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Optical sensor of magnetic fields
An optical magnetic field strength sensor for measuring the field strength of a magnetic field comprising a dilute magnetic semi-conductor probe having first and second ends, longitudinally positioned in the magnetic field for providing Faraday polarization rotation of light passing therethrough relative to the strength of the magnetic field. Light provided by a remote light source is propagated through an optical fiber coupler and a single optical fiber strand between the probe and the light source for providing a light path therebetween. A polarizer and an apparatus for rotating the polarization of the light is provided in the light path and a reflector is carried by the second end of the probe for reflecting the light back through the probe and thence through the polarizer to the optical coupler. A photo detector apparatus is operably connected to the optical coupler for detecting and measuring the intensity of the reflected light and comparing same to the light source intensity whereby the magnetic field strength may be calculated.
Butler, M.A.; Martin, S.J.
Nonlinear optics of graphene in a strong magnetic field.
Graphene placed in a magnetic field possesses an extremely high mid/far-infrared optical nonlinearity originating from its unusual band structure and selection rules for the optical transitions near the Dirac point. Here, we study the linear and nonlinear optical response of graphene in strong magnetic and optical fields using a quantum-mechanical density-matrix formalism. We calculate the power of the coherent terahertz radiation generated as a result of the four-wave mixing in graphene. We show that even one monolayer of graphene gives rise to an appreciable nonlinear frequency conversion efficiency and Raman gain for modest intensities of the incident infrared radiation. PMID:23441327
Yao, Xianghan; Belyanin, Alexey
Optical characterization of oligonucleotide DNA influenced by magnetic fields.
UV-VIS spectroscopic analysis of oligonucleotide DNA exposed to different magnetic fields was performed in order to investigate the relationship between DNA extinction coefficients and optical parameters according to magnetic-field strength. The results with the oligonucleotides adenine-thymine 100 mer (AT-100 DNA) and cytosine-guanine 100 mer (CG-100 DNA) indicate that the magnetic field influences DNA molar extinction coefficients and refractive indexes. The imaginary parts of the refractive index and molar extinction coefficients of the AT-100 and CG-100 DNA decreased after exposure to a magnetic field of 750 mT due to cleavage of the DNA oligonucleotides into smaller segments. PMID:24071986
Banihashemian, Seyedeh Maryam; Periasamy, Vengadesh; Mohammadi, Seyed Mohammad Hossein Mousa Kazemi; Ritikos, Richard; Rahman, Saadah Abdul
Zero-field optical manipulation of magnetic ions in semiconductors
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Controlling and monitoring individual spins is desirable for building spin-based devices, as well as implementing quantum information processing schemes. As with trapped ions in cold gases, magnetic ions trapped on a semiconductor lattice have uniform properties and relatively long spin lifetimes. Furthermore, diluted magnetic moments in semiconductors can be strongly coupled to the surrounding host, permitting optical or electrical spin manipulation. Here we describe the zero-field optical manipulation of a few hundred manganese ions in a single gallium arsenide quantum well. Optically created mobile electron spins dynamically generate an energy splitting of the ion spins and enable magnetic moment orientation solely by changing either photon helicity or energy. These polarized manganese spins precess in a transverse field, enabling measurements of the spin lifetimes. As the magnetic ion concentration is reduced and the manganese spin lifetime increases, coherent optical control and readout of single manganese spins in gallium arsenide should be possible.
Myers, R. C.; Mikkelsen, M. H.; Tang, J.-M.; Gossard, A. C.; Flatt�, M. E.; Awschalom, D. D.
Giant optical nonlinearity of graphene in a strong magnetic field.
We calculate the nonlinear optical response of graphene in strong magnetic and optical fields, using a quantum-mechanical density-matrix formalism. We show that graphene in a magnetic field possesses a giant mid- or far-infrared optical nonlinearity, perhaps the highest among known materials. The high nonlinearity originates from unique electronic properties and selection rules near the Dirac point. As a result, even one monolayer of graphene gives rise to an appreciable nonlinear frequency conversion efficiency for incident infrared radiation. PMID:23004619
Yao, Xianghan; Belyanin, Alexey
Measurement of magnetic field using Rayleigh backscattering in optical fibres
In this paper, we investigate the use of optical reflectometry in optical fibres for the measurement of magnetic field. The dedicated application concerns the measurement of plasma current in the fusion reactor. The measurement is based on the rotation of the polarization state of the Rayleigh backscattered signal when an optical pulse is launched in the fibre. Particular care has been undertaken to evaluate the impact of linear birefringence on the measurement performance. (authors)
Wuilpart, M.; Caucheteur, C. [Univ. of Mons, Faculty of Engineeering, Electromagnetism and Telecommunications Dept., 31, Boulevard Dolez, 7000 Mons (Belgium); Goussarov, A. [SCK.CEN, 200 Boerentang, 2400 Mol (Belgium); Aerssens, M. [Univ. of Mons, Faculty of Engineeering, Electromagnetism and Telecommunications Dept., 31, Boulevard Dolez, 7000 Mons (Belgium); Massaut, V. [SCK.CEN, 200 Boerentang, 2400 Mol (Belgium); Megret, P. [Univ. of Mons, Faculty of Engineeering, Electromagnetism and Telecommunications Dept., 31, Boulevard Dolez, 7000 Mons (Belgium)
Correction of Magnetic Field Distribution within the Optical Radiation Coverage Zone of Magnetic Laser Therapy Apparatuses
Methods for correction of magnetic field distribution within the optical radiation coverage zone of magnetic laser therapy\\u000a apparatuses were developed. These methods in medical apparatuses provide a 3.5�4.0-fold decrease in the magnetic induction\\u000a in the therapeutic zone of ring magnets. Magnetic field strength was optimized using magnetic tips made of soft magnetic materials.\\u000a Engineering solution of magnetotherapeutic apparatuses provides optimal
V. Yu. Plavskii
An optical unidirectional device tunable by a magnetic field
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
A tunable optical unidirectional device or optical isolator composed of a metal subwavelength grating covered with magneto-optical rotation medium is proposed. The results of a simulation show that the difference of transmissivity in opposite directions varies from 0 to 83% with an external magnetic field at room temperature. The largest field needed to control transmissivity is only 1.1 T, so the working conditions can be easily achieved. A theoretical method to calculate transmissivity is presented and the unique transmission characteristics of this new device are explained satisfactorily.
Wang, Ming-Yang; Zhou, Yun-Song; Wang, Huai-Yu
Origin of field-dependent optical transmission of magnetic fluid films
The physical mechanism of the optical transmission of magnetic fluid films under perpendicular magnetic fields is investigated in this work. Under perpendicular magnetic fields, originally dispersed magnetic particles agglomerate to form magnetic columns. The liquid phase is transparent, whereas the columns are opaque. Hence, the liquid phase dominates the optical transmission of the magnetic fluid film. When the field strength
S. Y. Yang; Y. P. Chiu; B. Y. Jeang; H. E. Horng; Chin-Yih Hong; H. C. Yang
Intensity-modulated magnetic field sensor based on magnetic fluid and optical fiber gratings
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
An intensity-modulated magnetic field sensor based on magnetic fluid and optical fiber gratings is proposed and experimentally demonstrated. The sensor is formed by a tilted-fiber Bragg grating (TFBG) coated by magnetic fluid (MF) and cascaded by a chirped-fiber Bragg grating (CFBG). Transmission of the TFBG is modulated by refractive index of the MF, which is sensitive to external magnetic field. The CFBG is well designed to reflect a broadband of light spectrally located at the cladding mode resonances region of the TFBG. Therefore, reflected optical power is modulated twice by the magnetic field and measurement is realized in reflection manner.
Zheng, Jie; Dong, Xinyong; Zu, Peng; Ji, Junhua; Su, Haibin; Ping Shum, Perry
Spin relaxation of optically pumped cesium in high magnetic fields
Cs vapor in He, Ne, and Ar buffer gases has been optically pumped in magnetic fields as high as 100 kG. The rate of electronic spin relaxation measured in Cs-Ar is approximately the same as that predicted by the low-field nuclear-spin-independent cross section for the relaxation of
T. R. Marshall; R. Boggy; F. A. Franz
Detecting rotating magnetic fields using optically pumped atomic magnetometers for measuring ultra-low-field magnetic resonance signals.
In this paper, we describe the detection of rotating magnetic fields using optically pumped atomic magnetometers (OPAMs) for measuring magnetic resonance (MR) signals. From the results of rotating- and alternating-magnetic-field measurements, we found that to detect a rotating magnetic field with high sensitivity, the rotation direction of the magnetic field to be measured must select the bias-magnetic-field direction of OPAM. In addition, the OPAM sensitivity for rotating magnetic fields should be twice that for alternating magnetic fields. These results indicate that for measuring MR signals, magnetic fields caused by rotating magnetizations can be detected with the sensitivity of 10 fT(rms)/Hz order at 1 kHz using OPAMs. PMID:22417784
Oida, Takenori; Ito, Yosuke; Kamada, Keigo; Kobayashi, Tetsuo
Enhanced magnetic-field-induced optical properties of nanostructured magnetic fluids by doping nematic liquid crystals
Ferronematic materials composed of 4-cyano-4?-pentylbiphenyl nematic liquid crystal and oil-based Fe3O4 magnetic fluid were prepared using ultrasonic agitation. The birefringence (?n) and figure of merit of optical properties (Q?=??n/?, where ? is the extinction coefficient) of pure magnetic fluids and the as-prepared ferronematic materials were examined and compared. The figure of merit of optical properties weighs the birefringence and extinction of the materials and is more appropriate to evaluate their optical properties. Similar magnetic-field- and magnetic-particle-concentration-dependent properties of birefringence and figure of merit of optical properties were obtained for the pure magnetic fluids and the ferronematic materials. For the ferronematic materials, the values of Q increase with the volume fractions of nematic liquid crystal under certain fixed field strength and are larger than those of their corresponding pure magnetic fluids at high field region. In addition, the enhancement of Q value increases monotonously with the magnetic field and becomes remarkable when the applied magnetic field is beyond 50 mT. The maximum relative enhanced value of QR exceeds 6.8% in our experiments. The results of this work may conduce to extend the pragmatic applications of nanostructured magnetic fluids in optical field.
Solar magnetic fields measurements with a magneto-optical filter
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
The presence of a magnetic field at different levels inside the sun has crucial implications for helioseismology. The solar oscillation observing program carried out since 1983 at Mt. Wilson with Cacciani magneto-optical filter has recently been modified to acquire full-disk magnetograms with 2 arcsec spatial resolution. A method for the correct determination of magnetic maps which are free of contamination by velocity signal is presented. It is shown that no cross-talk exists between the Doppler and Zeeman shifts of the Na D lines, provided that instrumental polarization effects are taken into account. The observed line-of-sight photospheric field was used to map the vector field in the inner corona, above active regions, in the current free approximation.
Cacciani, A.; Ricci, D.; Rosati, P.; Rhodes, E. J.; Smith, E.
Optical Signatures from Magnetic 2-D Electron Gases in High Magnetic Fields to 60 Tesla
We present experiments in the 60 Tesla Long-Pulse magnet at the Los Alamos National High Magnetic Field Lab (NHMFL) focusing on the high-field, low temperature photoluminescence (PL) from modulation-doped ZnSe/Zn(Cd,Mn)Se single quantum wells. High-speed charge-coupled array detectors and the long (2 second) duration of the magnet pulse permit continuous acquisition of optical spectra throughout a single magnet shot. High-field PL studies of the magnetic 2D electron gases at temperatures down to 350mK reveal clear intensity oscillations corresponding to integer quantum Hall filling factors, from which we determine the density of the electron gas. At very high magnetic fields, steps in the PL energy are observed which correspond to the partial unlocking of antiferromagnetically bound pairs of Mn2+ spins.
Crooker, S.A.; Kikkawa, J.M.; Awschalom, D.D.; Smorchikova, I.P.; Samarth, N.
Magneto-Optical Apparatus and Method for the Spatially-Resolved Detection of Weak Magnetic Fields.
National Technical Information Service (NTIS)
A detector uses the magneto-optical Kerr effect and exploits the transition region between two magnetization states of a magneto-optical film to detect magnetic fields of less than 100 pT. The magnetic field of a subject is determined by examining the pol...
J. Gao J. G. Eden
High-resolution optically-detected magnetic resonance imaging in an ambient magnetic field.
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in an ultralow magnetic field usually has poor spatial resolution compared to its high-field counterpart. The concomitant field effect and low signal level are among the major causes that limit the spatial resolution. Here, we report a novel imaging method, a zoom-in scheme, to achieve a reasonably high spatial resolution of 0.6 mm x 0.6mm without suffering the concomitant field effect. This method involves multiple steps of spatial encoding with gradually increased spatial resolution but reduced field-of-view. This method takes advantage of the mobility of ultralow-field MRI and the large physical size of the ambient magnetic field. We also demonstrate the use of a unique gradient solenoid to improve the efficiency of optical detection with an atomic magnetometer. The enhanced filling factor improved the signal level and consequently facilitated an improved spatial resolution. PMID:23708206
Ruangchaithaweesuk, Songtham; Chintamsetti, Vasudeva; Yao, Li; Tsai, Te-Wei; Xu, Shoujun
Fiber-optic interferometric sensor of magnetic field for structural health monitoring
In this paper we report on results of measurement of AC and DC magnetic field by fiber-optic interferometric sensor. Principle of operation is based on change of length of optical path cavity between the magnetostrictive wire and fiber-optic tip. Any change of the outside magnetic field causes elongation or contraction of the sensing wire. Using a fiber-optic sensing configuration based
Z. Djinovic; M. Tomic; C. Gamauf
Optical magnetic field sensors with high linearity using Bi-substituted rare earth iron garnets
Optical magnetic field sensors with high linearity were developed. Bi-substituted rare earth iron garnets were prepared using the liquid phase epitaxy method for use as the Faraday rotators of the sensors. The linearity error of the sensor output was obtained within 1.0% for alternating magnetic fields of up to 300 Oe. The sensor optical system has a new converged beam
N. Itoh; H. Minemoto; D. Ishiko; S. Ishizuka
Magnetic Field-Induced Spectroscopy of Forbidden Optical Transitions with Application to Lattice-Based Optical Atomic Clocks
We develop a method of spectroscopy that uses a weak static magnetic field to enable direct optical excitation of forbidden electric-dipole transitions that are otherwise prohibitively weak. The power of this scheme is demonstrated using the important application of optical atomic clocks based on neutral atoms confined to an optical lattice. The simple experimental implementation of this method---a single clock
A. V. Taichenachev; V. I. Yudin; C. W. Oates; C. W. Hoyt; Z. W. Barber; L. Hollberg
A loss-based, magnetic field sensor implemented in a ferrofluid infiltrated microstructured polymer optical fiber
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
We report an in-fiber magnetic field sensor based on magneto-driven optical loss effects, while being implemented in a ferrofluid infiltrated microstructured polymer optical fiber. We demonstrate that magnetic field flux changes up to 2000 gauss can be detected when the magnetic field is applied perpendicular to the fiber axis. In addition, the sensor exhibits high polarization sensitivity for the interrogated wavelengths, providing the possibility of both field flux and direction measurements. The underlying physical and guidance mechanisms of this sensing transduction are further investigated using spectrophotometric, light scattering measurements, and numerical simulations, suggesting photonic Hall effect as the dominant physical, transducing mechanism.
Candiani, A.; Argyros, A.; Leon-Saval, S. G.; Lwin, R.; Selleri, S.; Pissadakis, S.
Optical Magnetic Field Sensors Using Mixed Rare-Earth Iron Garnet Crystals
Optical magnetic field (current) sensors have recently reached practical application. This paper reports on evaluations of LPE garnet (TbY) IG crystals for magnetic field sensors, and on their optical characteristics. 100 �m thick films were produced on {111} GGG substrate, but pits appeared even when using a Pbo\\/B2O3 melt with a low 6.0 molar ratio. We studied the sensitivity and
O. Kamada; S. Morisaki; K. Toda; S. Ishizuka
Near-Field Optics for Heat-Assisted Magnetic Recording (Experiment, Theory, and Modeling)
\\u000a One application of near-field transducers (NFT) is in heat-assisted magnetic recording (HAMR). HAMR is similar to conventional\\u000a magneto-optical (MO) recording in that the data are stored in magnetic bits on a disk by heating the area of the bit with\\u000a a laser beam in the presence of an external field to set the magnetic orientation of the bit as it
William A. Challener; Amit V. Itagi
Development of optical modulators for measurements of solar magnetic fields
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
The measurement of polarized light allows solar astronomers to infer the magnetic field on the Sun. The accuracy of these measurements is dependent on the stable retardation characteristics of the polarization modulators used to minimize the atmospheric effects seen in ground-based observations. This report describes the work by the Space Science Laboratory at Marshall Space Flight Center to improve two types of polarization modulators. As a result, the timing characteristics for both electrooptic crystals (KD*Ps) and liquid crystal devices (LCDs) have been studied and will be used to enhance the capabilities of the MSFC Vector Magnetograph.
West, E. A.; Smith, J. E.
Optical fiber magnetic field sensors with TbDyFe magnetostrictive thin films as sensing materials.
Different from usually-used bulk magnetostrictive materials, magnetostrictive TbDyFe thin films were firstly proposed as sensing materials for fiber-optic magnetic field sensing characterization. By magnetron sputtering process, TbDyFe thin films were deposited on etched side circle of a fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) as sensing element. There exists more than 45pm change of FBG wavelength when magnet field increase up to 50 mT. The response to magnetic field is reversible, and could be applicable for magnetic and current sensing. PMID:19997310
Yang, Minghong; Dai, Jixiang; Zhou, Ciming; Jiang, Desheng
Magneto-optic studies of garnets subject to rotating magnetic fields
This paper presents the study of the magneto-optical effects in garnets with in-plane magnetization under rotating magnetic fields. The samples are garnets of composition (LuBi){sub 3}(FeGa){sub 5}O{sub 12} epitaxially grown on (100) substrates. It is shown that the optical response of the samples can be used to precisely determine the orientation of the crystallographic axes. In addition, an optical method is presented to quantitatively measure the cubic crystalline anisotropy field.
Nistor, Iulian; Mayergoyz, I.D.; Krafft, C. [Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20740 (United States); Laboratory for Physical Sciences, 8050 Greenmead Drive, College Park, Maryland 20740 (United States)
Ejection of magnetic-field-sensitive atoms from an optical dipole trap
Rubidium atoms prepared by evaporative cooling in an optical dipole trap are used in Stern-Gerlach type experiments. The analysis of the magnetic state distribution in the trap and during free fall demonstrates the possibility of ejecting all atoms with mF!=0 from the optical dipole trap. This is achieved by applying an appropriately located inhomogeneous magnetic field. We investigate the dynamics
C. K�fer; R. Bourouis; J. Eurisch; A. Tripathi; H. Helm
Optical response of nematic droplets in a polymer matrix to a strong pulsed magnetic field
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
A change in the optical transmission of an ordered single-layer ensemble of nematic liquid crystal (NLC) droplets of 4- n-pentyl-4'-cyanobiphenyl (5CB) in a poly(vinyl butyral) (PVB) matrix in response to a magnetic field pulse with an amplitude of H = 9 � 106 A/m was observed. Since the leading pulse front duration (?onH = 5 ms) significantly exceeded the theoretically calculated NLC response time (?onLC = 0.8 ms), the dynamics of transformations of the NLC director orientation and the optical response were analogous to those in the case of a stationary or slowly varying magnetic field. In contrast, the field decay time (?offH = 25 ms) was much shorter than the NLC relaxation time (?offLC = 300 ms) and, hence, the trailing front of the optical response was not influenced by the oscillatory character of the magnetic field decay during capacitor discharge via an RL chain.
Parshin, A. M.; Barannik, A. V.
Effect of laser radiation on optical properties of disk shaped quantum dot in magnetic fields
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
The optical absorption coefficients and changes in the refractive index in GaAs/AlGaAs, disk shaped quantum dots (DSQD) with simultaneously applied laser and magnetic field are studied in detail. The use of the density matrix formalism is made to study the variations in linear and non-linear polarizability with the frequency of the electric field. It is found that the absorption coefficient and the refractive index changes depend not only on the optical wave but also on the strength of the static magnetic field.
Prasad, Vinod; Silotia, Poonam
Error characteristics of magnetic field in depolarized interferometric fiber optic gyroscope
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Random residual circular birefringence induced by a twist of single-mode fiber is the main cause of magnetic field Faraday phase error in depolarized interferometric fiber optic gyroscopes (D-IFOGs). Magnetic field Faraday phase error in D-IFOG includes both radial and axial phase errors; however, axial phase error has not been thoroughly researched and is usually neglected. A magnetic phase error model of D-IFOG along a radial direction is established by using a Jones matrix; then, the mathematical description of radial direction phase drift in D-IFOG is deduced according to the model. Based on a quadrupolar winding distribution structure in a fiber loop, a magnetic phase error model of D-IFOG along the axial direction is established, and phase drift in D-IFOG is deduced by using a coil expansion method. Theoretical analysis shows that nonreciprocal phase error in D-IFOG induced by magnetic field correlates with several factors, such as optical coherent length, optical polarization degree, etc. Then, measures to restrain the magnetic field phase error in D-IFOG are investigated, such as the new Lyot depolarizer, electromagnetic shielding, etc. Further, we experimentally present the performance of D-IFOG with the magnetic intensity of 150 Gs along axial and radial directions, respectively, and verify the effect of a new Lyot depolarizer on restraining magnetic phase error in D-IFOG.
Wang, Lihui; Lu, Yuping; Xu, Yang; Yang, Zhixin; Zhao, Lei
Optical dc current and voltage measurement by superposing ac magnetic or electric field
Optical DC current and voltage measurement using Faraday or Pockels effect necessitates the compensation of light intensity variation with some methods, because it is possible the intensity variation may give rise to a measuring error. We have proposed a method which suggests superposing AC magnetic field on linearly polarized light or AC electric field on elliptically polarized light and compensating
Masaru Higaki; Kunio Fujii; Shizuo Yamaguchi
Parametric distortion of the optical absorption edge of a magnetic semiconductor by a strong laser field
The influence of a strong laser field on the optical absorption edge of a direct-gap magnetic semiconductor is considered. It is shown that as the strong laser intensity increases the absorption coefficient is modified so as to give rise to an absorption tail below the free-field forbidden gap. An application is made for the case of the EuO.
Nunes, O.A.C.
The Parsec-Scale Magnetic Field Properties of Low-Optical Polarization Blazars
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Past variability studies of flat-spectrum, compact extra-galactic radio sources have suggested that low- and high-optically polarized quasars (LPQ/HPQ) are the same type of object, differing only in the angle their relativistic jets make to the line of sight. This view has been challenged, however, by recent millimeter-wave polarization observations which indicate intrinsic differences in the inner magnetic field properties of the two classes. The inner jets of LPQs tend to have lower fractional polarizations than HPQs, and inferred magnetic field directions that are mostly parallel to the jet. The magnetic fields of HPQs, on the other hand, lie mainly in a transverse direction. The latter configuration is a prediction of the standard shock-in-jet model, in which a portion of a jet undergoes a strong transverse compression, thereby enhancing the perpendicular components of an originally tangled magnetic field. The main goal of this study is to establish a connection between the optical polarization and magnetic field properties of the inner jets of blazars. The magnetic field orientations of several HPQs have been shown to be stable over many years, which may be due to standing shock(s) located close to the base of the jet. Since these shocks are able to produce large amounts of optically polarized synchrotron radiation, their presence may very well determine whether an object is classified as an HPQ or LPQ. We have imaged the parsec-scale jet regions and magnetic fields of 11 LPQs with the Very Long Baseline Array (VLBA) at 43 and 22 GHz, and have obtained near- simultaneous optical polarization data for the sample. We discuss correlations between the optical and radio polarization data, and compare the LPQ properties to those of a sample of HPQs presently being monitored with the VLBA and JCMT at mm and sub-mm wavelengths, respectively. This research was performed in part at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under contract to NASA.
Lister, Matthew L.; Smith, Paul
Intrinsic magnetic field sensitivities of sensor head housing for all-fiber optic current sensors
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Full-fiber optical current sensors utilize the effects of magnetic-field imposed on the change of polarization azimuth of light in the fibers. Due to the sensitivities to external perturbations, the sensing fiber head in practical applications is usually packed in a fixed metallic housing majorly for protection purposes. However, the housing material itself tends to influence the magnetic field distributions of the current carrying wire in question. In this paper, the intrinsic effect and influence of fiber sensor head housing made of different magnetic materials on the magnetic field distributions around the current-carrying wire have been investigated. Simulation and virtual experimentation was carried out in the COMSOL environment. From the results, the housings made of single magnetic material are found to have magnetic disturbances on the magnetic field distribution around the wire. Housing made of some alloy materials has no influence on the magnetic distributions outside the wire. After experimenting with several materials, the former materials inclusive, steel is preferred as the protective housing and/or casing of fiber sensor head in optical fiber current sensors. This is on the basis of both technical and non-technical consideration of low cost of material though biased toward technical aspect of little or no influence on magnetic distribution around the wire.
Zhang, Xuedian; Chang, Min; Mao, Chenfei; Lu, Dunke; Kamagara, Abel
NSDL National Science Digital Library
Students visualize the magnetic field of a strong permanent magnet using a compass. The lesson begins with an analogy to the effect of the earth's magnetic field on a compass. Students see the connection that the compass simply responds to the earth's magnetic field since it is the closest, strongest field, and therefore the compass will respond to the field of the permanent magnets, allowing them the ability to map the field of that magnet in the activity. This information will be important in designing a solution to the grand challenge in activity 4 of the unit.
Vu Bioengineering Ret Program
A Radio and Optical Polarization Study of the Magnetic Field in the Small Magellanic Cloud
We present a study of the magnetic field of the Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC), carried out using radio Faraday rotation and optical starlight polarization data. Consistent negative rotation measures (RMs) across the SMC indicate that the line-of-sight magnetic field is directed uniformly away from us with a strength 0.19 {+-} 0.06 {mu}G. Applying the Chandrasekhar-Fermi method to starlight polarization data yields an ordered magnetic field in the plane of the sky of strength 1.6 {+-} 0.4 {mu}G oriented at a position angle 4deg {+-} 12deg , measured counterclockwise from the great circle on the sky joining the SMC to the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC). We construct a three-dimensional magnetic field model of the SMC, under the assumption that the RMs and starlight polarization probe the same underlying large-scale field. The vector defining the overall orientation of the SMC magnetic field shows a potential alignment with the vector joining the center of the SMC to the center of the LMC, suggesting the possibility of a 'pan-Magellanic' magnetic field. A cosmic-ray-driven dynamo is the most viable explanation of the observed field geometry, but has difficulties accounting for the observed unidirectional field lines. A study of Faraday rotation through the Magellanic Bridge is needed to further test the pan-Magellanic field hypothesis.
Mao, S. A. [Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, MA 02138 (United States); Gaensler, B. M. [School of Physics, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006 (Australia); Stanimirovic, S. [Department of Astronomy, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 (United States); Haverkorn, M. [Astronomy Department, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720 (United States); McClure-Griffiths, N. M. [Australia Telescope National Facility, CSIRO, Epping, NSW 1710 (Australia); Staveley-Smith, L. [School of Physics, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009 (Australia); Dickey, J. M., E-mail: email@example.com [Physics Department, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7001 (Australia)
Experimental realization of strong effective magnetic fields in an optical lattice.
We use Raman-assisted tunneling in an optical superlattice to generate large tunable effective magnetic fields for ultracold atoms. When hopping in the lattice, the accumulated phase shift by an atom is equivalent to the Aharonov-Bohm phase of a charged particle exposed to a staggered magnetic field of large magnitude, on the order of 1 flux quantum per plaquette. We study the ground state of this system and observe that the frustration induced by the magnetic field can lead to a degenerate ground state for noninteracting particles. We provide a measurement of the local phase acquired from Raman-induced tunneling, demonstrating time-reversal symmetry breaking of the underlying Hamiltonian. Furthermore, the quantum cyclotron orbit of single atoms in the lattice exposed to the magnetic field is directly revealed. PMID:22243087
Aidelsburger, M; Atala, M; Nascimb�ne, S; Trotzky, S; Chen, Y-A; Bloch, I
Variations in optical transmittance with magnetic fields in nanosized FePt ferrofluid
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
The optical transmittance increases with decreasing the concentration of FePt in both water-based and hexane-based ferrofluids. However, under an applied magnetic field H, the transmittance T increases with increasing H field. The variation in transmittance ?T increases rapidly for samples in hexane at H=182 Oe. However, ?T is very small for samples in distilled water. This can be explained due to the different aggregation ability of magnetic particles in ferrofluid. For the samples in hexane, its larger aggregation ability makes the magnetic particles easier to agglomerate and becomes much more chainlike elongated along the perpendicular magnetic field. Thus, it makes the area covered by the droplets per unit area in ferrofluid decrease and the ?T increases with increasing the magnetic field. However, for samples in hexane, the optical properties may also be related with the Mie resonance. At H>60 Oe, the particle aggregation occurs and elongates more along the magnetic fields. This would cause the longitudinal plasmon resonance absorption to shift to a longer wavelength. Therefore, the absorption increases and the variation in transmittance ?T decreases with increasing the incident wavelength.
Wu, Kung-Tung; Yao, Y. D.; Chang, Cheng-Wei
An optical fibre system design enabling simultaneous point measurement of magnetic field strength and temperature using low-birefringence FBGs
Fibre measurement of key parameters in nuclear fusion reactor environments, such as the magnetic field strength and temperature, is highly desirable due to the convenience and robustness of optical fibre sensors when compared with conventional electrical sensors. Presently, fibre point sensors for magnetic field are based predominantly on magnetostriction which limits their applicability to this environment. We present an optical
P. Orr; P. Niewczas
Optical identification of binary pulsars - implications for magnetic field decay in neutron stars
The discovery of the optical counterparts of two binary pulsar systems (0655 + 64 and 0820 + 02) is reported. In accordance with stellar evolution scenarios the optical counterparts are found to be white dwarfs. The existence of a cool and therefore old white dwarf in the 0655 + 64 system contradicts the standard hypothesis of exponential decay of magnetic fields in neutron stars. This contradiction is resolved by hypothesizing that the magnetic field in neutron stars consists of two components - an exponentially decaying field and a steady field. The former probably resides in the crust, and the latter perhaps in the core. The consequences of this hypothesis for the lifetimes of millisecond pulsars, binary pulsars, and galactic-bulge X-ray sources are discussed. 17 references.
Kulkarni, S.R.
Development of an electron optics simulator to consider the 3-D magnetic deflection field in CRTs
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
We have developed an electron optics simulator which can take the three-dimensional magnetic deflection field in CRTs into account. The magnetic field is calculated by the combination of an integral equation method (IEM) and a multipole field expansion method considering the exact shape and winding pattern of saddle-saddle coils of a deflection yoke (DY) for the CRTs. The simulator analyzes misconvergence by following an electron trajectory in the magnetic field by using the Runge-Kutta-Gill method. The combined method reduced the CPU time to {1}/{45} compared with the method which uses only the IEM. The relations between the misconvergence and the tilt angle of the DY away from the CRT axis are calculated and they agree well within the measurement error.
Miyazawa, H.; Koizumi, M.; Mizuta, T.; Oku, K.; Shirai, S.; Yoshimi, I.
Nonlinear magneto-optical rotation with modulated light in tilted magnetic fields
Larmor precession of laser-polarized atoms contained in antirelaxation-coated cells, detected via nonlinear magneto-optical rotation (NMOR), is a promising technique for a new generation of ultrasensitive atomic magnetometers. For magnetic fields directed along the light propagation direction, resonances in NMOR appear when linearly polarized light is frequency or amplitude modulated at twice the Larmor frequency. Because the frequency of these resonances depends on the magnitude but not the direction of the field, they are useful for scalar magnetometry. Additional NMOR resonances at the Larmor frequency appear when the magnetic field is tilted away from the light propagation direction in the plane defined by the light propagation and polarization vectors. These resonances, studied both experimentally and with a density matrix calculation in the present work, offer a convenient method of achieving additional information about a direction of the magnetic field.
Pustelny, S.; Gawlik, W.; Rochester, S. M.; Kimball, D. F. Jackson; Yashchuk, V. V.; Budker, D. [Centrum Badan Magnetooptycznych, M. Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Reymonta 4, 30-059 Krakow (Poland); Department of Physics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720-7300 (United States); Department of Physics, California State University--East Bay, 25800 Carlos Bee Boulevard, Hayward, California 94542 (United States); Advanced Light Source Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720 (United States); Department of Physics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720-7300, USA and Nuclear Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720 (United States)
Measurement of Asymmetric Optical Pumping of Ions Accelerating in a Magnetic-field Gradient
We report observations of asymmetric optical pumping of argon ions accelerating in a magnetic field gradient. The signature is a difference in the laser-induced-fluorescence (LIF) emission amplitude from a pair of Zeeman-split states. A model that reproduces the dependence of the asymmetry on magnetic-field and ion-velocity gradients is described. With the model, the fluorescence intensity ratio provides a new method of measuring ion collisionality. This phenomenon has implications for interpreting stellar plasma spectroscopy data which often exhibit unequal Zeeman state intensities.
Xuan Sun; Earl Scime; Mahmood Miah; Samuel Cohen; Frederick Skiff
Detection of radio-frequency magnetic fields using nonlinear magneto-optical rotation
We describe a room-temperature alkali-metal atomic magnetometer for detection of small, high-frequency magnetic fields. The magnetometer operates by detecting optical rotation due to the precession of an aligned ground state in the presence of a small oscillating magnetic field. The resonance frequency of the magnetometer can be adjusted to any desired value by tuning the bias magnetic field. Based on experimentally measured signal-to-noise ratio, we demonstrate a sensitivity of 100 pG/{radical}(Hz) (rms) in a 3.5-cm-diameter paraffin coated cell. Assuming detection at the photon shot-noise limit, we project a sensitivity as low as 25 pG/{radical}(Hz) (rms)
Ledbetter, M. P.; Acosta, V. M.; Rochester, S. M.; Budker, D.; Pustelny, S.; Yashchuk, V. V. [Department of Physics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720-7300 (United States); Centrum Badan Magnetooptycznych, Instytut Fizyki im. M. Smoluchowskiego, Uniwersytet Jagiellonski, Reymonta 4, 30-059 Krakow (Poland); Advanced Light Source Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720 (United States)
Fiber-Optic Magnetic-Field-Strength Measurement System for Lightning Detection
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
A fiber-optic sensor system is designed to measure magnetic fields associated with a lightning stroke. Field vector magnitudes are detected and processed for multiple locations. Since physical limitations prevent the sensor elements from being located in close proximity to highly conductive materials such as aluminum, the copper wire sensor elements (3) are located inside a 4-cubic-in. (.66-cubic-cm) plastic housing sensor head and connected to a fiber-optic conversion module by shielded cabling, which is limited to the shortest length feasible. The signal path between the conversion module and the avionics unit which processes the signals are fiber optic, providing enhanced immunity from electromagnetic radiation incident in the vicinity of the measurements. The sensors are passive, lightweight, and much smaller than commercial B-dot sensors in the configuration which measures a three-dimensional magnetic field. The system is expandable, and provides a standard-format output signal for downstream processing. Inside of the sensor head, three small search coils, each having a few turns on a circular form, are mounted orthogonally inside the non-metallic housing. The fiber-optic conversion module comprises three interferometers, one for each search coil. Each interferometer has a high bandwidth optical phase modulator that impresses the signal received from its search coil onto its output. The output of each interferometer travels by fiber optic cable to the avionics unit, and the search coil signal is recovered by an optical phase demodulator. The output of each demodulator is fed to an analog-to-digital converter, whose sampling rate is determined by the maximum expected rate of rise and peak signal magnitude. The output of the digital processor is a faithful reproduction of the coil response to the incident magnetic field. This information is provided in a standard output format on a 50-ohm port that can be connected to any number of data collection and processing instruments and/or systems. The measurement of magnetic fields using fiber-optic signal processing is novel because it eliminates limitations of a traditional B-dot system. These limitations include the distance from the sensor to the measurement device, the potential for the signal to degrade or be corrupted by EMI from lightning, and the size and weight of the sensor and associated plate.
Gurecki, Jay; Scully, Robert; Davis, Allen; Kirkendall, Clay; Bucholtz, Frank
Magnetic field alignment of supramolecular perylene/block copolymer complexes for electro-optic thin films
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
The realization of nanostructured electro-optic materials by self-assembly is complicated by the persistence of structural defects which render the system properties isotropic on macroscopic length scales. Here we demonstrate the use of magnetic fields to facilitate large area alignment of a supramolecular system consisting of a poly(styrene-b-acrylic acid) (PS-b-PAA) diblock copolymer host and a semiconducting perylene ligand. Hydrogen bonding between the carboxylic acid groups of PAA and imidazole head group of the perylene species results in hierarchically ordered materials with smectic perylene layers in a matrix of hexagonally packed PS cylinders at appropriate stoichiometries. The smectic layers and the PS domains are strongly aligned by the application of large (> 2T) magnetic fields in a manner reflective of the positive diamagnetic anisotropy and the planar anchoring of perylene units at the PS interface. We use a combination of SAXS studies in-situ with applied magnetic fields, GISAXS and polarized optical transmission measurements to characterize the system. Magnetic fields thus offer a viable route for directing the self-assembly of functional materials based on rigid chromophores and further, that supramolecular approaches can be complementary to such efforts.
Gopinadhan, Manesh; Majewski, Pawel; Shade, Ryan; Dell, Emma; Gupta, Nalini; Campos, Luis; Osuji, Chinedum
Electronic and optical properties of core-shell nanowires in a magnetic field
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
The electronic and optical properties of zincblende nanowires are investigated in the presence of a uniform magnetic field directed along the [001] growth direction within the \\mathbf {k} \\boldsymbol {\\cdot } \\mathbf {p} method. We focus our numerical study on core-shell nanowires consisting of the III-V materials GaAs, AlxGa1-xAs and (AlyGa1-y)0.51In0.49P. Nanowires with electrons confined in the core exhibit a Fock-Darwin-like spectrum, whereas nanowires with electrons confined in the shell show Aharonov-Bohm oscillations. Thus, by properly choosing the core and the shell materials of the nanowire, the optical properties in a magnetic field can be tuned in very different ways.
Kishore, V. V. Ravi; Partoens, B.; Peeters, F. M.
High Magnetic Field Optical Studies of Charged Exciton in CdTe 2D Electron Gases
Photoluminescence (PL) and reflectivity spectroscopy in magnetic fields up to 60 Tesla are used to investigate the excitonic optical transitions within CdTe\\/(Cd,Mg)Te 2D electron gases. The samples are 100 A and 200 A wide quantum well (QW) wherein the electron density is varied smoothly from 1 � 1011 to 4.5 � 1011 cm-3 across the wafer. This allows us to
N. Negre; S. A. Crooker; A. Wojs; G. Karczewski
NSDL National Science Digital Library
This page and its annex describes, in trivial terms, the physics of magnetic fields and the history of its discovery. Included is the work of Halley, Oersted, Ampere and Maxwell. It also describes a way of demonstrating it in the classroom, using a vu-graph projector. Later sections #5, #5a and #6 extend this to magnetic field lines and electromagnetism.
Stern, David
Magnetic-field-induced optical anisotropy in ferrofluids: a time-dependent light-scattering investigation.
We report an experimental investigation of time dependent anisotropic light scattering by an aqueous suspension of tetramethyl ammonium hydroxide coated Fe3O4 nanoparticles (approximately 6 nm) under the ON-OFF transient of an external dc magnetic field. The study employs the synchronized recording and measurement of the two magnetic-field-induced light-scattering patterns produced by two identical orthogonal He-Ne laser beams passing through the ferrofluid sample and propagating parallel and perpendicular to the applied field, respectively. From these patterns, we extract the time dependence of the induced optical anisotropy, which provides a measure of the characteristic time scale and kinematic response for field-induced structure formation in the sample. We propose that the time evolution of the scattering patterns, which is very fast at short times and significantly slower at long times, can be explained using a model based on a two-stage chain formation and coarsening processes. PMID:19113131
Rablau, Corneliu; Vaishnava, Prem; Sudakar, Chandran; Tackett, Ronald; Lawes, Gavin; Naik, Ratna
Magnetic Field Mapping and Biaxial Vector Operation for Biomagnetic Applications Using High-Sensitivity Optically Pumped Atomic Magnetometers
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Optically pumped alkali-metal atomic magnetometers are expected to be used not only for biomagnetic field measurements but also for magnetic resonance imaging because of their potential ultrahigh sensitivity. Here, we studied magnetic field mapping and biaxial vector operation using atomic magnetometers. A potassium atomic magnetometer was used in these measurements. First, we obtained sensor output signals by solving the Bloch equation. Next, we measured magnetic field distributions generated by a current dipole electrode that was placed in a spherical phantom, which simulated a group of simultaneously activated neurons in the human brain. We obtained vector contour maps of the magnetic field distributions from the dipoles oriented parallel and orthogonal to the pump laser beam and have found good agreement with theoretical magnetic field distributions. These results demonstrate practical applications of magnetic field mapping and biaxial vector operation using optically pumped atomic magnetometers.
Taue, Shuji; Sugihara, Yasuyuki; Kobayashi, Tetsuo; Ishikawa, Kiyoshi; Kamada, Keigo
Magnetic Field Measurements in Wire-Array Z-Pinches using Magneto-Optically Active Waveguides
Understanding the magnetic field topology in wire-array Z-pinches as a function of time is of great significance to understanding these high-energy density plasmas especially for their ultimate application to stockpile stewardship and inertial confinement fusion. We are developing techniques to measure magnetic fields as a function of space and time using Faraday rotation of a single longitudinal mode (SLM) laser through a magneto-optically active bulk waveguide (multicomponent terbium borate glass) placed adjacent to, or within, the wire array in 1 MA experiments. We have measured fields >10 T with 100 ns rise times outside of a wire-array for the entire duration of the current pulse and as much as {approx}2 T inside a wire-array for {approx}40 ns from the start of current. This is the first time that such rapidly varying and large fields have been measured using these materials. In a dense Z-pinch, these sensing devices may not survive for long but may provide the magnetic field at the position of the sensor that can be used to corroborate magnetic probes, with which we compare our results.
