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Experimental study of temperature effect on the growth and collapse of cavitation bubbles near a rigid boundary
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
The effect of temperature on the dynamics of a laser-induced cavitation bubble is studied experimentally. The growth and collapse of the cavitation bubble are measured by two sensitive fiber-optic sensors based on optical beam deflection (OBD). Cavitation bubble tests are performed in water at different temperatures, and the temperature ranges from freezing point (0¯C) to near boiling point. The results indicate that both the maximum bubble radius and bubble lifetime are increased with the increase of temperature. During the stage of bubble rapidly collapsing in the vicinity of a solid surface, besides laser ablation effect, both the first and second liquid-jet-induced impulses are also observed. They are both increased with liquid temperature increasing, and then reach a peak, followed by a decrease. The peak appears at the temperature which is approximately the average of freezing and boiling points. The mechanism of liquid temperature influence on cavitation erosion is also discussed.
Liu, Xiu-mei; Long, Zheng; He, Jie; Li, Bei-bei; Liu, Xin-hua; Zhao, Ji-yun; Lu, Jian; Ni, Xiao-wu
Analysis of cavitation bubble dynamics in a liquid
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
General differential equations governing the dynamics of the cavitation bubbles in a liquid were derived. With the assumption of spherical symmetry the governing equations were simplified. Closed form solutions were obtained for simple cases, and numerical solutions were calculated for complicated ones. The growth and the collapse of the bubble were analyzed, oscillations of the bubbles were studied, and the stability of the cavitation bubbles were investigated. The results show that the cavitation bubbles are unstable, and the oscillation is not sinusoidal.
Fontenot, L. L.; Lee, Y. C.
Shocking rocks by cavitation and bubble implosion
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Cavitation is proposed as a mechanism for the discrete generation of high-pressure high-temperature polymorphs in veins within meteorites and hypervelocity impact structures. Cavitation involves the inception, isothermal growth, and adiabatic implosion of bubbles; their collapse has the potential of generating ultrahigh temperatures and pressures. The formation of pseudotachylytic melt veins within the shocked target is critical to the cavitation process. These veins facilitate bubble growth on decompression and subsequent bubble collapse on relaxation within the liquid. Asymmetric bubble implosion can lead to the rapid inrush of liquid to form a supersonic jet. If the liquid jet strikes a solid surface (i.e., melt-vein walls or suspended clasts) at high velocities, then temperatures of several thousand kelvin and pressures of 10 GPa or more can be realized in the area of jet impact. These conditions are capable of generating high-pressure phases, such as ringwoodite, the spinel-structured polymorph of olivine, which requires formation pressures of >50 GPa. These extreme effects are transient and localized, being restricted to microscopic regions of liquid-solid impact within the cavitating melt vein. The presence of high-pressure polymorphs in meteorites and impact structures does not necessarily imply that the primary shock event attained the conditions necessary for polymorph formation. Instead, the presence of polymorphs may be the result of extreme pressure-temperature excursions due to cavitation.
Spray, John G.
Interaction mechanism of double bubbles in hydrodynamic cavitation
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Bubble-bubble interaction is an important factor in cavitation bubble dynamics. In this paper, the dynamic behaviors of double cavitation bubbles driven by varying pressure field downstream of an orifice plate in hydrodynamic cavitation reactor are examined. The bubble-bubble interaction between two bubbles with different radii is considered. We have shown the different dynamic behaviors between double cavitation bubbles and a single bubble by solving two coupling nonlinear equations using the Runge-Kutta fourth order method with adaptive step size control. The simulation results indicate that, when considering the role of the neighbor smaller bubble, the oscillation of the bigger bubble gradually exhibits a lag in comparison with the single-bubble case, and the extent of the lag becomes much more obvious as time goes by. This phenomenon is more easily observed with the increase of the initial radius of the smaller bubble. In comparison with the single-bubble case, the oscillation of the bigger bubble is enhanced by the neighbor smaller bubble. Especially, the pressure pulse of the bigger bubble rises intensely when the sizes of two bubbles approach, and a series of peak values for different initial radii are acquired when the initial radius ratio of two bubbles is in the range of 0.91.0. Although the increase of the center distance between two bubbles can weaken the mutual interaction, it has no significant influence on the enhancement trend. On the one hand, the interaction between two bubbles with different radii can suppress the growth of the smaller bubble; on the other hand, it also can enhance the growth of the bigger one at the same time. The significant enhancement effect due to the interaction of multi-bubbles should be paid more attention because it can be used to reinforce the cavitation intensity for various potential applications in future.
Li, Fengchao; Cai, Jun; Huai, Xiulan; Liu, Bin
Chemical control of single bubble cavitation
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Sonochemistry would be ideally studied with a single bubble with known size pulsating in known acoustic pressure field. Single bubble cavitation provides the means to make such studies. The promise that single bubble cavitation brought to the quantitative measurements of chemical activity of cavitation, however, has not been previously fulfilled due to the very small amount of reacting gas within a single bubble (typically <10-13 moles). We have now quantitated the chemical reactions inside a single cavitating bubble and established an inventory of energy dissipation during bubble collapse. The yields of nitrite ions, hydroxyl radicals, and photons from a single cavitation bubble have now been measured, and the first true measures of energy efficiencies during acoustic cavitation have been determined. The energy efficiency of the formation of hydroxyl radicals from single bubble is comparable to that in multibubble cavitation. The energy efficiency of light emission, however, is much higher for SBSL. The observed rate of nitrite formation is in good agreement with the calculated diffusion rate of nitrogen into the bubble. The temperatures reached during single bubble cavitation in liquids with significant vapor pressures will be substantially limited by the endothermic chemical reactions of the polyatomics inside the collapsing bubble.
Didenko, Yuri T.; Suslick, Kenneth S.
Sonoporation from Jetting Cavitation Bubbles
The fluid dynamic interaction of cavitation bubbles with adherent cells on a substrate is experimentally investigated. We find that the nonspherical collapse of bubbles near to the boundary is responsible for cell detachment. High-speed photography reveals that a wall bounded flow leads to the detachment of cells. Cells at the edge of the circular area of detachment are found to be permanently porated, whereas cells at some distance from the detachment area undergo viable cell membrane poration (sonoporation). The wall flow field leading to cell detachment is modeled with a self-similar solution for a wall jet, together with a kinetic ansatz of adhesive bond rupture. The self-similar solution for the ?-type wall jet compares very well with the full solution of the Navier-Stokes equation for a jet of finite thickness. Apart from annular sites of sonoporation we also find more homogenous patterns of molecule delivery with no cell detachment.
Ohl, Claus-Dieter; Arora, Manish; Ikink, Roy; de Jong, Nico; Versluis, Michel; Delius, Michael; Lohse, Detlef
Sonoluminescence, sonochemistry and bubble dynamics of single bubble cavitation
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
The amount of hydroxyl radicals produced from a single cavitation bubble was quantified by terephthalate dosimetry at various frequencies and pressure amplitudes, while the dynamics of the single bubble was observed by stroboscopic and light-scattering methods. Also, sonoluminescence (SL), sonochemiluminescence (SCL) of luminol, and sodium atom emission (Na*) in the cavitation field were observed. The amount of hydroxyl radicals per cycle as well as the intensity of SL was proportional to pressure amplitude at every frequency performed, and it decreased with increasing frequency. When the single bubble was dancing with a decrease in pressure amplitude, however, the amount of hydroxyl radicals was greater than that for the stable bubble at the higher pressure amplitude and did not significantly decrease with frequency. Furthermore, SCL and Na* were detected only under unstable bubble conditions. These results imply that the instability of bubbles significantly enhances sonochemical efficiency for non-volatile substances in liquid phase.
Hatanaka, Shin-ichi
Interaction of cavitation bubbles on a wall
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
We report experimental and numerical investigations on the dynamics of the cavitation of bubbles on a solid surface and the interaction between them with the help of controlled cavitation nuclei: hemispherical bubbles are nucleated from hydrophobic microcavities that act as gas traps when the substrate is immersed in water. The expansion of these nuclei is triggered by an impulsive lowering of the liquid pressure. The patterning of the substrate allows us to control the number of bubbles and the distance between them. Each hemispherical bubble experiences the effect of its mirror image. Correspondingly, an isolated hemispherical bubble together with its mirror image behaves like a free spherical bubble, i.e., its dynamics is well described by the Rayleigh-Plesset equation. We employ the setup to study the dynamics of two and more bubbles in a row at controlled and fixed distances from each other. For weak interaction, namely when the maximum size of the bubbles is smaller than the bubble distance, the dynamics of the system is well captured by an extended Rayleigh-Plesset equation, where mutual pressure coupling through sound emission is included. Bubble pairs last longer than an isolated bubble as neighboring bubbles modify the surrounding pressure and screen each other. For strong interaction, obtained by increasing the tensile stress or decreasing the bubble distance, the bubbles eventually flatten and form a liquid film between each other which can rupture, leading to coalescence. The film thinning is inertia dominated. A potential flow boundary integral simulation captures the overall shape evolution of the bubbles, including the formation of jets horizontal to the wall. These horizontal jets are caused by symmetry breaking due to the neighboring bubbles.
Bremond, Nicolas; Arora, Manish; Dammer, Stephan M.; Lohse, Detlef
Discrete Bubble Modeling of Unsteady Cavitating Flow
A discrete vapor bubble model is developed to simulate unsteady cavitating flows. In this model, the mixed vapor-liquid mixture is modeled as a system of pure phase domains (vapor and liquid) separated by free interfaces. On the phase boundary, a numerical solution for the phase transition is developed for compressible flows. This model is used to study the effect of
Zhiliang Xu; Myoungnyoun Kim; Tianshi Lu; Wonho Oh; James Glimm; Roman Samulyak; Xiaolin Li; Constantine Tzanos
Inside a Collapsing Bubble: Sonoluminescence and the Conditions During Cavitation
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Acoustic cavitation, the growth and rapid collapse of bubbles in a liquid irradiated with ultrasound, is a unique source of energy for driving chemical reactions with sound, a process known as sonochemistry. Another consequence of acoustic cavitation is the emission of light [sonoluminescence (SL)]. Spectroscopic analyses of SL from single bubbles as well as a cloud of bubbles have revealed line and band emission, as well as an underlying continuum arising from a plasma. Application of spectrometric methods of pyrometry as well as tools of plasma diagnostics to relative line intensities, profiles, and peak positions have allowed the determination of intracavity temperatures and pressures. These studies have shown that extraordinary conditions (temperatures up to 20,000 K; pressures of several thousand bar; and heating and cooling rates of >1012 K s1) are generated within an otherwise cold liquid.
Suslick, Kenneth S.; Flannigan, David J.
Multiscale Modeling of Cavitating Bubbly Flows
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Modeling of cavitating bubbly flows is challenging due to the wide range of characteristic lengths of the physics at play: from micrometers (e.g., bubble nuclei radius) to meters (e.g., propeller diameter or sheet cavity length). To address this, we present here a multiscale approach which integrates a Discrete Bubble Model for dispersed microbubbles and a level set N-S solver for macro cavities, along with a mesoscale transition model to bridge the two. This approach was implemented in 3DYNAFS^ and used to simulate sheet-to-cloud cavitation over a hydrofoil. The hybrid model captures well the full cavitation process starting from free field nuclei and nucleation from solid surfaces. In low pressure region of the foil small nuclei are seen to grow large and eventually merge to form a large scale sheet cavity. A reentrant jet forms under the cavity, travels upstream, and breaks it, resulting in a bubble cloud of a large amount of microbubbles as the broken pockets shrink and travel downstream. This is in good agreement with experimental observations based of sheet lengths and frequency of lift force oscillation.
Ma, J.; Hsiao, C.-T.; Chahine, G. L.
Bubble proliferation in the cavitation field of a shock wave lithotripter
Lithotripter shock waves (SWs) generated in non-degassed water at 0.5 and 2 Hz pulse repetition frequency (PRF) were characterized using a fiber-optic hydrophone. High-speed imaging captured the inertial growth-collapse-rebound cycle of cavitation bubbles, and continuous recording with a 60 fps camcorder was used to track bubble proliferation over successive SWs. Microbubbles that seeded the generation of bubble clouds formed by the breakup of cavitation jets and by bubble collapse following rebound. Microbubbles that persisted long enough served as cavitation nuclei for subsequent SWs, as such bubble clouds were enhanced at fast PRF. Visual tracking suggests that bubble clouds can originate from single bubbles.
Pishchalnikov, Yuri A.; Williams, James C.; McAteer, James A.
Bubble proliferation in the cavitation field of a shock wave lithotripter.
Lithotripter shock waves (SWs) generated in non-degassed water at 0.5 and 2 Hz pulse repetition frequency (PRF) were characterized using a fiber-optic hydrophone. High-speed imaging captured the inertial growth-collapse-rebound cycle of cavitation bubbles, and continuous recording with a 60 fps camcorder was used to track bubble proliferation over successive SWs. Microbubbles that seeded the generation of bubble clouds formed by the breakup of cavitation jets and by bubble collapse following rebound. Microbubbles that persisted long enough served as cavitation nuclei for subsequent SWs, as such bubble clouds were enhanced at fast PRF. Visual tracking suggests that bubble clouds can originate from single bubbles. PMID:21877776
Pishchalnikov, Yuri A; Williams, James C; McAteer, James A
Spatial distribution of acoustic cavitation bubbles at different ultrasound frequencies.
Images of sonoluminescence, sonophotoluminescence and sonochemiluminescence are recorded in order to semi-quantitatively compare the spatial distribution of the cavitation activity at three different ultrasound frequencies (170 kHz, 440 kHz and 700 kHz) and at various acoustic amplitudes. At all ultrasound frequencies investigated, the sonochemically active cavitation zones are much larger than the cavitation zones where sonoluminescence is observed. Also, the sonochemically active bubbles are observed at relatively lower acoustic amplitudes than that required for sonoluminescence bubbles to appear. The acoustic power required for the observation of the initial cavitation bubbles increases with an increase in the ultrasound frequency. The cavitation bubbles are observed relatively uniformly throughout the reactor at 170 kHz whereas they are located away from the transducer at the higher frequencies used in this study. While these observations highlight the complexities involved in acoustic cavitation, possible reasons for the observed results are discussed. PMID:20301178
Ashokkumar, Muthupandian; Lee, Judy; Iida, Yasuo; Yasui, Kyuichi; Kozuka, Teruyuki; Tuziuti, Toru; Towata, Atsuya
Dynamics of cavitational bubbles and design of a hydrodynamic cavitational reactor: cluster approach
In the present work, a cavity cluster of predetermined size has been considered to study the bubble dynamics in the hydrodynamic cavitation reactor. The effect of different operating and system parameters on the cavitational intensity has been numerically investigated. The yield of any cavitationally induced physical\\/chemical transformations depends not only on the collapse pressure of the cavities but also on
Parag M. Kanthale; Parag R. Gogate; Aniruddha B. Pandit; Anne Marie Wilhelm
Cavitation Bubble Cluster Activity in the Breakage of Kidney Stones by Lithotripter Shock Waves
High-speed photography was used to analyze cavitation bubble activity at the surface of artificial and natural kidney stones during exposure to lithotripter shock waves in vitro. Numerous individual bubbles formed at the surface of stones, but these bubbles did not remain independent and combined with one another to form bubble clusters. Bubble clusters formed at the proximal end, the distal end, and at the sides of stones. Each cluster collapsed to a narrow point of impact. Collapse of the proximal cluster caused erosion at the leading face of the stone and the collapse of clusters at the sides of stones appeared to contribute to the growth of cracks. Collapse of the distal cluster caused minimal damage. We conclude that cavitation-mediated damage to stones was due not to the action of solitary bubbles, but to the growth and collapse of bubble clusters.
Pishchalnikov, Yuriy A.; Sapozhnikov, Oleg A.; Bailey, Michael R.; Williams, James C.; Cleveland, Robin O.; Colonius, Tim; Crum, Lawrence A.; Evan, Andrew P.; McAteer, James A.
Modeling of interaction between therapeutic ultrasound propagation and cavitation bubbles.
In medical applications of high intense focused ultrasound the mechanism of interaction between ultrasound waves and cavitation bubbles is responsible for several therapeutic effects as well as for undesired side effects. Based on a two-phase continuum approach for bubbly liquids, in this paper a numerical model is presented to simulate these interactions. The numerical results demonstrate the influence of the cavitation bubble cloud on ultrasound propagation. In the case of a lithotripter pulse an increased bubble density leads to significant changes in the tensile part of the pressure waveform. The calculations are verified by measurements with a fiber optical hydrophone and by experimental results of the bubble cloud dynamics. PMID:16908041
Liebler, Marko; Dreyer, Thomas; Riedlinger, Rainer E
Suppression of cavitation inception by gas bubble injection: A numerical study focusing on bubble-bubble interaction
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
The dynamic behavior of cavitation and gas bubbles under negative pressure has been studied numerically to evaluate the effect of gas bubble injection into a liquid on the suppression of cavitation inception. In our previous studies, it was demonstrated by direct observation that cavitation occurs in liquid mercury when mechanical impacts are imposed, and this will cause cavitation damage in spallation neutron sources, in which liquid mercury is bombarded by a high-power proton beam. In the present paper, we describe numerical investigations of the dynamics of cavitation bubbles in liquid mercury using a multibubble model that takes into account the interaction of a cavitation bubble with preexisting gas bubbles through bubble-radiated pressure waves. The numerical results suggest that, if the mercury includes gas bubbles whose equilibrium radius is much larger than that of the cavitation bubble, the explosive expansion of the cavitation bubble (i.e., cavitation inception) is suppressed by the positive-pressure wave radiated by the injected bubbles, which decreases the magnitude of the negative pressure in the mercury.
Ida, Masato; Naoe, Takashi; Futakawa, Masatoshi
Dynamics of cavitational bubbles and design of a hydrodynamic cavitational reactor: cluster approach.
In the present work, a cavity cluster of predetermined size has been considered to study the bubble dynamics in the hydrodynamic cavitation reactor. The effect of different operating and system parameters on the cavitational intensity has been numerically investigated. The yield of any cavitationally induced physical/chemical transformations depends not only on the collapse pressure of the cavities but also on the active volume of cavitation within the reactor. Empirical correlations have been developed to predict the collapse pressure and the active volume of cavitation as a function of different operating parameters based on the bubble dynamics studies. Recommendations are made for designing a cavitational reactor on the basis of the proposed empirical correlations. This work is a first step towards the designing and optimization of hydrodynamic cavitational reactor with cluster approach. PMID:15848106
Kanthale, Parag M; Gogate, Parag R; Pandit, Aniruddha B; Wilhelm, Anne Marie
Spatio-temporal dynamics of cavitation bubble clouds in a low frequency reactor: comparison between theoretical and experimental results
The propagation of ultrasound through a liquid induces the growth of inceptions and germs into bubbles. In a low frequency reactor, fragmentary transient bubbles emerge due to the acoustic driving. They violently collapse in one cycle and fragment into many smaller bubbles than in turn cavitate. This violent collapse is responsible for the mechanical effects of ultrasounds effects. The latter
G Servant; J.-L Laborde; A Hita; J.-P Caltagirone; A GÕrard
Bubbly flow model for the dynamic characteristics of cavitating pumps
The recent experimental transfer matrices obtained by Ng and Brennen (1978) for some axial flow pumps revealed some dynamic characteristics which were unaccounted for by any existing theoretical analysis; their visual observations suggested that the bubbly cavitating flow in the blade passages could be responsible for these effects. A theoretical model of the dynamic response of this bubbly blade-passage flow
Christopher Brennen
Cavitation bubble dynamics in microfluidic gaps of variable height.
We study experimentally the dynamics of laser-induced cavitation bubbles created inside a narrow gap. The gap height, h , is varied from 15 to 400 microm and the resulting bubble dynamics is compared to a semiunbounded fluid. The cavitation bubbles are created with pulsed laser light at constant laser energy and are imaged with a high-speed camera. The bubble lifetime increases with decreasing gap height by up to 50% whereas the maximum projected bubble radius remains constant. Comparing the radial dynamics to potential flow models, we find that with smaller gaps, the bubble-induced flow becomes essentially planar, thus slower flows with reduced shear. These findings might have important consequences for microfluidic applications where it is desirable to tune the strength and range of the interactions such as in the case of cell lysis and cell membrane poration. PMID:19905487
Quinto-Su, Pedro A; Lim, Kang Y; Ohl, Claus-Dieter
The effect of dissolve gas concentration in the initial growth stage of multi cavitation bubbles. Differences between vacuum degassing and ultrasound degassing.
The sonochemical luminescence intensity from luminol was measured at a sampling rate of several kilohertz. This was noted at three different periods: first, the latent period in which no light emission occurs at all; second, the increased emission period from the start of light emission to the time when a steady state is reached; and third, the steady state period in which light emission occurs at the steady state value. When irradiated with ultrasound of different intensities, the times of the latent period and increased emission period are shorter for higher ultrasound intensities. To know how the dissolved oxygen content is involved in early-stage cavitation growth, an experiment was conducted using solutions with varying dissolved oxygen contents from 100% to 37%. For dissolved air content of 50% or less, it was found that the latent period was 30 times longer in a saturated condition. It was also found that the increased emission period was 10 times longer. However, the emission intensity in the steady state did not change at all even when the initial dissolved gas concentration of the sample was changed. From this, it was found that the reuse of collapsed bubbles takes place efficiently in the steady state. Dissolved oxygen was reduced by the use of a vacuum pump and by the degassing action of ultrasound, and it was discovered that the behavior of transient emission differed for the two ways of degassing. PMID:17681864
Yanagida, Hirotaka
Observation of cavitation bubbles in monoleaflet mechanical heart valves.
Recently, cavitation on the surface of mechanical heart valves (MHVs) has been studied as a cause of fractures occurring in implanted MHVs. In the present study, we investigated the mechanism of MHV cavitation associated with the Bj—rk-Shiley valve and the Medtronic Hall valve in an electrohydraulic total artificial heart (EHTAH). The valves were mounted in the mitral position in the EHTAH. The valve closing motion, pressure drop measurements, and cavitation capture were employed to investigate the mechanisms for cavitation in the MHV. There are no differences in valve closing velocity between the two valves, and its value ranged from 0.53 to 1.96 m/s. The magnitude of negative pressure increased with an increase in the heart rate, and the negative pressure in the Medtronic Hall valve was greater than that in the Bj—rk-Shiley valve. Cavitation bubbles were concentrated at the edge of the valve stop; the major cause of these cavitation bubbles was determined to be the squeeze flow. The formation of cavitation bubbles depended on the valve closing velocity and the valve leaflet geometry. From the viewpoint of squeeze flow, the Bj—rk-Shiley valve was less likely to cause blood cell damage than the Medtronic Hall valve in our EHTAH. PMID:15558332
Lee, Hwansung; Tsukiya, Tomonori; Homma, Akihiko; Kamimura, Tadayuki; Takewa, Yoshiaki; Tatsumi, Eisuke; Taenaka, Yoshiyuki; Takano, Hisateru; Kitamura, Soichiro
Numerical investigations in the behaviour of one-dimensional bubbly flow in hydrodynamic cavitation
Hydrodynamic cavitation has been attempted as an alternative to acoustic cavitation over past few years and this form of cavitation has been proved to hold higher potential for industrial scale processes. In this work, we have tried to investigate the dynamics of the bubbly flow in hydrodynamic cavitation with the help of numerical simulations. A continuum bubbly mixture model is
V. S. Moholkar; A. B. Pandit
Multifocal laser surgery: Cutting enhancement by hydrodynamic interactions between cavitation bubbles
Transparent biological tissues can be precisely dissected with ultrafast lasers using optical breakdown in the tight focal zone. Typically, tissues are cut by sequential application of pulses, each of which produces a single cavitation bubble. We investigate the hydrodynamic interactions between simultaneous cavitation bubbles originating from multiple laser foci. Simultaneous expansion and collapse of cavitation bubbles can enhance the cutting
Ilya Toytman; Alexander Silbergleit; Dmitri Simanovski; Daniel Palanker
Controlled permeation of cell membrane by single bubble acoustic cavitation.
Sonoporation is the membrane disruption generated by ultrasound and has been exploited as a non-viral strategy for drug and gene delivery. Acoustic cavitation of microbubbles has been recognized to play an important role in sonoporation. However, due to the lack of adequate techniques for precise control of cavitation activities and real-time assessment of the resulting sub-micron process of sonoporation, limited knowledge has been available regarding the detail processes and correlation of cavitation with membrane disruption at the single cell level. In the current study, we developed a combined approach including optical, acoustical, and electrophysiological techniques to enable synchronized manipulation, imaging, and measurement of cavitation of single bubbles and the resulting cell membrane disruption in real-time. Using a self-focused femtosecond laser and high frequency ultrasound (7.44MHz) pulses, a single microbubble was generated and positioned at a desired distance from the membrane of a Xenopus oocyte. Cavitation of the bubble was achieved by applying a low frequency (1.5MHz) ultrasound pulse (duration 13.3 or 40?s) to induce bubble collapse. Disruption of the cell membrane was assessed by the increase in the transmembrane current (TMC) of the cell under voltage clamp. Simultaneous high-speed bright field imaging of cavitation and measurements of the TMC were obtained to correlate the ultrasound-generated bubble activities with the cell membrane poration. The change in membrane permeability was directly associated with the formation of a sub-micrometer pore from a local membrane rupture generated by bubble collapse or bubble compression depending on ultrasound amplitude and duration. The impact of the bubble collapse on membrane permeation decreased rapidly with increasing distance (D) between the bubble (diameter d) and the cell membrane. The effective range of cavitation impact on membrane poration was determined to be D/d=0.75. The maximum mean radius of the pores was estimated from the measured TMC to be 0.106Ý0.032?m (n=70) for acoustic pressure of 1.5MPa (duration 13.3?s), and increased to 0.171Ý0.030?m (n=125) for acoustic pressure of 1.7MPa and to 0.182Ý0.052?m (n=112) for a pulse duration of 40?s (1.5MPa). These results from controlled cell membrane permeation by cavitation of single bubbles revealed insights and key factors affecting sonoporation at the single cell level. PMID:21945682
Zhou, Y; Yang, K; Cui, J; Ye, J Y; Deng, C X
Comparison of numerical simulations and laboratory studies of shock waves and cavitation bubble growth produced by optical breakdown in water
In numerical calculations of idealized bubble dynamics test problems, Los Alamos computational tools perform well. A realistic equation of state must be used and geometrical features must be carefully modeled to simulate experiments accurately. In this work, we compare numerical simulations taking these features into account with experiments performed at the Medizinisches Laserzentrum Lubeck. We compare the measured and calculated positions of the shock front and of the bubble wall as a function of time in the laser optical breakdown of water produced by 30-ps 1-mJ Nd:YAG laser pulses.
Chapyak, E.J.; Godwin, R.P. [Los Alamos National Lab., NM (United States); Vogel, A. [Medizinisches Laserzentrum Luebeck GmbH (Germany)
Numerical Model and Validation for Cryogenic High-Speed Cavitating Flow Based on Bubble Size Distribution Model in Consideration of Rigorous Heat Transfer around Bubble and Bubble Oscillation
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
A bubble size distribution model has been developed by the author for a cryogenic high-speed cavitating flow of a turbo-pump in a liquid fuel rocket engine. In this model, bubble growth/decay and bubble advection are solved for each class of the bubble size, strictly mass, when there are various mass bubbles in the same calculation region. The above calculations are treated as Eulerian approach with respect to the bubble mass. The numerical results based on this model have agreed with the experimental results as a whole, however, some inconsistency still remained. It is suspected that the model of the bubble growth/decay causes the difference between the numerical and experimental results because heat transfer around the bubble was approximately computed by an analytical solution of unsteady heat transfer based on the elapsed-time from the bubble nucleation. In this paper, a new bubble size distribution model was redeveloped, in which the bubble growth/decay calculations employ a new method combining two rigorous methods, namely, a Rayleigh-Plesset equation for bubble oscillation, and a heat conduction equation in a thermal boundary layer around the bubble to evaluate mass rate of evaporation/condensation.
Ito, Yutaka
The disappearance of ultrasound contrast bubbles: observations of bubble dissolution and cavitation nucleation.
The destruction process of biSphere and Optison ultrasound (US) contrast microbubbles were studied at 1.1 MHz. High-amplitude tone bursts caused shell disruption and/or fragmentation of the microbubbles, leading to dissolution of the freed gas. The bubble destruction and subsequent dissolution process was imaged with a high pulse-repetition frequency (PRF) 10-cycle, 5-MHz bistatic transducer configuration. Three types of dissolution profiles were measured: In one case, biSphere microbubbles showed evidence of dissolution through resonance, during which a temporary increase in the scattering amplitude was observed. In another case, both biSphere and Optison microbubbles showed evidence of fragmentation, during which the scattering amplitude decreased rapidly. Finally, in some cases, we observed the impulsive growth and subsequent rapid decay of signals that appear to be due to cavitation nucleation. Simulations of bubble dissolution curves show good agreement with experiments. PMID:12113792
Chen, Wen Shiang; Matula, Thomas J; Crum, Lawrence A
Trapping cavitation bubbles with a self-focused laser beam
We observed that laser-induced cavitation bubbles in water can be trapped in a self-focused laser beam. Both optical imaging and acoustic detection have been utilized to confirm bubble trapping. Transverse and longitudinal trapping forces were measured to be as large as 87 and 11 pN, respectively. This result is contrary to conventional wisdom, since the mechanism of trapping in conventional
Jing Yong Ye; Guoqing Chang; Theodore B. Norris; Christine Tse; Marwa J. Zohdy; Kyle W. Hollman; Matthew O'Donnell; James R. Baker Jr.
Acoustic bubble cavitation at low frequencies
ElectricitÕ de France is involved in understanding the complex physical mechanism induced by power ultrasounds in the bulk of a liquid. The propagation of a ultrasound wave (from 20 to 800 kHz) through a liquid initiates a little-known phenomenon called acoustic cavitation. A film shot at 500 frames s?1 shows the acoustic stable and transient cavitation activity in a stationary
J. L. Laborde; C. Bouyer; J.-P. Caltagirone; A. GÕrard
Molecular dynamics simulations of cavitation bubble collapse and sonoluminescence
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
The dynamics of the medium within a collapsing and rebounding cavitation bubble is investigated by means of molecular dynamics (MD) simulations adopting a hard sphere model for the species inside the bubble. The dynamics of the surrounding liquid (water) is modelled using a Rayleigh-Plesset (RP)-type equation coupled to the bubble interior by the gas pressure at the wall obtained from the MD calculations. Water vapour and vapour chemistry are included in the RP-MD model as well as mass and energy transfer through the bubble wall. The calculations reveal the evolution of temperature, density and pressure within a bubble at conditions typical of single-bubble sonoluminescence and predict how the particle numbers and densities of different vapour dissociation and reaction products in the bubble develop in space and time. Among the parameters varied are the sound pressure amplitude of a sonoluminescence bubble in water, the noble gas mixture in the bubble and the accommodation coefficients for mass and energy exchange through the bubble wall. Simulation particle numbers up to 10 million are used; most calculations, however, are performed with one million particles to save computer run time. Validation of the MD code was done by comparing MD results with solutions obtained by continuum mechanics calculations for the Euler equations.
Schanz, Daniel; Metten, Burkhard; Kurz, Thomas; Lauterborn, Werner
Characterization of acoustic cavitation bubbles in different sound fields.
Various fundamental properties of acoustic cavitation bubbles have been investigated in single- and dual-frequency sound fields. It was found that the relative extent of bubble coalescence in the dual-frequency field correlated strongly with the synergistic enhancement of the sonochemical reaction rates. Both the relative extent of coalescence and the sonochemical synergy observed were enhanced through the addition of coalescence-inhibiting solutes. This was attributed to greater nucleation in the dual-frequency mode compared with the single-frequency modes, producing a very localized and high-density bubble field. The acoustic bubble size, compared with that measured at 355 kHz alone, was found to increase upon the application of synchronous 20 kHz pulses but was reduced dramatically when the low frequency was applied as a continuous wave. This trend is consistent with previous reports indicating that the bubble density and cavitation activity are relatively higher in the pulsed system and that the continuous wave application exerts a strong cancellation effect. The changes in bubble density and coalescence rates are proposed to govern the acoustic bubble size. The bubble lifetime was found to be longer in the dual-frequency field (>0.30 ms; >6 low-frequency oscillations, >100 high-frequency oscillations) compared with both single-frequency fields (0.26 ms and 5 oscillations for the low frequency; 0.22 ms and 75 oscillations for the high frequency). The confluence of a longer bubble lifetime and more asymmetric collapse conditions, the latter inferred from a more pronounced sodium atom emission in the sonoluminescence spectrum, resulted in a lower bubble collapse temperature measured in the dual-frequency system. PMID:20698516
Brotchie, Adam; Grieser, Franz; Ashokkumar, Muthupandian
Spatial separation of cavitating bubble populations: the nanodroplet injection model.
Intense Na* emission was observed from 0.1 M Na(2)SO(4) in 95% sulfuric acid during multibubble sonoluminescence (MBSL). As a function of acoustic intensity, three different morphologies are observed for the cloud of light emitting bubbles. Even more strikingly, there is a spatial separation between blue-white emitting bubbles and orange emitting bubbles, easily observed by the naked eye. Surprisingly, no Na* emission was observed on the top of a bubble cloud (blue-white emission) while strong Na* emission predominates at the bottom. This observation provides the first experimental evidence to distinguish between the two types of two-site models of acoustic cavitation and MBSL: spatial separation of emission from nonvolatiles (e.g., Na*) ought not to be observed for the heated-shell model but is predicted from the injected droplet model. PMID:19400590
Xu, Hangxun; Eddingsaas, Nathan C; Suslick, Kenneth S
Numerical simulation of cavitation bubble dynamics induced by ultrasound waves in a high frequency reactor
The use of high frequency ultrasound in chemical systems is of major interest to optimize chemical procedures. Characterization of an open air 477kHz ultrasound reactor shows that, because of the collapse of transient cavitation bubbles and pulsation of stable cavitation bubbles, chemical reactions are enhanced. Numerical modelling is undertaken to determine the spatio-temporal evolution of cavitation bubbles. The calculus of
G. Servant; J. P. Caltagirone; A. GÕrard; J. L. Laborde; A. Hita
Cavitation clouds created by shock scattering from bubbles during histotripsy
Histotripsy is a therapy that focuses short-duration, high-amplitude pulses of ultrasound to incite a localized cavitation cloud that mechanically breaks down tissue. To investigate the mechanism of cloud formation, high-speed photography was used to observe clouds generated during single histotripsy pulses. Pulses of 5?20 cycles duration were applied to a transparent tissue phantom by a 1-MHz spherically focused transducer. Clouds initiated from single cavitation bubbles that formed during the initial cycles of the pulse, and grew along the acoustic axis opposite the propagation direction. Based on these observations, we hypothesized that clouds form as a result of large negative pressure generated by the backscattering of shockwaves from a single bubble. The positive-pressure phase of the wave inverts upon scattering and superimposes on the incident negative-pressure phase to create this negative pressure and cavitation. The process repeats with each cycle of the incident wave, and the bubble cloud elongates toward the transducer. Finite-amplitude propagation distorts the incident wave such that the peak-positive pressure is much greater than the peak-negative pressure, which exaggerates the effect. The hypothesis was tested with two modified incident waves that maintained negative pressure but reduced the positive pressure amplitude. These waves suppressed cloud formation which supported the hypothesis.
Maxwell, Adam D.; Wang, Tzu-Yin; Cain, Charles A.; Fowlkes, J. Brian; Sapozhnikov, Oleg A.; Bailey, Michael R.; Xu, Zhen
Fast on-demand droplet fusion using transient cavitation bubbles.
A method for on-demand droplet fusion in a microfluidic channel is presented using the flow created from a single explosively expanding cavitation bubble. We test the technique for water-in-oil droplets, which are produced using a T-junction design in a microfluidic chip. The cavitation bubble is created with a pulsed laser beam focused into one droplet. High-speed photography of the dynamics reveals that the droplet fusion can be induced within a few tens of microseconds and is caused by the rapid thinning of the continuous phase film separating the droplets. The cavitation bubble collapses and re-condenses into the droplet. Droplet fusion is demonstrated for static and moving droplets, and for droplets of equal and unequal sizes. Furthermore, we reveal the diffusion dominated mixing flow and the transport of a single encapsulated cell into a fused droplet. This laser-based droplet fusion technique may find applications in micro-droplet based chemical synthesis and bioassays. PMID:21487578
Li, Z G; Ando, K; Yu, J Q; Liu, A Q; Zhang, J B; Ohl, C D
Bubbly flow model for the dynamic characteristics of cavitating pumps
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
The recent experimental transfer matrices obtained by Ng and Brennen (1978) for some axial flow pumps revealed some dynamic characteristics which were unaccounted for by any existing theoretical analysis; their visual observations suggested that the bubbly cavitating flow in the blade passages could be responsible for these effects. A theoretical model of the dynamic response of this bubbly blade-passage flow is described in the present paper. Void-fraction fluctuations in this flow result not only from pressure fluctuations but also because the fluctuating angle of attack causes fluctuations in the rate of production of bubbles near the leading edge. The latter causes kinematic waves which interact through the boundary conditions with the dynamic waves caused by pressure fluctuation. The resulting theoretical transfer functions which results are in good qualitative agreement with the experiments; with appropriate choices of two parameters good quantitative agreement is also obtained. The theoretical model also provides one possible explanation of the observation that the pump changes from an essentially passive dynamic element in the absence of cavitation to a progressively more active element as the extent of cavitation increases.
Brennen, C.
Particle removal by a single cavitation bubble
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
In the paper, the behavior of the particle acted by the oscillating bubble is studied using a high-speed video camera. The bubble is generated using a very low voltage of 55 V. Images are captured at a speed of 15000 fps (frames per second). It is found that the velocity of the particle is dependent on the liquid viscosity, particle size, and tube diameter. Particle velocity decreases with the increase of the glycron-water mixture viscosity. A model is presented to predict the velocity and verified by experimental results. These observations may be beneficial for the application in medical treatment.
Xu, Ming; Ji, Chen; Zou, Jun; Ruan, XiaoDong; Fu, Xin
Influence of the bubbles on the turbulence in the liquid in hydrodynamic cavitation through a venturi
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
The physical description of hydrodynamic cavitation is complex as it includes strongly unsteady, turbulent and phase change phenomena. Because the bubbles in the cavitation area render this zone opaque, nonintrusive experimental observation inside this zone is difficult and little is known about the detailed bubble, flow structure and physics inside. A novel approach using LIF-PIV to investigate the dynamics inside the cavitation area generated through a venturi is presented. The velocity in the liquid and of the bubbles are measured simultaneously and correlated with areas of various bubble structure. The influence of the bubble structure on the turbulence in the liquid is also studied.
Fuzier, Sylvie; Coutier Delgosha, Olivier; Coudert, S. èbastien; Dazin, Antoine
Effect of laser-induced cavitation bubble on a thin elastic membrane
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
A study of the effects of a cavitation bubble on a thin elastic membrane is presented. A cavitation bubble was produced by focusing a high-energy laser beam near an elastic membrane submerged in water, which corresponds to conditions often encountered in ophthalmology. The bubble effects on the membrane were studied as a function of distance between the bubble and membrane and laser pulse energy. Recordings of bubble dynamics with an ultra-high-speed camera were performed on both sides of the membrane, providing better insight into the mechanisms of membrane rupture. Observations have revealed distinct bubble behavior regimes with respect to coefficient ?. Cavitation bubbles centered on the membrane produce less damage than bubbles shifted slightly away. Significant damages were observed at intermediate distances between the bubble and membrane after bubble collapse, while weaker interactions were recorded at larger distances with less or no damaging effect to the membrane.
Orthaber, U.; Petkovek, R.; Schille, J.; Hartwig, L.; Hawlina, G.; Drnovek-Olup, B.; Vre?ko, A.; Poberaj, I.
Bubbles in drops: from cavitation to exploding stars
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
We performed an experiment to generate single cavitation bubbles inside centimetric quasi-spherical water drops. To produce such drops, our experiment was realized under microgravity conditions (42nd ESA parabolic flight campaign). The ultra-fast recording of the bubble collapse and ensuing dynamics revealed consequences of the unique geometry of the drop's free surface. We obtained the first visualizations of a jet pair escaping the drop after the collapse of eccentrically-placed bubbles. The high quality of the images also disclosed some features of the inner drop dynamics. Due to their confinement within the isolated drop volume, shock waves emitted at the bubble collapse bounce back and forth thereby exciting gas nuclei into sub-millimetric bubbles. When located beneath the free surface, the collapse of these bubbles gives rise to narrow ``hair-like'' jets on the surface. Here we briefly describe the physics underlying these observations while discussing possible analogies with various astrophysical processes from the Sun (spicules) to asymmetric supernovae.
Kobel, Philippe; Obreschkow, Danail; Dorsaz, Nicolas; de Bosset, Aurele; Tinguely, Marc; Farhat, Mohamed
Shock wave and cavitation bubble measurements of ultrashort-pulse laser-induced breakdown in water
Laser-induced breakdown (LIB) has long been used in ophthalmic microsurgery as a mechanism for disruption of tissue. The goal of this surgery has been precise tissue cutting by plasma formation and a minimization of collateral damage due to shock wave and cavitation bubble formation. We investigate the strength of the shock wave emission, the size of the cavitation bubble, and
Daniel X. Hammer; Robert J. Thomas; Martin Frenz; E. Duco Jansen; Gary D. Noojin; Sarah J. Diggs; Joachim Noack; Alfred Vogel; Benjamin A. Rockwell
Bubbly cavitating flow generation and investigation of its erosional nature for biomedical applications.
