by far the best, least messy method I've ever used. The only thing I'll do differently the next time, rather than discard the cheesecloth after the initial major squeezing, is to re-line a bowl with the cheesecloth, deposit the latke mixture into it, and work from that bowl as I fry the latkes. That way I can remove more accumulated liquid as I work.
These were the best, crispiest latkes I've ever made. Thanks for the tip, alexjames!
re: CindyJ
If you wait two minutes after the initial squeeze and squeeze again, there will be no more accumulated liquid, I promise. The method you propose will squeeze out the egg, if I understand correctly.
re: magiesmom
Waiting a couple of minutes and re-squeezing is a good idea, and I just noted that on the recipe I filed, so I'll remember for next time. I wondered about whether I was squeezing out the egg, but decided that even if I was, at that point in time, it didn't really matter. What I mean is this -- I think most of the egg gets absorbed by the matzoh meal. I was making a lot of latkes (I shredded 5 pounds of potatoes). As I was making them, I noticed liquid accumulating on the bottom of the bowl. I also noticed that the latkes were getting progressively wetter and therefore causing more oil to "spit" as I put the mixture into the pan. It got to a point where I was hand-squeezing the spoonfuls of mixture before placing them in the pan. That's when I began thinking that if I'd lined the bowl with the cheesecloth, I could have just lifted the remaining mixture out of the bowl, give it a squeeze, empty the liquid from the bowl and continue. If that liquid contained some egg, so be it; the egg part of the liquid wasn't going to be re-incorporated into the mixture anyway.
We process from 500-600 lb of grated potato's for Blynei. Below be great but w avg age of vol's above 70 way, way too slow and much too much physical effort and is SLOOOOOOOOOOW. Considering a 5 gal salad spinner, lining inside basket w some grade of cheese cloth/muslin so as to afterwards drain off excess water/starch, add starch back into grated potato and add seasonings. Wash out cloth after each use or use new and wash after all work completed for next yr re-use.
Anyone who has processed large qtys of grated potato suggestions or comments be appreciated.


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Devices that are part phone, part tablet, and bigger than your normal smartphone are often called phablets. These devices have been a hot category for other phone manufacturers. Recently launched, the iPhone 6 Plus goes head-to-head with similar-sized devices in the market, including the latest products from Samsung and Google. So the big question is which phablet is the best?
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Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2014, 15(3), 4031-4048; doi:10.3390/ijms15034031
Published: 5 March 2014
Abstract: Gastric cancer (GC) is among the most frequent types of cancer worldwide. Therefore, understanding the biology of GC tumorigenesis is important for appropriate diagnosis and patient surveillance. The miR-191/425 cluster has been reported to be overexpressed in various human cancers, but the tumorigenic role and clinical significance of miR-191/425 overexpression in gastric carcinogenesis is currently undefined. In this study, the expression of miR-191 and miR-425 in GC tissue and serum was assessed, and the relationship between miRNA expression and clinicopathological data was analyzed. We found that miR-191 and miR-425 were both significantly increased in human GC tissues relative to adjacent normal controls. In addition, miR-191 levels correlated with GC tumor stage and metastatic state. Furthermore, the level of serum miR-191 was significantly higher in the GC group than in the control group when using serum miR-16 as an endogenous control. Finally, inhibition of miR-191 or miR-425 in the GC cell lines HGC-27 not only reduced cell proliferation and cell cycle progression but also impaired cell migration and invasion. Taken together, our results revealed the oncogenic roles of miR-191 and miR-425 in gastric carcinogenesis, and indicated the potential use of serum miR-191 as a novel and stable biomarker for GC diagnosis.
1. Introduction
Cancer accounts for the highest mortality in developed countries and the second highest in developing countries, making it a worldwide health problem [1,2]. Gastric cancer (GC) is among the most frequent types of cancer worldwide, accounting for approximately 8% of new malignancies every year [3,4]. Among the incidence of cancers worldwide, GC ranks fourth in males and fifth in females, while the mortality rate ranks third in males and fifth in females [5]. Hence, the prediction of the biology and course of GC tumorigenesis is important for appropriate diagnosis and patient surveillance.
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of evolutionarily conserved non-coding RNAs that pleiotropically suppress expression of protein-coding genes at the post-transcriptional level [6–8]. The spectrum of miRNAs expressed in tumor cells differs dramatically from normal cells and it is now well established that miRNAs play key roles in essentially all aspects of tumor biology [8]. miRNAs have been shown to be divergently expressed in GC neoplastic tissues relative to normal tissues [9,10] and to play important roles in GC initiation and progression [10]. For example, transfection of miR-181b into GC cells has been shown to significantly increase cell proliferation, migration and invasion [11]. miR-7 was reported to function as an anti-metastatic miRNA in GC by targeting the insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor [12]. Therefore, targeting the miR-7/IGF1R/Snail axis may be useful as a therapeutic approach for blocking GC metastasis [12]. The downregulation of prohibitin by miR-27a may explain why the suppression of miR-27a inhibits GC cell growth [13]. Lastly, miR-15b and miR-16 are able to modulate the sensitivity of GC cells to certain anticancer drugs, at least in part by regulating BCL2 expression [14].