Syed, Wasif [School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853 (United States); Laboratory of Plasma Studies, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853 (United States); Blesener, Isaac; Hammer, David A. [School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853 (United States); Laboratory of Plasma Studies, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853 (United States); Lipson, Michal [School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853 (United States)
Compact magnetic-field sensor based on optical microfiber Michelson interferometer and Fe3O4 nanofluid.
We report a magnetic-field sensor by merging the advantages of optical fiber Michelson interferometers with that of magnetic fluid. Compact and low-cost optical fiber Michelson interferometers were first fabricated by a high-frequency CO(2) laser, and then they were inserted into glass capillaries with water-based Fe(3)O(4) magnetic fluid as sensing elements. The sensing characteristics have been investigated and the experimental results show that the reflective spectrum of the fiber-magnetic sensor linearly shifted with the change of the magnetic-field strength that is perpendicular to the axial of the devices. The fiber-magnetic sensor with interference arm's diameter of 50 ?m is most sensitive to the external magnetic field, and the sensitivity is up to 64.9 pm/mT, which is 20 times higher than that of 125 ?m diameter. PMID:23385914
Deng, Ming; Sun, Xiaokang; Han, Meng; Li, Decai
Linear and nonlinear optical properties of semiconductor nanorings with magnetic field and disorder - Influence on excitons and biexcitons
Linear and nonlinear optical absorption spectra are studied theoretically for semiconductor nanorings penetrated by a magnetic\\u000a field. Due to the Aharanov-Bohm effect the spectral position as well as the oscillator strength of the exciton change periodically\\u000a as function of the magnetic flux enclosed by the ring. In the nonlinear differential absorption spectra it is found that the\\u000a magnetic field strongly
T. Meier; P. Thomas; S. W. Koch
Incommensurate Filling of Ultracold Spin-1 Atoms in Optical Superlattice with a Weak Magnetic Field
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
The ground states of ultracold spin-1 atoms trapped in an optical superlattice in a weak magnetic field with incommensurate filling of three atoms in one double-well are obtained. It is shown that the ground-state diagrams of the reduced double-well model are remarkably different for the antiferromagnetic and ferromagnetic atoms. These novel spin-states can be controlled easily and exactly by modulating the tunneling parameter and the quadratic Zeeman energy, which may be a tool for the study of spin-entanglement.
Zheng, Gong-Ping; Qin, Shuai-Feng; Jian, Wen-Tian; Wang, Shou-Yang
Magneto-optic fiber Bragg gratings with application to high-resolution magnetic field sensors
As a new class of fiber Bragg gratings, magneto-optic fiber Bragg gratings (MFBG) based on magneto-optic materials have a lot of potential applications for sensing and optical signal processing. The transmission and reflection spectra of guided optical waves in the MFBG are investigated. According to the sensitivity of MFBG spectral lines to the magneto-optic coupling intensity varying with applied magnetic
Bao-Jian Wu; Kun Qiu; Ying Yang
Observations of vector magnetic fields with a magneto-optic filter
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
The use of the magnetooptic filter to observe solar magnetic fields in the potassium line at 7699 A is described. The filter has been used in the Big Bear videomagnetograph since October 23. It gives a high sensitivity and dynamic range for longitudnal magnetic fields and enables measurement of transverse magnetic fields using the sigma component. Examples of the observations are presented.
Cacciani, Alessandro; Varsik, John; Zirin, Harold
Metallic slit aperture as a near-field optical head for heat-assisted magnetic recording
Heat assisted magnetic recording (HAMR) technique requires an optical head that can efficiently generate a subwavelength optical spot. The results of finite difference time domain simulation shows that two subwavelength rectangular holes adjacent to a metallic slit aperture make an optical spot from the slit smaller and its peak intensity higher. A subwavelength spot of 82�46 nm2 (full width at
Satoshi Omodani; Toshiharu Saiki; Minoru Obara
Magneto-optical and Magneto-electric Effects of Topological Insulators in Quantizing Magnetic Fields
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Topological insulators show novel magneto-electric effect when the surface Dirac cone dispersion is gapped by a weak Zeeman field. In this talk, we present our study of the magneto-optical and magneto-electric effects of a thin-film topological insulator in the presence of a strong quantizing magnetic field. We find that low-frequency magneto-optical properties depend only on the sum of top and bottom surface Dirac-cone filling factors, whereas the magneto-electric response depends only on the difference. The Faraday rotation is quantized in integer multiples of the fine structure constant ? and the Kerr effect exhibits a full-quarter rotation. Strongly enhanced cyclotron-resonance features appear at higher frequencies that are sensitive to the filling factors of both surfaces. When the product of the bulk conductivity and the film thickness in e^2/h units is small compared to ?, magneto-optical properties are only weakly dependent on accidental doping in the interior of the film.
Tse, Wang-Kong; MacDonald, A. H.
A novel all-fiber magneto-optic switch based on high-speed magnetic field module
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
All-fiber magneto-optic switch is presented in this paper which contains both of optical route and high-speed magnetic field module. The optical route has a 1�2 Fiber Polarization Beam Splitter (FPBS) and a 2�2 Dual Fiber Polarization Beam Splitter (DFPBS). The high-speed magnetic field module is core of all-fiber magneto-optic switch which changes the electronic pulse into magnetic pulse to control the light polarization's plane based on Faraday Effect. The high-speed magnetic field module adopts Yttrium Iron Garnet (YIG) crystal fiber, nanosecond impulser and high-speed magnetic field, characterized by no moving parts, low transmission loss and polarization insensitive, low optical insertion loss etc. YIG crystal fiber, the magneto-optic material with high Verdet constant, used to rotate the polarization plane of the polarized light 90� in all-fiber magneto-optic switch, is grown by Laser Heated Pedestal Growth (LHPG). CMOS chip FMMT415 which has good avalanche effect is employed to generate the nanosecond pulse. The pulse we measured is about 10 ns of the rising time and 0~600V of the amplitude and the output current is used to create the magnetic field. The obtained results indicate that the switch has a potential of low cross-talk, low insertion-loss and high switching speed. The optical route will be easily and quickly controlled by the means of nanosecond impulser, therefore, and the switching time is expected to less than 1 ?s.
Wang, Minfeng; Weng, Zihua; Chen, Xu; Lin, Shaohan; Wu, Qinping
Heat-assisted magnetic recording by a near-field transducer with efficient optical energy transfer
Although near-field microscopy has allowed optical imaging with sub-20 nm resolution, the optical throughput of this technique is notoriously small. As a result, applications such as optical data storage have been impractical. However, with an optimized near-field transducer design, we show that optical energy can be transferred efficiently to a lossy metallic medium and yet remain confined in a spot
W. A. Challener; Chubing Peng; A. V. Itagi; D. Karns; Wei Peng; Yingguo Peng; Xiaomin Yang; Xiaobin Zhu; N. J. Gokemeijer; Y.-T. Hsia; G. Ju; Robert E. Rottmayer; Michael A. Seigler; E. C. Gage
Design and Modelling of a Silicon Optical MEMS Switch Controlled by Magnetic Field Generated by a Plain Coil
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Optical switches can be made as a silicon cantilever with a magnetic layer. Such a structure is placed in a magnetic field of a planar coil. There is a torque deflecting the silicon beam with NiFe layer depending on a flux density of the magnetic field. The study shows an analysis of ferromagnetic layer parameters, beam's dimensions on optical switch characteristics. Different constructions of the beams were simulated for a range of values of magnetic field strength from 100 to 1000 A/m. An influence of the actuators parameters on characteristics was analysed. The loss of stiffness of the beam caused by specific constructions effected in displacements reaching 85 nm. Comsol Multiphysics 4.3b was used for the simulations.
Golebiowski, J.; Milcarz, Sz
Time-of-flight patterns of ultracold bosons in optical lattices in various Abelian artificial magnetic field gauges
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
We calculate the time-of-flight patterns of strongly interacting bosons confined in a two-dimensional square lattice in the presence of an artificial magnetic field, using a quantum rotor model that is inherently combined with the Bogoliubov approach. We consider various geometries of the magnetic flux, which are expected to be realizable, or have already been implemented in experimental settings. The flexibility of the method allowed us to study cases where the artificial magnetic field is uniform or staggered or forms a checkerboard configuration. The effects of additional temporal modulation of the optical potential that results from application of Raman lasers driving particle transitions between lattice sites are also included. The time-of-flight patterns presented may serve as a verification of the chosen gauge in experiments, but also provide important hints on unconventional, nonzero-momentum condensates, or the possibility of observing graphenelike physics resulting from the occurrence of Dirac cones in artificial magnetic fields in systems of ultracold bosons in optical lattices. Also, we elucidate the differences between the effects of magnetic fields in solids and of artificial magnetic fields in optical lattices, which can be controlled on a much higher level, leading to effects not possible in condensed matter physics.
Polak, T. P.; Zaleski, T. A.
Fault section detection system for 66-kV underground branch transmission lines using optical magnetic field sensors
This paper reports on a fault section detection system, which uses optical magnetic field sensors and instantly detects the section in which a ground fault occurred, that was developed for 66-kV underground multi-terminal systems having Y-branch joint boxes. The optical magnetic field sensor, which is based on Faraday effect in Bi-doped YIG ((BiYbGd){sub 3}Fe{sub 5}O{sub 12}) having a large verdet constant, detects cable conductor currents of 0 to 2000 A at high precision with the use of a laminated magnetic ring core of silicon steel plates. Sensors and a fault section detector/indicator of a system are connected with optical fibers capable of non-repeated transmission of over 6 km.
Katsuta, G.; Muraoka, K. (Tokyo Electric Power Co., Inc., Tokyo (JP)); Inoue, N.; Sakai, S.; Tsunekage, T.; Ando, K. (Mitsubishi Cable Industries, Ltd., Tokyo (JP))
Fermi surface study of organic conductors using a magneto-optical measurement under high magnetic fields
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Magneto-optical measurements have been performed in organic conductors ?''-(BEDT-TTF)2CsCd(SCN)4 and ?-(BETS)2FeCl4. Although the zero magnetic field ground state of ?''-(BEDT-TTF)2CsCd(SCN)4is considered as the density wave state, periodic orbit resonances (POR's) attributed to quasi-one-dimensional (Q1D) and quasi-two-dimensional (Q2D) Fermi surfaces (FS's) have been observed above 6 T. The existence of these FS's are predicted by the band calculation based on room temperature lattice parameters. This result may suggest the destruction of the density wave state at 6 T, and the primal metallic state revives in the high field phase above 6 T. In the case of ?-(BETS)2FeCl4, large changes of the transmission intensity of electromagnetic waves around 10 T, which correspond to the insulator-metal transition, have been observed. However, no POR-like resonance has been observed. This may be due to the restriction of the observed frequency-field region.
Kimata, M.; Ohta, H.; Koyama, K.; Motokawa, M.; Kondo, R.; Kagoshima, S.; Tanaka, H.; Tokumoto, M.; Kobayashi, H.; Kobayashi, A.
Optically Detected Magnetic Resonance and Microwave Electric Field Effects in Iii-V Semiconductors
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
The optically detected magnetic resonance (ODMR) technique was employed at 3 and 16 GHz to study the P _{rm In} antisite defect in zinc-doped InP. A model for the competing antisite -to-acceptor and shallow-donor-to-acceptor luminescent processes was developed based on the ODMR and time resolved photoluminescence measurements. The proposed model is in good agreement with the observed ODMR effects. The ODMR technique was also used to study defects in the ternary III-V semiconducting system GaPSb. The study revealed the presence of at least three impurity or defect-related spin dependent recombination centers. No unambiguous identification of the microscopic defects or impurities was possible based solely on the 3 GHz ODMR measurements, but the tentative assignment include a residual shallow acceptor impurity (perhaps carbon), a phosphorous antisite occupying an antimony lattice site, a phosphorous interstitial and a residual shallow donor. The effects of the microwave electric field on the photoluminescent processes, frequently observed as nonresonant background signals in ODMR measurements, were investigated in a large number of binary and ternary III -V semiconductors using the microwave modulated photoluminescence (MMPL) technique. The experimental and theoretical investigations of the MMPL in III-V semiconductors revealed that changes in the donor-to-acceptor photoluminescence (PL) intensity in the binary compounds examined was due to the impact ionization of neutral donors by photoexcited free carriers accelerated in the microwave electric field. Elastic scattering processes were shown to be important in the impact ionization process. The randomization of the free carrier velocity vector in the elastic scattering processes allows the carriers to gain energy from a time varying electric field. For a fraction of the free carriers the energy gain from even a small microwave electric field is sufficient to impact ionize neutral donors. In many ternary compounds the observed MMPL signal was attributed to a thermal modulation of the PL by the microwave electric field, i.e., microwave heating.
Viohl, Ingmar
Magnetically modulated optical transmission of magnetic fluid films
The optical transmission of the magnetic fluid film under perpendicular magnetic fields was investigated by measuring the transmitted intensity of the normally incident light through the film. The transmittance I\\/I0 of the magnetic fluid film was observed to decrease with the increase of the magnetic field strength H due to the reduction in the area occupied by the relatively optic
H. E Horng; S. Y Yang; W. S Tse; H. C Yang; Weili Luo; Chin-Yih Hong
Magnetically modulated optical transmission of magnetic fluid films
The optical transmission of the magnetic fluid film under perpendicular magnetic fields was investigated by measuring the transmitted intensity of the normally incident light through the film. The transmittance I\\/I0 of the magnetic fluid film was observed to decrease with the increase of the magnetic field strength \\/H due to the reduction in the area occupied by the relatively optic
H. E. Horng; S. Y. Yang; W. S. Tse; H. C. Yang; Weili Luo; Chin-Yih Hong
Magnetic field interaction with guided light for detection of an active gaseous medium within an optical fiber.
We report a novel fiber-optic sensing architecture for the detection of paramagnetic gases. By interacting a modulated magnetic field with guided light within a microstructured optical fiber, it is possible to exploit Faraday Rotation Spectroscopy (FRS) within unprecedentedly small sample volumes. This approach, which utilizes magnetic circular birefringence and magnetic circular dichroism effects, is applied to a photonic bandgap fiber to detect molecular oxygen and operates at a wavelength of 762.309 nm. The optical fiber sensor has a 4.2 nL detection volume and 14.8 cm long sensing region. The observed FRS spectra are compared with a theoretical model that provides a first understanding of guided-mode FRS signals. This FRS guided-wave sensor offers the prospect of new compact sensing schemes. PMID:23389230
Englich, Florian V; Grabka, Michal; Lancaster, David G; Monro, Tanya M
Progress on the magnetic field-assisted finishing of MEMS micropore x-ray optics
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) micropore X-ray optics were proposed as an ultralightweight, high- resolution, and low cost X-ray focusing optic alternative to the large, heavy and expensive optic systems in use today. The optic's monolithic design which includes high-aspect-ratio curvilinear micropores with minimal sidewall roughness is challenging to fabricate. When made by either deep reactive ion etching or X-ray LIGA, the micropore sidewalls (re ecting surfaces) exhibit unacceptably high surface roughness. A magnetic eld-assisted nishing (MAF) process was proposed to reduce the micropore sidewall roughness of MEMS micropore optics and improvements in roughness have been reported. At this point, the best surface roughness achieved is 3 nm Rq on nickel optics and 0.2 nm Rq on silicon optics. These improvements bring MEMS micropore optics closer to their realization as functional X-ray optics. This paper details the manufacturing and post-processing of MEMS micropore X-ray optics including results of recent polishing experiments with MAF.
Riveros, Raul E.; Tan, Michael A.; Yamaguchi, Hitomi; Mitsuishi, Ikuyuki; Ishizu, Kensuke; Moriyama, Teppei; Ogawa, Tomohiro; Ezoe, Yuichiro; Horade, Mitsuhiro; Sugiyama, Susumu; Kanamori, Yoshiaki; Yamasaki, Noriko; Mitsuda, Kazuhisa
Metallic slit aperture as a near-field optical head for heat-assisted magnetic recording
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Heat assisted magnetic recording (HAMR) technique requires an optical head that can efficiently generate a subwavelength optical spot. The results of finite difference time domain simulation shows that two subwavelength rectangular holes adjacent to a metallic slit aperture make an optical spot from the slit smaller and its peak intensity higher. A subwavelength spot of 82�46 nm2 (full width at half maximum) in the recording medium is obtainable when a pair of rectangular holes is flanked adjacent to the slit aperture with a much smaller distance than the optical wavelength. This configuration provides a high transmittance of the slit aperture and a high expectation for a high controllability of both a thickness of the slit and a distance between the slit and the rectangular hole by the use of the planar process. By using a plasmon waveguide to guide light into the metallic slit aperture, a thin and efficient optical head for HAMR is achieved.
Omodani, Satoshi; Saiki, Toshiharu; Obara, Minoru
Influence of magnetic-field inhomogeneity on nonlinear magneto-optical resonances
In this work, a sensitivity of the rate of relaxation of ground-state atomic coherences to magnetic-field inhomogeneities is studied. Such coherences give rise to many interesting phenomena in light-atom interactions, and their lifetimes are a limiting factor for achieving better sensitivity, resolution, or contrast in many applications. For atoms contained in a vapor cell, some of the coherence-relaxation mechanisms are related to magnetic-field inhomogeneities. We present a simple model describing relaxation due to such inhomogeneities in a buffer-gas-free antirelaxation-coated cell. A relation is given between relaxation rate and magnetic-field inhomogeneities including the dependence on cell size and atomic species. Experimental results, which confirm predictions of the model, are presented. Different regimes, in which the relaxation rate is equally sensitive to the gradients in any direction and in which it is insensitive to gradients transverse to the bias magnetic field, are predicted and demonstrated experimentally.
Pustelny, S.; Jackson Kimball, D. F.; Rochester, S. M.; Yashchuk, V. V.; Budker, D. [Centrum Badan Magnetooptycznych, M. Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Reymonta 4, 30-059 Krakow (Poland); Department of Physics, California State University-East Bay, 25800 Carlos Bee Boulevard, Hayward, California 94542 (United States); Department of Physics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720-7300 (United States); Advanced Light Source Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720 (United States); Department of Physics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720-7300 (United States) and Nuclear Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720 (United States)
Optical soliton in dielectric fibers and self-organization of turbulence in plasmas in magnetic fields
One important discovery in the twentieth century physics is the natural formation of a coherent or a well-ordered structure in continuous media, in contrary to degradation of the state as predicted earlier from the second law of thermodynamics. Here nonlinearity plays the essential role in its process. The discovery of soliton, a localized stable wave in a nonlinear and dispersive medium and the self-organization of fluid turbulence are of the major examples. A soliton is formed primarily in one-dimensional medium where the dispersion and nonlinearity play the essential role. Here the temporal evolution can be described by an infinite dimensional Hamiltonian system that is integrable. While a self-organization appears in an infinite dimensional non-Hamiltonian (or dissipative) system where more than two conservative quantities exist in the limit of no dissipation. In this manuscript, by showing examples of the optical soliton in dielectric fibers and self-organization of turbulence in a toroidal plasma in a magnetic field, we demonstrate these interesting discoveries. The manuscript is intended to describe these discoveries more on philosophical basis with some sacrifice on mathematical details so that the idea is conveyed to those in the wide area of sciences.
Hasegawa, Akira
Design of a silicon-based plasmonic optical sensor for magnetic field monitoring in the infrared
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensor chip is proposed for magnetic field monitoring in the infrared wavelength region. The structure is based on silicon substrate and gold as SPR-active metal used with an appropriate magnetic fluid film. The angular interrogation method has been used to study the sensor's performance in terms of large shift and small width of the SPR curve for a wide range of magnetic field between 30 and 220 Oe. The effect of field incidence angle is also studied on the proposed sensor's performance, and it is observed that the field should be incident as parallel to the magnetic fluid surface as possible. Any possibility of oxidation problem to the proposed SPR sensor is addressed by using a stable buffer layer. All the performance parameters were found to be significantly large for the above field incidence condition. The proposed sensor is able to achieve a resolution of the order as high as 0.18 Oe for magnetic field detection.
Sharma, Anuj K.; Nagao, Tadaaki
Electronic and optical properties of a circular graphene quantum dot in a magnetic field: Influence of the boundary conditions
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
An analytical approach, using the Dirac-Weyl equation, is implemented to obtain the energy spectrum and optical absorption of a circular graphene quantum dot in the presence of an external magnetic field. Results are obtained for the infinite-mass and zigzag boundary conditions. We found that the energy spectrum of a dot with the zigzag boundary condition exhibits a zero-energy band regardless of the value of the magnetic field, while for the infinite-mass boundary condition, the zero-energy states appear only for high magnetic fields. The analytical results are compared to those obtained from the tight-binding model: (i) we show the validity range of the continuum model and (ii) we find that the continuum model with the infinite-mass boundary condition describes rather well its tight-binding analog, which can be partially attributed to the blurring of the mixed edges by the staggered potential.
Gruji?, M.; Zarenia, M.; Chaves, A.; Tadi?, M.; Farias, G. A.; Peeters, F. M.
Effects of magnetic field orientation on optical decoherence in Er3+:Y2SiO5
The influence of the anisotropic Zeeman effect on optical decoherence was studied for the 1.54mum telecom transition in Er3+:Y2SiO5 using photon echo spectroscopy as a function of applied magnetic field orientation and strength. The decoherence strongly correlates with the Zeeman energy splittings described by the ground- and excited-state g factor variations for all inequivalent Er3+ sites, with the observed decoherence
Thomas B�ttger; C. W. Thiel; R. L. Cone; Y. Sun
Nanoring as a magnetic or electric field sensitive nano-antenna for near-field optics applications
In this paper we investigate, in the visible range, the behavior of the electromagnetic near-field, perturbed by a metal nanoring. The vectorial study which is based on FDTD simulation, consists of comparing in the near zone, the electric and magnetic field distributions while interacting with the metal nanoring, according to the incident polarization state. Both image distributions and chromatic spectra
M. A. Suarez; T. Grosjean; D. Charraut; D. Courjon
Magnetic fields in astrophysics
The evidence of cosmic magnetism is examined, taking into account the Zeeman effect, beats in atomic transitions, the Hanle effect, Faraday rotation, gyro-lines, and the strength and scale of magnetic fields in astrophysics. The origin of magnetic fields is considered along with dynamos, the conditions for magnetic field generation, the topology of flows, magnetic fields in stationary flows, kinematic turbulent
Ia. B. Zeldovich; A. A. Ruzmaikin; D. D. Sokolov
CONDENSED MATTER: ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE, ELECTRICAL, MAGNETIC, AND OPTICAL PROPERTIES: Kondo Resonance Splitting in a Quantum Dot with Perpendicular Magnetic Fields
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Using the nonequilibrium Green's function technique, we investigate the Kondo effect in the quantum dot with perpendicular magnetic fields, in which one is the Zeeman splitting lies in the z-direction and the other is the spin flip points at the x-direction. It is found whatever one or two magnetic fields are applied, the local density of states (LDOS) will split into two peaks. The positions of two Kondo resonance peaks are determined by Zeeman energy ? when J = 0, and by when J ? 0.
Peng, Ju; Yu, Hua-Ling; Wang, Xia-Ling; Chen, Zhi-Gao
Development of an alternating magnetic-field-assisted finishing process for microelectromechanical systems micropore x-ray optics
X-ray astronomy research is often limited by the size, weight, complexity, and cost of functioning x-ray optics. Micropore optics promises an economical alternative to traditional (e.g., glass or foil) x-ray optics; however, many manufacturing difficulties prevent micropore optics from being a viable solution. Ezoe et al. introduced microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) micropore optics having curvilinear micropores in 2008. Made by either deep reactive ion etching or x-ray lithography, electroforming, and molding (LIGA), MEMS micropore optics suffer from high micropore sidewall roughness (10-30nmrms) which, by current standards, cannot be improved. In this research, a new alternating magnetic-field-assisted finishing process was developed using a mixture of ferrofluid and microscale abrasive slurry. A machine was built, and a set of working process parameters including alternating frequency, abrasive size, and polishing time was selected. A polishing experiment on a LIGA-fabricated MEMS micropore optic was performed, and a change in micropore sidewall roughness of 9.3{+-}2.5nmrms to 5.7{+-}0.7nmrms was measured. An improvement in x-ray reflectance was also seen. This research shows the feasibility and confirms the effects of this new polishing process on MEMS micropore optics.
Riveros, Raul E.; Yamaguchi, Hitomi; Mitsuishi, Ikuyuki; Takagi, Utako; Ezoe, Yuichiro; Kato, Fumiki; Sugiyama, Susumu; Yamasaki, Noriko; Mitsuda, Kazuhisa
The measurement of solar magnetic fields
Methods for studying solar magnetic fields are examined, taking into account Zeeman and Hanle effects, radio observations, the influence of magnetic fields in solar structures, theoretical extrapolations of photospheric measurements, in situ measurements in the solar-wind region, and meteorite records of the primordial solar magnetic field. Instrumental techniques for optical polarization measurements are considered and an interpretation of optical polarization
J. O. Stenflo
Imaging of the magnetic field structure in megagauss plasmas by combining pulsed polarimetry with an optical Kerr effect shutter technique
Pulsed polarimetry in combination with a high speed photographic technique based on the optical Kerr effect is described. The backscatter in a pulsed polarimeter is directed through a scattering cell and photographed using an {approx}1 ps shutter, essentially freezing the intensity pattern. The image provides both the local electron density and magnetic field distributions along and transverse to the laser sightline. Submillimeter spatial resolution is possible for probing wavelengths in the visible due to the high densities and strong optical activity. Pulsed polarimetry is thereby extended to centimeter-sized plasmas with n{sub e}>10{sup 19}-10{sup 20} cm{sup -3} and B>20-100 T (MG) produced by multiterawatt, multimega-ampere electrical drivers, wire Z pinches, and liner imploded magnetized plasmas.
Smith, R. J. [University of Washington, Box 352250, Seattle, Washington 98195 (United States)
Exploring Magnetic Field Lines
NSDL National Science Digital Library
In this activity, learners explore the magnetic field of a bar magnet as an introduction to understanding Earth's magnetic field. First, learners explore and play with magnets and compasses. Then, learners trace the field lines of the magnet using the compass on a large piece of paper. This activity will also demonstrate why prominences are always "loops."
Magneto-optic field coupling in optical fiber Bragg gratings
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
A magnetic sensor utilizing direct magneto-optic field coupling in an optical fiber Bragg grating (FBG) is experimentally demonstrated. The FBG's cladding is etched to expose the propagating evanescent light to the fiber's surroundings. The etched FBG is surrounded with iron oxide nanoparticles and placed in a magnetic field perpendicular to the fiber. Measurements demonstrate that the ?B shifts nonlinearly as a function of magnetic field, i.e. comparable to the magnetization versus magnetic field behavior of the nanoparticles measured by a SQUID magnetometer. This direct manipulation of light with magnetic fields provides an approach to develop future sensors relying on electromagnetic interactions.
Emmons, Michael C.; Kim, Hyungsuk K. D.; Carman, Gregory P.; Lance Richards, W.
Earth's Inconstant Magnetic Field
NSDL National Science Digital Library
This NASA site describes long-term changes in Earth's magnetic field, and how magnetic stripes in the Atlantic seafloor provide evidence for reversals of this field. The site presents a model of Earth's interior that helps explain how Earth's magnetic field is generated and how the reversals occur. A computer-generated image shows the complicated magnetic field in-between reversals.
NSDL National Science Digital Library
This is an activity about magnetic fields. Using iron filings, learners will observe magnets in various arrangements to investigate the magnetic field lines of force. This information is then related to magnetic loops on the Sun's surface and the magnetic field of the Earth. This is the second activity in the Exploring the Earth's Magnetic Field: An IMAGE Satellite Guide to the Magnetosphere educators guide.
Optical Spectra of Donor Impurities in InSb in High Magnetic Fields
Experimental studies of the donor-impurity excitation spectra in InSb in high magnetic fields have yielded good qualitative agreement with theoretical predictions with regard to transition energies, selection rules, polarization, and absorption constants. Quantitatively, the data demonstrate the need for including the effects of nonparabolicity in the theory, and indicate that corrections to the calculated ground-state energy are required. The usefulness
R. Kaplan
Optimization of all-garnet magneto-optical magnetic field sensors with genetic algorithm.
In this article, we introduce a simple magnetophotonic crystal structure for magnetic field sensing applications. Design procedure, which is performed using a global optimization tool called genetic algorithm, provides great flexibility for structures with layers having nonquarter-wavelength thickness. Results show that our proposed genetic sensor comparatively exhibits higher simplicity, sensitivity, and spatial resolution, with better photo-response and performance. We also analyze the underlying physical phenomenon responsible for such improvement by inspection of electric field distribution in the interior of the structure. PMID:22858955
Alisafaee, Hossein; Ghanaatshoar, Majid
NSDL National Science Digital Library
In this activity, students investigate the presence of magnetic fields around magnets, the sun and the earth. They will explore magnetic field lines, understand that magnetic lines of force show the strength and direction of magnetic fields, determine how field lines interact between attracting and repelling magnetic poles, and discover that the earth and sun have magnetic properties. They will also discover that magnetic force is invisible and that a "field of force" is a region or space in which one object can attract or repel another.
NSDL National Science Digital Library
This lesson introduces students to the effects of magnetic fields in matter addressing permanent magnets, diamagnetism, paramagnetism, ferromagnetism, and magnetization. First students must compare the magnetic field of a solenoid to the magnetic field of a permanent magnet. Students then learn the response of diamagnetic, paramagnetic, and ferromagnetic material to a magnetic field. Now aware of the mechanism causing a solid to respond to a field, students learn how to measure the response by looking at the net magnetic moment per unit volume of the material.
VU Bioengineering RET Program, School of Engineering,
Visualizing Magnetic Field Lines
NSDL National Science Digital Library
In this activity, students take the age old concept of etch-a-sketch a step further. Using iron filings, students begin visualizing magnetic field lines. To do so, students use a compass to read the direction of the magnet's magnetic field. Then, students observe the behavior of iron filings near that magnet as they rotate the filings about the magnet. Finally, students study the behavior of iron filings suspended in mineral oil which displays the magnetic field in three dimensions.
VU Bioengineering RET Program, School of Engineering,
Ground States of Ultracold Spin-1 Atoms in a Deep Double-Well Optical Superlattice in a Weak Magnetic Field
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
The ground states of the ultracold spin-1 atoms trapped in a deep one-dimensional double-well optical superlattice in a weak magnetic field are obtained. It is shown that the ground-state diagrams of the reduced double-well model are remarkably different for the antiferromagnetic and ferromagnetic condensates. The transition between the singlet state and nematic state is observed for the antiferromagnetic interaction atoms, which can be realized by modulating the tunneling parameter or the quadratic Zeeman energy. An experiment to distinguish the different spin states is suggested.
Zheng, Gong-Ping; Qin, Shuai-Feng; Wang, Shou-Yang; Jian, Wen-Tian
Photonic Magnetic Field Sensor
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Small, in-line polarization rotators or isolators to reduce feedback in fiber optic links can be the basis for excellent magnetic field sensors. Based on the giant magneto-optical (GMO) or Faraday effect in iron garnets, they with a magnetic field of a few hundred Gauss, (20 mT) for an interaction length for an optical beam of a few millimeters achieve a polarization rotation or phase shift of 45 deg (1/8 cycle). When powered by a small laser diode, with the induced linear phase shift recovered at the shot noise limit, we have demonstrated sensitivities at the 3.3 nT/Hz1/2 level for frequencies from less than 1 Hz to frequencies into the high kHz range. Through further improvements; an increase in interaction length, better materials and by far the greatest factor, the addition of a flux concentrator, sensitivities at the pT/Hz1/2 level appear to be within reach. We will detail such a design and discuss the issues that may limit achieving these goals.
Wyntjes, Geert
Coherent-phonon-assisted excitation transfer via optical near fields in dilute magnetic semiconductor nanostructures
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Optical near-field (ONF) phenomena observed in nanoscale systems have been applied to nano-fabrication and nano-photoelectronic devices for the last decade. Excitation transfer (ET) is an elementary process caused by ONF interaction localized at the nanoscale in real space. Recently, we have observed spin-dependent ET controlled by an external field and discovered the sign of assistance of phonons. In this work, we elucidate that the assistance of coherent phonons in ET originates from two types of mechanism: energy resonance between exciton levels renormalized by phonon effects and enhancement by phase matching between coherent oscillation of populations and phonon oscillation. This study will stimulate the development of the application of ET via a ONF to nano-photoelectronic devices.
Suwa, Takayuki; Ishikawa, Akira; Uchiyama, Kazuharu; Matsumoto, Takashi; Hori, Hirokazu; Kobayashi, Kiyoshi
Electrically induced bound state switches and near-linearly tunable optical transitions in graphene under a magnetic field
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
We study the low-lying excited spectra and optical transitions of a single Dirac electron in a graphene sheet that is subjected to a homogeneous magnetic field and an electrostatic potential produced by an applied top gate of disk shape. Numerical results based on the Dirac equation and the transfer matrix method show that in the regime of a small circle-inner magnetic flux, the variable potential induces switches between extended Landau-type bound states and localized quantum-dot-type ones. We indicate that the frequency of emitted or absorbed photons can be tuned almost linearly by the potential within specific ranges, which may have potential applications as a near-linearly-controlled photon frequency filter. These properties are robust to the sharpness of the potential boundary.
Song, Yu; Guo, Yong
Linear and nonlinear optical absorption coefficients and refractive index changes in modulation-doped quantum wells: Effects of the magnetic field and hydrostatic pressure
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
In this study, the linear, the third-order nonlinear and total optical absorption coefficients and refractive index changes of a modulation-doped GaAs/AlxGaAs quantum well are investigated numerically. In the effective-mass approximation, the electronic structure of modulation-doped quantum well is calculated by solving the Schr�dinger and Poisson equations self-consistently. Optical properties are obtained using the compact density matrix approach. The effects of structure parameters, the applied magnetic field and the hydrostatic pressure on the optical properties of the modulation-doped quantum well are studied. Results show that the resonant peaks shift toward the higher (lower) energies with the increase in the magnetic field (pressure). The magnitude of the resonant peaks of the optical properties decreases with the increasing magnetic field or pressure.
Nazari, M.; Karimi, M. J.; Keshavarz, A.
NSDL National Science Digital Library
This is an activity about bar magnets and their invisible magnetic fields. Learners will experiment with magnets and a compass to detect and draw magnetic fields. This is Activity 1 of a larger resource, entitled Exploring the Sun. The NASA spacecraft missions represented by this material include SOHO, TRACE, STEREO, Hinode, and SDO.
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Magnetic field mapper locates imperfections in cadmium sulphide solar cells by detecting and displaying the variations of the normal component of the magnetic field resulting from current density variations. It can also inspect for nonuniformities in other electrically conductive materials.
Masters, R. M.; Stenger, F. J.
NSDL National Science Digital Library
This is an activity about the declining strength of Earth's magnetic field. Learners will review a graph of magnetic field intensity and calculate the amount by which the field has changed its intensity in the last century, the rate of change of its intensity, and when the field should decrease to zero strength at the current rate of change. Learners will also use evidence from relevant sources to create a conjecture on the effects on Earth of a vanished magnetic field. Access to information sources about Earth's magnetic field strength is needed for this activity. This is Activity 7 in the Exploring Magnetism on Earth teachers guide.
Optical emission from laser-induced breakdown plasma of solid and liquid samples in the presence of a magnetic field.
The optical properties of laser-induced plasma generated firm solid (Al alloy) and liquid (Mn, Cr, Mg, or Ti solutions) samples expanded across an external, steady magnetic field have been studied by atomic-emission spectroscopy. Various line emissions obtained from the constituents of the Al alloy and of the aqueous solution show an enhancement in intensity in the presence of an approximately 5-kG magnetic field. The enhancement of the signal was nearly a factor of 2 for the minor constituents of the solid samples and a factor of 1.5 for the elements in liquid phase. Temporal evolution of the emission from the solid sample showed maximum enhancement in emission intensity at 3-10-micros time delay after plasma formation in the laser energy range 10-50 mJ. However, for the liquid sample the maximum signal was for a gate delay of 3-25 micros the energy range 50-200 mJ. This enhancement in the emission intensity was found to be due to an increase in effective density of the plasma as a result of magnetic confinement when the plasma cooled after expansion. This enhanced emission was due to an increase in the rate of radiative recombination in the plasma. PMID:12716149
Rai, Virendra N; Rai, Awadhesh K; Yueh, Fang-Yu; Singh, Jagdish P
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Electrical currents flowing in the solar plasma generate a magnetic field, which is detected in the SOLAR ATMOSPHERE by spectroscopic and polarization measurements (SOLAR MAGNETIC FIELD: INFERENCE BY POLARIMETRY). The SOLAR WIND carries the magnetic field into interplanetary space where it can be measured directly by instruments on space probes....
Sch�ssler, M.; Murdin, P.
Super-elastic electron excitation of atoms in magnetic & optical fields
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Understanding electron impact excitation of atoms usually requires coincidence techniques to fully ascertain the interactions that occur, & to allow detailed comparison to collision theories. These experiments are slow, but have advantages since many targets can be studied. By contrast, the `time reversed' super-elastic scattering experiment produces equivalent information thousands of times faster with higher precision, but is limited to only a few targets that can be excited by tunable lasers. Here two new techniques invented in Manchester are discussed. The first allows the cross sections to be determined over all angles using a Magnetic Angle Changer to steer electrons to & from the target [1-3]. The second adopts a resonant optical cavity around the interaction region to efficiently excite a much wider range of targets. We can then for the first time study targets of relevance to industry, including Zn (which may provide an alternative to Hg in low energy lighting), through to Au & Ag. [4pt] [1] M Hussey et al Phys Rev Lett 99 133202 (2007)[0pt] [2] A J Murray et al Phys Rev A 77 013409 (2008)[0pt] [3] M Hussey et al J Phys B 41 055202 (2008)
Murray, Andrew; MacGillivray, William; Hussey, Martyn
NSDL National Science Digital Library
Students use a compass and a permanent magnet to trace the magnetic field lines produced by the magnet. By positioning the compass in enough spots around the magnet, the overall magnet field will be evident from the collection of arrows representing the direction of the compass needle. In activities 3 and 4 of this unit, students will use this information to design a way to solve the grand challenge of separating metal for a recycling company.
Vu Bioengineering Ret Program
NSDL National Science Digital Library
This demonstration of the magnetic field lines of Earth uses a bar magnet, iron filings, and a compass. The site explains how to measure the magnetic field of the Earth by measuring the direction a compass points from various points on the surface. There is also an explanation of why the north magnetic pole on Earth is actually, by definition, the south pole of a magnet.
Barker, Jeffrey
Optically encoded nanoprobes using single walled carbon nanotube as the building scaffold for magnetic field guided cell imaging.
We construct a novel fluorescent, surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) encoded and magnetic nanoprobe for live cell imaging. To fabricate this nanoprobe, single walled carbon nanotube (SWNT) is used as the building scaffold while gold nanoparticles (Au NPs), superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) and quantum dots (QDs) are employed as the building blocks. Here, Au NPs serve as the SERS substrate and QDs act as the fluorescent agent. Au NPs and SPIONs are first adsorbed on the SWNT via electrostatic interactions. Then a silica layer is coated on the SWNT. Finally, QDs are attached on the silica shell. With such a structure, various optical signals can be readily encoded to the nanoprobe simply by using different Raman molecules and QDs with different emission wavelengths. Experimental results show that the as-prepared nanoprobe exhibits well fluorescence and SERS performance. Furthermore, in vitro experiments demonstrate that the nanoprobe can fulfill magnetic field guided fluorescence and SERS dual mode imaging of live cells. As a fascinating optical encoding material and a multifunctional nanoplatform, the presented nanoprobe holds genuine potential in future biosensing applications. PMID:24401396
Wang, Hong; Wang, Zhuyuan; Ye, Minglang; Zong, Shenfei; Li, Mingyue; Chen, Peng; Ma, Xueqin; Cui, Yiping
NSDL National Science Digital Library
In this activity, students use the same method as in the activity from lesson 2 to explore the magnetism due to electric current instead of a permanent magnet. Students use a compass and circuit to trace the magnetic field lines induced by the electric current moving through the wire. Students develop an understanding of the effect of the electrical current on the compass needle through the induced magnetic field and understand the complexity of a three dimensional field system.
Vu Bioengineering Ret Program
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Knowledge on the nature of magnetic fields on the solar surface is reviewed. At least a large part of the magnetic flux in the solar surface is confined to small bundles of lines of force within which the field strength is of the order of 500 gauss. Magnetic fields are closely associated with all types of solar activity. Magnetic flux appears at the surface at the clearly defined birth or regeneration of activity of an active region. As the region ages, the magnetic flux migrates to form large-scale patterns and the polar fields. Some manifestations of the large-scale distribution are discussed.
Howard, R.
NSDL National Science Digital Library
This is a lesson about the magnetic field of a bar magnet. The lesson begins with an introductory discussion with learners about magnetism to draw out any misconceptions that may be in their minds. Then, learners freely experiment with bar magnets and various materials, such as paper clips, rulers, copper or aluminum wire, and pencils, to discover that magnets attract metals containing iron, nickel, and/or cobalt but not most other materials. Next, learners experiment with using a magnetic compass to discover how it is affected by the magnet and then draw the magnetic field lines of the magnet by putting dots at the location of the compass arrow. This is the first lesson in the first session of the Exploring Magnetism teacher guide.
Melatonin and magnetic fields.