This paper presents a study that investigates the destructive energy output resulting from hydrodynamic bubbly cavitation in microchannels and its potential use in biomedical applications. The research performed in this study includes results from bubbly cavitation experiments and findings showing the destructive effects of bubbly cavitating flow on selected solid specimens and live cells. The bubbles generated by hydrodynamic cavitation are highly destructive at the surfaces of the target medium on which they are carefully focused. The resulting destructive energy output could be effectively used for biomedical treatments, such as destroying kidney stones (renal calculi) or killing cancer cells. Motivated by this potential, the cavitation damage to cancerous cells and material removal from chalk pieces (which possess similar material properties as some kidney stones) was investigated. Our results showed that cavitation could induce damage both on chalk pieces and leukemia/lymphoma cells. We discovered that hydrodynamic cavitation exposure had early and delayed effects on cancer cell survival. Hence, the potential of hydrodynamic bubbly cavitation generated at the microscale for biomedical treatments was revealed using the microchannel configuration as a microorifice (with an inner diameter of 147 ?m and a length of 1.52 cm), which acts as the source of bubbly cavitating flows. PMID:21257370
Ko?ar, Ali; ?e?en, Muhsincan; Oral, Ozlem; Itah, Zeynep; Gozuacik, Devrim
Numerical simulations of acoustic cavitation noise with the temporal fluctuation in the number of bubbles.
Numerical simulations of cavitation noise have been performed under the experimental conditions reported by Ashokkumar et al. (2007) [26]. The results of numerical simulations have indicated that the temporal fluctuation in the number of bubbles results in the broad-band noise. "Transient" cavitation bubbles, which disintegrate into daughter bubbles mostly in a few acoustic cycles, generate the broad-band noise as their short lifetimes cause the temporal fluctuation in the number of bubbles. Not only active bubbles in light emission (sonoluminescence) and chemical reactions but also inactive bubbles generate the broad-band noise. On the other hand, "stable" cavitation bubbles do not generate the broad-band noise. The weaker broad-band noise from a low-concentration surfactant solution compared to that from pure water observed experimentally by Ashokkumar et al. is caused by the fact that most bubbles are shape stable in a low-concentration surfactant solution due to the smaller ambient radii than those in pure water. For a relatively high number density of bubbles, the bubble-bubble interaction intensifies the broad-band noise. Harmonics in cavitation noise are generated by both "stable" and "transient" cavitation bubbles which pulsate nonlinearly with the period of ultrasound. PMID:19751988
Yasui, Kyuichi; Tuziuti, Toru; Lee, Judy; Kozuka, Teruyuki; Towata, Atsuya; Iida, Yasuo
Cavitation bubble behavior and bubble-shock wave interaction near a gelatin surface as a study of in vivo bubble dynamics
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
The collapse of a single cavitation bubble near a gelatin surface, and the interaction of an air bubble attached to a gelatin surface with a shock wave, were investigated. These events permitted the study of the behavior of in vivo cavitation bubbles and the subsequent tissue damage mechanism during intraocular surgery, intracorporeal and extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy. Results were obtained with high-speed framing photography. The cavitation bubbles near the gelatin surface did not produce significant liquid jets directed at the surface, and tended to migrate away from it. The period of the motion of a cavitation bubble near the gelatin surface was longer than that of twice the Rayleigh's collapse time for a wide range of relative distance, L/Rmax, excepting for very small L/Rmax values (L was the stand-off distance between the gelatin surface and the laser focus position, and Rmax was the maximum bubble radius). The interaction of an air bubble with a shock wave yielded a liquid jet inside the bubble, penetrating into the gelatin surface. The liquid jet had the potential to damage the gelatin. The results predicted that cavitation-bubble-induced tissue damage was closely related to the oscillatory bubble motion, the subsequent mechanical tissue displacement, and the liquid jet penetration generated by the interaction of the remaining gas bubbles with subsequent shock waves. The characteristic bubble motion and liquid jet formation depended on the tissue's mechanical properties, resulting in different damage mechanisms from those observed on hard materials.
Kodama, T.; Tomita, Y.
Sonoporation of suspension cells with a single cavitation bubble in a microfluidic confinement.
We report here the sonoporation of HL60 (human promyelocytic leukemia) suspension cells in a microfluidic confinement using a single laser-induced cavitation bubble. Cavitation bubbles can induce membrane poration of cells located in their close vicinity. Membrane integrity of suspension cells placed in a microfluidic chamber is probed through either the calcein release out of calcein-loaded cells or the uptake of trypan blue. Cells that are located farther away than four times Rmax (maximum bubble radius) from the cavitation bubble center remain fully unaffected, while cells closer than 0.75 Rmax become porated with a probability of >75%. These results enable us to define a distance of 0.75 Rmax as a critical interaction distance of the cavitation bubble with HL60 suspension cells. These experiments suggest that flow-induced poration of suspension cells is applicable in lab-on-a-chip systems, and this might be an interesting alternative to electroporation. PMID:18030385
Gac, SÕverine Le; Zwaan, Ed; van den Berg, Albert; Ohl, Claus-Dieter
Efficient Generation of Cavitation Bubbles in Gel Phantom by Ultrasound Exposure with Negative-Followed by Positive-Peak-Pressure-Emphasized Waves
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Cavitation bubbles have much potential for emphasizing therapeutic treatments such as high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) treatment, histotripsy, and sonodynamic therapy. Their highly efficient as well as controlled generation is important to utilize them effectively as well as safely. However, producing negative pressure over the cavitation threshold by focused ultrasound is difficult because of the nonlinear propagation combined with the focal phase shift. We have suggested a dual-frequency ultrasound exposure method, in which N- and P-waves emphasizing either the peak negative or positive pressure, respectively, are synthesized by superimposing the second harmonic onto the fundamental frequency. In this study, high-speed camera observation demonstrated that the exposure with N-waves immediately followed by P-waves could generate cavitation bubbles most efficiently in gel phantom. Furthermore, the measured negative and positive pressure distributions of the N- and P-wave fields, respectively, agreed well with the optically observed distributions of cavitation inception and cavitation cloud growth.
Yasuda, Jun; Asai, Ayumu; Yoshizawa, Shin; Umemura, Shin-ichiro
Hydrodynamics of an endothermic gas with application to bubble cavitation.
The hydrodynamics for a gas of hard spheres which sometimes experience inelastic collisions resulting in the loss of a fixed, velocity-independent, amount of energy Delta is investigated with the goal of understanding the coupling between hydrodynamics and endothermic chemistry. The homogeneous cooling state of a uniform system and the modified Navier-Stokes equations are discussed and explicit expressions given for the pressure, cooling rates, and all transport coefficients for D dimensions. The Navier-Stokes equations are solved numerically for the case of a two-dimensional gas subject to a circular piston so as to illustrate the effects of the energy loss on the structure of shocks found in cavitating bubbles. It is found that the maximal temperature achieved is a sensitive function of Delta with a minimum occurring near the physically important value of Delta approximately 12,000 K approximately 1 eV. PMID:17092085
Lutsko, James F
The detection and control of stable and transient acoustic cavitation bubbles.
Acoustic cavitation plays a significant role in many applications that include therapeutic medicine, sonochemsitry and materials processing. The type of cavitation bubbles generated, namely transient or stable (repetitive transient), is important for optimizing the efficiency of these applications. We report on a multibubble sonoluminescence (MBSL)-based experimental technique for the detection and the control of type of cavitation at low and high ultrasound frequencies. It is observed that the use of a horn-type sonicator operating at 20 kHz primarily generates transient cavitation bubbles, as reported earlier. However, the use of plate type transducers at low frequencies (25 and 37 kHz) generates a significant amount of stable cavitation, as evidenced from the quenching of sonoluminescence by volatile solutes. Evidence for the existence of transient cavitation at a higher ultrasound frequency (440 kHz) is also provided. PMID:19865767
Ashokkumar, Muthupandian; Lee, Judy; Iida, Yasuo; Yasui, Kyuichi; Kozuka, Teruyuki; Tuziuti, Toru; Towata, Atsuya
Spatial distribution of sonoluminescence and sonochemiluminescence generated by cavitation bubbles in 1.2 MHz focused ultrasound field.
An intensified charge coupled device (ICCD) camera was used to observe the spatial distribution of sonoluminescence (SL) and sonochemiluminescence (SCL) generated by cavitation bubbles in a 1.2 MHz focused ultrasound (FU) field in order to investigate the mechanisms of acoustic cavitation under different sonication conditions for FU therapeutic applications. It was found that SL emissions were located in the post-focal region. When the intensity of SL and SCL increased as the power rose, the growth of SCL was much higher than that of SL. In the post-focal region, the SCL emissions moved along specific paths and formed branch-like streamers. At the beginning of the ultrasound irradiation, cavitation bubbles generated SCL in both the pre-focal and the post-focal region. When the electrical power or the sonication time increased, the SCL in the post-focal region increased and became higher than that in the pre-focal region. The intensity of SCL in the focal region is usually the weakest because of "oversaturation". The spatial distribution of SCL near a tissue boundary differed from that obtained in free fields. It organized into special structures under different acoustic amplitudes. When the electrical power was relatively low, the SCL emission was conical shape which suggested a standing wave formation at the tissue-fluid boundary. When the electrical power exceeded a certain threshold, only a bright spot could be captured in the focus. The cavitation bubbles which centralized in the focus concentrated energy and hindered the formation of standing waves. With rising electrical power at high levels, besides a bright spot in the focus, there were some irregular light spots in pre-focal region, which indicated some cavitation bubbles or small bubble clusters achieved the threshold of SCL and induced the reaction with the luminol solution. PMID:21862375
Cao, Hua; Wan, Mingxi; Qiao, Yangzi; Zhang, Shusheng; Li, Ruixue
LES numerical simulation of cavitation Bubble shedding on ALE 25 and ALE 15 hydrofoils
A cavitation calculation scheme is developed and applied to ALE 15 and ALE 25 hydrofoils, based on the Bubble Two-phase Flow (BTF) cavity model with a Large Eddy Simulation (LES) methodology. The Navier-Stokes equations including cavitation bubble clusters are solved through the finite-volume approach with a time-marching scheme. Simulations are carried out in a 3-D field with a hydrofoil ALE
De-min LIU; Shu-hong LIU; Yu-lin WU; Hong-yuan XU
Electrochemical investigations of stable cavitation from bubbles generated during reduction of water.
Megasonic cleaning is traditionally used for removal of particles from wafer surfaces in semiconductor industry. With the advancement of technology node, the major challenge associated with megasonic cleaning is to be able to achieve high cleaning efficiency without causing damage to fragile features. In this paper, a method based on electrochemistry has been developed that allows controlled formation and growth of a hydrogen bubbles close to a solid surface immersed in an aqueous solution irradiated with ?1MHz sound field. It has been shown that significant microstreaming from resonating size bubble can be induced by proper choice of transducer duty cycle. This method has the potential to significantly improve the performance of megasonic cleaning technology through generation of local microstreaming, interfacial and pressure gradient forces in close vicinity of conductive surfaces on wafers without affecting the transient cavitation responsible for feature damage. PMID:24798227
Keswani, M; Raghavan, S; Deymier, P
Effect of power and frequency on bubble-size distributions in acoustic cavitation.
Acoustic bubble-size distributions have been determined using a pulsed ultrasound method at different ultrasound powers and frequencies. It was observed that the mean bubble size increased with increasing acoustic power and decreased with increasing ultrasound frequency. It was also recognized that the mean size of bubbles emitting sonoluminescence was greater than those producing sonochemiluminescence indicating that the two processes take place in different populations of cavitation bubbles in the system. PMID:19257742
Brotchie, Adam; Grieser, Franz; Ashokkumar, Muthupandian
Quantification of Optison bubble size and lifetime during sonication dominant role of secondary cavitation bubbles causing acoustic bioeffects
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Acoustic cavitation has been shown to deliver molecules into viable cells, which is of interest for drug and gene delivery applications. To address mechanisms of these acoustic bioeffects, this work measured the lifetime of albumin-stabilized cavitation bubbles (Optison) and correlated it with desirable (intracellular uptake of molecules) and undesirable (loss of cell viability) bioeffects. Optison was exposed to 500 kHz ultrasound (acoustic pressures of 0.6-3.0 MPa and energy exposures of 0.2-200 J/cm2) either with or without the presence of DU145 prostate cancer cells (106 cells/ml) bathed in calcein, a cell-impermeant tracer molecule. Bubble lifetime was determined using a Coulter counter and flow cytometer, while bioeffects were evaluated by flow cytometry. The lifetime of Optison cavitation nuclei was found to decrease and bioeffects (molecular uptake and loss of cell viability) were found to increase with increasing acoustic energy exposure. These bioeffects correlated well with the disappearance of bubbles, suggesting that contrast agent destruction either directly or indirectly affected cells, probably involving unstabilized cavitation nuclei created upon the destruction of Optison. Because Optison solutions presonicated to destroy all detectable bubbles also caused significant bioeffects, the indirect mechanism involving secondary cavitation bubbles is more likely.
Kamaev, Pavel P.; Hutcheson, Joshua D.; Wilson, Michelle L.; Prausnitz, Mark R.
Chromatographic identification of benzene hydrogenation products in the preparation of artificial diamonds using a symmetric cavitation bubble collapse
The process of symmetric cavitation bubble collapse, which had been only theoretically discussed previously, was performed\\u000a for the first time. The formation of diamond matter in an adiabatic cavitation bubble collapse in a carbon-containing liquid\\u000a (benzene) was demonstrated. Benzene hydrogenation productsformed in the course of the formation of diamond matter under conditions\\u000a of a symmetric adiabatic cavitation bubble collapse as
A. M. Kudin; B. A. Rudenko
The Correlation Between Bubble-Enhanced HIFU Heating and Cavitation Power
It has been established that while the inherent presence of bubbles increases heat generation due to scattering and absorption, inertial cavitation is responsible for elevated heating during high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) application. The contribution of bubble-induced heating can be an important factor to consider, as it can be several times greater than the expected heat deposition from absorption of energy
R. Glynn Holt; Ronald A. Roy
Generation of laser-induced cavitation bubbles with a digital hologram
We demonstrate a method using a spatial light modulator (SLM) to generate arbitrary 2-D spatial configurations of laser induced cavitation bubbles. The SLM acts as a phase hologram that controls the light distribution in the focal plane of a microscope objective. We generate cavitation bubbles over an area of 380x380 ?m2 with a 20x microscope objective through absorption of the pulsed laser light in a liquid ink solution. We demonstrate the ability to accurately position up to 34 micrometer sized bubbles using laser energies of 56 ?J.
Quinto-Su, P. A.; Venugopalan, V.; Ohl, C. D.
A simple theory describing the dynamics of two-dimensional arrays of soap bubbles is proposed, and compared with a recent experiment. The average area of bubbles scales linearly at late times. Agreement with experiment is satisfactory, although not conclusive.
M. Marder
A numerical method for the dynamics of non-spherical cavitation bubbles
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
A boundary integral numerical method for the dynamics of nonspherical cavitation bubbles in inviscid incompressible liquids is described. Only surface values of the velocity potential and its first derivatives are involved. The problem of solving the Laplace equation in the entire domain occupied by the liquid is thus avoided. The collapse of a bubble in the vicinity of a solid wall and the collapse of three bubbles with collinear centers are considered.
Lucca, G.; Prosperetti, A.
Numerical analysis of the effects of radiation heat transfer and ionization energy loss on the cavitation Bubble's dynamics
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
A numerical scheme for simulating the acoustic and hydrodynamic cavitation was developed. Bubble instantaneous radius was obtained using Gilmore equation which considered the compressibility of the liquid. A uniform temperature was assumed for the inside gas during the collapse. Radiation heat transfer inside the bubble and the heat conduction to the bubble was considered. The numerical code was validated with the experimental data and a good correspondence was observed. The dynamics of hydrofoil cavitation bubble were also investigated. It was concluded that the thermal radiation heat transfer rate strongly depended on the cavitation number, initial bubble radius and hydrofoil angle of attack.
Mahdi, M.; Ebrahimi, R.; Shams, M.
The fast dynamics of cavitation bubbles within water confined in elastic solids.
Many applications such as ultrasonic cleaning or sonochemistry use the ability of bubbles to oscillate and drive liquid flow. But bubbles have also received attention in porous media, where drying may cause cavitation, a phenomenon occurring in plant tissues. Here we explore the dynamics of cavitation bubbles when the liquid is fully entrapped in an elastic solid, using light scattering, laser strobe photography and high speed camera recordings. Our experiments show unexpectedly fast bubble oscillations in volume. They depend on the confinement size and elasticity, which we explain with a simple model where liquid compressibility is a key parameter. We also observe rich non-spherical dynamics, with ejection away from the walls and bubble fragmentation, which reveal extreme fluid motion at short timescales. PMID:24795983
Vincent, Olivier; Marmottant, Philippe; Gonzalez-Avila, S Roberto; Ando, Keita; Ohl, Claus-Dieter
Cavitation and bubble cloud dynamics in a high-intensity focused ultrasonic field
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
We focus a high power (200 W max, 500 kHz) ultrasonic beam to generate cavitation in quiescent water, and observe the process using high-speed holography. The intense pressure fluctuations cause corresponding variations in water density and refractive index, generating diffraction patterns that are evident in the holograms. These enable us to map the instantaneous spatial structures of the pressure field, and resolve its mean features, such as pressure nodes in a partial standing wave. At low powers, we observe slow growth of bubbles and their migration to the nodes due to the primary Bjerknes force. At high powers, this process persists in the periphery of the focal zone, but bubble clouds grow explosively near the center of the beam. These clouds travel in the sound propagation direction at a velocity of up to 5 m/s, but slow down briefly at the pressure nodes, while growing and shrinking. The bubbles contain mostly vapor, as the clouds vanishes in <100 ? s when the sound is turned off. Likely causes for these phenomena include acoustic streaming, Bjerknes forces, and attenuation of sound in the clouds.
Lu, Yuan; Katz, Joseph; Prosperetti, Andrea
Size measurement of bubbles in a cavitation tunnel by digital in-line holography.
Digital in-line holography (DIH) with a divergent beam is used to measure size and concentration of cavitation bubbles (6-100 ?m) in hydrodynamic facilities. A sampling probe is directly inserted in the cavitation tunnel, and the holograms of the bubbles are recorded through a transparent test section specially designed for DIH measurements. The recording beam coming from a fiber-coupled laser diode illuminates the sample volume, and holograms are recorded by a CMOS camera. From each hologram, the sampling volume can be reconstructed slice by slice by applying a wavelet-based reconstruction method. Because of the geometry of the recording beam, a magnification ratio must be introduced for recovering the 3D location and size of each bubble. The method used for processing holograms recorded in such a configuration is presented. Then, statistical results obtained from 5000 holograms recorded under different pressures in the cavitation tunnel are compared and discussed. PMID:22192994
Lebrun, Denis; Allano, Daniel; MÕÒs, Loÿc; Walle, FranÓoise; Corbin, FrÕdÕric; Boucheron, Romuald; FrÕchou, Didier
The dynamic behavior and compliance of a stream of cavitating bubbles.
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Study of the dynamic response of streams of cavitating bubbles to imposed pressure fluctuations to determine the role played by turbopump cavitation in the POGO instability of liquid rockets. Both quasi-static and more general linearized dynamic analyses are made of the perturbations to a cavitating flow through a region of reduced pressure in which the bubbles first grow and then collapse. The results, when coupled with typical bubble number density distribution functions, yield compliances which compare favorably with the existing measurements. Since the fluids involved are frequently cryogenic, a careful examination was made of the thermal effects both on the mean flow and on the perturbations. As a result, the discrepancy between theory and experiment for particular engines could be qualitatively ascribed to reductions in the compliance caused either by these thermal effects or by relatively high reduced frequencies.
Brennen, C.
Investigation of cavitation bubble dynamics using particle image velocimetry: implications for photoacoustic drug delivery
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Photoacoustic drug delivery is a technique for delivering drugs to localized areas in the body. In cardiovascular applications, it uses a laser pulse to generate a cavitation bubble in a blood vessel due to the absorption of laser energy by targets (e.g., blood clots) or surrounding liquids (e.g., blood or injected saline). The hydrodynamic pressure arising from the expansion and collapse of the cavitation bubble can force the drug into the clots and tissue wall tissue. Time-resolved particle image velocimetry was used to investigate the flow of liquids during the expansion and collapse of cavitation bubbles near a soft boundary. A gelatin-based thrombus model was used to simulate the blood clot present during laser thrombolysis. An argon laser chopped by an acousto-optic modulator was used for illumination and photography was achieved using a CCD camera. The implications of this phenomenon on practical photoacoustic drug delivery implementation are discussed.
Shangguan, HanQun; Casperson, Lee W.; Shearin, Alan; Prahl, Scott A.
Optical observation of shock waves and cavitation bubbles in high intensity laser-induced shock processes
We report an experimental study of the temporal and spatial dynamics of shock waves, cavitation bubbles, and sound waves generated in water during laser shock processing by single Nd:YAG laser pulses of nanosecond duration. A fast ICCD camera (2 ns gate time) was employed to record false schlieren photographs, schlieren photographs, and Mach-Zehnder interferograms of the zone surrounding the laser spot site on the target, an aluminum alloy sample. We recorded hemispherical shock fronts, cylindrical shock fronts, plane shock fronts, cavitation bubbles, and phase disturbance tracks.
Marti-Lopez, L.; Ocana, R.; Porro, J. A.; Morales, M.; Ocana, J. L.
Multifocal laser surgery: cutting enhancement by hydrodynamic interactions between cavitation bubbles.
Transparent biological tissues can be precisely dissected with ultrafast lasers using optical breakdown in the tight focal zone. Typically, tissues are cut by sequential application of pulses, each of which produces a single cavitation bubble. We investigate the hydrodynamic interactions between simultaneous cavitation bubbles originating from multiple laser foci. Simultaneous expansion and collapse of cavitation bubbles can enhance the cutting efficiency, by increasing the resulting deformations in tissue, and the associated rupture zone. An analytical model of the flow induced by the bubbles is presented and experimentally verified. The threshold strain of the material rupture is measured in a model tissue. Using the computational model and the experimental value of the threshold strain one can compute the shape of the rupture zone in tissue resulting from application of multiple bubbles. With the threshold strain of 0.7 two simultaneous bubbles produce a continuous cut when applied at the distance 1.35 times greater than that required in sequential approach. Simultaneous focusing of the laser in multiple spots along the line of intended cut can extend this ratio to 1.7. Counterpropagating jets forming during collapse of two bubbles in materials with low viscosity can further extend the cutting zone-up to approximately a factor of 1.5. PMID:21230396
Toytman, I; Silbergleit, A; Simanovski, D; Palanker, D
Investigation of a cavitation bubble between a rigid boundary and a free surface
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
When a high-intensity laser pulse is focused into a liquid the energy is converted into mechanical energy via an optodynamic process. The conversion starts with plasma formation; this is followed by shock-wave propagation and the expansion of a cavitation bubble. A cavitation bubble developed near boundaries results in an asymmetrical collapse, with the generation of a liquid jet during the bubble's rebound. In the case of a free surface this liquid jet is directed away from the surface and the oscillation times are prolonged. On the other hand, in the case of a rigid boundary, the liquid jet is directed toward the boundary and the oscillation times are shortened. We present measurements of a cavitation bubble oscillating between a free surface and a rigid boundary using deflections of a laser beam as the optical probe. Shadow photography was used simultaneously as a comparison during the experiments. With the beam-deflection probe we also measured the shortening of the oscillation times near a free surface as well as the prolongation of oscillation times near a rigid boundary. In order to explain this shortening of the cavitation-bubble oscillation times near a free surface, Rayleigh's model was extended and compared with our experimental results.
Gregor?i?, Peter; Petkovek, Rok; Moina, Janez
Thermodynamic and kinetic considerations of nucleation and stabilization of acoustic cavitation bubbles in water.
Qualitative explanation for a homogeneous nucleation of acoustic cavitation bubbles in the incompressible liquid water with simple phenomenological approach has been provided via the concept of the desorbtion of the dissolved gas and the vaporization of local liquid molecules. The liquid medium has been viewed as an ensemble of lattice structures. Validity of the lattice structure approach against the Brownian motion of molecules in the liquid state has been discussed. Criterion based on probability for nucleus formation has been defined for the vaporization of local liquid molecules. Energy need for the enthalpy of vaporization has been considered as an energy criterion for the formation of a vaporous nucleus. Sound energy, thermal energy of the liquid bulk (Joule-Thomson effect) and free energy of activation, which is associated with water molecules in the liquid state (Brownian motion) as per the modified Eyring's kinetic theory of liquid are considered as possible sources for the enthalpy of vaporization of water molecules forming a single unit lattice. The classical nucleation theory has then been considered for expressing further growth of the vaporous nucleus against the surface energy barrier. Effect of liquid property (temperature), and effect of an acoustic parameter (frequency) on an acoustic cavitation threshold pressure have been discussed. Kinetics of nucleation has been considered. PMID:17368069
Bapat, Pratap S; Pandit, Aniruddha B
Bubble Growth in Lunar Basalts
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Although Moon is usually said to be volatile-"free", lunar basalts are often vesicular with mm-size bubbles. The vesicular nature of the lunar basalts suggests that they contained some initial gas concentration. A recent publication estimated volatile concentrations in lunar basalts (Saal et al. 2008). This report investigates bubble growth on Moon and compares with that on Earth. Under conditions relevant to lunar basalts, bubble growth in a finite melt shell (i.e., growth of multiple regularly-spaced bubbles) is calculated following Proussevitch and Sahagian (1998) and Liu and Zhang (2000). Initial H2O content of 700 ppm (Saal et al. 2008) or lower is used and the effect of other volatiles (such as carbon dioxide, halogens, and sulfur) is ignored. H2O solubility at low pressures (Liu et al. 2005), concentration-dependent diffusivity in basalt (Zhang and Stolper 1991), and lunar basalt viscosity (Murase and McBirney 1970) are used. Because lunar atmospheric pressure is essentially zero, the confining pressure on bubbles is completely supplied by the overlying magma. Due to low H2O content in lunar basaltic melt (700 ppm H2O corresponds to a saturation pressure of 75 kPa), H2O bubbles only grow in the upper 16 m of a basalt flow or lake. A depth of 20 mm corresponds to a confining pressure of 100 Pa. Hence, vesicular lunar rocks come from very shallow depth. Some findings from the modeling are as follows. (a) Due to low confining pressure as well as low viscosity, even though volatile concentration is very low, bubble growth rate is extremely high, much higher than typical bubble growth rates in terrestrial melts. Hence, mm-size bubbles in lunar basalts are not strange. (b) Because the pertinent pressures are so low, bubble pressure due to surface tension plays a main role in lunar bubble growth, contrary to terrestrial cases. (c) Time scale to reach equilibrium bubble size increases as the confining pressure increases. References: (1) Liu Y, Zhang YX (2000) Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 181, 251. (2) Liu Y, Zhang YX, Behrens H (2005) J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 143, 219. (3) Murase T, McBirney A (1970) Science 167, 1491. (4) Proussevitch AA, Sahagian DL (1998) J. Geophys. Res. 103, 18223. (5) Saal AE, Hauri EH, Cascio ML, et al. (2008) Nature 454, 192. (6) Zhang YX, Stolper EM (1991) Nature 351, 306.
Zhang, Y.
Analysis of Temperature Rise Induced by High-Intensity Focused Ultrasound in Tissue-Mimicking Gel Considering Cavitation Bubbles
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
High-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) causes a selective temperature rise in tissue and is used as a noninvasive method for tumor treatment. However, there is a problem in that it typically takes several hours to treat a large tumor. The development of a highly efficient method is required to shorten the treatment time. It is known that cavitation bubbles generated by HIFU enhance HIFU heating. In this study, the enhancement of the heating effect by cavitation was estimated in a numerical simulation solving a bio-heat transfer equation (BHTE) by increasing the absorption coefficients in and out of the volume of cavitation bubbles. The absorption coefficients were obtained by a curve fitting the temperature rise near the focal point between experiment and simulation. The results show that cavitation bubbles caused the increase in ultrasonic absorption not only in but also near the volume of cavitation bubbles.
Asai, Ayumu; Okano, Hiroki; Yoshizawa, Shin; Umemura, Shin-ichiro
A reduced-order, single-bubble cavitation model with applications to therapeutic ultrasound.
Cavitation often occurs in therapeutic applications of medical ultrasound such as shock-wave lithotripsy (SWL) and high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU). Because cavitation bubbles can affect an intended treatment, it is important to understand the dynamics of bubbles in this context. The relevant context includes very high acoustic pressures and frequencies as well as elevated temperatures. Relative to much of the prior research on cavitation and bubble dynamics, such conditions are unique. To address the relevant physics, a reduced-order model of a single, spherical bubble is proposed that incorporates phase change at the liquid-gas interface as well as heat and mass transport in both phases. Based on the energy lost during the inertial collapse and rebound of a millimeter-sized bubble, experimental observations were used to tune and test model predictions. In addition, benchmarks from the published literature were used to assess various aspects of model performance. Benchmark comparisons demonstrate that the model captures the basic physics of phase change and diffusive transport, while it is quantitatively sensitive to specific model assumptions and implementation details. Given its performance and numerical stability, the model can be used to explore bubble behaviors across a broad parameter space relevant to therapeutic ultrasound. PMID:22088026
Kreider, Wayne; Crum, Lawrence A; Bailey, Michael R; Sapozhnikov, Oleg A
Probing nanotubes and red blood cells with laser-induced cavitation bubbles
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
A spatial light modulator (SLM) is used to simultaneously create arrays of laser-induced cavitation bubbles. The different bubble geometries result in the creation of a directed, transient and strong liquid flow. Due to the fast dynamics of the cavitation bubbles the flow is actuated on very short temporal (?s) and spatial (?m) scales. We show two examples of the use of laser-induced cavitation bubbles to probe and manipulate small objects: multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) and red blood cells (RBCs). In the case of MWCNT, we use a pair of bubbles to displace and bend the nanotubes. By measuring the time it takes for the nanotube to recover its original shape we can estimate the flexural rigidity and the bending modulus. The shape recovery is recorded with a high-speed camera at up to 300,000 frames per second (fps). We found the flexural rigidity to be on the range of 0.98 -- 6.6 x 10-19 Nm^2 and the Young's modulus on the order of 0.06-0.6 TPa for MWCNT with an average diameter of 117.8 Ý 6.7 nm and a thickness of 4.6 Ý 0.75 nm. A similar approach is used to study the mechanical properties of RBC's, where multiple cells are elongated due to the radial flow induced by a single bubble. We study the shape recovery of the RBCs and find a significant difference when they are treated with an enzyme.
Quinto-Su, Pedro; Huang, Xiaohu; Kuss, Claudia; Gonzalez, Roberto; Preiser, Peter; Wu, Tom; Ohl, Claus-Dieter
A reduced-order, single-bubble cavitation model with applications to therapeutic ultrasound
Cavitation often occurs in therapeutic applications of medical ultrasound such as shock-wave lithotripsy (SWL) and high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU). Because cavitation bubbles can affect an intended treatment, it is important to understand the dynamics of bubbles in this context. The relevant context includes very high acoustic pressures and frequencies as well as elevated temperatures. Relative to much of the prior research on cavitation and bubble dynamics, such conditions are unique. To address the relevant physics, a reduced-order model of a single, spherical bubble is proposed that incorporates phase change at the liquid-gas interface as well as heat and mass transport in both phases. Based on the energy lost during the inertial collapse and rebound of a millimeter-sized bubble, experimental observations were used to tune and test model predictions. In addition, benchmarks from the published literature were used to assess various aspects of model performance. Benchmark comparisons demonstrate that the model captures the basic physics of phase change and diffusive transport, while it is quantitatively sensitive to specific model assumptions and implementation details. Given its performance and numerical stability, the model can be used to explore bubble behaviors across a broad parameter space relevant to therapeutic ultrasound.
Kreider, Wayne; Crum, Lawrence A.; Bailey, Michael R.; Sapozhnikov, Oleg A.
High Speed Imaging of Bubble Clouds Generated in Pulsed Ultrasound Cavitational Therapy--Histotripsy
Our recent studies have demonstrated that mechanical fractionation of tissue structure with sharply demarcated boundaries can be achieved using short (<20 ?s), high intensity ultrasound pulses delivered at low duty cycles. We have called this technique histotripsy. Histotripsy has potential clinical applications where noninvasive tissue fractionation and/or tissue removal are desired. The primary mechanism of histotripsy is thought to be acoustic cavitation, which is supported by a temporally changing acoustic backscatter observed during the histotripsy process. In this paper, a fast-gated digital camera was used to image the hypothesized cavitating bubble cloud generated by histotripsy pulses. The bubble cloud was produced at a tissue-water interface and inside an optically transparent gelatin phantom which mimics bulk tissue. The imaging shows the following: 1) Initiation of a temporally changing acoustic backscatter was due to the formation of a bubble cloud; 2) The pressure threshold to generate a bubble cloud was lower at a tissue-fluid interface than inside bulk tissue; and 3) at higher pulse pressure, the bubble cloud lasted longer and grew larger. The results add further support to the hypothesis that the histotripsy process is due to a cavitating bubble cloud and may provide insight into the sharp boundaries of histotripsy lesions.
Xu, Zhen; Raghavan, Mekhala; Hall, Timothy L.; Chang, Ching-Wei; Mycek, Mary-Ann; Fowlkes, J. Brian; Cain, Charles A.
A Model for Primary Diesel Fuel Atomization Based on Cavitation Bubble Collapse Energy
A diesel spray atomization model has been developed in the framework of the three-dimensional fluid dynamics code KIVA-3V and validated with experimental data. This atomization model accounts for cavitation bubble collapse energy, turbulent kinetic energy, and aerodynamic forces on the liquid core. The primary breakup time is computed by a balance between surface tension of the liquid core, the aerodynamic
A. Nishimura
Localized removal of layers of metal, polymer, or biomaterial by ultrasound cavitation bubbles
We present an ultrasonic device with the ability to locally remove deposited layers from a glass slide in a controlled and rapid manner. The cleaning takes place as the result of cavitating bubbles near the deposited layers and not due to acoustic streaming. The bubbles are ejected from air-filled cavities micromachined in a silicon surface, which, when vibrated ultrasonically at a frequency of 200 kHz, generate a stream of bubbles that travel to the layer deposited on an opposing glass slide. Depending on the pressure amplitude, the bubble clouds ejected from the micropits attain different shapes as a result of complex bubble interaction forces, leading to distinct shapes of the cleaned areas. We have determined the removal rates for several inorganic and organic materials and obtained an improved efficiency in cleaning when compared to conventional cleaning equipment. We also provide values of the force the bubbles are able to exert on an atomic force microscope tip.
Fernandez Rivas, David; Verhaagen, Bram; Seddon, James R. T.; Zijlstra, Aaldert G.; Jiang, Lei-Meng; van der Sluis, Luc W. M.; Versluis, Michel; Lohse, Detlef; Gardeniers, Han J. G. E.
Interaction of lithotripter shockwaves with single inertial cavitation bubbles
The dynamic interaction of a shockwave (modelled as a pressure pulse) with an initially spherically oscillating bubble is investigated. Upon the shockwave impact, the bubble deforms non-spherically and the flow field surrounding the bubble is determined with potential flow theory using the boundary-element method (BEM). The primary advantage of this method is its computational efficiency. The simulation process is repeated until the two opposite sides of the bubble surface collide with each other (i.e. the formation of a jet along the shockwave propagation direction). The collapse time of the bubble, its shape and the velocity of the jet are calculated. Moreover, the impact pressure is estimated based on water-hammer pressure theory. The Kelvin impulse, kinetic energy and bubble displacement (all at the moment of jet impact) are also determined. Overall, the simulated results compare favourably with experimental observations of lithotripter shockwave interaction with single bubbles (using laser-induced bubbles at various oscillation stages). The simulations confirm the experimental observation that the most intense collapse, with the highest jet velocity and impact pressure, occurs for bubbles with intermediate size during the contraction phase when the collapse time of the bubble is approximately equal to the compressive pulse duration of the shock wave. Under this condition, the maximum amount of energy of the incident shockwave is transferred to the collapsing bubble. Further, the effect of the bubble contents (ideal gas with different initial pressures) and the initial conditions of the bubble (initially oscillating vs. non-oscillating) on the dynamics of the shockwavebubble interaction are discussed.
Klaseboer, Evert; Fong, Siew Wan; Turangan, Cary K.; Khoo, Boo Cheong; Szeri, Andrew J.; Calvisi, Michael L.; Sankin, Georgy N.; Zhong, Pei
a Transport Equation Model for Simulating Cavitation Flows in Miniature Machines
A new transport equation model is proposed for simulating cavitating flows in miniature machines. In the developed model, the surface tension, viscous force, and thermal effect of cavitation are considered to reflect their influence on the cavitation bubble growth. The cavitating flow in a miniature pump is calculated by applying the proposed cavitation model. The comparison between numerical results and
Yao Zhang; Xianwu Luo; Shuhong Liu; Hongyuan Xu
A New Unsteady Model for Dense Cloud Cavitation in Cryogenic Fluids
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Contents include the following: Background on thermal effects in cavitation. Physical properties of hydrogen. Multi-phase cavitation with thermal effect. Solution procedure. Cavitation model overview. Cavitation source terms. New cavitation model. Source term for bubble growth. One equation les model. Unsteady ogive simulations: liquid nitrogen. Unsteady incompressible flow in a pipe. Time averaged cavity length for NACA15 flowfield.
Hosangadi, Ashvin; Ahuja, Vineet
Modeling of hydrodynamic cavitation reactors based on orifice plates considering hydrodynamics and chemical reactions occurring in bubble
In the present work, a model has been developed for predicting the cavitational intensity in a hydrodynamic cavitation reactor based on the use of orifice plates considering the hydrodynamic conditions and the different chemical reactions taking place inside the cavity. The model is based on a set of ordinary differential equations and considers the bubble hydrodynamics and heat exchange including
Amit Sharma; Parag R. Gogate; Amit Mahulkar; Aniruddha B. Pandit
Interaction dynamics of temporal and spatial separated cavitation bubbles in water
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
The LASIK procedure is a well established laser based treatment in ophthalmology. Nowadays it includes a cutting of the corneal tissue bases on ultra short pulses which are focused below the tissue surface to create an optical breakdown and hence a dissection of the tissue. The energy of the laser pulse is absorbed by non-linear processes that result in an expansion of a cavitation bubble and rupturing of the tissue. Due to a reduction of the duration of treatment the current development of ultra short laser systems points to higher repetition rates. This in turn results in a probable interaction between different cavitation bubbles of adjacent optical breakdowns. While the interaction of one single laser pulse with biological tissue is analyzed reasonably well experimentally and theoretically, the interaction of several spatial and temporal following pulses is scarcely determined yet. We present a high-speed photography analysis of cavitation bubble interaction for two spatial separated laser-induced optical breakdowns varying the laser pulse energy as well as the spatial distance. Depending on a change of these parameters different kinds of interactions such as a flattening and deformation of bubble shape, asymmetric water streams and jet formation were observed. The results of this research can be used to comprehend and optimize the cutting effect of ultra short pulse laser systems with high repetition rates (> 1 MHz).
Tinne, N.; Ripken, T.; Lubatschowski, H.
Effects of cavitation bubble interaction with temporally separated fs-laser pulses.
We present a time-resolved photographic analysis of the pulse-to-pulse interaction. In particular, we studied the influence of the cavitation bubble induced by a fs-pulse on the optical focusing of the consecutive pulse and its cavitation bubble dynamics in dependence on temporal pulse separation in water. As a first result, by decreasing the temporal separation of laser pulses, there is a diminishment of the laser-induced optical breakdown (LIOB) efficiency in terms of energy conversion, caused by disturbed focusing into persisting gas bubbles at the focal volume. A LIOB at the focal spot is finally suppressed by impinging the expanding or collapsing cavitation bubble of the preceding pulse. These results could be additionally confirmed in porcine gelatin solution with various concentrations. Hence, the interaction between the laser and transparent ophthalmic tissue may be accompanied by a raised central laser energy transmission, which could be observed in case of a temporal pulse overlap. In conclusion, our experimental results are of particular importance for the optimization of the prospective ophthalmic surgical process with future generation fs-lasers. PMID:24781592
Tinne, Nadine; Knoop, Gesche; Kallweit, Nicole; Veith, Sonja; Bleeker, Sebastian; Lubatschowski, Holger; Kr■ger, Alexander; Ripken, Tammo
Ultrasonic emissions reveal individual cavitation bubbles in water-stressed wood.
Under drought conditions, the xylem of trees that conducts ascending sap produces ultrasonic emissions whose exact origin is not clear. We introduce a new method to record simultaneously both acoustic events and optical observation of the xylem conduits within slices of wood that were embedded in a transparent material setting a hydric stress. In this article, we resolved the rapid development of all cavitation bubbles and demonstrated that each ultrasound emission was linked to the nucleation of one single bubble, whose acoustic energy is an increasing function of the size of the conduit where nucleation occurred and also of the hydric stress. We modelled these observations by the fact that water columns in conduits store elastic energy and release it into acoustic waves when they are broken by cavitation bubbles. Water columns are thus elastic, and not rigid, 'wires of water' set under tension by hydric stresses. Cavitation bubbles are at the origin of an embolism, whose development was followed in our experiments. Such an embolism of sap circulation can result in a fatal condition for living trees. These findings provide new insights for the non-destructive monitoring of embolisms within trees, and suggest a new approach to study porous media under hydric stress. PMID:25056212
Ponomarenko, A; Vincent, O; Pietriga, A; Cochard, H; Badel, E; Marmottant, P
Single bubble perturbation in cavitation proximity of solid glass: hot spot versus distance.