Methods to reliably detect miRNA in the circulatory system of GC patients have also been demonstrated. For example, the levels of miR-21 and miR-223 in plasma samples of GC patients were demonstrated to be significantly higher than in healthy controls, while miR-218 was significantly lower [15,16]. In addition, miR-223 was specifically correlated to Helicobacter pylori infection, an etiological agent for GC [17]. Other miRNAs proposed as diagnostic markers for GC include miR-151-5p and miR-199a-3p, miR-221, miR-200c and miR-378 [18–21]. As circulating miRNA levels are closely associated with the tumorigenesis, progression and prognosis of GC, the detection of miRNAs in the circulatory system may offer new biomarkers for GC.
miR-191 is associated with several human solid tumors including colon, lung, pancreas, prostate, and stomach cancer, as well as acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL)-associated hematopoietic malignancies [22–24]. miR-191 was hypomethylated and overexpressed in liver cancer, and the inhibition of miR-191 decreased cell proliferation and tumor growth of hepatocellular carcinoma cells [22]. The activation of miR-191 and miR-425 (the miR-191/425 cluster) expression by their host gene DALRD3 and estrogen receptor a (ERa) was shown to modulate the tumorigenicity of breast cancer cells [24]. miR-191 also displayed tumor-type specific roles in tumorigenesis, as miR-191 represses MDM4 and CDK6 expression in ovarian and thyroid follicular cancer, thereby delaying cancer progression and tumor-related death [25,26]. However, the precise role for the miR-191/425 cluster and their clinic significance in human GC are not well understood.
In the present study, we focused on the tumorigenic role of the miR-191/425 cluster in human GC cells as well as their potential use for the diagnosis of GC. Our results may provide new insight into the role of the miR-191/425 cluster in human GC tumorigenesis and may suggest serum miRNA levels to be novel clinical biomarkers in GC patients.
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. The miR-191/425 Cluster Is Highly Expressed in Gastric Cancer (GC)
The fact that miRNAs originating from the same cluster can reinforce their action on common cellular pathways led us to investigate the association of the miR-191/425 cluster with gastric carcinogenesis. To determine the differential expression of miR-191 and miR-425, we used quantitative RT-PCR (qPCR) to analyze their relative levels in total RNA extracted from 75 clinical GC tissue samples with adjacent normal tissue samples from the same patient. The expression of miR-191 and miR-425 was much higher in tumor than in non-tumor tissues (Figure 1a,b). To further study the correlation between miRNA expression and clinicopathological factors, the levels of miR-191/425 in GC tissues (including fully clinical information) were statistically analyzed (non-parametric test). The level of miR-191 was significantly higher in GC patients with late stage disease (p < 0.01, stage IV vs. stage II; p < 0.05, stage IV vs. stage III) (Figure 1c). A similar trend was observed in miR-425 expression among patients with stage IV disease compared to stage II disease (p < 0.05, stage IV vs. stage II) but not stage III disease (p = 0.065) (Figure 1c). We next investigated whether miRNA levels were affected by tumor metastasis. The level of miR-191 in GC tissues with metastasis was higher than that in the non-metastatic group (p < 0.01). However, the miR-425 level was similar in patients with different pM stages (p = 0.056) (Figure 1c). Examination of miR-191 and miR-425 expression in four GC cell lines (HGC-27, MGC-803, MKN-45 and SGC-7901) indicated an obvious upregulation of miR-191/425 in HGC-27, MGC-803, and SGC-7901 cell lines when compared to adjacent non-tumor tissues and five normal gastric tissues from healthy people (Figure 1d). These results, particularly the finding that high levels of miRNAs correlate with disease progression, indicate the misregulation of miR-191 and miR-425 in GC patients, which makes the use of miR-191 and miR-425 as novel biomarkers in GC patients a possibility.
2.2. Clinical and Pathological Characteristics of miR-191/425 Levels in GC Serum
To determine the level of circulating miR-191/425 level in GC patient serum, we performed qPCR analysis and compared miR-191/425 expression in GC patient serum with normal human serum (a control group consisting of pooled RNA from 58 healthy donor serum samples). First, we detected the raw Cq data for miR-191 and miR-425 in the control serum. We used previously reported levels of circulating miR-21 with clinical significance in serum of different solid tumors (including breast cancer, esophageal cancer, gastric cancer, colorectal cancer and lung cancer) as a positive control [27]. miR-16, the serum level of which has been shown to have no significant difference between GC samples and normal controls [28], was used as a negative control. In the normal serum, the mean Cq of both miR-191 (Cq = 33) and miR-425 (Cq = 35) was higher than the mean Cq of both miR-16 (Cq = 26) and miR-21 (Cq = 28) (Figure 2a). This difference was significant (Figure 2a), suggesting a lower background in non-tumor serum for miR-191/425 expression relative to miR-16 and miR-21. Furthermore, the low basal levels of serum miR-191 and miR-425 might hint that miR-191/425 could serve as more sensitive biomarkers in GC detection.
To ascertain whether the miR-191 and miR-425 signatures differ between GC and non-tumor serum, qRT-PCR was performed using 57 GC patients and 58 healthy donor blood samples. When U6 snRNA was used as an endogenous control for data normalization, no miRNA levels were significantly different between the two groups (p = 0.23, miR-191; p = 0.07, miR-425) (Figure 2b). In contrast, when using miR-16 as an endogenous control, the relative level of miR-191 in GC serum was significantly higher than those in the controls (p < 0.01) (Figure 2b). Subsequently, we evaluated whether there was a correlation between the level of miR-191 and clinical characteristics of patients. These results indicate that increased levels of serum miR-191 in GC samples correlate with pTNM stage (p = 0.013, stage II vs. III; p = 0.009, stage II vs. IV) (Figure 2c) but not with other clinicopathologic features.
2.3. Evaluation of Serum miR-191/425 as a Potential GC Diagnostic Marker
To evaluate whether serum miR-191 and miR-425 levels can be used as potential diagnostic markers for GC, ROC curve analyses were performed. Levels of serum miR-191 can be a potential marker for discriminating GC patients from healthy controls, with ROC curve areas of 0.849 (95% CI: 0.78–0.92) (Figure 3). However, serum miR-425 levels are not suitable for GC diagnosis (ROC curve areas of 0.548 (95% CI: 0.44–0.65)) (Figure 3). According to the ROC curve, the relative blood level of miR-191 is 3.34, which is the optimal cutoff value for differentiating GC patients and controls (Youden's index). With this cutoff value for miR-191, the sensitivity and specificity were 70.2% and 99.9%, respectively. The relative expression values for miR-191 in blood above this cutoff point were found in 50.0% of stage I–II GC patients, in 71.4% of stage III GC patients and in 75.0% of stage IV GC patients. These findings suggest that elevated blood miR-191 could be detected in early stages of GC and therefore facilitate early disease detection.