There is public health concern raised by epidemiological studies indicating that extremely low frequency electric and magnetic fields generated by electric power distribution systems in the environment may be hazardous. Possible carcinogenic effects of magnetic field in combination with suggested oncostatic action of melatonin lead to the hypothesis that the primary effects of electric and magnetic fields exposure is a reduction of melatonin synthesis which, in turn, may promote cancer growth. In this review the data on the influence of magnetic fields on melatonin synthesis, both in the animals and humans, are briefly presented and discussed. PMID:12019358
Karasek, Michal; Lerchl, Alexander
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
For some years now laminated cards containing a green, magnetically sensitive film have been available from science education suppliers. When held near a magnet, these cards appear dark green in regions where the field is perpendicular to the card and light green where the field is parallel to the card. The cards can be used to explore the magnetic field near a variety of magnets as well as near wire loops. In this paper we describe how to make these cards and how we have used them in our physics classrooms and labs.
Kanim, Stephen; Thompson, John R.
Solar Magnetic and Velocity Field Measurement System for Spacelab 2: The Solar Optical Universal Polarimeter (SOUP).
National Technical Information Service (NTIS)
The Solar Optical Universal Polarimeter (SOUP) flew on the shuttle mission Spacelab 2 (STS-51F) in August, 1985, and collected historic solar observations. SOUP is the only solar telescope on either a spacecraft or balloon which has delivered long sequenc...
T. D. Tarbell A. M. Title
Estimates for the scale, geometry and strength of the magnetic field in the galactic system can be derived from observations of polarization properties of radio emission from the Galaxy, extragalactic radio sources and pulsars, and polarization of starlight. Within distances of about 500 parsecs (1 parsec = 3.26 lightyears) from the solar system the magnetic field is directed towards galactic
T A Spoelstra; T. A. T
Optical magnetic imaging of living cells
Magnetic imaging is a powerful tool for probing biological and physical systems. However, existing techniques either have poor spatial resolution compared to optical microscopy and are hence not generally applicable to imaging of sub-cellular structure (e.g., magnetic resonance imaging [MRI]1), or entail operating conditions that preclude application to living biological samples while providing sub-micron resolution (e.g., scanning superconducting quantum interference device [SQUID] microscopy2, electron holography3, and magnetic resonance force microscopy [MRFM]4). Here we demonstrate magnetic imaging of living cells (magnetotactic bacteria) under ambient laboratory conditions and with sub-cellular spatial resolution (400 nm), using an optically-detected magnetic field imaging array consisting of a nanoscale layer of nitrogen-vacancy (NV) colour centres implanted at the surface of a diamond chip. With the bacteria placed on the diamond surface, we optically probe the NV quantum spin states and rapidly reconstruct images of the vector components of the magnetic field created by chains of magnetic nanoparticles (magnetosomes) produced in the bacteria, and spatially correlate these magnetic field maps with optical images acquired in the same apparatus. Wide-field sCMOS acquisition allows parallel optical and magnetic imaging of multiple cells in a population with sub-micron resolution and >100 micron field-of-view. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of the bacteria confirm that the correlated optical and magnetic images can be used to locate and characterize the magnetosomes in each bacterium. The results provide a new capability for imaging bio-magnetic structures in living cells under ambient conditions with high spatial resolution, and will enable the mapping of a wide range of magnetic signals within cells and cellular networks5, 6.
Le Sage, D.; Arai, K.; Glenn, D. R.; DeVience, S. J.; Pham, L. M.; Rahn-Lee, L.; Lukin, M. D.; Yacoby, A.; Komeili, A.; Walsworth, R. L.
Optical magnetic imaging of living cells.
Magnetic imaging is a powerful tool for probing biological and physical systems. However, existing techniques either have poor spatial resolution compared to optical microscopy and are hence not generally applicable to imaging of sub-cellular structure (for example, magnetic resonance imaging), or entail operating conditions that preclude application to living biological samples while providing submicrometre resolution (for example, scanning superconducting quantum interference device microscopy, electron holography and magnetic resonance force microscopy). Here we demonstrate magnetic imaging of living cells (magnetotactic bacteria) under ambient laboratory conditions and with sub-cellular spatial resolution (400?nanometres), using an optically detected magnetic field imaging array consisting of a nanometre-scale layer of nitrogen-vacancy colour centres implanted at the surface of a diamond chip. With the bacteria placed on the diamond surface, we optically probe the nitrogen-vacancy quantum spin states and rapidly reconstruct images of the vector components of the magnetic field created by chains of magnetic nanoparticles (magnetosomes) produced in the bacteria. We also spatially correlate these magnetic field maps with optical images acquired in the same apparatus. Wide-field microscopy allows parallel optical and magnetic imaging of multiple cells in a population with submicrometre resolution and a field of view in excess of 100?micrometres. Scanning electron microscope images of the bacteria confirm that the correlated optical and magnetic images can be used to locate and characterize the magnetosomes in each bacterium. Our results provide a new capability for imaging bio-magnetic structures in living cells under ambient conditions with high spatial resolution, and will enable the mapping of a wide range of magnetic signals within cells and cellular networks. PMID:23619694
Le Sage, D; Arai, K; Glenn, D R; DeVience, S J; Pham, L M; Rahn-Lee, L; Lukin, M D; Yacoby, A; Komeili, A; Walsworth, R L
The effect of line damping, magneto-optics and parasitic light on the derivation of sunspot vector magnetic fields
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
The least square fitting of Stokes observations of sunspots using a Milne-Eddington-Unno model appears to lead, in many circumstances, to various inconsistencies such as anomalously large doppler widths and, hence, small magnetic fields which are significantly below those inferred solely from the Zeeman splitting in the intensity profile. It is found that the introduction of additional physics into the model such as the inclusion of damping wings and magneto-optic birefrigence significantly improves the fit to Stokes parameters. Model fits excluding the intensity profile, i.e., of both magnitude as well as spectral shape of the polarization parameters alone, suggest that parasitic light in the intensity profile may also be a source of inconsistencies. The consequences of the physical changes on the vector properties of the field derived from the Fe I lambda 6173 line for the 17 November 1975 spot as well as on the thermodynamic state are discussed. A Doppler width delta lambda (D) - 25mA is bound to be consistent with a low spot temperature and microturbulence, and a damping constant of a = 0.2.
Skumanich, A.; Lites, B. W.
Magneto-optical effects and rf magnetic field detection in cold rubidium atoms
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
We present the results of our latest experiments on atomic coherences in cold atoms. Interaction of atoms with a near-resonant, linearly polarized light leads to an effective creation of long-lived ground-state Zeeman coherences which is observed through the nonlinear Faraday effect or free induction decay signals of the Larmor precession. Both optically and radio-frequency induced Zeeman coherences are observed, with relaxation rates around a 100 Hz.
Sycz, Krystian; Wojciechowski, Adam M.; Gawlik, Wojciech
Interplanetary Magnetic Field Lines
NSDL National Science Digital Library
This web page provides information and a graphical exercise for students regarding the interaction between magnetic field lines and a plasma. The activity involves tracing a typical interplanetary magnetic field line, dragged out of a location on the Sun by the radial flow of the solar wind. This illustrates the way magnetic field lines are "frozen to the plasma" and the wrapping of field lines due to the rotation of the sun. This is part of the work "The Exploration of the Earth's Magnetosphere". A Spanish translation is available.
Stern, David
Near field optical transducer design with FePt recording media for multiple Tb/in2 density heat assisted magnetic recording
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
In heat assisted magnetic recording, near field optical transducer is a key component for its success. Due to the near field properties, the transducer design has to be done combining with media. FePt is a potential recording material for heat assisted recording. In this paper, the measured optical constant of FePt thin film was introduced, and the design and simulation of c-aperture transducer with FePt media for multiple Tb/in2 heat assisted magnetic recording application were performed. The light spot sizes of around 15nm with high efficiency were obtained. Optical transducer is used to heat the media locally. Its final target is to generate smaller thermal profile to meet the requirement of recording density. Therefore, using obtained beam spot as heat source, thermal simulations were carried out with media material's thermal parameters. The simulation results show that recording density of 3Tb/in2 is possible.
Xu, B. X.; Toh, Y. T.; Chia, C. W.; Hu, J. F.; Vienne, G. G.; An, C. W.; Yosia, Y.; Chong, T. C.
The National Aeronautics and Space Administration Goddard Space Flight Center-University of Delaware Bartol Research Institute magnetic field experiment on the Voyager 2 spacecraft discovered a strong and complex intrinsic magnetic field of Neptune and an associated magnetosphere and magnetic tail. A maximum magnetic field of nearly 10,000 nanoteslas (1 nanotesla = 10{sup {minus}5} gauss) was observed near closest approach, at a distance of 1.18 R{sub N}. The planetary magnetic field between 4 and 15 R{sub N} can be well represented by an offset tilted magnetic dipole (OTD), displaced from the center of Neptune by the surprisingly large amount of 0.55 R{sub N} and inclined by 47{degrees} with respect to the rotation axis. Within 4 R{sub N}, the magnetic field representation must include localized sources or higher order magnetic multipoles, or both, which are not yet well determined. As the spacecraft exited the magnetosphere, the magnetic tail appeared to be monopolar, and no crossings of an imbedded magnetic field reversal or plasma neutral sheet were observed. The auroral zones are most likely located far from the rotation poles and may have a complicated geometry. The rings and all the known moons of Neptune are imbedded deep inside the magnetosphere, except for Nereid, which is outside when sunward of the planet. The radiation belts will have a complex structure owing to the absorption of energetic particles by the moons and rings of Neptune and losses associated with the significant changes in the diurnally varying magnetosphere configuration. In an astrophysical context, the magnetic field of Neptune, like that of Uranus, may be described as that of an oblique rotator.
Ness, N.F. (Univ. of Delaware, Newark (USA)); Acuna, M.H.; Burlaga, L.F.; Connerney, J.E.P.; Lepping, R.P. (NASA, Greenbelt, MD (USA)); Neubauer, F.M. (Universitaet zu Koln (West Germany))
Sonoluminescence in High Magnetic Fields
We have made a detailed study of sonoluminescence (SL) in high magnetic fields. In magnetic field sweeps at constant levels of acoustic drive, SL disappears above a pressure-dependent threshold magnetic field. Sweeps of acoustic drive at fixed magnetic fields show that the upper and lower bounds of forcing pressure that determine the region of SL increase dramatically with magnetic field.
J. B. Young; T. Schmiedel; Woowon Kang
NSDL National Science Digital Library
The EJS Magnetic Bar Field Model shows the field of a bar magnet and has a movable compass that reports the magnetic field values. The bar magnet model is built by placing a group of magnetic dipoles along the bar magnet. You can modify this simulation if you have Ejs installed by right-clicking within the plot and selecting �Open Ejs Model� from the pop-up menu item. The Magnetic Bar Field model was created using the Easy Java Simulations (Ejs) modeling tool. It is distributed as a ready-to-run (compiled) Java archive. Double clicking the ejs_em_MagneticBarField.jar file will run the program if Java is installed. Ejs is a part of the Open Source Physics Project and is designed to make it easier to access, modify, and generate computer models. Additional Ejs models are available. They can be found by searching ComPADRE for Open Source Physics, OSP, or Ejs.
Christian, Wolfgang; Franciscouembre; Cox, Anne
The effects of the electric and magnetic fields on the nonlinear optical properties in the step-like asymmetric quantum well
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
In the present work, total optical absorption coefficient (the linear and third-order nonlinear) and total refractive index change for transition between two first lower-lying electronic levels in the step-like GaAs/Ga1-xAlxAs quantum well under the electric and magnetic fields are investigated and also the effect of relaxation time on saturation is investigated. A compact density-matrix approach is applied to investigate optical properties. The obtained results show that both total absorption coefficient and refractive index change are sensitive to well dimensions more than external fields. With the increase of quantum well width, total absorption coefficient and refractive index change shift to lower photon energies (red shift), the magnitude of total refractive index increases significantly while total absorption coefficient is reduced. Furthermore, the electric and magnetic fields induce a blue-shift on absorption coefficient and refractive index change.
Kasapoglu, E.; Ungan, F.; Duque, C. A.; Yesilgul, U.; Mora-Ramos, M. E.; Sari, H.; So�kmen, I.
NSDL National Science Digital Library
This is an activity about electromagnetism. Learners will use a compass to map the magnetic field lines surrounding a coil of wire that is connected to a battery. This activity requires a large coil or spool of wire, a source of electricity such as 3 D-cell batteries or an AC to DC power adapter, alligator-clipped wire, and magnetic compasses. This is the third lesson in the second session of the Exploring Magnetism teachers guide.
Competing pairing states for ultracold fermions in optical lattices with an artificial staggered magnetic field
We study fermionic superfluidity in an ultracold Bose-Fermi mixture loaded into a square optical lattice subjected to a staggered flux. While the bosons form a Bose-Einstein condensate at very low temperature and weak interaction, the interacting fermions experience an additional long-ranged attractive interaction mediated by phonons in the bosonic condensate. This leads us to consider a generalized Hubbard model with on-site and nearest-neighbor attractive interactions, which give rise to two competing pairing channels. We use the Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer theory to determine the regimes where distinct fermionic superfluids are stabilized and find that the nonlocal pairing channel favors a superfluid state which breaks both the gauge and the lattice symmetries, similar to unconventional superconductivity occurring in some strongly correlated systems. Furthermore, the particular structure of the single-particle spectrum leads to unexpected consequences, for example, a dome-shaped superfluid region in the temperature versus filing fraction phase diagram, with a normal phase that contains much richer physics than a Fermi liquid. Notably, the relevant temperature regime and coupling strength are readily accessible in state of the art experiments with ultracold trapped atoms.
Lim, Lih-King; Lazarides, Achilleas; Morais Smith, C. [Institute for Theoretical Physics, Utrecht University, Leuvenlaan 4, NL-3584 CE Utrecht (Netherlands); Hemmerich, Andreas [Institut fuer Laser-Physik, Universitaet Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, D-22761 Hamburg (Germany)
NSDL National Science Digital Library
This activity will introduce students to the idea of magnetic field lines--a concept they have probably encountered but may not fully grasp. Completing this activity and reading the corresponding background information should enable students to understand
Horton, Michael
National Technical Information Service (NTIS)
The research work was directed towards the following: (1) Perform necessary laboratory experiments, including a study on the Zeeman effect in absorption. Make observations of the sunspot and general magnetic fields of the sun. (2) Conduct a program of int...
M. Cimino
The use of coronal X-ray emission in determining the configuration of the magnetic field lines in the corona is discussed. Spatially-resolved X-ray observations provided by Skylab and subsequently by missions such as OSO-8 and SMM show the solar corona to be inhomogeneous, with open and closed structures determined by the topology of the magnetic field. The scenario provided by observations
R. Pallavicini
Manipulation of molecular structures with magnetic fields
The present thesis deals with the use of magnetic fields as a handle to manipulate matter at a molecular level and as a tool to probe molecular properties or inter molecular interactions. The work consists of in situ optical studies of (polymer) liquid crystals and molecular aggregates in high magnetic fields up to 20T, together with a description of the
Marius Iosif Boamfa
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
The magnetic fields originate as coronal fields that are converted into space by the supersonic, infinitely conducting, solar wind. On average, the sun's rotation causes the field to wind up and form an Archimedes Spiral. However, the field direction changes almost continuously on a variety of scales and the irregular nature of these changes is often interpreted as evidence that the solar wind flow is turbulent.
Smith, E. J.
The use of magnetic field effects on photosensitizer luminescence as a novel probe for optical monitoring of oxygen in photodynamic therapy
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
The effect of a magnetic field on the steady-state and time-resolved optical emission of a custom fullerene-linked photosensitizer (PS) in liposome cell phantoms was studied at various oxygen concentrations (0.19-190 �M). Zeeman splitting of the triplet state and hyperfine coupling, which control intersystem crossing between singlet and triplet states, are altered in the presence of low magnetic fields (B < 320 mT), perturbing the luminescence intensity and lifetime as compared to the triplet state at B = 0. Measurements of the luminescence intensity and lifetime were performed using a time-domain apparatus integrated with a magnet. We propose that by probing magnet-affected optical emissions, one can monitor the state of oxygenation throughout the course of photodynamic therapy. Since the magnetic field effect (MFE) operates primarily by affecting the radical ion pairs related to type I photodynamic action, the enhancement or suppression of the MFE can be used as a measure of the dynamic equilibrium between the type I and II photodynamic pathways. The unique photo-initiated charge-transfer properties of the PS used in this study allow it to serve as both cytotoxic agent and oxygen probe that can provide in situ dosimetric information at close to real time.
Mermut, O.; Diamond, K. R.; Cormier, J.-F.; Gallant, P.; H�, N.; Leclair, S.; Marois, J.-S.; Noiseux, I.; Morin, J.-F.; Patterson, M. S.; Vernon, M. L.
The nonequilibrium of magnetic fields
The more subtle properties of magnetic fields which create nonequilibrium and lead to vigorous activity in otherwise sluggish gas-field systems are evaluated for gross hydromagnetic effects. The gentle manipulation of magnetic fields on a large scale leads to the production of small scale variations and discontinuities, providing intense dissipation of magnetic field in a large scale system. A magnetic field
E. N. Parker
Microinhomogeneities in Magnetic Fields
Small variations in the fields of magnets, caused by structures or domains in the pole faces, were investigated by moving a small coil in a circular path. It was found that for a given pole face the variations in the field were all about the same size, and decreased exponentially from the pole face. None of the materials tested as
H. H. Brown Jr.; F. Bitter
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
The Magnetic Field Solver computer program calculates the magnetic field generated by a group of collinear, cylindrical axisymmetric electromagnet coils. Given the current flowing in, and the number of turns, axial position, and axial and radial dimensions of each coil, the program calculates matrix coefficients for a finite-difference system of equations that approximates a two-dimensional partial differential equation for the magnetic potential contributed by the coil. The program iteratively solves these finite-difference equations by use of the modified incomplete Cholesky preconditioned-conjugate-gradient method. The total magnetic potential as a function of axial (z) and radial (r) position is then calculated as a sum of the magnetic potentials of the individual coils, using a high-accuracy interpolation scheme. Then the r and z components of the magnetic field as functions of r and z are calculated from the total magnetic potential by use of a high-accuracy finite-difference scheme. Notably, for the finite-difference calculations, the program generates nonuniform two-dimensional computational meshes from nonuniform one-dimensional meshes. Each mesh is generated in such a way as to minimize the numerical error for a benchmark one-dimensional magnetostatic problem.
Ilin, Andrew V.
Optical decoherence and spectral diffusion at 1.5 mum in Er3+ : Y2 SiO5 versus magnetic field, temperature, and Er3+ concentration
The mechanisms and effects of spectral diffusion for optical transitions of paramagnetic ions have been explored using the inhomogeneously broadened 1536 nm I15\\/24-->I13\\/24 transition in Er3+:Y2SiO5 . Using photon echo spectroscopy, spectral diffusion was measured by observing the evolution of the effective coherence lifetimes over time scales from 1mus to 20 ms for magnetic-field strengths from 0.3 to 6.0 T,
Thomas B�ttger; C. W. Thiel; Y. Sun; R. L. Cone
Magnetic ionization fronts. I. Parallel magnetic fields
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
We solve the continuity equations across an ionization front. By including a plane parallel magnetic field we find significant differences in the allowed velocities of the R- and D-type solutions between the magnetized and non-magnetized cases. These results may have implications for the study of ionization bounded diffuse sources where a moderate or strong magnetic field is expected.
Redman, M. P.; Williams, R. J. R.; Dyson, J. E.; Hartquist, T. W.; Fernandez, B. R.
CONDENSED MATTER: ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE, ELECTRICAL, MAGNETIC, AND OPTICAL PROPERTIES: Hofstadter's Butterfly and Phase Transition of Checkerboard Superconducting Network in a Magnetic Field
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
We study the magnetic effect of the checkerboard superconducting wire network. Based on the de Gennes-Alexader theory, we obtain difference equations for superconducting order parameter in the wire network. Through solving these difference equations, we obtain the eigenvalues, linked to the coherence length, as a function of magnetic field. The diagram of eigenvalues shows a fractal structure, being so-called Hofstadter's butterfly. We also calculate and discuss the dependence of the transition temperature of the checkerboard superconducting wire network on the applied magnetic field, which is related to up-edge of the Hofstadter's butterfly spectrum.
Hou, Jing-Min; Tian, Li-Jim
Eruptive solar magnetic fields
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
The quasi-steady evolution of solar magnetic fields in response to gradual photospheric changes is considered, with particular attention given to the threshold of a sudden eruption in the solar atmosphere. The formal model of an evolving, force-free field dependent on two Cartesian coordinates is extended to a field which is not force free but in static equilibrium with plasma pressure and gravity. The basic physics is illustrated through the evolution of a loop-shaped electric current sheet enclosing a potential bipolar field with footpoints rooted in the photosphere. A free-boundary problem is posed and then solved for the equilibrium configuration of the current sheet in a hydrostatically supported isothermal atmosphere. As the footpoints move apart to spread a constant photospheric magnetic flux over a larger region, the equilibria available extend the field to increasing heights.
Low, B. C.
NSDL National Science Digital Library
In this activity about magnetic fields and their relation to the Sun, learners will simulate sunspots by using iron filings to show magnetic fields around a bar or cow magnet, and draw the magnetic field surrounding two dipole magnets, both in parallel and perpendicular alignments. Finally, learners examine images of sunspots to relate their magnetic field drawings and observations to what is seen on the Sun.
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
The Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager (HMI) on SDO has measured magnetic field, velocity, and intensity in the photosphere over the full disk continuously since May 2010 with arc-second resolution. Scalar images are measured every 45 seconds. From these basic observables the pipeline automatically identifies and tracks active regions on the solar disk. The vector magnetic field and a variety of summary quantities are determined every 720s in these tracked Space-weather HMI Active Region Patches (SHARPS). Synoptic and synchronic maps are constructed daily and after each Carrington Rotation Most data products are available with definitive scientific calibration after a few day deal at and in a quick-look near-real-time version a few minutes after the observations are made. Uncertainties are determined for the derived products. All of the magnetic field products along with movies and images suitable for browsing are available at http:://Hmi.stanford.edu/magnetic. Other products, e.g. coronal field over active regions, can be computed on demand.
Hoeksema, Jon T.; HMI Magnetic Field Team
NSDL National Science Digital Library
This is a lesson where learners explore magnetic forces, fields, and the relationship between electricity. Learners will use this information to infer how the Earth generates a protective magnetic field. The lesson models scientific inquiry using the 5E instructional model and includes teacher notes, prerequisite concepts, common misconceptions, student journal and reading. This is lesson seven in the Astro-Venture Geology Training Unit that were developed to increase students' awareness of and interest in astrobiology and the many career opportunities that utilize science, math and technology skills. The lessons are designed for educators to use with with the Astro-Venture multimedia modules.
Donor impurity states and related terahertz range nonlinear optical response in GaN cylindrical quantum wires: Effects of external electric and magnetic fields
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
We report a study on the optical absorption coefficient associated to hydrogenic impurity interstate transitions in zinc-blende GaN quantum wires of cylindrical shape taking into account the effects of externally applied static electric and magnetic fields. The electron states emerge within the effective mass approximation, via the exact diagonalization of the donor-impurity Hamiltonian with parabolic confinement and external field effects. The nonlinear optical absorption is calculated using a recently derived expression for the dielectric susceptibility, obtained via a nonperturbative solution of the density-matrix Bloch equation. Our results show that this treatment eliminates not only the intensity-dependent bleaching effect but also the change in sign of the nonlinear contribution due to the combined effect of asymmetric impurity location and the applied electric field.
Correa, J. D.; Mora-Ramos, M. E.; Duque, C. A.
Magnetic-field-induced shift of the optical band gap in Ni3V2O8
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
We employ a magnetic-field driven antiferromagnetic to the fully polarized state transition in Ni3V2O8 to investigate the interaction between spin ordering and driven charge excitations, with special emphasis on the color properties. Our measurements reveal field-induced blue shifts of the band gap that are much larger than that of the Zeeman effect in isolation, anticipating a more greenish appearance in the fully polarized state. This color change is verified with direct photographic images and emanates from charge density differences around the Ni and O centers in high fields.
Chen, P.; Holinsworth, B. S.; O'Neal, K. R.; Brinzari, T. V.; Mazumdar, D.; Wang, Y. Q.; McGill, S.; Cava, R. J.; Lorenz, B.; Musfeldt, J. L.
Concentrator of magnetic field of light
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
In the recent decade metamaterials with magnetic permeability different than unity and unusual response to the magnetic field of incident light have been intensively explored. Existence of magnetic artificial materials created an interest in a scanning near-field magnetic microscope for studies of magnetic responses of subwavelength elementary cells of those metamaterials. We present a method of measuring magnetic responses of such elementary cells within a wide range of optical frequencies with single probes of two types. The first type probe is made of a tapered silica fiber with radial metal stripes separated by equidistant slits of constant angular width. The second type probe is similar to metal coated, corrugated, tapered fiber apertured SNOM probe, but in this case corrugations are radially oriented. Both types of probes have internal illumination with azimuthally polarized light. In the near-field they concentrate into a subwavelength spot the longitudinal magnetic field component which is much stronger than the perpendicular electric one.
Wr�bel, Piotr; Stefaniuk, Tomasz; Antosiewicz, Tomasz J.; Szoplik, Tomasz
High field superconducting magnets
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
A superconducting magnet includes an insulating layer disposed about the surface of a mandrel; a superconducting wire wound in adjacent turns about the mandrel to form the superconducting magnet, wherein the superconducting wire is in thermal communication with the mandrel, and the superconducting magnet has a field-to-current ratio equal to or greater than 1.1 Tesla per Ampere; a thermally conductive potting material configured to fill interstices between the adjacent turns, wherein the thermally conductive potting material and the superconducting wire provide a path for dissipation of heat; and a voltage limiting device disposed across each end of the superconducting wire, wherein the voltage limiting device is configured to prevent a voltage excursion across the superconducting wire during quench of the superconducting magnet.
Hait, Thomas P. (Inventor); Shirron, Peter J. (Inventor)
The interplanetary magnetic field
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Large-scale properties of the interplanetary magnetic field as determined by the solar wind velocity structure are examined. The various ways in which magnetic fields affect phenomena in the solar wind are summarized. The dominant role of high and low velocity solar wind streams that persist, with fluctuations and evolution, for weeks or months is emphasized. It is suggested that for most purposes the sector structure is better identified with the stream structure than with the magnetic polarity and that the polarity does not necessarily change from one velocity sector to the next. Several mechanisms that might produce the stream structure are considered. The interaction of the high and low velocity streams is analyzed in a model that is steady state when viewed in a frame that corotates with the sun.
Davis, L., Jr.
Magnetic-field enhancement in gold nanosandwiches
Using dispersive finite-difference time-domain (D-FDTD) simulations, we show that a pair of gold nanodisks stacked in a 'sandwich'-like (end-fire) configuration produces a large enhancement of the magnetic field when irradiated with a plane optical wave, if the distance between the nanodisks is optically small. The effect, which can be rationalized in terms of a magnetic dipole resonance, is due the
T. Pakizeh; M. S. Abrishamian; N. Granpayeh; A. Dmitriev; M. K�ll
Femtosecond laser inscribed Bragg sensor in Terfenol-D coated optical fibre with ablated microslot for the detection of static magnetic fields
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
A novel device for the detection and characterisation of static magnetic fields is presented. It consists of a femtosecond laser inscribed fibre Bragg grating (FBG) that is incorporated into an optical fibre with a femtosecond laser micromachined slot. The symmetry of the fibre is broken by the micro-slot, producing non-uniform strain across the fibre cross section. The sensing region is coated with Terfenol-D making the device sensitive to static magnetic fields, whereas the symmetry breaking results in a vectorial sensor for the detection of magnetic fields as low as 0.046 mT with a resolution of +/-0.3mT in transmission and +/-0.7mT in reflection. The sensor output is directly wavelength encoded from the FBG filtering, leading to simple demodulation through the monitoring of wavelength shifts that result as the fibre structure changes shape in response to the external magnetic field. The use of a femtosecond laser to both inscribe the FBG and micro-machine the slot in a single stage, prior to coating the device, significantly simplifies the sensor fabrication.
Smith, G. N.; Allsop, T.; Kalli, K.; Koutsides, C.; Neal, R.; Sugden, K.; Culverhouse, P.; Bennion, I.
Quantum mechanics on a M�bius ring: Energy levels, symmetry, optical transitions, and level splitting in a magnetic field
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
We investigate the quantum mechanical energy levels of an electron constrained to motion on a nanoscale M�bius ring by solving the Schr�dinger equation on the curved surface. The dimensions of the ring in terms of the lateral and transverse parameters {u,v} for the M�bius ring allow us to identify the quantum numbers for the levels by (nu,nv). We show that the energy levels can still be labeled using the quantum numbers of the cylindrical ring of the same dimensions. While the Hamiltonian has invariance under parity in parameter space, the rotational symmetry about any axis in configuration space is lost, so that the double degeneracy of energy levels for azimuthal quantum number nu?1, that exists in cylindrical rings, is lifted by a small amount in the M�bius ring. The pattern of level splitting has been identified in terms of the number of twists ? to be 2nu=s? where s is an integer. The scaling properties of the energy levels with respect to the dimensions of the ring are derived; using these properties, our numerical results which are given for a specific geometry can be extended to rings of other commensurate dimensions. The absence of rotational invariance for the M�bius ring manifests itself through the orbital angular momentum Lz not commuting with the Hamiltonian. Its expectation values are found to have nearly integral as well as half-integral values of ?, and its variances are small. The energy levels with half-integral azimuthal quantum numbers (nu) are also close to the approximate formula for the equivalent cylindrical ring, provided such half-integral quantum numbers are allowed for the cylindrical geometry. The Zeeman splitting of the energy levels in an external magnetic field is displayed, together with wave functions at a level anticrossing. The optical transitions between electronic states on the M�bius ring are obtained, and a table of oscillator strengths is provided. The results for energy levels for rings with multiple twists are presented. In view of recent technological advances in the production of graphene sheets, we may anticipate the making of such twisted rings with graphene strips of finite width. Graphene strips of finite width have an open band gap at the K points in the Brillouin zone, so that a nonrelativistic treatment with a small effective mass is appropriate. For M�bius rings of graphene, our results would be directly relevant, and we may anticipate their experimental verification in the near future.
Li, Zehao; Ram-Mohan, L. R.
Development of an electro-optic step-by-step sampling system for IC's close electro-magnetic field measurement
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
In this work we aim to realize a step-by-step electro-optical probe which exploits the linear (Pockels) electro-optic effect to survey the electromagnetic field on the surface of RF integrated circuits. This probe measures the variation of light polarization induced by a lithium niobate crystal immersed in the electric field provided by the DUT. The measurements will demonstrate the main features of this system which can be summarized in non-invasiveness, wide bandwidth, linearity and small spatial resolution. The LiNbO3 crystals have been developed by SELEX Sistemi Integrati S.p.A. Roma, and the whole research activity has been carried out under the sponsorship of the CRdC Nuove Tecnologie per le Attivita Produttive, the Campania Region Centre of Competence on New Technologies.
Rossi, Lucio; Breglio, G.; Irace, A.; Spirito, P.
NSDL National Science Digital Library
This section of the Windows to the Universe website provides information and images about Earth's magnetic field (the magnetosphere), including detailed information about the aurora borealis, magnets, and solar wind. Windows to the Universe is a user-friendly learning system pertaining to the Earth and Space sciences. The objective of this project is to develop an innovative and engaging website that includes a rich array of documents, including images, movies, animations, and data sets that explore the Earth and Space sciences and the historical and cultural ties between science, exploration and the human experience. Links at the top of each page allow users to navigate between beginner, intermediate and advanced levels.
Johnson, Roberta
The Heliospheric Magnetic Field
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
The Heliospheric Magnetic Field (HMF) is the physical framework in which energetic particles and cosmic rays propagate. Changes in the large scale structure of the magnetic field lead to short- and long term changes in cosmic ray intensities, in particular in anti-phase with solar activity. The origin of the HMF in the corona is well understood and inner heliospheric observations can generally be linked to their coronal sources. The structure of heliospheric magnetic polarities and the heliospheric current sheet separating the dominant solar polarities are reviewed here over longer than a solar cycle, using the three dimensional heliospheric observations by Ulysses. The dynamics of the HMF around solar minimum activity is reviewed and the development of stream interaction regions following the stable flow patterns of fast and slow solar wind in the inner heliosphere is described. The complex dynamics that affects the evolution of the stream interaction regions leads to a more chaotic structure of the HMF in the outer heliosphere is described and discussed on the basis of the Voyager observations. Around solar maximum, solar activity is dominated by frequent transients, resulting in the interplanetary counterparts of Coronal Mass Ejections (ICMEs). These produce a complex aperiodic pattern of structures in the inner heliosphere, at all heliolatitudes. These structures continue to interact and evolve as they travel to the outer heliosphere. However, linking the observations in the inner and outer heliospheres is possible in the case of the largest solar transients that, despite their evolutions, remain recognizably large structures and lead to the formation of Merged Interaction Regions (MIRs) that may well form a quasi-spherical, "global" shell of enhanced magnetic fields around the Sun at large distances. For the transport of energetic particles and cosmic rays, the fluctuations in the magnetic field and their description in alternative turbulent models remains a very important research topic. These are also briefly reviewed in this paper.
Balogh, Andr�; Erd�s, G�za
Near-Field Magneto-Optical Microscope
A device and method for mapping magnetic fields of a sample at a resolution less than the wavelength of light without altering the magnetic field of the sample is disclosed. A device having a tapered end portion with a magneto-optically active particle positioned at the distal end thereof in communication with a fiber optic for transferring incoming linearly polarized light from a source thereof to the particle and for transferring reflected light from the particle is provided. The fiber optic has a reflective material trapping light within the fiber optic and in communication with a light detector for determining the polarization of light reflected from the particle as a function of the strength and direction of the magnetic field of the sample. Linearly polarized light from the source thereof transferred to the particle positioned proximate the sample is affected by the magnetic field of the sample sensed by the particle such that the difference in polarization of light entering and leaving the particle is due to the magnetic field of the sample. Relative movement between the particle and sample enables mapping.
Vlasko-Vlasov, Vitalii; Welp, Ulrich; and Crabtree, George W.
Near Field Magneto-Optical Microscope
A device and method for mapping magnetic fields of a sample at a resolution less than the wavelength of light without altering the magnetic field of the sample is disclosed. A device having a tapered end portion with a magneto-optically active particle positioned at the distal end thereof in communication with a fiber optic for transferring incoming linearly polarized light from a source thereof to the particle and for transferring reflected light from the particle is provided. The fiber optic has a reflective material trapping light within the fiber optic and in communication with a light detector for determining the polarization of light reflected from the particle as a function of the strength and direction of the magnetic field of the sample. Linearly polarized light from the source thereof transferred to the particle positioned proximate the sample is affected by the magnetic field of the sample sensed by the particle such that the difference in polarization of light entering and leaving the particle is due to the magnetic field of the sample. Relative movement between the particle and sample enables mapping.
Vlasko-Vlasov, Vitalii K. (Downers Grove, IL); Welp, Ulrich (Lisle, IL); Crabtree, George W. (Chicago, IL)
Horizontal magnetic fields in the solar photosphere
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Two-dimensional simulations of time-dependent solar magnetogranulation are used to analyze the horizontal magnetic fields and the response of the synthesized Stokes profiles of the IR FeI ?1564.85 nm line to the magnetic fields. The 1.5-h series of MHD models used for the analyses reproduces a region of the magnetic network in the photosphere with an unsigned magnetic flux density of 192 G at the solar surface. According to the magnetic-field distribution obtained, the most probable absolute strength of the horizontal magnetic field at an optical depth of ? 5 = 1( ? 5 denotes ? at ? = 500 nm) is 50 G, while the mean value is 244 G. On average, the horizontal magnetic fields are stronger than the vertical fields to heights of about 400 km in the photosphere due to their higher density and the larger area they occupy. The maximum factor by which the horizontal fields are greater is 1.5. Strong horizontal magnetic flux tubes emerge at the surface as spots with field strengths of more than 500 G. These are smaller than granules in size, and have lifetimes of 3-6 min. They form in the photosphere due to the expulsion of magnetic fields by convective flows coming from deep subphotospheric layers. The data obtained qualitatively agree with observations with the Hinode space observatory.
Sheminova, V. A.
NSDL National Science Digital Library
Students can learn about how the magnetic field of the earth is similar to magnets. Go to the following link: Magnetic Field of the Earth 1. What makes the earth like a magnet? 2. How do we measure magnetism? Be sure to check out the fun games and activities on this web site too!! Now click on the following link and listen to a 2 minute presentation about magnetism: Pulse Planet Next go to ...
Merritt, Mrs.
Extraction of 3D field maps of magnetic multipoles from 2D surface measurements with applications to the optics calculations of the large-acceptance superconducting fragment separator BigRIPS
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
The fringing fields of magnets with large apertures and short lengths greatly affect ion-optical calculations. In particular, for a high magnetic field where the iron core becomes saturated, the effective lengths and shapes of the field distribution must be considered because they change with the excitation current. Precise measurement of the three-dimensional magnetic fields and the correct application of parameters in the ion-optical calculations are necessary. First we present a practical numerical method of extracting full 3D magnetic field maps of magnetic multipoles from 2D field measurements of the surface of a cylinder. Using this novel method, we extracted the distributions along the beam axis for the coefficient of the first-order quadrupole component, which is the leading term of the quadrupole components in the multipole expansion of magnetic fields and proportional to the distance from the axis. Higher order components of the 3D magnetic field can be extracted from the leading term via recursion relations. The measurements were done for many excitation current values for the large-aperture superconducting triplet quadrupole magnets (STQs) in the BigRIPS fragment separator at the RIKEN Nishina Center RI Beam Factory. These distributions were parameterized using the Enge functions to fit the fringe field shapes at all excitation current values, so that unmeasured values are interpolated. The extracted distributions depend only on the position along the beam axis, and thus the measured three-dimensional field can easily be parameterized for ion-optical calculations. We implemented these parameters in the ion-optical calculation code COSY INFINITY and realized a first-order calculation that incorporates the effect of large and varying fringe fields more accurately. We applied the calculation to determine the excitation current settings of the STQs to realize various optics modes of BigRIPS and the effectiveness of this approach has been demonstrated.
Takeda, Hiroyuki; Kubo, Toshiyuki; Kusaka, Kensuke; Suzuki, Hiroshi; Inabe, Naohito; Nolen, Jerry A.
With this Letter, we complete our model of the Galactic magnetic field (GMF), by using the WMAP7 22 GHz total synchrotron intensity map and our earlier results to obtain a 13-parameter model of the Galactic random field, and to determine the strength of the striated random field. In combination with our 22-parameter description of the regular GMF, we obtain a very good fit to more than 40,000 extragalactic Faraday rotation measures and the WMAP7 22 GHz polarized and total intensity synchrotron emission maps. The data call for a striated component to the random field whose orientation is aligned with the regular field, having zero mean and rms strength Almost-Equal-To 20% larger than the regular field. A noteworthy feature of the new model is that the regular field has a significant out-of-plane component, which had not been considered earlier. The new GMF model gives a much better description of the totality of data than previous models in the literature.
Jansson, Ronnie; Farrar, Glennys R. [Center for Cosmology and Particle Physics, Department of Physics, New York University, New York, NY 10003 (United States)
Magnetic Field Topology in Jets
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
We present results on the magnetic field topology in a pulsed radiative. jet. For initially helical magnetic fields and periodic velocity variations, we find that the magnetic field alternates along the, length of the jet from toroidally dominated in the knots to possibly poloidally dominated in the intervening regions.
Gardiner, T. A.; Frank, A.
The WIND magnetic field investigation
The magnetic field experiment on WIND will provide data for studies of a broad range of scales of structures and fluctuation characteristics of the interplanetary magnetic field throughout the mission, and, where appropriate, relate them to the statics and dynamics of the magnetosphere. The basic instrument of the Magnetic Field Investigation (MFI) is a boom-mounted dual triaxial fluxgate magnetometer and
R. P. Lepping; M. H. Ac?na; L. F. Burlaga; W. M. Farrell; J. A. Slavin; K. H. Schatten; F. Mariani; N. F. Ness; F. M. Neubauer; Y. C. Whang; J. B. Byrnes; R. S. Kennon; P. V. Panetta; J. Scheifele; E. M. Worley
Low field magnetic resonance imaging
A method and system of magnetic resonance imaging does not need a large homogenous field to truncate a gradient field. Spatial information is encoded into the spin magnetization by allowing the magnetization to evolve in a non-truncated gradient field and inducing a set of 180 degree rotations prior to signal acquisition.
Pines, Alexander (Berkeley, CA); Sakellariou, Dimitrios (Billancourt, FR); Meriles, Carlos A. (Fort Lee, NJ); Trabesinger, Andreas H. (London, GB)
Optical and magneto-optical properties of one-dimensional magnetized coupled resonator plasma photonic crystals
In this paper, the optical and magneto-optical properties of one-dimensional magnetized coupled resonator plasma photonic crystals have been investigated. We use transfer matrix method to solve our magnetized coupled resonator plasma photonic crystals consist of dielectric and magnetized plasma layers. The results of the change in the optical and magneto-optical properties of structure as a result of the alteration in the structural properties such as thickness, plasma frequency and collision frequency, plasma filling factor, number of resonators and dielectric constant of dielectric layers and external magnetic field have been reported. The main feature of this structure is a good magneto-optical rotation that takes place at the defect modes and the edge of photonic band gap of our proposed optical magnetized plasma waveguide. Our outcomes demonstrate the potential applications of the device for tunable and adjustable filters or reflectors and active magneto-optic in microwave devices under structural parameter and external magnetic field.