A systematic study of the energy loss of a cavitation bubble in a close proximity of a glass surface is introduced for the first time in a low acoustic field (1.2-2.4 bar). Single bubble sonoluminescence (SBSL) is used as a tool to predict the temperature and pressure decrease of bubble (?m) versus surface distance. A glass as a model system is used to imitate the boundary conditions relevant for nano- or micromaterials. SBSL preequilibrated with 5% argon is perturbed by a glass rod with the tip (Z-perturbation) and with the long axis (X-perturbation) at a defined distance. From 2 mm to 500 ?m argon-SBSL lines monotonically narrow and the effective emission temperature decreases from 9000 K to 6800 K comparable to multiple bubbles. The electron density decreases by two orders of magnitude in Z-perturbation and is by a factor of two higher in X-perturbation than the unperturbed cavitating bubble. The perturbed single bubble sonoluminescence pressure decreases from 2700 atm to 1200 atm at 2.4 bar. In water new non-SBSL SiO molecular emission lines are observed and OH emission disappears. PMID:24068109
Radziuk, Darya; M—hwald, Helmuth; Suslick, Kenneth
Dynamic and interaction of fs-laser induced cavitation bubbles for analyzing the cutting effect
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
A prominent laser based treatment in ophthalmology is the LASIK procedure which nowadays includes a cutting of the corneal tissue based on ultra short pulses. Focusing an ultra short laser pulse below the surface of biological tissue an optical breakdown is caused and hence a dissection is obtained. The laser energy of the laser pulses is absorbed by nonlinear processes. As a result a cavitation bubble expands and ruptures the tissue. Hence positioning of several optical breakdowns side by side generates an incision. Due to a reduction of the duration of the treatment the current development of ultra short laser systems points to higher repetition rates in the range of hundreds of KHz or even MHz instead of tens of kHz. This in turn results in a probable occurrence of interaction between different optical breakdowns and respectively cavitation bubbles of adjacent optical breakdowns. While the interaction of one single laser pulse with biological tissue is analyzed reasonably well experimentally and theoretically, the interaction of several spatial and temporal following pulses is scarcely determined yet. Thus the aim of this study is to analyse the dynamic and interaction of two cavitation bubbles by using high speed photography. The applied laser pulse energy, the energy ratio and the spot distance between different cavitation bubbles were varied. Depending on a change of these parameters different kinds of interactions such as a flattening and deformation of bubble shape or jet formation are observed. Based on these results a further research seems to be inevitable to comprehend and optimize the cutting effect of ultra short pulse laser systems with high (> 1 MHz) repetition rates.
Tinne, N.; Schumacher, S.; Nuzzo, V.; Ripken, T.; Lubatschowski, H.
Effect of picosecond laser induced cavitation bubbles generated on Au targets in a nanoparticle production set-up
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
This work is aimed at an analysis of the influence on the efficiency of nanoparticle production of a cavitation bubble (CB), which forms during the laser ablation process in high-fluence regime. The CB is produced on an Au metal target immersed in water by 1064 nm ps Nd:YAG laser pulses at different fluences. Its time-space evolution is monitored by a shadowgraphic set-up, while the Au nanoparticles production rate is tagged by the growth of the plasmon resonance, which is detected by measuring shot-by-shot the UV-Vis absorbance. We analyze the dependence of bubble size on the experimental parameters. Our results appear of interest to enhance the nanoparticle production efficiency in a liquid medium.
Tiberi, M.; Simonelli, A.; Cristoforetti, G.; Marsili, P.; Giammanco, F.; Giorgetti, E.
Dynamic features of a laser-induced cavitation bubble near a solid boundary.
This paper deals with detailed features of bubble dynamics near a solid boundary. The cavitation bubble was created by using a Q-switched Nd: YAG laser pulse and observed using a high-speed camera (up to 100,000 frames per second). A hydrophone system was employed to monitor the acoustic signals generated by the transient pressure impulses and estimate the bubble oscillation periods. Experimental observations were carried out for bubbles with various maximum expanded radius Rmax (between 1.0mm and 1.6mm) and stand-off distances, ds (defined as the distance between the solid boundary and the bubble center at inception) of 0.4???3.0, and ?=ds/Rmax. The existence of a solid boundary created asymmetry in the flow field and forced the bubble to collapse non-spherically, which finally brought forth the jet impact phenomenon. The dimensionless first and second oscillation periods were dependent on ?. A series of expansion and collapse of the bubble with cascading loss of energy were observed after the bubble had been generated. This study revealed that most bubbles lost about two-thirds of the total energy from the first maximum expansion to the second maximum expansion. PMID:23411165
Yang, Yuan Xiang; Wang, Qian Xi; Keat, T S
Cavitations Development In a Liquid Behind Strong Acoustic Waves
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
The generation of bubbles behind an acoustic pulse is theoretically and experimentally investigated in the paper. It was found out that at growth of the amplitude of falling wave two different modes of cavitations development occur: ``chain'' mechanism of duplication of cavitations germs is replaced by mechanism of ``real'' liquid cavitations, when the liquid is initially filled with a set of cavitations nuclei and apparent bubble occurrence is caused by different periods of nucleus growth from them.
Voronin, D. V.; Teslenko, V. S.
An Acoustofluidic Micromixer via Bubble Inception and Cavitation from Microchannel Sidewalls.
During the deep reactive ion etching process, the sidewalls of a silicon mold feature rough wavy structures, which can be transferred onto a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) microchannel through the soft lithography technique. In this article, we utilized the wavy structures of PDMS microchannel sidewalls to initiate and cavitate bubbles in the presence of acoustic waves. Through bubble cavitation, this acoustofluidic approach demonstrates fast, effective mixing in microfluidics. We characterized its performance by using viscous fluids such as poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG). When two PEG solutions with a resultant viscosity 54.9 times higher than that of water were used, the mixing efficiency was found to be 0.92, indicating excellent, homogeneous mixing. The acoustofluidic micromixer presented here has the advantages of simple fabrication, easy integration, and capability to mix high-viscosity fluids (Reynolds number: ?0.01) in less than 100 ms. PMID:24754496
Ozcelik, Adem; Ahmed, Daniel; Xie, Yuliang; Nama, Nitesh; Qu, Zhiguo; Nawaz, Ahmad Ahsan; Huang, Tony Jun
Bubble coalescence during acoustic cavitation in aqueous electrolyte solutions.
Bubble coalescence behavior in aqueous electrolyte (MgSO(4), NaCl, KCl, HCl, H(2)SO(4)) solutions exposed to an ultrasound field (213 kHz) has been examined. The extent of coalescence was found to be dependent on electrolyte type and concentration, and could be directly linked to the amount of solubilized gas (He, Ar, air) in solution for the conditions used. No evidence of specific ion effects in acoustic bubble coalescence was found. The results have been compared with several previous coalescence studies on bubbles in aqueous electrolyte and aliphatic alcohol solutions in the absence of an ultrasound field. It is concluded that the impedance of bubble coalescence by electrolytes observed in a number of studies is the result of dynamic processes involving several key steps. First, ions (or more likely, ion-pairs) are required to adsorb at the gas/solution interface, a process that takes longer than 0.5 ms and probably fractions of a second. At a sufficient interfacial loading (estimated to be less than 1-2% monolayer coverage) of the adsorbed species, the hydrodynamic boundary condition at the bubble/solution interface switches from tangentially mobile (with zero shear stress) to tangentially immobile, commensurate with that of a solid-liquid interface. This condition is the result of spatially nonuniform coverage of the surface by solute molecules and the ensuing generation of surface tension gradients. This change reduces the film drainage rate between interacting bubbles, thereby reducing the relative rate of bubble coalescence. We have identified this point of immobilization of tangential interfacial fluid flow with the "critical transition concentration" that has been widely observed for electrolytes and nonelectrolytes. We also present arguments to support the speculation that in aqueous electrolyte solutions the adsorbed surface species responsible for the immobilization of the interface is an ion-pair complex. PMID:21866892
Browne, Christine; Tabor, Rico F; Chan, Derek Y C; Dagastine, Raymond R; Ashokkumar, Muthupandian; Grieser, Franz
Recent theories of cavitation damage including non-symmetrical bubble collapse effects
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Theories of cavitation damage mechanisms are discussed. Photographic evidence has shown that the actual collapse of bubbles near a symmetry-destroying feature such as a nearby wall results in a toroidal-like collapse, with the final generation of a liquid microjet oriented toward the wall. Numerical analyses indicate that the shock wave intensity emitted during collapse is not likely to be strong enough to be damaging to most materials. It has been determined that actual damage is usually a result of a combination of impact effect of the microjet and the shock wave pressures generated by bubble rebounds.
Hammitt, F. G.
Cavitation bubbles induced by Erbium lasers: implications for dentistry
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
With new fiber systems available for 3 ?m, Erbium lasers become more interesting for precise tissue ablation in a water environment enabling new application in e.g. dentistry. The dynamics of explosive bubble formation was investigated at 2.78 ?m (Er,Cr;YSGG) and 2.94 ?m (Er:YAG), in relation to energy (10-50 mJ), pulse length (20-150 ?s) and fiber tip shape (flat or taper). The dynamics of exploding and imploding vapor bubbles were captured with high speed imaging (10 - 300 ?s range). Increasing the pulse length and energy, the vapor bubble became more elongated with an opaque surface for flat tip fibers. Tapered fibers produced spherical vapor bubbles with an optically transparent surface expected to be more forceful for creating mechanical effects in both hard and soft tissues. There was no significant difference between bubbles formed at 2.78 ?m (Er,Cr;YSGG) and 2.94 ?m (Er:YAG).
Verleng, Marja; Verdaasdonk, Rudolf; van der Veen, Albert; Lemberg, Vladimir; Boutoussov, Dmitri
Helium bubble growth in 316 stainless steel
A systematic TEM investigation has been made of helium bubble growth in type 316 stainless steel. Commercial stainless steel samples have been vacuum annealed following room temperature helium implantation to a concentration of 5 æ 1026 He m. The bubble growth kinetics have been determined by measuring the mean bubble radius at annealing times in the range 1 to 200
T. R. Armstrong; P. J. Goodhew
Incubation pit analysis and calculation of the hydrodynamic impact pressure from the implosion of an acoustic cavitation bubble.
An experimental study to evaluate cavitation bubble dynamics is conducted. The aim is to predict the magnitude and statistical distribution of hydrodynamic impact pressure generated from the implosion of various individual acoustic cavitation bubbles near to a rigid boundary, considering geometrical features of the pitted area. A steel sample was subjected to cavitation impacts by an ultrasonic transducer with a 5mm diameter probe. The pitted surface was then examined using high-precision 3D optical interferometer techniques. Only the incubation period where surface is plastically deformed without material loss is taken into account. The exposure time was adjusted in the range of 3-60 s to avoid pit overlapping and a special procedure for pit analysis and characterisation was then followed. Moreover, a high-speed camera device was deployed to capture the implosion mechanisms of cavitation bubbles near to the surface. The geometrical characteristics of single incubation pits as well as pit clusters were studied and their deformation patterns were compared. Consequently, a reverse engineering approach was applied in order the hydrodynamic impact pressure from the implosion of an individual cavitation bubble to be determined. The characteristic parameters of the cavitation implosion process such as hydrodynamic impact pressure and liquid micro-jet impact velocity as well as the hydrodynamic severity of the cavitation impacts were quantified. It was found that the length of the hypotenuse of the orthographic projections from the center of the pit, which basically represents the deformed area of the pit, increases with the hydrodynamic impact aggressiveness in a linear rate. Majority of the hydrodynamic impacts were in the range of 0.4-1 GPa while the corresponding micro-jet velocities were found to be in the range of 200-700 m/s. Outcomes of this study, contribute to further understanding the cavitation intensity from the implosion of acoustically generated bubbles and could certainly represent a significant step towards developing more accurate cavitation models. PMID:24176799
Tzanakis, I; Eskin, D G; Georgoulas, A; Fytanidis, D K
Variations of bubble cavitation and temperature elevation during lesion formation by high-intensity focused ultrasound.
High-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) is emerging as an effective therapeutic modality in both thermal ablations for solid tumor/cancer and soft-tissue fragmentation. Mechanical and thermal effects, which play an important role in the HIFU treatment simultaneously, are dependent on the operating parameters and may vary with the progress of therapy. Mechanical erosion in the shape of a "squid," a "dumbbell" lesion with both mechanical and thermal lesions, or a "tadpole" lesion with mechanical erosion at the center and thermal necrosis on the boundary in the transparent gel phantom could be produced correspondingly with the pulse duration of 5-30?ms, which is much longer than histotripsy burst but shorter than the time for tissue boiling, and pulse repetition frequency (PRF) of 0.2-5?Hz. Meanwhile, variations of bubble cavitation (both inertial and stable cavitation) and temperature elevation in the focal region (i.e., z?=?-2.5, 0, and 2.5?mm) were measured by passive cavitation detection (PCD) and thermocouples during the therapeutic procedure, respectively. Stable cavitation increased with the pulse duration, PRF, and the number of pulses delivered. However, inertial cavitation was found to increase initially and then decrease with long pulse duration and high PRF. Temperature in the pre-focal region is always higher than those at the focal and post-focal position in all tests. Great variations of PCD signals and temperature elevation are due to the generation and persistence of large bubble, which is resistant to collapse and occurs with the increase of pulse duration and PRF. Similar lesion pattern and variations were also observed in ex vivo porcine kidneys. Hyperechoes in the B-mode ultrasound image were comparable to the shape and size of lesions in the dissected tissue. Thermal lesion volume increased with the increase of pulse duration and PRF, but mechanical erosion reached its maximum volume with the pulse duration of 20?ms and PRF of 1?Hz. Altogether, bubble cavitation and thermal field vary with the progress of HIFU treatment with different sonication parameters, which provide insights into the interaction of ultrasound burst with the induced bubbles for both soft tissue fractionation and enhancement in thermal accumulation. Appropriate synergy and monitoring of mechanical and thermal effects would broaden the HIFU application and enhance its efficiency as well as safety. PMID:23927209
Zhou, Yufeng; Gao, Xiaobin Wilson
Investigation on the collapse behavior of a cavitation bubble near a conical rigid boundary
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
The collapse stage of cavitation bubble development near a conical rigid boundary is investigated in detail by a finite-volume method and the volume of fluid method. The obtained results reveal the effect of the angle of the conical boundary on the bubble shape and the collapse time, as well as liquid jet formation. The degree of departure of the bubble shape from spherical one and the collapse time are found to increase with the increase of cone angle. The relationship between the prolongation factor of the collapse time near a conical boundary and the cone angle is proposed, and theoretical values of the collapse time are calculated. Good agreement is found between the theoretical values and the values obtained from simulations using a finite-volume method.
Li, B.-B.; Jia, W.; Zhang, H.-Ch.; Lu, J.
Hybrid cavitation methods for water disinfection: simultaneous use of chemicals with cavitation
This study brings out the potential efficacy of hybrid techniques for water disinfection. The techniques studied include, hydrodynamic cavitation, acoustic cavitation and treatment with chemicals such as ozone and hydrogen peroxide. The phenomena of cavitation which involves formation, growth and violent collapse of vapor bubbles in a liquid media is known to generate a high intensity pressure which affects the
K. K. Jyoti; A. B. Pandit
Helium Bubble Injection Solution To The Cavitation Damage At The Spallation Neutron Source
The Spallation Neutron Source (SNS) is one of the largest science projects in the United States, with total cost near 1.4 Billion Dollars. The limiting factor of the facility had always been assumed to be the lifetime of the target window due to radiation damage. After further investigation, the lifetime of the target was determined not to be limited by radiation damage but by cavitation damage. The cavitation damage derives from pressure waves caused by the beam energy deposition. Vapor bubbles form when low to negative pressures occur in the mercury near the stainless steel target window due to wave interaction with the structure. Collapse of these bubbles can focus wave energy in small liquid jets that erode the window surface. Compressibility of the mercury can be enhanced to reduce the amplitude of the pressure wave caused by the beam energy deposition. To enhance compressibility, small (10 to 30 micron diameter) gas bubbles could be injected into the bulk of the mercury. Solubility and diffusivity parameters of inert gas in mercury are required for a complete mechanical simulation and engineering of these strategies. Using current theoretical models, one obtains a theoretical Henry coefficient of helium in mercury on the order of 3.9E15 Pa-molHg/molHe at 300 K. This low solubility was confirmed by a direct, offline experimental method. Mercury was charged with helium and any pressure change was recorded. Any pressure change was attributed to gas going into solution. Therefore, with the sensitivity of the experiment, a lower limit of 9E12 Pa-molHg/molHe was placed on the mercury-helium system. These values guarantee a stable bubble lifetime needed within the SNS mercury target to mitigate cavitation issues.
Francis, M. W.; Ruggles, A. E. [Department of Nuclear Engineering, University of Tennessee 315 Pasqua Engineering Building, Knoxville, TN 37996-2300 (United States)
Luminescence of trivalent lanthanide ions excited by single-bubble and multibubble cavitations.
This article focuses on the possibility of exciting some lanthanides (Ce(3+), Tb(3+), Gd(3+), and Eu(3+)) by ultrasound in aqueous solutions. Depending on the lanthanide ions and on the acoustic cavitation conditions (single-bubble or multibubble systems), the excitation mechanism is shown to be photoexcitation (e.g., for Ce(3+)) or collision-induced excitation (e.g., for Tb(3+)). The sonoluminescence of Tb(3+) is studied in detail at various ultrasonic frequencies, allowing quantification of the amount of quenching. The latter is much stronger in sonoluminescence than in photoluminescence due to the particular properties of acoustic cavitation. Complexation with citrate ions enhances manifold sonoluminescence of lanthanides due to reduction of intra- and inner-molecular quenching. PMID:23421489
Pflieger, Rachel; Schneider, Julia; Siboulet, Bertrand; M—hwald, Helmuth; Nikitenko, Sergey I
Stress wave emission and cavitation bubble dynamics by nanosecond optical breakdown in a tissue phantom
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Stress wave emission and cavitation bubble dynamics after optical breakdown in water and a tissue phantom with Nd: YAG laser pulses of 6 ns duration were investigated both experimentally and numerically to obtain a better understanding of the physical mechanisms involved in plasma-mediated laser surgery. Experimental tools were high-speed photography with 50000 frames s(-1) , and acoustic measurements. The tissue phantom consisted of a transparent polyacrylamide (PAA) gel, the elastic properties of which can be controlled by modifying the water content. Breakdown in water produced a purely compressive stress wave. By contrast, in stiff PAA samples and for sufficiently large pulse energies, the compression wave was followed by an intense tensile wave, similar to the behaviour previously observed in cornea. The elastic/plastic response of the medium led to a significant decrease of the maximum size of the cavitation bubble and to a shortening of its oscillation period which was found to be related to the generation of the tensile stress wave upon breakdown. For increasing elastic modulus of the PAA, both the amplitudes of the bubble oscillation and of the stress wave emitted during bubble collapse decreased until the bubble oscillation was so strongly damped that no collapse stress wave was emitted. Numerical simulations were performed using a spherical model of bubble dynamics which includes the compressibility and elastic/plastic behaviour of the medium, viscosity, density and surface tension. The calculations revealed that consideration of the elastic/plastic behaviour of the medium surrounding the bubble is essential to describe the experimentally observed bipolar shape of the stress wave emitted upon optical breakdown. Water is a poor tissue model because the shape of the emitted stress waves and the bubble dynamics differ strongly for both materials. The mechanical properties of PAA were also found to be quite different from those of tissues. Experimental and numerical results provided evidence that the dynamic mechanical properties relevant for optical breakdown in PAA and tissue differ by as much as two orders of magnitude from the static values. The discovery of a tensile stress wave after optical breakdown in tissue-like media is of great importance for the assessment of collateral damage in laser surgery because biological tissues are much more susceptible to tensile stress than to compressive stress.
Brujan, Emil-Alexandru; Vogel, Alfred
Cavitation dosimetry: estimates for single bubbles in a rotating-tube exposure system.
Cell lysis and hydrogen peroxide production from cavitation in a 60 rpm rotating-tube exposure system were observed for 2.17 MHz ultrasound at 0.8 MPa peak negative pressure amplitude. Synchronized 10 ms burst mode exposure was utilized to emphasize the phenomenon of bubble cycling each half rotation. Low cell numbers and inhibition of H2O2-consuming enzymes allowed measurement of the residual hydrogen peroxide in exposed cell suspensions. Canine red blood cells (RBCs) or Chinese hamster ovary cells (CHO) suspended at 1 x 10(6) mL-1 in phosphate buffered saline were lysed exponentially with the number of bursts. The CHO cells were lysed faster than RBCs. The H2O2 increased approximately in proportion to the number of bursts. Longer bursts (100 ms) or continuous exposure produced similar trends, but were less effective per unit of total on-time. The number of bubbles per 10 ms burst was estimated from a simple model to be about 7100. The faster lysis of the CHO cells could be explained mostly by the larger size of these cells, which makes them more likely to meet a bubble. The H2O2 production gave concentrations of about 93-155 fM per bubble per burst. Similar calculations gave estimates of 178 fM per bubble for 100 ms bursts and 150 fM per bubble for continuous exposure. The rate of H2O2 production was roughly 500 fmole s-1 while a bubble crossed the tube. This sonochemical yield could be biologically significant under favorable circumstances. PMID:8023431
Miller, D L; Thomas, R M
Interaction of laser-produced cavitation bubbles with an elastic tissue model
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
We investigated the interaction of a laser-induced cavitation bubble with an elastic tissue model by high-speed photography with up to 5 Mill. frames/sec. The elastic material consisted of a transparent polyacrylamide (PAA) gel whose elastic properties can be controlled by modifying the water content to mimic various biological tissues. The elastic modulus E of the PAA sample was varied between 0.017 and 2 MPa. The dimensionless bubble-boundary distance (gamma) (distance between laser focus and sample boundary, scaled by the maximum bubble radius) was for each value of E varied between (gamma) = 0 and (gamma) = 2.2. In this parameter space, we determined the jetting behavior, jet velocity, jet penetration into the PAA sample and bubble- induced removal of PAA material. The jetting behavior varies between unidirectional jets towards or away from the boundary, and formation of an annular jet which results in bubble splitting and subsequent formation of two very fast axial jets flowing simultaneously towards the boundary and away from it. General principles of the formation of annular and axial jets are discussed which allow to interpret the complex dynamics. The liquid jet directed away form the boundary reaches a maximum velocity between 300 m/s and 600 m/s (depending on E) while the peak velocity of the jet directed towards the boundary ranges between 400 m/s and 960 m/s. The peak velocities near an elastic material are 10 times higher than close to a rigid boundary. The liquid jet penetrates PAA samples with an elastic modulus in the intermediate range 0.12 < E < 0.4 MPa. In this same range of elastic moduli and for small (gamma) - values, PAA material is ejected into the surrounding liquid due to the elastic rebound of the sample surface that was deformed during bubble expansion. The surface of the PAA sample is, furthermore, lifted during bubble collapse when a region of low pressure develops between bubble and sample. For stiffer boundaries, only an axial liquid jet towards the boundary is formed, similar to the bubble dynamics next to a rigid wall. For softer sample, the liquid jet is directed away from the boundary, and material is torn off the PAA sample during bubble collapse, if the bubble is produced close to the boundary. These processes play an important role for the efficiency and side effects of pulsed laser surgery inside the human body.
Vogel, Alfred; Brujan, Emil A.; Schmidt, Peter; Nahen, Kester
Modelling of dendritic growth and bubble formation
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
A two-dimensional lattice Boltzmann method (LBM)-cellular automaton (CA) model is developed for the simulation of dendritic growth and bubble formation during alloy solidification. In the model, a kinetic LBM, which describes flow dynamics through the evolution of distribution functions of moving pseudo-particles, is adopted to numerically solve the gas-liquid two-phase flow based on the Shan-Chen multiphase scheme. The kinetics of dendritic growth is determined according to a local solute equilibrium approach. The present model takes into account the effect of liquid-solid phase transformation on the nucleation and growth of bubbles. The interaction mechanism between dendrites and bubbles is also embedded in the model. The wettability of a bubble on a smooth solid surface is simulated. The simulated contact angles with various interaction coefficients agree well with the data calculated from an empirical formula derived from the Young's equation. The proposed model is applied to simulate dendritic growth and bubble formation under directional solidification conditions. The simulated results are compared with those observed experimentally during solidification of a transparent organic material. The simulation results reveal some dynamic features of bubble nucleation, growth, and motion, as well as the interaction between the dendritic growth and bubble formation during solidification.
Wu, W.; Zhu, M. F.; Sun, D. K.; Dai, T.; Y Han, Q.; Raabe, D.
Sonoluminescence quenching and cavitation bubble temperature measurements in an ionic liquid.
A comparison between the temperatures within imploding acoustic cavitation bubbles and the extent of sonoluminescence (SL) quenching by C(1)-C(5) aliphatic alcohols in 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium ethylsulfate ([EMIM][EtSO(4)], a well known imidazolium based room temperature ionic liquid (RTIL)), has been made at an ultrasound frequency of 213 kHz. The temperatures obtained ranged from 3500 Ý 200K, in neat [EMIM][EtSO(4)], to about 3200 Ý 200K in RTIL-alcohol containing solutions. It was also found that the SL intensity decreased with increasing concentration (up to 1M) of the alcohols to a greater extent compared with the relative changes to the bubble temperatures. Both the extent of the reduction in the bubble temperatures and the SL quenching were much smaller than those obtained in comparable aqueous solutions containing aliphatic alcohols. Possible reasons for the differences in the observed trends between water/alcohol and [EMIM][EtSO(4)]/alcohol systems under sonication at 213 kHz are discussed. PMID:22717325
Kanthale, Parag M; Brotchie, Adam; Grieser, Franz; Ashokkumar, Muthupandian
Dynamics of dissolved gas in a cavitating fluid
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
A strong acoustic field in a liquid separates the liquid and dissolved gases by the formation of bubbles (cavitation). Bubble growth and collapse is the result of active exchange of gas and vapor through the bubble walls with the surrounding liquid. This paper details a new approach to the study of cavitation, not as an evolution of discrete bubbles, but as the dynamics of molecules constituting both the bubbles and the fluid. We show, by direct, independent measurement of the liquid and the dissolved gas, that the motions of dissolved gas (freon-22, CHClF2 ) and liquid (water) can be quite different during acoustic cavitation and are strongly affected by filtration or previous cavitation of the solvent. Our observations suggest that bubbles can completely refresh their content within two acoustic cycles and that long-lived (minutes) microbubbles act as nucleation sites for cavitation. This technique is complementary to the traditional optical and acoustical techniques.
Mastikhin, Igor V.; Newling, Benedict
Dynamics of dissolved gas in a cavitating fluid.
A strong acoustic field in a liquid separates the liquid and dissolved gases by the formation of bubbles (cavitation). Bubble growth and collapse is the result of active exchange of gas and vapor through the bubble walls with the surrounding liquid. This paper details a new approach to the study of cavitation, not as an evolution of discrete bubbles, but as the dynamics of molecules constituting both the bubbles and the fluid. We show, by direct, independent measurement of the liquid and the dissolved gas, that the motions of dissolved gas (freon-22, CHClF2 ) and liquid (water) can be quite different during acoustic cavitation and are strongly affected by filtration or previous cavitation of the solvent. Our observations suggest that bubbles can completely refresh their content within two acoustic cycles and that long-lived ( approximately minutes) microbubbles act as nucleation sites for cavitation. This technique is complementary to the traditional optical and acoustical techniques. PMID:19256954
Mastikhin, Igor V; Newling, Benedict
A Thermodynamic Cavitation Model for Cavitating Flow Simulation in a Wide Range of Water Temperatures
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
A thermodynamic cavitation model is developed to simulate the cavitating water flow in a wide temperature range. The thermal effect on bubble growth during cavitation is introduced in the developed model by considering both pressure difference and heat transfer between the vapor and liquid phase. The cavitating turbulent flow over a NACA0015 hydrofoil has been simulated at various temperatures from room temperature to 150¯C by using the present cavitation model, which has been validated by the experimental data. It is seen that the thermodynamic effects of cavitation, vapor depression and temperature depression are much more predominant in high temperature water compared with those in room temperature water. These results indicate that the proposed thermodynamic cavitation model is reasonably applicable to the cavitating water flow in a wide temperature range.
Zhang, Yao; Luo, Xian-Wu; Jibin; Liu, Shu-Hong; Wu, Yu-Lin; Xu, Hong-Yuan
High-speed observation of cavitation bubble cloud structures in the focal region of a 1.2 MHz high-intensity focused ultrasound transducer.
Cavitation bubble clouds in the focal region of HIFU play important roles in therapeutic applications of HIFU. Temporal evolution and spatial distribution of cavitation bubble clouds generated in the focal region of a 1.2 MHz single element concave HIFU transducer in water are investigated by high-speed photography. It is found that during the initial 600 micro s insonation cavitation bubble clouds organize to the "screw-like structure" or "cap-like structure". The screw-like structure is characterized by a nearly fixed tip at the geometrical focus of the HIFU transducer, and the cap-like structure is marked by a dent formed in the direction of ultrasound transmission. After 600 micro s, another two structures are recorded - "streamer structure" and "cluster structure". The streamer structure is also featured by a nearly fixed bottom position at the focus, while the cluster structure is distinguished by agglomerations of bubbles around the focus. PMID:17071124
Chen, Hong; Li, Xiaojing; Wan, Mingxi; Wang, Supin
Growth laws for 3D soap bubbles
Von Neumann's law for 2D soap froth states that the growth rate of a bubble with n sides is proportional to n-6, and does not depend on other details of its shape. I have generalized this relation to 3D by means of an approximate geometrical model invoking maximal entropy considerations. The resulting generalized growth law is V-1\\/3FdVF\\/dt=scrF(F), where F is
ClÕment Sire
Some problems of the theory of bubble growth and condensation in bubble chambers
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
This work is an attempt to explain the reasons for the discrepancies between the theoretical and experimental values of bubble growth rate in an overheated liquid, and to provide a brief formulation of the main premises of the theory on bubble growth in liquid before making a critical analysis. To simplify the problem, the floating upward of bubbles is not discussed; moreover, the study is based on the results of the theory of the behavior of fixed bubbles.
Tkachev, L. G.
Nucleation and Growth of Gas Bubbles in Elastomers
An experimental study is described of the formation and growth of gas bubbles in crosslinked elastomers. A critical condition for bubble formation is found to hold in most cases: The gas supersaturation pressure must exceed 5G?2, where G is the shear modulus of the elastomer. The kinetics of bubble growth are shown to be in good accord with a simple
A. N. Gent; D. A. Tompkins
Small Gas Bubble Experiment for Mitigation of Cavitation Damage and Pressure Waves in Short-pulse Mercury Spallation Targets
Populations of small helium gas bubbles were introduced into a flowing mercury experiment test loop to evaluate mitigation of beam-pulse induced cavitation damage and pressure waves. The test loop was developed and thoroughly tested at the Spallation Neutron Source (SNS) prior to irradiations at the Los Alamos Neutron Science Center - Weapons Neutron Research Center (LANSCE-WNR) facility. Twelve candidate bubblers were evaluated over a range of mercury flow and gas injection rates by use of a novel optical measurement technique that accurately assessed the generated bubble size distributions. Final selection for irradiation testing included two variations of a swirl bubbler provided by Japan Proton Accelerator Research Complex (J-PARC) collaborators and one orifice bubbler developed at SNS. Bubble populations of interest consisted of sizes up to 150 m in radius with achieved gas void fractions in the 10^-5 to 10^-4 range. The nominal WNR beam pulse used for the experiment created energy deposition in the mercury comparable to SNS pulses operating at 2.5 MW. Nineteen test conditions were completed each with 100 pulses, including variations on mercury flow, gas injection and protons per pulse. The principal measure of cavitation damage mitigation was surface damage assessment on test specimens that were manually replaced for each test condition. Damage assessment was done after radiation decay and decontamination by optical and laser profiling microscopy with damaged area fraction and maximum pit depth being the more valued results. Damage was reduced by flow alone; the best mitigation from bubble injection was between half and a quarter that of flow alone. Other data collected included surface motion tracking by three laser Doppler vibrometers (LDV), loop wall dynamic strain, beam diagnostics for charge and beam profile assessment, embedded hydrophones and pressure sensors, and sound measurement by a suite of conventional and contact microphones.
Wendel, Mark W [ORNL] [ORNL; Felde, David K [ORNL] [ORNL; Sangrey, Robert L [ORNL] [ORNL; Abdou, Ashraf A [ORNL] [ORNL; West, David L [ORNL] [ORNL; Shea, Thomas J [ORNL] [ORNL; Hasegawa, Shoichi [Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA)] [Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA); Kogawa, Hiroyuki [Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA)] [Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA); Naoe, Dr. Takashi [Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA)] [Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA); Farny, Dr. Caleb H. [Boston University] [Boston University; Kaminsky, Andrew L [ORNL] [ORNL
Current Status in Cavitation Modeling
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Cavitation is a common problem for many engineering devices in which the main working fluid is in liquid state. In turbomachinery applications, cavitation generally occurs on the inlet side of pumps. The deleterious effects of cavitation include: lowered performance, load asymmetry, erosion and pitting of blade surfaces, vibration and noise, and reduction of the overall machine life. Cavitation models in use today range from rather crude approximations to sophisticated bubble dynamics models. Details about bubble inception, growth and collapse are relevant to the prediction of blade erosion, but are not necessary to predict the performance of pumps. An engineering model of cavitation is proposed to predict the extent of cavitation and performance. The vapor volume fraction is used as an indicator variable to quantify cavitation. A two-phase flow approach is employed with the assumption of the thermal equilibrium between liquid and vapor. At present velocity slip between the two phases is selected. Preliminary analyses of 2D flows shows qualitatively correct results.
Singhal, Ashok K.; Avva, Ram K.
Using cavitation for delignification of wood.
The Kraft process is the most widely used chemical process for the removal of lignin and other polymers from wood to obtain cellulosic pulp fibres. In the present study, the effect of cavitation (growth and violent collapse of vapour bubbles in a liquid) on delignification of wood was investigated. Steam was introduced in the reactor in order to study the effect of steam driven hybrid cavitation on delignification. The results obtained were subjected to kinetic analysis. The rates of delignification obtained using hydrodynamic cavitation were about 4-5 orders of magnitude greater than those obtained using acoustic cavitation (rate constants for delignification were 9.78æ10(-6) and 6.8æ10(-1)min(-1) for acoustic and hydrodynamic cavitation, respectively). The energy imparted by the pump in the hydrodynamic cavitation reactor was much higher than that imparted by the acoustic devices and this was considered to be the cause of the higher delignification rates. PMID:22325900
Baxi, Pranav B; Pandit, Aniruddha B
Bubble Nucleation and Growth in Microcellular Injection Molding Processes
Bubble nucleation and growth are the key steps in polymer foam generation processes. The mechanical properties of foamed polymer are closely related to the size of bubbles created inside the material. Thus, it is necessary to study how to improve mechanical strength by producing extremely fine bubbles inside polymer resin. We developed a theoretical framework to help produce uniformly distributed
Yongrak Moon; Sung W. Cha; Jung-hwan Seo
Bubble growth in visco-elastic magma: implications to magma fragmentation and bubble nucleation
We present a visco-elastic bubble growth model, accounting for viscous and elastic deformations and for volatile mass transfer\\u000a between bubbles and melt. We define the borders between previous bubble growth models accounting for incompressible viscous\\u000a melt, and our new model accounting also for elastic deformation; this is done by a set of end-member analytical solutions\\u000a and numerical simulations. Elastic deformation
Kurzon Ittai; Lyakhovsky Vladimir; Navon Oded
Mechanical effects of laser-induced cavitation bubble on different geometrical confinements for laser propulsion in water
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Laser propulsions of six kinds of propelled objects in water and air are studied in this paper. The kinetic energy and momentum coupling coefficients gained by the objects after implementation of single laser pulses are investigated experimentally. It is shown that the propulsion effects are better in water than in air. Both in water and in air, the propulsion effects are better if there is a cavity on the laser irradiated surface of the object, and a hemispherical cavity works better than a 90¯-conical cavity. A concept of equivalent reference pressure is proposed in this paper. It means that the asymmetry in the liquid induced by a rigid boundary near a spherical or nonspherical oscillating bubble can be approximated as the perturbation induced by a compressive stress wave passing through a bubble in the infinite static liquid. Thus, the collapse time and the pressure surrounding the nonspherical collapsing bubble can be estimated based on the maximum velocity of the liquid jet tip. Experiments also show that cavitation with oscillations and collapse can be induced at the object-water interface on the outside surface of the object head by the penetrating intensive stress wave and the elastic deformation of the object head. The bulging velocity of the object surface is calculated based on the propagation theory of stress waves at medium interfaces.
Han, Bing; Pan, Yun-Xiang; Xue, Ya-Li; Chen, Jun; Shen, Zhong-Hua; Lu, Jian; Ni, Xiao-Wu
Characterization of an acoustic cavitation bubble structure at 230 kHz.
A generic bubble structure in a 230 kHz ultrasonic field is observed in a partly developed standing wave field in water. It is characterized by high-speed imaging, sonoluminescence recordings, and surface cleaning tests. The structure has two distinct bubble populations. Bigger bubbles (much larger than linear resonance size) group on rings in planes parallel to the transducer surface, apparently in locations of driving pressure minima. They slowly rise in a jittering, but synchronous way, and they can have smaller satellite bubbles, thus resembling the arrays of bubbles observed by Miller [D. Miller, Stable arrays of resonant bubbles in a 1-MHz standing-wave acoustic field, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 62 (1977) 12]. Smaller bubbles (below and near linear resonance size) show a fast "streamer" motion perpendicular to and away from the transducer surface. While the bigger bubbles do not emit light, the smaller bubbles in the streamers show sonoluminescence when they pass the planes of high driving pressure. Both bubble populations exhibit cleaning potential with respect to micro-particles attached to a glass substrate. The respective mechanisms of particle removal, though, might be different. PMID:21041109
Thiemann, Andrea; Nowak, Till; Mettin, Robert; Holsteyns, Frank; Lippert, Alexander
Nucleation and growth of a gas bubble in magma
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
The dynamics of a "collective" gas bubble in the magma melt during its decompression was numerically studied on the basis of a complete mathematical models of an explosive volcanic eruption. It is shown that the bubble size distribution obtained for the nucleation process has one peak, which allows considering a "collective" bubble. The main stages of bubble growth due to gas diffusion and changes in the viscosity of the medium are determined. It is shown that the high viscosity of the melt makes possible the transition from the Rayleigh equation to a simpler relation for the radial velocity of the bubble.
Davydov, M. N.
Gas flow induced by ultrasonic cavitation bubble clouds and surface capillary wave.
In this paper, we report a gas flow phenomenon induced by ultrasonic water cavitation and capillary wave in a vibrating hollow tip and reflector system. The cavitation clouds generated a gas suction force and the capillary wave created tunnels through which the gas could go into the liquid. The gas flow rate was measured and compared under different conditions, including applied power, type of reflector, and tip-to-reflector distance. A model was proposed to explain the mechanisms of the gas flow and analyze the results in the experiments. PMID:24859668
Wang, Ying; Li, Tao; Kong, Ling; Hng, Huey; Lee, Pooi
Dynamics of shock waves and cavitation bubbles in bilinear elastic-plastic media, and the implications to short-pulsed laser surgery
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
The dynamics of shock waves and cavitation bubbles generated by short laser pulses in water and elastic-plastic media were investigated theoretically in order to get a better understanding of their role in short-pulsed laser surgery. Numerical simulations were performed using a spherical model of bubble dynamics which include the elastic-plastic behaviour of the medium surrounding the bubble, compressibility, viscosity, density and surface tension. Breakdown in water produces a monopolar acoustic signal characterized by a compressive wave. Breakdown in an elastic-plastic medium produces a bipolar acoustic signal, with a leading positive compression wave and a trailing negative tensile wave. The calculations revealed that consideration of the tissue elasticity is essential to describe the bipolar shape of the shock wave emitted during optical breakdown. The elastic-plastic response of the medium surrounding the bubble leads to a significant decrease of the maximum size of the cavitation bubble and pressure amplitude of the shock wave emitted during bubble collapse, and shortening of the oscillation period of the bubble. The results are discussed with respect to collateral damage in short-pulsed laser surgery.
Brujan, E.-A.
Studies on pressure response of gas bubbles contributions of condensed droplets in bubbles generated by a uniform nucleation
The response of a tiny gas bubble under reduced pressure is investigated in its relation to cavitation. Equations of motion are formulated for gas mixtures inside the bubble and numerical calculations performed for several examples. The conclusions are as follows: (1) at the onset of bubble growth, the gas mixture inside it adiabatically expands and the temperature decreases. Condensed droplets
Y. Matsumoto
Acoustic Cavitation Inception in Water and in Insonated Root Tips.
National Technical Information Service (NTIS)
An analysis of two aspects of air bubble nucleation is presented. Part I describes the role of particulate matter in acoustic cavitation inception; Part II describes the growth of air bubbles by rectified diffusion in insonated root tips. It was discovere...
L. A. Crum
Growth of a supersymmetric bubble: Inhomogeneity effects
In a dense star, the Pauli exclusion principle functions as an enormous energy storage mechanism. Supersymmetry could provide a way to recapture this energy. If there is a transition to an exactly supersymmetric (SUSY) phase, the trapped energy can be released with consequences similar to gamma ray burst observations. Previous zeroth order calculations have been based on the behavior in a prototypical white dwarf of solar mass and earth radius (such as Sirius B) and have neglected density inhomogeneity. In this article we show that the effects of density inhomogeneity and of variations in masses and radii are substantial enough to encourage further exploration of the SUSY star model. In addition, the effects discussed here have possible applications to the growth of bubbles in other phase transition models in dense matter.