2.4. Inhibition of miR-191 and miR-425 Repressed Cell Proliferation and Cell Cycle Progression of GC Cells
The remarkable increase in miR-191 and miR-425 expression in GC patients incited us to explore the possible biological significance of these miRNAs in tumorigenesis. To assess the relevance of miR-191/425 levels on GC cell growth, miRNA inhibitors or scramble controls were used to transfect HGC-27 cells. Treatment with miRNA inhibitors reduced intracellular levels of miR-191 and miR-425 in HGC-27 cells by 4-and 3-fold over scramble control, respectively (Figure 4a). Proliferation of transfected HGC-27 cells was measured using a CCK-8 assay. Reduced expression of miR-191 and miR-425 led to significant decreases in cell proliferation in HGC-27 cells (Figure 4b). Accordingly, the percentage of S phase cells was reduced by ~11% and ~8% in HGC-27 cells treated with miR-191 and miR-425 inhibitor, respectively (Figure 4c). Taken together, these results indicate that inhibition of miR-191 and miR-425 can efficiently reduce tumor cell proliferation and cell cycle in vitro, suggesting oncogenic roles in modulating tumorigenicity of GC cells.
2.5. Inhibition of miR-191 and miR-1425 in GC Cells Inhibits Cell Migration and Invasion
Rapid invasion and metastasis of tumor cells are responsible for poor prognosis and the major cause of death in GC patients. Based on our results that miR-191 or miR-425 are statistically associated with metastasis and the degree of tumor malignancy, we proposed that these two miRNAs might play an extremely important role in GC cell migration and invasion. To test our hypothesis, cell migration and invasion assays were performed in HGC-27 cells transfected with miR-191/425 inhibitors or scramble controls. Inhibition of endogenous miR-191 and miR-425 in HGC-27 cells resulted in a significant reduction of cell migration during the closing of artificial wounds created over confluent monolayers (Figure 5a,b). HGC-27 cells were maintained in serum-free medium during the course of wound healing to ensure that any augmented migratory behavior could not be affected by altered cell proliferation. In addition, reduced expression of miR-191 and miR-425 dramatically inhibited the normally strong invasive capacity of HGC-27 cells as indicated by transwell invasion assays (Figure 5c). These results are consistent with the above findings that the miR-191 and miR-425 can promote tumor cell growth as well as their progression towards more malignant degree.
2.6. Discussion
Recently, the search for novel biomarkers for diagnostic tools is one of the most rapidly growing areas in cancer research. Blood-based protein biomarkers, such as carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), carbohydrate antigen (CA), or prostate specific antigen (PSA), have gained much recognition in the past decades [29]. However, they suffer from low sensitivity, especially with respect to their inability to screen for early stages or to distinguish aggressive from indolent tumors. Therefore, the discovery of circulating miRNAs present in cell-free body fluids such as plasma, serum, urine and saliva represent a new approach for the diagnostic screening of tumors. miRNAs were first found to be elevated in the serum of lymphoma patients compared to healthy individuals [30]. Since then, circulating miRNAs have attracted a great deal of attention as novel, minimally invasive biomarkers for various cancers. GC has one of the poorest survival rates among various types of cancers, which makes the discovery of suitable biomarkers for early detection or prognosis all the more important [2]. Previous studies have revealed some circulating miRNAs with diagnostic significance in GC patients, such as miR-17-5p, miR-21, miR-106a, miR-106b, and let-7a [15,17]. The first four miRNAs were shown to be present at significantly higher levels in GC plasma samples, whereas let-7a was lower in GC patients than in healthy individuals. Another study delineated miR-221, miR-376c, and miR-744 as markers for GC detection, which were capable of identifying GC even 5 years prior to clinical diagnosis [28]. miR-223 was also shown to be significantly higher in GC plasma samples than in healthy controls. Interestingly, miR-223 levels also correlated to Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection, an etiological agent for GC [17]. Our results revealed that serum miR-191 level was significantly increased in GC patients compared to controls. Because the basal level of miR-191 in non-tumor serum is relatively low, even a small increase in its expression could enable a sensitive enough signal for detection. Furthermore, serum miR-191 levels were also associated with lymph node metastasis and TNM staging, thus increasing its diagnostic importance.
Currently, qRT-PCR is the most frequently used approach for quantitative analysis of circulating miRNAs. Therefore, normalization is an essential step of reliable qRT-PCR results because different reference genes would yield different outputs. A recent study comparing serum levels of 24 miRNAs in GC patients before and 1 year after H. pylori eradication drew different conclusions when different reference genes were used [31]. In this study, none of the miRNAs were significantly different between the two groups when U6 snRNA was used as an endogenous control for data normalization. However, when using miR-16 as an endogenous control, the relative levels of miR-106, let-7d and miR-21 before and after H. pylori eradication were significantly higher in the high-risk group than in the control group [31]. Another study focusing on suitable reference genes for qRT-PCR analysis of serum miRNAs indicated that miR-16 and miR-93 were the most stably expressed reference miRNA genes across patients and healthy controls [28]. Here, we also used different reference genes (U6 snRNA and miR-16) in miR-191 data analysis. The difference between miR-191 levels in the patient and healthy groups varied depending on whether U6 snRNA (p = 0.036) or miR-16 (p = 0.007) was used as a reference gene in our experiments.