Hamidi, S. M. [Laser and Plasma Research Institute, G. C., Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran 1983963113 (Iran, Islamic Republic of)
Graphene in high magnetic fields
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Carbon-based nano-materials, such as graphene and carbon nanotubes, represent a fascinating research area aiming at exploring their remarkable physical and electronic properties. These materials not only constitute a playground for physicists, they are also very promising for practical applications and are envisioned as elementary bricks of the future of the nano-electronics. As for graphene, its potential already lies in the domain of opto-electronics where its unique electronic and optical properties can be fully exploited. Indeed, recent technological advances have demonstrated its effectiveness in the fabrication of solar cells and ultra-fast lasers, as well as touch-screens and sensitive photo-detectors. Although the photo-voltaic technology is now dominated by silicon-based devices, the use of graphene could very well provide higher efficiency. However, before the applied research to take place, one must first demonstrates the operativeness of carbon-based nano-materials, and this is where the fundamental research comes into play. In this context, the use of magnetic field has been proven extremely useful for addressing their fundamental properties as it provides an external and adjustable parameter which drastically modifies their electronic band structure. In order to induce some significant changes, very high magnetic fields are required and can be provided using both DC and pulsed technology, depending of the experimental constraints. In this article, we review some of the challenging experiments on single nano-objects performed in high magnetic and low temperature. We shall mainly focus on the high-field magneto-optical and magneto-transport experiments which provided comprehensive understanding of the peculiar Landau level quantization of the Dirac-type charge carriers in graphene and thin graphite.
Orlita, Milan; Escoffier, Walter; Plochocka, Paulina; Raquet, Bertrand; Zeitler, Uli
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
A number of energy momentum anomalies are described that result from the use of Abraham-Lorentz electromagnetic theory. These anomalies have in common the motion of charged bodies or current carrying conductors relative to the observer. The anomalies can be avoided by using the nonflow approach, based on internal energy of the electromagnetic field. The anomalies can also be avoided by using the flow approach, if all contributions to flow work are included. The general objective of this research is a fundamental physical understanding of electric and magnetic fields which, in turn, might promote the development of new concepts in electric space propulsion. The approach taken is to investigate quantum representations of these fields.
Kaufman, H. R.; Robinson, R. S.; Etters, R. D.
Strong terahertz conductance of graphene nanoribbons under a magnetic field
We demonstrate that the optical response of graphene nanoribbons in the terahertz to far-infrared regime can be significantly enhanced and tuned by an applied magnetic field. The dependence of the threshold frequency on the magnetic field is studied. The ribbons with the strongest terahertz conductance under a magnetic field are those with one-dimensional massless Dirac Fermion energy dispersion. For a
Junfeng Liu; A. R. Wright; Chao Zhang; Zhongshui Ma
Novel aluminum near field transducer and highly integrated micro-nano-optics design for heat-assisted ultra-high-density magnetic recording.
Heat-assisted magnetic recording (HAMR) has attracted increasing attention as one of the most promising future techniques for ultra-high-density magnetic recording beyond the current limit of 1 Tb in(-2). Localized surface plasmon resonance plays an important role in HAMR by providing a highly focused optical spot for heating the recording medium within a small volume. In this work, we report an aluminum near-field transducer (NFT) based on a novel bow-tie design. At an operating wavelength of 450 nm, the proposed transducer can generate a 35 nm spot size inside the magnetic recording medium, corresponding to a recording density of up to 2 Tb in(-2). A highly integrated micro-nano-optics design is also proposed to ensure process compatibility and corrosion-resistance of the aluminum NFT. Our work has demonstrated the feasibility of using aluminum as a plasmonic material for HAMR, with advantages of reduced cost and improved efficiency compared to traditional noble metals. PMID:24981413
Miao, Lingyun; Stoddart, Paul R; Hsiang, Thomas Y
Fast superconducting magnetic field switch
The superconducting magnetic switch or fast kicker magnet is employed with an electron stream or a bunch of electrons to rapidly change the direction of flow of the electron stream or bunch of electrons. The apparatus employs a beam tube which is coated with a film of superconducting material. The tube is cooled to a temperature below the superconducting transition temperature and is subjected to a constant magnetic field which is produced by an external dc magnet. The magnetic field produced by the dc magnet is less than the critical field for the superconducting material, thus, creating a Meissner Effect condition. A controllable fast electromagnet is used to provide a magnetic field which supplements that of the dc magnet so that when the fast magnet is energized the combined magnetic field is now greater than the critical field and the superconducting material returns to its normal state allowing the magnetic field to penetrate the tube. This produces an internal field which effects the direction of motion and of the electron stream or electron bunch. The switch can also operate as a switching mechanism for charged particles. Magnetic switches and particularly fast kicker magnets are used in the accelerator industry to quickly deflect particle beams into and out of various transport lines, storage rings, dumps, and specifically to differentially route individual bunches of particles from a train of bunches which are injected or ejected from a given ring.
Goren, Y.; Mahale, N.K.
Magnetic Fields In Relativistic Collisionless Shocks
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
We present a systematic study on magnetic fields in Gamma-Ray Burst (GRB) relativistic shocks by making use of X-ray and optical afterglow observations, mostly coming from the Swift satellite. We use two methods to constrain the afterglow parameter epsilon_B (the fraction of energy in the magnetic field in the shocked plasma): 1. For the X-ray sample, the observed flux at the end of the X-ray steep decline is larger than or equal to the flux from the external-forward shock. 2. The observed optical afterglow flux arises from the external-forward shock emission. From the method for our X-ray sample (60 GRBs), we determine an upper limit on epsilon_B and from the method for our optical sample (35 GRBs), we determine a measurement for epsilon_B. Combining our X-ray and optical results, the median value we found for epsilon_B is ~ 10^-5. The distributions of epsilon_B from our X-ray and optical samples showed a wide distribution, with epsilon_B ranging from ~ 10^-7 - 10^-3. To characterize how much magnetic field amplification is needed, beyond shock compression of the seed magnetic field, we expressed our results for epsilon_B in terms of an amplification factor, AF. For both our X-ray and optical samples, the median value we found is AF � 50-70. The distributions of AF from our X-ray and optical samples also showed a wide distribution, with AF ranging from ~ 1-1000. These results for epsilon_B and AF suggest that a weak amplification, in addition to shock compression, is needed to explain the afterglow observations. Our main conclusion is that shock compression and weak amplification of the magnetic field in GRB relativistic external shocks is sufficient to explain the afterglow data.
Santana, Rodolfo; Barniol Duran, R.; Kumar, P.
Optical/Near-infrared Polarization Survey of Sh 2-29: Magnetic Fields, Dense Cloud Fragmentations, and Anomalous Dust Grain Sizes
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Sh 2-29 is a conspicuous star-forming region marked by the presence of massive embedded stars as well as several notable interstellar structures. In this research, our goals were to determine the role of magnetic fields and to study the size distribution of interstellar dust particles within this turbulent environment. We have used a set of optical and near-infrared polarimetric data obtained at OPD/LNA (Brazil) and CTIO (Chile), correlated with extinction maps, Two Micron All Sky Survey data, and images from the Digitized Sky Survey and Spitzer. The region's most striking feature is a swept out interstellar cavity whose polarimetric maps indicate that magnetic field lines were dragged outward, piling up along its borders. This led to a higher magnetic strength value (?400 ?G) and an abrupt increase in polarization degree, probably due to an enhancement in alignment efficiency. Furthermore, dense cloud fragmentations with peak AV between 20 and 37 mag were probably triggered by its expansion. The presence of 24 ?m point-like sources indicates possible newborn stars inside this dense environment. A statistical analysis of the angular dispersion function revealed areas where field lines are aligned in a well-ordered pattern, seemingly due to compression effects from the H II region expansion. Finally, Serkowski function fits were used to study the ratio of the total-to-selective extinction, revealing a dual population of anomalous grain particle sizes. This trend suggests that both effects of coagulation and fragmentation of interstellar grains are present in the region. Based on observations collected at the National Optical Astronomy Observatory (CTIO, Chile) and Observat�rio do Pico dos Dias, operated by Laborat�rio Nacional de Astrof�sica (LNA/MCT, Brazil).
Santos, F�bio P.; Franco, Gabriel A. P.; Roman-Lopes, Alexandre; Reis, Wilson; Rom�n-Z��iga, Carlos G.
The Heliospheric Magnetic Field
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
The heliospheric magnetic field (HMF) is the extension of the coronal magnetic field carried out into the solar system by the solar wind. It is the means by which the Sun interacts with planetary magnetospheres and channels charged particles propagating through the heliosphere. As the HMF remains rooted at the solar photosphere as the Sun rotates, the large-scale HMF traces out an Archimedean spiral. This pattern is distorted by the interaction of fast and slow solar wind streams, as well as the interplanetary manifestations of transient solar eruptions called coronal mass ejections. On the smaller scale, the HMF exhibits an array of waves, discontinuities, and turbulence, which give hints to the solar wind formation process. This review aims to summarise observations and theory of the small- and large-scale structure of the HMF. Solar-cycle and cycle-to-cycle evolution of the HMF is discussed in terms of recent spacecraft observations and pre-spaceage proxies for the HMF in geomagnetic and galactic cosmic ray records.
Owens, Mathew J.; Forsyth, Robert J.
Magnetic Fields: Visible and Permanent.
ERIC Educational Resources Information Center
Children will be able to see the concept of a magnetic field translated into a visible reality using the simple method outlined. Standard shelf paper, magnets, iron filings, and paint in a spray can are used to prepare a permanent and well-detailed picture of the magnetic field. (Author/JN)
Winkeljohn, Dorothy R.; Earl, Robert D.
Research of optical electric field probe
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
As an important modern measurement equipment of the electromagnetic field, electric field probe can measure the industrial, scientific and medical aspects of the leakage field. In the Electro Magnetic Compatibility (EMC) experiment, it can also check the high-frequency-sensitive parts of the devices and the parasitic radiations due to the mechanical movement. Especially in the field of Electromagnetic Compatibility, electric field probe is one of the most important test equipment. This paper introduces a type of optical electric field probe. In the system, a kind of antenna, which could provide a response nearly isotropic for all polarizations of the incident field, is used for receiving the signal of the electric field. The high-frequency signal received by the antenna then is detected by Schottky barrier diode detector. This low-frequency or Direct Current (DC) signal can be modulated to the band of light by the Electro-Absorption-Distributed Feed Back (EA-DFB) modulator, thus the probe can provide a wild band responds. Through the optical fiber, the optical signal is sent to the photoelectric detector. Based on the optical power value, the field intensity can be calculated. In this system, compared with traditional transmission line, optical fiber can minimize the electromagnetic interference and transmission-line attenuation. In addition to this, the system also has high test sensitivity and wide measurement bandwidth. Furthermore, the whole system has a simple structure and low manufacturing cost.
Zhang, Wan; Li, Bin; Chen, Jingyao; Wang, Jifeng; Lu, Guizhen
Electromagnetic near field measurements by using magnet garnet crystal
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
An optical scanning electromagnetic field probe system consisting of an optic crystal substrate and a galvano scanner has been developed for high speed, low-invasive measurement of electromagnetic near field distribution. We measured magnetic field distributions above a microstrip line using several magnetic garnet crystal substrates and the probe system. We observed that the frequency response in the gigahertz range improved when we applied a magnetic bias to the crystal. In addition, a magnetic field component in a particular direction could be detected by controlling the direction of the magnetic bias.
Takahashi, M.; Kawasaki, K.; Ohba, H.; Ikenaga, T.; Ota, H.; Orikasa, T.; Adachi, N.; Ishiyama, K.; Arai, K. I.
Fast superconducting magnetic field switch
The superconducting magnetic switch or fast kicker magnet is employed with electron stream or a bunch of electrons to rapidly change the direction of flow of the electron stream or bunch of electrons. The apparatus employs a beam tube which is coated with a film of superconducting material. The tube is cooled to a temperature below the superconducting transition temperature and is subjected to a constant magnetic field which is produced by an external dc magnet. The magnetic field produced by the dc magnet is less than the critical field for the superconducting material, thus, creating a Meissner Effect condition. A controllable fast electromagnet is used to provide a magnetic field which supplements that of the dc magnet so that when the fast magnet is energized the combined magnetic field is now greater that the critical field and the superconducting material returns to its normal state allowing the magnetic field to penetrate the tube. This produces an internal field which effects the direction of motion and of the electron stream or electron bunch. The switch can also operate as a switching mechanism for charged particles.
Goren, Yehuda (Mountain View, CA); Mahale, Narayan K. (The Woodlands, TX)
Fast superconducting magnetic field switch
The superconducting magnetic switch or fast kicker magnet is employed with electron stream or a bunch of electrons to rapidly change the direction of flow of the electron stream or bunch of electrons. The apparatus employs a beam tube which is coated with a film of superconducting material. The tube is cooled to a temperature below the superconducting transition temperature and is subjected to a constant magnetic field which is produced by an external dc magnet. The magnetic field produced by the dc magnet is less than the critical field for the superconducting material, thus, creating a Meissner Effect condition. A controllable fast electromagnet is used to provide a magnetic field which supplements that of the dc magnet so that when the fast magnet is energized the combined magnetic field is now greater that the critical field and the superconducting material returns to its normal state allowing the magnetic field to penetrate the tube. This produces an internal field which effects the direction of motion and of the electron stream or electron bunch. The switch can also operate as a switching mechanism for charged particles. 6 figs.
Goren, Y.; Mahale, N.K.
Oriented atoms in weak magnetic fields
This article reviews the early investigations of Series on the resonance absorption and fluorescence of light by samples of oriented atoms dagger subjected to static and oscillatory magnetic fields. These investigations include experiments on optical-radiofrequency double resonance, light beats in double resonance, circulation of coherence in optical pumping, and time-biasing in level-crossing spectroscopy. It then describes some selected laser spectroscopy
Peter Hannaford
Nanofabrication using near-field optical probes
Nanofabrication using near-field optical probes is an established technique for rapid prototyping and automated maskless fabrication of nanostructured devices. In this review, we present the primary types of near-field probes and their physical processing mechanisms. Highlights of recent developments include improved resolution by optimizing the probe shape, incorporation of surface plasmonics in probe design, broader use in biological and magnetic storage applications, and increased throughput using probe arrays as well as high speed writing and patterning.
McLeod, Euan; Ozcan, Aydogan
Evolution of twisted magnetic fields
The magnetic field of the solar corona evolves quasistatically in response to slowly changing photospheric boundary conditions. The magnetic topology is preserved by the low resistivity of the solar atmosphere. We show that a magnetic flux coordinate system simplifies the problem of calculating field evolution with invariant topology. As an example, we calculate the equilibrium of a thin magnetic flux tube with small twist per unit length.
Zweibel, E.G.; Boozer, A.H.
Reconnection of Magnetic Fields
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Preface; Part I. Introduction: 1.1 The Sun E. R. Priest; 1.2 Earth's magnetosphere J. Birn; Part II. Basic Theory of MHD Reconnection: 2.1 Classical theory of two-dimensional reconnection T. G. Forbes; 2.2 Fundamental concepts G. Hornig; 2.3 Three-dimensional reconnection in the absence of magnetic null points G. Hornig; 2.4 Three-dimensional reconnection at magnetic null points D. Pontin; 2.5 Three-dimensional flux tube reconnection M. Linton; Part III. Basic Theory of Collisionless Reconnection: 3.1 Fundamentals of collisionless reconnection J. Drake; 3.2 Diffusion region physics M. Hesse; 3.3 Onset of magnetic reconnection P. Pritchett; 3.4 Hall-MHD reconnection A. Bhattacharjee and J. Dorelli; 3.5 Role of current-aligned instabilities J. B�chner and W. Daughton; 3.6 Nonthermal particle acceleration M. Hoshino; Part IV. Reconnection in the Magnetosphere: 4.1 Reconnection at the magnetopause: concepts and models J. G. Dorelli and A. Bhattacharjee; 4.2 Observations of magnetopause reconnection K.-H. Trattner; 4.3 On the stability of the magnetotail K. Schindler; 4.4 Simulations of reconnection in the magnetotail J. Birn; 4.5 Observations of tail reconnection W. Baumjohann and R. Nakamura; 4.6 Remote sensing of reconnection M. Freeman; Part V. Reconnection in the Sun's Atmosphere: 5.1 Coronal heating E. R. Priest; 5.2 Separator reconnection D. Longcope; 5.3 Pinching of coronal fields V. Titov; 5.4 Numerical experiments on coronal heating K. Galsgaard; 5.5 Solar flares K. Kusano; 5.6 Particle acceleration in flares: theory T. Neukirch; 5.7 Fast particles in flares: observations L. Fletcher; 6. Open problems J. Birn and E. R. Priest; Bibliography; Index.
Birn, J.; Priest, E. R.
Ultrafast spectroscopy of GaAs under magnetic field
Surprising and novel results are obtained for both the linear and the nonlinear optical response of GaAs under magnetic field. Using a variety of spectroscopic techniques, we measure field dependent effects due to Coulomb correlation.
Mycek, M.A.; Siegner, U.; Glutsch, S. [and others
Matter in strong magnetic fields
The properties of matter are drastically modified by strong magnetic fields, B>>m2ee3c\\/h3=2.35�109 G (1 G=10-4 T), as are typically found on the surfaces of neutron stars. In such strong magnetic fields, the Coulomb force on an electron acts as a small perturbation compared to the magnetic force. The strong-field condition can also be mimicked in laboratory semiconductors. Because of the
Dong Lai
Field Computations of Optical Antennas
Antenna-based near-field optical microscopy and spectroscopy makes use of locally enhanced opti- cal fields created near laser-irradiated metal nanostructures acting as local probes. Using three- dimensional simulations based on the finite element method we study the electromagnetic fields near various optical antennas and we optimize their geometry in order to bring out a strong enhance- ment in a selected frequency
Roman Kappeler; Daniel Erni; Cui Xudong; Lukas Novotny
Magnetic fields around evolved stars
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
A number of mechanisms, such as magnetic fields, (binary) companions and circumstellar disks have been suggested to be the cause of non-spherical PNe and in particular collimated outflows. This work investigates one of these mechanisms: the magnetic fields. While MHD simulations show that the fields can indeed be important, few observations of magnetic fields have been done so far. We used the VLBA to observe five evolved stars, with the goal of detecting the magnetic field by means of water maser polarization. The sample consists in four AGB stars (IK Tau, RT Vir, IRC+60370 and AP Lyn) and one pPN (OH231.8+4.2). In four of the five sources, several strong maser features were detected allowing us to measure the linear and/or circular polarization. Based on the circular polarization detections, we infer the strength of the component of the field along the line of sight to be between ~30 mG and ~330 mG in the water maser regions of these four sources. When extrapolated to the surface of the stars, the magnetic field strength would be between a few hundred mG and a few Gauss when assuming a toroidal field geometry and higher when assuming more complex magnetic fields. We conclude that the magnetic energy we derived in the water maser regions is higher than the thermal and kinetic energy, leading to the conclusion that, indeed, magnetic fields probably play an important role in shaping Planetary Nebulae.
Leal-Ferreira, M.; Vlemmings, W.; Kemball, A.; Amiri, N.; Maercker, M.; Ramstedt, S.; Olofsson, G.
The Sun's global magnetic field.
Our present-day understanding of solar and stellar magnetic fields is discussed from both an observational and theoretical viewpoint. To begin with, observations of the Sun's large-scale magnetic field are described, along with recent advances in measuring the spatial distribution of magnetic fields on other stars. Following this, magnetic flux transport models used to simulate photospheric magnetic fields and the wide variety of techniques used to deduce global coronal magnetic fields are considered. The application and comparison of these models to the Sun's open flux, hemispheric pattern of solar filaments and coronal mass ejections are then discussed. Finally, recent developments in the construction of steady-state global magnetohydrodynamic models are considered, along with key areas of future research. PMID:22665897
Mackay, Duncan H
A force sensor with five degrees of freedom using optical intensity modulation for usage in a magnetic resonance field
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
In this paper, a precise small 5-DOF (degree of freedom) force sensor is proposed for use in a strong EMF (electromagnetic field) environment. Detecting modules using CFPs (carbon fiber plates) and transducing modules using the optical modulation principle are adopted in order not to be affected by the EMF. For miniaturization of the multi-DOF force sensor, a 2-DOF transducing module using a spherical mirror and a 3-DOF transducing module using a plane mirror were designed and integrated. The design parameters of highly sensitive transducing modules were investigated and determined experimentally. To combine with these transducing modules, a 2-DOF detecting module using CFP single leaf springs and a 3-DOF detecting module using a CFP tripod spring were also designed. Considering the easy calibration process and convenient design change, the elastic detecting modules were designed so that they deform independently according to each input force component. A calibration test confirmed that the detecting modules deform linearly and independently of the input force. The results of the evaluation tests showed that the range and resolution of forces were �4 N and 0.94-7.1 mN and the range and resolution of moments were �120 N mm and 0.023-0.034 N mm, respectively. The high sensitivity and the linearity of the measuring results were also verified.
Kim, Min-Gyu; Lee, Dong-Hyeok; Cho, Nahm-Gyoo
Spin microscope based on optically detected magnetic resonance
The invention relates to scanning magnetic microscope which has a photoluminescent nanoprobe implanted in the tip apex of an atomic force microscope (AFM), a scanning tunneling microscope (STM) or a near-field scanning optical microscope (NSOM) and exhibits optically detected magnetic resonance (ODMR) in the vicinity of impaired electron spins or nuclear magnetic moments in the sample material. The described spin microscope has demonstrated nanoscale lateral resolution and single spin sensitivity for the AFM and STM embodiments.
Berman, Gennady P. (Los Alamos, NM); Chernobrod, Boris M. (Los Alamos, NM)
Spin microscope based on optically detected magnetic resonance
The invention relates to scanning magnetic microscope which has a photoluminescent nanoprobe implanted in the tip apex of an atomic force microscope (AFM), a scanning tunneling microscope (STM) or a near-field scanning optical microscope (NSOM) and exhibits optically detected magnetic resonance (ODMR) in the vicinity of unpaired electron spins or nuclear magnetic moments in the sample material. The described spin microscope has demonstrated nanoscale lateral resolution and single spin sensitivity for the AFM and STM embodiments.
Berman, Gennady P. (Los Alamos, NM); Chernobrod, Boris M. (Los Alamos, NM)
Spin microscope based on optically detected magnetic resonance
The invention relates to scanning magnetic microscope which has a photoluminescent nanoprobe implanted in the tip apex of an atomic force microscope (AFM), a scanning tunneling microscope (STM) or a near-field scanning optical microscope (NSOM) and exhibits optically detected magnetic resonance (ODMR) in the vicinity of unpaired electron spins or nuclear magnetic moments in the sample material. The described spin microscope has demonstrated nanoscale lateral resolution and single spin sensitivity for the AFM and STM embodiments.
Berman, Gennady P. (Los Alamos, NM); Chernobrod, Boris M. (Los Alamos, NM)
Magnetic response to applied electrostatic field in external magnetic field
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
We show, within QED and other possible nonlinear theories, that a static charge localized in a finite domain of space becomes a magnetic dipole, if it is placed in an external (constant and homogeneous) magnetic field in the vacuum. The magnetic moment is quadratic in the charge, depends on its size and is parallel to the external field, provided the charge distribution is at least cylindrically symmetric. This magneto-electric effect is a nonlinear response of the magnetized vacuum to an applied electrostatic field. Referring to the simple example of a spherically symmetric applied field, the nonlinearly induced current and its magnetic field are found explicitly throughout the space; the pattern of the lines of force is depicted, both inside and outside the charge, which resembles that of a standard solenoid of classical magnetostatics.
Adorno, T. C.; Gitman, D. M.; Shabad, A. E.
The Extended Coronal Magnetic Field.
National Technical Information Service (NTIS)
The coronal magnetic field should contain many field lines connecting the photosphere to interplanetary space. A sharp boundary separates two adjacent sectors of opposite polarity. The large-scale structure of the corona is related to the photospheric sec...
J. M. Wilcox
Flares and Changing Magnetic Fields.
National Technical Information Service (NTIS)
One of the principal objectives of the magnetic field observing program at the Sacramento Peak Observatory has been to discover whether there are any observable changes in the photospheric fields at the time of flares.
D. M. Rust
A capillary optical fiber modulator derivates from magnetic fluid
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
A novel in-fiber integrated modulator based on magnetic fluid is proposed. The Fe3O4 magnetic fluid is encapsulated into a specially designed capillary optical fiber with a circular waveguide. Experimental results show that the light at 632.8 nm in the circular waveguide can be modulated by only 2.17�10-2 ?L of the magnetic fluid under magnetic field. A wide range of modulation-depth from 44% to 75% can be obtained by adjusting the external magnetic field strength, temperature and the concentration of the magnetic fluid. In addition, the modulator shows good stability and repeatability. This work has great potentials in the integrated optical devices such as tunable in-fiber modulators, optical switches and magnetic sensors.
Yang, Xinghua; Liu, Yanxin; Zheng, Yao; Li, Shouzhu; Yuan, Libo; Yuan, Tingting; Tong, Chengguo
Dresden pulsed magnetic field facility
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
We report on the status quo of the Dresden High Magnetic Field Laboratory (HLD) that is being set up at the Forschungszentrum Dresden-Rossendorf in Dresden, Germany. First pulsed-field coils reaching up to 71 T with a pulse duration of about 100 ms have been designed, constructed, and tested. A two-coil 100 T magnet and a long-pulse (1000 ms) 60 T magnet are under construction. Electrical-transport and magnetization experiments are running routinely in the pilot laboratory at the IFW Dresden. The feasibility of NMR experiments in pulsed-field environments has been proven.
Wosnitza, J.; Bianchi, A. D.; Freudenberger, J.; Haase, J.; Herrmannsd�rfer, T.; Kozlova, N.; Schultz, L.; Skourski, Y.; Zherlitsyn, S.; Zvyagin, S. A.
Origin of cosmic magnetic fields.
We calculate, in the free Maxwell theory, the renormalized quantum vacuum expectation value of the two-point magnetic correlation function in de Sitter inflation. We find that quantum magnetic fluctuations remain constant during inflation instead of being washed out adiabatically, as usually assumed in the literature. The quantum-to-classical transition of super-Hubble magnetic modes during inflation allow us to treat the magnetic field classically after reheating, when it is coupled to the primeval plasma. The actual magnetic field is scale independent and has an intensity of few�10(-12)??G if the energy scale of inflation is few�10(16)??GeV. Such a field accounts for galactic and galaxy cluster magnetic fields. PMID:23971556
Campanelli, Leonardo
Estimation of fluctuating magnetic fields by an atomic magnetometer
We present a theoretical procedure to estimate with an atomic magnetometer the time dependence of a magnetic field that fluctuates according to an Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process. The magnetometer applies the detected polarization rotation of an optical probe to measure a collective atomic spin, which precesses due to the magnetic field. Based on the noisy optical detection record, our consistent Gaussian update formalism provides an estimator for the magnetic fields, and we identify analytically the steady-state performance of this estimator. We show that the estimate of the current value of the magnetic field is further improved if noisy measurement data obtained also at later times are taken into account.
Petersen, Vivi; Moelmer, Klaus [QUANTOP--Danish National Research Foundation Center for Quantum Optics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Aarhus, DK-8000 Aarhus C (Denmark)
A high-field 3He metastability exchange optical pumping polarizer operating in a 1.5 T medical scanner for lung magnetic resonance imaging
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
After being hyperpolarized using the technique of Metastability Exchange Optical Pumping (MEOP), 3He can be used as a contrast agent for lung magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). MEOP is usually performed at low magnetic field (~1 mT) and low pressure (~1 mbar), which results in a low magnetization production rate. Polarization preserving compression with a compression ratio of order 1000 is also required. It was demonstrated in sealed cells that high nuclear polarization values can be obtained at higher pressures with MEOP, if performed at high magnetic field (non-standard conditions). In this work, the feasibility of building a high-field polarizer that operates within a commercial 1.5 T scanner was evaluated. Preliminary measurements of nuclear polarization with sealed cells filled at different 3He gas pressures (1.33 to 267 mbar) were performed. The use of an annular shape for the laser beam increased by 25% the achievable nuclear polarization equilibrium value (Meq) at 32 and 67 mbar as compared to a Gaussian beam shape. Meq values of 66.4% and 31% were obtained at 32 and 267 mbar, respectively, and the magnetization production rate was increased by a factor of 10 compared to the best results obtained under standard conditions. To study the reproducibility of the method in a polarizing system, the same experiments were performed with small cells connected to a gas handling system. Despite careful cleaning procedure, the purity of the 3He gas could not be matched to that of the sealed cells. Consequently, the polarization build-up times were approximately 3 times longer in the 20-30 mbar range of pressure than those obtained for the 32 mbar sealed cell. However, reasonable Meq values of 40%-60% were achieved in a 90 ml open cell. Based on these findings, a novel compact polarizing system was designed and built. Its typical output is a 3He gas flow rate of 15 sccm with a polarization of 33%. In-vivo lung MRI ventilation images (Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) of approximately 55 for a voxel size of 50 mm � 3 mm � 3 mm) were acquired to demonstrate the polarizer's application.
Collier, G.; Pa?asz, T.; Wojna, A.; G?owacz, B.; Suchanek, M.; Olejniczak, Z.; Dohnalik, T.
Magnetic field sensor by orthoferrites
Among all ferromagnets orthoferrites possess the highest velocities of domain wall motion. Dynamic properties of a magnetic field meter based on domain wall dynamics in yttrium orthoferrite are reported. It is shown that at low driving magnetic fields and at frequencies up to the MHz band domain wall dynamics can be adequately described by linear equations. In a wide range
Y. S. Didosyan; V. Y. Barash; N. A. Bovarin; H. Hauser; P. Fulmek
The Cluster mission provides a new opportunity to study plasma processes and structures in the near-Earth plasma environment. Four-point measurements of the magnetic field will enable the analysis of the three dimensional structure and dynamics of a range of phenomena which shape the macroscopic properties of the magnetosphere. Difference measurements of the magnetic field data will be combined to derive
A. Balogh; M. W. Dunlop; S. W. H. Cowley; D. J. Southwood; J. G. Thomlinson; K. H. Glassmeier; G. Musmann; H. Luhr; S. Buchert; M. H. Acu�A; D. H. Fairfield; J. A. Slavin; W. Riedler; K. Schwingenschuh; M. G. Kivelson
Dresden pulsed magnetic field facility
We report on the status quo of the Dresden High Magnetic Field Laboratory (HLD) that is being set up at the Forschungszentrum Dresden-Rossendorf in Dresden, Germany. First pulsed-field coils reaching up to 71T with a pulse duration of about 100ms have been designed, constructed, and tested. A two-coil 100T magnet and a long-pulse (1000ms) 60T magnet are under construction. Electrical-transport
J. Wosnitza; A. D. Bianchi; J. Freudenberger; J. Haase; T. Herrmannsd�rfer; N. Kozlova; L. Schultz; Y. Skourski; S. Zherlitsyn; S. A. Zvyagin
Magneto-optical fiber sensor based on magnetic fluid.
A novel magnetic field fiber sensor based on magnetic fluid is proposed. The sensor is configured as a Sagnac interferometer structure with a magnetic fluid film and a section of polarization maintaining fiber inserted into the fiber loop to produce a sinusoidal interference spectrum for measurement. The output interference spectrum is shifted as the change of the applied magnetic field strength with a sensitivity of 16.7 pm/Oe and a resolution of 0.60 Oe. The output optical power is varied with the change of the applied magnetic field strength with a sensitivity of 0.3998 dB/Oe. PMID:22297365
Zu, Peng; Chan, Chi Chiu; Lew, Wen Siang; Jin, Yongxing; Zhang, Yifan; Liew, Hwi Fen; Chen, Li Han; Wong, Wei Chang; Dong, Xinyong
Integrated optics and magnetic optoelectronics
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
The magnetooptic properties of ferrite-garnet single crystals and single-crystal films and the electrodynamics of wave propagation in planar magnetic structures are investigated. Integrated devices based on ferrite-garnet films and their applications are discussed. The factors that currently limit the use of magnetooptic materials in integrated optics are examined, and specific fundamental and applied problems are identified in which the use of magnetooptics would be beneficial.
Tron'ko, V. D.; Shimanskaia, N. V.
This chapter reviews a specific application of scanning near-field optical microscopy (SNOM) to lithography. The working principles\\u000a of the conventional lithographic techniques and related materials as well as of the SNOM technique are recalled. Detailed\\u000a results of the aperture and apertureless scanning near-field optical lithography (SNOL) with regard to resolution and effectiveness\\u000a of the method are dealt with. In particular,
Eugenio Cefal�; Salvatore Patan�; Maria Allegrini
Interstellar magnetic fields: An observational perspective
The plausibility of magnetic molecular clouds is established. It is shown that the empirically known relations between spectral line width, density, and cloud size can be derived from a virial equilibrium model where gravity is balanced by the sum of magnetic and pressure support. It is shown that substitution of measured density, cloud size, and line width measurements into the model can predict observed field strength to within a factor of two. The Zeeman effect is discussed and new measurements are presented for magnetic field strength based on OH and HI Zeeman observations at the Arecibo and Green Bank telescopes. The Barnard 1 (B1) region, in the Perseus Molecular Cloud Complex, is discussed in detail. OH spectral line intensity maps are presented for the regions where the OH Zeeman effect was observed, which allow, for the first time, comparison of observed field strength values with predicted field strength values, using emission from a single molecular species. Spatial structure of magnetic fields in molecular clouds are investigated. New optical polarization maps are presented for the dark clouds in Perseus, Taurus, and Ophiuchus. The polarization observed is attributed to preferential extinction of background starlight by magnetically aligned dust grains in the clouds, and we analyze the polarization maps as maps of the projection of the magnetic field onto the plane of the sky.
Goodman, A.A.
Superconductivity at High Magnetic Fields
Using pulsed-magnetic-field techniques, we have studied the magnetic-field-induced superconducting transitions of alloys in the systems Ti-V, Ti-Nb, Ti-Ta, Ti-Mo, Zr-Nb, Hf-Nb, Hf-Ta, U-Nb, and U-Mo. For concentrated alloys the low-current-density resistive critical field Hr(J<~10 A\\/cm2) is nearly independent of the amount of cold working and the relative orientations of magnetic field, current, and anisotropic defect structure. The observed values of
T. G. Berlincourt; R. R. Hake
High latitude solar magnetic fields
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Kitt Peak magnetograms are used to measure polar magnetic fields. The polar mean absolute field increases at the same time as the polar mean field decreases. That is, the polar mean absolute field varies in phase with solar activity, in contrast to the out of phase variation of the mean polar field. It is found that the polar fields have a large bipolar component even at solar minimum, with a magnitude equal to that found at low latitudes outside the active latitude bands.
Murray, Norman
Nonlinear force-free field (NLFFF) extrapolation is a powerful tool for the modeling of the magnetic field in the solar corona. However, since the photospheric magnetic field does not in general satisfy the force-free condition, some kind of processing is required to assimilate data into the model. In this paper, we report the results of new preprocessing for the NLFFF extrapolation. Through this preprocessing, we expect to obtain magnetic field data similar to those in the chromosphere. In our preprocessing, we add a new term concerning chromospheric longitudinal fields into the optimization function proposed by Wiegelmann et al. We perform a parameter survey of six free parameters to find minimum force- and torque-freeness with the simulated-annealing method. Analyzed data are a photospheric vector magnetogram of AR 10953 observed with the Hinode spectropolarimeter and a chromospheric longitudinal magnetogram observed with SOLIS spectropolarimeter. It is found that some preprocessed fields show the smallest force- and torque-freeness and are very similar to the chromospheric longitudinal fields. On the other hand, other preprocessed fields show noisy maps, although the force- and torque-freeness are of the same order. By analyzing preprocessed noisy maps in the wave number space, we found that small and large wave number components balance out on the force-free index. We also discuss our iteration limit of the simulated-annealing method and magnetic structure broadening in the chromosphere.
Yamamoto, Tetsuya T. [Solar-Terrestrial Environment Laboratory, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601 (Japan); Kusano, K., E-mail: email@example.com [Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-0001 (Japan)
Magnetic field structure evolution in rotating magnetic field plasmas
A study of magnetic field structure evolution during 40-ms plasma discharge has been performed in a new device with 80 cm long/40 cm diameter cylindrical chamber, in which a plasma current I{sub p}{approx_equal}2 kA was driven and sustained by a rotating magnetic field. The main focus of the experiments is on how the changes in externally applied magnetic field affect the current profile and magnetic field in plasma. During plasma discharge, a pulse current was briefly fed to a magnetic coil located at the midplane (middle coil). The magnetic field in cross section of plasma was scanned with pickup probes. Two regimes were studied: without and with an external toroidal field (TF) produced by axial I{sub z} current. With a relatively small current (I{sub m} {<=} 600 A) in the middle coil, the plasma current is boosted up to 5 kA. The magnetic flux surfaces become extended along the axial Z direction, sometimes with the formation of doublet shape plasma. The regime without TF appears to be less stable, presumably due to the reversal of plasma current in central area of plasma column.
Petrov, Yuri; Yang Xiaokang; Huang, T.-S. [Prairie View A and M University, Prairie View, Texas 77446 (United States)
A possible electrical charge model based on the spinning time invariant point magnetic dipole within the framework of classical physics is outlined, as suggested by the admissible circular trajectory of a test charge around the magnetic dipole in its equatorial plane. The model depends on the moving force line hypothesis which has been claimed to have been disproved. The controversy
Jovan Djuric
All-optical helicity dependent magnetic switching in an artificial zero moment magnet
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Low remanent magnetization as key prerequisite for the ability of helicity dependent all-optical magnetic switching (AOS) is demonstrated for an artificial zero moment magnet. A heterostructure consisting of two amorphous ferrimagnetic Tb36Fe64 and Tb19Fe81 alloy layers is designed to yield a zero remanent net magnetization at room temperature by means of an antiparallel interfacial exchange coupling of the dominant magnetic moments. The canceling layer magnetizations provide vanishing demagnetization fields and the ability of AOS. Contrary to this, no all-optical switching is observed for single Tb36Fe64 and Tb19Fe81 films. This study provides further evidence that the ability for all-optical magnetic switching is correlated to the remanent sample magnetization and thus to the difference in magnetic moment of the rare-earth and transition-metal sublattices.
Schubert, C.; Hassdenteufel, A.; Matthes, P.; Schmidt, J.; Helm, M.; Bratschitsch, R.; Albrecht, M.
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Electrostatic field measurements are fundamental to the study of thunderstorm electrification, thundercloud charge structure, and the determination of the locations and magnitudes of charges deposited by lightning. Such measurements can also be used to warn of impending electrical hazards. In this work effort, we offer an alternate way of detecting atmospheric electric fields. Our approach involves the use of anisotropic electro-optic crystals.
Koshak, W. J.; Solakiewiez, R. J.
Magnetic fields in galaxy clusters
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
While it is established that galaxy clusters host magnetic fields of the order of a few ?G, both, their origin as well as their role in the intracluster medium (ICM) remain unclear. I will review the observational evidence for magnetic fields in galaxy clusters and present various lines of research that study the effects of magnetic fields in the ICM. Magnetic fields affect the way in which galaxies interact with the ICM, they may render the ICM buoyantly unstable in the presence of anisotropic thermal conduction, and they affect the thermal structure of the gas in cluster cores. Finally, opportunities for future research in this field, in particular in light of new radio telescopes is highlighted.
Br�ggen, M.
Preflare magnetic and velocity fields
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
A characterization is given of the preflare magnetic field, using theoretical models of force free fields together with observed field structure to determine the general morphology. Direct observational evidence for sheared magnetic fields is presented. The role of this magnetic shear in the flare process is considered within the context of a MHD model that describes the buildup of magnetic energy, and the concept of a critical value of shear is explored. The related subject of electric currents in the preflare state is discussed next, with emphasis on new insights provided by direct calculations of the vertical electric current density from vector magnetograph data and on the role of these currents in producing preflare brightenings. Results from investigations concerning velocity fields in flaring active regions, describing observations and analyses of preflare ejecta, sheared velocities, and vortical motions near flaring sites are given. This is followed by a critical review of prevalent concepts concerning the association of flux emergence with flares
Hagyard, M. J.; Gaizauskas, V.; Chapman, G. A.; Deloach, A. C.; Gary, G. A.; Jones, H. P.; Karpen, J. T.; Martres, M.-J.; Porter, J. G.; Schmeider, B.
Magnetic Field Effect Transistors.
National Technical Information Service (NTIS)
It has been demonstrated that magnetic Cr02 can be selectively deposited on semiconductor substrates and polymide resin plastics with feature resolution smaller than micron. In addition, hard coatings have been fabricated to protect active devices as well...
J. T. Spencer P. A. Dowben
National Technical Information Service (NTIS)
The observed properties of solar magnetic fields are reviewed, with particular reference to the complexities imposed on the field by motions of the highly conducting gas. Turbulent interactions between gas and field lead to heating or cooling of the gas a...
D. J. Mullan
Low-magnetic field control of electromagnon
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Since the 1960s, there has been intense debate concerning the presence of the spin excitation driven by the electric field of light E^? in ferroelectric magnets. This is recently revived by the observation of the absorption peak structure around 3 meV in a ferroelectric magnet TbMnO3 [1]. As an origin of this excitation, the hybridized spin excitation with electric polarization (now called electromagnon) was considered [2]. However, this issue remains controversial by our THz spectroscopic studies on a family of RMnO3 [3] (R = Tb, Dy, and Gd0.7Tb0.3) in a variety of spin phases tuned by temperature and magnetic field. Here we report an optical investigation of the low-energy (2-10 meV) spin dynamics for other ferroelectric magnets, hexaferrite, by using THz time-domain spectroscopy. We find the signature of the genuine electromagnon at THz frequencies. As a manifestation of the strong magnetoelectric coupling inherent to the electromagnon, we demonstrate the low-magnetic field (� 100 Oe) control of the optical constants at THz frequencies. [1] A. Pimenov et al., Nat. Phys. 2, 97 (2006). [2] D. Senff et al., PRL 98, 137206 (2007). [3] N. Kida et al., PRB 78, 104414 (2008); Y. Takahashi et al., PRL 101, 187201 (2008); N. Kida et al., J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. Dec. issue (2008).
Kida, N.; Ishiwata, S.; Taguchi, Y.; Shimano, R.; Arima, T.; Tokura, Y.