Clavelli, L. [Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487 (United States)
Dynamic Nucleation of Ice Induced by a Single Stable Cavitation Bubble
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Dynamic nucleation of ice induced by caviation bubble in undercooled water is observed using an acoustic levitation technique. The observation indicates that a high pressure pulse associated with a collapsing bubble is indeed responsible for the nucleation of a high pressure phase of ice.
Ohsaka, Kenichi; Trinh, Eugene H.
Observation and quantification of gas bubble formation on a mechanical heart valve.
Clinical studies using transcranial Doppler ultrasonography in patients with mechanical heart valves (MHV) have detected gaseous emboli. The relationship of gaseous emboli release and cavitation on MHV has been a subject of debate in the literature. To study the influence of cavitation and gas content on the formation and growth of stable gas bubbles, a mock circulatory loop, which employed a Medtronic-Hall pyrolytic carbon disk valve in the mitral position, was used. A high-speed video camera allowed observation of cavitation and gas bubble release on the inflow valve surfaces as a function of cavitation intensity and carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration, while an ultrasonic monitoring system scanned the aortic outflow tract to quantify gas bubble production by calculating the gray scale levels of the images. In the absence of cavitation, no stable gas bubbles were formed. When gas bubbles were formed, they were first seen a few milliseconds after and in the vicinity of cavitation collapse. The volume of the gas bubbles detected in the aortic track increased with both increased CO2 and increased cavitation intensity. No correlation was observed between O2 concentration and bubble volume. We conclude that cavitation is an essential precursor to stable gas bubble formation, and CO2, the most soluble blood gas, is the major component of stable gas bubbles. PMID:11036552
Lin, H Y; Bianccucci, B A; Deutsch, S; Fontaine, A A; Tarbell, J M
Interaction dynamics of fs-laser induced cavitation bubbles and their impact on the laser-tissue-interaction of modern ophthalmic laser systems
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
A today well-known laser based treatment in ophthalmology is the LASIK procedure which nowadays includes cutting of the corneal tissue with ultra-short laser pulses. Instead of disposing a microkeratome for cutting a corneal flap, a focused ultra-short laser pulse is scanned below the surface of biological tissue causing the effect of an optical breakdown and hence obtaining a dissection. Inside the tissue, the energy of the laser pulses is absorbed by non-linear processes; as a result a cavitation bubble expands and ruptures the tissue. Hence, positioning of several optical breakdowns side by side generates an incision. Due to a reduction of the amount of laser energy, with a moderate duration of treatment at the same time, the current development of ultra-short pulse laser systems points to higher repetition rates in the range of even Megahertz instead of tens or hundreds of Kilohertz. In turn, this results in a pulse overlap and therefor a probable occurrence of interaction between different optical breakdowns and respectively cavitation bubbles of adjacent optical breakdowns. While the interaction of one single laser pulse with biological tissue is analyzed reasonably well experimentally and theoretically, the interaction of several spatial and temporal following pulses is scarcely determined yet. Thus, the aim of this study is to analyse the dynamic and interaction of two cavitation bubbles by using high speed photography. The applied laser pulse energy, the energy ratio and the spot distance between different cavitation bubbles were varied. Depending on a change of these parameters different kinds of interactions such as a flattening and deformation of bubble shape or jet formation are observed. The effects will be discussed regarding the medical ophthalmic application of fs-lasers. Based on these results a further research seems to be inevitable to comprehend and optimize the cutting effect of ultra-short pulse laser systems with high (> 500 kHz) repetition rates.
Tinne, N.; Ripken, T.; Lubatschowski, H.; Heisterkamp, A.
Time-resolved monitoring of cavitation activity in megasonic cleaning systems.
The occurrence of acoustic cavitation in the cleaning liquid is a crucial precondition for the performance of megasonic cleaning systems. Hence, a fundamental understanding of the impact of different parameters of the megasonic process on cavitation activity is necessary. A setup capable of synchronously measuring sonoluminescence and acoustic emission originating from acoustically active bubbles is presented. The system also includes a high-speed-stroboscopic Schlieren imaging system to directly visualize the influence of cavitation activity on the Schlieren contrast and resolvable bubbles. This allows a thorough characterization of the mutual interaction of cavitation bubbles with the sound field and with each other. Results obtained during continuous sonication of argon-saturated water at various nominal power densities indicate that acoustic cavitation occurs in a cyclic manner, during which periods of stable and inertial cavitation activity alternate. The occurrence of higher and ultraharmonics in the acoustic emission spectra is characteristic for the stable cavitation state. The inertial cavitation state is characterized by a strong attenuation of the sound field, the explosive growth of bubbles and the occurrence of broadband components in the acoustic spectra. Both states can only be sustained at sufficiently high intensities of the sound field. At lower intensities, their occurrences are limited to short, random bursts. Cleaning activity can be linked to the cavitation activity through the measurement of particle removal on standard 200 mm silicon wafers. It is found that the particle removal efficiency is reduced, when a continuous state of cavitation activity ceases to exist. PMID:22462949
Hauptmann, M; Brems, S; Struyf, H; Mertens, P; Heyns, M; De Gendt, S; Glorieux, C
Time-resolved monitoring of cavitation activity in megasonic cleaning systems
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
The occurrence of acoustic cavitation in the cleaning liquid is a crucial precondition for the performance of megasonic cleaning systems. Hence, a fundamental understanding of the impact of different parameters of the megasonic process on cavitation activity is necessary. A setup capable of synchronously measuring sonoluminescence and acoustic emission originating from acoustically active bubbles is presented. The system also includes a high-speed-stroboscopic Schlieren imaging system to directly visualize the influence of cavitation activity on the Schlieren contrast and resolvable bubbles. This allows a thorough characterization of the mutual interaction of cavitation bubbles with the sound field and with each other. Results obtained during continuous sonication of argon-saturated water at various nominal power densities indicate that acoustic cavitation occurs in a cyclic manner, during which periods of stable and inertial cavitation activity alternate. The occurrence of higher and ultraharmonics in the acoustic emission spectra is characteristic for the stable cavitation state. The inertial cavitation state is characterized by a strong attenuation of the sound field, the explosive growth of bubbles and the occurrence of broadband components in the acoustic spectra. Both states can only be sustained at sufficiently high intensities of the sound field. At lower intensities, their occurrences are limited to short, random bursts. Cleaning activity can be linked to the cavitation activity through the measurement of particle removal on standard 200 mm silicon wafers. It is found that the particle removal efficiency is reduced, when a continuous state of cavitation activity ceases to exist.
Hauptmann, M.; Brems, S.; Struyf, H.; Mertens, P.; Heyns, M.; De Gendt, S.; Glorieux, C.
Bubble growth in mold cavities during microcellular injection molding processes
Bubble nucleation and growth are the key steps in polymer foam generation processes. The mechanical properties of foam polymers\\u000a are closely related to the size of the bubbles created inside the material, and most existing analysis methods use a constant\\u000a viscosity and surface tension to predict the size of the bubbles. Under actual situations, however, when the polymer contains\\u000a gases,
Yongrak Moon; Kyoung-soo Lee; Sung W. Cha
Multibubble cavitation inception
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
The inception of cavitation in multibubble cases is studied numerically and theoretically to show that it is different from that in single-bubble cases in several aspects. Using a multibubble model based on the Rayleigh-Plesset equation with an acoustic interaction term, we confirmed that the recently reported suppression of cavitation inception due to the interaction of nonidentical bubbles can take place not only in liquid mercury but also in water, and we found that a relatively large bubble can significantly decrease the cavitation threshold pressure of a nearby small bubble. By examining in detail the transition region where the dynamics of the suppressed bubble changes drastically as the interbubble distance changes, we determined that the explosive expansion of a bubble under negative pressure can be interrupted and turn into collapse even though the far-field liquid pressure well exceeds the bubble's threshold pressure. Numerical results suggest that the interruption of expansion occurs when the bubble radius is exceeded by the instantaneous unstable equilibrium radius of the bubble determined using the total pressure acting on the bubble. When we extended the discussion to systems of larger numbers of bubbles, we found that a larger number of bubbles have a stronger suppression effect. The present findings would be useful in understanding the complex behavior of cavitation bubbles in practical applications where, in general, many cavitation nuclei exist and may interact with each other.
Ida, Masato
Study of cavitation in the wake of a cylinder
Cavitation refers to formation of bubbles in a flow and subsequent dissolution in the flow. The bubbles are formed when the low pressures is below vapour pressure at the given temperature. The pressures may be reduced due to flow conditions or imposed acoustic field. Depending on origin cavitation may be classified into acoustic cavitation and hydrodynamic cavitation. Acoustic cavitation is
Santhosh Kumar Gugulothu; C. H. Rajesh; P. Deekshith
Toward the optimization of double-pulse LIBS underwater: effects of experimental parameters on the reproducibility and dynamics of laser-induced cavitation bubble.
Double-pulse laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) was recently proposed for the analysis of underwater samples, since it overcomes the drawbacks of rapid plasma quenching and of large continuum emission, typical of single-pulse ablation. Despite the attractiveness of the method, this approach suffers nevertheless from a poor spectroscopic reproducibility, which is partially due to the scarce reproducibility of the cavitation bubble induced by the first laser pulse, since pressure and dimensions of the bubble strongly affect plasma emission. In this work, we investigated the reproducibility and the dynamics of the cavitation bubble induced on a solid target in water, and how they depend on pulse duration, energy, and wavelength, as well as on target composition. Results are discussed in terms of the effects on the laser ablation process produced by the crater formation and by the interaction of the laser pulse with floating particles and gas bubbles. This work, preliminary to the optimization of the spectroscopic signal, provides an insight of the phenomena occurring during laser ablation in water, together with useful information for the choice of the laser source to be used in the apparatus. PMID:22410923
Cristoforetti, Gabriele; Tiberi, Marco; Simonelli, Andrea; Marsili, Paolo; Giammanco, Francesco
Theoretical and experimental comparison of vapor cavitation in dynamically loaded journal bearings
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Vapor cavitation for a submerged journal bearing under dynamically loaded conditions was investigated. The observation of vapor cavitation in the laboratory was done by high-speed photography. It was found that vapor cavitation occurs when the tensile stress applied to the oil exceeded the tensile strength of the oil or the binding of the oil to the surface. The theoretical solution to the Reynolds equation is determined numerically using a moving boundary algorithm. This algorithm conserves mass throughout the computational domain including the region of cavitation and its boundaries. An alternating direction implicit (MDI) method is used to effect the time march. A rotor undergoing circular whirl was studied. Predicted cavitation behavior was analyzed by three-dimensional computer graphic movies. The formation, growth, and collapse of the bubble in response to the dynamic conditions is shown. For the same conditions of dynamic loading, the cavitation bubble was studied in the laboratory using high-speed photography.
Brewe, D. E.; Hamrock, B. J.; Jacobson, B. A.
Visualization and simulation of bubble growth in pore networks
Nucleation and growth of bubbles in porous media are important problems encountered in processes such as pressure depletion and boiling. Experiments and numerical simulations are studied in micromodel geometries to understand their basic aspects. Experiments of bubble growth by pressure depletion are carried out in 2-D etched-glass micromodels and in Hele-Shaw cells. Nucleation of bubbles and subsequent growth of gas clusters are visualized. Contrary to the bulk or Hele-Shaw cells, gas clusters in the micromodel have irregular and ramified shapes and share many of the features of an external invasion process (such as percolation during drainage). A pore network numerical model developed simulates the growth of multiple gas clusters under various conditions. It is based on the solution of the convection-diffusion equation and accounts for capillary and viscous forces, which play an important role in determining growth patterns. Numerical simulation agrees well with the experimental results.
Li, X.; Yortsos, Y.C. (Univ. of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA (United States). Dept. of Chemical Engineering)
Analogy between fluid cavitation and fracture mechanics
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
When the stresses imposed on a fluid are sufficiently large, rupture or cavitation can occur. Such conditions can exist in many two-phase flow applications, such as the choked flows, which can occur in seals and bearings. Nonspherical bubbles with large aspect ratios have been observed in fluids under rapid acceleration and high shear fields. These bubbles are geometrically similar to fracture surface patterns (Griffith crack model) existing in solids. Analogies between crack growth in solid and fluid cavitation are proposed and supported by analysis and observation (photographs). Healing phenomena (void condensation), well accepted in fluid mechanics, have been observed in some polymers and hypothesized in solid mechanics. By drawing on the strengths of the theories of solid mechanics and cavitation, a more complete unified theory can be developed.
Hendricks, R. C.; Mullen, R. L.; Braun, M. J.
Source mergers and bubble growth during reionization
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
The recently introduced models of reionization bubbles based on extended Press-Schechter theory (by Furlanetto, Hernquist & Zaldarriaga) are generalized to include mergers of ionization sources. Sources with a recent major merger are taken to have enhanced photon production due to star formation, and accretion on to a central black hole if a black hole is present. This produces a scatter in the number of ionized photons corresponding to a halo of a given mass and a change in photon production over time for any given halo mass. By extending previous methods, photon production histories, bubble distributions and ionization histories are computed for several different parameter and recombination assumptions. The resulting distributions interpolate between previously calculated limiting cases.
Cohn, J. D.; Chang, Tzu-Ching
Scaling of bubble growth in a porous medium. Topical report
Processes involving liquid-to-gas phase change in porous media are routinely encountered, for example in the recovery of oil, geothermal processes, nuclear waste disposal or enhanced heat transfer. They involve diffusion (and convection) in the pore space, driven by an imposed supersaturation in pressure or temperature. Phase change proceeds by nucleation and phase growth. Depending on pore surface roughness, a number of nucleation centers exist, thus phase growth occurs from a multitude of clusters. Contrary to growth in the bulk or in a Hele-Shaw cell, however, growth patterns in porous media are disordered and not compact. As in immiscible displacements, they reflect the underlying pore microstructure. The competition between multiple clusters is also different from the bulk. For example, cluster growth may be controlled by a combination of diffusion (e.g. Laplace equation in the quasi-static case) with percolation. Novel growth patterns axe expected from this competition. While multiple cluster growth is important, the simpler problem of single-bubble growth is still not well understood. In this section, we focus on the growth of a single bubble, subject to a fixed far-field supersaturation (e.g. by lowering the pressure in a supersaturated solution or by raising the temperature in a. superheated liquid). Our emphasis is on deriving a scaling theory for growth at conditions of quasi-static diffusion, guided by recent experimental observations. Visualization of bubble growth in model porous media was recently conducted using 2-D etched-glass micromodels.
Satik, C.; Yortsos, Y.; Li, X. [Univ. of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA (United States). Dept. of Chemical Engineering
Percolation models for boiling and bubble growth in porous media
We analyze the liquid-to-vapor phase change in single-component fluids in porous media at low superheats. Conditions typical to steam injection in porous media are taken. We examine nucleation, phase equilibria and their stability, and the growth of vapor bubbles. Effects of pore structure are emphasized. It is shown that at low supersaturations, bubble growth can be described as a percolation process. In the absence of spatial gradients, macroscopic flow properties are calculated in terms of nucleation parameters. A modification of gradient percolation is also proposed in the case of spatial temperature gradients, when solid conduction predominates. 22 refs., 10 figs., 1 tab.
Yortsos, Y.C.
Nucleation and cavitation of spherical, cylindrical, and slablike droplets and bubbles in small systems
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Computer simulations are employed to obtain subcritical isotherms of small finite sized systems inside the coexistence region. For all temperatures considered, ranging from the triple point up to the critical point, the isotherms gradually developed a sequence of sharp discontinuities as the system size increased from ~8 to ~21 molecular diameters. For the smallest system sizes, and more so close to the critical point, the isotherms appeared smooth, resembling the continuous van der Waals loop obtained from extrapolation of an analytic equation of state outside the coexistence region. As the system size was increased, isotherms in the chemical potential-density plane developed first two, then four, and finally six discontinuities. Visual inspection of selected snapshots revealed that the observed discontinuities are related to structural transitions between droplets (on the vapor side) and bubbles (on the liquid side) of spherical, cylindrical, and tetragonal shapes. A capillary drop model was developed to qualitatively rationalize these observations. Analytic results were obtained and found to be in full agreement with the computer simulation results. The analysis shows that the shape of the subcritical isotherms is dictated by a single characteristic volume (or length scale), which depends on the surface tension, compressibility, and coexistence densities. For small reduced system volumes, the model predicts that a homogeneous fluid is stable across the whole coexistence region, thus explaining the continuous van der Waals isotherms observed in the simulations. When the liquid and vapor free energies are described by means of an accurate mean-field equation of state and surface tensions from simulation are employed, the capillary model is found to describe the simulated isotherms accurately, especially for large systems (i.e., larger than about 15 molecular diameters) at low temperature (lower than about 0.85 times the critical temperature). This implies that the Laplace pressure differences can be predicted for drops as small as five molecular diameters, and as few as about 500 molecules. The theoretical study also shows that the extrema or apparent spinodal points of the finite size loops are more closely related to (finite system size) bubble and dew points than to classical spinodals. Our results are of relevance to phase transitions in nanopores and show that first order corrections to nucleation energies in finite closed systems are power laws of the inverse volume.
MacDowell, Luis G.; Shen, Vincent K.; Errington, Jeffrey R.
Visualization and simulation of bubble growth in pore networks
Bubble nucleation and bubble growth in porous media is an important problem encountered in processes, such as pressure depletion and boiling. To understand its basic aspects, experiments and numerical simulations in micromodel geometries were undertaken. Experiments of bubble growth by pressure depletion were carried out in 2-D etched-glass micromodels and in Hele-Shaw cells. Nucleation of bubbles and the subsequent growth of gas clusters were visualized. Contrary to the bulk or to Hele-Shaw cells, gas clusters in the micromodel have irregular and ramified shapes and share many of the features of an external invasion process (e.g. of percolation during drainage). A pore network numerical model was developed to simulate the growth of multiple gas clusters under various conditions. The model is based on the solution of the convection-diffusions equation and also accounts for capillary and viscous forces, which play an important role in determining the growth patterns. Numerical simulation resulted in good agreement with the experimental results.
Li, Xuehai; Yortsos, Y.C.
Cavitation Research and Ship Propeller Design
The role of cavitation research in the design of ship propellers and the influence of research on propeller design is reviewed. The historical development of research on bubble cavitation is an example of a lack of communication between research and design. Research on sheet cavitation is starting now and simplifications such as two dimensional cavitation are being made. It is
G. Kuiper
Physical facets of ultrasonic cavitational synthesis of zinc ferrite particles.
This paper addresses the physical features of the ultrasonic cavitational synthesis of zinc ferrite particles and tries to establish the relationship between cavitation physics and sonochemistry of the zinc ferrite synthesis. A dual approach of coupling experimental results with simulations of radial motion of cavitation bubbles has been adopted. The precursors for the zinc ferrite, viz. ZnO and Fe(3)O(4) are produced in situ by the hydrolysis of Zn and Fe(II) acetates stimulated by (*)OH radicals produced from the transient collapse of the cavitation bubbles. Experiments performed under different conditions create significant variation in the production of (*)OH radicals, and hence, the rate of acetate hydrolysis. Correlation of the results of experiments and simulations sheds light on the important facets of the physical mechanism of ultrasonic cavitational zinc ferrite synthesis. It is revealed that too much or too little rate of acetate hydrolysis results in smaller particle size of zinc ferrite. The first effect of a higher rate of hydrolysis leads to excessively large growth of particles, due to which they become susceptible to the disruptive action of cavitation bubbles. Whereas, the second effect of too small rate of hydrolysis of Zn and Fe(II) acetates restricts the growth of particles. It has been observed that the initial reactant concentration does not influence the mean particle size or the size distribution of zinc ferrite particles. The present investigation clearly confirms that the rate-controlling step of zinc ferrite synthesis through ultrasonic cavitational route is the rate of formation of (*)OH radicals from cavitation bubbles. PMID:19880340
Reddy, Bhaskar Rao; Sivasankar, Thirugnanasambandam; Sivakumar, Manickam; Moholkar, Vijayanand S
Micropumping of liquid by directional growth and selective venting of gas bubbles
We introduce a new mechanism to pump liquid in microchannels based on the directional growth and displacement of gas bubbles in conjunction with the non-directional and selective removal of the bubbles. A majority of the existing bubble-driven micropumps employs boiling despite the unfavorable scaling of energy consumption for miniaturization because the vapor bubbles can be easily removed by condensation. Other
Dennis Desheng Meng; Chang-Jin CJ Kim
Bubble growth in highly viscous melts: theory, experiments, and autoexplosivity of dome lavas
We examine the physics of growth of water bubbles in highly viscous melts. During the initial stages, diffusive mass transfer of water into the bubble keeps the internal pressure in the bubbles close to the initial pressure at nucleation. Growth is controlled by melt viscosity and supersaturation pressure and radial growth under constant pressure is approximately exponential. At later stages,
Oded Navon; Anatoly Chekhmir; Vladimir Lyakhovsky
Gold nanoparticle targeted photoacoustic cavitation for potential deep tissue imaging and therapy
The laser generation of vapor bubbles around plasmonic nanoparticles can be enhanced through the application of an ultrasound field; a technique referred to as photoacoustic cavitation. The combination of light and ultrasound allows for bubble formation at lower laser fluence and peak negative ultrasound pressure than can be achieved using either modality alone. The growth and collapse of these bubbles leads to local mechanical disruption and acoustic emission, and can potentially be used to induce and monitor tissue therapy. Photoacoustic cavitation is investigated for a broad range of ultrasound pressures and nanoparticle concentrations for gold nanorods and nanospheres. The cavitation threshold fluences for both nanoparticle types are found to drastically reduce in the presence of an ultrasound field. The results indicate that photoacoustic cavitation can potentially be produced at depth in biological tissue without exceeding the safety limits for ultrasound or laser radiation at the tissue surface.
Ju, Hengyi; Roy, Ronald A.; Murray, Todd W.
Gold nanoparticle targeted photoacoustic cavitation for potential deep tissue imaging and therapy.
The laser generation of vapor bubbles around plasmonic nanoparticles can be enhanced through the application of an ultrasound field; a technique referred to as photoacoustic cavitation. The combination of light and ultrasound allows for bubble formation at lower laser fluence and peak negative ultrasound pressure than can be achieved using either modality alone. The growth and collapse of these bubbles leads to local mechanical disruption and acoustic emission, and can potentially be used to induce and monitor tissue therapy. Photoacoustic cavitation is investigated for a broad range of ultrasound pressures and nanoparticle concentrations for gold nanorods and nanospheres. The cavitation threshold fluences for both nanoparticle types are found to drastically reduce in the presence of an ultrasound field. The results indicate that photoacoustic cavitation can potentially be produced at depth in biological tissue without exceeding the safety limits for ultrasound or laser radiation at the tissue surface. PMID:23304648
Ju, Hengyi; Roy, Ronald A; Murray, Todd W
Fission gas bubble nucleated cavitational swelling of the alpha-uranium phase of irradiated U-Pu-Zr fuel
Cavitational swelling has been identified as a potential swelling mechanism for the alpha uranium phase of irradiated U-Pu-Zr metal fuels for the Integral Fast Reactor being developed at Argonne National Laboratory. The trends of U-Pu-Zr swelling data prior to fuel cladding contact can be interpreted in terms of unrestrained cavitational driven swelling. It is theorized that the swelling mechanisms at
A theoretical model for bubble enhanced ultrasound heating due to time-dependent bubble size distributions
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Substantial in vitro and in vivo evidence shows that cavitation activity can affect tissue heating in focused ultrasound surgery and acoustic hemostasis applications. In particular, the heating rate in tissue increases significantly after cavitation sets in. Exploitation of this phenomenon for clinical use requires knowledge of, among other parameters, the time-dependent bubble size distribution sustained during insonation. Difficulties associated with the measurement of bubble sizes during in vitro or in vivo experiments call for a theoretical approach to the problem. We will present a theoretical model that estimates the time-dependent distribution of bubble equilibrium radii. Shape instability thresholds and rectified diffusion thresholds bound asymptotic bubble size distributions, and the instantaneous size distributions are governed by growth rates. The temperature rise caused by such bubble activity is calculated and compared with experimental data. [Work supported by DARPA and the U.S. Army.
Xinmai, Yang; Holt, R. Glynn; Edson, Patrick; Roy, Ronald A.
NSDL National Science Digital Library
Learners engage in a scientific investigation to answer the question, "Are free-floating bubbles always round?" By experimenting with different-shaped bubble wands and then reading a nonfiction book to support their findings, learners collect evidence to answer the question and then share their findings with others by creating a poster.
Morgan, Emily; Ansberry, Karen
Blood vessel rupture by cavitation
Cavitation is thought to be one mechanism for vessel rupture during shock wave lithotripsy treatment. However, just how cavitation induces vessel rupture remains unknown. In this work, a high-speed photomicrography system was set up to directly observe the dynamics of bubbles inside blood vessels in ex vivo rat mesenteries. Vascular rupture correlating to observed bubble dynamics were examined by imaging bubble extravasation and dye leakage. The high-speed images show that bubble expansion can cause vessel distention, and bubble collapse can lead to vessel invagination. Liquid jets were also observed to form. Our results suggest that all three mechanisms, vessel distention, invagination and liquid jets, can contribute to vessel rupture.
Chen, Hong; Brayman, Andrew A.; Bailey, Michael R.
Generation and control of acoustic cavitation structure.
The generation and control of acoustic cavitation structure are a prerequisite for application of cavitation in the field of ultrasonic sonochemistry and ultrasonic cleaning. The generation and control of several typical acoustic cavitation structures (conical bubble structure, smoker, acoustic Lichtenberg figure, tailing bubble structure, jet-induced bubble structures) in a 20-50kHz ultrasonic field are investigated. Cavitation bubbles tend to move along the direction of pressure drop in the region in front of radiating surface, which are the premise and the foundation of some strong acoustic cavitation structure formation. The nuclei source of above-mentioned acoustic cavitation structures is analyzed. The relationship and mutual transformation of these acoustic cavitation structures are discussed. PMID:24650609
Bai, Lixin; Xu, Weilin; Deng, Jingjun; Li, Chao; Xu, Delong; Gao, Yandong
Effect of point defect interaction with bubble surface on the nucleation and growth of gas bubbles
The influence of absorption ability of gas bubble surface on bubble kinetics in supersaturated solid solution of vacancies self-interstitial and gas atoms is investigated. Depending on the peculiarities of point defect absorption\\/desorption at the bubble surface possible cases of gas bubble ensemble kinetics are described.
Roman E. Voskoboinikov; Alexander E. Volkov
Cavitation in a metallic liquid: Homogeneous nucleation and growth of nanovoids
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Large-scale molecular dynamics (MD) simulations are performed to investigate homogeneous nucleation and growth of nanovoids during cavitation in liquid Cu. We characterize in detail the atomistic cavitation processes by following the temporal evolution of cavities or voids, analyze the nucleation behavior with the mean first-passage time (MFPT) and survival probability (SP) methods, and discuss the results against classical nucleation theory (CNT), the Tolman equation for surface energy, independent calculation of surface tension via integrating the stress profiles, the Johnson-Mehl-Avrami (JMA) growth law, and the power law for nucleus size distributions. Cavitation in this representative metallic liquid is a high energy barrier Poisson processes, and the steady-state nucleation rates obtained from statistical runs with the MFPT and SP methods are in agreement. The MFPT method also yields the critical nucleus size and the Zeldovich factor. Fitting with the Tolman's equation to the MD simulations yields the surface energy of a planar interface (0.9 J {m}^{-2}) and the Tolman length (0.4-0.5 é), and those values are in accord with those from integrating the stress profiles of a planar interface. Independent CNT predictions of the nucleation rate (1033 - 34 s-1 m-3) and critical size (3-4 é in radius) are in agreement with the MFPT and SP results. The JMA law can reasonably describe the nucleation and growth process. The size distribution of subcritical nuclei appears to follow a power law with an exponent decreasing with increasing tension owing to coupled nucleation and growth, and that of the supercritical nuclei becomes flattened during further stress relaxation due to void coalescence.
Cai, Y.; Wu, H. A.; Luo, S. N.
Cavitation in a metallic liquid: Homogeneous nucleation and growth of nanovoids.
Large-scale molecular dynamics (MD) simulations are performed to investigate homogeneous nucleation and growth of nanovoids during cavitation in liquid Cu. We characterize in detail the atomistic cavitation processes by following the temporal evolution of cavities or voids, analyze the nucleation behavior with the mean first-passage time (MFPT) and survival probability (SP) methods, and discuss the results against classical nucleation theory (CNT), the Tolman equation for surface energy, independent calculation of surface tension via integrating the stress profiles, the Johnson-Mehl-Avrami (JMA) growth law, and the power law for nucleus size distributions. Cavitation in this representative metallic liquid is a high energy barrier Poisson processes, and the steady-state nucleation rates obtained from statistical runs with the MFPT and SP methods are in agreement. The MFPT method also yields the critical nucleus size and the Zeldovich factor. Fitting with the Tolman's equation to the MD simulations yields the surface energy of a planar interface (?0.9 J [Formula: see text]) and the Tolman length (0.4-0.5 é), and those values are in accord with those from integrating the stress profiles of a planar interface. Independent CNT predictions of the nucleation rate (10(33 - 34) s(-1) m(-3)) and critical size (3-4 é in radius) are in agreement with the MFPT and SP results. The JMA law can reasonably describe the nucleation and growth process. The size distribution of subcritical nuclei appears to follow a power law with an exponent decreasing with increasing tension owing to coupled nucleation and growth, and that of the supercritical nuclei becomes flattened during further stress relaxation due to void coalescence. PMID:24908018
Cai, Y; Wu, H A; Luo, S N
Vulnerability to cavitation, hydraulic efficiency, growth and survival in an insular pine (Pinus canariensis)
Background and Aims It is widely accepted that hydraulic failure due to xylem embolism is a key factor contributing to drought-induced mortality in trees. In the present study, an attempt is made to disentangle phenotypic plasticity from genetic variation in hydraulic traits across the entire distribution area of a tree species to detect adaptation to local environments. Methods A series of traits related to hydraulics (vulnerability to cavitation and hydraulic conductivity in branches), growth performance and leaf mass per area were assessed in eight Pinus canariensis populations growing in two common gardens under contrasting environments. In addition, the neutral genetic variability (FST) and the genetic differentiation of phenotypic variation (QST) were compared in order to identify the evolutionary forces acting on these traits. Key Results The variability for hydraulic traits was largely due to phenotypic plasticity. Nevertheless, the vulnerability to cavitation displayed a significant genetic variability (approx. 5 % of the explained variation), and a significant genetic æ environment interaction (between 5 and 19 % of the explained variation). The strong correlation between vulnerability to cavitation and survival in the xeric common garden (r = 0ñ81; P < 0ñ05) suggests a role for the former in the adaptation to xeric environments. Populations from drier sites and higher temperature seasonality were less vulnerable to cavitation than those growing at mesic sites. No trade-off between xylem safety and efficiency was detected. QST of parameters of the vulnerability curve (0ñ365 for P50 and the slope of the vulnerability curve and 0ñ452 for P88) differed substantially from FST (0ñ091), indicating divergent selection. In contrast, genetic drift alone was found to be sufficient to explain patterns of differentiation for xylem efficiency and growth. Conclusions The ability of P. canariensis to inhabit a wide range of ecosystems seemed to be associated with high phenotypic plasticity and some degree of local adaptations of xylem and leaf traits. Resistance to cavitation conferred adaptive potential for this species to adapt successfully to xeric conditions.
Lopez, Rosana; Lopez de Heredia, Unai; Collada, Carmen; Cano, Francisco Javier; Emerson, Brent C.; Cochard, Herve; Gil, Luis
Growth of bubbles on a solid surface in response to a pressure reduction.
A diffusion-controlled method is presented to study the growth of bubbles on a solid surface. The bubbles are nucleated spontaneously on a hydrophobic smooth surface in response to a sudden pressure reduction and then grow with an expanding contact line. The evolution of the bubbles in the early stage is found to grow with a constant bubble radius and a decreasing contact angle, while the bubbles continue their growth with a constant contact angle and an increasing bubble radius after the contact angle reaches its equilibrium value. A total variation of about 60¯ of the contact angle is observed during the growth of the bubbles with the size scale of 10-100 ?m in radius. The growing process is described by the diffusion theory with the validation of the growth constant. PMID:24689443
Li, Jiang; Chen, Haosheng; Zhou, Weizheng; Wu, Bo; Stoyanov, Simeon D; Pelan, Eddie G
Homogeneous nucleation and macroscopic growth of gas bubble in organic solutions
This work concerns the spontaneous gas bubble nucleation after rapid decompression in organic solution initially saturated with dissolved gas and the subsequent bubble growth to macroscopic size. The decompression limit for gas bubble formation was obtained from the stability condition of the critical cluster of dissolved gas molecules. This work also clarifies how the critical cluster grows to the critical
Yong W. Kim
Behavior of bubbles in glassmelts. III - Dissolution and growth of a rising bubble containing a single gas
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Finite difference solutions of the mass transport equations governing the dissolution (growth) of a rising gas bubble, containing a single gas, in a glassmelt were obtained. These solutions were compared with those obtained from an approximate procedure for a range of the controlling parameters. Applications were made to describe various aspects of O2 and CO2 gas-bubble behavior in a soda-lime-silicate melt.
Onorato, P. I. K.; Weinberg, M. C.; Uhlmann, D. R.
Modeling liquid hydrogen cavitating flow with the full cavitation model
Cavitation is the formation of vapor bubbles within a liquid where flow dynamics cause the local static pressure to drop below the vapor pressure. This paper strives towards developing an effective computational strategy to simulate liquid hydrogen cavitation relevant to liquid rocket propulsion applications. The aims are realized by performing a steady state computational fluid dynamic (CFD) study of liquid
X. B. Zhang; L. M. Qiu; H. Qi; X. J. Zhang; Z. H. Gan
A theoretical study of hydrodynamic cavitation
The optimization of hydrodynamic cavitation as an AOP requires identifying the key parameters and studying their effects on the process. Specific simulations of hydrodynamic bubbles reveal that time scales play a major role on the process. Rarefaction\\/compression periods generate a number of opposing effects which have demonstrated to be quantitatively different from those found in ultrasonic cavitation. Hydrodynamic cavitation can
S. Arrojo; Y. Benito
An experimental investigation of hydrodynamic cavitation in micro-Venturis
The existence of hydrodynamic cavitation in the flow of de-ionized water through micro-Venturis has been witnessed in the form of traveling bubble cavitation and fully developed streamer bubble\\/supercavitation, and their mechanisms have been discussed. High-speed photography and flow visualization disclose inchoate cavitation bubbles emerging downstream from the micro-Venturi throat and the presence of a single streamer bubble\\/supercavity, which is equidistant
Chandan Mishra; Yoav Peles
Introduction to Cavitation and Supercavitation.
National Technical Information Service (NTIS)
Cavitation, i.e. the appearance of vapor bubbles and pockets inside an initially homogeneous liquid medium, occurs in very different situations. According to the flow configuration (shape and relative motion of the walls limiting the flow field, or physic...
J. M. Michel
The life cycle of individual boiling bubbles: Insights from beyond optical imaging
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
With a high-speed camera, we have investigated the dynamics of individual vapor bubbles boiling on a laser-heated surface. Their sizes and shapes as they grow and depart from a surface are correlated with simultaneous thermal imaging measurements of the boiling surface using thermoreflectance-based microscopy to measure temperatures of individual stochastic events. Analysis of both the thermal profiles and the bubble shapes suggests the presence of an evaporating liquid microlayer under the developing bubble. Tuning surface and heating properties, we control the shapes of bubbles, ranging from regular periodic growth and departure to stochastic bubbles which exhibit rapid cavitation-like expansion and collapse. Unlike typical cavitation bubbles which collapse and form jets pointed towards the surface, jets from bubbles observed during boiling were observed to be directed away from the surface. By tuning the wettability of the substrate, we will report on how wettability affects the strength and direction of these jets.
Parker, Scott; Bae, Sung Chul; Cahill, David; Granick, Steve
Numerical method for predicting ship propeller cavitation noise
During ship travels in high-velocity, propeller cavitation noise predominates in the radiated noise sources. However, experiential data regress method was use to predicate propeller cavitation noise in the past. In this article, propeller cavitation noise has been calculated by numerical computation method. From the engineering point of view, ship propeller has been disposed as a dipole bubble. Bubble volume pulse
Yong-Kun Zhang; Ying Xiong
Cavitation is a common and usually undesirable phenomenon in fluid power systems. Understanding the basics of cavitation phenomenon is important in order to prevent cavitation in fluid power systems. In the birth process of cavitation, nuclei of all kinds play an important role. Impurities of fluid (liquid, gas, or solid) can act as cavitation nuclei. The growth of a cavitation
Timo Koivula; Asko Ellman; Matti Vilenius
Comparison of electrohydraulic lithotripters with rigid and pressure-release ellipsoidal reflectors. II. Cavitation fields.
Dramatically different cavitation was produced by two separate acoustic pulses that had different shapes but similar duration, frequency content, and peak positive and negative pressure. Both pulses were produced by a Dornier HM-3 style lithotripter: one pulse when the ellipsoidal reflector was rigid, the other when the reflector was pressure release. The cavitation, or bubble action, generated by the conventional rigid-reflector pulse was nearly 50 times longer lived and 3-13 times stronger than that produced by the pressure-release-reflector pulse. Cavitation durations measured by passive acoustic detection and high-speed video agreed with calculations based on the Gilmore equation. Cavitation intensity, or destructive potential, was judged (1) experimentally by the size of pits in aluminum foil detectors and (2) numerically by the calculated amplitude of the shock wave emitted by a collapsing bubble. The results indicate that the trailing positive spike in the pressure-release-reflector waveform stifles bubble growth and mitigates the collapse, whereas the trough after the positive spike in the rigid-reflector waveform triggers inertially driven growth and collapse. The two reflectors therefore provide a tool to compare effects in weakly and strongly cavitating fields and thereby help assess cavitation's role in lithotripsy. PMID:10462818
Bailey, M R; Blackstock, D T; Cleveland, R O; Crum, L A
Modeling of hydrodynamic cavitation reactors: a unified approach
An attempt has been made to present a unified theoretical model for the cavitating flow in a hydrodynamic cavitation reactor using the nonlinear continuum mixture model for two-phase flow as the basis. This model has been used to describe the radial motion of bubble in the cavitating flow in two geometries in hydrodynamic cavitation reactors, viz., a venturi tube and
V. S. Moholkar; A. B. Pandit
Conceptual design of a novel hydrodynamic cavitation reactor
Hydrodynamic cavitation has been increasingly used as a substitute to conventional acoustic (or ultrasonic) cavitation for process intensification owing to its easy and efficient operation. In this paper, we have put forth conceptual design of a new kind of hydrodynamic cavitation reactor that uses a convergingdiverging nozzle for generating pressure variation required for driving radial motion of cavitation bubbles. Moreover,
K. Sampath Kumar; Vijayanand S. Moholkar
Towards the concept of hydrodynamic cavitation control
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
A careful study of the existing literature available in the field of cavitation reveals the potential of ultrasonics as a tool for controlling and, if possible, eliminating certain types of hydrodynamic cavitation through the manipulation of nuclei size present in a flow. A glass venturi is taken to be an ideal device to study the cavitation phenomenon at its throat and its potential control. A piezoelectric transducer, driven at the crystal resonant frequency, is used to generate an acoustic pressure field and is termed an ultrasonic nuclei manipulator (UNM). Electrolysis bubbles serve as artificial nuclei to produce travelling bubble cavitation at the venturi throat in the absence of a UNM but this cavitation is completely eliminated when a UNM is operative. This is made possible because the nuclei, which pass through the acoustic field first, cavitate, collapse violently and perhaps fragment and go into dissolution before reaching the venturi throat. Thus, the potential nuclei for travelling bubble cavitation at the venturi throat seem to be systematically destroyed through acoustic cavitation near the UNM. From the solution to the bubble dynamics equation, it has been shown that the potential energy of a bubble at its maximum radius due to an acoustic field is negligible compared to that for the hydrodynamic field. Hence, even though the control of hydrodynamic macro cavitation achieved in this way is at the expense of acoustic micro cavitation, it can still be considered to be a significant gain. These are some of the first results in this direction.
Chatterjee, Dhiman; Arakeri, Vijay H.
Vortex cavitation and oscillation in a double-suction volute pump
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
In recent years, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) codes have been utilized actively in the early part of the product development cycle. Numerical analysis models have also been developed rapidly and have added cavitation flow analysis functions peculiar to hydraulic machines, in which the flow analysis has been developed remarkably with high-precision and high-reliability. On the other hand, it is well known that three kinds of cavitation, such as vortex cavitation, reverse flow cavitation and cloud cavitation appear in a double-suction volute pump. We have much interest in a relationship among the cavitating flows, pump oscillation and noise. In this study, full 3D numerical simulations have been performed using a commercial code inside the pump from the inlet of suction duct to the outlet of delivery duct. The numerical model is based on a combination of multiphase flow equations with the truncated version of the Rayleigh-Plesset model predicting the complicated growth and collapse process of cavity bubbles. This study highlights especially the mechanism of vortex cavitation occurrence from the end of the suction duct in the pump and pump oscillation which causes cavitation noise from the pump. The experimental investigations have also been performed on the cavitating flow with flow visualization to evaluate the numerical results.
Sato, T.; Nagahara, T.; Tanaka, K.; Fuchiwaki, M.; Shimizu, F.