Another study dealing with GC samples has demonstrated that miR-191 was upregulated in gastric carcinoma; however, the functional and mechanistic significance of miR-191 in gastric carcinogenesis was undefined. In this study, we demonstrated that reduced expression of miR-191 in the GC cell line HGC-27 resulted in impaired cell proliferation and inhibition of cell cycle progression. These results allow us to speculate that silencing of miR-191 may provide a survival advantage to GC cells. A similar oncogenic phenotype was also observed in HGC-27 cells with miR-425, another component originating from the same gene cluster as miR-191. This is consistent with the speculation that clustered genes often reinforce their functions in a common cellular pathway. Furthermore, as metastasis is the major cause of morbidity and mortality from GC patients, we subsequently analyzed the affects of miR-191 and miR-425 levels on cell migration and invasion. Inhibition of miR-191 and miR-425 both slowed HGC-27 cell migration in wound healing assays and suppressed cell invasion in transwell analysis, further confirming their association with the degree of GC malignance.
3. Experimental Section
3.1. Tissue Specimens
Gastric cancers and their associated morphologically normal tissue (located >3 cm away from the tumor) were obtained between November 2009 and November 2013 from 75 gastric cancer patients undergoing surgery at the Cancer Hospital of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (Beijing, China) (CICAMS, n = 22), Chinese PLA General Hospital (Beijing, China) (301 hospital, n = 33), and China-Japan Friendship Hospital (Beijing, China) (n = 20). Five normal gastric tissues from healthy people were obtained from gastroscopic biopsies at the China-Japan Friendship Hospital. Tissue samples were cut into two parts: one was fixed with 10% formalin for histopathological diagnosis, and the other was immediately snap-frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at −196 °C in liquid nitrogen until RNA extraction. This group consisted of 65 males and 10 females with a median age of 57 years (range, 31–71 years). The use of the tissue samples for all experiments was approved by all the patients and by the Ethics Committee of the institution. The characteristics of patients included are described in Table S1.
3.2. Serum Collection
Whole-blood GC samples were collected from patients at the Cancer Hospital of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CICAMS, n = 17), Chinese PLA General Hospital (301 hospital, n = 25) and China-Japan Friendship Hospital (n = 15). All blood samples were taken at the time of initial consultation before definitive surgical intervention and/or adjuvant therapy. Fifty-eight serum samples from healthy individuals (30 women, 28 men, median age 43) were used as controls. None of them had previously been diagnosed with a malignancy. Ethical permission and informed consent were obtained for the use of all samples. Blood samples were centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 10 min at 4 °C to completely remove cellular components, and the supernatant (serum) was collected. Then, the sera were immediately frozen at −80 °C until use.
3.3. Serum RNA Isolation and qRT-PCR
RNA was extracted from 500 μL of serum using QIAamp Circulating Nucleic Acid kits (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany), eluted into 60 μL of elution solution according to the manufacturer's protocol, then stored at −80 °C until further processing. A volume of 20 μL was used for reverse transcriptase reactions, containing 12 μL of purified serum RNA, 4 μL 5× RT buffer, 1 μL of each dNTP (10 mM), 1 μL 200 U/μL M-MLV reverse transcriptase (Promega, Madison, WI, USA), 1 μL 40 U/μL RNase Inhibitor, 2 μL 1 M DTT, and 1 μL antisense looped primer. The mixture was incubated at 55 °C for 5 min, 72 °C for 60 min, and 85 °C for 5 min. Expression levels of miRNAs were analyzed by quantitative reverse-transcriptase PCR (qRT-PCR). Pre-designed TaqMan MicroRNA Assays including primer set and TaqMan probe were purchased from Applied Biosystems (Carlsbad, CA, USA). PCR was performed using TaqMan Universal PCR Master Mix II, and all reactions were performed in triplicate on the 7900HT Fast Real-Time PCR system (Applied Biosystems, Carlsbad, CA, USA). All PCR reactions, including no-template controls, were run in triplicate. The cycle passing threshold (Cq) was recorded for each candidate miRNA, and U6 snRNA and miR-16 were used as endogenous controls for data normalization. Relative expression of the target miRNAs was calculated using the comparative threshold cycle method. The average coefficients of variation (%CV) for miR-191 intra-run and inter-run (3 runs total for 115 serum samples) were 1.96% ± 0.89% and 1.28% ± 0.60%, respectively. The average %CVs for miR-425 intra-run and inter-run were 1.70% ± 0.54% and 2.16% ± 0.55%, respectively.
3.4. Cell Cultures and Transfection
Three human gastric cancer cell lines were examined in this study: MGC-803 (mucinous gastric carcinoma, poorly differentiated), HGC-27 (metastatic lymph node, undifferentiated carcinoma), MKN-45 (Signet ring carcinoma, poorly differentiated) and SGC-7901 (adenocarcinoma, moderately differentiated). The MGC-803 cell line was purchased from the Cell Resource Center of Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College (Beijing, China) and was propagated in Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium (Gibco; Invitrogen; Life Technologies, Carlsbad, CA, USA), supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS; PAA, Pasching, Austria), streptomycin (100 μg/mL) and penicillin (100 U/mL). HGC-27, MKN-45 and SGC-7901 cell lines were provided by American Type Culture Collection (ATCC; Manassas, VA, USA) and were maintained in RPMI 1640 medium (PAA) supplemented with 10% FBS (PAA). HGC-27 human gastric cancer cells were transfected with miRNA inhibitors (GenePharma; Shanghai, China), negative control miRNA (Scramble; GenePharma; Shanghai, China) at a final concentration of 25 nmol/L using DharmaFECT 1 (Dharmacon, Lafayette, CO, USA), in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions.