CONDENSED MATTER: ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE, ELECTRICAL, MAGNETIC, AND OPTICAL PROPERTIES: Longitudinal-Random-Field Mixed Ising Model with Arbitrary Spins
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
The longitudinal-random-field mixed Ising model consisting of arbitrary spin values has been studied by the use of an effective field theory with correlations (EFT). The phase diagrams of systems with mixed spins: ? = 1/2, S = 1; ? = 1/2, S = 3/2 are plotted. Not only the discontinuity at T = 0 K, is found when both longitudinal fields are trimodal distributed, but also the tricritical behavior is observed in these phase diagrams between the bimodal and trimodal distributions of longitudinal fields, which is different from the single-spin one. The appearance of tricritical point is independent of the coordination number and spin values.
Liang, Ya-Qiu; Wei, Guo-Zhu; Xu, Xiao-Juan; Song, Guo-Li
The polar heliospheric magnetic field
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
It is suggested that the polar heliospheric magnetic field, at large heliocentric distances, may deviate considerably from the generally accepted Archimedean spiral. Instead, it is suggested that the large-scale field near the poles may be dominated by randomly-oriented transverse magnetic fields with magnitude much larger than the average spiral. The average vector field is still the spiral, but the average magnitude may be much larger. In addition, the field direction is transverse to the radial direction most of the time instead of being nearly radial. This magnetic-field structure has important consequences for the transport of cosmic rays. Preliminary model calculations suggest changes in the radial gradient of galactic cosmic rays which may improve agreement with observations.
Jokipii, J. R.; Kota, J.
Optical currents in vector fields
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
The influence of phase relations and the degree of mutual coherence of superimposing waves in the arrangements of twowave superposition on the characteristics of the microparticle's motion has been analyzed. The prospects of studying temporal coherence using the proposed approach are made. For the first time, we have shown experimentally the possibility of diagnostics the optical currents in liquids caused by polarization characteristics of an optical field alone, using test metallic particles of nanoscale.
Angelsky, O. V.; Gorsky, M. P.; Maksimyak, P. P.; Maksimyak, A. P.; Hanson, S. G.; Zenkova, C. Y.
Nuclear magnetization in gallium arsenide quantum dots at zero magnetic field
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Optical and electrical control of the nuclear spin system allows enhancing the sensitivity of NMR applications and spin-based information storage and processing. Dynamic nuclear polarization in semiconductors is commonly achieved in the presence of a stabilizing external magnetic field. Here we report efficient optical pumping of nuclear spins at zero magnetic field in strain-free GaAs quantum dots. The strong interaction of a single, optically injected electron spin with the nuclear spins acts as a stabilizing, effective magnetic field (Knight field) on the nuclei. We optically tune the Knight field amplitude and direction. In combination with a small transverse magnetic field, we are able to control the longitudinal and transverse components of the nuclear spin polarization in the absence of lattice strain�that is, in dots with strongly reduced static nuclear quadrupole effects, as reproduced by our model calculations.
Sallen, G.; Kunz, S.; Amand, T.; Bouet, L.; Kuroda, T.; Mano, T.; Paget, D.; Krebs, O.; Marie, X.; Sakoda, K.; Urbaszek, B.
Nuclear magnetization in gallium arsenide quantum dots at zero magnetic field.
Optical and electrical control of the nuclear spin system allows enhancing the sensitivity of NMR applications and spin-based information storage and processing. Dynamic nuclear polarization in semiconductors is commonly achieved in the presence of a stabilizing external magnetic field. Here we report efficient optical pumping of nuclear spins at zero magnetic field in strain-free GaAs quantum dots. The strong interaction of a single, optically injected electron spin with the nuclear spins acts as a stabilizing, effective magnetic field (Knight field) on the nuclei. We optically tune the Knight field amplitude and direction. In combination with a small transverse magnetic field, we are able to control the longitudinal and transverse components of the nuclear spin polarization in the absence of lattice strain--that is, in dots with strongly reduced static nuclear quadrupole effects, as reproduced by our model calculations. PMID:24500329
Sallen, G; Kunz, S; Amand, T; Bouet, L; Kuroda, T; Mano, T; Paget, D; Krebs, O; Marie, X; Sakoda, K; Urbaszek, B
Theorem on magnet fringe field.
National Technical Information Service (NTIS)
Transverse particle motion in particle accelerators is governed almost totally by non-solenoidal magnets for which the body magnetic field can be expressed as a series expansion of the normal (b(sub n)) and skew (a(sub n)) multipoles, B(sub y) + iB(sub x)...
J. Wei R. Talman
Majorana Neutrinos and Magnetic Fields.
National Technical Information Service (NTIS)
It is stressed that if neutrinos are massive they are probably of Majorana type. This implies that their magnetic moment form factor vanishes identically so that the previously discussed phenomenon of spin rotation in a magnetic field would not appear to ...
J. Schechter J. W. F. Valle
Measuring Earth's Magnetic Field Simply.
ERIC Educational Resources Information Center
Describes a method for measuring the earth's magnetic field using an empty toilet paper tube, copper wire, clear tape, a battery, a linear variable resistor, a small compass, cardboard, a protractor, and an ammeter. (WRM)
Stewart, Gay B.
Neutron in Strong Magnetic Fields
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
A relativistic world-line Hamiltonian for strongly interacting 3q systems in a magnetic field is derived from the path integral for the corresponding Green's function. The neutral baryon Hamiltonian in the magnetic field obeys the pseudomomentum conservation and allows a factorization of the c.m. and internal motion. The resulting expression for the baryon mass in the magnetic field is written explicitly with the account of hyperfine, one pion exchange, and one gluon exchange (color Coulomb) interaction. The neutron mass is fast decreasing with the magnetic field, losing 1/2 of its value at eB �0.25 GeV2 and is nearly zero at eB �0.5 GeV2. Possible physical consequences of the calculated mass trajectory of the neutron, Mn(B), are presented and discussed.
Andreichikov, M. A.; Kerbikov, B. O.; Orlovsky, V. D.; Simonov, Yu. A.
Solar magnetic fields and convection
The flux-rope model of solar magnetic fields is developed further by the use of a variety of observational results.(i)It is confirmed that magnetic fields emerging to form active regions are already in the form of helically twisted flux ropes.(ii)A flux rope is not a homogeneous structure but is made up of hundreds or thousands of flux fibres. These are individually
J. H. Piddington
Solar magnetic fields: an introduction
The magnetic field of the Sun is thought to be produced by a dynamo in the solar interior and exhibits its greatest influence\\u000a on the solar plasma in the tenuous outer layers of the solar atmosphere, where it lies at the heart of almost every major\\u000a phenomenon. Most direct observations of the magnetic field are restricted to the solar surface,
S. K. Solanki
Spontaneous thermal magnetic field fluctuation
In recent days, the relativistic version of the classic Weibel instability received renewed attention for its potential role as a mechanism to generate cosmic magnetic fields. However, one of the key conceptual foundations in association with the Weibel instability has not been addressed in the literature. Namely, the spontaneous emission of magnetic field fluctuation, which is supposed to provide the seed perturbation for the Weibel instability, has not been adequately discussed. The present Brief Communication addresses this issue.
Yoon, Peter H. [Institute for Physical Science and Technology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742 (United States)
Mapping magnetic near-field distributions of plasmonic nanoantennas.
We present direct experimental mapping of the lateral magnetic near-field distribution in plasmonic nanoantennas using aperture scanning near-field optical microscopy (SNOM). By means of full-field simulations it is demonstrated how the coupling of the hollow-pyramid aperture probe to the nanoantenna induces an effective magnetic dipole which efficiently excites surface plasmon resonances only at lateral magnetic field maxima. This excitation in turn affects the detected light intensity enabling the visualization of the lateral magnetic near-field distribution of multiple odd and even order plasmon modes with subwavelength spatial resolution. PMID:23464670
Denkova, Denitza; Verellen, Niels; Silhanek, Alejandro V; Valev, Ventsislav K; Van Dorpe, Pol; Moshchalkov, Victor V
A metafluid exhibiting strong optical magnetism.
Advances in the field of metamaterials have enabled unprecedented control of light-matter interactions. Metamaterial constituents support high-frequency electric and magnetic dipoles, which can be used as building blocks for new materials capable of negative refraction, electromagnetic cloaking, strong visible-frequency circular dichroism, and enhancing magnetic or chiral transitions in ions and molecules. While all metamaterials to date have existed in the solid-state, considerable interest has emerged in designing a colloidal metamaterial or "metafluid". Such metafluids would combine the advantages of solution-based processing with facile integration into conventional optical components. Here we demonstrate the colloidal synthesis of an isotropic metafluid that exhibits a strong magnetic response at visible frequencies. Protein-antibody interactions are used to direct the solution-phase self-assembly of discrete metamolecules comprised of silver nanoparticles tightly packed around a single dielectric core. The electric and magnetic response of individual metamolecules and the bulk metamaterial solution are directly probed with optical scattering and spectroscopy. Effective medium calculations indicate that the bulk metamaterial exhibits a negative effective permeability and a negative refractive index at modest fill factors. This metafluid can be synthesized in large-quantity and high-quality and may accelerate development of advanced nanophotonic and metamaterial devices. PMID:23919764
Sheikholeslami, Sassan N; Alaeian, Hadiseh; Koh, Ai Leen; Dionne, Jennifer A
Theorem on magnet fringe field
Transverse particle motion in particle accelerators is governed almost totally by non-solenoidal magnets for which the body magnetic field can be expressed as a series expansion of the normal (b{sub n}) and skew (a{sub n}) multipoles, B{sub y} + iB{sub x} = {summation}(b{sub n} + ia{sub n})(x + iy){sup n}, where x, y, and z denote horizontal, vertical, and longitudinal (along the magnet) coordinates. Since the magnet length L is necessarily finite, deflections are actually proportional to ``field integrals`` such as {bar B}L {equivalent_to} {integral} B(x,y,z)dz where the integration range starts well before the magnet and ends well after it. For {bar a}{sub n}, {bar b}{sub n}, {bar B}{sub x}, and {bar B}{sub y} defined this way, the same expansion Eq. 1 is valid and the ``standard`` approximation is to neglect any deflections not described by this expansion, in spite of the fact that Maxwell`s equations demand the presence of longitudinal field components at the magnet ends. The purpose of this note is to provide a semi-quantitative estimate of the importance of {vert_bar}{Delta}p{sub {proportional_to}}{vert_bar}, the transverse deflection produced by the ion-gitudinal component of the fringe field at one magnet end relative to {vert_bar}{Delta}p{sub 0}{vert_bar}, the total deflection produced by passage through the whole magnet. To emphasize the generality and simplicity of the result it is given in the form of a theorem. The essence of the proof is an evaluation of the contribution of the longitudinal field B{sub x} from the vicinity of one magnet end since, along a path parallel to the magnet axis such as path BC.
Wei, Jie [Brookhaven National Lab., Upton, NY (United States); Talman, R. [Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY (United States). Lab. of Nuclear Studies
Chiral transition with magnetic fields
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
We study the nature of the chiral transition for an effective theory with spontaneous breaking of symmetry, where charged bosons and fermions are subject to the effects of a constant external magnetic field. The problem is studied in terms of the relative intensity of the magnetic field with respect to the mass and the temperature. When the former is the smallest of the scales, we present a suitable method to obtain magnetic and thermal corrections up to ring order at high temperature. By these means, we solve the problem of the instability in the boson sector for these theories, where the squared masses�taken as functions of the order parameter�can vanish and even become negative. The solution is found by considering the screening properties of the plasma, encoded in the resummation of the ring diagrams at high temperature. We also study the case where the magnetic field is the intermediate of the three scales and explore the nature of the chiral transition as we vary the field strength, the coupling constants, and the number of fermions. We show that the critical temperature for the restoration of chiral symmetry monotonically increases from small to intermediate values of the magnetic field and that this temperature is always above the critical temperature for the case when the magnetic field is absent.
Ayala, Alejandro; Hern�ndez, Luis Alberto; Mizher, Ana J�lia; Rojas, Juan Crist�bal; Villavicencio, Cristi�n
Characterisation and performance of a Terfenol-D coated femtosecond laser inscribed optical fibre Bragg sensor with a laser ablated microslot for the detection of static magnetic fields.
We present a novel device for the characterisation of static magnetic fields through monitoring wavelength shifts of femtosecond inscribed fibre Bragg grating and micromachined slot, coated with Terfenol-D. The device was sensitive to static magnetic fields and can be used as a vectoral sensor for the detection of magnetic fields as low as 0.046 mT with a resolution of � 0.3mT in transmission and � 0.7mT in reflection. The use of a femtosecond laser to both inscribe the FBGs and micromachine the slot in a single stage prior to coating the device significantly simplifies the fabrication. PMID:21263575
Smith, G N; Allsop, T; Kalli, K; Koutsides, C; Neal, R; Sugden, K; Culverhouse, P; Bennion, I
Magnetic field analysis and optimal design of magnetic bearing
Magnetic field distribution of a radial magnetic bearing with sixteen-pole was analyzed by using finite element method. It was verified by magnetic field measurement. Magnetic bearing structure was optimized based on finite element analysis (FEA) and magnetic circuit method. Optimization was done in object of maximum magnetic force. Two optimizations had similar results. Analysis showed that FEA-based optimization is more
Han Wu; Chunguang Xu; Dingguo Xiao; Juan Hao
Magnetic fields in quiescent prominences
The origin of the axial fields in high-latitude quiescent prominences is considered. The fact that almost all quiescent prominences obey the same hemisphere-dependent rule strongly suggests that the solar differential rotation plays an important role in producing the axial fields. However, the observations are inconsistent with the hypothesis that the axial fields are produced by differential rotation acting on an existing coronal magnetic field. Several possible explanations for this discrepancy are considered. The possibility that the sign of the axial field depends on the topology of the magnetic field in which the prominence is embedded is examined, as is the possibility that the neutral line is tilted with respect to the east-west direction, so that differential rotation causes the neutral line also to rotate with time. The possibility that the axial fields of quiescent prominences have their origin below the solar surface is also considered. 29 refs.
Van Ballegooijen, A.A.; Martens, P.C.H. (Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, MA (USA))
A solar magnetic and velocity field measurement system for Spacelab 2: The Solar Optical Universal Polarimeter (SOUP)
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
The Solar Optical Universal Polarimeter (SOUP) flew on the shuttle mission Spacelab 2 (STS-51F) in August, 1985, and collected historic solar observations. SOUP is the only solar telescope on either a spacecraft or balloon which has delivered long sequences of diffraction-limited images. These movies led to several discoveries about the solar atmosphere which were published in the scientific journals. After Spacelab 2, reflights were planned on the shuttle Sunlab mission, which was cancelled after the Challenger disaster, and on a balloon flights, which were also cancelled for funding reasons. In the meantime, the instrument was used in a productive program of ground-based observing, which collected excellent scientific data and served as instrument tests. Given here is an overview of the history of the SOUP program, the scientific discoveries, and the instrument design and performance.
Tarbell, Theodore D.; Title, Alan M.
A solar magnetic and velocity field measurement system for Spacelab 2: The Solar Optical Universal Polarimeter (SOUP)
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
The Solar Optical Universal Polarimeter (SOUP) flew on the shuttle mission Spacelab 2 (STS-51F) in August, 1985, and collected historic solar observations. SOUP is the only solar telescope on either a spacecraft or balloon which has delivered long sequences of diffraction-limited images. These movies led to several discoveries about the solar atmosphere which were published in the scientific journals. After Spacelab 2, reflights were planned on the shuttle Sunlab mission, which was cancelled after the Challenger disaster, and on a balloon flights, which were also cancelled for funding reasons. In the meantime, the instrument was used in a productive program of ground-based observing, which collected excellent scientific data and served as instrument tests. Given here is an overview of the history of the SOUP program, the scientific discoveries, and the instrument design and performance.
Tarbell, Theodore D.; Title, Alan M.
A solar magnetic and velocity field measurement system for Spacelab 2: The solar optical universal polarimeter (SOUP)
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
The Solar Optical Universal Polarimeter flew on the Shuttle Mission Spacelab 2 (STS-51F) in August, 1985, and collected historic solar observations. SOUP is the only solar telescope on either a spacecraft or balloon which has delivered long sequences of diffraction-limited images. These movies led to several discoveries about the solar atmosphere which were published in the scientific journals. After Spacelab 2, reflights were planned on the Space Shuttle Sunlab Mission, which was cancelled after the Challenger disaster, and on balloon flights, which were also cancelled for funding reasons. In the meantime, the instrument was used in a productive program of ground-based observing, which collected excellent scientific data and served as instrument tests. This report gives an overview of the history of the SOUP program, the scientific discoveries, and the instrument design and performance.
Tarbell, Theodore D.; Title, Alan M.
Magnetic field sensor based on magnetic fluid clad etched fiber Bragg grating
A novel fiber optical fiber-magnetic sensor based on magnetic fluid is proposed in this paper. The stable nanoparticles Fe3O4 magnetic fluid was synthesized firstly; the Fe3O4 magnetic fluid was injected in capillaries containing etched fiber Bragg grating (FBG) as sensing element. The reflected Bragg wavelength was changed by varying the magnetic field which is perpendicular to the axial of FBG.
Jixiang Dai; Minghong Yang; Xiaobing Li; Hongliang Liu; Xinglin Tong
Open channel flows of magnetic fluid induced by traveling magnetic field
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
A theoretical analysis is made on laminar open channel flows of magnetic fluid induced by a non uniform traveling magnetic field which is applied with a stator of a single-sided linear induction motor. The induced flows are mainly in the direction opposite to the traveling direction of the magnetic field and in proportion to the phase velocity of the magnetic field. The velocity profiles are greatly affected by dimensionless wave number of the magnetic field. Near the bottom of the channel, the theoretical velocity distributions agree well with experimental ones which are measured with a laser optical fiber velocity sensor. However, the experimental velocity distributions become larger near the free surface.
Kuwahara, Takuya; Okubo, Masaaki; Yamane, Ryuichiro
NSDL National Science Digital Library
This article discusses the physical concepts that have pushed fluorescenesce microscopy to the nanoscale, once the prerogative of electron and scanning probe microscopes. Initial applications indicate that emergent far-field optical nanoscopy will have a strong impact in the life sciences and in other areas benefiting from nanoscale visualization.
Stefan Hell (Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry;Department of NanoBiophotonics)
Several recent applications for fast ramped magnets have been found that require rapid measurement of the field quality during the ramp. (In one instance, accelerator dipoles will be ramped at 1 T/sec, with measurements needed to the accuracy typically required for accelerators.) We have built and tested a new type of magnetic field measuring system to meet this need. The system consists of 16 stationary pickup windings mounted on a cylinder. The signals induced in the windings in a changing magnetic field are sampled and analyzed to obtain the field harmonics. To minimize costs, printed circuit boards were used for the pickup windings and a combination of amplifiers and ADPs used for the voltage readout system. New software was developed for the analysis. Magnetic field measurements of a model dipole developed for the SIS200 accelerator at GSI are presented. The measurements are needed to insure that eddy currents induced by the fast ramps do not impact the field quality needed for successful accelerator operation.
Magnetic fields in neutron stars
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
This work aims at studying how magnetic fields affect the observational properties and the long-term evolution of isolated neutron stars, which are the strongest magnets in the universe. The extreme physical conditions met inside these astronomical sources complicate their theoretical study, but, thanks to the increasing wealth of radio and X-ray data, great advances have been made over the last years. A neutron star is surrounded by magnetized plasma, the so-called magnetosphere. Modeling its global configuration is important to understand the observational properties of the most magnetized neutron stars, magnetars. On the other hand, magnetic fields in the interior are thought to evolve on long time-scales, from thousands to millions of years. The magnetic evolution is coupled to the thermal one, which has been the subject of study in the last decades. An important part of this thesis presents the state-of-the-art of the magneto-thermal evolution models of neutron stars during the first million of years, studied by means of detailed simulations. The numerical code here described is the first one to consistently consider the coupling of magnetic field and temperature, with the inclusion of both the Ohmic dissipation and the Hall drift in the crust.
Vigan�, Daniele
Charge and current reservoirs for electric and magnetic field enhancement.
Two optical antenna designs incorporating structures termed charge and current reservoirs are proposed to realize localized high electric and magnetic field enhancement, respectively. Simulation results show that the fan-rod electric antenna design combines the advantages of the rod antenna and the bowtie antenna, and has higher field enhancement than either. The performance of a loop shaped magnetic antenna consisting of a pair of metallic strips with offsets is also verified numerically, with high magnetic field enhancement being observed in the simulation. In both of the designs, the concepts of charge and current reservoirs contribute to high electric and magnetic field enhancement. PMID:20588894
Wang, Dongxing; Yang, Tian; Crozier, Kenneth B
The National High Magnetic Field Laboratory
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
The National High Magnetic Field Laboratory (NHMFL) is a collaboration between Florida State University, the University of Florida, and the Los Alamos National Laboratory. The DC Field Facilities are located at the main campus for the NHMFL in Tallahassee, Florida and are described in this paper. The DC Field Facility has a variety of resistive and superconducting magnets. The DC Field Facility infrastructure, the most powerful in the world, is able to provide 57 MW of continuous low noise DC power. Constant magnetic fields of up to 45 tesla in a 32 mm bore and 20 tesla in 195 mm bore are available at no charge to the user community. The users of the facility are selected by a peer reviewed process. Roughly 400 research groups visit the lab to conduct experiments each year. Experimental capabilities provided by the NHMFL are magneto-optics, millimeter wave spectroscopy, magnetization, dilatometry, specific heat, electrical transport, ultrasound, low to medium resolution NMR, EMR, and materials processing. Measurements of properties can be made on samples at temperatures from 20 mK to 1000 K, pressures from ambient to 10 GPa, orientation and currents from 1 pA to 10 kA.
Hannahs, S. T.; Palm, E. C.
Alternating magnetic field assisted magnetization reversal in ferromagnetic antidot
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Although the effects of high-frequency electromagnetic waves on magnetization reversal have been extensively studied, the influence of a low-frequency ac field on magnetization reversal has seldom been examined. In this study, we measured the magnetoresistance and examined the magnetic switching process of Permalloy antidot thin films under an alternating magnetic field with a frequency of 25 kHz. When no alternating magnetic field was present, the transitional field of the antidot thin films decreased as the angle of the direct magnetic field increased. When an alternating magnetic field was present, the transitional field exhibited the same trend. We compared the magnetization process of the antidot thin films with and without the alternating magnetic field and determined that the alternating field can facilitate the transition of magnetization, specifically, by lowering the transitional field with the highest variation rate (33.73%).
Huang, Hao-Ting; Ger, Tzong-Rong; Huang, Chen-Yu; Liao, Kuei-Tien; Wang, Pei-Jen; Lai, Jun-Yang; Chen, Jiann-Yeu; Lai, Mei-Feng
Field trial of an electrically passive optical-fiber magnetometer
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
A field trial of an electrically passive optical-fiber magnetometer incorporated into the transient electromagnetic method of geomagnetic surveying is described. The transducer of the magnetometer consisted of metallic glass wire cocoated with a length of optical fiber. The magnetometer was capable of measuring the decay rate of the surface magnetic field produced by the surveying technique. The sensor's minimum detectable field was 2.5 \\times 10-8 G/ \\radical Hz \\end-radical at 2 kHz.
Coghill, P.; Bassett, I.; Barrow, R.; Rohatgi, S.; Vance, R.
Mixing Dynamics Induced by Traveling Magnetic Fields
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Microstructural and compositional homogeneity in metals and alloys can only be achieved if the initial melt is homogeneous prior to the onset of solidification processing. Naturally induced convection may initially facilitate this requirement but upon the onset of solidification significant compositional variations generally arise leading to undesired segregation. Application of alternating magnetic fields to promote a uniform bulk liquid concentration during solidification processing has been suggested. To investigate such possibilities an initial study of using traveling magnetic fields (TMF) to promote melt homogenization is reported in this work. Theoretically, the effect of TMF-induced convection on mixing phenomena is studied in the laminar regime of flow. Experimentally, with and without applied fields, both 1) mixing dynamics by optically monitoring the spreading of an initially localized dye in transparent fluids and, 2) compositional variations in metal alloys have been investigated.
Grugel, Richard N.; Mazuruk, Konstantin; Rose, M. Franklin (Technical Monitor)
Mixing Dynamics Induced by Traveling Magnetic Fields
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Microstructural and compositional homogeneity in metals and alloys can only be achieved if the initial melt is homogeneous prior to the onset of solidification processing. Naturally induced convection may initially facilitate this requirement but upon the onset of solidification significant compositional variations generally arise leading to undesired segregation. Application of alternating magnetic fields to promote a uniform bulk liquid concentration during solidification processing has been suggested. To investigate such possibilities an initial study of using traveling magnetic fields (TMF) to promote melt homogenization is reported in this work. Theoretically, the effect of TMF-induced convection on mixing phenomena is studied in the laminar regime of flow. Experimentally, with and without applied fields, both: mixing dynamics by optically monitoring the spreading of an initially localized dye in transparent fluids and, compositional variations in metal alloys have been investigated.
Grugel, Richard N.; Mazuruk, Konstantin
High-field magnets and high-field superconductors
This paper gives a brief historical review of the development of high magnetic fields and high field superconductors including brief summaries of the early developments of high magnetic fields and the Francis Bitter National Magnet Laboratory (FBNML). The start of the first revolution (when large critical currents in Nb3Sn were observed in high magnetic fields) and the development of practical
Simon Foner; Francis Bitter
Magnetic Fields in Irregular Galaxies: NGC 4214
Magnetic fields are an important component of the interstellar medium of galaxies. They provide support, transfer energy from supernovae, provide a possible heating mechanism, and channel gas flows (Beck 2004). Despite the importance of magnetic fields in the ISM, it is not well known what generates and sustains galactic magnetic fields or how magnetic fields, gas, and stars interact in
Amanda A. Kepley; E. M. Wilcots; T. Robishaw; C. Heiles; E. Zweibel
Solar magnetic fields - The Italian contribution
A short account is given of the methods of observation, the characteristics of solar magnetic fields, the relationships between velocity and magnetic fields, the theoretical approaches, and the possibilities opened by studies of stellar activity of the solar type. In discussing the classification and characteristics of solar magnetic fields, attention is given to normal bipolar regions, large-scale unipolar magnetic fields,
D. Fabbri; G. Godoli; F. Mazzucconi
Progress in Solar Magnetic Field Extrapolation
Solar magnetic field is the predominant factor of the solar activities. Precise measurements of solar magnetic fields so far are still confined to the thin layer of the solar photosphere. In order to understand the nature of the coronal magnetic fields, it becomes necessary to extrapolate the coronal magnetic fields based on theoretical models using observed photospheric magnetograms as boundary
Juan Hao; Mei Zhang
Satellite to study earth's magnetic field
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
The Magnetic Field Satellite (Magsat) designed to measure the near earth magnetic field and crustal anomalies is briefly described. A scalar magnetometer to measure the magnitude of the earth's crustal magnetic field and a vector magnetometer to measure magnetic field direction as well as magnitude are included. The mission and its objectives are summarized along with the data collection and processing system.
Observations of Mercury's magnetic field
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Magnetic field data obtained by Mariner 10 during the third and final encounter with the planet Mercury on 16 March 1975 were studied. A well developed bow shock and modest magnetosphere, previously observed at first encounter on 29 March 1974, were again observed. In addition, a much stronger magnetic field near closest approach, 400 gamma versus 98 gamma, was observed at an altitude of 327 km and approximately 70 deg north Mercurian latitude. Spherical harmonic analysis of the data provide an estimate of the centered planetary magnetic dipole of 4.7 x 10 to the 22nd power Gauss/cu cm with the axis tilted 12 deg to the rotation axis and in the same sense as Earth's. The interplanetary field was sufficiently different between first and third encounters that in addition to the very large field magnitude observed, it argues strongly against a complex induction process generating the observed planetary field. While a possibility exists that Mercury possesses a remanent field due to magnetization early in its formation, a present day active dynamo seems to be a more likely candidate for its origin.
Ness, N. F.; Behannon, K. W.; Lepping, R. P.; Whang, Y. C.
Deflections in magnet fringe fields.
A transverse multipole expansion is derived, including the longitudinal components necessarily present in regions of varying magnetic field profile. It can be used for exact numerical orbit following through the fringe-field regions of magnets whose end designs introduce no extraneous components, i.e., fields not required to be present by Maxwell's equations. Analytic evaluations of the deflections are obtained in various approximations. Mainly emphasized is a "straight-line approximation," in which particle orbits are treated as straight lines through the fringe-field regions. This approximation leads to a readily-evaluated figure of merit, the ratio of rms end deflection to nominal body deflection, that can be used to determine whether or not a fringe field can be neglected. Deflections in "critical" cases (e.g., near intersection regions) are analyzed in the same approximation. PMID:12786502
Papaphilippou, Y; Wei, J; Talman, R
Magnetic fields of HgMn stars?
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Context. The frequent presence of weak magnetic fields on the surface of spotted late-B stars with HgMn peculiarity in binary systems has been controversial during the two last decades. Recent studies of magnetic fields in these stars using the least-squares deconvolution (LSD) technique have failed to detect magnetic fields, indicating an upper limit on the longitudinal field between 8 and 15 G. In these LSD studies, assumptions were made that all spectral lines are identical in shape and can be described by a scaled mean profile. Aims: We re-analyse the available spectropolarimetric material by applying the moment technique on spectral lines of inhomogeneously distributed elements separately. Furthermore, we present new determinations of the mean longitudinal magnetic field for the HgMn star HD 65949 and the hotter analog of HgMn stars, the PGa star HD 19400, using FORS 2 installed at the VLT. We also give new measurements of the eclipsing system AR Aur with a primary star of HgMn peculiarity, which were obtained with the SOFIN spectropolarimeter installed at the Nordic Optical Telescope. Methods: We downloaded from the European Southern Observatory (ESO) archive the publically available HARPS spectra for eight HgMn stars and one normal and one superficially normal B-type star obtained in 2010. Out of this sample, three HgMn stars belong to spectroscopic double-lined systems. The application of the moment technique to the HARPS and SOFIN spectra allowed us to study the presence of the longitudinal magnetic field, the crossover effect, and quadratic magnetic fields. Results for the HgMn star HD 65949 and the PGa star HD 19400 are based on a linear regression analysis of low-resolution spectra obtained with FORS 2 in spectropolarimetric mode. Results: Our measurements of the magnetic field with the moment technique using spectral lines of several elements separately reveal the presence of a weak longitudinal magnetic field, a quadratic magnetic field, and the crossover effect on the surface of several HgMn stars as well as normal and superficially normal B-type stars. Furthermore, our analysis suggests the existence of intriguing correlations between the strength of the magnetic field, abundance anomalies, and binary properties. The results are discussed in the context of possible mechanisms responsible for the development of the element patches and complex magnetic fields on the surface of late B-type stars. Based on observations obtained at the European Southern Observatory (ESO programmes 076.D-0169(A), 076.D-0172(A), 084.D-0338(A), 085.D-0296(A), 085.D-0296(B), 087.D-0049(A), 088.D-0284(A)), SOFIN observations at the 2.56 m Nordic Optical Telescope on La Palma, and observations obtained with the CORALIE Echelle Spectrograph on the 1.2 m Euler Swiss telescope on La Silla, Chile.Tables 2-7, 9, 10 are only available in electronic form at http://www.aanda.org
Hubrig, S.; Gonz�lez, J. F.; Ilyin, I.; Korhonen, H.; Sch�ller, M.; Savanov, I.; Arlt, R.; Castelli, F.; Lo Curto, G.; Briquet, M.; Dall, T. H.
Designing optical-fiber modulators by using magnetic fluids.
To reduce interface loss between optical fibers and devices in telecommunication systems, the development of an optical-fiber-based device that can be fused directly with fibers is important. A novel optical modulator consisting of a bare fiber core surrounded by magnetic fluids instead of by a SiO2 cladding layer is proposed. Applying a magnetic field raises the refractive index of the magnetic fluid. Thus we can control the occurrence of total reflection at the interface between the fiber core and the magnetic fluid when light propagates along the fiber. As a result, the intensity of the outgoing light is modulated by variation in field strength. Details of the design, fabrication, and working properties of such a modulator are presented. PMID:15789730
Horng, H E; Chieh, J J; Chao, Y H; Yang, S Y; Hong, Chin-Yih; Yang, H C
Magnetic field tomography, helical magnetic fields and Faraday depolarization
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Wide-band radio polarization observations offer the possibility to recover information about the magnetic fields in synchrotron sources, such as details of their three-dimensional configuration, that has previously been inaccessible. The key physical process involved is the Faraday rotation of the polarized emission in the source (and elsewhere along the wave's propagation path to the observer). In order to proceed, reliable methods are required for inverting the signals observed in wavelength space into useful data in Faraday space, with robust estimates of their uncertainty. In this paper, we examine how variations of the intrinsic angle of polarized emission ?0 with the Faraday depth ? within a source affect the observable quantities. Using simple models for the Faraday dispersion F(?) and ?0(?), along with the current and planned properties of the main radio interferometers, we demonstrate how degeneracies among the parameters describing the magneto-ionic medium can be minimized by combining observations in different wavebands. We also discuss how depolarization by Faraday dispersion due to a random component of the magnetic field attenuates the variations in the spectral energy distribution of the polarization and shifts its peak towards shorter wavelengths. This additional effect reduces the prospect of recovering the characteristics of the magnetic field helicity in magneto-ionic media dominated by the turbulent component of the magnetic field.
Horellou, C.; Fletcher, A.
Cylindrical isentropic compression by ultrahigh magnetic field
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
The cylindrical isentropic compression by ultrahigh magnetic field (MC-1) is a kind of unique high energy density technique. It has characters like ultrahigh pressure and low temperature rising, and would have widely used in areas like high pressure physics, new material synthesis and ultrahigh magnetic field physics. The Institute of Fluid Physics, Chinese Academy of Engineering Physics (IFP, CAEP) has begun the experiment since 2011 and a primary experimental device had been set-up. In the experiments, a seed magnetic field of 5 Tesla were set-up first and compressed by a stainless steel liner which is driven by high explosive initiated synchronously. The internal diameter of the liner is 97 mm, and its thickness is 1.5 mm. The movement of liner was recorded optically and a typical turnaround phenomenon was observed. From the photography results the liner was compressed smoothly and evenly and its average velocity was about 5-6 km/s. In the experiment a axial magnetic field of over 1400 Tesla has been recorded. The MC-1 process was numerical simulated by 1D MHD code MC11D and the simulations are in accord with the experiments.
Gu, Zhuowei; Luo, Hao; Zhang, Hengdi; Zhao, Shichao; Tang, Xiaosong; Tong, Yanjin; Song, Zhenfei; Tan, Fuli; Zhao, Jianheng; Sun, Chengwei
Formation of Magnetic Particle Chains in Ultra High Magnetic Field
Magnetic particles form chain-like clusters in the magnetic field. This phenomenon is of interest in two separate fields, one is a development system of the laser printer and another is an electromagnetic manipulation of biological cells. Experiments on the chain formation in air and oil have been performed in the ultra high magnetic field created by a superconducting magnet. It
Hiroyuki Kawamoto; Masatomo Teshima; Hiroyuki Takahashi; Nobuyuki Nakayama; Noriyuki Hirota
Photospheric and coronal magnetic fields
Research on small-scale and large-scale photospheric and coronal magnetic fields during 1987-1990 is reviewed, focusing on observational studies. Particular attention is given to the new techniques, which include the correlation tracking of granules, the use of highly Zeeman-sensitive infrared spectral lines and multiple lines to deduce small-scale field strength, the application of long integration times coupled with good seeing conditions to study weak fields, and the use of high-resolution CCD detectors together with computer image-processing techniques to obtain images with unsurpassed spatial resolution. Synoptic observations of large-scale fields during the sunspot cycle are also discussed. 101 refs.
Sheeley, N.R., Jr. (USAF, Geophysics Laboratory, Hanscom AFB, MA (United States))
Magnetic Field Amplification and Blazar Flares
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Recent multiwavelength observations of PKS 0208-512 by SMARTS, Fermi, and Swift revealed that ?-ray and optical light curves of this flat spectrum radio quasars are highly correlated, but with an exception of one large optical flare having no corresponding gamma-ray activity or even detection. On the other hand, recent advances in SNRs observations and plasma simulations both reveal that magnetic field downstream of astrophysical shocks can be largely amplified beyond simple shock compression. These amplifications, along with their associated particle acceleration, might contribute to blazar flares, including the peculiar flare of PKS 0208-512. Using our time dependent multizone blazar emission code, we evaluate several scenarios that may represent such phenomena. This code combines Monte Carlo method that tracks the radiative processes including inverse Compton scattering, and Fokker-Planck equation that follows the cooling and acceleration of particles. It is a comprehensive time dependent code that fully takes into account the light travel time effects. In this study, both the changes of the magnetic field and acceleration efficiency are explored as the cause of blazar flares. Under these assumption, synchrotron self-Compton and external Compton scenarios produce distinct features that favor the external Compton scenario. The optical flares with/without gamma-ray counterparts can be explained by different allocations of energy between the magnetization and particle acceleration, which in turn can be affected by the relative orientation between the magnetic field and the shock flow. We compare the details of the observations and simulation, and highlight what implications this study has on our understanding of relativistic jets.
Chen, Xuhui; Chatterjee, Ritaban; Fossati, Giovanni; Pohl, Martin
Magnetic Forces and Field Line Density
NSDL National Science Digital Library
This is an activity about depicting the relative strength of magnetic fields using field line density. Learners will use the magnetic field line drawing of six magnetic poles created in a previous activity and identify the areas of strong, weak, and medium magnetic intensity using the density of magnetic field lines. This is the fifth activity in the Magnetic Math booklet; this booklet can be found on the Space Math@NASA website. How to Draw Magnetic Fields - II in the Magnetic Math booklet must be completed prior to this activity.
Magnetic Fields of the Earth and Sun
NSDL National Science Digital Library
This is an activity that compares the magnetic field of the Earth to the complex magnetic field of the Sun. Using images of the Earth and Sun that have magnets attached in appropriate orientations, learners will use a handheld magnetic field detector to observe the magnetic field of the Earth and compare it to that of the Sun, especially in sunspot areas. For each group of students, this activity requires use of a handheld magnetic field detector, such as a Magnaprobe or a similar device, a bar magnet, and ten small disc magnets.
Evanescent field scanning optical microscopy
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
The authors propose an alternative method for high resolution optical microscopy - Evanescent Field Scanning Optical Microscopy (EFSOM) which eliminates implementation of the scanning tip compare to classical NSOM technique. The approach involves scanning a sample in the evanescent-field of a prism generated using total internal reflection (TIR) and recording the reflected power as a function of position. The reflection pattern of the wave is collected and processed, using comparative differentiation. The extracted information is processed further to eliminate any distortions. The system is not limited by diffraction and resolution primarily depends on the characteristics of the photo-detector and scanning velocity. Implementation of thin silver layer and coupling of incident radiation into Surface Plasmons Polaritons (SPP) improves system sensitivity and reduces photo detector dynamic range requirements.
Sukharenko, Vitaly; Dorsinville, Roger
Optical lattice polarization effects on magnetically induced optical atomic clock transitions
We derive the frequency shift for a forbidden optical transition J=0{yields}J{sup '}=0 caused by the simultaneous actions of an elliptically polarized lattice field and a static magnetic field. We find that a simple configuration of lattice and magnetic fields leads to a cancellation of this shift to first order in lattice intensity and magnetic field. In this geometry, the second-order lattice intensity shift can be minimized as well by use of optimal lattice polarization. Suppression of these shifts could considerably enhance the performance of the next generation of atomic clocks.
Taichenachev, A. V.; Yudin, V. I.; Oates, C. W. [Institute of Laser Physics SB RAS, Novosibirsk 630090 (Russian Federation) and Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk 630090 (Russian Federation); National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305 (United States)
Temperature and magnetic field dependent optical spectral weight in the cation-deficient colossal-magnetoresistance material La{sub 0.936}Mn{sub 0.982}O{sub 3}
The optical reflectivity of a vacancy doped colossal magnetoresistance material La{sub 0.936}Mn{sub 0.982}O{sub 3} has been investigated on single-crystal samples as a function of temperature and at zero and 0.5 T magnetic fields. The conductivity has been evaluated by Kramers-Kronig analysis in the frequency range of 100{endash}20000 cm{sup {minus}1}. The broad peak in the optical conductivity, observed at room temperature around 10000 cm{sup {minus}1}, shifts towards zero as the ferromagnetic state develops at lower temperatures. In the transition regime the application of moderate magnetic field also induces a downward shift of the spectral weight. {copyright} {ital 1999} {ital The American Physical Society}
Golovanov, V.; Mihaly, L. [Department of Physics, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3800 (United States)] [Department of Physics, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3800 (United States); Homes, C.O. [Department of Physics, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973-5000 (United States)] [Department of Physics, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973-5000 (United States); McCarroll, W.H.; Ramanujachary, K.V.; Greenblatt, M. [Department of Chemistry, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854-8087 (United States)] [Department of Chemistry, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854-8087 (United States)
BEC manipulation with fictitious magnetic fields
The interaction of Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) atoms with counterpropagating laser beams can often be represented by fictitious magnetic fields [1]. These fictitious fields can be combined with ordinary magnetic fields to produce total fields whose amplitudes vary in space on the scale of the laser wavelength. When the strengths of such magnetic fields are positioned in the neighborhood of a
Jeffrey Heward; Mark Edwards; Charles W. Clark
Flares and changing magnetic fields
An observational study of maps of the longitudinal component of the photospheric fields in flaring active regions leads to the following conclusions:(1)The broad-wing Ha kernels characteristic of the impulsive phase of flares occur within 10? of neutral lines encircling features of isolated magnetic polarity (�satellite sunspots�).(2)Photospheric field changes intimately associated with several importance 1 flares and one importance 2B flare
David M. Rust
Ohm's Law for Mean Magnetic Fields.
National Technical Information Service (NTIS)
The magnetic fields associated with plasmas frequently exhibit small amplitude MHD fluctuations. It is useful to have equations for the magnetic field averaged over these fluctuations, the so-called mean field equations. Under very general assumptions it ...