Plasma and Cavitation Dynamics during Pulsed Laser Microsurgery in vivo
We compare the plasma and cavitation dynamics underlying pulsed laser microsurgery in water and in fruit fly embryos (in vivo)--specifically for nanosecond pulses at 355 and 532 nm. We find two key differences. First, the plasma-formation thresholds are lower in vivo --especially at 355 nm--due to the presence of endogenous chromophores that serve as additional sources for plasma seed electrons. Second, the biological matrix constrains the growth of laser-induced cavitation bubbles. Both effects reduce the disrupted region in vivo when compared to extrapolations from measurements in water.
Hutson, M. Shane; Ma Xiaoyan [Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vanderbilt University, VU Station B no. 351807, Nashville, Tennessee 37235-1807 (United States)
Dynamics of gas bubble growth in a supersaturated solution with Sievert's solubility law
This paper presents a theoretical description of diffusion growth of a gas bubble after its nucleation in supersaturated liquid solution. We study systems where gas molecules completely dissociate in the solvent into two parts, thus making Sievert's solubility law valid. We show that the difference between Henry's and Sievert's laws for chemical equilibrium conditions causes the difference in bubble growth
G. Yu. Gor; A. E. Kuchma
NSDL National Science Digital Library
With magic bubble solution, a boy discovers that he can blow any kind of bubble imaginable: a kangaroo, a bird, a car, or a boat. Mercer Mayer's colorful illustrations enliven this engaging tale of mysterious bubbles.
Mayer, Mercer
Mechanism map for nucleation and growth of helium bubbles in metals
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
The total free energy of a system containing helium bubbles and point defects (vacancies, helium and self-interstitial atoms) was evaluated and activation barrier for forming a helium bubble was derived, where the effect of helium on helium bubble formation is clearly shown. The rates of inflow to a helium bubble and outflow from a helium bubble were evaluated for vacancies, helium and self-interstitial atoms at the equilibrium and irradiation conditions to understand the mechanism of nucleation and growth of helium bubbles. It indicates that both the thermal emissions of helium and self-interstitial atoms may competitively occur at the irradiation condition from relatively small helium bubbles with high helium pressure.
Morishita, Kazunori; Sugano, Ryuichiro
Dynamics of gas bubble growth in a supersaturated solution with Sievert's solubility law.
This paper presents a theoretical description of diffusion growth of a gas bubble after its nucleation in supersaturated liquid solution. We study systems where gas molecules completely dissociate in the solvent into two parts, thus making Sievert's solubility law valid. We show that the difference between Henry's and Sievert's laws for chemical equilibrium conditions causes the difference in bubble growth dynamics. Assuming that diffusion flux is steady we obtain a differential equation on bubble radius. Bubble dynamics equation is solved analytically for the case of homogeneous nucleation of a bubble, which takes place at a significant pressure drop. We also obtain conditions of diffusion flux steadiness. The fulfillment of these conditions is studied for the case of nucleation of water vapor bubbles in magmatic melts. PMID:19624209
Gor, G Yu; Kuchma, A E
Combined effect of viscosity and vorticity on single mode Rayleigh-Taylor instability bubble growth
The combined effect of viscosity and vorticity on the growth rate of the bubble associated with single mode Rayleigh-Taylor instability is investigated. It is shown that the effect of viscosity on the motion of the lighter fluid associated with vorticity accumulated inside the bubble due to mass ablation may be such as to reduce the net viscous drag on the bubble exerted by the upper heavier fluid as the former rises through it.
Banerjee, Rahul; Mandal, Labakanta; Roy, S.; Khan, M.; Gupta, M. R. [Department of Instrumentation Science and Centre for Plasma Studies, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700032 (India)
A laser induced cavitation pump
We demonstrate and discuss a liquid pumping effect based on the interaction between periodically generated cavitation microbubbles and a millimeter diameter tube. The bubbles are generated by the heat of laser adsorption at the tip of an optical fiber immersed in liquid. When the bubbles are generated well away from the tube, a steady streaming flow with a relatively large
G. R. Wang; J. G. Santiago; M. G. Mungal; B. Young; S. Papademetriou
Numerical prediction of impact force in cavitating flows
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
An analytical method including a macroscopic cavitation model based on the homogeneous flow theory and a microscopic cavitation model based on the bubble dynamic was proposed for the prediction of the impact force caused by cavitation bubbles collapse in cavitating flows. A Large Eddy Simulation (LES) solver incorporated the macroscopic cavitation model was applied to simulate the unsteady cavitating flows. Based on the simulated flow field, the evolution of the cavitation bubbles was determined by a microscopic cavitation model from the resolution of a Rayleigh-Plesset equation including of the effects of the surface tension, the viscosity and compressibility of fluid, thermal conduction and radiation, the phase transition of water vapor at interface and chemical reactions. The cavitation flow around a hydrofoil was simulated to validate the macroscopic cavitation model. A good quantitative agreement was obtained between the prediction and the experiment. The proposed analytical method was applied to predict the impact force at cavitation bubbles collapse on a KT section in cavitating flows. It was found that the shock pressure caused by cavitation bubble collapse is very high. The impact force was predicted accurately comparing with the experimental data.
Zhu, B.; Wang, H.
A theoretical study of hydrodynamic cavitation.
The optimization of hydrodynamic cavitation as an AOP requires identifying the key parameters and studying their effects on the process. Specific simulations of hydrodynamic bubbles reveal that time scales play a major role on the process. Rarefaction/compression periods generate a number of opposing effects which have demonstrated to be quantitatively different from those found in ultrasonic cavitation. Hydrodynamic cavitation can be upscaled and offers an energy efficient way of generating cavitation. On the other hand, the large characteristic time scales hinder bubble collapse and generate a low number of cavitation cycles per unit time. By controlling the pressure pulse through a flexible cavitation chamber design these limitations can be partially compensated. The chemical processes promoted by this technique are also different from those found in ultrasonic cavitation. Properties such as volatility or hydrophobicity determine the potential applicability of HC and therefore have to be taken into account. PMID:17532249
Arrojo, S; Benito, Y
Aerator Combined With Bubble Remover
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
System produces bubble-free oxygen-saturated water. Bubble remover consists of outer solid-walled tube and inner hydrophobic, porous tube. Air bubbles pass from water in outer tube into inner tube, where sucked away. Developed for long-term aquaculture projects in space. Also applicable to terrestrial equipment in which entrained bubbles dry membranes or give rise to cavitation in pumps.
Dreschel, Thomas W.
In situ study on growth behavior of interfacial bubbles and its effect on interfacial reaction during a soldering process
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
The growth behavior of interfacial bubbles and the effect of bubbles on interfacial reaction during a soldering process were in situ studied by the synchrotron radiation real-time imaging technology. It was found that the bubbles at the solid/liquid interface were heterogeneous nucleation. The heterogeneous nucleation energy of bubbles at the interface was one-tenth of the homogeneity nucleation energy at 250 ¯C. At the interface, each bubble grew into spherical finally and its volume increased with the rise of temperature. Annexations between adjacent bubbles occurred, during which the bigger bubbles moved toward the smaller ones. The bubbles at the solid/liquid interface affected the dissolution behavior of Cu substrate greatly, i.e., the closer to the bubble bottom the less the Cu dissolution was, since the less the solder and the easier the saturation were. Moreover, the effect of bubbles on the growth behavior of interfacial intermetallic compound (IMC) was also discussed.
Qu, L.; Ma, H. T.; Zhao, H. J.; Kunwar, Anil; Zhao, N.
Effect of phytoplankton growth on air bubble residence time in seawater
Laboratory experiments were carried out in a seawater mesocosm tank to investigate the influence of marine phytoplankton growth on air bubble residence time (BRT). Air bubbles of 101000 ?m in diameter were injected by flushing a water jet into the top of the tank and BRT was determined acoustically. The tank was filled with seawater containing a natural phytoplankton population
V. Kuhnhenn-Dauben; D. A. Purdie; U. Knispel; H. Voss; U. Horstmann
A New Unsteady Model for Dense Cloud Cavitation in Cryogenic Fluids
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
A new unsteady, cavitation model is presented wherein the phase change process (bubble growth/collapse) is coupled to the acoustic field in a cryogenic fluid. It predicts the number density and radius of bubbles in vapor clouds by tracking both the aggregate surface area and volume fraction of the cloud. Hence, formulations for the dynamics of individual bubbles (e.g. Rayleigh-Plesset equation) may be integrated within the macroscopic context of a dense vapor cloud i.e. a cloud that occupies a significant fraction of available volume and contains numerous bubbles. This formulation has been implemented within the CRUNCH CFD, which has a compressible real fluid formulation, a multi-element, unstructured grid framework, and has been validated extensively for liquid rocket turbopump inducers. Detailed unsteady simulations of a cavitating ogive in liquid nitrogen are presented where time-averaged mean cavity pressure and temperature depressions due to cavitation are compared with experimental data. The model also provides the spatial and temporal history of the bubble size distribution in the vapor clouds that are shed, an important physical parameter that is difficult to measure experimentally and is a significant advancement in the modeling of dense cloud cavitation.
Hosangadi, A.; Ahuja, V.
Phase-field simulation of intergranular bubble growth and percolation in bicrystals
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Three-dimensional phase-field simulations of the growth and coalescence of intergranular bubbles in bicrystal grain geometries are presented. We investigate the dependency of bubble percolation on two factors: the initial bubble density and the bubble shape, which is governed by the ratio of the grain boundary energy over the surface energy. The simulations show that variations of each of these factors can lead to large discrepancies in the bubble coalescence rate, and eventual percolation, which may partially explain this observed occurrence in experimental investigations. The results presented here do not account for concurrent gas production and bubble resolution due to irradiation, therefore this simulation study is most applicable to post-irradiation annealing.
Millett, Paul C.; Tonks, Michael R.; Biner, S. B.; Zhang, Liangzhe; Chockalingam, K.; Zhang, Yongfeng
We present three-dimensional phase-field simulations of the growth and coalescence of intergranular bubbles in bicrystal grain geometries. We investigate the dependency of bubble percolation on two factors: the initial bubble density and the bubble shape, which is governed by the ratio of the grain boundary energy over the surface energy. We find that variations of each of these factors can lead to large discrepancies in the bubble coalescence rate, and eventual percolation, which may partially explain this observed occurrence in experimental investigations. The results presented here do not account for concurrent gas production and bubble resolution due to irradiation, therefore this simulation study is most applicable to post-irradiation annealing.
Paul C. Millett; Michael Tonks; S. B. Biner; Liangzhe Zhang; K. Chockalingam; Yongfeng Zhang
Analysis of quasi-static vapour bubble shape during growth and departure
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
In an effort to better understand the physical mechanisms responsible for pool boiling heat transfer, a numerical solution to the capillary equation is used to describe bubble shape evolution. Indeed, any analysis of thermal transport due to nucleate pool boiling requires bubble frequency and volume predictions, which are intimately linked to bubble shape. To this end, a numerical treatment of the capillary equation is benchmarked to profiles measured from captured images of vapour bubble formations. The bubble growth is quasi-static in a quiescent liquid with a triple contact line fixed to the perimeter of a needle orifice. This investigation provides insight into the dependence the bubble shape evolution has on the physical mechanisms quantified in the Bond number with characteristic length equal to the cavity radius.
Lesage, FrÕdÕric J.; Cotton, James S.; Robinson, Anthony J.
Skin formation and bubble growth during drying process of polymer solution.
When a polymer solution with volatile solvent is dried, skins are often formed at the surface of the solution. It has been observed that after the skin is formed, bubbles often appear in the solution. We conducted experiments to clarify the relation between the skin formation and the bubble formation. We measured the time dependence of the thickness of the skin layer, the size of the bubbles, and the pressure in the solution. From our experiments, we concluded that i) the gas in the bubble is a mixture of solvent vapor and air dissolved in the solution, ii) the bubble nucleation is assisted by the pressure decrease in the solution covered by the skin layer, and iii) the growth of the bubbles is diffusion limited, mainly limited by the diffusion of air molecules dissolved in the solution. PMID:22772595
Arai, S; Doi, M
Use of a dual-pulse lithotripter to generate a localized and intensified cavitation field.
Localizing cavitation to the kidney stone in extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy may be desirable since cavitation appears to play a major role in both stone comminution and renal tissue damage. A method has been developed to localize and intensify cavitation damage in vitro. Cavitation fields in water were filmed with a high-speed digital video camera. In a conventional lithotripter (CL), the shock wave produced by a single source creates a 2 x 10 cm cylindrical cloud of bubbles in water. Bubbles in the CL field collapse simultaneously along the focal axis to produce a nearly uniform 1-mm x 8-cm line of pits in 25-microm-thick aluminum foil. Our dual-pulse lithotripter (DPL) uses two shock wave sources, facing each other, confocal, and triggered simultaneously to create a 4 x 5 cm cylindrical cloud of bubbles that collapse over a range of times and strengths such that the greatest pit damage on foils is contained within a few square millimeters of the focus. The time for bubbles to grow and collapse was measured with a focused hydrophone and compared with calculations based on the Gilmore equation. Pressure doubling due to synchronous arrival of the two pulses at the focus created increased bubble growth and increased foil pit depth. Asynchronous timing between the two pulses elsewhere in the DPL field resulted in disruption of radial dynamics and negligible pitting to foils. Translation of bubbles was also investigated, both numerically and experimentally. While net translation was calculated to be <0.3 mm in all cases, the rapid acceleration of bubbles in a small region may contribute to their premature destruction in that region. Overall, radial dynamics were found to be largely responsible for the observed pattern of cavitation in the dual-pulse lithotripsy field. PMID:11572377
Sokolov, D L; Bailey, M R; Crum, L A
Cavitation in shock wave lithotripsy
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
A case is presented for the important role of cavitation in stone comminution and tissue injury in shock wave lithotripsy (SWL). Confocal hydrophones and a coincidence algorithm were used to detect cavitation in kidney parenchyma. Elevated hydrostatic pressure dissolved cavitation nuclei and suppressed cell injury and stone comminution in vitro. A low-insertion-loss, thin, mylar film nearly eliminated stone erosion and crack formation only when in direct contact with the stone. This result indicates not only that cavitation is important in both cracking and erosion but also that bubbles act at the surface. Time inversion of the shock wave by use of a pressure-release reflector reduced the calculated pressure at bubble collapse and the measured depth of bubble-induced pits in aluminum. Correspondingly tissue injury in vivo was nearly eliminated. Cavitation was localized and intensified by the use of synchronously triggered, facing lithotripters. This dual pulse lithotripter enhanced comminution at its focus and reduced lysis in surrounding blood samples. The enhancement of comminution was lost when stones were placed in glycerol, which retarded bubble implosion. Thus, cavitation is important in comminution and injury and can be controlled to optimize efficacy and safety. [Work supported by NIH DK43381, DK55674, and FIRCA.
Bailey, Michael R.; Crum, Lawrence A.; Sapozhnikov, Oleg A.; Evan, Andrew P.; McAteer, James A.; Colonius, Tim; Cleveland, Robin O.
Cavitation studies in microgravity
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
The hydrodynamic cavitation phenomenon is a major source of erosion for many industrial systems such as cryogenic pumps for rocket propulsion, fast ship propellers, hydraulic pipelines and turbines. Erosive processes are associated with liquid jets and shockwaves emission fol-lowing the cavity collapse. Yet, fundamental understanding of these processes requires further cavitation studies inside various geometries of liquid volumes, as the bubble dynamics strongly depends the surrounding pressure field. To this end, microgravity represents a unique platform to produce spherical fluid geometries and remove the hydrostatic pressure gradient induced by gravity. The goal of our first experiment (flown on ESA's parabolic flight campaigns 2005 and 2006) was to study single bubble dynamics inside large spherical water drops (having a radius between 8 and 13 mm) produced in microgravity. The water drops were created by a micro-pump that smoothly expelled the liquid through a custom-designed injector tube. Then, the cavitation bubble was generated through a fast electrical discharge between two electrodes immersed in the liquid from above. High-speed imaging allowed to analyze the implications of isolated finite volumes and spherical free surfaces on bubble evolution, liquid jets formation and shock wave dynamics. Of particular interest are the following results: (A) Bubble lifetimes are shorter than in extended liquid volumes, which could be explain by deriving novel corrective terms to the Rayleigh-Plesset equation. (B) Transient crowds of micro-bubbles (smaller than 1mm) appeared at the instants of shockwaves emission. A comparison between high-speed visualizations and 3D N-particle simulations of a shock front inside a liquid sphere reveals that focus zones within the drop lead to a significantly increased density of induced cavitation. Considering shock wave crossing and focusing may hence prove crucially useful to understand the important process of cavitation erosion. The aim of our future microgravity experiment is to assess the direct effects of gravity on cavitation bubble collapse through a comparison of single cavitation bubbles collapsing in mi-crogravity, normal gravity, and hypergravity. In particular, we shall investigate the shape of the bubble in its final collapse stage and the amount of energy dissipated in the dominant collapse channels, such as liquid jet, shock wave, and rebound bubble. The highly spherical bubbles will be produced via a point-like plasma generated by a high power laser beam. One major hypothesis that we will test is an increase in shock wave energy with decreasing gravity as a consequence of the higher final sphericity and suppression of liquid jets. To support this, we introduce an analytical model for the gravity-perturbed asymmetric collapse of spherical bubbles, and demonstrate that all initially spherical bubbles develop a gravity-related vertical jet along their collapse.
Kobel, Philippe; Obreschkow, Danail; Farhat, Mohamed; Dorsaz, Nicolas; de Bosset, Aurele
Distribution of dissolved water in magmatic glass records growth and resorption of bubbles
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Volcanic eruptions are driven by the growth of gas bubbles in magma. Bubbles grow when dissolved volatile species, principally water, diffuse through the silicate melt and exsolve at the bubble wall. On rapid cooling, the melt quenches to glass, preserving the spatial distribution of water concentration around the bubbles (now vesicles), offering a window into pre-eruptive conditions. We measure the water distribution around vesicles in experimentally-vesiculated samples, with high spatial resolution. We find that, contrary to expectation, water concentration increases towards vesicles, indicating that water is resorbed from bubbles during cooling; textural evidence suggests that resorption occurs largely before the melt solidifies. Speciation data indicate that the molecular water distribution records resorption, whilst the hydroxyl distribution records earlier decompressive growth. Our results challenge the emerging paradigm that resorption indicates fluctuating pressure conditions, and lay the foundations for a new tool for reconstructing the eruptive history of natural volcanic products.
McIntosh, I. M.; Llewellin, E. W.; Humphreys, M. C. S.; Nichols, A. R. L.; Burgisser, A.; Schipper, C. I.; Larsen, J. F.
Dynamics of gas bubble growth in a supersaturated solution with Sieverts solubility law
This paper presents a theoretical description of diffusion growth of a gas bubble after its nucleation in supersaturated liquid solution. We study systems where gas molecules completely dissociate in the solvent into two parts, thus making Sieverts solubility law valid. We show that the difference between Henrys and Sieverts laws for chemical equilibrium conditions causes the difference in bubble growth
G. Yu. Gor; A. E. Kuchma
Gas-bubble growth mechanisms in the analysis of metal fuel swelling
During steady-state irradiation, swelling rates associated with growth of fission-gas bubbles in metallic fast reactor fuels may be expected to remain small. As a consequence, bubble-growth mechanisms are not a major consideration in modeling the steady-state fuel behavior, and it is usually adequate to consider the gas pressure to be in equilibrium with the external pressure and surface tension restraint.
E. E. Gruber; J. M. Kramer
A Model for Surface Induced Growth of Inert Gas Bubbles in Irradiated Copper-Boron Alloys
A matrix containing inert gas bubbles dilates in direct proportion to the growth experienced by the gas bubbles. This phenomenon is termed as swelling. A model for the swelling induced by the growth of the helium gas bubbles in irradiated copper-boron alloys is presented. The bubbles grow by acquiring vacancies from the external surface, which acts as a source of vacancies. The vacancies reach the surface of the bubbles mainly via lattice diffusion and to a limited extent via diffusion through short-circuiting paths such as grain boundaries and dislocation pipes. The model predicts that overall swelling of the matrix varies as 1.5 power of time. Another consequence of the present model is that the growth rate of a gas bubble varies inversely as the cube of its distance from the external surface. The model has been applied to the data on irradiated copper-boron alloys and found to be in accord with the experimental results. The model is general and can be applied to the growth of all kinds of stationary inert gas bubbles trapped within a crystalline matrix. (authors)
Tiwari, G.P.; Ramadasan, E. [Post Irradiation Examination Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Division (India)
Tungsten surface evolution by helium bubble nucleation, growth and rupture
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Molecular dynamics simulations reveal sub-surface mechanisms likely involved in the initial formation of nanometre-sized fuzz in tungsten exposed to low-energy helium plasmas. Helium clusters grow to over-pressurized bubbles as a result of repeated cycles of helium absorption and Frenkel pair formation. The self-interstitials either reach the surface as isolated adatoms or trap at the bubble periphery before organizing into prismatic <1?1?1> dislocation loops. Surface roughening occurs as single adatoms migrate to the surface, prismatic loops glide to the surface to form adatom islands, and ultimately as over-pressurized gas bubbles burst.
Sefta, Faiza; Hammond, Karl D.; Juslin, Niklas; Wirth, Brian D.
Cavitation Generation and Usage Without Ultrasound: Hydrodynamic Cavitation
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Hydrodynamic Cavitation, which was and is still looked upon as an unavoidable nuisance in the flow systems, can be a serious contender as an alternative to acoustic cavitation for harnessing the spectacular effects of cavitation in physical and chemical processing. The present chapter covers the basics of hydrodynamic cavitation including the considerations for the bubble dynamics analysis, reactor designs and recommendations for optimum operating parameters. An overview of applications in different areas of physical, chemical and biological processing on scales ranging from few grams to several hundred kilograms has also been presented. Since hydrodynamic cavitation was initially proposed as an alternative to acoustic cavitation, it is necessary to compare the efficacy of both these modes of cavitations for a variety of applications and hence comparisons have been discussed either on the basis of energy efficiency or based on the scale of operation. Overall it appears that hydrodynamic cavitation results in conditions similar to those generated using acoustic cavitation but at comparatively much larger scale of operation and with better energy efficiencies.
Gogate, Parag R.; Pandit, Aniruddha B.
Loop punching and bubble rupture causing surface roughening A model for W fuzz growth
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
We develop a multi-scale computational model for studying tungsten fuzz formation under low-energy He irradiation. The molecular dynamics and kinetic Monte Carlo results show that the W fuzz growth mechanism is the following: the He atoms are trapped in W, forming bubbles and causing growth by loop punching. The bubbles close to the surface rupture. The balance between these processes leads to a stochastic surface growth, causing the surface roughness and fuzz thickness growth to scale as \\sqrt{t} . The growth rates agree with the experimental results.
Lasa, A.; Tðhtinen, S. K.; Nordlund, K.
A suppressor to prevent direct wave-induced cavitation in shock wave therapy devices.
Cavitation plays a varied but important role in lithotripsy. Cavitation facilitates stone comminution, but can also form an acoustic barrier that may shield stones from subsequent shock waves. In addition, cavitation damages tissue. Spark-gap lithotripters generate cavitation with both a direct and a focused wave. The direct wave propagates as a spherically diverging wave, arriving at the focus ahead of the focused shock wave. It can be modeled with the same waveform (but lower amplitude) as the focused wave. We show with both simulations and experiments that bubbles are forced to grow in response to the direct wave, and that these bubbles can still be large when the focused shock wave arrives. A baffle or "suppressor" that blocks the propagation of the direct wave is shown to significantly reduce the direct wave pressure amplitude, as well as direct wave-induced bubble growth. These results are applicable to spark-gap lithotripters and extracorporeal shock wave therapy devices, where cavitation from the direct wave may interfere with treatment. A simple direct-wave suppressor might therefore be used to improve the therapeutic efficacy of these devices. PMID:16119340
Matula, Thomas J; Hilmo, Paul R; Bailey, Michael R
A suppressor to prevent direct wave-induced cavitation in shock wave therapy devices
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Cavitation plays a varied but important role in lithotripsy. Cavitation facilitates stone comminution, but can also form an acoustic barrier that may shield stones from subsequent shock waves. In addition, cavitation damages tissue. Spark-gap lithotripters generate cavitation with both a direct and a focused wave. The direct wave propagates as a spherically diverging wave, arriving at the focus ahead of the focused shock wave. It can be modeled with the same waveform (but lower amplitude) as the focused wave. We show with both simulations and experiments that bubbles are forced to grow in response to the direct wave, and that these bubbles can still be large when the focused shock wave arrives. A baffle or ``suppressor'' that blocks the propagation of the direct wave is shown to significantly reduce the direct wave pressure amplitude, as well as direct wave-induced bubble growth. These results are applicable to spark-gap lithotripters and extracorporeal shock wave therapy devices, where cavitation from the direct wave may interfere with treatment. A simple direct-wave suppressor might therefore be used to improve the therapeutic efficacy of these devices.
Matula, Thomas J.; Hilmo, Paul R.; Bailey, Michael R.
Hydrodynamic cavitation for sonochemical effects
A comparative study of hydrodynamic and acoustic cavitation has been made on the basis of numerical solutions of the RayleighPlesset equation. The bubble\\/cavity behaviour has been studied under both acoustic and hydrodynamic cavitation conditions. The effect of varying pressure fields on the collapse of the cavity (sinusoidal for acoustic and linear for hydrodynamic) and also on the latters dynamic behaviour
V. S. Moholkar; P. Senthil Kumar; A. B. Pandit
Effects of microgravity on Marangoni convection and growth characteristic of a single bubble
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Based on previous experiments and the volume of fluid (VOF) multiphase model, the growth characteristics of a single bubble have been numerically investigated in a rectangular pool (10æ10æ25 mm3) under microgravity. The transport of mass and energy during phase change was realized by source terms of the mass and energy equations through user-defined functions (UDF). Under microgravity, the results show that the temperature and the streamline field distribution around the bubble are significantly changed as compared to the ones of terrestrial conditions. The temperature profile at the two-phase interface is no longer a uniform distribution, and the Marangoni flows are more obvious at the two-phase interface. The effects of gravity on the detachment of the bubble are significant: the bubble does not immediately detach from the heating wall under microgravity conditions. The surface tension gradient caused by the Marangoni effect is more significant at lower microgravity. Bubble growth is more complex under microgravity conditions than normal gravity conditions, and it is related to the magnitude of the microgravity: the lower the microgravity, the higher the bubble growth rate. Furthermore, under microgravity, the bubble diameter changes differently, and the fluctuation amplitude of the heat transfer coefficient increases with increasing microgravity.
Yang, Yan; Pan, Liang-ming; Xu, Jian-jun
RANTES and fibroblast growth factor 2 in jawbone cavitations: triggers for systemic disease?
Background Jawbone cavitations (JC) are hollow dead spaces in jawbones with dying or dead bone marrow. These areas are defined as fatty degenerative osteonecrosis of the jawbone or neuralgia-inducing cavitational osteonecrosis and may produce facial pain. These afflictions have been linked to the immune system and chronic illnesses. Surgical debridement of JC is reported to lead to an improvement in immunological complaints, such as rheumatic, allergic, and other inflammatory diseases (ID). Little is known about the underlying cause/effect relationship. Objectives JC bone samples were analyzed to assess the expression and quantification of immune modulators that can play a role in the pathogenesis of IDs. The study supports a potential mechanism where JC is a mediating link in IDs. Materials and methods Samples of fatty softened bone taken from JCs were extracted from 31 patients. The specimens were analyzed by bead-based multiplex technology and tested for seven immune messengers. Results Regulated upon activation, normal T-cell expressed, and secreted (RANTES) and fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-2 were found at high levels in the JCs tested. Other cytokines could not be detected at excessive levels. Discussion The study confirms that JC is able to produce inflammatory messengers, primarily RANTES, and, secondarily, FGF-2. Both are implicated in many serious illnesses. The excessive levels of RANTES/FGF-2 in JC patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and breast cancer are compared to levels published in medical journals. Levels detected in JCs are higher than in the serum and cerebrospinal fluid of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and multiple sclerosis patients and four-fold higher than in breast cancer tissue. Conclusion This study suggests that JC might serve as a fundamental cause of IDs, through RANTES/FGF-2 production. Thus, JC and implicated immune messengers represent an integrative aspect of IDs and serve as a possible cause. Removing JCs may be a key to reversing IDs. There is a need to raise awareness about JC throughout medicine and dentistry.
Lechner, Johann; von Baehr, Volker
Magnetic characterization of bubble garnet films in an LPE growth facility
The rapid development of magnetic bubble technology has required growth to exacting specifications of large numbers of magnetic garnet films. To maintain the required tolerances, the grower requires immediate characterization of the previous growth run; the data are of value also to the device fabricator. In this paper, magnetic characterization of garnet films in an LPE growth facility is discussed.
R. D. Pierce
Taxing the rich: recombinations and bubble growth during reionization
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Reionization is inhomogeneous for two reasons: the clumpiness of the intergalactic medium (IGM), and clustering of the discrete ionizing sources. While numerical simulations can in principle take both into account, they are at present limited by small box sizes. On the other hand, analytic models have only examined the limiting cases of a clumpy IGM (with uniform ionizing emissivity) and clustered sources (embedded in a uniform IGM). Here, we present the first analytic model that includes both factors. At first, recombinations can be ignored and ionized bubbles grow primarily through major mergers, because at any given moment the bubbles have a well-defined characteristic size. As a result, reionization resembles `punctuated equilibrium,' with a series of well-separated sharp jumps in the ionizing background. These features are local effects and do not reflect similar jumps in the global ionized fraction. We then combine our bubble model with a simple description of recombinations in the IGM. We show that the bubbles grow until recombinations balance ionizations, when their expansion abruptly halts. If the IGM density structure is similar to that at moderate redshifts, this limits the bubble radii to ~20 comoving Mpc; however, if the IGM is significantly clumpier at higher redshifts (because of minihalo formation, for example), the limit could be much smaller. Once a bubble reaches saturation, that region of the Universe has for all intents and purposes entered the `post-overlap' stage. Because different HII regions saturate over a finite time interval, the overlap epoch actually has a finite width. Our model also predicts a mean recombination rate several times larger than expected for a uniformly illuminated IGM. This picture naturally explains the substantial large-scale variation in Lyman-series opacity along the lines of sight to the known z > 6 quasars. More quasar spectra will shed light on the transition between the `bubble-dominated' topology characteristic of reionization and the `web-dominated' topology characteristic of the later Universe.
Furlanetto, Steven R.; Oh, S. Peng
Development of Cavitation in Refrigerant (R-123) Flow Inside Rudimentary Microfluidic Systems
The existence of hydrodynamic cavitation in the flow of refrigerant (R-123) through micro-Venturis has been viewed in the form of a bubbly cavitating regime. Flow visualization discloses inchoate cavitation bubbles\\/bubble clouds emerging from the inside of the micro-Venturi throat egress. The bubble density decreases when the flow passes through the diffuser section and further downstream into the microchannel owing to
Chandan Mishra; Yoav Peles
The Role of Salts in Acoustic Cavitation and the Use of Inorganic Complexes as Cavitation Probes
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Inorganic complexes have been employed as cavitation probes to ascertain invaluable quantitative information pertaining to bubble collapse temperatures and pressures, and provide qualitative insight into other fundamental aspects of cavitation. In addition to serving as cavitation probes, simple salts exert a marked influence on critical facets of acoustic cavitation ranging from nucleation, to inter-bubble interactions and the bubble size distribution. Multi-bubble sonoluminescence intensities can be elevated by almost an order of magnitude at high electrolyte concentration and the coalescence behaviour exhibited between bubbles scales with the salting-out' effect of a range of solutes, adding an interesting insight in the context of ion-specific electrolyte coalescence inhibition. This chapter provides a review of the literature available in these areas.
Brotchie, Adam; Grieser, Franz; Ashokkumar, Muthupandian
Cavitation milling of natural cellulose to nanofibrils
Cavitation holds the promise of a new and exciting approach to fabricate both top down and bottom up nanostructures. Cavitation bubbles are created when a liquid boils under less than atmospheric pressure. The collapse process occurs supersonically and generates a host of physical and chemical effects. We have made an attempt to fabricate natural cellulose material using hydrodynamic as well
Dipak Vitthal Pinjari; Aniruddha B. Pandit
Cavitation Research and Ship Propeller Design.
National Technical Information Service (NTIS)
The role of cavitation research in the design of ship propellers and the influence of research on propeller design is reviewed. The historical development of research on bubble cavitation is an example of a lack of communication between research and desig...
G. Kuiper
A review and assessment of hydrodynamic cavitation as a technology for the future
In the present work, the current status of the hydrodynamic cavitation reactors has been reviewed discussing the bubble dynamics analysis, optimum design considerations, design correlations for cavitational intensity (in terms of collapse pressure)\\/cavitational yield and different successful chemical synthesis applications clearly illustrating the utility of these types of reactors. The theoretical discussion based on the modeling of the bubble dynamics
Parag R. Gogate; Aniruddha B. Pandit
Cavitation Induced Lift Fluctuations
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
For various reasons, liquid handling devices, such as pumps, turbines, marine propellers and hydrofoils must often operate in the cavitating regime. Considerable research has gone into avoiding cavitation but little effort has been made to understand the complex physics associated with operation in the partially cavitating regime. This is an experimental study of lift oscillations on a NACA 0015 hydrofoil. Fluctuating lift is measured at two different geometric scales in two different water tunnels. The spectral characteristics of the fluctuations are found to vary considerable over a range of 1.0 ?/2æ? 8.5. The amplitude of the fluctuations can exceed 100% of the steady state lift and are associated with the periodic shedding of vortical clouds of bubbles into the flow. Two competing mechanisms are found for the induced shedding of cloud cavitation. At high values of ?/2æ?, reentrant jet physics dominate, with sheet cavity oscillations at a frequency, based on cavity length, of fl/U equal 0.3. At low values of ?/2æ? , bubbly flow shock wave phenomena dominate with a constant Strouhal number based on chord length of fc/U equal 0.2. A significant effect on the wake structure is also noted. Good agreement with numerical simulations based on the LES technique is generally found. Sponsored by the National Science Foundation and the Office of Naval Research.
Arndt, Roger E. A.; Keller, Anreas; Kjeldsen, Morten
Some experiments on ultrasonic cavitation using a pulsed neutron source
Experiments on the prompt neutron-induced cavitation effect in tetrachloroethylene are described. Cavitation bubbles were detected by the fast acoustic signals they emit, probably during the collapse phase. Using a pulsed fast-neutron source phase locked to the acoustic field, and a time analyser, information was obtained on the history of bubbles which were nucleated at a known phase of the sound
R. Howlett
Sonographically visible microbubbles attributable to cavitation effects have been observed in bile (within the gallbladder), in hepatic vessels, and within the liver of patients undergoing biliary lithotripsy. Cavitation effects are believed to contribute to stone fragmentation and possibly tissue injury during lithotripsy. To study the latter, the relationship between intraparenchymal hepatic cavitation and serum transaminase activity and clinical follow-up was
Leslie E. Forer; William J. Davros; Joanne Goldberg; Firas Al-Kawas; Brian S. Garra; Wendelin Hayes; Robert K. Zeman
Gas bubble nucleation and growth in cohesive sediments
Sediment often contains a significant amount of organic material, which can be decomposed by bacterial activity. During this process and under anaerobic conditions that prevail in sediments, mainly methane and carbon dioxide are formed. These compounds will dissolve in the pore water, until the level of saturation is attained.Experiments show that gas bubble nucleation occurs already at a small oversaturation
Walther van Kesteren; Thijs van Kessel
Several metals undergo nuclear reactions when subjected to neutron ; irradiation which result in the formation of gases in the metal. At elevated ; temperatures these gases tend to nucleate and form gas bubbles which result in ; over-all inportant technological implications. The available experi mental data ; on this phenomenon are rummarized, attention being concentrated on the cases of
Cavitation induced Becquerel effect.
The observation of an electrical current upon the ultraviolet (UV) illumination of one of a pair of identical electrodes in liquid water, called the Becquerel effect, was made over 150 years ago. More recently, an electrical current was found if the water surrounding one electrode was made to cavitate by focused acoustic radiation, the phenomenon called the cavitation induced Becquerel effect. Since cavitation is known to produce UV light, the electrode may simply absorb the UV light and produce the current by the photo-emission theory of photoelectrochemistry. But the current was found to be semi-logarithmic with the standard electrode potential which is characteristic of the oxidation of the electrode surface in the photo-decomposition theory, and not the photo-emission theory. High bubble collapse temperatures may oxidize the electrode, but this is unlikely because melting was not observed on the electrode surfaces. At ambient temperature, oxidation may proceed by chemical reaction provided a source of vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) radiation is available to produce the excited OH* states of water to react with the electrode. The source of VUV radiation is shown to be the spontaneous emission of coherent infrared (IR) radiation from water molecules in particles that form in bubbles because of surface tension, the spontaneous IR emission induced by cavity quantum electrodynamics. The excited OH* states are produced as the IR radiation accumulates to VUV levels in the bubble wall molecules. PMID:12782267
Prevenslik, T V
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
A method of energy production that is capable of low pollutant emissions is fundamental to one of the four pillars of NASA s Aeronautics Blueprint: Revolutionary Vehicles. Bubble combustion, a new engine technology currently being developed at Glenn Research Center promises to provide low emissions combustion in support of NASA s vision under the Emissions Element because it generates power, while minimizing the production of carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitrous oxides (NOx), both known to be Greenhouse gases. and allows the use of alternative fuels such as corn oil, low-grade fuels, and even used motor oil. Bubble combustion is analogous to the inverse of spray combustion: the difference between bubble and spray combustion is that spray combustion is spraying a liquid in to a gas to form droplets, whereas bubble combustion involves injecting a gas into a liquid to form gaseous bubbles. In bubble combustion, the process for the ignition of the bubbles takes place on a time scale of less than a nanosecond and begins with acoustic waves perturbing each bubble. This perturbation causes the local pressure to drop below the vapor pressure of the liquid thus producing cavitation in which the bubble diameter grows, and upon reversal of the oscillating pressure field, the bubble then collapses rapidly with the aid of the high surface tension forces acting on the wall of the bubble. The rapid and violent collapse causes the temperatures inside the bubbles to soar as a result of adiabatic heating. As the temperatures rise, the gaseous contents of the bubble ignite with the bubble itself serving as its own combustion chamber. After ignition, this is the time in the bubble s life cycle where power is generated, and CO2, and NOx among other species, are produced. However, the pollutants CO2 and NOx are absorbed into the surrounding liquid. The importance of bubble combustion is that it generates power using a simple and compact device. We conducted a parametric study using CAVCHEM, a computational model developed at Glenn, that simulates the cavitational collapse of a single bubble in a liquid (water) and the subsequent combustion of the gaseous contents inside the bubble. The model solves the time-dependent, compressible Navier-Stokes equations in one-dimension with finite-rate chemical kinetics using the CHEMKIN package. Specifically, parameters such as frequency, pressure, bubble radius, and the equivalence ratio were varied while examining their effect on the maximum temperature, radius, and chemical species. These studies indicate that the radius of the bubble is perhaps the most critical parameter governing bubble combustion dynamics and its efficiency. Based on the results of the parametric studies, we plan on conducting experiments to study the effect of ultrasonic perturbations on the bubble generation process with respect to the bubble radius and size distribution.
Corrigan, Jackie
Nonequilibrium statistical theory of bubble nucleation and growth under neutron and proton irradiation
Microstructural evolution in metals under particle irradiation is described by a non-equilibrium statistics method. This method gives a set of equations for the evolution of bubbles and an approximate solution for a distribution function of bubble size as a function of fluence and temperature. The distribution function gives the number of bubbles of radius r at time t, N(r,t)dr, as a function of size, r/r/sub 0/(r/sub 0/ is the radius of a bubble nucleus). It is found that N(r,t)dr increases with fluence. Also, the peak value of N(r,t)dt shifts to higher r/r/sub 0/ with increasing fluence. Nucleation depends mainly on helium concentration and defect cluster concentration while bubble growth is controlled mainly by the vacancy concentration and a fluctuation coefficient. If suitable material parameters are chosen, a reasonable distribution function for bubble size is obtained. The helium diffusion coefficient is found to be less than that for vacancies by five orders of magnitude. The fraction of helium remaining in matrix is less than 10/sup -2/; the majority of the helium is associated with the bubbles.
Yu, J.; Sommer, W.F.; Bradbury, J.N.
Monitoring Cavitation in HIFU as an Aid to Assisting Treatment
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Rapid hypothermia resulting in tissue necrosis is often associated with bubble activity (normally from cavitation) in HIFU treatment. Indeed in some HIFU protocols, the evidence of cavitation is taken as an indicator of tissue lesions. In this paper we discuss two methods to delineate reliably the region in which cavitation occurs, so that a history of the cavitation events can be provided automatically during treatment. Results are shown on simulated images and from a clinical treatment session.