3.5. Tissue RNA Isolation and qRT-PCR
Total RNA was extracted from the cells and tissues with TRIzol reagent (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA). MicroRNAs were quantified by qRT-PCR using TaqMan MicroRNA assay (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA). First-strand complementary DNA (cDNA) synthesis was carried out as described above. QRT-PCR was performed as described above, but with 1 μL of RT product. All RT reactions included no-template controls and were run in triplicate. The cycle passing threshold (Cq) was recorded for candidate miRNAs, and miRNA quantification data were normalized to U6 (Table S2). The average %CVs for miR-191 intra-run and inter-run (6 runs total for 75 paired samples) were 1.51% ± 0.44% and 2.95% ± 0.87%, respectively. The average %CVs for miR-425 intra-run and inter-run were 2.08% ± 0.63% and 3.84% ± 1.21%, respectively.
3.6. Cell Proliferation and Cell Cycle Assay
Cells were incubated in 10% CCK-8 (DOJINDO, Fukuoka, Japan) diluted in normal culture medium at 37 °C until visual color conversion occurred. Proliferation rates were determined at 0, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h after transfection. The absorbance of each well was measured with a microplate reader set at 450 and 630 nM. All experiments were performed in quadruplicate.
Cell cycle analysis was performed on HGC-27 cells 48 h after transfection with either miRNA mimics or scramble control. Cells were harvested, washed twice with cold PBS, fixed in ice-cold 70% ethanol, incubated with propidium iodide (PI) and RNase A, and analyzed by FACS. Each sample was run in triplicate.
3.7. Cell Migration and Invasion Assays
HGC-27 cells were grown to confluence on 12-well plastic dishes and treated with miRNA mimics or scramble control. At 24 h post-transfection, linear scratch wounds (in triplicate) were created on the confluent cell monolayers using a 200 μL pipette tip. To remove cells from the cell cycle prior to wounding, cells were maintained in serum-free medium. To visualize migrated cells and wound healing, images were taken at 0, 24 and 48 h. A total of ten areas were selected randomly from each well, and the cells in three wells of each group were quantified.
For the invasion assays, after 24 h of transfection, 1 × 105 cells in serum-free media were seeded onto the transwell migration chambers (8 μm pore size; Millipore, Darmstadt, Germany) which coated with the upper chamber of an insert coated with Matrigel (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA). Media containing 20% FBS was added to the lower chamber. After 24 h, the non-invading cells were removed with cotton wool, and invasive cells, located on the lower surface of the chamber, were stained with May-Grunwald-Giemsa stain (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) and counted using a microscope (Olympus, Tokyo, Japan). Experiments were independently repeated three times.
3.8. Statistical Analyses
Student's t-test (two-tailed) was performed to analyze the data. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to determine whether there were any significant differences between groups. Receiver-operator characteristic curves (ROC) were obtained to establish the most suitable cutoff point. Mantel-Haenszel statistics were used to assess the relationship of serum levels of miRNAs between the GC group and the control group. A two-sided p-value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01. All statistical computations were performed using SPSS (SPSS Inc.: Chicago, IL, USA).
4. Conclusions
Our study revealed two upregulated miRNAs, miR-191 and miR-425, in GC patients. Their oncogenic roles in gastric carcinogenesis were supported by their role in the regulation of cancer cell proliferation, migration and invasion. More importantly, increased levels of serum miR-191 can distinguish, with significant specificity and sensitivity, patients with GC from healthy controls. Our results provide new insights into GC-associated miRNAs and a firm basis for the further investigation of miRNAs as blood-based GC predictive and prognostic biomarkers.
Supplementary Information
This work was supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31040021 to J.Y., 31200977 to F.W.).
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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Contact Information
Michaella Thornton, MFA
Assistant Director, Instructional Design
phone: (314) 977-1910
fax: (314) 977-1695
Role in the Center
Michaella leads the instructional design team in the Center, which creates, delivers, and assesses programming that assists faculty members and other instructors in the design, development, and modification of course content to take advantage of emerging learning technologies and global initiatives. In this role, she facilitates workshops and develops resources for instructors on designing accessible courses and teaching with technology.
Areas of Interest and Expertise
Biographical Information
Michaella joined the Reinert Center for Transformative Teaching and Learning in January, 2012. Prior to joining the CTTL, she spent almost three years working as a resource specialist in an exclusively online writing center at Kaplan University and two years as supervisor of a face-to-face writing center at St. Louis Community College-Meramec. Michaella has presented on online writing instruction, writing center pedagogy, and the incorporation of social media into the teaching of writing at the Conference on College Composition and Communication, the Computers and Writing Conference, the International Writing Centers Association, the Midwest Writing Centers Association, and the South Central Writing Centers Association.
In addition to writing center work, Michaella has also taught first-year composition, educational technology, and interdisciplinary studies at the University of Arizona, University of Missouri-Columbia, and St. Louis Community College. Michaella began her career in education in 2000, when she taught sixth grade language arts and social studies as part of the Teach For America program. Michaella has an MFA in creative writing from the University of Arizona in Tucson. Her award-winning writing has appeared both locally and nationally, in Creative Nonfiction, National Public Radio's Intern Edition, Sauce Magazine, and Kairos: A Journal of Rhetoric, Technology, and Pedagogy (forthcoming Fall 2013).