A. H. Boozer
Circular polarization observations and magnetic fields of O stars
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
The results of a search for line profile variability (LPV) and polarimetric line profile variability (pLPV) in spectra of O stars are reported. The observations were made with the 1.8-m telescope of the Korean Bohyunsan Optical Astronomical Observatory (BOAO) and the 1-m and 6-m telescopes of the Special Astrophysical Observatory (SAO), Russia. Regular LPV in the spectra of all program stars are found. We analyze the connection between the presence of magnetic field and nitrogen abundance anomalies, and the influence of weak magnetic fields on pLPV. The statistical properties of mean magnetic fields and magnetic fluxes of OB stars are studied.
Sudnik, Natallia P.; Kholtygin, Alexander F.
Long-distance transfer and routing of static magnetic fields.
We show how the static magnetic field of a finite source can be transferred and routed to arbitrary long distances. This is achieved by using transformation optics, which results in a device made of a material with a highly anisotropic magnetic permeability. We show that a simplified version of the device, made by a superconducting-ferromagnet hybrid, also leads to an excellent transfer of the magnetic field. The latter is demonstrated with a proof-of-principle experiment where a ferromagnet tube coated with a superconductor improves the transfer of static magnetic fields with respect to conventional methods by a 400% factor over distances of 14�cm. PMID:25014816
Navau, C; Prat-Camps, J; Romero-Isart, O; Cirac, J I; Sanchez, A
Crystal field and magnetic properties
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Magnetization and magnetic susceptibility measurements have been made in the temperature range 1.3 to 4.2 K on powdered samples of ErH3. The susceptibility exhibits Curie-Weiss behavior from 4.2 to 2 K, and intercepts the negative temperature axis at theta = 1.05 + or - 0.05 K, indicating that the material is antiferromagnetic. The low field effective moment is 6.77 + or - 0.27 Bohr magnetons per ion. The magnetization exhibits a temperature independent contribution, the slope of which is (5 + or - 1.2) x 10 to the -6th Weber m/kg Tesla. The saturation moment is 3.84 + or - 1 - 0.15 Bohr magnetons per ion. The results can be qualitatively explained by the effects of crystal fields on the magnetic ions. No definitive assignment of a crystal field ground state can be given, nor can a clear choice between cubically or hexagonally symmetric crystal fields be made. For hexagonal symmetry, the first excited state is estimated to be 86 to 100 K above the ground state. For cubic symmetry, the splitting is on the order of 160 to 180 K.
Flood, D. J.
Swarm: ESA's Magnetic Field Mission
Swarm is the fifth Earth Explorer mission in ESA's Living Planet Programme. The objective of the Swarm mission is to provide the best ever survey of the geomagnetic field and its temporal evolution. The Mission shall deliver data that allow access to new insights into the Earth system by improving our understanding of the Earth's interior and near-Earth electro-magnetic environment.
R. Haagmans; Y. Menard; R. Floberghagen; G. Plank; M. R. Drinkwater
Transverse Magnetic Field Propellant Isolator
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
An alternative high voltage isolator for electric propulsion and ground-based ion source applications has been designed and tested. This design employs a transverse magnetic field that increases the breakdown voltage. The design can greatly enhance the operating range of laboratory isolators used for high voltage applications.
Foster, John E.
Optical rectification in a strained GaAs0.9P0.1/GaAs0.6P0.4 quantum dot: Simultaneous effects of electric and magnetic fields
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Simultaneous effects of electric field and magnetic field on exciton binding energy as a function of dot radius in a cylindrical GaAs0.9P0.1/GaAs0.6P0.4 strained quantum dot are investigated. The strain contribution includes the strong built-in electric field induced by the spontaneous and piezoelectric polarizations. Numerical calculations are performed using variational procedure within the single band effective mass approximation. Optical rectification in the GaAs0.9P0.1/GaAs0.6P0.4 quantum dot is computed in the presence of electric and magnetic fields.
Vinolin, Ada; Peter, A. John
Large-scale solar magnetic fields
Topics discussed in this review of large-scale solar magnetic fields include large-scale magnetic surface features, the solar activity cycle and the large-scale patterns, and magnetic fields in the corona. Features considered include the decay of active regions, the background field pattern, the polar fields, giant regular structures, expansion of the field in surface harmonics, and the average inclination of magnetic-field
R. Howard
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
The observed properties of solar magnetic fields are reviewed, with particular reference to the complexities imposed on the field by motions of the highly conducting gas. Turbulent interactions between gas and field lead to heating or cooling of the gas according to whether the field energy density is less or greater than the maximum kinetic energy density in the convection zone. The field strength above which cooling sets in is 700 gauss. A weak solar dipole field may be primeval, but dynamo action is also important in generating new flux. The dynamo is probably not confined to the convection zone, but extends throughout most of the volume of the sun. Planetary tides appear to play a role in driving the dynamo.
Mullan, D. J.
Magnetic field effects on quantum ring excitons
We study the effect of magnetic field and geometric confinement on excitons confined to a quantum ring. We use analytical matrix elements of the Coulomb interaction and diagonalize numerically the effective-mass Hamiltonian of the problem. To explore the role of different boundary conditions, we investigate the quantum ring structure with a parabolic confinement potential, which allows the wave functions to be expressed in terms of center of mass and relative degrees of freedom of the exciton. On the other hand, wave functions expressed in terms of Bessel functions for electron and hole are used for a hard-wall confinement potential. The binding energy and electron--hole separation of the exciton are calculated as function of the width of the ring and the strength of an external magnetic field. The linear optical susceptibility as a function of magnetic fields is also discussed. We explore the Coulomb electron--hole correlation and magnetic confinement for several ring width and size combinations. The Aharanov--Bohm oscillations of exciton characteristics predicted for one-dimensional rings are found to not be present in these finite-width systems.
Song, Jakyoung; Ulloa, Sergio E.
Magnetic field sensor based on magnetic fluid clad etched fiber Bragg grating
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
A novel fiber optical fiber-magnetic sensor based on magnetic fluid is proposed in this paper. The stable nanoparticles Fe 3O 4 magnetic fluid was synthesized firstly; the Fe 3O 4 magnetic fluid was injected in capillaries containing etched fiber Bragg grating (FBG) as sensing element. The reflected Bragg wavelength was changed by varying the magnetic field which is perpendicular to the axial of FBG. Experimental results show that the FBG with small diameter has more sensitive wavelength shift in magnetic field. When the magnetic field increases to 25 mT, the wavelength shift of the most sensitive FBG is 86 pm, and the etched FBG shows reversible response on magnetic fields under 16 mT.
Dai, Jixiang; Yang, Minghong; Li, Xiaobing; Liu, Hongliang; Tong, Xinglin
Human Brain Like Memory Behavior in the Magnetic Domain Expansion Type Magneto-Optical Disk.
National Technical Information Service (NTIS)
Magnetic Amplifying Magneto-Optical System (MAMMOS) shows human brain like memory behavior. Magnetic field and laser power have threshold to recover the stored memory like the human response of remembering. MAMMOS also has a feature to amplify very small ...
N. Ota H. Awano M. Tani S. Imai
Integrated E-field and B-field sensor using electro-optic and magneto-optic materials
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
In this presentation, we describe an integrated, fiber optic, electro-optic (EO) and magneto-optic (MO) sensor for the detection and measurement of electric and magnetic fields. Conventional sensors such as dipole and loop antennas are metallic-based, thereby perturbing the very fields they measure. Additionally, metallic probes cannot be used high power microwaves, large magnetic fields, or in small cavities. EO sensors (based on the Pockels Effect) and MO sensors (based on the Faraday rotation) are small in size (a few mm^2), have large bandwidths, and detect external electric and magnetic fields optically without the use of metallic components in the sensorhead. In spite of their intrinsic advantages, EO and MO sensors are rarely used in actual field measurement applications and are confined to more research-oriented laboratory applications due to low sensitivity, optical phase noise and other limitations. In this presentation, we describe an integrated EO and MO sensor which overcomes many of these obstacles and has been used in a variety of field tests involving numerous sources of electric and magnetic fields. Experimental data is presented with power levels from tens of milliwatts to several megawatts and frequencies from dc to 10 GHz.
Garzarella, Anthony; Wu, Dong Ho
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
The magnetic field of the Earth has global meaning for a life on the Earth. The world geophysical science explains: - occurrence of a magnetic field of the Earth it is transformation of kinetic energy of movements of the fused iron in the liquid core of Earth - into the magnetic energy; - the warming up of a kernel of the Earth occurs due to radioactive disintegration of elements, with excretion of thermal energy. The world science does not define the reasons: - drift of a magnetic dipole on 0,2 a year to the West; - drift of lithospheric slabs and continents. The author offers: an alternative variant existing in a world science the theories "Geodynamo" - it is the theory � the Magnetic field of the Earth �, created on the basis of physical laws. Education of a magnetic field of the Earth occurs at moving the electric charge located in a liquid kernel, at rotation of the Earth. At calculation of a magnetic field is used law the Bio Savara for a ring electric current: dB = . Magnetic induction in a kernel of the Earth: B = 2,58 Gs. According to the law of electromagnetic induction the Faradey, rotation of a iron kernel of the Earth in magnetic field causes occurrence of an electric field Emf which moves electrons from the center of a kernel towards the mantle. So of arise the radial electric currents. The magnetic field amplifies the iron of mantle and a kernel of the Earth. As a result of action of a radial electric field the electrons will flow from the center of a kernel in a layer of an electric charge. The central part of a kernel represents the field with a positive electric charge, which creates inverse magnetic field Binv and Emfinv When ?mfinv = ?mf ; ?inv = B, there will be an inversion a magnetic field of the Earth. It is a fact: drift of a magnetic dipole of the Earth in the western direction approximately 0,2 longitude, into a year. Radial electric currents a actions with the basic magnetic field of a Earth - it turn a kernel. It coincides with laws of electromagnetism. According to a rule of the left hand: if the magnetic field in a kernel is directed to drawing, electric current are directed to an axis of rotation of the Earth, - a action of force clockwise (to West). Definition of the force causing drift a kernel according to the law of Ampere F = IBlsin. Powerful force 3,5 � 1012 Nyton, what makes drift of the central part of a kernel of the Earth on 0,2 the longitude in year to West, and also it is engine of the mechanism of movement of slabs together with continents. Movement of a core of the Earth carry out around of a terrestrial axis one circulation in the western direction in 2000 of years. Linear speed of rotation of a kernel concerning a mantle on border the mantle a kernel: V = � 3,471 � 10 = 3,818 � 10 m/s = 33 m/day = 12 km/years. Considering greater viscosity of a mantle, the powerful energy at rotation of a kernel seize a mantle and lithospheric slabs and makes their collisions as a result of which there are earthquakes and volcano. Continents Northern and Southern America every year separate from the Europe and Africa on several centimeters. Atlantic ocean as a result of movement of these slabs with such speed was formed for 200 million years, that in comparison with the age of the Earth - several billions years, not so long time. Drift of a kernel in the western direction is a principal cause of delay of speed of rotation of the Earth. Flow of radial electric currents allot according to the law of Joule - Lenz, the quantity of warmth : Q = I2Rt = IUt, of thermal energy 6,92 � 1017 calories/year. This defines heating of a kernel and the Earth as a whole. In the valley of the median-Atlantic ridge having numerous volcanos, the lava flow constantly thus warm up waters of Atlantic ocean. It is a fact the warm current Gulf Stream. Thawing of a permafrost and ices of Arctic ocean, of glaciers of Greenland and Antarctica is acknowledgement: the warmth of earth defines character of thawing of glaciers and a permafrost. This is a global warming. The version of the author: the period
Popov, Aleksey
Electron dynamics in inhomogeneous magnetic fields.
This review explores the dynamics of two-dimensional electrons in magnetic potentials that vary on scales smaller than the mean free path. The physics of microscopically inhomogeneous magnetic fields relates to important fundamental problems in the fractional quantum Hall effect, superconductivity, spintronics and graphene physics and spins out promising applications which will be described here. After introducing the initial work done on electron localization in random magnetic fields, the experimental methods for fabricating magnetic potentials are presented. Drift-diffusion phenomena are then described, which include commensurability oscillations, magnetic channelling, resistance resonance effects and magnetic dots. We then review quantum phenomena in magnetic potentials including magnetic quantum wires, magnetic minibands in superlattices, rectification by snake states, quantum tunnelling and Klein tunnelling. The third part is devoted to spintronics in inhomogeneous magnetic fields. This covers spin filtering by magnetic field gradients and circular magnetic fields, electrically induced spin resonance, spin resonance fluorescence and coherent spin manipulation. PMID:21393794
Nogaret, Alain
Magnetic Trapping of Molecules via Optical Loading and Magnetic Slowing
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Calcium monofluoride (CaF) is magnetically slowed and trapped using optical pumping. Starting from a collisionally cooled slow beam, CaF with an initial velocity of �30 m/s is slowed via magnetic forces as it enters a 800 mK deep magnetic trap. Employing two-stage optical pumping, CaF is irreversibly loaded into the trap via two scattered photons. We observe a trap lifetime exceeding 500 ms limited by background collisions. This method paves the way for cooling and magnetic trapping of chemically diverse molecules without closed cycling transitions.
Lu, Hsin-I.; Kozyryev, Ivan; Hemmerling, Boerge; Piskorski, Julia; Doyle, John M.
Oxide superconductors under magnetic field
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
One of the current most serious problems for the oxide superconductors from the standpoint of practical application is the various novel features derived mainly from their extremely short coherence. In particular, the coherence length so far observed in the cuprate superconductors is in the range of 0.1 nm perpendicular to the CuO2 plane. This seems to be creating most of the difficulties in the device fabrication and in the performance under the magnetic field. Some of the superconducting properties under the magnetic field will be discussed in terms of the short coherence length. A model will be presented based on the gradual strengthening of the pinning force with decrease in temperature and the weak coupling at the grain boundaries. Secondly, the broadening of the superconducting transition under the magnetic field is discussed. This is observed significantly only when the field is applied perpendicular to the basal plane and the relative orientation of the current to the field is insignificant in determining the extent of the broadening. Besides, the change in the strength of the pinning force does not affect the width of the broadening. From these observations discussions will be made on a model based on the giant fluctuation. Based on this model, it is predicted that the coherence length along the c-axis will be the single most important material parameter to determine the performance of the superconductor under a strong magnetic field. It seems that BYCO is superior in this regard to Bi- or Tl-systems as far as the performance at 77 K is considered, although another material with the coherence length slightly longer along the c-axis is still highly desired.
Kitazawa, K.
Oxide superconductors under magnetic field
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
One of the current most serious problems for the oxide superconductors from the standpoint of practical application is the various novel features derived mainly from their extremely short coherence. In particular, the coherence length so far observed in the cuprate superconductors is in the range of 0.1 nm perpendicular to the CuO2 plane. This seems to be creating most of the difficulties in the device fabrication and in the performance under the magnetic field. Some of the superconducting properties under the magnetic field will be discussed in terms of the short coherence length. A model will be presented based on the gradual strengthening of the pinning force with decrease in temperature and the weak coupling at the grain boundaries. Secondly, the broadening of the superconducting transition under the magnetic field is discussed. This is observed significantly only when the field is applied perpendicular to the basal plane and the relative orientation of the current to the field is insignificant in determining the extent of broadening. Besides, the change in the strength of the pinning force does not affect the width of the broadening. From these observations discussions will be made on a model based on the giant fluctuation. Based on this model, it is predicted that the coherence length along the c-axis will be the single most important material parameter to determine the performance of the superconductor under a strong magnetic field. It seems that BYCO is superior in this regard to Bi- or Tl-systems as far as the performance at 77 K is considered, although another material with the coherence length slightly longer along the c-axis is still highly desired.
Kitazawa, K.
Multi-purpose fiber optic sensors for high temperature superconducting magnets
Tokamak fusion reactors require the development of magnets capable of generating large magnetic fields under stringent structural constraints. Magnets made with high temperature superconductors (HTS) are well suited to this application, but are vulnerable to quench occurrence during operation. Temperature and strain sensors based on fiber optics are being developed as a first step to counter this contingency. Optical fibers
M. Turenne; R. Johnson; F. Hunte; J. Schwartz; H. Song
Dynamics of Magnetic Bubbles in Acoustic and Magnetic Fields
We report on shelled bubbles that can be manipulated with magnetic fields. The magnetic shell consists of self-assembled magnetic nanoparticles. The magnetic susceptibility of the bubbles is proportional to the surface area, chib=(9�3�10-6m)r2 where r is the radius. Magnetic bubbles are compressible in moderate acoustic fields. A bubble with a radius of 121mum oscillates in resonance in a sound field
Xue Zhao; Pedro A. Quinto-Su; Claus-Dieter Ohl
Optics of magnetic photonic crystals with mu-negative materials
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
In this paper, we have made an analysis of the optics of magnetic photonic crystals having mu-negative materials. We consider the magnetic photonic crystal with different values of the magnetic permeability of the materials (PIM). Such materials will be affected by the applied magnetic field and can also exhibit the properties of superconducting materials. We infer that PhC with MNM and PIM materials can be used as tunable devices by choosing proper thickness, damping factor, and mu-value of the PIM.
Kumar, N.; Thapa, K. B.; Janma, Ram; Pandey, G. N.; Reena
Diagnostics of vector magnetic fields
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
It is shown that the vector magnetic fields derived from observations with a filter magnetograph will be severely distorted if the spatially unresolved magnetic structure is not properly accounted for. Thus the apparent vector field will appear much more horizontal than it really is, but this distortion is strongly dependent on the area factor and the temperature line weakenings. As the available fluxtube models are not sufficiently well determined, it is not possible to correct the filter magnetograph observations for these effects in a reliable way, although a crude correction is of course much better than no correction at all. The solution to this diagnostic problem is to observe simultaneously in suitable combinations of spectral lines, and/or use Stokes line profiles recorded with very high spectral resolution. The diagnostic power of using a Fourier transform spectrometer for polarimetry is shown and some results from I and V spectra are illustrated. The line asymmetries caused by mass motions inside the fluxtubes adds an extra complication to the diagnostic problem, in particular as there are indications that the motions are nonstationary in nature. The temperature structure appears to be a function of fluxtube diameter, as a clear difference between plage and network fluxtubes was revealed. The divergence of the magnetic field with height plays an essential role in the explanation of the Stokes V asymmetries (in combination with the mass motions). A self consistent treatment of the subarcsec field geometry may be required to allow an accurate derivation of the spatially averaged vector magnetic field from spectrally resolved data.
Stenflo, J. O.
Polymerization and dissolution of fibrin under homogeneous magnetic fields
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
We investigated whether or not a mutually compensating state of coagulation and fibrinolysis is changed by homogeneous magnetic fields. We used a superconducting magnet which produced magnetic fields of up to 14 T at its center. Fibrin polymerization over time, and the subsequent dissolution of the fibrin fiber network, were observed by measuring the optical absorbance of the mixture at 350 nm. A spectrophotometer with an external optical cell box in a superconducting magnet was used. We observed that the optical absorbance of the mixture at 350 nm increased during the fibrin-polymerization process, and decreased during the fibrinolytic processes. The optical absorbance was stable in the transient state between fibrin-polymerization and fibrinolytic processes. A magnetic field of 14 T increased the rate of the polymerization process by 55%-70% compared to the control group. On the other hand, the rate of the fibrinolytic process under a magnetic field at 14 T, increased by 27%-140% compared to the control. The results indicate that the magnetic orientation of fibrin fibers accelerated both the polymerization and the dissolution of fibrin fibers.
Iwasaka, M.; Takeuchi, M.; Ueno, S.; Tsuda, H.
Magnetic resonance imaging with an optical atomic magnetometer.
We report an approach for the detection of magnetic resonance imaging without superconducting magnets and cryogenics: optical atomic magnetometry. This technique possesses a high sensitivity independent of the strength of the static magnetic field, extending the applicability of magnetic resonance imaging to low magnetic fields and eliminating imaging artifacts associated with high fields. By coupling with a remote-detection scheme, thereby improving the filling factor of the sample, we obtained time-resolved flow images of water with a temporal resolution of 0.1 s and spatial resolutions of 1.6 mm perpendicular to the flow and 4.5 mm along the flow. Potentially inexpensive, compact, and mobile, our technique provides a viable alternative for MRI detection with substantially enhanced sensitivity and time resolution for various situations where traditional MRI is not optimal. PMID:16885210
Xu, Shoujun; Yashchuk, Valeriy V; Donaldson, Marcus H; Rochester, Simon M; Budker, Dmitry; Pines, Alexander
Production and detection of atomic hexadecapole at Earth's magnetic field.
Optical magnetometers measure magnetic fields with extremely high precision and without cryogenics. However, at geomagnetic fields, important for applications from landmine removal to archaeology, they suffer from nonlinear Zeeman splitting, leading to systematic dependence on sensor orientation. We present experimental results on a method of eliminating this systematic error, using the hexadecapole atomic polarization moment. In particular, we demonstrate selective production of the atomic hexadecapole moment at Earth's magnetic field and verify its immunity to nonlinear Zeeman splitting. This technique promises to eliminate directional errors in all-optical atomic magnetometers, potentially improving their measurement accuracy by several orders of magnitude. PMID:18648462
Acosta, V M; Auzinsh, M; Gawlik, W; Grisins, P; Higbie, J M; Jackson Kimball, D F; Krzemien, L; Ledbetter, M P; Pustelny, S; Rochester, S M; Yashchuk, V V; Budker, D
On the relation between photospheric flow fields and the magnetic field distribution on the solar surface
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Using the technique of local correlation tracking on a 28 minute time sequence of white-light images of solar granulation, the horizontal flow field on the solar surface is measured. The time series was obtained by the Solar Optical Universal Polarimeter (SOUP) on Spacelab 2 (Space Shuttle flight 51-F) and is free from atmospheric blurring and distortion. The SOUP flow fields have been compared with carefully aligned magnetograms taken over a nine hour period at the Big Bear Solar Observatory before, during, and after the SOUP images. The flow field and the magnetic field agree in considerable detail: vectors which define the flow of the white-light intensity pattern (granulation) point toward magnetic field regions, magnetic fields surround flow cells, and magnetic features move along the flow arrows. The projected locations of free particles ('corks') in the measured flow field congregate at the same locations where the magnetic field is observed.
Simon, George W.; Title, A. M.; Topka, K. P.; Tarbell, T. D.; Shine, R. A.
Explaining Mercury's peculiar magnetic field
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
MESSENGER magnetometer data revealed that Mercury's magnetic field is not only particularly weak but also has a peculiar geometry. The MESSENGER team finds that the location of the magnetic equator always lies significantly north of the geographic equator, is largely independent of the distance to the planet, and also varies only weakly with longitude. The field is best described by an axial dipole that is offset to the north by about 20% of the planetary radius. In terms of classical Gauss coefficients, this translates into a low axial dipole component of g10= -190 nT but a relatively large axial quadrupole contribution that amounts to roughly 40% of this value. The axial octupole is also sizable while higher harmonic contributions are much weaker. Very remarkable is also the fact that the equatorial dipole contribution is very small, consistent with a dipole tilt below 0.8 degree, and this is also true for the other non-axisymmetic field contributions. We analyze several numerical dynamos concerning their capability of explaining Mercury's magnetic field. Classical schemes geared to model the geomagnetic field typically show a much weaker quadrupole component and thus a smaller offset. The onset only becomes larger when the dynamo operates in the multipolar regime at higher Rayleigh numbers. However, since the more complex dynamics generally promotes all higher multipole contributions the location of the magnetic equator varies strongly with longitude and distance to the planet. The situation improves when introducing a stably stratified outer layer in the dynamo region, representing either a rigid FeS layer or a sub-adiabatic core-mantle boundary heat flux. This layer filters out the higher harmonic contributions and the field not only becomes sufficiently weak but also assumes a Mercury like offset geometry during a few percent of the simulation time. To increase the likelihood for the offset configuration, the north-south symmetry must be permanently broken and we explore two scenarios. Increasing the heat flux through the northern hemisphere of the core-mantle boundary is an obvious choice but is not supported by current models for Mercury's mantle. We find that a combination of internal rather than bottom driving and an increased heat flux through the equatorial region of the core-mantle boundary also promotes the required symmetry breaking and results in very Mercury like fields. The reason is that the imposed heat flux pattern, though being equatorially symmetric, lowers the critical Rayleigh number for the onset of equatorially anti-symmetric convection modes. In both scenarios, a stably stratified layer or a feedback coupling to the magnetospheric field is required for lowering the field strength to Mercury-like values.
Wicht, Johannes; Cao, Hao; Heyner, Daniel; Dietrich, Wieland; Christensen, Ulrich R.
Magnetic domain structure in thin film under alternate magnetic field
Magnetic domain structures in a garnet thin film under alternate magnetic fields have been investigated. In alternate magnetic fields, a labyrinth structure approaches a parallel-stripe structure. The competition among the segment clusters, in which stripes have different directions, causes stable dynamical domain structures. With the increase of the amplitude of alternate fields, the segment clusters become small.
M. Mino; H. Yamazaki
Magnetic domain structure in thin film under alternate magnetic field
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Magnetic domain structures in a garnet thin film under alternate magnetic fields have been investigated. In alternate magnetic fields, a labyrinth structure approaches a parallel-stripe structure. The competition among the segment clusters, in which stripes have different directions, causes stable dynamical domain structures. With the increase of the amplitude of alternate fields, the segment clusters become small.
Mino, M.; Yamazaki, H.
Magnetic domain structure in thin film under alternate magnetic field
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Magnetic domain structures in a garnet thin film under alternate magnetic fields have been investigated. In alternate magnetic fields, a labyrinth structure approaches a parallel-stripe structure. The competition among the segment clusters, in which stripes have different directions, causes stable dynamical domain structures. With the increase of the amplitude of alternate fields, the segment clusters become small.
Mino, M.; Yamazaki, H.
Brass plasmoid in external magnetic field at different air pressures
The behavior of expanding brass plasmoid generated by 266 nm wavelength of Nd:YAG laser in nonuniform magnetic field at different air pressures has been examined using optical emission spectroscopy and fast imaging of plasma plumes. The splitting of the plasma plumes and enhancement of intensity of Cu I at 510.5 nm in the presence of magnetic field at lower pressures are discussed. The threading and expulsion of the magnetic field lines through the plasmoid are correlated with the ambient pressure. The stoichiometry of the plasma plume is not significantly influenced by the magnetic field; however, the abundance of neutral to ionic species of Cu and Zn is greatly influenced by the magnetic field.
Patel, D. N.; Thareja, Raj K. [Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, UP 208016 (India)] [Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, UP 208016 (India); Pandey, Pramod K. [WCI-Center for Quantum-Beam Based Radiation Research, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Daojeon (Korea, Republic of)] [WCI-Center for Quantum-Beam Based Radiation Research, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Daojeon (Korea, Republic of)
Comparing Magnetic Fields on Earth and Mars
This animation compares the magnetic fields on Earth and Mars. The Earth has a large-scale planetary magnetic field that can protect it from space weather and other hazards. Mars, on the other hand...
Measurements of Solar Vector Magnetic Fields
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Various aspects of the measurement of solar magnetic fields are presented. The four major subdivisions of the study are: (1) theoretical understanding of solar vector magnetic fields; (3) techniques for interpretation of observational data; and (4) techniques for data display.
Hagyard, M. J. (editor)
Anisotropic Magnetism in Field-Structured Composites
Magnetic field-structured-composites (FSCs) are made by structuring magnetic particle suspensions in uniaxial or biaxial (e.g. rotating) magnetic fields, while polymerizing the suspending resin. A uniaxial field produces chain-like particle structures, and a biaxial field produces sheet-like particle structures. In either case, these anisotropic structures affect the measured magnetic hysteresis loops, with the magnetic remanence and susceptibility increased significantly along the axis of the structuring field, and decreased slightly orthogonal to the structuring field, relative to the unstructured particle composite. The coercivity is essentially unaffected by structuring. We present data for FSCs of magnetically soft particles, and demonstrate that the altered magnetism can be accounted for by considering the large local fields that occur in FSCs. FSCS of magnetically hard particles show unexpectedly large anisotropies in the remanence, and this is due to the local field effects in combination with the large crystalline anisotropy of this material.
Anderson, Robert A.; Martin, James E.; Odinek, Judy; Venturini, Eugene
Photonic Metamaterials: Magnetism at Optical Frequencies
Photonic metamaterials are man-made materials with �lattice constants� smaller than the wavelength of light. Tailoring the properties of their functional building blocks (atoms) allows one to go beyond the possibilities of usual materials. For example, magnetic dipole moments at optical frequencies $(mu neq 1)$ become possible. This aspect substantially enriches the possibilities of optics and photonics and forms the basis
Stefan Linden; Christian Enkrich; Gunnar Dolling; Matthias W. Klein; Jiangfeng Zhou; Thomas Koschny; Costas M. Soukoulis; Sven Burger; Frank Schmidt; Martin Wegener
Magnetic order of UPt3 in high magnetic fields
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
The weak magnetic order of the heavy-fermion superconductor UPt3 has been investigated by elastic neutron-scattering measurements in magnetic fields up to 12 T along the a and c axes of the hexagonal crystal structure. The small antiferromagnetically ordered moment of 0.02?B/(U atom) shows only a weak dependence on the applied magnetic field and no sign of a domain repopulation for B?a. In high magnetic fields an increase in the magnetic correlation length is observed for magnetic fields along the c axis.
van Dijk, N. H.; F�k, B.; Regnault, L. P.; Huxley, A.; Fern�ndez-D�az, M.-T.
Large-scale magnetic fields in Bok globules
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Context. The role of magnetic fields in the star formation process is a contentious matter of debate. In particular, no clear observational proof exists of a general influence by magnetic fields during the initial collapse of molecular clouds. Aims: Our aim is to examine magnetic fields and their influence on a wide range of spatial scales in low-mass star-forming regions. Methods: We trace the large-scale magnetic field structure on scales of 103-105 AU in the local environment of Bok globules through optical and near-infrared polarimetry and combine these measurements with existing submillimeter measurements, thereby characterizing the small-scale magnetic field structure on scales of 102-103 AU. Results: For the first time, we present polarimetric observations in the optical and near-infrared of the three Bok globules B335, CB68, and CB54, combined with archival observations in the submillimeter and the optical. We find a significant polarization signal (P ? 2%,P/?P > 3) in the optical and near-infrared for all three globules. Additionally, we detect a connection between the structure on scales of 102-103 AU to 103-104 AU for both B335 and CB68. Furthermore, for CB54, we trace ordered polarization vectors on scales of ~105 AU. We determine a magnetic field orientation that is aligned with the CO outflow in the case of CB54, but nearly perpendicular to the CO outflow for CB68. For B335 we find a change in the magnetic field oriented toward the outflow direction, from the inner core to the outer regions. Conclusions: We find strongly aligned polarization vectors that indicate dominant magnetic fields on a wide range of spatial scales. Based on observations made with ESO telescopes at the La Silla Paranal Observatory under programme IDs 089.C-0846(A) and 090.C-0785(A).
Bertrang, G.; Wolf, S.; Das, H. S.
Modeling graphene: Magnetic, transport and optical properties
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Graphene, with its unique linear dispersion near the Fermi energy, has attracted great attention since its successful isolation from highly oriented pyrolytic graphite in 2004. Many important properties have been identified in graphene, including a remarkably high mobility at room temperature, an unusual quantum hall effect, and an ambipolar electric field effect. It has been proposed as a candidate for many applications, such as optical modulators, spintronic devices, and solar cells. Understanding the fundamental properties of graphene is therefore important. In this dissertation, I present a study of transport, magnetism and optical properties of graphene. In the first chapter, I introduce the electronic properties of mono layer and few layer graphene. In the second chapter, I present low temperature transport measurements in few layer graphene. An electric-field induced semimetal-to-metal transition is observed based on the temperature dependence of the resistance for different applied gate voltages. At small gate voltages the resistance decreases with increasing temperature due to the increase in carrier concentration resulting from thermal excitation of electron-hole pairs, as it is characteristic of a semimetal. At large gate, voltages excitations of electron-hole pairs are suppressed, and the resistance increases with increasing temperature because of the decrease in mean free path due to electron-phonon scattering, as is characteristic of a metal. The electron and hole mobilities are almost equal, so there is approximate electron-hole symmetry. The data are analyzed according to two different theoretical models for few-layer graphene. A simple two band (STB) model, two overlapping bands with quadratic energy-versus-momentum dispersion relations, is used to explain the experimental observations. The best fitting parameter for the overlap energy is found to be 16 meV. However, at low temperatures, the STB suggests that the conductivity is gate independent in the small gate voltage regime, which is not observed in the data. By considering frustration of the electronic potential due to impurities from the substrate, a Gaussian-distribution puddle model can successfully describe the observed transport behavior in the low temperature, small gate voltage regime. In the third chapter, I investigate the effects of point and line defects in monolayer graphene within the framework of the Hubbard model, using a self-consistent mean field theory. These defects are found to induce characteristic patterns into the electronic density of states and cause non-uniform distributions of magnetic moments in the vicinity of the impurity sites. Specifically, defect induced resonances in the local density of states are observed at energies close to the Dirac points. The magnitudes of the frequencies of these resonance states are shown to decrease with the strength of the scattering potential, whereas their amplitudes decay algebraically with increasing distance from the defect. For the case of defect clusters, we observe that with increasing defect cluster size the local magnetic moments in the vicinity of the cluster center are strongly enhanced. Furthermore, non-trivial impurity induced magnetic patterns are observed in the presence of line defects: zigzag line defects are found to introduce stronger-amplitude magnetic patterns than armchair line defects. When the scattering strength of these topological defects is increased, the induced patterns of magnetic moments become more strongly localized. In the fourth chapter, I theoretically study the electronic properties properties in graphene dots under mechanical deformation, using both tight binding lattice model and effective Dirac model. We observed an edge state, which is tunned by an effective quantum well originating from a strain-induced gauge field. Applying a uniaxial strain along the zigzag or armchair directions enhances or dampens the edge state due to the development of edge quantum wells. When an arc bending deformation is applied, the inner and outer edges of graphene dot
Chang, Yi Chen
Crustal Magnetic Fields of Terrestrial Planets
Magnetic field measurements are very valuable, as they provide constraints on the interior of the telluric planets and Moon.\\u000a The Earth possesses a planetary scale magnetic field, generated in the conductive and convective outer core. This global magnetic\\u000a field is superimposed on the magnetic field generated by the rocks of the crust, of induced (i.e. aligned on the current main
Benoit Langlais; Vincent Lesur; Michael E. Purucker; Jack E. P. Connerney; Mioara Mandea
Magnetic holes in the solar wind. [(interplanetary magnetic fields)
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
An analysis is presented of high resolution interplanetary magnetic field measurements from the magnetometer on Explorer 43 which showed that low magnetic field intensities in the solar wind at 1 AU occur as distinct depressions or 'holes'. These magnetic holes are new kinetic-scale phenomena, having a characteristic dimension on the order of 20,000 km. They occurred at a rate of 1.5/day in the 18-day time span (March 18 to April 6, 1971) that was analyzed. Most of the magnetic holes are characterized by both a depression in the absolute value of the magnetic field, and a change in the magnetic field direction; some of these are possibly the result of magnetic merging. However, in other cases the magnetic field direction does not change; such holes are not due to magnetic merging, but might be a diamagnetic effect due to localized plasma inhomogeneities.
Turner, J. M.; Burlaga, L. F.; Ness, N. F.; Lemaire, J. F.
Swarm: ESA's Magnetic Field Mission
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Swarm is the fifth Earth Explorer mission in ESA�s Living Planet Programme. The objective of the Swarm mission is to provide the best ever survey of the geomagnetic field and its temporal evolution. The Mission shall deliver data that allow access to new insights into the Earth system by improving our understanding of the Earth�s interior and near-Earth electro-magnetic environment. After release from a single launcher, a side-by-side flying slowly decaying lower pair of satellites will be released at an initial altitude of about 490 km together with a third satellite that will be lifted to 530 km to complete the Swarm constellation. High-precision and high-resolution measurements of the strength, direction and variation of the magnetic field, complemented by precise navigation, accelerometer and electric field measurements, will provide the observations that are required to separate and model various sources of the geomagnetic field and near-Earth current systems. The mission aims to provide a unique view into Earth core dynamics, mantle conductivity, crustal magnetisation, ionospheric and magnetospheric current systems and upper atmosphere dynamics - ranging from understanding the geodynamo to contributing to space weather. The scientific objectives and results from recent scientific studies will be presented. In addition the current status of the project, which is presently in the development phase, will be addressed. The mission is scheduled for launch in 2012.
Haagmans, R.; Menard, Y.; Floberghagen, R.; Plank, G.; Drinkwater, M. R.
Magnetic field sensors using GMR multilayer
Wheatstone bridge magnetic field sensors using giant magnetoresistive ratio (GMR) multilayers were designed, fabricated, and evaluated. The GMR ranged from 10% to 20% with saturation fields of 60 Oe to 300 Oe. The multilater resistances decreased linearly with magnetic field and showed little hysteresis. In one sensor configuration, a permanent magnet bias was placed between two pairs of magnetoresistors, each
J. Daughton; J. Brown; E. Chen; R. Beech; A. Pohm; W. Kude
MR imaging at high magnetic fields
Recently, more investigators have been applying higher magnetic field strengths (3�4 Tesla) in research and clinical settings. Higher magnetic field strength is expected to afford higher spatial resolution and\\/or a decrease in the length of total scan time due to its higher signal intensity. Besides MR signal intensity, however, there are several factors which are magnetic field dependent, thus the
Masaya Takahashi; Hidemasa Uematsu; Hiroto Hatabu
Magnetic field navigation in an indoor environment
This paper describes a method that has been developed to aid an inertial navigation system when GNSS signals are not available, by taking advantage of the uniqueness of magnetic field variations. Most indoor environments have many different features (ferrous structural materials or contents, electrical currents, etc.) which perturb the Earths natural magnetic field. The variations in the magnetic field in
William Storms; Jeremiah Shockley; John Raquet
An investigation was made of the current distribution set up by a ; magnetic field rotating about the axis of a cylindrical plasma. If the plasma ; resistivity was sufficiently small electrons rotated with the magnetic field ; producing a steady azimuthal current. In conjunction with an externally applied ; axial magnetic field such a system can be used to
H. Blevin; P. C. Thonemann
Magnetic field quality analysis using ANSYS.
National Technical Information Service (NTIS)
The design of superconducting magnets for particles accelerators requires a high quality of the magnetic field. This paper presents an ANSYS 4.4A Post 1 macro that computes the field quality performing a Fourier analysis of the magnetic field. The results...
D. Dell'Orco Y. Chen
Magnetic field effect for cellulose nanofiber alignment
Regenerated cellulose formed into cellulose nanofibers under strong magnetic field and aligned perpendicularly to the magnetic field. Well-aligned microfibrils were found as the exposure time of the magnetic field increased. Better alignment and more crystalline structure of the cellulose resulted in the increased decomposition temperature of the material. X-ray crystallograms showed that crystallinity index of the cellulose increased as the
Jaehwan Kim; Yi Chen; Kwang-Sun Kang; Young-Bin Park; Mark Schwartz
An ancient lunar magnetic dipole field
Theories giving the source of the previously hypothesized ancient strong lunar magnetic field and reasons for its disappearance are presented. It is suggested that since it was demonstrated that the moon possessed a small iron core, a dynamo process within this core may have accounted for the field. The disappearance of this magnetizing field can be explained; either the magnetic
S. K. Runcorn
Magnetic field gradient measurement on magnetic cards using magnetic force microscopy
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
The magnetic field gradients of magnetic stripe cards, which are developed for classifying magnetic particles used in magnetic particle inspections, have been measured using a magnetic force microscope (MFM). The magnetic force exerted on a MFM probe by the stray field emanating from the card was measured to determine the field gradients. The results are in good agreement with the field gradients estimated from the magnetizing field strengths used in the encoding process. .
Lo, C. C. H.; Leib, J.; Jiles, D. C.; Chedister, W. C.
Magnetic field gradient measurement on magnetic cards using magnetic force microscopy
The magnetic field gradients of magnetic stripe cards, which are developed for classifying magnetic particles used in magnetic particle inspections, have been measured using a magnetic force microscope (MFM). The magnetic force exerted on a MFM probe by the stray field emanating from the card was measured to determine the field gradients. The results are in good agreement with the
C. C. H. Lo; J. Leib; D. C. Jiles; W. C. Chedister
High-yield assembly of hinged 3D optical MEMS devices using magnetic actuation
We have developed a new magnetic actuation process for hinged, surface micromachined structures to assemble three-dimensional optical devices with high efficiency and high yield. Electroplated magnetic material (Permalloy) is integrated with two types of hinged microstructures and the magnetic actuation process has been experimentally characterized. Under a given external magnetic field, the angular displacement of a hinged structure is determined
Yong Yi; Chang Liu
Magnetic and optical studies of magnetic colloidal particles in water and oleic acid
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
The macro-size magnetic colloidal particles in both distilled water and oleic acid were prepared by using Fe3O4 ferrofluids (SMG018), the sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), and distilled water or oleic acid. The optical transmission of these ferrofluid emulsions has been investigated as functions of concentration of SDS between 0.64 and 3.73 wt %, incident optical wavelengths between 450 and 750 nm, and applied magnetic fields up to 141 Oe. The optical transmission shows maximum with concentration of SDS near 3.13 and 1.90 wt % for samples in distilled water and oleic acid, respectively. In general, under an applied magnetic field, the size of the magnetic colloidal particles for samples in oleic acid is smaller than that of samples in distilled water; however, the concentration of the magnetic colloidal particles is the opposite. This can be explained due to the different aggregation ability of the magnetic colloidal particles in both distilled water and oleic acid. The optical transmission of the samples is observed to be reversed proportional to the area covered by the magnetic colloidal particles.
Wu, K. T.; Yao, Y. D.; Huang, H. K.