Hsieh, Chang-Yu; Smith, Penny Probert; Kennedy, James; Leslie, Thomas
Computational Study of Adiabatic Bubble Growth Dynamics from Submerged Orifices in Aqueous Solutions of Surfactants
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
The growth dynamics of isolated gas bubbles (inception ? growth ? departure) emanating from a capillary-tube orifice submerged in isothermal pools of aqueous solutions of surfactants is computationally investigated. The Navier-Stokes equations are solved in the liquid and the gas phase. The evolution of the gas-liquid interface is tracked using a Volume-of-Fluid (VOF) method. Surfactant molecules in aqueous solutions have a tendency to diffuse towards the gas-liquid interface and are subsequently adsorbed onto it. This time dependent adsorption process gives rise to the dynamic surface tension behavior of the aqueous surfactant solutions. To computationally model this behavior, the species conservation equation for the surfactant is solved in the bulk fluid and is coupled with the dynamic adsorption-desorption of the surfactant on the interface. A new form of the surfactant transport equation is derived that was necessary to incorporate the interfacial transport in the volume-of-fluid method where the interface is spread over multiple grid cells. Computational results were obtained for bubble growth dynamics from a capillary orifice in a pool of pure water and in an aqueous solution of Sodium Dodecyl Sulphate (SDS). The evolving bubble shape and the flow field in the two phases in the pure liquid and in surfactant solution are compared for a variety of air flow rates (from 4 ml/min to 24 ml/min) in the constant bubble regime. To validate the computational model, the results for the transient shape and size of growing bubbles in pure water were compared with available experimental data and were found to be in excellent agreement. Results show that the dynamic surface tension relaxation gives rise to smaller bubble size at departure in aqueous surfactant solution compared to that in pure water. However, this effect is found to be a function of the air flow rate. At high air flow rates (24 ml/min), the short time for bubble growth allows relatively smaller drop in the surface tension and produces departure diameters similar to bubble diameters in water. At low air flow rates (4 ml/min), the departure time is much larger and allows for complete surface tension relaxation. As such the departure diameters at low air flow rates in aqueous surfactant solution are significantly smaller than those predicted in pure water. Also, the flow patterns around a growing bubble in surfactant solution are altered due to the non-uniform surfactant adsorption along the gas-liquid interface. The computational results elucidate the role of surfactant transport on bubble growth dynamics.
Deodhar, Anirudh M.
Helium bubble nucleation and growth in ?-Fe: insights from first-principles simulations.
We have carried out a first-principles study on the nucleation and early-stage growth of He bubbles in Fe. The energetics, atomic and electronic structure of He-vacancy complexes, involving both a monovacancy and a nine-vacancy cluster, are examined. Based on the energetics, we then perform thermodynamics analysis to gain deeper insights into He bubble nucleation and growth. We have determined the energy cost for the nucleation of He bubbles and found that up to eight He atoms can be trapped at a single vacancy. In order to capture more He atoms, the vacancy has to emit Frenkel pairs to release the substantial stress building on the surrounding Fe lattice. Compared to the monovacancy, the nine-vacancy cluster has a lower energy cost for He bubble nucleation and growth. He atoms at the vacancy repel the surrounding electronic charge and redistribute it on the neighboring Fe atoms. The thermodynamic analysis reveals that He chemical potential provides a driving force for He bubble nucleation and growth. There are two critical He chemical potentials that are of particular importance: one of them marks the transition from single He occupation to multiple He occupation at a monovacancy while the other sets off He-induced superabundant vacancy formation. PMID:24871542
Xiao, W; Zhang, X; Geng, W T; Lu, G
Helium bubble nucleation and growth in ?-Fe: insights from firstprinciples simulations
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
We have carried out a first-principles study on the nucleation and early-stage growth of He bubbles in Fe. The energetics, atomic and electronic structure of He-vacancy complexes, involving both a monovacancy and a nine-vacancy cluster, are examined. Based on the energetics, we then perform thermodynamics analysis to gain deeper insights into He bubble nucleation and growth. We have determined the energy cost for the nucleation of He bubbles and found that up to eight He atoms can be trapped at a single vacancy. In order to capture more He atoms, the vacancy has to emit Frenkel pairs to release the substantial stress building on the surrounding Fe lattice. Compared to the monovacancy, the nine-vacancy cluster has a lower energy cost for He bubble nucleation and growth. He atoms at the vacancy repel the surrounding electronic charge and redistribute it on the neighboring Fe atoms. The thermodynamic analysis reveals that He chemical potential provides a driving force for He bubble nucleation and growth. There are two critical He chemical potentials that are of particular importance: one of them marks the transition from single He occupation to multiple He occupation at a monovacancy while the other sets off He-induced superabundant vacancy formation.
Xiao, W.; Zhang, X.; Geng, W. T.; Lu, G.
A four-dimensional X-ray tomographic microscopy study of bubble growth in basaltic foam.
Understanding the influence of bubble foams on magma permeability and strength is critical to investigations of volcanic eruption mechanisms. Increasing foam porosity decreases strength, enhancing the probability of an eruption. However, higher porosities lead to larger permeabilities, which can lessen the eruption hazard. Here we measure bubble size and wall thickness distributions, as well as connectivity, and calculate permeabilities and tensile strengths of basaltic foams imaged by synchrotron X-ray tomographic microscopy during bubble growth in hydrated basaltic melts. Rapid vesiculation produces porous foams whose fragmentation thresholds are only 5-6?MPa and whose permeabilities increase from approximately 1æ10(-10) to 1æ10(-9)?m(2) between 10 and 14?s despite decreasing connectivity between bubbles. These results indicate that basaltic magmas are most susceptible to failure immediately upon vesiculation and at later times, perhaps only 10's of seconds later, permeability increases may lessen the hazard of explosive, basaltic, Plinian eruptions. PMID:23072805
Baker, Don R; Brun, Francesco; O'Shaughnessy, Cedrick; Mancini, Lucia; Fife, Julie L; Rivers, Mark
Studies on pressure response of gas bubbles contributions of condensed droplets in bubbles generated by a uniform nucleation
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
The response of a tiny gas bubble under reduced pressure is investigated in its relation to cavitation. Equations of motion are formulated for gas mixtures inside the bubble and numerical calculations performed for several examples. The conclusions are as follows: (1) at the onset of bubble growth, the gas mixture inside it adiabatically expands and the temperature decreases. Condensed droplets appear inside the gas mixture due to a uniform nucleation and the temperature recovers, thus the motion of the bubble is apparently isothermal; (2) the evaporation and condensation coefficient largely affects bubble motions (maximum radius, period and rate of attenuation of the bubble oscillation) including the uniform contraction; (3) the oscillation period of the bubble is longer as the equilibrium bubble radius is larger when the surrounding pressure decreases stepwise. In this circumstance the temperature inside the bubble is kept constant due to condensation evaporation phenomena and is nearly isothermal; and (4) when the surrounding pressure decreases in a stepwise fashion, the critical pressure bubble radius relation becomes closer to that for the isothermal process if the bubble radius is larger than 8 microns.
Matsumoto, Y.
MTBE degradation by hydrodynamic induced cavitation.
Hydrodynamic induced cavitation generates imploding cavitation bubbles which can lead to degradation or even mineralisation of water constituents without addition of any chemicals. This technology overcomes the problems of ultrasound irradiation by the local production of a cavitation cloud close to the sonotrodes. Hydrodynamic cavitation can be stabilised downstream of the nozzle depending on the ambient pressure conditions. If the pressure is kept low, the imploding cavitation bubbles generate new cavities, analogous to a chain reaction, and elevate the radical synthesis inside the apparatus. During the pilot tests MTBE and ETBE were degraded and complete mineralisation started at a time delay of app. 30 min. The specific energy demand for MTBE degradation lies in the range of app. 200 Wh/ppm in the investigated concentration range of about 30 ppm. PMID:20453332
Schmid, A
Vapor Cavitation in Dynamically Loaded Journal Bearings
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
High speed motion camera experiments were performed on dynamically loaded journal bearings. The length to diameter ratio of the bearing, the speed of the roller and the tube, the surface material of the roller, and the static and dynamic eccentricity of the bearing were varied. One hundred and thirty-four cases were filmed. The occurrence of vapor cavitation was clearly evident in the films and figures presented. Vapor cavitation was found to occur when the tensile stress applied to the oil exceeded the tensile strength of the oil or the binding of the oil to the surface. The physical situation in which vapor cavitation occurs is during the squeezing and sliding motion within a bearing. Besides being able to accurately capture the vapor cavitation on film, an analysis of the formation and collapse of the cavitation bubbles and characteristics of the bubble content are presented.
Jacobson, B. O.; Hamrock, B. J.
Cavitation Instabilities in Inducers.
National Technical Information Service (NTIS)
Experimental observations of various kinds of cavitation instabilities are presented. Typical cavitation instabilities occur in the range of cavitation number where the inducer head is not affected by cavitation. This type of cavitation instability is cau...
Y. Tsujimoto
Cavitation damage can significantly affect system performance. Thus, there is great interest in characterizing cavitation damage and improving materials resistance to cavitation damage. In this paper, we present a novel methodology to simulate cavitation environment. A pulsed laser is utilized to induce optical breakdown in the cavitation media, with the emission of shock wave and the generation of bubbles. The pressure waves induced by the optical breakdown fluctuate/propagate within the media, which enables the cavitation to occur and to further develop cavitation damage at the solid boundary. Using the repetitive pulsed-pressure apparatus developed in the current study, cavitation damage in water media was verified on stainless steel and aluminum samples. Characteristic cavitation damages such as pitting and indentation are observed on sample surfaces using scanning electron microscopy.
Wang, Jy-An John [ORNL; Ren, Fei [ORNL; Wang, Hong [ORNL
Dynamics of attached turbulent cavitating flows
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Stationary and non-stationary characteristics of attached, turbulent cavitating flows around solid objects are reviewed. Different cavitation regimes, including incipient cavitation with traveling bubbles, sheet cavitation, cloud cavitation, and supercavitation, are addressed along with both visualization and quantitative information. Clustered hairpin type of counter-rotating vapor vortices at incipient cavitation, and finger-like structure in the leading edge and an oscillatory, wavy structure in the trailing edge with sheet cavitation are assessed. Phenomena such as large-scale vortex structure and rear re-entrant jet associated with cloud cavitation, and subsequent development in supercavitation are described. Experimental evidence indicates that the lift and drag coefficients are clearly affected by the cavitating flow structure, reaching minimum and maximum, respectively, at cloud cavitation. Computationally, progress has been made in Navier-Stokes (N-S) based solution techniques. Issues including suitable algorithm development for treating large density jump across phase boundaries, turbulence and cavitation models, and interface tracking are discussed. While satisfactory predictions in wall pressure distribution can be made in various cases, aspects such as density and stress distributions exhibit higher sensitivity to modeling details. A perspective of future research needs in computational modeling is offered.
Wang, Guoyu; Senocak, Inanc; Shyy, Wei; Ikohagi, Toshiaki; Cao, Shuliang
Towards an understanding and control of cavitation activity in 1 MHz ultrasound fields.
Various industrial processes such as sonochemical processing and ultrasonic cleaning strongly rely on the phenomenon of acoustic cavitation. As the occurrence of acoustic cavitation is incorporating a multitude of interdependent effects, the amount of cavitation activity in a vessel is strongly depending on the ultrasonic process conditions. It is therefore crucial to quantify cavitation activity as a function of the process parameters. At 1 MHz, the active cavitation bubbles are so small that it is becoming difficult to observe them in a direct way. Hence, another metrology based on secondary effects of acoustic cavitation is more suitable to study cavitation activity. In this paper we present a detailed analysis of acoustic cavitation phenomena at 1 MHz ultrasound by means of time-resolved measurements of sonoluminescence, cavitation noise, and synchronized high-speed stroboscopic Schlieren imaging. It is shown that a correlation exists between sonoluminescence, and the ultraharmonic and broadband signals extracted from the cavitation noise spectra. The signals can be utilized to characterize different regimes of cavitation activity at different acoustic power densities. When cavitation activity sets on, the aforementioned signals correlate to fluctuations in the Schlieren contrast as well as the number of nucleated bubbles extracted from the Schlieren Images. This additionally proves that signals extracted from cavitation noise spectra truly represent a measure for cavitation activity. The cyclic behavior of cavitation activity is investigated and related to the evolution of the bubble populations in the ultrasonic tank. It is shown that cavitation activity is strongly linked to the occurrence of fast-moving bubbles. The origin of this "bubble streamers" is investigated and their role in the initialization and propagation of cavitation activity throughout the sonicated liquid is discussed. Finally, it is shown that bubble activity can be stabilized and enhanced by the use of pulsed ultrasound by conserving and recycling active bubbles between subsequent pulsing cycles. PMID:22705075
Hauptmann, M; Struyf, H; Mertens, P; Heyns, M; De Gendt, S; Glorieux, C; Brems, S
In this paper, we study the nucleation and growth of gas bubbles in a Newtonian fluid. We employ a general energetic variational formulation with a phase-field method, and compare the analytical and numerical predictions of this new formulation with those of classical models. The new approach allows the study of bubble nucleation, growth and coalescence in a unified framework, and
The importance of control over bubble size distribution in pulsed megasonic cleaning
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
The presence of acoustic cavitation in the cleaning liquid is a crucial precondition for cleaning action. One can achieve enhanced cleaning by periodically switching the ultrasonic agitation on and off rather than sonicating the liquid in a continuous fashion. The physical effects leading to that improvement are investigated experimentally with a dedicated setup and correlated to cleaning results obtained in an experimental cleaning tank. With the first setup, sonoluminescence and cavitation noise are measured simultaneously while imaging the nucleation and the interaction of the bubbles with the sound field using Hi-Speed Stroboscopic Schlieren Imaging. In this way it is possible to identify the role of streamer bubbles and transient cavitation. Furthermore, the attenuation of the sound field due to the highly efficient bubble induced acoustic scattering and the growth of bubbles due to coalescence is investigated. The results give an idea of the stability of the bubble size distribution during and after the nucleation process. The measurements obtained for pulsed megasonic agitation are compared to that obtained while sonicating the liquid continuously. They are further correlated to experimental data on particle removal efficiency for varying pulse duration, and corresponding cavitation noise measurements. Here, the latter proves to be a suitable and easy-to-do method to identify cleaning regimes beforehand.
Hauptmann, Marc; Struyf, Herbert; Mertens, Paul; Heyns, Marc; Gendt, Stefan De; Glorieux, Christ; Brems, Steven
Water disinfection by acoustic and hydrodynamic cavitation
The phenomena of cavitation which is associated with the formation, growth and the collapse of microbubbles, leads to the generation of very high pressures and temperatures locally, which can cause cellular damage. This paper explores the microbicidal effectiveness of cavitation for the disinfection of bore well water for potable use. Experiments performed in this study indicate that hydrodynamic cavitation is
K. K Jyoti; A. B Pandit
Capture and inception of bubbles near line vortices
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Motivated by the need to predict vortex cavitation inception, a study has been conducted to investigate bubble capture by a concentrated line vortex of core size rc and circulation ?0 under noncavitating and cavitating conditions. Direct numerical simulations that solve simultaneously for the two phase flow field, as well as a simpler one-way coupled point-particle-tracking model (PTM) were used to investigate the capture process. The capture times were compared to experimental observations. It was found that the point-particle-tracking model can successfully predict the capture of noncavitating small nuclei by a line vortex released far from the vortex axis. The nucleus grows very slowly during capture until the late stages of the process, where bubble/vortex interaction and bubble deformation become important. Consequently, PTM can be used to study the capture of cavitating nuclei by dividing the process into the noncavitating capture of the nucleus, and then the growth of the nucleus in the low-pressure core region. Bubble growth and deformation act to speed up the capture process.
Oweis, G. F.; van der Hout, I. E.; Iyer, C.; Tryggvason, G.; Ceccio, S. L.
Application of signal analysis to cavitation
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
The diagnostic facilities of the cross power spectrum and the coherence function have been employed to enhance the identification of not only the inception of cavitation, but also its level. Two piezoelectric pressure transducers placed in the downstream chamber of a model spool valve undergoing various levels of cavitation allowed for the use of both functions - the phase angle of the complex cross spectrum and the dimensionless coherence function - to sense clearly the difference between noise levels associated with a noncavitating jet from those once cavitation inception is attained. The cavitation noise within the chamber exhibited quite a regular character in terms of the phase difference between instruments for limited cavitation. Varying cavitation levels clearly illustrated the effect of bubble size on the attendant frequency range for which there was an extremely high coherence or nearly perfect causality.
Martin, C. S.; Veerabhadra Rao, P.
The dynamics of bubble growth for Rayleigh-Taylor unstable interfaces
A statistical model is analyzed for the growth of bubbles in a RayleighTaylor unstable interface. The model is compared to solutions of the full Euler equations for compressible two phase flow, using numerical solutions based on the method of front tracking. The front tracking method has the distinguishing feature of being a predominantly Eulerian method in which sharp interfaces are
C. L. Gardner; J. Glimm; O. McBryan; R. Menikoff; D. H. Sharp; Q. Zhang
Cavitation phenomenon in monoleaflet mechanical heart valves with electrohydraulic total artificial heart.
Recently, cavitation on the surface of mechanical heart valves has been studied as a cause of fractures occurring in implanted mechanical heart valves. In this study, to investigate the mechanism of cavitation bubbles associated with monoleaflet mitral valves in an electrohydraulic total artificial heart (EHTAH), and to select the best valves for our EHTAH system, we measured three parameters. First, an image was created of the cavitation bubbles using a high-speed camera. Second, pressure drop in the vicinity of the valve surface was measured using mini pressure sensor. Then, the closing of the valve was observed using a Laser displacement sensor. Most of the cavitation bubbles in the Medtronic Hall valve were observed at the edge of the valve stop. With the Omnicarbon valve, the cavitation bubbles were observed at the edge of the valve and on the inner side of the leaflet. On the other hand, cavitation bubbles were observed only on the inner side of the leaflet in Bj—rk-Shiley valve. Cavitation bubbles concentrated on the edge of the valve stop; the major cause of these cavitation bubbles was determined to be the squeeze flow. The formation of cavitation bubbles depended on the valve closing velocity and the valve leaflet geometry. From a viewpoint of squeeze flow, a low closing velocity and a small size of the valve stop could minimize cavitation. PMID:15521218
Lee, H; Taenaka, Y; Kitamura, S
Numerical simulation of aeration bubble growth in a plug-flow aeration tank used in wastewater treatment
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
The micro-scale hydrodynamics of bubbles growth by aeration is related to the oxygen transfer efficiency and the overall performance of the activated sludge wastewater treatment process. To gain a deeper insight on the micro-scale phenomena of dispersed bubble in this process, a three-dimensional direct simulation method is developed to study the effects of the liquid cross-flow on micro-scale behavior of bubble growth in a plug-flow aeration tank. The numerical simulations are performed using the level set method coupling with the governing equations of a single fluid with variable properties. The governing equations are solved using the finite-volume projection technique. The simulation results are compared with the experimental observations and theoretical relations. The simulated results show that water cross-flow in plug-flow type aeration tank has a strong impact on the bubble growth process. Compared to that generated under quiescent water conditions used in mixing type aeration tank, the bubble under water cross-flow conditions grows downstream along the tilted axis, and the bubble generation time tends to decrease noticeably and the bubble at detachment has significantly smaller size. The dynamic characteristics of the bubble growth through two orifices are also numerically studied. The effect of water cross-flow on the bubbling synchronicity is finally discussed.
Wang, H. R.; Li, Y. P.
Fundamentals of Acoustic Cavitation and Sonochemistry
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Acoustic cavitation is the formation and collapse of bubbles in liquid irradiated by intense ultrasound. The speed of the bubble collapse sometimes reaches the sound velocity in the liquid. Accordingly, the bubble collapse becomes a quasi-adiabatic process. The temperature and pressure inside a bubble increase to thousands of Kelvin and thousands of bars, respectively. As a result, water vapor and oxygen, if present, are dissociated inside a bubble and oxidants such as OH, O, and H2O2 are produced, which is called sonochemical reactions. The pulsation of active bubbles is intrinsically nonlinear. In the present review, fundamentals of acoustic cavitation, sonochemistry, and acoustic fields in sonochemical reactors have been discussed.
Yasui, Kyuichi
Limited cavitation and the related scale effects problem.
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
It is indicated that the study of limited cavitation can be divided into two parts, namely, the factors which influence the pressure field, and those which influence the bubble dynamics. Major aspects of cavitation nuclei and bubble dynamics are summarized. An analysis is presented of the effects of velocity, size and fluid properties, including the thermodynamic effect. The effects of turbulence, roughness and polymer additives are presented. These include new data on roughness and estimates of the effects of turbulence and polymer additives on jets. An analysis of nonvaporous cavitation with new data on vortex cavitation is presented. Implications concerning scale effects are given.
Holl, J. W.; Arndt, R. E. A.; Billet, M. L.
Using a dynamic point-source percolation model to simulate bubble growth.
Accurate modeling of nucleation, growth and clustering of helium bubbles within metal tritide alloys is of high scientific and technological importance. Of interest is the ability to predict both the distribution of these bubbles and the manner in which these bubbles interact at a critical concentration of helium-to-metal atoms to produce an accelerated release of helium gas. One technique that has been used in the past to model these materials, and again revisited in this research, is percolation theory. Previous efforts have used classical percolation theory to qualitatively and quantitatively model the behavior of interstitial helium atoms in a metal tritide lattice; however, higher fidelity models are needed to predict the distribution of helium bubbles and include features that capture the underlying physical mechanisms present in these materials. In this work, we enhance classical percolation theory by developing the dynamic point-source percolation model. This model alters the traditionally binary character of site occupation probabilities by enabling them to vary depending on proximity to existing occupied sites, i.e. nucleated bubbles. This revised model produces characteristics for one and two dimensional systems that are extremely comparable with measurements from three dimensional physical samples. Future directions for continued development of the dynamic model are also outlined.
Zimmerman, Jonathan A.; Zeigler, David A.; Cowgill, Donald F.
Scaling of bubble growth in a porous medium
Processes involving liquid-to-gas phase change in porous media are routinely encountered. Growth of a gas phase by solute diffusion in the liquid is typical of the `solution gas-drive` process for the recovery of oil. The growth of a single gas cluster in a porous medium driven by a constant supersaturation is examined. Patterns and rates of growth are derived. It is shown that the growth pattern is not compact and changes from pure percolation to pure Diffusion-Limited-Aggregation (DLA) as the size of the cluster increases. The scaling of the cluster sizes that delineate these patterns, with supersaturation and diffusivity is presented for the case of quasi-static diffusion. In 3-D, the diffusive growth law is found to be R{sub g} {approximately} t{sup 2/3}, which is different than the classical R{sub g} {approximately} t{sup 1/2}.
Satik, C.; Li, X.; Yortsos, Y.C. [University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA (United States). Dept. of Chemical Engineering
Enhanced Generic Phase-field Model of Irradiation Materials: Fission Gas Bubble Growth Kinetics in Polycrystalline UO2
Experiments show that inter-granular and intra-granular gas bubbles have different growth kinetics which results in heterogeneous gas bubble microstructures in irradiated nuclear fuels. A science-based model predicting the heterogeneous microstructure evolution kinetics is desired, which enables one to study the effect of thermodynamic and kinetic properties of the system on gas bubble microstructure evolution kinetics and morphology, improve the understanding of the formation mechanisms of heterogeneous gas bubble microstructure, and provide the microstructure to macroscale approaches to study their impact on thermo-mechanical properties such as thermo-conductivity, gas release, volume swelling, and cracking. In our previous report 'Mesoscale Benchmark Demonstration, Problem 1: Mesoscale Simulations of Intra-granular Fission Gas Bubbles in UO2 under Post-irradiation Thermal Annealing', we developed a phase-field model to simulate the intra-granular gas bubble evolution in a single crystal during post-irradiation thermal annealing. In this work, we enhanced the model by incorporating thermodynamic and kinetic properties at grain boundaries, which can be obtained from atomistic simulations, to simulate fission gas bubble growth kinetics in polycrystalline UO2 fuels. The model takes into account of gas atom and vacancy diffusion, vacancy trapping and emission at defects, gas atom absorption and resolution at gas bubbles, internal pressure in gas bubbles, elastic interaction between defects and gas bubbles, and the difference of thermodynamic and kinetic properties in matrix and grain boundaries. We applied the model to simulate gas atom segregation at grain boundaries and the effect of interfacial energy and gas mobility on gas bubble morphology and growth kinetics in a bi-crystal UO2 during post-irradiation thermal annealing. The preliminary results demonstrate that the model can produce the equilibrium thermodynamic properties and the morphology of gas bubbles at grain boundaries for given grain boundary properties. More validation of the model capability in polycrystalline is underway.
Li, Yulan; Hu, Shenyang Y.; Montgomery, Robert O.; Gao, Fei; Sun, Xin
Experimental and Theoretical Investigations of Cavitation in Water
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
The cavitation in nozzles on airfoils of various shape and on a sphere are experimentally investigated. The limits of cavitation and the extension of the zone of the bubbles in different stages of cavitation are photographically established. The pressure in the bubble area is constant and very low, jumping to high values at the end of the area. The analogy with the gas compression shock is adduced and discussed. The collapse of the bubbles under compression shock produces very high pressures internally, which must be contributory factors to corrosion. The pressure required for purely mechanical corrosion is also discussed.
Ackeret, J.
Effect of liquid properties on the growth and motion characteristics of micro-bubbles induced by electric fields in confined liquid films
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
The effect of liquid properties on gas bubble growth and motion characteristics in liquid films confined within a nanogap between a highly polished steel ball and a smooth glass disc under an electric field is reported. Experimental results show that the critical voltage for the appearance of bubbles has insignificant dependence on liquid viscosity and surface tension. The bubble size after detachment increases with liquid viscosity, and bubble instability and coalescence tend to occur when bubbles move some distance away from where they were formed. An increase in liquid surface tension results in larger bubbles at the growth stage. Also, the bubble motion characteristics are greatly influenced by liquid viscosity, and the dielectrophoresis force is demonstrated to be the dominant driving force for bubble movement. Theoretical models and analyses have been used to discuss the bubble formation and describe the bubble movement characteristics.
Xie, G. X.; Luo, J. B.; Liu, S. H.; Guo, D.; Li, G.; Zhang, C. H.
In situ TEM observation of growth behavior of Kr bubbles in zirconium alloy during post-implantation annealing
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
The growth behavior of the Kr bubbles in Kr+ irradiated Zr-1.1Nb-1.51Fe-0.26Cu-0.72Ni alloy was studied by in situ transmission electron microscopy. Results show that the distributions of Kr bubbles are not uniform in the zirconium alloy matrix after annealing at 700 K, 875 K, 1025 K, 1125 K and 1225 K, respectively. The Kr bubbles started to grow slowly when the sample was annealed at a temperature below 1025 K. The average sizes of the gas bubbles were observed to grow only about 0.4 nm in diameter at 700 K for 170 min and 0.9 nm at 875 K for 240 min, respectively. However, gas bubbles grew very quickly at 1225 K. The largest size of the gas bubbles is over 200 nm after 180 min annealing. The relationship between the bubble size and the annealing time was obtained at the designed annealing temperature. An empirical formula for calculating the bubble size was suggested by fitting equations derived from the experiment data. Finally, the growth mechanism of the bubbles in the zirconium alloy was discussed.
Ran, Guang; Xu, Jiangkun; Shen, Qiang; Zhang, Jian; Li, Ning; Wang, Lumin
The explosive growth of small voids in vulnerable cap rupture; cavitation and interfacial debonding
While it is generally accepted that ruptures in fibrous cap atheromas cause most acute coronary deaths, and that plaque rupture occurs in the fibrous cap at the location where the tissue stress exceeds a certain critical peak circumferential stress, the exact mechanism of rupture initiation remains unclear. We recently reported the presence of multiple microcalcifications (?Calcs) < 50?m diameter embedded within the fibrous cap, ?Calcs that could greatly increase cap instability by introducing up to a 5-fold increase in local tissue stress. Here, we explore the hypothesis that, aside from cap thickness, ?Calc size and interparticle spacing are principal determinants of cap rupture risk. Also, we propose that cap rupture is initiated near the poles of the ?Calcs due to the presence of tiny voids that explosively grow at a critical tissue stress and then propagate across the fibrous cap. We develop a theoretical model based on classic studies in polymeric materials by Gent (1980), which indicates that cavitation as opposed to interfacial debonding is the more likely mechanism for cap rupture produced by ?Calcs < 65?m diameter. This analysis suggests that there is a critical ?Calc size range, from 5?m to 65?m, in which cavitation should be prevalent. This hypothesis for cap rupture is strongly supported by our latest ?CT studies in which we have observed trapped voids in the vicinity of ?Calcs within fibrous caps in human coronaries.
Maldonado, Natalia; Kelly-Arnold, Adreanne; Cardoso, Luis; Weinbaum, Sheldon
Dynamical growth of the hadron bubbles during the quark-hadron phase transition
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
The rate of dynamical growth of the hadron bubbles in a supercooled baryon free quark-gluon plasma is evaluated by solving the equations of relativistic fluid dynamics in all regions. For a nonviscous plasma, this dynamical growth rate is found to depend only on the range of correlation ? of order parameter fluctuation, and the radius R of the critical hadron bubble, the two length scales relevant for the description of the critical phenomena. Further, it is shown that the dynamical prefactor acquires an additive component when the medium becomes viscous. Interestingly, under certain reasonable assumptions for the velocity of the sound in the medium around the saddle configuration, the viscous and the nonviscous parts of the prefactor are found to be similiar to the results obtained by Csernai and Kapusta and Ruggeri and Friedman (for the case of zero viscosity), respectively.
Shukla, P.; Mohanty, A. K.; Gupta, S. K.
Observations of cavitation erosion pit formation.
Previous investigations showed that a single cavitation bubble collapse can cause more than one erosion pit (Philipp & Lauterborn [1]). But our preliminary study showed just the opposite - that in some cases a single cavitation pit can result from more than one cavitation event. The present study shows deeper investigation of this phenomenon. An investigation of the erosion effects of ultrasonic cavitation on a thin aluminum foil was made. In the study we observed the formation of individual pits by means of high speed cameras (>1000 fps) and quantitatively evaluated the series of images by stereoscopy and the shape from shading method. This enabled the reconstruction of the time evolution of the pit shape. Results show how the foil is deformed several times before a hole is finally punctured. It was determined that larger single pits result from several impacts of shock waves on the same area, which means that they are merely special cases of pit clusters (pit clusters where pits overlap perfectly). Finally it was shown that a thin foil, which is subjected to cavitation, behaves as a membrane. It was concluded that the physics behind erosion depends significantly on the means of generating cavitation (acoustic, hydrodynamic, laser light) and the specimen characteristics (thin foil, massive specimen), which makes comparison of results of materials resistance to cavitation from different experimental set-ups questionable. Further development of the shape from shading method in the scope of cavitation erosion testing will enable better evaluation of cavitation erosion models. PMID:23403307
Dular, Matev; Delgosha, Olivier Coutier; Petkovek, Martin
ModÒle multi-bulles pour la cavitation
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
In this study we propose new multi-bubble model for cavitation, in which, to simulate the interactions within a cloud of cavitation at the initial stage, the dynamic behaviour of two nonidentical bubbles localised in a volume of control is studied. The presence of two bubbles introduces an instability in which the exchange of volume seems an additional degree of freedom. Depending on the conditions of expansion, the small bubble can disappear or not. If the small bubble disappears, the volume of control is readjusted to introduce a new small bubble and to continue calculation in a new sequence. The model makes it possible for many small bubbles to disappear as in the appearance of cavitation, which is at the origin of certain phenomena observed in the zone of the appearance, such as emission of the noise. The model reveals especially the pressure rather like a result than a datum. The comparison of the size of the bubbles and the pressure varying in time, obtained with the model are coherent with the measurements taken by Ohl [Phys. Fluids 14 (10) (2002) 3512-3521]. To cite this article: M. Adama Maiga, D. Buisine, C. R. Mecanique 337 (2009).
Adama Maiga, Mahamadou; Buisine, Daniel
Effect of lanthanum on growth-induced anisotropy in LPE bubble garnet films
Growth-induced anisotropy, Ku, in bubble garnet films containing La and Eu or Sm has been found to be anomalous compared to that produced by Eu or Sm and smaller ions such as Y or Lu. In (111) films of Eu-La or Sm-La, Ku is essentially zero. However, in (110) and (100) films of the same composition, Ku is large and
R. C. Lecraw; R. D. Pierce; S. L. Blank; R. Wolfe
Spreading of triple line and dynamics of bubble growth inside nanoparticle dispersions on top of a substrate plate.
This work investigates the feasibility of engineering surface wettability by using different nanoparticles. As an illustration, detailed formation of gas bubbles on top of a stainless steel substrate plate in a quiescent pool of aqueous gold and alumina nanofluids is studied. The presence of nanoparticles is shown to be able to modify the dynamics of triple line and bubble growth significantly. An early pinning of the bubble triple line is observed and a larger bubble contact angle is found for bubbles growing in a gold nanofluid, whereas an opposite phenomenon is observed for bubbles growing in an alumina nanofluid compared to those of pure water. Other bubble parameters such as departure volume, bubble frequency, and waiting time of bubble formation are also affected by the presence of nanoparticles. The variation of solid surface tensions due to the existence of nanoparticles and the resultant force at the triple line should be responsible for such differences. Such results illustrate the big potential of nanoparticle in engineering surface wettability of a solid-liquid-gas system. PMID:21802094
Vafaei, Saeid; Wen, Dongsheng
Tumor growth reduction and DNA transfer by cavitation-enhanced high-intensity focused ultrasound in vivo.
The potential application of high-intensity focused ultrasound (US), HIFU, was investigated for nonthermal gene transfer and tumor ablation. Renal carcinoma (RENCA) tumors were implanted on the hind leg of BALB/c mice and injected with a marker plasmid. Optison US contrast agent was also injected into the tumor (IT) or into the venous (IV) circulation. HIFU at 1.55 MHz was applied to the tumors with guidance from diagnostic US images. One test of transfection was also performed with lithotripter shock waves. In one set of exposures, tumor volume was followed for 4 days and a beta-galactosidase marker plasmid was used for localization of transfected cells. A second set of exposures employed a luciferase marker plasmid for assessing overall transfection after 2 days. Use of 100-ms bursts at 8-MPa peak rarefactional pressure amplitude stopped tumor growth during the 4-day period, compared to a 2.8-fold growth in shams and yielded luciferase expression 34-fold greater than in shams. Longer bursts or higher pressure amplitudes led to decreases in tumor growth, but did not yield increases in transfection. The HIFU results were similar to those of shock waves for cavitation enhanced by IT Optison. These results should aid in optimizing the application of HIFU for nonthermal tumor treatment. PMID:12837504
Miller, Douglas L; Song, Jianming
Transient pressure signals in mechanical heart valve cavitation.
The purpose of this investigation was to establish a correlation between mechanical heart valve (MHV) cavitation and transient pressure (TP) signals at MHV closure. This correlation may suggest a possible method to detect in vivo MHV cavitation. In a pulsatile mock flow loop, a study was performed to measure TP and observe cavitation bubble inception at MHV closure under simulated physiologic ventricular and aortic pressures at heart rates of 70, 90, 120, and 140 beats/min with corresponding cardiac outputs of 5.0, 6.0, 7.5, and 8.5 L/min, respectively. The experimental study included two bileaflet MHV prostheses: 1) St. Jude Medical 31 mm and 2) Carbomedics 31 mm. High fidelity piezo-electric pressure transducers were used to measure TP immediately before and after the valve leaflet/housing impact. A stroboscopic lighting imaging technique was developed to capture cavitation bubbles on the MHV inflow surfaces at selected time delays ranging from 25 microseconds to 1 ms after the leaflet/housing impact. The TP traces measured 10 mm away from the valve leaflet tip showed a large pressure reduction peak at the leaflet/housing impact, and subsequent high frequency pressure oscillations (HPOs) while the cavitation bubbles were observed. The occurrence of cavitation bubbles and HPO bursts were found to be random on a beat by beat basis. However, the amplitude of the TP reduction, the intensity of the cavitation bubble (size and number), and the intensity of HPO were found to increase with the test heart rate. A correlation between the MHV cavitation bubbles and the HPO burst was positively established. Power spectrum analysis of the TP signals further showed that the frequency of the HPO (cavitation bubble collapse pressures) ranged from 100 to 450 kHz. PMID:8944941
Wu, Z J; Slonin, J H; Hwang, N H
A parametrical study of disinfection with hydrodynamic cavitation.
The physical and chemical conditions generated by cavitation bubbles can be used to destroy microorganisms and disinfect wastewater. The effect of different cavitation chamber designs and diverse operational parameters on the inactivation rate of Escherichia coli have been studied and used to understand the mechanisms involved in cell disruption. PMID:18077202
Arrojo, S; Benito, Y; Tarifa, A MartÚnez
A parametrical study of disinfection with hydrodynamic cavitation
The physical and chemical conditions generated by cavitation bubbles can be used to destroy microorganisms and disinfect wastewater. The effect of different cavitation chamber designs and diverse operational parameters on the inactivation rate of Escherichia coli have been studied and used to understand the mechanisms involved in cell disruption.
S. Arrojo; Y. Benito; A. MartÚnez Tarifa
Do volcanic gases represent equilibrium volatile concentrations? Some insights from a model of diffusive fractionation during rapid bubble growth
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Measurements of volcanic gas compositions are often presumed to be directly related to equilibrium compositions of fluids exsolved at depth in magmatic systems that rapidly escape into the atmosphere. In particular, changes in the ratios of volatile species concentrations in volcanic gases have been interpreted to reflect influx of new magma batches or changes in the degassing depth. However, other mechanisms can also yield changes in volcanic gas compositions. One such mechanism is diffusive fractionation during rapid bubble growth. Such fractionation can occur because radial growth rates of bubbles in magmas are estimated to be in the range of 10-6 to 10-3 m s-1 and diffusion coefficients of minor volatiles (e.g., Cl, F, S, CO2) are orders of magnitude slower, 10-12 to 10-9 m2 s-1. Thus a bubble that rapidly grows and subsequently loses its volatiles to the surface may contribute a fluid sample whose concentration is affected by the interplay between the kinetics of bubble growth and volatile diffusion in the melt. A finite difference code was developed to calculate the effects of rapid bubble growth on the concentration of minor elements in the bubble for a spherical growth geometry. The bubble is modeled with a fixed growth rate and a constant equilibrium fluid-melt partition coefficient, KD. Bubbles were modeled to grow to a radius of 50 ?m, the size at which the dominant bubble growth mechanism appears to change from diffusion to coalescence. The critical variables that control the departure from equilibrium behavior are the K D and the ratio of the growth velocity, V, to the diffusivity, D. Modeling bubble growth in a magma chamber at 100 MPa demonstrates that when KD is in the range of 10 to 1000 at low V/D values (e.g., 103 m-1) the composition of the fluid is at, or near, equilibrium with the melt. However, as V/D increases the bubble composition deviates increasingly from equilibrium. For V/D ratios of 105 and equilibrium KD's of either 50 or 100 (similar to estimates for S), a bubble with a 50 ?m radius will contain a fluid whose concentration was apparently determined by a KD of less than 10. These models also demonstrate that the combination of rapid bubble growth with slow diffusion can deplete the melt in the volatile species only within the immediate neighborhood, on the order of 100 ?m. If bubbles are spaced further apart the melts may retain significant concentrations of dissolved volatiles, which could lead to secondary and tertiary nucleation events. These models for diffusive fractionation during rapid bubble growth suggest that changes in the ratios of minor elements in volcanic gases may be influenced by bubble growth rate changes. Volatiles with lower diffusivities and volatiles with very high or very low partition coefficients will be more influenced by this process. Diffusive fractionation may be responsible for the drop in the CO2/SO2 ratios sometimes observed prior to large eruptions of Stromboli volcano.
Baker, D. R.
Mechanism map for nucleation and growth of helium bubbles in metals
The total free energy of a system containing helium bubbles and point defects (vacancies, helium and self-interstitial atoms) was evaluated and activation barrier for forming a helium bubble was derived, where the effect of helium on helium bubble formation is clearly shown. The rates of inflow to a helium bubble and outflow from a helium bubble were evaluated for vacancies,
Kazunori Morishita; Ryuichiro Sugano
Activating molecules, ions, and solid particles with acoustic cavitation.
The chemical and physical effects of ultrasound arise not from a direct interaction of molecules with sound waves, but rather from the acoustic cavitation: the nucleation, growth, and implosive collapse of microbubbles in liquids submitted to power ultrasound. The violent implosion of bubbles leads to the formation of chemically reactive species and to the emission of light, named sonoluminescence. In this manuscript, we describe the techniques allowing study of extreme intrabubble conditions and chemical reactivity of acoustic cavitation in solutions. The analysis of sonoluminescence spectra of water sparged with noble gases provides evidence for nonequilibrium plasma formation. The photons and the "hot" particles generated by cavitation bubbles enable to excite the non-volatile species in solutions increasing their chemical reactivity. For example the mechanism of ultrabright sonoluminescence of uranyl ions in acidic solutions varies with uranium concentration: sonophotoluminescence dominates in diluted solutions, and collisional excitation contributes at higher uranium concentration. Secondary sonochemical products may arise from chemically active species that are formed inside the bubble, but then diffuse into the liquid phase and react with solution precursors to form a variety of products. For instance, the sonochemical reduction of Pt(IV) in pure water provides an innovative synthetic route for monodispersed nanoparticles of metallic platinum without any templates or capping agents. Many studies reveal the advantages of ultrasound to activate the divided solids. In general, the mechanical effects of ultrasound strongly contribute in heterogeneous systems in addition to chemical effects. In particular, the sonolysis of PuO2 powder in pure water yields stable colloids of plutonium due to both effects. PMID:24747272
Pflieger, Rachel; Chave, Tony; Virot, Matthieu; Nikitenko, Sergey I
Dynamics of laser-induced bubble and nanoparticles generation during ultra-short laser ablation of Pd in liquid
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
In this work, the dynamics of multiple cavitation bubbles produced by femtosecond laser ablation of a palladium target submerged in acetone is studied by means of time-resolved fast shadowgraphy technique. The data have evidenced the periodic growth and collapse of the bubbles and the consequent emission of material together with the role played by the laser focus position. Comparing the results with the previsions of the Rayleigh-Plesset model a good agreement is found. The nanoparticles obtained under different focusing conditions are characterized by means of TEM analysis. Their dimension and distribution are correlated with the bubbles dynamics.
De Bonis, A.; Sansone, M.; D'Alessio, L.; Galasso, A.; Santagata, A.; Teghil, R.