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Being Conscious
February 18, 2014 in From the Hearth, Guests, Hearth and Home by Dawne Skeye
The weather around here has been pretty wild of late, snow, sleet, freezing rain, regular rain, brilliant sunshine and power outages here and there, I don't remember the wind howling quite so much last year, then again last year I lived in town. My experiment with rural living is drawing to a close; I do love it here with the open space, well water, all the deer I've watched grow from fauns to yearlings, the rabbits, eagles, ravens and turkey vultures. My furry feline has enjoyed being here too, always lots of bugs and spiders to eat, the occasional field mouse and butterflies to chase, and his invisible friends. My sensitivity to energy is always going in this home, ever since I moved here, there's a constant current, and the energy tube that runs through us all is tingling more often than not. One of my spiritual mentors referred to that sometimes gentle and sometimes almost jarring jolt of energy as a kind of quickening, I've heard some folks say it's just your wings growing, either way it's become part of my everyday experience in this home. Flynn my cat has enjoyed himself too, he can be resting then suddenly raises his head, his eyes grow with ears up and I swear he actually grins then chirrups and starts running around the place, I'm not sure what he is seeing, though it makes him happy and I just think he's playing with his invisible friends. I'm hoping he will forgive me for moving again, and that he settles into our new digs without too much upset to his world.
I'm going to miss it here too, though I'm beginning to feel excited about my new home and envision living there, and I want to stay for a long time. I've been tracing the threads back and realise that my first home in the valley on Cumberland Road was awesome, I loved that apartment, its huge balcony, the space, it was within walking distance to many places, roomy and it really was my home. I had a lot of pot lucks and mini feasts, friends old and new felt comfortable there, and so did I. So why did I move? In hindsight I see it was a kind of reaction, a woman who was my friend at the time got a little unbalanced because I joined a Wiccan circle and got it into her head that I had joined a cult. Things just escalated from there, she called my counsellor saying I was into bad things then called the police saying I was sacrificing animals in my apartment. That was fun! My brother wanted to straighten her out because he knows that I have worked with, rescued and helped out so many animals during my life and he was angry on my behalf. This woman and I lived in the same building and I tried to brush things off, but you know I have my limits and I decided the best thing was to move just because I was so tired of the b.s.
I had a short stay renting a room with a friend then got into a town house short term to get some home care and after that I moved into a communal house. It was a nice space and a beautiful home but there were some uncool issues with the house manager, I lasted for a year before I found my current home. The major attraction here is quiet, country, growing food and herbs, nature, a beautiful space the minuses are it's just too expensive commuting back and forth into town, and most of my friends can't visit because I'm not on a bus route, so when I've gone away for medical stuff or visiting friends down island no one has been able to check in on my cat or water the plants, and I don't like that. On the positive it's been a good reminder of being environmentally conscious with being on well water and septic tanks, having to take garbage to the dump and recycle because there are no services here. It has made me think twice before I purchase anything, is the material recyclable, if not can I use it for another purpose, do I really need or want it and will this thing still be existing on the planet 100 years after I die and be someone else's problem?
I have found that many consumer goods are not what they appear to be, everything from food to household products, the words natural and even organic often don't tell the whole story behind the ingredients and if something is removed it's often replaced with another ingredient that really isn't any better. I've been a label reader for a long time and I couldn't tell you how often I read ingredients and shake my head. Actually it happened today when I was shopping with a friend, we were looking at organic broth, and its main ingredient is organic chicken flavour-what the hell is that? I was expecting to find organic chicken listed somewhere, it wasn't! It's like when you see "gluten free" plastered over foods that never had any gluten to begin with. It's like seriously? I wonder what the next buzz word will be. I'll be cooking some real chicken then making broth from its bones thank you!
I really am holding the energy that I keep eco consciousness alive and well when I move to the new digs, and I have so many ideas and things I would like to do in my new space. I'm looking forward to all the creativity, and making it a cosy, comfortable, welcoming yet a simple and practical home. In some strange way it feels like I'm unwinding the threads back to that first apartment, I am so looking forward to having more friends within walking distance and being able to walk or ride my bike to work. The weather may be changeable, and you know there's spring in my step!


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A suffix that is added to the end of a sentence to make it awesome.!
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World of Digitals: 5 Steps to a 5 AP Macroeconomics with Downloadable Tests, 2014-2015 Edition (ebook/EPUB)
from Dodge, Eric (author), 2013, Humane Sciences, Education, ISBN: 9780071803137
World of Digitals: 5 Steps to a 5 AP Macroeconomics, 2014-2015 Edition (ebook/EPUB)
from Dodge, Eric (author), 2013, Humane Sciences, Education, ISBN: 9780071803090
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Wikiquote Quotes: Mary Abigail Dodge
Whatever an author puts between the two covers of his book is public property; whatever of himself he does not put there is his private property, as much as if he had never written a word. -Country Living and Country Thinking, Preface, reported in Bartlett's Familiar Quotations, 10th ed. (1919).
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Whenever a snowflake leaves the sky, It turns and turns to say "Good-by! Good-by, dear clouds, so cool and gray!" Then lightly travels on its way. -Snowflakes (1894).
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Find records of Donald Rutledge
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Donald N Rutledge (1905 - 1996) was born on September 30, 1905. He was born into the Rutledge family.
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text:
Healthier substitute for V8?
- BobB Feb 13, 2008 08:58 AM
I'm a long-time V8 fan, but am trying to cut down on sodium. Their low-sodium version tastes bland to me, does anyone know of an alternative that's both healthy and tasty?
re: smarsh
have you calculated it to know for sure?
re: C. Hamster
i love bragg's and use it in almost every dish, but be aware that whilst adding sodium, it will significantly alter the taste of the juice... much like a soy sauce would.
another *trick* would be to drink a glass of water first... comparatively the juice will taste much saltier.
re: mshpook
You're not alone...I too prefer the low sodium V8 to the regular.
Other ideas are to add worcestershire sauce or MSG.
re: Ruth Lafler
Hmmm... I always add some NaCl when things seem flat.
re: Ruth Lafler
duh...i'm such a dork. Thank you for reminding me that msg has salt.
Maybe worcestershire sauce? It's a high sodium product but a tiny bit goes a long way so you'd still come out ahead.