Magnetic Fields in Molecular Clouds
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Maps of far-infrared and submillimeter polarization vectors have typically been examined one-at-a-time for magnetic field structure related to processes such as gravitational collapse, differential rotation, expanding H II regions, or tidal stripping. The same maps can be used to determine angular dispersion due to turbulence in molecular clouds, where the turbulent dispersion is distinguished from dispersion due to curvature of the large-scale structure or the apparent dispersion due to measurement error. Taking into account the differences between the dispersion due to magneto-hydrodynamic waves in the arms of the Galaxy and dispersion due to turbulence in molecular clouds, one can infer field strengths in dense clouds using a method analogous to that used by Chandresekhar & Fermi to determine field strengths in the Galactic plane. With an accurate archive of flux and polarization maps one can also determine three-dimensional cloud shapes and field orientations, or look for correlations between fields in molecular clouds and fields in the surrounding medium.
Hildebrand, R. H.
Interplanetary magnetic field data book
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
An interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) data set is presented that is uniform with respect to inclusion of cislunar IMF data only, and which has as complete time coverage as presently possible over a full solar cycle. Macroscale phenomena in the interplanetary medium (sector structure, heliolatitude variations, solar cycle variations, etc.) and other phenomena (e.g., ground level cosmic-ray events) for which knowledge of the IMF with hourly resolution is necessary, are discussed. Listings and plots of cislunar hourly averaged IMP parameters over the period November 27, 1963, to May 17, 1974, are presented along with discussion of the mutual consistency of the IMF data used herein. The magnetic tape from which the plots and listings were generated, which is available from the National Space Science Data Center (NSSDC), is also discussed.
King, J. H.
The Giotto magnetic field investigation
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
The Giotto spacecraft will carry sensors for investigating the interplanetary magnetic field while en route and the interaction between the solar wind magnetoplasma and Halley's Comet neutral gas outflow during close approach. Giotto will carry an outboard biaxial fluxgate system and inboard electronics. The instrumentation draws 1.2 kW and weighs 1.31 kg. Sampling rates will be 28/sec during close encounter, covering selectable ranges from 16 nT to 65,535 nT. In-flight calibration techniques are under development to ensure magnetic cleanliness will be obtained. Measurements are also planned of the inbound bow shock, the magnetosheath and the cometary ionopause. The data will be collected as close as 1000 km from the comet surface.
Neubauer, F. M.; Musmann, G.; Acuna, M. H.; Burlaga, L. F.; Ness, N. F.; Mariani, F.; Wallis, M.; Ungstrup, E.; Schmidt, H.
Suppression of magnetic relaxation by a transverse alternating magnetic field
The evolution of the spatial distribution of the magnetic induction in a superconductor after the action of the alternating magnetic field perpendicular to the trapped magnetic flux has been analyzed. The observed stabilization of the magnetic induction profile is attributed to the increase in the pinning force, so that the screening current density becomes subcritical. The last statement is corroborated by direct measurements.
Voloshin, I. F.; Kalinov, A. V.; Fisher, L. M. [All-Russia Electrical Engineering Institute (Russian Federation)], E-mail: email@example.com; Yampol'skii, V. A. [National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Institute of Radiophysics and Electronics (Ukraine)], E-mail: email@example.com
Magnetic field sources and their threat to magnetic media
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Magnetic storage media (tapes, disks, cards, etc.) may be damaged by external magnetic fields. The potential for such damage has been researched, but no objective standard exists for the protection of such media. This paper summarizes a magnetic storage facility standard, Publication 933, that ensures magnetic protection of data storage media.
Jewell, Steve
Magnetic nanostructures as amplifiers of transverse fields in magnetic resonance.
We introduce the concept of amplifying the transverse magnetic fields produced and/or detected with inductive coils in magnetic resonance settings by using the reversible transverse susceptibility properties of magnetic nanostructures. First, we describe the theoretical formalism of magnetic flux amplification through the coil in the presence of a large perpendicular DC magnetic field (typical of magnetic resonance systems) achieved through the singularity in the reversible transverse susceptibility in anisotropic single domain magnetic nanoparticles. We experimentally demonstrate the concept of transverse magnetic flux amplification in an inductive coil system using oriented nanoparticles with uni-axial magnetic anisotropy. We also propose a composite ferromagnetic/anti-ferromagnetic core/shell nanostructure system with uni-directional magnetic anisotropy that, in principle, provides maximal transverse magnetic flux amplification. PMID:16039099
Barbic, Mladen; Scherer, Axel
Thinned fiber Bragg grating magnetic field sensor with magnetic fluid
The refractive index of magnetic fluid may be changed by external magnetic field. Therefore, through measuring its refractive index, the intensity of the magnetic field can be obtained. Fiber Bragg grating (FBG) is sensitive to the refractive index surrounding its cladding when the diameter of cladding is reduced to a certain degree. In order to prove the sensitivity of the
Ciming Zhou; Li Ding; Dongli Wang; Yaqi Kuang; Desheng Jiang
Optical Vector Near-Field Imaging for the Design of Impedance Matched Optical Antennas and Devices
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Antennas control and confine electromagnetic energy, transforming free-space propagating modes to localized regions. This is not only true for the traditional classical radio antenna, but also for structures that interact resonantly at frequencies throughout the visible regime, that are on the micro- and nanometer size scales. The investigation of these optical antennas has increased dramatically in recent years. They promise to bring the transformative capabilities of radio antennas to the nanoscale in fields such as plasmonics, photonics, spectroscopy, and microscopy. However, designing optical antennas with desired properties is not straightforward due to different material properties and geometric considerations in the optical regime compared to the RF. New antenna characterization tools and techniques must be developed for the optical frequency range. Here, the optical analogue of the vector network analyzer, based on a scattering-type scanning near-field optical microscope, is described and demonstrated for the investigation of the electric and magnetic properties of optical antennas through their electromagnetic vector near-field. Specifically, bringing this microwave frequency tool to the optical regime enables the study of antenna resonant length scaling, optical frequency electromagnetic parameters including current density and impedance, optical antenna coupling to waveguides and nanoloads, local electric field enhancement, and electromagnetic duality of complementary optical antenna geometries.
Olmon, Robert L.
Trajectory and optical parameters in a non-linear stray field
A new optics for the main CERN Proton Synchrotron (CPS) magnet is modeled to allow a precise description of the ejected beams. For that purpose, field maps of the magnet have been measured for the various operational current settings. They include the central field, the end stray field and the lateral stray field. In order to get a functional form
Django Manglunki; M. Martini; I. Kirsten
Magnetic-field-dependent excitation transfer in quantum wells of diluted magnetic semiconductor
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
We studied the excitation transfer in double quantum wells of a diluted magnetic semiconductor using a scanning near-field optical microscope at 7 K in external magnetic fields up to 9 T. In each quantum well, local energy minima are generated by local fluctuation of layer thickness and doping concentration of magnetic components. Excitons relax into the local energy minima and transfer between the minima via near-field optical interactions even across quantum wells toward stable sites at which to localize. We measured the intensity maps of near-field photoluminescence with spatial resolution estimated to be 30 nm under varying external magnetic fields. The measurement position reproducibility was confirmed by scanning tunneling microscope images. Analysis of the maps derived the magnetic-field dependence of the typical size of exciton-localization sites for each quantum well. Based on these results, we investigated the excitation transfer between the two quantum wells lying in different layers of the double quantum well system, and showed that the exciton transfer takes place at the two specific applied magnetic-field intensities that result in the crossing of Zeeman-split energy levels of the two different wells. We concluded that both the localization and the inter-quantum-well transfer of excitons are able to be controlled by an external magnetic field. This provides the basis for functional devices operating without any wiring.
Uchiyama, K.; Kubota, S.; Matsumoto, T.; Kobayashi, K.; Hori, H.
Force-free coronal magnetic field modeling using vector fields from Hinode and SDO
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Given the lack of routine direct measurements of the magnetic field in the solar corona, force-free reconstruction methods are a promising tool for the diagnostics of the magnetic structure there. Routine photospheric magnetic field measurements which monitor the temporal evolution of an active region and contain information on the non-potentiality of the field above are used as an input. Based on the assumption that magnetic forces dominate the solar atmosphere, these models allow estimates of the total and free magnetic energy content and the structure of the magnetic field above active regions. The outcome of force-free field modeling strongly depends on the vector magnetic field data used as boundary condition. We compare the model results based on simultaneously observed vector maps from the Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager (HMI) on board Solar Dynamics Observatory and from the Solar Optical Telescope Spectropolarimeter (SP) on board Hinode. We find substantial differences in the absolute estimates of the magnetic field energy but very similar relative estimates, e.g., the fraction of energy to be set free during an eruption or the fraction of flux linking distinct areas within an active region. Our study reveals that only relative estimates of coronal physical quantities from force-free models might be save and conclusions about the magnetic field topology might be drawn with caution.
Thalmann, Julia K.; Tiwari, Sanjiv K.; Wiegelmann, Thomas
Thermomagnetic recording and magnetic-optic playback system
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
A magnetic recording and magneto-optic playback system is disclosed wherein thermomagnetic recording is employed. A transparent isotropic film is heated along a continuous path by a focused laser beam. As each successive area of the path is heated locally to the vicinity of its Curie point in the presence of an applied magnetic field, a magneto-optic density is established proportional to the magnetic field and fixed in place as the area cools once the laser beam moves on to an adjacent area. To play back the recorded data, the intensity of the laser beam is reduced to avoid reaching the vicinity of the Curie point of the film as it is scanned by the laser beam in the same manner as for recording. A Faraday effect analyzer and photo detector are employed as a transducer for producing an output signal.
Lewicki, G. W.; Guisinger, J. E. (inventors)
The existence of universal angle for magneto-optical effect in magnetic fluids
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Magneto-optical effect in mineral oil based magnetic fluids from 3200 to 5000 cm -1 has been studied. The wavenumber dependences of the absorption coefficient on the magnetic field H and the angle ? ( ? is the angle between the electric vector of incident light and the applied magnetic field) have been measured. The experimental data of magneto-optical effect proved existence of universal angle ?c=54.73� for which the change of absorption coefficient is wavenumber and magnetic field independent for the magnetic fluids studied.
Kop?; Ansk�, P.; Konerack�, M.; Toma�; Ovi?; Ov�, N.; Tom?; O, L.
Magnetic field in a turbulent galactic disk
A simple kinematic model has been applied to simulate the evolution of the interstellar magnetic field permanently twisted by turbulent gas motions accompanied by effects of the field diffusion. The magnetic field was found to develop well-ordered twisted structures over the whole gas parcel analyzed. This field configuration has a preferred sense of twisting dependent on the helicity of the
Katarzyna Otmianowska-Mazur; Marek Urbanik; Artur Terech
Quantitative model of the magnetospheric magnetic field
Quantitative representations of the magnetic fields associated with the magnetopause currents and the distributed currents (tail and quiet time ring currents) have been developed. These fields are used together with a dipole representation of the main field of the earth to model the total vector magnetospheric magnetic field. The model is based on quiet time data averaged over all 'tilt
W. P. Olson; K. A. Pfitzer
Spin dephasing in a magnetic dipole field.
Transverse relaxation by dephasing in an inhomogeneous field is a general mechanism in physics, for example, in semiconductor physics, muon spectroscopy, or nuclear magnetic resonance. In magnetic resonance imaging the transverse relaxation provides information on the properties of several biological tissues. Since the dipole field is the most important part of the multipole expansion of the local inhomogeneous field, dephasing in a dipole field is highly important in relaxation theory. However, there have been no analytical solutions which describe the dephasing in a magnetic dipole field. In this work we give a complete analytical solution for the dephasing in a magnetic dipole field which is valid over the whole dynamic range. PMID:23004789
Ziener, C H; Kampf, T; Reents, G; Schlemmer, H-P; Bauer, W R
Near Field Probes: From Optical Fibers to Optical Nanoantennas
This chapter reports a broad overview of near-field optical probes. They represent the key components for the performance\\u000a of the scanning near field optical microscope (SNOM). In this frame, we consider the two main classes of sensors: aperture\\u000a and apertureless probes. In particular, attention is focused on optical fiber probes and on nanoantenna probes. Recent developments\\u000a in the improvement of
Eugenio Cefal�; Salvatore Patan�; Salvatore Spadaro; Renato Gardelli; Matteo Albani; Maria Allegrini
Magnetic field effects on microwave absorbing materials
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
The objective of this program was to gather information to formulate a microwave absorber that can work in the presence of strong constant direct current (DC) magnetic fields. The program was conducted in four steps. The first step was to investigate the electrical and magnetic properties of magnetic and ferrite microwave absorbers in the presence of strong magnetic fields. This included both experimental measurements and a literature survey of properties that may be applicable to finding an appropriate absorbing material. The second step was to identify those material properties that will produce desirable absorptive properties in the presence of intense magnetic fields and determine the range of magnetic field in which the absorbers remain effective. The third step was to establish ferrite absorber designs that will produce low reflection and adequate absorption in the presence of intense inhomogeneous static magnetic fields. The fourth and final step was to prepare and test samples of such magnetic microwave absorbers if such designs seem practical.
Goldberg, Ira; Hollingsworth, Charles S.; Mckinney, Ted M.
The Wind Magnetic Field Investigation
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
The magnetic field experiment on WIND will provide data for studies of a broad range of scales of structures and fluctuation characteristics of the interplanetary magnetic field throughout the mission, and, where appropriate, relate them to the statics and dynamics of the magnetosphere. The basic instrument of the Magnetic Field Investigation (MFI) is a boom-mounted dual triaxial fluxgate magnetometer and associated electronics. The dual configuration provides redundancy and also permits accurate removal of the dipolar portion of the spacecraft magnetic field. The instrument provides (1) near real-time data at nominally one vector per 92 s as key parameter data for broad dissemination, (2) rapid data at 10.9 vectors s-1 for standard analysis, and (3) occasionally, snapshot (SS) memory data and Fast Fourier Transform data (FFT), both based on 44 vectors s-1. These measurements will be precise (0.025%), accurate, ultra-sensitive (0.008 nT/step quantization), and where the sensor noise level is <0.006 nT r.m.s. for 0 10 Hz. The digital processing unit utilizes a 12-bit microprocessor controlled analogue-to-digital converter. The instrument features a very wide dynamic range of measurement capability, from �4 nT up to �65 536 nT per axis in eight discrete ranges. (The upper range permits complete testing in the Earth's field.) In the FTT mode power spectral density elements are transmitted to the ground as fast as once every 23 s (high rate), and 2.7 min of SS memory time series data, triggered automatically by pre-set command, requires typically about 5.1 hours for transmission. Standard data products are expected to be the following vector field averages: 0.0227-s (detail data from SS), 0.092 s (�detail� in standard mode), 3 s, 1 min, and 1 hour, in both GSE and GSM coordinates, as well as the FFT spectral elements. As has been our team's tradition, high instrument reliability is obtained by the use of fully redundant systems and extremely conservative designs. We plan studies of the solar wind: (1) as a collisionless plasma laboratory, at all time scales, macro, meso and micro, but concentrating on the kinetic scale, the highest time resolution of the instrument (=0.022 s), (2) as a consequence of solar energy and mass output, (3) as an external source of plasma that can couple mass, momentum, and energy to the Earth's magnetosphere, and (4) as it is modified as a consequence of its imbedded field interacting with the moon. Since the GEOTAIL Inboard Magnetometer (GIM), which is similar to the MFI instrument, was developed by members of our team, we provide a brief discussion of GIM related science objectives, along with MFI related science goals.
Lepping, R. P.; Ac?na, M. H.; Burlaga, L. F.; Farrell, W. M.; Slavin, J. A.; Schatten, K. H.; Mariani, F.; Ness, N. F.; Neubauer, F. M.; Whang, Y. C.; Byrnes, J. B.; Kennon, R. S.; Panetta, P. V.; Scheifele, J.; Worley, E. M.
Topological Description of Coronal Magnetic Fields.
National Technical Information Service (NTIS)
Determining the structure and behavior of solar coronal magnetic fields is a central problem in solar physics. At the photosphere, the field is believed to be strongly localized into discrete flux tubes. After providing a rigorous definition of field topo...
M. A. Berger
Structured electrodeposition in magnetic gradient fields
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Electrodeposition in superimposed magnetic gradient fields is a new and promising method of structuring metal deposits while avoiding masking techniques. The magnetic properties of the ions involved, their concentrations, the electrochemical deposition parameters, and the amplitude of the applied magnetic gradient field determine the structure generated. This structure can be thicker in regions of high magnetic field gradients. It can also be free-standing or inversely structured. The complex mechanism of structured electrodeposition of metallic layers in superimposed magnetic gradient fields was studied by different experimental methods, by analytical methods and by numerical simulation and will be discussed comprehensively.
Uhlemann, Margitta; Tschulik, Kristina; Gebert, Annett; Mutschke, Gerd; Fr�hlich, Jochen; Bund, Andreas; Yang, Xuegeng; Eckert, Kerstin
Deformation of Water by a Magnetic Field
ERIC Educational Resources Information Center
After the discovery that superconducting magnets could levitate diamagnetic objects, researchers became interested in measuring the repulsion of diamagnetic fluids in strong magnetic fields, which was given the name "The Moses Effect." Both for the levitation experiments and the quantitative studies on liquids, the large magnetic fields necessary�
Chen, Zijun; Dahlberg, E. Dan
Anhysteretic Remanent Magnetization in Small Steady Fields
The phenomenon called anhysteretic remanent magnetization, ARM, has been known for a long time, but it has received relatively little attention. A knowledge of this type of magnetization is required in proper application of alternating field demagnetization tech- niques to rock magnetism problems. Over a wide range of low values of the steady field Ho, the ARM intensity is a
Bob J. Patton; John L. Fitch
On Magnetic Field Generation Mechanisms in Astrophysics
Magnetic chemically peculiar stars (CP stars) are characterized by a strong magnetic field, peculiar chemical composition and slow rotation. Since the origin and evolution of CP stars may be responsible for such unusual features, understanding the mechanisms of generation of the magnetic field is one of the ways to learn more about the CP star characteristics. At present there are
O. G. Cherny
Orienting Paramecium with intense static magnetic fields
Recent experiments on cell division suggest the application of intense static magnetic fields as a novel tool for the manipulation of biological systems [1]. The magnetic field appears to couple to the intrinsic anisotropies in the diamagnetic components of the cells. Here, we present measurements of the intrinsic average diamagnetic anisotropy of the whole single celled ciliate, Paramecium Caudatum. Magnetic
James M. Valles Jr.; Karine Guevorkian; Carl Quindel
Baking a magnetic-field display
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Copy machine developer powder is an alternative for creating permanent displays of magnetic fields. A thin layer of developer powder on a sheet of paper placed over a magnet can be baked in the oven, producing a lasting image of a magnetic field.
Cavanaugh, Terence; Cavanaugh, Catherine
The structure of helical interplanetary magnetic fields
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
The interplanetary magnetic field is known to be highly helical. Although the detailed spatial structure of the fields has yet to be elucidated, the helicity spectrum has been conjectured to result from a random walk in the direction of a constant magnitude magnetic field vector. A model using three-dimensional fluctuations with variations in B is demonstrated giving a good fit to the helicity spectrum as well as to other properties of the interplanetary magnetic field.
Goldstein, M. L.; Roberts, D. A.; Fitch, C. A.
Analysis of magnetic field levels at KSC
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
The scope of this work is to evaluate the magnetic field levels of distribution systems and other equipment at Kennedy Space Center (KSC). Magnetic fields levels in several operational areas and various facilities are investigated. Three dimensional mappings and contour are provided along with the measured data. Furthermore, the portion of magnetic fields generated by the 60 Hz fundamental frequency and the portion generated by harmonics are examined. Finally, possible mitigation techniques for attenuating fields from electric panels are discussed.
Christodoulou, Christos G.
Persistent optically induced magnetism in oxygen-deficient strontium titanate.
Strontium titanate (SrTiO3) is a foundational material in the emerging field of complex oxide electronics. Although its bulk electronic and optical properties are rich and have been studied for decades, SrTiO3 has recently become a renewed focus of materials research catalysed in part by the discovery of superconductivity and magnetism at interfaces between SrTiO3 and other non-magnetic oxides. Here we illustrate a new aspect to the phenomenology of magnetism in SrTiO3 by reporting the observation of an optically induced and persistent magnetization in slightly oxygen-deficient bulk SrTiO3-? crystals using magnetic circular dichroism (MCD) spectroscopy and SQUID magnetometry. This zero-field magnetization appears below ~18 K, persists for hours below 10 K, and is tunable by means of the polarization and wavelength of sub-bandgap (400-500 nm) light. These effects occur only in crystals containing oxygen vacancies, revealing a detailed interplay between magnetism, lattice defects, and light in an archetypal complex oxide material. PMID:24658116
Rice, W D; Ambwani, P; Bombeck, M; Thompson, J D; Haugstad, G; Leighton, C; Crooker, S A
Persistent optically induced magnetism in oxygen-deficient strontium titanate
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Strontium titanate (SrTiO3) is a foundational material in the emerging field of complex oxide electronics. Although its bulk electronic and optical properties are rich and have been studied for decades, SrTiO3 has recently become a renewed focus of materials research catalysed in part by the discovery of superconductivity and magnetism at interfaces between SrTiO3 and other non-magnetic oxides. Here we illustrate a new aspect to the phenomenology of magnetism in SrTiO3 by reporting the observation of an optically induced and persistent magnetization in slightly oxygen-deficient bulk SrTiO3?? crystals using magnetic circular dichroism (MCD) spectroscopy and SQUID magnetometry. This zero-field magnetization appears below ~18 K, persists for hours below 10 K, and is tunable by means of the polarization and wavelength of sub-bandgap (400�500 nm) light. These effects occur only in crystals containing oxygen vacancies, revealing a detailed interplay between magnetism, lattice defects, and light in an archetypal complex oxide material.
Rice, W. D.; Ambwani, P.; Bombeck, M.; Thompson, J. D.; Haugstad, G.; Leighton, C.; Crooker, S. A.
Rotating magnetic beacons magnetic field strength size in SAGD
Rotation magnetic beacons magnetic field strength is very important to drill parallel horizontal twin wells in steam assisted\\u000a gravity drainage (SAGD). This paper analyzes a small magnet with a diameter of 25.4 mm. At each end, there is a length of\\u000a 12.6 mm with permanent magnet, and in the middle, there is a length of 78mm with magnetic materials. The
Bing Tu; Desheng Li; Enhuai Lin; Bin Luo; Jian He; Lezhi Ye; Jiliang Liu; Yuezhong Wang
Magnetizing technique for permanent magnets by intense static fields generated by HTS bulk magnets: Numerical Analysis
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
A demagnetized Nd-Fe-B permanent magnet was scanned in the strong magnetic field space just above the magnetic pole containing a HTS bulk magnet which generates the magnetic field 3.4 T. The magnet sample was subsequently found to be fully magnetized in the open space of the static magnetic fields. The finite element method was carried out for the static field magnetization of a permanent magnet using a HTS bulk magnet. Previously, our research group experimentally demonstrated the possibility of full magnetization of rare earth permanent magnets with high-performance magnetic properties with use of the static field of HTS bulk magnets. In the present study, however, we succeeded for the first time in visualizing the behavior of the magnetizing field of the bulk magnet during the magnetization process and the shape of the magnetic field inside the body being magnetized. By applying this kind of numerical analysis to the magnetization for planned motor rotors which incorporate rare-earth permanent magnets, we hope to study the fully magnetized regions for the new magnetizing method using bulk magnets and to give motor designing a high degree of freedom.
N. Kawasaki; Oka, T.; Fukui, S.; Ogawa, J.; Sato, T.; Terasawa, T.; Itoh, Y.
Inter-subband optical absorption in an inversion layer on a semiconductor surface in tilted magnetic fields. Progress report, July 1, 1979-June 30, 1980
In a magnetic field tilted with respect to the surface of Si, Beinvogl and Koch observed combined resonance transitions, resulting from a coupling of Landau levels and subband states, in an accumulation layer on n-type (100) Si. Because of some unexplained features in the observations, we have analyzed what one should expect on theoretical grounds. As a result of both analytic and numerical calculations, it is concluded that there are still unexplained discrepancies between theory and experiment. The absorption of radiation in a magnetoplasma was studied and the results were applied to the laser fusion process.
O'Connell, R.F.
Effects of magnetic fields on mosquitoes.
Phylogenetically diverse organisms, including some insects, are able to detect and respond to magnetic fields comparable to the Earth's magnetic field. Because of their tremendous importance to public health, mosquitoes were tested for the presence of remanent ferromagnetic material indicative of a biological compass and also tested for behavioral responses to magnetic fields. Using a superconducting quantum interferometry device, we found that significant remnant was probably due to attraction of ferromagnetic dust onto the surface of live or dead mosquitoes. Most mosquitoes placed in a 1.0-gauss, uniform magnetic field moved until they were oriented parallel to the field. Two of 3 species of mosquitoes tested took fewer blood meals in a rotating magnetic field than in the Earth's normal magnetic field. PMID:10901636
Strickman, D; Timberlake, B; Estrada-Franco, J; Weissman, M; Fenimore, P W; Novak, R J
New magnetooptic head with a built-in generator for a bias magnetic field.
A high performance magnetooptic head, which generates a bias magnetic field itself, has been developed. It has a moving magnet actuator to drive an objective lens. The moving magnets have two functions. One is to apply a constant magnetic field on the recording medium. The other is to comprise a magnetic circuit for focusing and tracking control. This magnetooptic head is suitable for use in the two-head erase and write method, in which it is not necessary to change the polarity of the bias magnetic field. Moreover, it enables designing a small-sized magnetooptic disk drive, because a bias magnetic field generator is built into the optical head. PMID:20523664
Kobori, H; Murakami, T; Mori, M
Boston University Physics Applets: Magnetic Field Demonstration
NSDL National Science Digital Library
This web page is an interactive physics simulation that explores magnetic fields. The user can add currents coming into or out of a simulated grid, and see the fields created. There is also a selection of pre-created fields, including bar magnets, loops, opposing magnets, and coils in uniform fields. Double-clicking on any point displays the full loop created by the magnetic field. This item is part of a larger collection of introductory physics simulations developed by the author. This is part of a collection of similar simulation-based student activities.
Duffy, Andrew
Magnetic fields in the early Universe
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
We give a pedagogical introduction to two aspects of magnetic fields in the early Universe. We first focus on how to formulate electrodynamics in curved space time, defining appropriate magnetic and electric fields and writing Maxwell equations in terms of these fields. We then specialize to the case of magnetohydrodynamics in the expanding Universe. We emphasize the usefulness of tetrads in this context. We then review the generation of magnetic fields during the inflationary era, deriving in detail the predicted magnetic and electric spectra for some models. We discuss potential problems arising from back reaction effects and from the large variation of the coupling constants required for such field generation.
Subramanian, K.
Near-Field Magnetic Dipole Moment Analysis.
National Technical Information Service (NTIS)
This paper describes the data analysis technique used for magnetic testing at the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC). Excellent results have been obtained using this technique to convert a spacecraft s measured magnetic field data into its respective...
P. K. Harris
Bipolar pulse field for magnetic refrigeration
A magnetic refrigeration apparatus includes first and second steady state magnets, each having a field of substantially equal strength and opposite polarity, first and second bodies made of magnetocaloric material disposed respectively in the influence of the fields of the first and second steady state magnets, and a pulsed magnet, concentric with the first and second steady state magnets, and having a field which cycles between the fields of the first and second steady state magnets, thereby cyclically magnetizing and demagnetizing and thus heating and cooling the first and second bodies. Heat exchange apparatus of suitable design can be used to expose a working fluid to the first and second bodies of magnetocaloric material. A controller is provided to synchronize the flow of working fluid with the changing states of magnetization of the first and second bodies. 2 figs.
Lubell, M.S.
The braiding of the solar coronal magnetic field via photospheric motions-with subsequent relaxation and magnetic reconnection-is one of the most widely debated ideas of solar physics. We readdress the theory in light of developments in three-dimensional magnetic reconnection theory. It is known that the integrated parallel electric field along field lines is the key quantity determining the rate of reconnection, in contrast with the two-dimensional case where the electric field itself is the important quantity. We demonstrate that this difference becomes crucial for sufficiently complex magnetic field structures. A numerical method is used to relax a braided magnetic field toward an ideal force-free equilibrium; the field is found to remain smooth throughout the relaxation, with only large-scale current structures. However, a highly filamentary integrated parallel current structure with extremely short length-scales is found in the field, with the associated gradients intensifying during the relaxation process. An analytical model is developed to show that, in a coronal situation, the length scales associated with the integrated parallel current structures will rapidly decrease with increasing complexity, or degree of braiding, of the magnetic field. Analysis shows the decrease in these length scales will, for any finite resistivity, eventually become inconsistent with the stability of the coronal field. Thus the inevitable consequence of the magnetic braiding process is a loss of equilibrium of the magnetic field, probably via magnetic reconnection events.
Wilmot-Smith, A. L.; Hornig, G.; Pontin, D. I. [Division of Mathematics, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN (United Kingdom)], E-mail: email@example.com
Exploring Magnetic Fields in Your Environment
NSDL National Science Digital Library
This is a lesson about measuring magnetic field directions of Earth and in the environment. First, learners go outside, far away from buildings, power lines, or anything electrical or metal, and use compasses to identify magnetic North. Next, they use the compasses to probe whether there are any sources of magnetic fields in the local environment, including around electronic equipment such as a CD player and speakers. This is the first lesson in the second session of the Exploring Magnetism teacher guide.
Horizontal magnetic fields in the solar photosphere
Two-dimensional simulations of time-dependent solar magnetogranulation are used to analyze the horizontal magnetic fields and the response of the synthesized Stokes profiles of the IR FeI lambda1564.85 nm line to the magnetic fields. The 1.5-h series of MHD models used for the analyses reproduces a region of the magnetic network in the photosphere with an unsigned magnetic flux density of
V. A. Sheminova
Horizontal magnetic fields in the solar photosphere
Two-dimensional simulations of time-dependent solar magnetogranulation are used to analyze the horizontal magnetic fields\\u000a and the response of the synthesized Stokes profiles of the IR FeI ?1564.85 nm line to the magnetic fields. The 1.5-h series of MHD models used for the analyses reproduces a region of the magnetic\\u000a network in the photosphere with an unsigned magnetic flux density of
V. A. Sheminova
Advanced measurements and techniques in high magnetic fields
This is the final report of a one-year, Laboratory-Directed Research and Development (LDRD) project at the Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL). High magnetic fields present a unique environment for studying the electronic structure of materials. Two classes of materials were chosen for experiments at the national high Magnetic Field Laboratory at Los Alamos: highly correlated electron systems and semiconductors. Magnetotransport and thermodynamic experiments were performed on the renormalized ground states of highly correlated electron systems (such as heavy fermion materials and Kondo insulators) in the presence of magnetic fields that are large enough to disrupt the many-body correlations. A variety of optical measurements in high magnetic fields were performed on semiconductor heterostructures including GaAs/AlGaAs single heterojunctions (HEMT structure), coupled double quantum wells (CDQW), asymmetric coupled double quantum wells (ACDQW), multiple quantum wells and a CdTe single crystal thin film.
Campbell, L.J.; Rickel, D.G. [Los Alamos National Lab., NM (United States); Lacerda, A.H. [Florida State Univ., Tallahassee, FL (United States); Kim, Y. [Northeastern Univ., Boston, MA (United States)
Electric-field control of magnetic domain wall motion and local magnetization reversal
Spintronic devices currently rely on magnetic switching or controlled motion of domain walls by an external magnetic field or spin-polarized current. Achieving the same degree of magnetic controllability using an electric field has potential advantages including enhanced functionality and low power consumption. Here we report on an approach to electrically control local magnetic properties, including the writing and erasure of regular ferromagnetic domain patterns and the motion of magnetic domain walls, in CoFe-BaTiO3 heterostructures. Our method is based on recurrent strain transfer from ferroelastic domains in ferroelectric media to continuous magnetostrictive films with negligible magnetocrystalline anisotropy. Optical polarization microscopy of both ferromagnetic and ferroelectric domain structures reveals that domain correlations and strong inter-ferroic domain wall pinning persist in an applied electric field. This leads to an unprecedented electric controllability over the ferromagnetic microstructure, an accomplishment that produces giant magnetoelectric coupling effects and opens the way to electric-field driven spintronics.
Lahtinen, Tuomas H. E.; Franke, Kevin J. A.; van Dijken, Sebastiaan
Magnetic field topology of the RS CVn star II Pegasi
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Context. The dynamo processes in cool active stars generate complex magnetic fields responsible for prominent surface stellar activity and variability at different time scales. For a small number of cool stars magnetic field topologies were reconstructed from the time series of spectropolarimetric observations using the Zeeman Doppler imaging (ZDI) method, often yielding surprising and controversial results. Aims: In this study we follow a long-term evolution of the magnetic field topology of the RS CVn binary star II Peg using a more self-consistent and physically more meaningful modelling approach compared to previous ZDI studies. Methods: We collected high-resolution circular polarisation observations of II Peg using the SOFIN spectropolarimeter at the Nordic Optical Telescope. These data cover 12 epochs spread over 7 years, comprising one of the most comprehensive spectropolarimetric data sets acquired for a cool active star. A multi-line diagnostic technique in combination with a new ZDI code is applied to interpret these observations. Results: We have succeeded in detecting clear magnetic field signatures in average Stokes V profiles for all 12 data sets. These profiles typically have complex shapes and amplitudes of ~10-3 of the unpolarised continuum, corresponding to mean longitudinal fields of 50-100 G. Magnetic inversions using these data reveals evolving magnetic fields with typical local strengths of 0.5-1.0 kG and complex topologies. Despite using a self-consistent magnetic and temperature mapping technique, we do not find a clear correlation between magnetic and temperature features in the ZDI maps. Neither do we confirm the presence of persistent azimuthal field rings found in other RS CVn stars. Reconstruction of the magnetic field topology of II Peg reveals significant evolution of both the surface magnetic field structure and the extended magnetospheric field geometry on the time scale covered by our observations. From 2004 to 2010 the total field energy drastically declined and the field became less axisymmetric. This also coincided with the transition from predominantly poloidal to mainly toroidal field topology. Conclusions: A qualitative comparison of the ZDI maps of II Peg with the prediction of dynamo theory suggests that the magnetic field in this star is produced mainly by the turbulent ?2 dynamo rather than the solar ?? dynamo. Our results do not show a clear active longitude system, nor is there evidence of the presence of an azimuthal dynamo wave. Based on observations obtained with the Nordic Optical Telescope, operated on the island of La Palma jointly by Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden, at the Spanish Observatorio del Roque de los Muchachos of the Instituto Astrofisica de Canarias.
Kochukhov, O.; Mantere, M. J.; Hackman, T.; Ilyin, I.
Magnetic bearing optical delay line
TNO TPD, in close cooperation with Micromega-Dynamics and Dutch Space, has developed an advanced Optical Delay Line (ODL) for use in PRIMA, GENIE and other ground based interferometers. The delay line design is modular and flexible, which makes scaling for other applications a relatively easy task. The developed technology can also be applied in future cryogenic space interferometers, such as
Teun C. van den Dool; Fred Kamphues; B. Fouss; K. Henrioulle; Harm Hogenhuis
Fiber Bragg Grating Magnetic Field Sensor
In this paper we demonstrate experimentally a magnetic field sensor using a fiber Bragg grating. The shift in the Bragg condition as a result of strain applied on the fiber mounted on a nickel base by the magnetic field gives an indirect measure of the field. The proposed method overcomes the need for long fiber lengths required in methods such
K. V. Madhav; K. Ravi Kumar; T. Srinivas; S. Asokan
The National High Magnetic Field Laboratory
The National High Magnetic Field Laboratory (NHMFL) was established in 1990, on the basis of a collaboration between Florida State University (FSU), the University of Florida (UF) and Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL). The main campus for the NHMFL is located in Tallahassee, Florida, and its general purpose DC magnetic field facility is described in this paper. The pulsed field
B. L. Brandt; S. Hannahs; H. J. Schneider-Muntau; G. Boebinger; N. S. Sullivan
Representation of magnetic fields in space
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Several methods by which a magnetic field in space can be represented are reviewed with particular attention to problems of the observed geomagnetic field. Time dependence is assumed to be negligible, and five main classes of representation are described by vector potential, scalar potential, orthogonal vectors, Euler potentials, and expanded magnetic field.
Stern, D. P.
Primordial magnetic fields from superconducting cosmic strings
This paper explores the possibility of generation of a primordial magnetic field by a network of charged-current carrying cosmic strings. The field is created by vorticity, generated in the primordial plasma due to the strings' motion and gravitational pull. In the case of superconducting strings formed at the breaking of grand unification, it is found that strong magnetic fields of
Konstantinos Dimopoulos
DC-based magnetic field controller
A magnetic field controller for laboratory devices and in particular to dc operated magnetic field controllers for mass spectrometers, comprising a dc power supply in combination with improvements to a hall probe subsystem, display subsystem, preamplifier, field control subsystem, and an output stage.
Kotter, Dale K. (Shelley, ID); Rankin, Richard A. (Ammon, ID); Morgan, John P,. (Idaho Falls, ID)
Manipulating Cells with Static Magnetic Fields
We review our investigations of the use of static magnetic fields, B, for manipulating cells and cellular processes. We describe how B fields modify the cell division pattern of frog embryos and consequently can be used to probe the pattern determinants. We also observe that magnetic fields modify the swimming behavior of Paramecium Caudatum. We describe these modifications and their
J. M. Valles; K. Guevorkian
Optical waveguide pressure sensor using evanescent field
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
The sensor is primary used as pressure sensor or as a touch sensor. It consists of one optical waveguide. Its optical attenuation depends strongly on the local pressure and takes advantage of the evanescent field properties. The optical waveguide core is similar to a normal plastic optical fiber. There is a light-absorptive layer in the optical cladding. The transmitter is placed on one side of the sensor with a signal source, such as an LED and there is a receiver on the other side with one photosensitive element, such as a PIN diode. In the normal state (no pressure), there is a total reflection at the boundary between the core and the cladding. The optical rays do not reach the absorptive layer. Under pressure, since the optical ray is skin-deep in the optical coating, the light will absorb in the absorptive layer. This results in a strong rise of optical attenuation.
Kodl, G.
Possible Generation of Self-Magnetic Fields
The earth generates its own magnetic field via a dynamo effect in a conducting fluid. The sun and some other stars also generate self-magnetic fields on large spatial scales and long timescales. Laser-produced plasmas generate intense self-magnetic fields on very short spatial and time scales. Could similar phenomena occur on intermediate spatial scales and timescales, such as in a laboratory plasma? Two questions are posed for consideration: (a) At high electromagnetic wave power input into a low-pressure gas could a significant self-magnetic field be generated? (b) If a self-magnetic field were generated, would it evolve toward a minimum-energy state? If the answers turned out to be affirmative, then the use of self-magnetic fields could have interesting applications.
Dolan, Thomas J. [International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna (Austria)
Static uniform magnetic fields and amoebae
Three species of potentially pathogenic amoebae were exposed to 71 and 106.5 mT from constant homogeneous magnetic fields and examined for inhibition of population growth. The number of amoebae for three species was significantly less than controls after a 72 h exposure to the magnetic fields when the temperature was 20 C or above. Axenic cultures, i.e., cultures grown without bacteria, were significantly affected after only 24 h. In 20 of 21 tests using the three species, the magnetic field significantly inhibited the growth of amoebae. In one test in which the temperature was 20 C for 48 h, exposure to the magnetic field was not inhibitory. Final numbers of magnetic field-exposed amoebae ranged from 9 to 72% lower than the final numbers of unexposed controls, depending on the species. This research may lead to disinfection strategies utilizing magnetic fields for surfaces on which pathogenic amoebae may proliferate.
Berk, S.G.; Srikanth, S.; Mahajan, S.M.; Ventrice, C.A. [Tennessee Technological Univ., Cookeville, TN (United States)] [Tennessee Technological Univ., Cookeville, TN (United States)
Probing interstellar magnetic fields with Supernova remnants
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
As Supernova remnants expand, their shock waves are freezing in and compressing the magnetic field lines they encounter; consequently we can use Supernova remnants as magnifying glasses for their ambient magnetic fields. We will describe a simple model to determine emission, polarization, and rotation measure characteristics of adiabatically expanding Supernova remnants and how we can exploit this model to gain information about the large scale magnetic field in our Galaxy. We will give two examples: The SNR DA530, which is located high above the Galactic plane, reveals information about the magnetic field in the halo of our Galaxy. The SNR G182.4+4.3 is located close to the anti-centre of our Galaxy and reveals the most probable direction where the large-scale magnetic field is perpendicular to the line of sight. This may help to decide on the large-scale magnetic field configuration of our Galaxy. But more observations of SNRs are needed.
Kothes, Roland; Brown, Jo-Anne
Probing Planetary Magnetic Fields During Transits
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Recently, Fossati et al. observed that the near-UV transit light curve of the close-in giant planet WASP-12b shows an early ingress as compared to its optical transit. Such observations were interpreted as due to the presence of asymmetries in the exosphere of the planet. In particular, we suggest that this asymmetry could be explained by the presence of a shock formed around the planet's magnetosphere. Bow shocks are formed as a result of the interaction of the planet with the coronal material of the host star, similar to the one formed around the Earth's magnetosphere. According to our model, shock detection through transit observations can be a useful tool to probe and constrain exoplanetary magnetic field. In the case of WASP- 12b, we derive an upper limit for the magnetic field of ? 24 G. In addition, we predict that observable shocks should be a common feature in other transiting systems. Promising candidates are: WASP- 19b, WASP-4b, WASP-18b, CoRoT-7b, HAT-P-7b, CoRoT-1b, TrES-3 and WASP-5b.
Vidotto, A. A.; Jardine, M.; Helling, C.