The Role of Cavitation in Liposome Formation
Liposome size is a vital parameter of many quantitative biophysical studies. Sonication, or exposure to ultrasound, is used widely to manufacture artificial liposomes, yet little is known about the mechanism by which liposomes are affected by ultrasound. Cavitation, or the oscillation of small gas bubbles in a pressure-varying field, has been shown to be responsible for many biophysical effects of ultrasound on cells. In this study, we correlate the presence and type of cavitation with a decrease in liposome size. Aqueous lipid suspensions surrounding a hydrophone were exposed to various intensities of ultrasound and hydrostatic pressures before measuring their size distribution with dynamic light scattering. As expected, increasing ultrasound intensity at atmospheric pressure decreased the average liposome diameter. The presence of collapse cavitation was manifested in the acoustic spectrum at high ultrasonic intensities. Increasing hydrostatic pressure was shown to inhibit the presence of collapse cavitation. Collapse cavitation, however, did not correlate with decreases in liposome size, as changes in size still occurred when collapse cavitation was inhibited either by lowering ultrasound intensity or by increasing static pressure. We propose a mechanism whereby stable cavitation, another type of cavitation present in sound fields, causes fluid shearing of liposomes and reduction of liposome size. A mathematical model was developed based on the Rayleigh-Plesset equation of bubble dynamics and principles of acoustic microstreaming to estimate the shear field magnitude around an oscillating bubble. This model predicts the ultrasound intensities and pressures needed to create shear fields sufficient to cause liposome size change, and correlates well with our experimental data.
Richardson, Eric S.; Pitt, William G.; Woodbury, Dixon J.
Effect of liquid properties on the growth and motion characteristics of micro-bubbles induced by electric fields in confined liquid films
The effect of liquid properties on gas bubble growth and motion characteristics in liquid films confined within a nanogap between a highly polished steel ball and a smooth glass disc under an electric field is reported. Experimental results show that the critical voltage for the appearance of bubbles has insignificant dependence on liquid viscosity and surface tension. The bubble size
G. X. Xie; J. B. Luo; S. H. Liu; D. Guo; G. Li; C. H. Zhang
Helium 3 precipitation in AISI 316L stainless steel induced by radioactive decay of tritium: Growth mechanism of helium bubbles
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
The growth of helium bubbles in 316L stainless steel in which helium was generated from the tritium decay is examined using image analysis of transmission electron microscopy (TEM) micrographs. The influence of temperature (1073, 1223, and 1373 K), annealing time (0.083 to 1000 hours), cold deformation (92 pct) and helium content (35 and 3.7 appm) on the bubbles density, volume fraction, and mean size is investigated. For the chosen conditions of helium precipitation and growth (high temperature and large annealing time), the experimental results suggest that the observed increase in the size of the large bubbles present after a 0.083-hour aging at 1373 K proceeds via a facet limited migration and coalescence mechanism.
Chanfreau, A.; Brass, A. M.; Haut, C.; Chene, J.
Investigation of noninertial cavitation produced by an ultrasonic horn.
This paper reports on noninertial cavitation that occurs beyond the zone close to the horn tip to which the inertial cavitation is confined. The noninertial cavitation is characterized by collating the data from a range of measurements of bubbles trapped on a solid surface in this noninertial zone. Specifically, the electrochemical measurement of mass transfer to an electrode is compared with high-speed video of the bubble oscillation. This gas bubble is shown to be a "noninertial" event by electrochemical surface erosion measurements and "ring-down" experiments showing the activity and motion of the bubble as the sound excitation was terminated. These measurements enable characterization of the complex environment produced below an operating ultrasonic horn outside of the region where inertial collapse can be detected. The extent to which solid boundaries in the liquid cause the frequencies and shapes of oscillatory modes on the bubble wall to differ from their free field values is discussed. PMID:22088002
Birkin, Peter R; Offin, Douglas G; Vian, Christopher J B; Leighton, Timothy G; Maksimov, Alexey O
Detecting cavitation in mercury exposed to a high-energy pulsed proton beam
The Oak Ridge National Laboratory Spallation Neutron Source employs a high-energy pulsed proton beam incident on a mercury target to generate short bursts of neutrons. Absorption of the proton beam produces rapid heating of the mercury, resulting in the formation of acoustic shock waves and the nucleation of cavitation bubbles. The subsequent collapse of these cavitation bubbles promote erosion of the steel target walls. Preliminary measurements using two passive cavitation detectors (megahertz-frequency focused and unfocused piezoelectric transducers) installed in a mercury test target to monitor cavitation generated by proton beams with charges ranging from 0.041 to 4.1 C will be reported on. Cavitation was initially detected for a beam charge of 0.082 C by the presence of an acoustic emission approximately 250 s after arrival of the incident proton beam. This emission was consistent with an inertial cavitation collapse of a bubble with an estimated maximum bubble radius of 0.19 mm, based on collapse time. The peak pressure in the mercury for the initiation of cavitation was predicted to be 0.6 MPa. For a beam charge of 0.41 C and higher, the lifetimes of the bubbles exceeded the reverberation time of the chamber (~300 s), and distinct windows of cavitation activity were detected, a phenomenon that likely resulted from the interaction of the reverberation in the chamber and the cavitation bubbles.
Manzi, Nicholas J [ORNL; Chitnis, Parag V [ORNL; Holt, Ray G [ORNL; Roy, Ronald A [ORNL; Cleveland, Robin O [ORNL; Riemer, Bernie [ORNL; Wendel, Mark W [ORNL
Cavitation damage of pyrolytic carbon in mechanical heart valves.
A summary of the observations of cavitation-related damage is presented for over a hundred mechanical heart valves (MHV) containing pyrolytic carbon components. Valves were obtained from several types of simulators, animal studies and clinical explantations, and were primarily of the bileaflet type. Damage on these valves was documented as to location, type, and severity. This report focuses on the damage location where cavitation bubbles have been observed in vitro. Pitting and microcracking are the forms of damage observed that can be associated with cavitation. The pitting is primarily of a focal nature and is thought to be due to cavitation bubble collapse or, possibly, initiation. Certain features of the deposited material appear to be important relative to cavitation damage resistance and the so-called cavitation threshold of a MHV. A highly polished surface with few micropores provides few nucleation sites for cavitation bubbles and will better withstand cavitation forces. Attributing certain observations of in vivo damage to cavitation is done by inference from; 1. the similarity of the damage features observed on explants to those produced by cavitation in vitro, and 2. the identity of the location of this damage with the location of cavitation as observed by high speed video (HSV). In addition, confirmation was obtained in a number of instances by in vitro observation of cavitation coinciding with a specific damage location on the same explanted MHV. In most of the fractures, a focal pit was usually present on the fracture line at or near the fracture origin, indicating pitting as a primary damage mechanism.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID:8061867
Kafesjian, R; Howanec, M; Ward, G D; Diep, L; Wagstaff, L S; Rhee, R
Numerical simulation of aeration bubble growth in a plug-flow aeration tank used in wastewater treatment
The micro-scale hydrodynamics of bubbles growth by aeration is related to the oxygen transfer efficiency and the overall performance of the activated sludge wastewater treatment process. To gain a deeper insight on the micro-scale phenomena of dispersed bubble in this process, a three-dimensional direct simulation method is developed to study the effects of the liquid cross-flow on micro-scale behavior of
H. R. Wang; Y. P. Li
Nucleation stage with nonsteady growth of supercritical gas bubbles in a strongly supersaturated liquid solution and the effect of excluded volume.
An approach to the kinetics of barrier formation of supercritical gas bubbles in a strongly supersaturated liquid solution is presented. A common assumption of uniform reduction of a dissolved gas supersaturation in a liquid solution via stationary diffusion to nucleating gas bubbles is shown to be not applicable to the case of high gas supersaturations. The approach recognizes that the diffusion growth of supercritical bubbles at high gas supersaturation is essentially nonstationary. Nonstationary growth of an individual gas bubble is described by a self-similar solution of the diffusion equation which predicts a renormalized growth rate and thin highly nonuniform diffusion layer around the bubble. The depletion of a dissolved gas due to intake of gas molecules by the bubble occurs only within this thin layer. An integral equation for the total volume of an ensemble of supercritical gas bubbles within a liquid solution is derived. This equation describes the effect of excluding a total volume of the depleted diffusion layers around the growing bubbles nucleated at all previous moments of time until nucleation of new bubbles ceases due to elimination of the nondepleted volume of the solution. An analytical solution of this equation is found. The swelling of the liquid solution, the number of gas bubbles nucleated, the distribution function of bubbles in their sizes, and the mean radius of the bubbles are determined in their dependence on time. PMID:20365136
Kuchma, Anatoly E; Kuni, Fedor M; Shchekin, Alexander K
Cavitation effects on the confinement/deconfinement transition
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Cavitation is a process where the viscous terms in a relativistic fluid result in reducing the effective pressure, thus facilitating the nucleation of bubbles of a stable phase. The effect is particularly pronounced in the vicinity of a (weak) first-order phase transition. We use the holographic correspondence to study cavitation in a strongly coupled planar cascading gauge theory plasma close to the confinement/deconfinement phase transition. While in this particular model the shift of the deconfinement temperature due to cavitation does not exceed 5%, we speculate that cavitation might be important near the QCD critical point.
Buchel, Alex; Camanho, XiÃn O.; Edelstein, JosÕ D.
Models of the Voltage Induced by Cavitation in Hydrocarbons
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
When an ultrasonic wave passes through a liquid medium, containing microscopic gas inclusion, it can produce cavitation. At the boundary of a cavitating zone, a voltage appears as a effect of the collapse/rebound cycle of the cavitation bubbles. In this paper we establish a mathematical model of the voltage induced at the boundary of an acoustic cavitation zone, when the liquid was the crude oil. It is compared to that obtained for diesel, in order to prove that the ARIMA process can appropriately describe the fluctuations of generated voltage in different liquids. We also discuss the hypothesis of the relation between the ARIMA parameters and the liquid nature.
Barbulescu, A.
Visualization of acoustic cavitation effects on suspended calcite crystals.
The acoustic cavitation (42,080 Hz, 7.1 W cm(-2) or 17 W) effects on suspended calcite crystals, sized between 5 and 50 ?m, have been visualized for the first time using high speed photography. High speed recordings with a duration of 1 s containing up to 300,000 frames per second, revealed the effect of cluster and streamer cavitation on several calcite crystals. Cavitation clusters, evolved from cavitation inception and collapse, caused attrition, disruption of aggregates and deagglomeration, whereas streamer cavitation was observed to cause deagglomeration only. Cavitation on the surface gave the crystals momentum. However, it is shown that breakage of accelerated crystals by interparticle collisions is unrealistic because of their small sizes and low velocities. Crystals that were accelerated by bubble expansion, subsequently experienced a deceleration much stronger than expected from drag forces, upon bubble collapse. Experiments with pre-dried crystals seemed to support the current theory on bubble nucleation through the presence of pre-existing gas pockets. However, experiments with fully wetted crystals also showed the nucleation of bubbles on the crystal surface. Although microjet impingement on the crystal surface could not be directly visualized with high speed photography, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis of irradiated calcite seeds showed deep circular indentations. It was suggested that these indentations might be caused by shockwave induced jet impingement. Furthermore, the appearance of voluminous fragments with large planes of fracture indicated that acoustic cavitation can also cause the breakage of single crystal structures. PMID:20579928
Wagterveld, R M; Boels, L; Mayer, M J; Witkamp, G J
[Blackbody radiation of cavitation luminescence from glycerin].
An improved conical bubble sonoluminescence U-tube was built. Using this setup, the spectra and light pulses of conical bubble luminescence in glycerin were detected. Results show that the spectra are continuum, which are well fitted by blackbody radiation. The cavitational temperature ranging from 2 600 to 3 050 K was calculated from the fitted spectra. The reasons for the existence of blackbody radiation in conical bubble luminescence were discussed both from special and temporal sides. The value of radius of cavitational bubble is about 1.7 cm theoretically, which is greater than that of the bubble acoustically excited. The width of light pulses of cavitational bubble reached 40-60 ms, and this provided enough time for the blackbody radiation. In addition, the light pulses at different wavelength were measured, and results show that the width of light pulses increased with the raise of wavelength of spectra, which proved the mechanism of blackbody radiation. Finally, based on the spectra and light pulses, the intensity of luminescence was calculated to be about 0.18 J. PMID:20496673
He, Shou-Jie; Ha, Jing; Liu, Li-Fang; Wang, Long
Effect of vibration amplitude on vapor cavitation in journal bearings
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Computational movies were used to analyze the formation and collapse of vapor cavitation bubbles in a submerged journal bearing. The effect of vibration amplitude on vapor cavitation was studied for a journal undergoing circular whirl. The boundary conditions were implemented using Elrod's algorithm, which conserves mass flow through the cavitation bubble as well as through the oil-film region of the bearing. The vibration amplitudes for the different cases studied resulted in maximum eccentricity ratios ranging from 0.4 to 0.9. The minimum eccentricity ratio reached in each case was 0.1. For the least vibration amplitude studied in which the eccentricity ratio varied between 0.1 and 0.4, no vapor cavitation occurred. The largest vibration amplitude (i.e., eccentricity ratios of 0.1 to 0.9) resulted in vapor cavitation present 76 percent of one complete orbit.
Brewe, D. E.; Jacobson, B. O.
Propeller Cavitation in Solutions of Polyethylene Oxide.
National Technical Information Service (NTIS)
The inception and formation rates of bubble cavitation on a 14.8-cm diameter, two-bladed propeller were measured in homogeneous aqueous solutions of polyethylene oxide. If the results can be extended to full size propellers, ships can increase their prope...
R. J. White
Numerical investigation of volume of fluid and level set interface capturing methods for bubble growth and detachment
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
The injection of an air bubble in a liquid at rest is an interface flow problem where surface tension and its modeling at solid boundaries is a key factor. It is the subject of this study. Numerical simulations have been performed to study 3D axi-symmetrical bubble growth from an orifice through a horizontal wall. The gas inflow velocity used was sufficiently small to ensure that the bubble growth is quasi-static so that surface tension and buoyancy forces are dominant. The wall was considered non-wettable to avoid spreading of the interface along the wall. The Navier-Stokes equations were solved with two different interface capturing methods based on Volume of Fluid (VOF) and Level Set (LS) as well as coupled CVOFLS. In the VOF method the bubble interface was tracked using either an algebraic solver which results in some diffusion of the interface (compressive scheme implemented in OpenFOAM), or it was determined using a geometric reconstruction scheme (Geo-Reconstruct Scheme from Fluent). The TransAT code was used for the LS model which captures the interface using signed distance function. The bubble volume and center of gravity have been investigated during the growth using the three solvers and numerical results have been assessed against experimental data. These results have shown that reconstructing the interface using the LS method gives good agreement with the experiments. In VOF (compressive scheme), the bubble detaches at earlier times resulting in a smaller detachment volume. The coupled CVOFLS-GeoReconstruct was found to be more computationally expensive than the VOF-GeoReconstruct and to present bubble oscillation during the growth.
Albadawi, Abdulaleem; DelaurÕ, Yan; Donoghue, David B.; Robinson, Anthony; Murray, Darina B.
Controlled Cavitation for Scale-Free Heating, Gum Hydration and Emulsification in Food and Consumer Products
\\u000a Cavitation is defined as the sudden formation and collapse of bubbles in liquid by means of a mechanical force. As bubbles\\u000a rapidly form and collapse, pressurized shock waves, localized heating events and tremendous shearing forces occur. As microscopic\\u000a cavitation bubbles are produced and collapse, shockwaves are given off into the liquid, which can result in heating and\\/or\\u000a mixing, similar to
Douglas G. Mancosky; Paul Milly
Prevention of tissue damage by water jet during cavitation
Cavitation bubbles accompany explosive vaporization of water following pulsed energy deposition in liquid media. Bubbles collapsing at the tip of a surgical endoprobe produce a powerful and damaging water jet propagating forward in the axial direction of the probe. We studied interaction of such jet with tissue using fast flash photography and modeled the flow dynamics using a two-dimensional Rayleigh-type
Daniel Palanker; Alexander Vankov; Jason Miller; Menahem Friedman; Moshe Strauss
Use of ultrasonics in shear layer cavitation control.
In this paper we report results from some investigations on the use of ultrasonics in controlling hydrodynamic cavitation in the shear layer downstream of a sudden expansion. Control of this type of cavitation has been achieved by modulating the local pressure that was experienced by a nucleus present in the shear layer. This modulation was made possible by using a piezoelectric device, termed as Ultrasonic Pressure Modulator (UPM). The performance of UPM has been studied at different dissolved gas concentrations with electrolysis bubbles as nuclei. Control of cavitation due to natural nuclei has also been attempted. Efficiency of UPM, in reducing cavitation, was seen to be dependent on the driving frequency employed. Experimental and numerical studies have been conducted to bring out the physics behind this approach of cavitation control. Different measures of cavitation control have been identified and some possible applications of this method have also been outlined. PMID:12853082
Chatterjee, Dhiman
PIV Analysis of Cavitation Flow Characteristics of He II
In the present experimental study cavitation phenomena in both He I and He II flows were investigated through the application of the PIV technique and visual observation under the saturated vapor pressure condition. The cavitation flow was generated in the downstream regions of a Venturi channel and a converging jet nozzle driven by a contracting metal bellows. It is seen that cavitation inception is a kind of stochastic process and has definite temperature dependence. The spatial distribution of the cavitation bubble velocity is measured by using the PIV technique. Some differences in the cavitating flow pattern and the void fraction are found between He II and He I cavitating flows. The PIV result indicates that the void fraction for He II flow is larger than that for He I flow.
Harada, K.; Murakami, M. [Graduate School of Systems and Information Engineering, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, 305-8573 (Japan)
Effects of acoustic parameters on bubble cloud dynamics in ultrasound tissue erosion (histotripsy)
High intensity pulsed ultrasound can produce significant mechanical tissue fractionation with sharp boundaries (histotripsy). At a tissue-fluid interface, histotripsy produces clearly demarcated tissue erosion and the erosion efficiency depends on pulse parameters. Acoustic cavitation is believed to be the primary mechanism for the histotripsy process. To investigate the physical basis of the dependence of tissue erosion on pulse parameters, an optical method was used to monitor the effects of pulse parameters on the cavitating bubble cloud generated by histotripsy pulses at a tissue-water interface. The pulse parameters studied include pulse duration, peak rarefactional pressure, and pulse repetition frequency (PRF). Results show that the duration of growth and collapse (collapse cycle) of the bubble cloud increased with increasing pulse duration, peak rarefactional pressure, and PRF when the next pulse arrived after the collapse of the previous bubble cloud. When the PRF was too high such that the next pulse arrived before the collapse of the previous bubble cloud, only a portion of histotripsy pulses could effectively create and collapse the bubble cloud. The collapse cycle of the bubble cloud also increased with increasing gas concentration. These results may explain previous in vitro results on effects of pulse parameters on tissue erosion.
Xu, Zhen; Hall, Timothy L.; Fowlkes, J. Brian; Cain, Charles A.
Electrons, vortices, and cavitation in liquid helium
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Cavitation has been an interesting subject of both physics and engineering for more than a century. Since helium was liquefied 90 years ago, pure liquid helium became one of the favorite liquids to study cavitation. Liquid helium can be prepared free of gaseous impurities which can serve as sites for heterogeneous cavitation. In addition helium remains a liquid even when the temperature approaches the absolute zero. Hence macroscopic quantum effects, such as superfluidity and quantum tunneling, can be studied. First, we continued the study of homogeneous cavitation in liquid helium at Brown started 10 years ago. We measured the cavitation thresholds in liquid helium-4 from 0.66 to 5.0 K. Qualitatively, the experimental results agree with the revised theory. However, quantitatively, many features cannot, be explained by the theory. The anomalous features included the significant change of the slope around T?, the temperature insensitivity between 0.66 and 1.5 K, and the threshold pressures affected by the experimental setup. We then performed a number of experiments in which effects of electrons on cavitation were studied. Electrons in liquid helium become trapped in bubbles from which the liquid is almost completely excluded. By applying a certain negative pressure to the helium, we are able to make these bubbles explode. We have measured these pressures at different temperatures and the results are in excellent agreement, with theoretical expectations. At low temperatures the electron bubbles become attached to vortices. The circulation of the liquid around the bubble leads to a reduction in the magnitude of the negative pressure required to explode the bubble, and we have been able to measure this reduction. However, all theoretical considerations gave a smaller pressure reduction than the data. In addition the situation that high energy electrons enter the liquid while the pressure is reduced is similar to the situation of the particle detection in a bubble chamber. We were able to observe this analogy and constructed a mechanical model for the creation of bubbles in the bubble chamber.
Su, Chen-Kuang
Bubble Growth During Subplinian Events: the Greenish Pumice Eruption of Somma-Vesuvius (Italy).
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
The Greenish Pumice eruption (16020+-130 yr BP) is one of the highest magnitude subplinian eruptions of Somma-Vesuvius. The fall deposits show an evident grain size stratification, and are interlayered with the deposits of minor pyroclastic density currents. The juvenile material shows a large textural variability (density, vesicularity and groundmass crystal content) both within each fall bed and along the vertical succession, varying from light pumice to dense scoria. The study of Bubble Size Distribution (BSD) of light and dense material gives some hints for the characterization of the magma ascent process in terms of lateral gradients of ascent velocity and modalities of syneruptive degassing and crystallization (equilibrium or not equilibrium; continous or multistep). We propose a model in which the most evident difference between light pumice and dense scoria (in terms of density, crystal content, features of the BSD) can be explained as the result of horizontal gradients in the velocity of magma ascent along the conduit. Fast and near continuous exsolution, characterized by continuous bubble nucleation and growth in non-equilibrium conditions, dominated the inner, high velocity portion of the conduit. The time scale of magma ascent was possibly too short for crystallization kinetics, explaining the low groundmass cristallinity and the small size of microlites of light pumice. BSD features of dense scoria suggests that magma from the outer zone of the conduit followed discrete events of bubble nucleation in moderate, non-equilibrium conditions, characterized by a time scale feasible for microlites crystallization and passive, open-system degassing The variability of BSD and crystal content between lapilli of similar density along the stratigraphic succession reflect the pulsatory behaviour of the eruption.
Mundula, F.; Cioni, R.
Hybridization enhancement using cavitation microstreaming.
Conventional DNA microarray hybridization relies on diffusion of target to surface-bound probes, and thus is a rate-limited process. In this paper, a micromixing technique based on cavitation microstreaming principle that was developed to accelerate hybridization process is explained. Fluidic experiments showed that air bubbles resting on a solid surface and set into vibration by a sound field generated steady circulatory flows, resulting in global convection flows and, thus, rapid mixing. The time to fully mix dyed solutions in a 50-microL chamber using cavitation microstreaming was significantly reduced from hours (a pure diffusion-based mixing) to 6 s. Cavitation microstreaming was implemented to enhance DNA hybridization in both fluorescence-detection-based and electrochemical-detection-based DNA microarray chips. The former showed that cavitation microstreaming results in up to 5-fold hybridization signal enhancement with significantly improved signal uniformity, as compared to the results obtained in conventional diffusion-based biochips for a given time (2 h). Hybridization kinetics study in the electrochemical detection-based chips showed that acoustic microstreaming results in up to 5-fold kinetics acceleration. Acoustic microstreaming has many advantages over most existing techniques used for hybridization enhancement, including a simple apparatus, ease of implementation, low power consumption (approximately 2 mW), and low cost. PMID:12713050
Liu, Robin Hui; Lenigk, Ralf; Druyor-Sanchez, Roberta L; Yang, Jianing; Grodzinski, Piotr
Numerical study of nucleation and growth of bubbles in viscous magmas
The nucleation and growth processes of bubbles in viscous magmas with a constant decompression rate have been numerically investigated based on a formation which accounts for effects of viscosity, as well as diffusivity, interfacial tension, and decompression rate. The numerical solutions show two regimes in the nucleation and growth process, a diffusion-controlled regime and a viscosity-controlled regime, mainly depending on the decompression rate, initial saturation pressure and viscosity. The basic mechanism common to both regimes is that growth governs nucleation through depletion of degassing components. In basaltic eruptions the vesiculation is essentially controlled by diffusion, and the viscosity-controlled regime is limited to very high decompression rate and very small water content. When andesitic magma saturated by water at 10 MPa is decompressed through the propagation of rarefraction wave induced by a landslide, as took place in the Mount St. Helens 1980 eruption, the vesiculation is controlled by the viscosity up to 100 m depth. On the other hand, in a rhyolitic magma for the same situation, vesiculation is controlled by the viscosity over the whole depth of the magma column. In the viscosity-controlled regime, the vesicularity may be 90% or less as seen in silicic pumice, whereas in the diffusion-controlled regime the vesicularity equals or exceeds 98% such as in reticulite in Hawaiian basalt. An observed variation of the number density of bubbles by several orders of magnitude in plinian eruptions and the correlation with the SiO2 content can be attributed approximately to the dependence of diffusivity of viscosity on SiO2 content and temperature, assuming the apparent correlation between SiO2 content and temperature of magma.
Toramaru, A. [Kanazawa Univ., Kanazawa, Ishikawa (Japan)] [Kanazawa Univ., Kanazawa, Ishikawa (Japan)
This paper discusses various interactions between ultrasound, phospholipid monolayer-coated gas bubbles, phospholipid bilayer vesicles, and cells. The paper begins with a review of microbubble physics models, developed to describe microbubble dynamic behavior in the presence of ultrasound, and follows this with a discussion of how such models can be used to predict inertial cavitation profiles. Predicted sensitivities of inertial cavitation to changes in the values of membrane properties, including surface tension, surface dilatational viscosity, and area expansion modulus, indicate that area expansion modulus exerts the greatest relative influence on inertial cavitation. Accordingly, the theoretical dependence of area expansion modulus on chemical composition - in particular, poly (ethylene glyclol) (PEG) - is reviewed, and predictions of inertial cavitation for different PEG molecular weights and compositions are compared with experiment. Noteworthy is the predicted dependence, or lack thereof, of inertial cavitation on PEG molecular weight and mole fraction. Specifically, inertial cavitation is predicted to be independent of PEG molecular weight and mole fraction in the so-called mushroom regime. In the brush regime, however, inertial cavitation is predicted to increase with PEG mole fraction but to decrease (to the inverse 3/5 power) with PEG molecular weight. While excellent agreement between experiment and theory can be achieved, it is shown that the calculated inertial cavitation profiles depend strongly on the criterion used to predict inertial cavitation. This is followed by a discussion of nesting microbubbles inside the aqueous core of microcapsules and how this significantly increases the inertial cavitation threshold. Nesting thus offers a means for avoiding unwanted inertial cavitation and cell death during imaging and other applications such as sonoporation. A review of putative sonoporation mechanisms is then presented, including those involving microbubbles to deliver cargo into a cell, and those - not necessarily involving microubbles - to release cargo from a phospholipid vesicle (or reverse sonoporation). It is shown that the rate of (reverse) sonoporation from liposomes correlates with phospholipid bilayer phase behavior, liquid-disordered phases giving appreciably faster release than liquid-ordered phases. Moreover, liquid-disordered phases exhibit evidence of two release mechanisms, which are described well mathematically by enhanced diffusion (possibly via dilation of membrane phospholipids) and irreversible membrane disruption, whereas liquid-ordered phases are described by a single mechanism, which has yet to be positively identified. The ability to tune release kinetics with bilayer composition makes reverse sonoporation of phospholipid vesicles a promising methodology for controlled drug delivery. Moreover, nesting of microbubbles inside vesicles constitutes a truly theranostic vehicle, one that can be used for both long-lasting, safe imaging and for controlled drug delivery.
Wrenn, Steven P.; Dicker, Stephen M.; Small, Eleanor F.; Dan, Nily R.; Mleczko, Michal; Schmitz, Georg; Lewin, Peter A.
Implementation of two-phase tritium models for helium bubbles in HCLL breeding blanket modules
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Tritium self-sufficiency requirement of future DT fusion reactors involves large helium production rates in the breeding blankets; this might impact on the conceptual design of diverse fusion power reactor units, such as Liquid Metal (LM) blankets. Low solubility, long residence-times and high production rates create the conditions for Helium nucleation, which could mean effective T sinks in LM channels. A model for helium nano-bubble formation and tritium conjugate transport phenomena in liquid Pb17.5Li and EUROFER is proposed. In a first approximation, it has been considered that He bubbles can be represented as a passive scalar. The nucleation model is based on the classical theory and includes a simplified bubble growth model. The model captures the interaction of tritium with bubbles and tritium diffusion through walls. Results show the influence of helium cavitation on tritium inventory and the importance of simulating the system walls instead of imposing fixed boundary conditions.
Fradera, J.; Sedano, L.; Mas de les Valls, E.; Batet, L.
Frequency effects during acoustic cavitation in surfactant solutions.
The acoustic cavitation-induced events, multibubble sonoluminescence (MBSL) and initial growth of MBSL have been studied in surfactant solutions and correlated with bubble coalescence data at three different ultrasound frequencies. For an ionic surfactant, both the number of ultrasonic pulses required to reach a steady state MBSL intensity (N(crit)) and the magnitude of this intensity increases to a maximum as the surfactant concentration increases and then falls again. The total bubble volume generated for a fixed sonication time, which is indirectly related to bubble coalescence, similarly falls as surfactant concentration increases and then rises again. These effects are caused by a combination of electrostatic and coalescence factors at relatively low surfactant concentrations and the screening of the electrostatic factor as surfactant concentration increases further. The peak in coalescence inhibition occurs almost at the same surfactant concentrations as the acoustic frequency is increased; however, the concentrations at which peaks in MBSL and N(crit) occur vary at different frequencies. These results have been discussed in terms of coalescence, electrostatic interactions, rectified diffusion growth, and the adsorption kinetics of the surfactants. PMID:19894683
Wu, Shuhui; Leong, Thomas; Kentish, Sandra; Ashokkumar, Muthupandian
Formation and Growth Mechanism of Calcium Carbonate Nanoparticles via a Bubbling Method
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
The mechanism of formation and growth of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) nanoparticles by bubbling carbon dioxide in aqueous suspensions of calcium hydroxide was investigated using time-resolved in situ synchrotron small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and transmission electron microscopey (TEM). In situ SAXS showed a significant change in the particles size in the primary reaction. This suggests that the nucleus forms CaCO3 at in this period. After the nucleation, the crystal grow with the reaction time to yield 40 nm CaCO3 nanoparticles. TEM showed fibrous or chain-like intermediates formed by aggregation of fine particles of CaCO3 as calcite. We propose that CaCO3 crystal nuclei generated in the primary reaction grow to yield fibrous or chain-like CaCO3 which then separates into individual particles to form CaCO3 nanoparticles.
Eguchi, K.; Satake, T.; Tajika, M.; Kuwamoto, S.; Yokoyama, K.; Matsui, J.; Issiki, T.; Umesaki, N.
First-principles study of bubble nucleation and growth behaviors in ? U-Zr
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Bubble nucleation and growth is responsible for swelling in metallic fuels such as U-Zr. Computational modeling is useful for understanding and ultimately developing mitigation strategies for the swelling behavior of the fuel. However, the relevant fundamental parameters are not currently available. In our previous work, the formation energy and migration barrier of uranium vacancies and interstitials in ? U have been obtained by first-principles calculations, and the calculated diffusion activation energy agrees reasonably well with the experimental results, within 0.1 eV (Huang and Wirth 2011 J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 23 205402). In this paper, the formation energy and migration barrier of Xe, Zr, Pu, in addition to the binding energy of small vacancy clusters, Xe-vacancy clusters, and small interstitial clusters are investigated. These are among the essential data essential for the analysis and computational modeling of swelling in metallic nuclear fuel.
Huang, Gui-Yang; Wirth, B. D.
Novel tweezers using acoustically oscillating twin bubbles
This paper describes a novel tweezing system using cavitational microstreaming flows generated by acoustically oscillating twin bubbles for non-contact micromanipulation. A tweezing system with a single acoustically oscillating bubble attached on the tip of a rod integrated with a three-dimensional traverse system is firstly tested to manipulate a fish egg (1 mm diameter) in an aqueous medium. Although the flow
K. H. Lee; J. H. Lee; J. M. Won; S. K. Chung
Monitoring bubble growth in supersaturated blood and tissue ex vivo and the relevance to marine mammal bioeffects
There have been several recent reports that active sonar systems can lead to serious bioeffects in marine mammals, particularly beaked whales, resulting in strandings, and in some cases, to their deaths. We have devised a series of experiments to determine the potential role of low-frequency acous- tic sources as a means to induce bubble nucleation and growth in supersatu- rated
Lawrence A. Crum; Michael R. Bailey; Jingfeng Guan; Paul R. Hilmo; Steven G. Kargl; Thomas J. Matula; Oleg A. Sapozhnikov
Can Diving-induced Tissue Nitrogen Supersaturation Increase the Chance of Acoustically Driven Bubble Growth in Marine Mammals?
The potential for acoustically mediated causes of stranding in cetaceans (whales and dolphins) is of increasing concern given recent stranding events associated with anthropogenic acoustic activity. We examine a potentially debilitating non-auditory mechanism called rectified diffusion. Rectified diffusion causes gas bubble growth, which in an insonified animal may produce emboli, tissue separation and high, localized pressure in nervous tissue. Using
Degradation of carbamazepine in environmentally relevant concentrations in water by Hydrodynamic-Acoustic-Cavitation (HAC).
The antiepileptic drug carbamazepine is one of the most abundant pharmaceuticals in the German aquatic environment. The effect of low carbamazepine concentrations (1-50 ?g L(-1)) is discussed controversially, but ecotoxicological studies revealed reproduction toxicity, decreased enzymatic activity and bioaccumulation in different test organisms. Therefore, as a preventive step, an efficient and cost-effective technique for wastewater treatment plants is needed to stop the entry of pharmaceuticals into the aquatic environment. Cavitation, the formation, growth, and subsequent collapse of gas- or vapor-filled bubbles in fluids, was applied to solve this problem. The technique of Hydrodynamic-Acoustic-Cavitation was used showing high synergistic effect. Under optimized conditions carbamazepine (5 ?g L(-1)) was transformed by pseudo-first order kinetics to an extent of >96% within 15 min (27% by hydrodynamic cavitation, 33% by acoustic cavitation). A synergistic effect of 63% based on the sum of the single methods was calculated. Carbamazepine concentrations were monitored by a sensitive and selective immunoassay and after 60 min no known metabolites were detectable by LC-MS/MS. PMID:22365175
Braeutigam, Patrick; Franke, Marcus; Schneider, Rudolf J; Lehmann, Andreas; Stolle, Achim; Ondruschka, Bernd
Evaporation-induced cavitation in nanofluidic channels.
Cavitation, known as the formation of vapor bubbles when liquids are under tension, is of great interest both in condensed matter science as well as in diverse applications such as botany, hydraulic engineering, and medicine. Although widely studied in bulk and microscale-confined liquids, cavitation in the nanoscale is generally believed to be energetically unfavorable and has never been experimentally demonstrated. Here we report evaporation-induced cavitation in water-filled hydrophilic nanochannels under enormous negative pressures up to -7 MPa. As opposed to receding menisci observed in microchannel evaporation, the menisci in nanochannels are pinned at the entrance while vapor bubbles form and expand inside. Evaporation in the channels is found to be aided by advective liquid transport, which leads to an evaporation rate that is an order of magnitude higher than that governed by Fickian vapor diffusion in macro- and microscale evaporation. The vapor bubbles also exhibit unusual motion as well as translational stability and symmetry, which occur because of a balance between two competing mass fluxes driven by thermocapillarity and evaporation. Our studies expand our understanding of cavitation and provide new insights for phase-change phenomena at the nanoscale. PMID:22343530
Duan, Chuanhua; Karnik, Rohit; Lu, Ming-Chang; Majumdar, Arun
Effect of irradiation temperature on the growth of helium bubbles in boron carbide
Boron carbide, in nuclear reactor neutron absorber applications, generates large quantities of helium, some of which is trapped in small bubbles within the grains. Transmission electron microscopy was used to examine the size distribution, shape, and density of these bubbles in boron carbide irradiated, at 540/sup 0/ to 1850/sup 0/C, to burnups of 62 x 10/sup 20/ captures/cm/sup 3/. Bubble density was reduced but bubble diameter was increased at high temperatures. Bubbles were flat disks at low temperatures and more equiaxed at higher temperatures.
Hollenberg, G.W.; Mastel, B.; Basmajian, J.A.
Reproducible growth and bubble properties of rare-earth-substituted YCaGeIG films
Thermally stable bubble garnets (YCaRE)3(FeGe)5O12 (RE: rare-earth ion) were studied as materials for high density and high speed bubble devices. Rare-earth ions used were EuYb, EuTm, EuEr, Sm, SmLu and SmTm. These garnets were particularly useful for bubble materials with bubble diameters of 6 mum to less than 1 mum. For example, the temperature stabilities of submicron bubble garnet YCaSmLuGeIG
T. Obokata; H. Tominaga; T. Mori; H. Inoue
Thermodynamics of Inter-leaflet Cavitation in Lipid Bilayer Membranes
Inter-leaflet cavitation in lipid bilayer membranes or shortly, intra-membrane cavitation (IMC) is the formation of gas bubbles between the two leaflets of the membrane. The present paper focuses on the thermodynamics of IMC, namely on the minimum work required to form an intra-membrane cavity. The minimum work can be separated into two parts, one that depends on the volume and number of gas molecules in the bubble and the other that depends on the bubble geometry. Minimization of the second part at a fixed bubble volume determines the optimized bubble shape. In homogeneous cavitation this part is proportional to the bubble surface area and, therefore, the bubble is spherical. In contrast, in IMC the second part is no more a simple function of the bubble area and the optimized cavity is not spherical because of the finite elasticity of the membrane. Using a simplified assumption about the cavity shape, the geometry-dependent term is derived and minimized at a fixed cavity volume. It is found that the optimized cavity is almost spherical at large bubble volumes, while at small volumes the cavity has a lens-like shape. The optimized shape is used to analyze the minimum work of IMC.
Rappaport, Shay M.; Berezhkovskii, Alexander M.; Zimmerberg, Joshua; Bezrukov, Sergey M.
Thermodynamics of interleaflet cavitation in lipid bilayer membranes
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Interleaflet cavitation in lipid bilayer membranes, or, shortly, intramembrane cavitation (IMC), is the formation of gas bubbles between the two leaflets of the membrane. The present paper focuses on the thermodynamics of IMC, namely, on the minimum work required to form an intramembrane cavity. The minimum work can be separated into two parts, one that depends on the volume and number of gas molecules in the bubble and another that depends on the bubble geometry. Minimization of the second part at a fixed bubble volume determines the optimized bubble shape. In homogeneous cavitation this part is proportional to the bubble surface area and therefore the bubble is spherical. In contrast, in IMC the second part is no longer a simple function of the bubble area and the optimized cavity is not spherical because of the finite elasticity of the membrane. Using a simplified assumption about the cavity shape, the geometry-dependent term is derived and minimized at a fixed cavity volume. It is found that the optimized cavity is almost spherical at large bubble volumes, while at small volumes the cavity has a lenslike shape. The optimized shape is used to analyze the minimum work of IMC.
Rappaport, Shay M.; Berezhkovskii, Alexander M.; Zimmerberg, Joshua; Bezrukov, Sergey M.
High-speed motion picture camera experiments of cavitation in dynamically loaded journal bearings
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
A high-speed camera was used to investigate cavitation in dynamically loaded journal bearings. The length-diameter ratio of the bearing, the speeds of the shaft and bearing, the surface material of the shaft, and the static and dynamic eccentricity of the bearing were varied. The results reveal not only the appearance of gas cavitation, but also the development of previously unsuspected vapor cavitation. It was found that gas cavitation increases with time until, after many hundreds of pressure cycles, there is a constant amount of gas kept in the cavitation zone of the bearing. The gas can have pressures of many times the atmospheric pressure. Vapor cavitation bubbles, on the other hand, collapse at pressures lower than the atmospheric pressure and cannot be transported through a high-pressure zone, nor does the amount of vapor cavitation in a bearing increase with time. Analysis is given to support the experimental findings for both gas and vapor cavitation.
Jacobson, B. O.; Hamrock, B. J.
Cavitation dynamics and directional microbubble ejection induced by intense femtosecond laser pulses in liquids.
We study cavitation dynamics when focusing ring-shaped femtosecond laser beams in water. This focusing geometry reduces detrimental nonlinear beam distortions and enhances energy deposition within the medium, localized at the focal spot. We observe remarkable postcollapse dynamics of elongated cavitation bubbles with high-speed ejection of microbubbles out of the laser focal region. Bubbles are ejected along the laser axis in both directions (away and towards the laser). The initial shape of the cavitation bubble is also seen to either enhance or completely suppress jet formation during collapse. In the absence of jetting, microbubble ejection occurs orthogonal to the laser propagation axis. PMID:23031010
Faccio, D; Tamoauskas, G; Rubino, E; Darginavi?ius, J; Papazoglou, D G; Tzortzakis, S; Couairon, A; Dubietis, A
Orbital trajectory of an acoustic bubble in a cylindrical resonator.