Tabasco, lemon juice.
I love V-8 and also switched to the low sodium version. Believe it or not, after a while it might taste good to you again as you adapt to lower sodium intake overall. In the meantime...good luck!
eat celery for a week, then matzoh will taste salty. With little experience in this area i would guess that low sodium (not all of them are) salt substitutes would be the way to go.
Adding some heat (cayenne pepper or a low sodium hot sauce) might make it more enjoyable, but wouldn't bring out the flavors. I actually add heat in order to cut back on the salty bitterness of it.
In the age of value meals and 1500 calorie burgers I'm amazed to see someone worried about the health risks of V-8. kudos.
After giving up coffee in the morning, I too switched to V8 juice, and I too was concerned with the sodium content. Tried the low sodium and was really bummed. Here is what I do, Season the reduced sodium V8 like you are making a bloody mary. Add prepared horse radish, ground pepper, pepper flakes, lemon juice,a dash of lite soy,and onion powder. Mix and do short shooters in the morning. Wakes me up fine.
There are some other brands that are typically sold in places like Whole Foods that I find much more flavorful, and they are low in sodium. I've seen single-serving size bottles in the refrig case if you want to try...I think the brand is something like "Luvli" and they have 3 different varieties. I also buy the no-salt added (might be Knudsen brand) in the glass bottle (32 oz?) that they stock in the juice aisle.
The low sodium V-8 uses potassium chloride (salt sub) which has a weird taste to me. I also like adding fresh ground pepper, lemon, and horseradish to mine!
re: BeeZee
Potassium chloride? Hmmmmm. I wonder why. All they need to do is cut back on the unnecessarily high % of sodium in their regular offering.
I'm going to add some wasabi to mine if I can remember to do so.
re: BeeZee
Oh darn, I didn't realize there was salt substitute in there. Hmmm, I don't have a Whole Foods very nearby but maybe Trader Joe's will have something.
re: fern
Apparently you can order them directly from the source!
re: fern
Trader Joe's does have a V8 imitation, and it is very similar to the original and costs substantially less. But it has a slightly different, maybe sweeter edge to it (more beet juice?) and for me it just didn't do it.
I sometimes stock up on that Mr. T's bloody mary mix, bold spicy flavor (I know I'm butchering the name -- fool!) when it is on sale at the super for $4 per half gallon. It is a surprisingly good substitute, but I'm not going to look at the sodium or other info or I'd probably never drink it again. The low-sodium V8 tastes bland to me, and their spicy version has an off-taste. By the way, I feel vindicated in some of my choices with the recent studies that diet soda can be just as fattening and have worse side effects than the regular.
Buy a juicer and make your own fresh juice salt free. Yum! Juicers are easy to use and turn the sale veggie of the week into your juice of the week or get creative and make your own V-8, V-12 or even V to the power of (x + 1). It's your bod, put in it what you want, not what comes in the can.
re: Passadumkeg
That sounds prohibitively expensive, like trying to build a car from parts. 32 ounces of vegetable juice costs me about $2.50. Tomatoes are at least $3/lb, last I checked.
re: small h
Priorities, man priorities. Turn V-8 production into a hobby, even a sport w/ competitions. We have 4 kids in college, and for us a $20 bottle of wine is "prohibitively expensive". On the other hand, life is cruel and short. We get the wine ans savor every sip w/o regret. Carpe every diem!
re: Passadumkeg
Hah! Well, made-from-scratch V8 is not one of my priorities. And how come you're buying $20 bottles of wine instead of stomping your own grapes?
re: small h
Grapes don't grow in Maine! I do make blueberry, red currant, dandelion and carrot wine, however. (I don't, by the way, own a juicer. I cut the salt in V-8 w/ vodka!)
Happy Valentine's Day!
re: Passadumkeg
Oh, I want to have my breakfast at your house. How does vodka go with peanut butter toast? :)
I used to have a juicer and gave it away. The truth is that while I agree it can be a wonderful appliance to have, I just don't have room for it in the kitchen. As it is I have to have overflow cabinets in the basement for kitchen things I can't part with (and do use on occasion) but can't fit upstairs. My limited counter space is as full as I can stand.
I'd love to find a V-8 type drink that I felt good about drinking and that didn't break the bank. I drink it almost every morning.
Time for some label reading...
BobB, I'm glad you asked this question!
re: fern
I dip, dip, dip the toast. Your kitchen sounds like mine. It just dawned on me last week when we had a pea soup cook-off at work. I brought mine in in a cast iron Dutch oven. All the others had crock pots. I have never owned a crock pot! How un-American.
In answer, to the post, at our local health food store, there is a V-8 type organic juice drink, but I'm not sure of the name or brand. Others?
re: Passadumkeg
Yep. my grandfather had bottles of what he called "Saft" in the basement, made from pears, apples,plums, gooseberrys,wild raspberries.Our town had a communal press where the residents could press their fruits and pay by the kilo. Then my uncle would make a sugar run for the family so everyone could start up their stills.My favorite was the bottles where he would grow a pear in the bottle and then fill it with his pear brandy.
re: currymouth
That's funny! Saft is the German word for juice.
re: small h
Actually, homemade tomato or V-8 juice isn't expensive. You have to cook it to make it properly so it's a great way to use up extra salad tomatoes from your summer garden - the ones that are too watery for sauce - and you can use canned tomatoes in the winter. I buy the institutional size tomatoes packed in juice. For V-8, add chopped onions, celery, and whatever other veggies you like. After it's cooked for a little while, the tomatoes have given up all their juices, and the veggies have softened, run it through a food mill. I think the last large can of tomatoes I bought at Costco was only $3 and I ended up with about 3 quarts of homemade V-8.
re: small h
juice winter vegetables (beet, cabbage, kale, carrots, etc) in winter and summer vegetables in summer. Fresh juice is probably healthier, but yeah, I don't think you can compete on price.
re: small h
If you're going to make your own V-8 why not just make no-bread gazpacho and use that for snack or whenever you're having V-8? I put peeled tomatoes, cucumbers, green pepper, and onion through the Cuisinart and add to a big can of low-sodium tomato juice then use olive oil, vinegar, garlic, cumin, and hot red pepper (plus salt if you can have it) to get the taste I want. Keep it in the refrigerator for up to ten days. It's more substantial than V-8---you need a spoon.