Observational Study of Solar Magnetic Field and Eruption Phenomena at Huairou Solar Observing Station
We present the observational study of vector magnetic field and also the development of new optical instrumentations at Huairou Solar Observing Station, National Astronomical Observatories of China. The presentations are following: 1.The synthetical analysis between photospheric vector magnetic field and the morphological configuration in solar atmosphere provides the essential information on the developments of magnetic energy in source regions of
Hongqi Zhang
Magnetic resonance imaging with an optical atomicmagnetometer
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a noninvasive andversatile methodology that has been applied in many disciplines1,2. Thedetection sensitivity of conventional Faraday detection of MRI depends onthe strength of the static magnetic field and the sample "fillingfactor." Under circumstances where only low magnetic fields can be used,and for samples with low spin density or filling factor, the conventionaldetection sensitivity is compromised. Alternative detection methods withhigh sensitivity in low magnetic fields are thus required. Here we showthe first use of a laser-based atomic magnetometer for MRI detection inlow fields. Our technique also employs remote detection which physicallyseparates the encoding and detection steps3-5, to improve the fillingfactor of the sample. Potentially inexpensive and using a compactapparatus, our technique provides a novel alternative for MRI detectionwith substantially enhanced sensitivity and time resolution whileavoiding the need for cryogenics.
Xu, Shoujun; Yashchuk, Valeriy V.; Donaldson, Marcus H.; Rochester, Simon M.; Budker, Dmitry; Pines, Alexander
Magnetic field sensor for isotropically sensing an incident magnetic field in a sensor plane
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
A magnetic field sensor that isotropically senses an incident magnetic field. This is preferably accomplished by providing a magnetic field sensor device that has one or more circular shaped magnetoresistive sensor elements for sensing the incident magnetic field. The magnetoresistive material used is preferably isotropic, and may be a CMR material or some form of a GMR material. Because the sensor elements are circular in shape, shape anisotropy is eliminated. Thus, the resulting magnetic field sensor device provides an output that is relatively independent of the direction of the incident magnetic field in the sensor plane.
Pant, Bharat B. (Inventor); Wan, Hong (Inventor)
Trapped magnetic field measurements on HTS bulk by peak controlled pulsed field magnetization
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
For the past several years, we have studied the high-temperature superconducting (HTS) synchronous motor assembled with melt-textured Gd-Ba-Cu-O bulk magnets. If the single pulse field magnetizes a bulk effectively, size of electrical motor will become small for the strong magnetic field of the HTS magnets without reducing output power of motor. In the previous study, we showed that the HTS bulk was magnetized to excellent cone-shape magnetic field distribution by using the waveform control pulse magnetization (WCPM) method. The WCPM technique made possible the active control of the waveform on which magnetic flux motion depended. We generated the pulse waveform with controlled risetime for HTS bulk magnetization to suppress the magnetic flux motion which decreases magnetization efficiency. The pulsed maximum magnetic flux density with slow risetime is not beyond the maximum magnetic flux density which is trapped by the static field magnetization. But, as for applying the pulse which has fast risetime, the magnetic flux which exceed greatly the threshold penetrates the bulk and causes the disorder of the trapped magnetic distribution. This fact suggests the possibility that the threshold at pulsed magnetization influences the dynamic magnetic flux motion. In this study, Gd-Ba-Cu-O bulk is magnetized by the controlled arbitrary trapezoidal shape pulse, of which the maximum magnetic flux density is controlled not to exceed the threshold. We will present the trapped magnetic characteristics and the technique to generate the controlled pulsed field.
Ida, Tetsuya; Watasaki, Masahiro; Kimura, Yosuke; Miki, Motohiro; Izumi, Mitsuru
Swarm: ESA's Magnetic Field Mission
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Swarm is the fifth Earth Explorer mission in ESA's Living Planet Programme, and is scheduled for launch in 2012. The objective of the Swarm mission is to provide the best-ever survey of the geomagnetic field and its temporal evolution using a constellation of 3 identical satellites. The Mission shall deliver data that allow access to new insights into the Earth system by improved scientific understanding of the Earth's interior and near-Earth electromagnetic environment. After launch and triple satellite release at an initial altitude of about 490 km, a pair of the satellites will fly side-by-side with slowly decaying altitude, while the third satellite will be lifted to 530 km to complete the Swarm constellation. High-precision and high-resolution measurements of the strength, direction and variation of the magnetic field, complemented by precise navigation, accelerometer and electric field measurements, will provide the observations required to separate and model various sources of the geomagnetic field and near-Earth current systems. The mission science goals are to provide a unique view into Earth core dynamics, mantle conductivity, crustal magnetisation, ionospheric and magnetospheric current systems and upper atmosphere dynamics - ranging from understanding the geodynamo to contributing to space weather. The scientific objectives and results from recent scientific studies will be presented. In addition the current status of the project, which is presently approaching the final stage of the development phase, will be addressed. A consortium of European scientific institutes is developing a distributed processing system to produce geophysical (Level 2) data products to the Swarm user community. The setup of Swarm ground segment and the contents of the data products will be addressed. More information on the Swarm mission can be found at the mission web site (see URL below).
Drinkwater, M. R.; Haagmans, R.; Floberghagen, R.; Plank, G.; Menard, Y.
Swarm: ESA's Magnetic Field Mission
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Swarm is the fifth Earth Explorer mission in ESA's Living Planet Programme, and is scheduled for launch in fall 2012. The objective of the Swarm mission is to provide the best-ever survey of the geomagnetic field and its temporal evolution using a constellation of three identical satellites. The mission shall deliver data that allow access to new insights into the Earth system by improved scientific understanding of the Earth's interior and near-Earth electromagnetic environment. After launch and triple satellite release at an initial altitude of about 490 km, a pair of the satellites will fly side-by-side with slowly decaying altitude, while the third satellite will be lifted to 530 km to complete the Swarm constellation. High-precision and high-resolution measurements of the strength, direction and variation of the magnetic field, complemented by precise navigation, accelerometer and electric field measurements, will provide the observations required to separate and model various sources of the geomagnetic field and near-Earth current systems. The mission science goals are to provide a unique view into Earth's core dynamics, mantle conductivity, crustal magnetisation, ionospheric and magnetospheric current systems and upper atmosphere dynamics - ranging from understanding the geodynamo to contributing to space weather. The scientific objectives and results from recent scientific studies will be presented. In addition the current status of the project, which is presently in the final stage of the development phase, will be addressed. A consortium of European scientific institutes is developing a distributed processing system to produce geophysical (Level 2) data products for the Swarm user community. The setup of the Swarm ground segment and the contents of the data products will be addressed. In case the Swarm satellites are already in orbit, a summary of the on-going mission operations activities will be given.
Plank, G.; Floberghagen, R.; Menard, Y.; Haagmans, R.
Swarm: ESA's Magnetic Field Mission
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Swarm is the fifth Earth Explorer mission in ESA's Living Planet Programme, and is scheduled for launch in fall 2013. The objective of the Swarm mission is to provide the best-ever survey of the geomagnetic field and its temporal evolution using a constellation of three identical satellites. The mission shall deliver data that allow access to new insights into the Earth system by improved scientific understanding of the Earth's interior and near-Earth electromagnetic environment. After launch and triple satellite release at an initial altitude of about 490 km, a pair of the satellites will fly side-by-side with slowly decaying altitude, while the third satellite will be lifted to 530 km to complete the Swarm constellation. High-precision and high-resolution measurements of the strength, direction and variation of the magnetic field, complemented by precise navigation, accelerometer and electric field measurements, will provide the observations required to separate and model various sources of the geomagnetic field and near-Earth current systems. The mission science goals are to provide a unique view into Earth's core dynamics, mantle conductivity, crustal magnetisation, ionospheric and magnetospheric current systems and upper atmosphere dynamics - ranging from understanding the geodynamo to contributing to space weather. The scientific objectives and results from recent scientific studies will be presented. In addition the current status of the project, which is presently in the final stage of the development phase, will be addressed. A consortium of European scientific institutes is developing a distributed processing system to produce geophysical (Level 2) data products for the Swarm user community. The setup of the Swarm ground segment and the contents of the data products will be addressed. In case the Swarm satellites are already in orbit, a summary of the on-going mission operations activities will be given. More information on Swarm can be found at www.esa.int/esaLP/LPswarm.html.
Plank, G.; Floberghagen, R.; Menard, Y.; Haagmans, R.
Swarm: ESA's Magnetic Field Mission
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Swarm is the fifth Earth Explorer mission in ESA's Living Planet Programme, and is scheduled for launch in 2013. The objective of the Swarm mission is to provide the best-ever survey of the geomagnetic field and its temporal evolution using a constellation of 3 identical satellites. The Mission shall deliver data that allow access to new insights into the Earth system by improved scientific understanding of the Earth's interior and near-Earth electromagnetic environment. After launch and triple satellite release at an initial altitude of about 490 km, a pair of the satellites will fly side-by-side with slowly decaying altitude, while the third satellite will be lifted to 530 km to complete the Swarm constellation. High-precision and high-resolution measurements of the strength, direction and variation of the magnetic field, complemented by precise navigation, accelerometer and electric field measurements, will provide the observations required to separate and model various sources of the geomagnetic field and near-Earth current systems. The mission science goals are to provide a unique view into Earth's core dynamics, mantle conductivity, crustal magnetisation, ionospheric and magnetospheric current systems and upper atmosphere dynamics - ranging from understanding the geodynamo to contributing to space weather. The scientific objectives and results from recent scientific studies will be presented. In addition the current status of the project, which is presently in the final stage of the development phase, will be addressed. A consortium of European scientific institutes is developing a distributed processing system to produce geophysical (Level 2) data products for the Swarm user community. The setup of the Swarm ground segment and the contents of the data products will be addressed. More information on Swarm can be found at www.esa.int/esaLP/LPswarm.html.
Plank, Gernot; Haagmans, Roger; Floberghagen, Rune; Menard, Yvon
Path planning using optically computed potential fields
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
An algorithm for the optical computation of potential field maps suitable for mobile robot navigation is described and experimentally produced maps and paths are presented. The parallel analog optical computation employs a two-dimensional spatial light modulator on which an image of the potential field map is generated. Optically calculated fields contain no local minima, tend to produce paths centered in gaps between obstacles, and produce paths which give preference to wide gaps. Calculation of 128 x 128 pixel fields at a few hertz are possible with current technology, and calculation time vs. map size scales favorably in comparison to digital electronic computation.
Reid, Max B.
Plasma behaviour in a rotating magnetic field
A system was constructed and used to study the behavior of a plasma in a rotating magnetic field in a toroidal system. The plasma density is first formed by RF pre-ionization at low pressure in the presence of a quasi-steady toroidal magnetic field of 0.4 T. The 1.85 MHz rotating magnetic field is generated by two perpendicular four-turn coils driven
M. R. Shubaly
Magnet calculations at the Grenoble High Magnetic Field Laboratory
An axisymmetrical constrained semi-analytic optimization process is our basic tool for designing magnets. Developments of 3-D numerical models are undertaken to complement this approach. Such models are needed to investigate the overall behavior of our magnets. They are likely to provide suitable insights to solve the design problems arising from the demand for high magnetic field with both great spatial
Christophe Trophime; Konstantin Egorov; Fran�ois Debray; W. Joss; G. Aubert
Magnetization curve of spin ice in a [111] magnetic field
Spin ice in a magnetic field in the [111] direction displays two magnetization plateaus: one at saturation and an intermediate one with finite entropy. We study the crossovers between the different regimes from a point of view of (entropically) interacting defects. We develop an analytical theory for the nearest-neighbor spin ice model, which covers most of the magnetization curve. We
S. V. Isakov; K. S. Raman; R. Moessner; S. L. Sondhi
Flow Transitions in a Rotating Magnetic Field
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Critical Rayleigh numbers have been measured in a liquid metal cylinder of finite height in the presence of a rotating magnetic field. Several different stability regimes were observed, which were determined by the values of the Rayleigh and Hartmann numbers. For weak rotating magnetic fields and small Rayleigh numbers, the experimental observations can be explained by the existence of a single non-axisymmetric meridional roll rotating around the cylinder, driven by the azimuthal component of the magnetic field. The measured dependence of rotational velocity on magnetic field strength is consistent with the existence of laminar flow in this regime.
Volz, M. P.; Mazuruk, K.
Ferroelectric Cathodes in Transverse Magnetic Fields
Experimental investigations of a planar ferroelectric cathode in a transverse magnetic field up to 3 kGs are presented. It is shown that the transverse magnetic field affects differently the operation of ferroelectric plasma cathodes in ''bright'' and ''dark'' modes in vacuum. In the ''bright'' mode, when the surface plasma is formed, the application of the transverse magnetic field leads to an increase of the surface plasma density. In the ''dark'' mode, the magnetic field inhibits the development of electron avalanches along the surface, as it does similarly in other kinds of surface discharges in the pre-breakdown mode.
Alexander Dunaevsky; Yevgeny Raitses; Nathaniel J. Fisch
Five years of magnetic field management
The extensive publicity of epidemiological studies inferring correlation between 60 Hz magnetic fields and childhood leukemia prompted world wide research programs that have as a goal to determine if low frequency magnetic fields represent any risk for the general population, children or utility workers. While supporting this research effort through EPRI, Con Edison embarked on a technical research program aimed to: characterize magnetic fields as to intensity and variation in time; and investigate practical means to manage these magnetic fields through currently known methods. The final goal of these research projects is to establish viable methods to reduce magnetic field intensity to desired values at reasonable distances from the sources. This goal was pursued step by step, starting with an inventory of the main sources of magnetic fields in substations, distribution and transmission facilities and generating plants. The characterization of the sources helped to identify typical cases and select specific cases, far practical applications. The next step was to analyze the specific cases and develop design criteria for managing the magnetic fields in new installations. These criteria included physical arrangement of equipment based oil calculation of magnetic fields, cancellation effect, desired maximum field intensity at specific points and shielding with high magnetic permeability metals (mu-metal and steel). This paper summarizes the authors` experiences and shows the results of the specific projects completed in recent years.
Durkin, C.J.; Fogarty, R.P.; Halleran, T.M.; Mark, Dr. D.A.; Mukhopadhyay, A.
Magnetic monopole field exposed by electrons
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
The experimental search for magnetic monopole particles has, so far, been in vain. Nevertheless, these elusive particles of magnetic charge have fuelled a rich field of theoretical study. Here, we created an approximation of a magnetic monopole in free space at the end of a long, nanoscopically thin magnetic needle. We experimentally demonstrate that the interaction of this approximate magnetic monopole field with a beam of electrons produces an electron vortex state, as theoretically predicted for a true magnetic monopole. This fundamental quantum mechanical scattering experiment is independent of the speed of the electrons and has consequences for all situations where electrons meet such monopole magnetic fields, as, for example, in solids. The set-up not only shows an attractive way to produce electron vortex states but also provides a unique insight into monopole fields and shows that electron vortices might well occur in unexplored solid-state physics situations.
B�ch�, Armand; van Boxem, Ruben; van Tendeloo, Gustaaf; Verbeeck, Jo
The Magnetic Fields of the Quiet Sun
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
This work reviews our understanding of the magnetic fields observed in the quiet Sun. The subject has undergone a major change during the last decade (quiet revolution), and it will remain changing since the techniques of diagnostic employed so far are known to be severely biased. Keeping these caveats in mind, our work covers the main observational properties of the quiet Sun magnetic fields: magnetic field strengths, unsigned magnetic flux densities, magnetic field inclinations, as well as the temporal evolution on short time-scales (loop emergence), and long time-scales (solar cycle). We also summarize the main theoretical ideas put forward to explain the origin of the quiet Sun magnetism. A final prospective section points out various areas of solar physics where the quiet Sun magnetism may have an important physical role to play (chromospheric and coronal structure, solar wind acceleration, and solar elemental abundances).
S�nchez Almeida, J.; Mart�nez Gonz�lez, M.
Bionanofabrication by Near-Field Optical Methods
Near-field optical methods offer unique potential in nanofabrication, because they provide the capacity to initiate highly\\u000a selective chemical transformations with nanometer scale precision. The basic principles behind scanning near-field photolithography\\u000a (SNP), in which a scanning near-field optical microscope coupled to a UV laser is used to initiate surface chemical reactions,\\u000a are described. The fundamental principles underlying the patterning of self-assembled
Graham J. Leggett
Ohm's Law for Mean Magnetic Fields.
National Technical Information Service (NTIS)
Spatially complicated magnetic fields are frequently treated as the sum of a large, slowly varying, mean field and a small, rapidly varying, field. The primary effect of the small field is to modify the Ohm's law of the mean field. A set of plausible assu...
A. H. Boozer
Magnetic field evolution in interacting galaxies
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Aims: Violent gravitational interactions can change the morphologies of galaxies and, by means of merging, transform them into elliptical galaxies. We aim to investigate how they affect the evolution of galactic magnetic fields. Methods: We selected 16 systems of interacting galaxies with available VLA archive radio data at 4.86 and 1.4 GHz and compared their radio emission and estimated magnetic field strengths with their star-forming activity, far-infrared emission, and the stage of tidal interaction. Results: The estimated mean of total magnetic field strength for our sample of interacting galaxies is 14 � 5 ?G, which is larger than for the non-interacting objects. The field regularity (of 0.27 � 0.09) is lower than in typical spirals and indicates enhanced production of random magnetic fields in the interacting objects. We find a general evolution of magnetic fields: for weak interactions the strength of magnetic field is almost constant (10-15 ?G) as interaction advances, then it increases up to 2� , peaks at the nuclear coalescence (25 ?G), and decreases again, down to 5-6 ?G, for the post-merger remnants. The main production of magnetic fields in colliding galaxies thus terminates somewhere close to the nuclear coalescence, after which magnetic field diffuses. The magnetic field strength for whole galaxies is weakly affected by the star formation rate (SFR), while the dependence is higher for galactic centres. We show that the morphological distortions visible in the radio total and polarized emission do not depend statistically on the global or local SFRs, while they do increase (especially in the polarization) with the advance of interaction. The constructed radio-far-infrared relations for interacting and non-interacting galaxies display a similar balance between the generation of cosmic rays, magnetic fields, and the production of the thermal energy and dust radiation. Conclusions: The regular magnetic fields are much more sensitive to morphological distortions induced by tidal interactions than are the random fields. As a result the polarized emission could be yet another indicator of an ongoing merging process. The found evolution of magnetic field with advancing interaction would definitely imply a stronger effect of magnetic fields on the galaxy surroundings in the earlier cosmological epochs. The process of strong gravitational interactions can efficiently magnetize the merger's surroundings, having a similar magnetizing effect on intergalactic medium as supernova explosions or galactic winds. If interacting galaxies generate some ultra-high energy cosmic rays (UHECRs), the disk or magnetized outflows can deflect them (up to 23�), and make an association of the observed UHECRs with the sites of their origin very uncertain.
Drzazga, R. T.; Chy?y, K. T.; Jurusik, W.; Wi�rkiewicz, K.
Ultrafast all-optical control of the magnetization in magnetic dielectrics
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
The purpose of this review is to summarize the recent progress on laser-induced magnetization dynamics in magnetic dielectrics. Due to the slow phonon-magnon interaction in these materials, direct thermal effects of the laser excitation can only be seen on the time scale of almost a nanosecond and thus are clearly distinguished from the ultrafast nonthermal effects. However, laser pulses are shown to indirectly modify the magnetic anisotropy in rare-earth orthoferrites via the crystal field, and to bring about spin reorientation within a few picoseconds. More interesting, however, are the direct nonthermal effects of light on spin systems. We demonstrate coherent optical control of the magnetization in ferrimagnetic garnet films on a femtosecond time scale through a combination of two different ultrafast and nonthermal photomagnetic effects and by employing multiple pump pulses. Linearly polarized laser pulses are shown to create a long-lived modification of the magnetocrystalline anisotropy via optically induced electron transfer between nonequivalent ion sites. In addition, circularly polarized pulses are shown to act as strong transient magnetic field pulses originating from the nonabsorptive inverse Faraday effect. An all-optical scheme of excitation and detection of different antiferromagnetic resonance modes with frequencies of up to 500 GHz will be discussed as well. The reported effects open new and exciting possibilities for ultrafast manipulation of spins by light and provide new insight into the physics of magnetism on ultrafast time scales.
Kirilyuk, Andrei; Kimel, Alexey; Hansteen, Fredrik; Rasing, Theo; Pisarev, Roman V.
Magnetic field properties of SSC model dipole magnets
SSC 1.5m model dipole magnets were built and tested at Fermilab. Magnetic field properties were studied in term of transfer function variation and multipole components. The results were satisfactory. Observation of periodicity of remanent field along the axis is also reported.
Wake, M.; Bossert, R.; Carson, J.; Delchamps, S.; Jaffery, T.S.; Kinney, W.; Koska, W.; Lamm, M.J.; Strait, J. (Fermi National Accelerator Lab., Batavia, IL (United States)); Butteris, J.; Sims, R.; Winters, M. (Superconducting Super Collider Lab., Dallas, TX (United States))
Enhancement of thermal conductivity of magnetic nanofluids in magnetic field
Ahstract- This paper investigated the enhancement of thermal conductivity of engine oil based magnetite (Fe304) nanofluids, which were prepared via a co-precipitation method with and without ultrasound assistance, in the presence of external magnetic field. The thermal conductivity was determined using a thermal constants analyzer. Effects of particle size, particle volume fraction and magnetic field on the thermal conductivity ratio
Innocent Nkurikiyimfura; Yanmin Wangl; Zhidong Panl; Dawei Hul
The AGN origin of cluster magnetic fields
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
The origin of magnetic fields in galaxy clusters is one of the most fascinating but challenging problems in astrophysics. In this dissertation, the possibility of an Active Galactic Nucleus (AGN) origin of cluster magnetic fields is studied through state of the art simulations of magnetic field evolution in large scale structure formation using a newly developed cosmological Adaptive Mesh Refinement (AMR) Magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) code -- EnzoMHD. After presenting a complete but concise description and verification of the code, we discuss the creation of magnetic fields through the Biermann Battery effect during first star formation and galaxy cluster formation. We find that magnetic fields are produced as predicted by theory in both cases. For the first star formation, we obtain a lower limit of (~ 10 -9 G) for magnetic fields when the first generation stars form. On the other hand, we find that the magnetic energy is amplified 4 orders of magnitude within ~ 10 Gyr during cluster formation. We then study magnetic field injection from AGN into the Intra- Cluster Medium (ICM) and their impact on the ICM. We reproduce the X-ray cavities as well as weak shocks seen in observations in the simulation, and further confirm the idea that AGN outburst must contain lots of magnetic energy (up to 10 61 ergs) and the magnetic fields play an important part in the formation of jet/lobe system. We present high resolution simulations of cluster formation with magnetic fields injected from high redshift AGN. We find that these local magnetic fields are spread quickly throughout the whole cluster by cluster mergers. The ICM is in a turbulent state with a Kolmogorov-like power spectrum. Magnetic fields are amplified to and maintained at the observational level of a few mG by bulk flows at large scale and the ICM turbulence at small scale. The total magnetic energy increases about 25 times to ~ 1.2 � 10^61 ergs at the present time. We conclude that magnetic fields from AGN at high redshift may provide sufficient initial magnetic fields to magnetize the whole cluster.
Xu, Hao
Planar optical devices for light concentration in heat assisted magnetic recording head
As the area recording density of magnetic recording system increases, the anisotropy of the magnetic media must increase accordingly to maintain data integrity in room temperature. Heat assisted magnetic recording (HAMR) was proposed as an answer to the problem of writing high coercivity media with relatively low field. Optical devices need to be integrated into HAMR head to generate high
Lifu Zhou
Atoms in Crossed Electric and Magnetic Fields
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
In this dissertation, extensive experimental and theoretical work pertaining to three interesting aspects of the interaction of atoms with crossed electric and magnetic fields is presented. The first experiment discussed deals with the effects of weak crossed fields on sodium atoms. A fluorescence spectrum of laser excited sodium n = 11 states in an electric field of 2560 V/cm perpendicular to a magnetic field of 4.4 kG is presented, along with a comparison to theory. The data show the important effects of m-mixing and residual degeneracies which remain in the crossed fields. The next topic presented is the theoretical prediction of novel resonances, termed "quasi-Penning resonances," corresponding to electron states localized away from the nucleus at the Stark saddlepoint in strong crossed electric and magnetic fields. The stability and possibility for observation of these resonances is explored. Finally, extensive experimental maps of data are presented which compare laser induced ionization spectra of sodium atoms in crossed electric and magnetic fields to spectra in an electric field atone. The experiment explores the energy region of the electric field saddlepoint, where quasi-Penning resonances are predicted to occur. The magnetic field is too weak for the observation of these resonances, but the experiment provides important groundwork for the understanding of future experiments in strong crossed fields. The magnetic field is seen to cause splitting of some transitions due to the interaction of the electron spin with the magnetic field. Also, magnetic field induced state mixing causes a redistribution of oscillator strengths leading to changes in peak heights and auto-ionizing line widths. On the whole, however, the effect of the weak crossed magnetic field on the sodium Stark spectra remains small.
Korevaar, Eric John
Magnetism and local molecular field.
Despite its somewhat naive simplicity, the method of the local molecular field has had undeniable success in satisfactorily explaining a large number of previously known facts and in opening the way for the discovery of new facts. Let us note, however, that all the structures that have been discussed above are collinear structures: on the average (in time) all the atomic magnets pointing in one or the opposite direction are parallel to a single direction. However, the local molecular field method can also be extended to noncollinear structures such as that of helimagnetism, which Yoshimori and Villain discovered independently in an absolutely unexpected manner; one can thus interpret phenomena in a remarkably simple and concrete manner. Nevertheless, the method can hardly be recommended for more complex structures such as the umbrella structure, which requires the decomposition of the principal crystal lattice into a large number of sublattices. Indeed, under these conditions an atom belonging to a given sublattice has only a very small number of neighbors (one or two) in each of the other sublattices, and the molecular field method, which consists in replacing the instantaneous action of an atom by that of an average atom, will be more likely to yield a correct result, the larger the number of atoms to which it is applied. Its correctness probably also increases as the atomic spin becomes larger. Independently of this problem, the method applied to a large number of sublattices completely loses its chief advantage, simplicity. The method also involves more insidious traps. If a judicious choice of parameters is made, the method can lead one to calculate curves and thermal variations of the spontaneous magnetization or paramagnetic susceptibility that coincide remarkably well with the experimental results, for example, to within a few thousandths. Under these conditions, one could expect that the elementary interaction energies deduced from these parameters would correspond to the actual values with the same accuracy. This is not so; errors of 10 to 20 percent and even greater are frequently made in this manner. A certain amount of caution thus becomes imperative. On the other hand, recourse to the local molecular field seems indispensable since more rigorous methods lead to insurmountable complications. Consider for example that the rigorous solution is not yet known for the simplest case, that of a simple cubic lattice with identical atoms of spin 1/2, and interactions reduced to those present between nearest-neighbor atoms. How then should one treat the case of garnets with 160 atoms in the unit cell, spins up to 5/2, and at least six different coupling constants? One must therefore be lenient toward the imperfections of the molecular field methods, considering the simplicity with which the successes recalled in the first few lines of these conclusions were obtained. PMID:17757022
N�el, L
Photospheric magnetic field rotation: Rigid and differential
An autocorrelation of the direction of the large-scale photospheric magnetic field observed during 1959�1967 has yielded evidence that the field structure at some heliographic latitudes can display both differential rotation and rigid rotation properties.
John M. Wilcox; Kenneth H. Schatten; Andrew S. Tanenbaum; Robert Howard
Photospheric Magnetic Field Rotation: Rigid And Differential.
National Technical Information Service (NTIS)
An autocorrelation of the direction of the large-scale photospheric magnetic field observed during 1959-1967 has yielded evidence that the field structure at a given heliographic latitude can display both differential rotation and rigid rotation propertie...
J. M. Wilcox K. H. Schatten A. S. Tanenbaum R. Howard
Cosmic Rays in the Earth'S Magnetic Field.
National Technical Information Service (NTIS)
Studies are presented of the behavior of cosmic rays in the earth's magnetic field. It discusses the theory of motion of charged particles in an idealized field model and presents results of trajectory calculations of asymptotic directions and cutoff rigi...
L. I. Dorman V. S. Smirnov M. I. Tyasto
Magnetohydrodynamics of the Earth'S Magnetic Field.
National Technical Information Service (NTIS)
A survey of observational and theoretical work pertaining to the origin of planetary magnetic fields is given with special emphasis on the dynamo theory which attempts to explain these fields as arising from magnetohydrodynamic regenerative action. Some p...
G. Venezian
The Evolution of the Earth's Magnetic Field.
ERIC Educational Resources Information Center
Describes the change of earth's magnetic field at the boundary between the outer core and the mantle. Measurement techniques used during the last 300 years are considered. Discusses the theories and research for explaining the field change. (YP)
Bloxham, Jeremy; Gubbins, David
Thinned fiber Bragg grating magnetic field sensor with magnetic fluid
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
The refractive index of magnetic fluid may be changed by external magnetic field. Therefore, through measuring its refractive index, the intensity of the magnetic field can be obtained. Fiber Bragg grating (FBG) is sensitive to the refractive index surrounding its cladding when the diameter of cladding is reduced to a certain degree. In order to prove the sensitivity of the thinned fiber Bragg grating to refractive index, series of experiments, such as the fabrication of thinned FBG, tuning magnetic field and obtaining spectral characterizations, are carried out. After the FBG is etched for 193 minutes by HF solution at 22%, the FBG starts to be sensitive to the surrounding refractive index and the Bragg wavelength decreases sharply with the etching process. The thinned FBG has been packaged to a container filled with MF. Using a tunable magnetic field the refractive index of magnetic fluid could be changed and the Bragg wavelength of FBG shifts correspondingly. Both the wavelength and the light power are sensitive to magnetic field and the sensitivity of wavelength is 2.3 pm/mT at least in the condition of proposed experiment. The obtained results show that the thinned FBG sensor with magnetic fluid could be applicable for magnetic field and current sensing.
Zhou, Ciming; Ding, Li; Wang, Dongli; Kuang, Yaqi; Jiang, Desheng
Atomic magnetic gradiometer for room temperature high sensitivity magnetic field detection
A laser-based atomic magnetometer (LBAM) apparatus measures magnetic fields, comprising: a plurality of polarization detector cells to detect magnetic fields; a laser source optically coupled to the polarization detector cells; and a signal detector that measures the laser source after being coupled to the polarization detector cells, which may be alkali cells. A single polarization cell may be used for nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) by prepolarizing the nuclear spins of an analyte, encoding spectroscopic and/or spatial information, and detecting NMR signals from the analyte with a laser-based atomic magnetometer to form NMR spectra and/or magnetic resonance images (MRI). There is no need of a magnetic field or cryogenics in the detection step, as it is detected through the LBAM.
Xu,Shoujun (Berkeley, CA); Lowery, Thomas L. (Belmont, MA); Budker, Dmitry (El Cerrito, CA); Yashchuk, Valeriy V. (Richmond, CA); Wemmer, David E. (Berkeley, CA); Pines, Alexander (Berkeley, CA)
Protecting SQUID metamaterials against stray magnetic fields
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Using superconducting quantum interference devices (SQUIDs) as the basic, low-loss elements of thin-film metamaterials has one main advantage: their resonance frequency is easily tunable by applying a weak magnetic field. The downside, however, is a strong sensitivity to stray and inhomogeneous magnetic fields. In this work, we demonstrate that even small magnetic fields from electronic components destroy the collective, resonant behaviour of the SQUID metamaterial. We also show how the effect of these fields can be minimized. As a first step, magnetic shielding decreases any initially present fields, including the earth�s magnetic field. However, further measures such as improvements in the sample geometry have to be taken to avoid the trapping of Abrikosov vortices.
Butz, S.; Jung, P.; Filippenko, L. V.; Koshelets, V. P.; Ustinov, A. V.
Coronal magnetic fields and the solar wind
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Current information is presented on coronal magnetic fields as they bear on problems of the solar wind. Both steady state fields and coronal transient events are considered. A brief critique is given of the methods of calculating coronal magnetic fields including the potential (current free) models, exact solutions for the solar wind and field interaction, and source surface models. These solutions are compared with the meager quantitative observations which are available at this time. Qualitative comparisons between the shapes of calculated magnetic field lines and the forms visible in the solar corona at several recent eclipses are displayed. These suggest that: (1) coronal streamers develop above extended magnetic arcades which connect unipolar regions of opposite polarity; and (2) loops, arches, and rays in the corona correspond to preferentially filled magnetic tubes in the approximately potential field.
Newkirk, G., Jr.
Capillary hydrodynamic effects in high magnetic fields
A set of hydrodynamic equations has been applied to processes occurring in nonconductive fluids placed into magnetic fields. The equations are valid for equilibrium magnetization within the framework of a continuous medium. The ranges of physical parameters have been evaluated for which magnetization of a fluid should be taken into account in problems concerning the determination of equilibrium forms, and
B. M. Berkovskii; N. N. Smirnov
Magnetic Dipole Fields in Unsaturated Cubic Crystals
The mean value of the randomly directed local magnetic field at a lattice point in each of two cubic arrays, (I) and (F), of equal magnetic dipoles is computed under the following restrictions: (a) The orientation of neighboring dipoles is independent. (b) The direction of each dipole axis is one of the easy directions of magnetization for a ferromagnetic metal
L. W. McKeehan
Coronal magnetic fields produced by photospheric shear
The magneto-frictional method is used for computing force free fields to examine the evolution of the magnetic field of a line dipole, when there is relative shearing motion between the two polarities. It found that the energy of the sheared field can be arbitrarily large compared with the potential field. It is also found that it is possible to fit the magnetic energy, as a function of shear, by a simple functional form.
Sturrock, P.A.; Yang, W.H.
Coronal magnetic fields produced by photospheric shear
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
The magneto-frictional method is used for computing force free fields to examine the evolution of the magnetic field of a line dipole, when there is relative shearing motion between the two polarities. It found that the energy of the sheared field can be arbitrarily large compared with the potential field. It is also found that it is possible to fit the magnetic energy, as a function of shear, by a simple functional form.
Sturrock, P. A.; Yang, W.-H.
Twist-bend nematic liquid crystals in high magnetic fields
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
We present magneto-optic measurements on two materials that form the recently discovered twist-bend nematic (Ntb) phase. This intriguing state of matter represents a fluid phase that is orientationally anisotropic in three directions and also exhibits translational order with periodicity several times larger than the molecular size. Ntb materials may also spontaneously form a visible, macroscopic stripe texture. We show that the optical stripe texture can be persistently inhibited by a magnetic field, and a 25T external magnetic field depresses the N-Ntb phase transition temperature by almost 1?C. We propose a quantitative mechanism to account for this shift and suggest a Helfrich-Hurault-type mechanism for the optical stripe formation.
Challa, P. K.; Borshch, V.; Parri, O.; Imrie, C. T.; Sprunt, S. N.; Gleeson, J. T.; Lavrentovich, O. D.; J�kli, A.
Modeling Magnetic Field Topology at Jupiter with the Khurana Magnetic Field Model
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
To explore the degree of coupling between the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) and Jupiter's magnetosphere, we traced magnetic field lines from the polar region of the planet using the Khurana [1997, 2005] magnetic field model. We used a parameterized definition of the Jovian magnetopause created by Joy et al. [2002] that varies with the value of the solar wind dynamic pressure. We searched for field lines that cross the magnetopause and that potentially connect to the interplanetary magnetic field. We further explored the variation on magnetic field structure with local time orientation of Jupiter's dipole (i.e. Central Meridian Longitude) as well as upstream solar wind and IMF conditions.
Cohen, I.; Bagenal, F.
Disruption of coronal magnetic field arcades
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
The ideal and resistive properties of isolated large-scale coronal magnetic arcades are studied using axisymmetric solutions of the time-dependent magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) equations in spherical geometry. We examine how flares and coronal mass ejections may be initiated by sudden disruptions of the magnetic field. The evolution of coronal arcades in response to applied shearing photospheric flows indicates that disruptive behavior can occur beyond a critical shear. The disruption can be traced to ideal MHD magnetic nonequilibrium. The magnetic field expands outward in a process that opens the field lines and produces a tangential discontinuity in the magnetic field. In the presence of plasma resistivity, the resulting current sheet is the site of rapid reconnection, leading to an impulsive release of magnetic energy, fast flows, and the ejection of a plasmoid. We relate these results to previous studies of force-free fields and to the properties of the open-field configuration. We show that the field lines in an arcade are forced open when the magnetic energy approaches (but is still below) the open-field energy, creating a partially open field in which most of the field lines extend away from the solar surface. Preliminary application of this model to helmet streamers indicates that it is relevant to the initiation of coronal mass ejections.
Mikic, Zoran; Linker, Jon A.
Comparison of the mean photospheric magnetic field and the interplanetary magnetic field
The mean photospheric magnetic field of the sun seen as a star has been compared with the interplanetary magnetic field observed with spacecraft near the earth. Each change in polarity of the mean solar field is followed about 4 1\\/2 days later by a change in polarity of the interplanetary field (sector boundary). The scaling of the field magnitude from
A. Severny; J. M. Wilcox; P. H. Scherrer; D. S. Colburn
Diffusion of magnetic field via turbulent reconnection
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
The diffusion of astrophysical magnetic fields in conducting fluids in the presence of turbulence depends on whether magnetic fields can change their topology via reconnection in highly conducting media. Recent progress in understanding fast magnetic reconnection in the presence of turbulence is reassuring that the magnetic field behavior in computer simulations and turbulent astrophysical environments is similar, as far as magnetic reconnection is concerned. This makes it meaningful to perform MHD simulations of turbulent flows in order to understand the diffusion of magnetic field in astrophysical environments. Our studies of magnetic field diffusion in turbulent medium reveal interesting new phenomena. First of all, our 3D MHD simulations initiated with anti-correlating magnetic field and gaseous density exhibit at later times a de-correlation of the magnetic field and density, which corresponds well to the observations of the interstellar media. While earlier studies stressed the role of either ambipolar diffusion or time-dependent turbulent fluctuations for de-correlating magnetic field and density, we get the effect of permanent de-correlation with one fluid code, i.e. without invoking ambipolar diffusion. In addition, in the presence of gravity and turbulence, our 3D simulations show the decrease of the magnetic flux-to-mass ratio as the gaseous density at the center of the gravitational potential increases. We observe this effect both in the situations when we start with equilibrium distributions of gas and magnetic field and when we follow the evolution of collapsing dynamically unstable configurations. Thus the process of turbulent magnetic field removal should be applicable both to quasi-static subcritical molecular clouds and cores and violently collapsing supercritical entities. The increase of the gravitational potential as well as the magnetization of the gas increases the segregation of the mass and magnetic flux in the saturated final state of the simulations, supporting the notion that the reconnection-enabled diffusivity relaxes the magnetic field + gas system in the gravitational field to its minimal energy state. This effect is expected to play an important role in star formation, from its initial stages of concentrating interstellar gas to the final stages of the accretion to the forming protostar.
Santos de Lima, Reinaldo; Lazarian, Alexander; de Gouveia Dal Pino, Elisabete M.; Cho, Jungyeon
A Novel Electro-Optical Magnetic Microsensor with Reducing Interference Packaging
A novel electro-optical magnetic microsensor with reducing interference packaging mechanism for sensing magnetic field strength is demonstrated. Both capacitive and optical fiber sensing microstructures surrounded magnetic shields are fabricated in a chip using low temperature silicon-based MEMS compatible technology. Varied NiFe permalloy flaps embedded on polyimide membranes were used as flexible sensing mechanisms to actuate side-polished fiber and capacitor plate.
Hsing-Cheng Chang; San-Shan Hung; Chingfu Tsou; Wen-Fung Liu; Chi-Chih Lai; Ching-Shang Jian
Field-Sensitive Materials for Optical Applications
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
The purpose of investigation is to develop the fundamental materials and fabrication technology for field-controlled spectrally active optics that are essential for industry, NASA, and DOD (Department of Defense) applications such as: membrane optics, filters for LIDARs (Light Detection and Ranging), windows for sensors and probes, telescopes, spectroscopes, cameras, light valves, light switches, flat-panel displays, etc. The proposed idea is based on the quantum-dots (QD) array or thin-film of field-sensitive Stark and Zeeman materials and the bound excitonic state of organic crystals that will offer optical adaptability and reconfigurability. Major tasks are the development of concept demonstration article and test data of field-controlled spectrally smart active optics (FCSAO) for optical multi-functional capabilities on a selected spectral range.
Choi, Sang H.; Little, Mark
Bipolar Flow in a Special Magnetic Field.
National Technical Information Service (NTIS)
It is shown that, in a magnetic field, the effective compensation of the space charge of an ion flow by electrons can occur. By selecting the appropriate magnetic fields, one can achieve as high a reciprocal compensation of the electron and ion space char...
V. N. Danilov
Variability and topology of solar magnetic field
Observations of the large scale magnetic field in the photosphere taken at the Wilcox Solar Observatory since 1976 up to 2005 have been analyzed to deduce its latitudinal and longitudinal structures, its differential rotation, and their variability in time. The main results are the following: - The latitudinal structure of the solar magnetic field with a period of polarity change
E. A. Gavryuseva
Does the solar magnetic field increase?
We consider measurements of the general magnetic field (GMF) of the Sun as a star at four world observatories from 1968 until\\u000a 1999. We show that, within the error limits, the mean strength of the photospheric magnetic field H (of its longitudinal component, in magnitude) has not changed over the last 32 years. This is in conflict with the recent
V. A. Kotov; I. V. Kotova
Magnetic fields, branes, and noncommutative geometry
We construct a simple physical model of a particle moving on the infinite noncommutative 2-plane. The model consists of a pair of opposite charges moving in a strong magnetic field. In addition, the charges are connected by a spring. In the limit of large magnetic field, the charges are frozen into the lowest Landau levels. Interactions of such particles include
Daniela Bigatti; Leonard Susskind
Astrophysical magnetic fields and nonlinear dynamo theory
The current understanding of astrophysical magnetic fields is reviewed, focusing on their generation and maintenance by turbulence. In the astrophysical context this generation is usually explained by a self-excited dynamo, which involves flows that can amplify a weak �seed� magnetic field exponentially fast. Particular emphasis is placed on the nonlinear saturation of the dynamo. Analytic and numerical results are discussed
Axel Brandenburg; Kandaswamy Subramanian