Thanks for the suggestions, all. I'm sure that making my own juice would be much healthier, but I'm trying to keep this simple, as close as possible to just reaching into the fridge for a drink. It's not my waker-upper, by the way, that's really good brewed tea. I drink V8 with lunch.
I tried adding a dash each of tabasco and worcestershire, but it didn't add enough flavor to really make a difference, I'm afraid I'd need to add so much that the sodium level would be right back up there. Besides, I'm a chilihead and my heat tolerance is so high that I'd need to add a teaspoon or more of tabasco per glass to really feel it. My mainstay hot sauce is Melinda's XXX, but the flavor of that is too different from the juice.
We have both TJ's and Whole Foods in the area, I guess I'll just have to do some experimenting.
Ok, what about tossing some peppers right into the bottle and leaving them there like you find in bottles of vinegar that is used on greens? Would the peppers stay fresh long enough for you to get through the bottle?
Not all "sodium" is created equal. Some have bigger, more rounded flavors, and the body metabolizes different sodium differently. I'm not saying that one is healthier for you if you need to be watching your sodium intake, but that less of one kind will go further than, say, regular table salt. Try a good brand of sea salt - they generally have many different "salts" and additional minerals, which add flavor as well. There's sodium chloride, magnesium chloride, potassium chloride, etc...
And yes, drinking it warm will make it seem like the flavors a more developed, as the cold mutes flavors. But having it at room temperature may have you tasting the need for more salt even more. So definitely try some acid. Specifically for V8, I would do a dash of red wine vinegar.


text:
Way to easy for him
These clone are getting ready for combat practice. They have pads and everything. That must have hurt
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text:
Dissident Buddhist Patriarch Thich Huyen Quang speaks out to Buddhists at home and abroad - Thich Thien Hanh ceases hunger strike in Hue
Venerable Thich Huyen Quang repeated this message to Vo Van Ai, Director of the International Buddhist Information Bureau (IBIB) this morning, in one of the rare phone calls established between the Paris-based IBIB and Nguyen Thieu Monastery in Binh Dinh province since the UBCV Patriarch was placed under close Police surveillance on October 9th 2003. During this conversation, Thich Huyen Quang also commented on the crack-down following the UBCV's Assembly in Binh Dinh on October 1st, and launched a moving address to Buddhists inside and outside Vietnam. This is the first time he has publicly voiced an appeal to the Buddhist community since he was placed under house arrest in 1982. The line was bad, but his voice was firm. IBIB recorded and transcribed the following Message from the Fourth Supreme Patriarch of the UBCV :
"We have endured so many difficulties over the years, as you all know. Difficulties created by the very top levels of the Communist leadership right down to the local officials and grass roots Party cadres. Time has unravelled many of these past difficulties. But when new hardships befall us, we must confront them with courage. We must be free to practice Buddhism, not with the aim of overthrowing anyone's power, nor disputing anyone's position. Our aim is to bring the Buddhist philosophy of compassion and forgiveness to help deliver the Vietnamese people and all beings from suffering.
We must not be afraid, we must not give up hope. I believe that the recent UBCV Assemblies (in Binh Dinh and Melbourne, Australia) will bring a new source of inspiration and hope for all UBCV Buddhists, and put an end to the decades of imprisonment and suffering we have endured as a banned organization in Vietnam. I call upon you all to unite and increase your efforts to restore the place of Buddhism as a vibrant force within Vietnamese society today".
1° Convegno di Bruxelles
Per lo Stato di Diritto e i Diritti Umani contro la Ragion di Stato
Conseil Général
Tunisi: 22-24 juillet 2011
Audio video:
1° jour | 2° jour | 3° jour
Barcelona: 3-5 septembre 2010
Audio video:
1° jour | 2°jour | 3°jour
Documents: Motions
Rome: 28-30 mai 2010
Audio video:
1° jour | 2° jour | 3° jour
Rome: 20-22 novembre 2009
Audio video:
1° jour | 2° jour | 3°jour
(video en anglais)
39° Congress I session
39° Congress du Parti Radical Non violent, Transnational et Transparti (première session)
Sauver Tombouctou
Notre appel en soutien de celui lancé par les présidents Chirac et Diouf "Sauver Tombouctou for Sauver la paix / Saving Timbuktu to save the peace",
Irak libre
(tous les documents en anglais)
"The sabotage of the only concrete initiative as an alternative to the Iraqi war"
Senato del Partito Radicale
Roma, 8/9 febbraio 2014
- dall'intervento di Maurizio Turco, Tesoriere del Partito Radicale (pdf)
- Il dibattito dell'8 e 9 febbraio [primo giorno] [secondo giorno]
Roma, 14 dicembre 2013
Iscritti e contribuenti 2014
|Ercole M. Brescia
|50 €
|Floriano M. Roma
|200 €
|Claudio N. Bari
|70 €
|Alessandro M. Modena
|100 €
|Niccolo' F. Bruxelles
|590 €
|Maria M. Pistoia
|200 €
|Paolo D. Roma
|200 €
|Maddalena L. Meta
|200 €
|Sandro O. Calvagese Della Riviera
|600 €
|Elisabetta M. Palermo
|590 €
|Total SUM
|443.071 €


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