Acoustic cavitation-induced microbubbles in a cylindrical resonator filled with water tend to concentrate into ring patterns due to the cylindrical geometry of the system. The shape of these ring patterns is directly linked to the Bjerknes force distribution in the resonator. Experimental observations showed that cavitation bubbles located in the vicinity of this ring may exhibit a spiraling behavior around the pressure nodal line. This spiraling phenomenon is numerically studied, the conditions for which a single cavitation bubble follows an orbital trajectory are established, and the influences of the acoustic pressure amplitude and the initial bubble radius are investigated. PMID:24125343
Desjouy, Cyril; Labelle, Pauline; Gilles, Bruno; Bera, Jean-Christophe; Inserra, Claude
Dynamics of cavitating cascades. [transfer functions
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
The unsteady dynamics of cavitating cascades and inducer pumps were studied with a view to understanding (and possibly predicting) the dynamic characteristics of these devices. The chronology of the research is summarized as well as the final conculsions for each task. The construction of a dynamic pump test facility and its use in making experimental measurements of the transfer function is described as well as tests conducted using a scale model of the low pressure liquid oxygen turbopump inducer in the shuttle main engine. Auto-oscillation and unsteady inlet flow characteristics are discussed in addition to blade cavity influence and bubbly cavitation.
Brennen, C. E.; Acosta, A. J.
Sonoporation: mechanical DNA delivery by ultrasonic cavitation.
Development of nonviral gene transfer methods would be a valuable addition to the gene-therapy armamentarium, particularly for localized targeting of specific tissue volumes. Ultrasound can produce a variety of nonthermal bioeffects via acoustic cavitation including DNA delivery. Cavitation bubbles may induce cell death or transient membrane permeabilization (sonoporation) on a single cell level, as well as microvascular hemorrhage and disruption of tissue structure. Application of sonoporation for gene delivery to cells requires control of cavitation activity. Many studies have been performed using in vitro exposure systems, for which cavitation is virtually ubiquitous. In vivo, cavitation initiation and control is more difficult, but can be enhanced by cavitation nucleation agents, such as an ultrasound contrast agent. Sonoporation and ultrasonically enhanced gene delivery has been reported for a wide range of conditions including low frequency sonication (kilohertz frequencies), lithotripter shockwaves, HIFU, and even diagnostic ultrasound (megahertz frequencies). In vitro, a variety of cell lines has been successfully transfected, with concomitant cell killing. In vivo, initial applications have been to cancer gene therapy, for which cell killing can be a useful simultaneous treatment, and to cardiovascular disease. The use of ultrasound for nonviral gene delivery has been demonstrated for a robust array of in vitro and mammalian systems, which provides a fundamental basis and strong promise for development of new gene therapy methods for clinical medicine. PMID:12774945
Miller, Douglas L; Pislaru, Sorin V; Greenleaf, James E
Cavitation potential of mechanical heart valve prostheses.
Just like technical check valves, the function of mechanical heart valve prostheses may presumably also lead to cavitation effects during valve closure. Due to the waterhammer effect, cavitation may primarily occur in the mitral position leading to high mechanical loading of the valve itself and of corpuscular blood elements. Ten different types of commercial mechanical heart valves were investigated in the mitral position of a pulsatile mock loop, to detect cavitation thresholds under physiologically similar conditions by cinematographic techniques. Almost all these valve prostheses show cavitation up to a ventricular pressure gradient of 5000 mmHg/s. The threshold depends on valve type and size and is sometimes within the physiological range below 2000 mmHg/s. Visible cavitation bubbles with a diameter of up to 1.8 mm and a collapse time of less than 0.1 ms suggest that vapour cavitation may play an important role for material and blood damage in mechanical heart valve prostheses. PMID:2045192
Graf, T; Fischer, H; Reul, H; Rau, G
Numerical simulation of bubble growth in film boiling using a coupled level-set and volume-of-fluid method
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
A coupled level-set and volume-of-fluid method is presented for modeling incompressible two-phase flows with surface tension. The coupled algorithm conserves mass and captures the complicated interfaces very accurately. A planar simulation of bubble growth is performed in water at near critical pressure for different degrees of superheat. The effect of superheat on the frequency of bubble formation has been analyzed. In addition, simulation of film boiling and bubble formation is performed in refrigerant R134a at near critical and far critical pressures. The effect of saturation pressure on the frequency of bubble formation has also been studied. A deviation from the periodic bubble release is observed in the case of superheat beyond 15 K in water. The effect of heat flux on the instability has also been analyzed. It is found that for water at near critical condition, a decrease in superheat from 15 to 10 K leads to oscillations with subharmonics influencing the time period of the ebullition cycle.
Tomar, G.; Biswas, G.; Sharma, A.; Agrawal, A.
Probability of cavitation for single ultrasound pulses applied to tissues and tissue-mimicking materials
In this article, the negative pressure values at which inertial cavitation consistently occurs in response to a single, 2-cycle, focused ultrasound pulse were measured in several media relevant to cavitation-based ultrasound therapy. The pulse was focused into a chamber containing one of the media, which included liquids, tissue-mimicking materials, and ex-vivo canine tissue. Focal waveforms were measured by two separate techniques using a fiber-optic hydrophone. Inertial cavitation was identified by high-speed photography in optically transparent media and an acoustic passive cavitation detector. The probability of cavitation (Pcav) for a single pulse as a function of peak negative pressure (p?) followed a sigmoid curve, with the probability approaching 1 when the pressure amplitude was sufficient. The statistical threshold (defined as Pcav = 0.5) was between p? = 26.030.0 MPa in all samples with a high water content, but varied between p? = 13.7 to > 36 MPa for other media. A model for radial cavitation bubble dynamics was employed to evaluate the behavior of cavitation nuclei at these pressure levels. A single bubble nucleus with an inertial cavitation threshold of p? = 28.2 MPa was estimated to have a 2.5 nm radius in distilled water. These data may be valuable for cavitation-based ultrasound therapy to predict the likelihood of cavitation at different pressure levels and dimensions of cavitation-induced lesions in tissue.
Maxwell, Adam D.; Cain, Charles A.; Hall, Timothy L.; Fowlkes, J. Brian; Xu, Zhen
Impeded Growth of Magnetic Flux Bubbles in the Intermediate State Pattern of TypeI Superconductors
Normal state bubble patterns in typeI superconducting indium and lead slabs are studied by the high resolution magneto-optical imaging technique. The size of bubbles is found to be independent of the long-range interaction between the normal state domains. Under bubble diameter and slab thickness proper scaling, the results gather onto a single master curve. We calculate the equilibrium diameter of
Vincent Jeudy; Catherine Gourdon; Takanori Okada
Cavitation milling of natural cellulose to nanofibrils.
Cavitation holds the promise of a new and exciting approach to fabricate both top down and bottom up nanostructures. Cavitation bubbles are created when a liquid boils under less than atmospheric pressure. The collapse process occurs supersonically and generates a host of physical and chemical effects. We have made an attempt to fabricate natural cellulose material using hydrodynamic as well as acoustic cavitation. The cellulose material having initial size of 63 micron was used for the experiments. 1% (w/v) slurry of cellulose sample was circulated through the hydrodynamic cavitation device or devices (orifice) for 6h. The average velocity of the fluid through the device was 10.81m/s while average pressure applied was 7.8 kg/cm(2). Cavitation number was found to be 2.61. The average particle size obtained after treatment was 1.36 micron. This hydrodynamically processed sample was sonicated for 1h 50 min. The average size of ultrasonically processed particles was found to be 301 nm. Further, the cellulose particles were characterized with X-ray diffraction (XRD) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) to see the effect of cavitation on crystallinity (X(c)) as well as on melting temperature (T(m)). Cellulose structures consist of amorphous as well as crystalline regions. The initial raw sample was 86.56% crystalline but due to the effect of cavitation, the crystallinity reduced to 37.76%. Also the melting temperature (T(m)) was found to be reduced from 101.78 degrees C of the original to 60.13 degrees C of the processed sample. SEM images for the cellulose (processed and unprocessed) shows the status and fiber-fiber alignment and its orientation with each other. Finally cavitation has proved to be very efficient tool for reduction in size from millimeter to nano scale for highly crystalline materials. PMID:20362487
Pinjari, Dipak Vitthal; Pandit, Aniruddha B
Synchronized passive imaging of single cavitation events
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Passive cavitation detection techniques are usually of relatively low sensitivity to single cavitation events. Moreover, a single-element transducer is generally used, so that the spatial localization of these cavitation events is not possible, or is limited to the probing volume. To both detect and localize single cavitation events over an extended volume, the following experimental set-up has been used and validated: cavitation is induced with a focused single-element transducer (mean frequency 660 kHz, fNo. = 1) driven by a high power (up to 5 kW) electric burst of a few cycles, and the acoustic emission of the bubbles is recorded on a standard linear array (4-7 MHz), mounted on the side of the single element to probe its focal spot. Both the frequencies and the geometry used are appropriate to in vivo implementation. The recording of ultrasonic radio-frequency (RF) data was performed simultaneously on 64 channels of the array and was synchronized with the pulsed excitation. A single cavitation event results in a high frequency and coherent wave front on the RF data. Thanks to synchronization, these RF data are beam-formed to localize the event with a axial resolution of 0.3 mm. A small number of discrete events could also be separated with this method. Besides, B-mode images obtained with the linear array prior to passive detection allowed the positioning of the events within the tissue structure. This technique has been used first ex vivo on freshly harve pig and sheep thigh muscle: with a two cycle excitation, a 9 MPa cavitation threshold was found. Cavitation detection was also achieved in vivo with a five cycle burst excitation in sheep thigh muscle for a peak acoustic pressure of 11MPa. This technique could provide useful information in order to better understand, control and monitor the initiation phase of the histotripsy process.
Gateau, JÕr¶me; Aubry, Jean-FranÓois; Pernot, Mathieu; Chauvet, Daurian; Boch, Anne-Laure; Fink, Mathias; Tanter, MickaŠl
Hydrate film growth on the surface of a gas bubble suspended in water.
The lateral film growth rate of CH4, C2H4, CO2, CH4 + C2H4, and CH4 + C3H8 hydrates in pure water were measured at four fixed temperatures of 273.4, 275.4, 277.4, and 279.4 K by means of suspending a single gas bubble in water. The results showed that the lateral growth rates of mixed-gas CH4 + C2H4 hydrate films were slower than that of pure gas (CH4 or C2H4) for the same driving force and that of mixed-gas CH4 + C3H8 hydrate film growth was the slowest. The dependence of the thickness of hydrate film on the driving force was investigated, and it was demonstrated that the thickness of hydrate film was inversely proportional to the driving force. It was found that the convective heat transfer control model reported in the literature could be used to formulate the lateral film growth rate v(f) with the driving force DeltaT perfectly for all systems after introduction of the assumption that the thickness of hydrate films is inversely proportional to the driving force DeltaT; i.e., v(f) = psiDeltaT(5/2) is correct and independent of the composition of gas and the type of hydrate. The thicknesses of different gas hydrate films were estimated, and it is demonstrated that the thicknesses of mixed-gas hydrate films were thicker than those of pure gases, which was qualitatively consistent with the experimental result. PMID:17929860
Peng, B Z; Dandekar, A; Sun, C Y; Luo, H; Ma, Q L; Pang, W X; Chen, G J
Physical analysis of the process of cavitation in xylem sap.
Recent studies have confirmed that cavitation in xylem is caused by air bubbles. We analyzed expansion of a preexistent bubble adhering to a crack in a conduit wall and a bubble formed by the passage of air through a pore of a pit membrane, a process known as air seeding. We consider that there are two equilibrium states for a very small air bubble in the xylem: one is temporarily stable with a bubble radius r1 at point s1 on the curve P(r) relating pressure within the bubble (P) with bubble radius (r); the other is unstable with a bubble radius r2 at point s2 on Pr (where r1 < r2). In each equilibrium state, the bubble collapse pressure (2sigma/r, where sigma is surface tension of water) is balanced by the pressure difference across its surface. In the case of a bubble from a crack in a conduit wall, which is initially at point s1, expansion will occur steadily as water potential decreases. The bubble will burst only if the xylem pressure drops below a threshold value. A formula giving the threshold pressure for bubble bursting is proposed. In the case of an air seed entering a xylem conduit through a pore in a pit membrane, its initial radius may be r2 (i.e., the radius of the pore by which the air seed entered the vessel) at point s2 on Pr. Because the bubble is in an unstable equilibrium when entering the conduit, it can either expand or contract to point s1. As water vaporizes into the air bubble at s2, P rises until it exceeds the gas pressure that keeps the bubble in equilibrium, at which point the bubble will burst and induce a cavitation event in accordance with the air-seeding hypothesis. However, other possible perturbations could make the air-seeded bubble contract to s1, in which case the bubble will burst at a threshold pressure proposed for a bubble expanding from a crack in a conduit wall. For this reason some cavitation events may take place at a xylem threshold pressure (Pl'*) other than that determined by the formula, Plp'* = -2sigma/rp, proposed by Sperry and Tyree (1988), which is applicable only to air-seeded bubbles at s2. The more general formula we propose for calculating the threshold pressure for bubble breaking is consistent with the results of published experiments. PMID:12069922
Shen, Fanyi; Gao, Rongfu; Liu, Wenji; Zhang, Wenjie
Numerical simulation of viscous cavitating flow around a ship propeller
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
In the present study, cavitation and a ship propeller wake are reported by computed fluid dynamics based on viscous multiphase flow theory. Some recent validation results with a hybrid grid based on unsteady Navier-Stokes (N-S) and bubble dynamics equations are presented to predict velocity, pressure and vapor volume fraction in propeller wake in a uniform inflow. Numerical predictions of sheet cavitation, tip vortex cavitation and hub vortex cavitation are in agreement with the experimental data, same as numerical predictions of longitudinal and transversal evolution of the axial velocity. Blade and shaft rate frequency of propeller is well predicted by the computed results of pressure, and tip vortex is the most important to generate the pressure field within the near wake. The overall results indicate that the present approach is reliable for prediction of cavitation and propeller wake on the condition of uniform inflow.
Zhu, Zhi-Feng; Fang, Shi-Liang; Wang, Xiao-Yan; Meng, Zhao-Wen; Liu, Ping-Xiang; Du, Xuan-Min
Flow and fracturing of viscoelastic media under diffusion-driven bubble growth: An analogue experiment for eruptive volcanic conduits
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
To visualize the behavior of erupting magma in volcanic conduits, we performed shock tube experiments on the ductile-brittle response of a viscoelastic medium to diffusion-driven bubble expansion. A sample of shear-thinning magma analogue is saturated by gas Ar under high pressure. On rapid decompression, Ar supersaturation causes bubbles to nucleate, grow, and coalesce in the sample, forcing it to expand, flow, and fracture. Experimental variables include saturation pressure and duration, and shape and lubrication of the flow path. Bubble growth in the experiments controls both flow and fracturing, and is consistent with physical models of magma vesiculation. Two types of fractures are observed: i) sharp fractures along the uppermost rim of the sample, and ii) fractures pervasively diffused throughout the sample. Rim fractures open when shear stress accumulates and strain rate is highest at the margin of the flow (a process already inferred from observations and models to occur in magma). Pervasive fractures originate when wall-friction retards expansion of the sample, causing pressure to build-up in the bubbles. When bubble pressure overcomes wall-friction and the tensile strength of the porous sample, fractures open with a range of morphologies. Both types of fracture open normally to flow direction, and both may heal as the flow proceeds. These experiments also illustrate how the development of pervasive fractures allows exsolving gas to escape from the sample before the generation of a permeable network via other processes, e.g., bubble coalescence. This is an observation that potentially impact the degassing of magma and the transition between explosive and effusive eruptions.
Taddeucci, J.; Spieler, O.; Ichihara, M.; Dingwell, D. B.; Scarlato, P.
Microbubble Cavitation Imaging
Ultrasound cavitation of microbubble contrast agents has a potential for therapeutic applications such as sonothrombolysis (STL) in acute ischemic stroke. For safety, efficacy, and reproducibility of treatment, it is critical to evaluate the cavitation state (moderate oscillations, stable cavitation, and inertial cavitation) and activity level in and around a treatment area. Acoustic passive cavitation detectors (PCDs) have been used to this end but do not provide spatial information. This paper presents a prototype of a 2-D cavitation imager capable of producing images of the dominant cavitation state and activity level in a region of interest. Similar to PCDs, the cavitation imaging described here is based on the spectral analysis of the acoustic signal radiated by the cavitating microbubbles: ultraharmonics of the excitation frequency indicate stable cavitation, whereas elevated noise bands indicate inertial cavitation; the absence of both indicates moderate oscillations. The prototype system is a modified commercially available ultrasound scanner with a sector imaging probe. The lateral resolution of the system is 1.5 mm at a focal depth of 3 cm, and the axial resolution is 3 cm for a therapy pulse length of 20 çs. The maximum frame rate of the prototype is 2 Hz. The system has been used for assessing and mapping the relative importance of the different cavitation states of a microbubble contrast agent. In vitro (tissue-mimicking flow phantom) and in vivo (heart, liver, and brain of two swine) results for cavitation states and their changes as a function of acoustic amplitude are presented.
Vignon, Francois; Shi, William T.; Powers, Jeffry E.; Everbach, E. Carr; Liu, Jinjin; Gao, Shunji; Xie, Feng; Porter, Thomas R.
Microbubble cavitation imaging.
Ultrasound cavitation of microbubble contrast agents has a potential for therapeutic applications such as sonothrombolysis (STL) in acute ischemic stroke. For safety, efficacy, and reproducibility of treatment, it is critical to evaluate the cavitation state (moderate oscillations, stable cavitation, and inertial cavitation) and activity level in and around a treatment area. Acoustic passive cavitation detectors (PCDs) have been used to this end but do not provide spatial information. This paper presents a prototype of a 2-D cavitation imager capable of producing images of the dominant cavitation state and activity level in a region of interest. Similar to PCDs, the cavitation imaging described here is based on the spectral analysis of the acoustic signal radiated by the cavitating microbubbles: ultraharmonics of the excitation frequency indicate stable cavitation, whereas elevated noise bands indicate inertial cavitation; the absence of both indicates moderate oscillations. The prototype system is a modified commercially available ultrasound scanner with a sector imaging probe. The lateral resolution of the system is 1.5 mm at a focal depth of 3 cm, and the axial resolution is 3 cm for a therapy pulse length of 20 ?s. The maximum frame rate of the prototype is 2 Hz. The system has been used for assessing and mapping the relative importance of the different cavitation states of a microbubble contrast agent. In vitro (tissue-mimicking flow phantom) and in vivo (heart, liver, and brain of two swine) results for cavitation states and their changes as a function of acoustic amplitude are presented. PMID:23549527
Vignon, Francois; Shi, William T; Powers, Jeffry E; Everbach, E Carr; Liu, Jinjin; Gao, Shunji; Xie, Feng; Porter, Thomas R
Cavitation memory effects occur when remnants of cavitation bubbles (nuclei) persist in the host medium and act as seeds for subsequent events. In pulsed cavitational ultrasound therapy, or histotripsy, this effect may cause cavitation to repeatedly occur at these seeded locations within a target volume, producing inhomogeneous tissue fractionation or requiring an excess number of pulses to completely homogenize the target volume. We hypothesized that by removing the cavitation memory, i.e., the persistent nuclei, the cavitation bubbles could be induced at random locations in response to each pulse; therefore, complete disruption of a tissue volume may be achieved with fewer pulses. To test the hypothesis, the cavitation memory was passively removed by increasing the intervals between successive pulses, ?t, from 2, 10, 20, 50 and 100, to 200 ms. Histotripsy treatments were performed in red blood cell tissue phantoms and ex vivo livers using 1-MHz ultrasound pulses of 10 cycles at P?/P+ pressure of 21/59 MPa. The phantom study allowed for direct visualization of the cavitation patterns and the lesion development process in real time using high-speed photography; the ex vivo tissue study provided validation of the memory effect in real tissues. Results of the phantom study showed an exponential decrease in the correlation coefficient between cavitation patterns in successive pulses from 0.5 Ý 0.1 to 0.1 Ý 0.1 as ?t increased from 2200 ms; correspondingly, the lesion was completely fractionated with significantly fewer pulses for longer ?ts. In the tissue study, given the same number of therapy pulses, complete and homogeneous tissue fractionation with well-defined lesion boundaries was achieved only for ?t ? 100 ms. These results indicated that the removal of the cavitation memory resulted in more efficient treatments and homogeneous lesions.
Wang, Tzu-Yin; Xu, Zhen; Hall, Timothy L.; Fowlkes, J. Brian; Cain, Charles A.
On the role of cavitation in particle collection in flotation A critical review. II
Research in applying hydrodynamic cavitation to recovery of natural resources during the last decade is reviewed. The existence and formation of tiny bubbles or gas nuclei (with diameter from microns down to nano sizes) in natural water were verified from both direct and in-direct measurements, thus providing a foundation for applying hydrodynamic cavitation to flotation systems. The interactions between tiny
Z. A. Zhou; Zhenghe Xu; J. A. Finch; J. H. Masliyah; R. S. Chow
Kidney stone erosion by micro scale hydrodynamic cavitation and consequent kidney stone treatment.
The objective of this study is to reveal the potential of micro scale hydrodynamic bubbly cavitation for the use of kidney stone treatment. Hydrodynamically generated cavitating bubbles were targeted to the surfaces of 18 kidney stone samples made of calcium oxalate, and their destructive effects were exploited in order to remove kidney stones in in vitro experiments. Phosphate buffered saline (PBS) solution was used as the working fluid under bubbly cavitating conditions in a 0.75 cm long micro probe of 147 ?m inner diameter at 9790 kPa pressure. The surface of calcium oxalate type kidney stones were exposed to bubbly cavitation at room temperature for 5 to 30 min. The eroded kidney stones were visually analyzed with a high speed CCD camera and using SEM (scanning electron microscopy) techniques. The experiments showed that at a cavitation number of 0.017, hydrodynamic bubbly cavitation device could successfully erode stones with an erosion rate of 0.31 mg/min. It was also observed that the targeted application of the erosion with micro scale hydrodynamic cavitation may even cause the fracture of the kidney stones within a short time of 30 min. The proposed treatment method has proven to be an efficient instrument for destroying kidney stones. PMID:22476893
Perk, Osman Yavuz; ?e?en, Muhsincan; Gozuacik, Devrim; Ko?ar, Ali
Parallel computing of the underwater explosion cavitation effects on full-scale ship structures
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
As well as shock wave and bubble pulse loading, cavitation also has very significant influences on the dynamic response of surface ships and other near-surface marine structures to underwater explosive loadings. In this paper, the acoustic-structure coupling method embedded in ABAQUS is adopted to do numerical analysis of underwater explosion considering cavitation. Both the shape of bulk cavitation region and local cavitation region are obtained, and they are in good agreement with analytical results. The duration of reloading is several times longer than that of a shock wave. In the end, both the single computation and parallel computation of the cavitation effect on the dynamic responses of a full-scale ship are presented, which proved that reloading caused by cavitation is non-ignorable. All these results are helpful in understanding underwater explosion cavitation effects.
Zong, Zhi; Zhao, Yanjie; Ye, Fan; Li, Haitao; Chen, Gang
Modeling hydrodynamic nonequilibrium in cavitating flows
A nonlinear numerical model has been developed to assess nonequilibrium effects in cavitating flows. The numerical implementation involves a two-phase treatment with the use of a pseudo-density which varies between the liquid and gas\\/vapor extremes. A new constitutive equation for the pseudo-density is derived based on the bubble response described by a modified form of the Rayleigh-Plesset equation. Use of
Yongliang Chen; S. D. Heister
Numerical simulations of cloud cavitation dynamics
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
In cavitating flows of practical interest, the periodic formation and subsequent collapse of clouds of bubbles may occur naturally as a result of shedding of bubble-filled vortices, or it may be the response to a disturbance imposed on the flow. We report here computations of two simple models of such flows. The first is the bubbly flow through a converging-diverging nozzle, where we investigate the transient behavior of the nozzle at flow conditions near the flashing instability observed in previous steady state calculations. The second model problem involves collapse of a cloud of bubbles as it convects into a region of high pressure near a solid boundary (to model the flow conditions of a cloud of bubbles shed from a cavitating hydrofoil). In previous calculations (Reisman et al., JFM, 355, 1998), spherically symmetric modes of collapse were investigated, and these showed the important role of shock waves in producing large pressures and intense noise radiation during the collapse. In the present work, we examine the role of asymmetry and wall blocking on the modes of collapse of the cloud. In particular, we examine the production of vorticity and secondary flow during the collapse.
Colonius, Tim; Brennen, C. E.; Preston, A. T.; D'Auria, F.
Non-Newtonian effects on flow-generated cavitation and on cavitation in a pressure field
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Observations are presented which show that the stresses in a flow field of very dilute polymer are not well enough described by the Navier-Stokes equations to accurately predict cavitation. The contitutive equation for the particular polymer and concentration used is needed. The second-order fluid form in which accelerations are relatively important appears capable of explaining observed cavitation suppression by changing the pressure field due to flow. Bubble dynamics in stationary dilute polymer solutions are also examined and found to be little different from those in water.
Ellis, A. T.; Ting, R. Y.
[Growth dynamics and the largest size of gas bubbles emerging in body tissues due to decompression].
Symptoms of decompression sickness (DCS) develop when the total volume of gas bubbles due to decompression reaches the magnitude critical for a body tissue. Number of the bubbles is a function of random nucleation intensity before, during or after decompression and tissue superaeration dynamics, whereas their size is unambiguously dependent on a tissue, decompression phase and bubbling time. A mathematical model of bubble tissue dynamics has been proposed for calculating the dynamics of mathematical expectation of the total gas in tissues and mounting a method for comparative analysis of the maximal DCS probability as a result of implementation of different decompression tables. Unequal intensity of nucleation during spaceflight EVA and its ground simulation w/o spacesuit is the course of inequality of decompression safety of these operations. PMID:16193924
Nikolaev, V P
Bubble Nucleation and Growth Anomaly for a Hydrophilic Microheater Attributed to Metastable Nanobubbles
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Nanobubbles on a hydrophilic surface immersed in water and ethanol are inferred from the response of the surface to two consecutive heat pulses with a variable separation time. Bubble nucleation occurs at specific positions on the surface during the first heat pulse but at lower nucleation temperatures and random locations on the second. Nanobubbles are hypothesized to form on collapse of the bubble from the first pulse.
Cavicchi, Richard E.; Avedisian, C. Thomas
P3C-12 Combining Spectral and Intensity Data to Identify Regions of Cavitation in Ultrasound Images; Application to HIFU
The high power intensities in HIFU often result in bubble production, either through cavitation or boiling, which are believed to be a primary contributor to tissue necrosis Bubbles are associated with the appearance of bright hyperechoic regions in ultrasound B-mode images are observed from the bubbles. As they are often the only changes observed during treatment on tissue, some HIFU
Chang-yu Hsieh; Penny Probert Smith; Tom Leslie; James Kennedy; Guoliang Ye; Fares Mayia
Elasticity effects on cavitation in a squeeze film damper undergoing noncentered circular whirl
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Elasticity of the liner and its effects on cavitation were numerically determined for a squeeze film damper subjected to dynamic loading. The loading was manifested as a prescribed motion of the rotor undergoing noncentered circular whirl. The boundary conditions were implemented using Elrod's algorithm which conserves lineal mass flux through the moving cavitation bubble as well as the oil film region of the damper. Computational movies were used to analyze the rapidly changing pressures and vapor bubble dynamics throughout the dynamic cycle for various flexibilities in the damper liner. The effects of liner elasticity on cavitation were only noticeable for the intermediate and high values of viscosity used in this study.
Brewe, David E.
Interfacial phenomena in micro- and nanofluidics : nanobubbles, cavitation, and wetting
In this thesis, we have studied water in contact with a hydrophobic surface. The thesis\\u000acovers three interfacial phenomena which can occur in such a system: part I - spherically\\u000acap-shaped gas bubbles (surface nanobubbles) residing on atomically smooth surfaces (10-100 nm). II - gas pockets, trapped in extremely small surface defects, growing to micrometer sized vapor bubbles (cavitation) (100-1000
Bram Matthias Borkent
Evaluation and interpretation of bubble size distributions in pulsed megasonic fields
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
The occurrence of acoustic cavitation is incorporating a multitude of interdependent effects that strongly depend on the bubble size. Therefore, bubble size control would be beneficial for biological and industrial processes that rely on acoustic cavitation. A pulsed acoustic field can result in bubble size control and the repeated dissolution and reactivation (``recycling'') of potentially active bubbles. As a consequence, a pulsed field can strongly enhance cavitation activity. In this paper, we present a modified methodology for the evaluation of the active bubble size distribution by means of a combination of cavitation noise measurements and ultrasonic pulsing. The key component of this modified methodology is the definition of an upper size limit, below which bubbles--in between subsequent pulses--have to dissolve, in order to be sustainably recycled. This upper limit makes it possible to explain and link the enhancement of cavitation activity to a bubble size distribution. The experimentally determined bubble size distributions for different power densities are interpreted in the frame of numerical calculations of the oscillatory responses of the bubbles to the intermittent driving sound field. The distributions are found to be shaped by the size dependent interplay between bubble pulsations, rectified diffusion, coalescence, and the development of parametrically amplified shape instabilities. Also, a phenomenological reactivation-deactivation model is proposed to explain and quantify the observed enhancement of cavitation activity under pulsed, with respect to continuous sonication. In this model, the pulse-duration determines the magnitude of the reactivation of partially dissolved bubbles and the deactivation of activated bubbles by coalescence. It is shown that the subsequent recycling of previously active bubbles leads to an accumulation of cavitation activity, which saturates after a certain number of pulses. The model is fitted to the experimental data for the cavitation activity measured by means of ultraharmonic cavitation noise as a function of the pulse duration. Measurements of the development of the cavitation noise and sonochemiluminescence over a sequence of pulses for different pulse durations and separations confirm the general validity of the proposed model. Size distributions of the larger, inactive bubbles that were extracted from High-speed images of the cavitation field, relate the deactivation of activated bubbles by coalescence to the increase in volume concentrations of larger bubbles as observed by others.
Hauptmann, M.; Struyf, H.; De Gendt, S.; Glorieux, C.; Brems, S.
Application of computational fluid dynamics on cavitation in journal bearings
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Journal bearings are applied in internal combustion engines due to their favourable wearing quality and operating characteristics. Under certain operating conditions damage of the journal bearing can occur caused by cavitation. The cavitation reduces the load capacity and leads to material erosion. Experimental investigations of cavitating flows in dimension of real journal bearing are difficult to realize or almost impossible caused by the small gap and transient flow conditions. Therefore numerical simulation is a very helpful engineering tool to research the cavitation behaviour. The CFD-Code OpenFOAM is used to analyse the flow field inside the bearing. The numerical cavitation model based on a bubble dynamic approach and requires necessary initial parameter for the calculation, such as nuclei bubble diameter, the number of nuclei and two empirical constants. The first part of this paper shows the influence of these parameters on the solution. For the adjustment of the parameters an experiment of Jakobsson et.al. [1] was used to validate the numerical flow model. The parameters have been varied according to the method Design of Experiments (DoE). With a defined model equation the parameters determined, to identify the parameter for CFD-calculations in comparison to the experimental values. The second part of the paper presents investigations on different geometrical changes in the bearing geometry. The effect of these geometrical changes on cavitation was compared with experimental results from Wollfarth [2] and Garner et.al. [3].
Riedel, Marco; Schmidt, Marcus; Reinke, Peter; Nobis, Matthias; Redlich, Marcel
Time-frequency analysis of transient pressure signals for a mechanical heart valve cavitation study.
A series of transient pressure signals (TPSs) can be measured using a miniature pressure transducer mounted near the tip of the inflow side of a mechanical heart valve (MHV) occluder during closure. A relationship appears to exist between the intensity and pattern of the TPS and the cavitation potential of a MHV. To study the relationship between MHV cavitation and the TPSs, we installed an MHV in a valve testing chamber of a digitally controlled burst test loop. A charge coupled device (CCD) camera and a personal computer based image grabbing program was used to visualize cavitation bubbles appearing on or near the occluder surface. One bileaflet MHV was used as the model for this study. Cavitation bubbles were observed within 300 microsec of the leaflet/housing impact. The valve was tested at various driving pressures between 100 and 1,300 mmHg. MHV cavitation bubble intensities were qualitatively classified into three categories: 1) strong, 2) weak, and 3) none. Digital images of the MHV occluder inflow surface were recorded simultaneously with the TPSs. TPSs were studied by the time-frequency analysis method (spectrogram) and correlated to MHV cavitation potential. The intensity of the cavitation bubbles was found to be associated with burst test loop driving pressures during leaflet closure. PMID:9804476
Yu, A A; White, J A; Hwang, N H
The cavitation induced Becquerel effect and the hot spot theory of sonoluminescence.
Over 150 years ago, Becquerel discovered the ultraviolet illumination of one of a pair of identical electrodes in liquid water produced an electric current, the phenomenon called the Becquerel effect. Recently, a similar effect was observed if the water surrounding one electrode is made to cavitate by focused acoustic radiation, which by similarity is referred to as the cavitation induced Becquerel effect. The current in the cavitation induced Becquerel effect was found to be semi-logarithmic with the standard electrode potential that is consistent with the oxidation of the electrode surface by the photo-decomposition theory of photoelectrochemistry. But oxidation of the electrode surface usually requires high temperatures, say as in cavitation. Absent high bubble temperatures, cavitation may produce vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) light that excites water molecules in the electrode film to higher H(2)O(*) energy states, the excited states oxidizing the electrode surface by chemical reaction. Solutions of the Rayleigh-Plesset equation during bubble collapse that include the condensation of water vapor show any increase in temperature or pressure of the water vapor by compression heating is compensated by the condensation of vapor to the bubble wall, the bubbles collapsing almost isothermally. Hence, the cavitation induced Becquerel effect is likely caused by cavitation induced VUV light at ambient temperature. PMID:12782265
Prevenslik, T V
Cavitating Flow over a Mini Hydrofoil
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
We consider a cavitating flow over a mini hydrofoil (foil profile: Clark-Y-11.7) having a 14 mm chord length in a cavitation tunnel at various cavitation numbers. Experimental observations show that cavitating flows over a miniature hydrofoil display several types of cavitation behavior, such as cavitation inception, sheet cavitation, cloud cavitation and super cavitation with the decreasing cavitation number. Under the same cavitation conditions, cavitation over a mini hydrofoil would be suppressed in comparison to cavitation over an ordinary hydrofoil. This cavitation scale effect is suspected to be caused by the Reynolds number.
Luo, Xian-Wu; Ji, Bin; Zhang, Yao; Xu, Hong-Yuan
Control of inertial acoustic cavitation in pulsed sonication using a real-time feedback loop system.
Owing to the complex behavior of ultrasound-induced bubble clouds (nucleation, linear and nonlinear oscillations, collapse), acoustic cavitation remains a hardly controllable phenomenon, leading to poorly reproducible ultrasound-based therapies. A better control of the various aspects of cavitation phenomena for in vivo applications is a key requirement to improve emerging ultrasound therapies. Previous publications have reported on systems performing regulation of acoustic cavitation in continuous sonication when applied in vitro, but the main challenge today is to achieve real-time control of cavitation activity in pulsed sonication when used in vivo. The present work aims at developing a system to control acoustic cavitation in a pulsed wave condition using a real-time feedback loop. The experimental setup consists of a water bath in which is submerged a focused transducer (pulsed waves, frequency 550?kHz) used for sonication and a hydrophone used to listen to inertial cavitation. The designed regulation process allows the cavitation activity to be controlled through a 300??s feedback loop. Without regulation, cavitation exhibits numerous bursts of intense activity and large variations of inertial cavitation level over time. In a regulated regime, the control of inertial cavitation activity within a pulse leads to consistent cavitation levels over time with an enhancement of the reproducibility. PMID:23927204
Desjouy, Cyril; Poizat, Adrien; Gilles, Bruno; Inserra, Claude; Bera, Jean-Christophe
Study on effect of microparticle's size on cavitation erosion in solid-liquid system
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Five different solutions containing microparticles in different sizes were tested in a vibration cavitation erosion experiment. After the experiment, the number of erosion pits on sample surfaces, free radicals HO. in solutions, and mass loss all show that the cavitation erosion strength is strongly related to the particle size, and 500 nm particles cause more severe cavitation erosion than other smaller or larger particles do. A model is presented to explain such result considering both nucleation and bubble-particle collision effects. Particle of a proper size will increase the number of heterogeneous nucleation and at the same time reduce the number of bubble-particle combinations, which results in more free bubbles in the solution to generate stronger cavitation erosion.
Chen, Haosheng; Liu, Shihan; Wang, Jiadao; Chen, Darong
Role of hydrodynamic cavitation in fine particle flotation
High energy dissipation, high feed velocity and relatively high feed pressures have been used in some recently developed flotation cells to enhance fine particle flotation. One contributing factor to the high flotation kinetics demonstrated in these new cells may be in-situ bubble formation by hydrodynamic cavitation on hydrophobic particles. This could induce particle aggregation through gas nucleus bridging with the
Z. A. Zhou; Zhenghe Xu; J. A. Finch; H. Hu; S. R. Rao
Acoustic cavitation field prediction at low and high frequency ultrasounds
Sonochemistry, or chemistry under ultrasound, has increased in interest in the past few years. ElectricitÕ de France is involved in scaling up this new technology to industrial plants. The propagation of a power ultrasound wave (from 20 to 800 kHz) through a liquid initiates a little-known phenomenon called acoustic cavitation. Inceptions and germs grow into bubbles which collapse, possibly giving
J.-L. Laborde; C. Bouyer; J.-P. Caltagirone; A. GÕrard
Experimental and numerical analysis of cavitating flow around a hydrofoil
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
The paper describes experiments carried out in the cavitation tunnel with the rectangular test section of 150 æ 150 æ 500 mm and the maximum test section inlet velocity of 25 m/s. These experiments have been aimed to visualize the cavitation phenomena as well as to quantify the erosion potential using pitting tests evaluated during the incubation period for the cast-iron prismatic hydrofoil with the modified NACA profile. A bypass section installed in the tunnel has allowed to measure the nuclei content in the inlet flow to the test section using the acoustic spectrometer. The measured data have been compared with the CFD analysis of the cavitation phenomena on the hydrofoil as well as the numerically determined location and magnitude of the first calculated collapses of the cavitating bubbles with a good agreement.
SedlÃ?, Milan; KomÃrek, Martin; Vyroubal, Michal; M■ller, Milo
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Metamorphosis presents a puzzling challenge where, triggered by a signal, an organism abruptly transforms its entire shape and form. Here I describe the role of physical fluid dynamic processes during pupal metamorphosis in flies. During early stages of pupation of third instar larvae into adult flies, a physical gas bubble nucleates at a precise temporal and spatial location, as part of the normal developmental program in Diptera. Although its existence has been known for the last 100 years, the origin and control of this ``cavitation'' event has remained completely mysterious. Where does the driving negative pressure for bubble nucleation come from? How is the location of the bubble nucleation site encoded in the pupae? How do molecular processes control such a physical event? What is the role of this bubble during development? Via developing in-vivo imaging techniques, direct bio-physical measurements in live insect pupal structures and physical modeling, here I elucidate the physical mechanism for appearance and disappearance of this bubble and predict the site of nucleation and its exact timing. This new physical insight into the process of metamorphosis also allows us to understand the inherent design of pupal shell architectures in various species of insects.
Prakash, Manu
Observations have been made of the growth and collapse of surface and cloud cavitation on a finite aspect ratio hydrofoil oscillating in pitch. The cavitation was recorded using both still and high-speed motion picture photography, and the variations with cavitation number and reduced frequency of oscillation were investigated. The noise generated by the cavity collapse was also measured and analyzed.
E. A. McKenney; Christopher E. Brennen
Bubble dynamics in an acoustic flow field
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Dynamics of interaction between cavitational bubbles is investigated when a complex of a compression and a rarefaction pulse passes through a liquid with pre-existing micro bubbles. Cavitation was generated experimentally with the help of electromagnetic generator of a flat and a convergent acoustic pulse (2-mus duration, 1-20 MPa) having the form of a hollow sphere segment. A modeling was performed within the frame of two-dimensional axisymmetric nonstationary approach on the basis of conservation laws for a model of an ideal compressible liquid. A thermodynamic flow field was computed both in liquid and inside bubbles. Behind the rarefaction wave the microbubbles begin to grow and generate secondary compression shocks, the amplitude of which may exceed that of the incident pulse under certain conditions. It is shown that the process of bubble interaction within a cluster is accompanied by bubble coalescence, fragmentation, and collapse of the initial bubble or its fragments. Simultaneously, high temperature spots appear in the bubble compressing by the secondary wave. Adiabatic heating of gas either inside a bubble or near the neck between a bubble and its fragment may result in sonoluminescence, also observed in experiments. [Work supported by ASA, DAAD, and RFBR.
Voronin, Dmitry V.; Sankin, Georgij N.; Mettin, Robert; Teslenko, Vyacheslav S.; Lauterborn, Werner
Detecting cavitation in vivo from shock-wave therapy devices
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Extracorporeal shock-wave therapy (ESWT) has been used as a treatment for plantar faciitis, lateral epicondylitis, shoulder tendonitis, non-unions, and other indications where conservative treatments have been unsuccessful. However, in many areas, the efficacy of SW treatment has not been well established, and the mechanism of action, particularly the role of cavitation, is not well understood. Research indicates cavitation plays an important role in other ultrasound therapies, such as lithotripsy and focused ultrasound surgery, and in some instances, cavitation has been used as a means to monitor or detect a biological effect. Although ESWT can generate cavitation easily in vitro, it is unknown whether or not cavitation is a significant factor in vivo. The purpose of this investigation is to use diagnostic ultrasound to detect and monitor cavitation generated by ESWT devices in vivo. Diagnostic images are collected at various times during and after treatment. The images are then post-processed with image-processing algorithms to enhance the contrast between bubbles and surrounding tissue. The ultimate goal of this research is to utilize cavitation as a means for optimizing shock wave parameters such as amplitude and pulse repetition frequency. [Work supported by APL internal funds and NIH DK43881 and DK55674.
Matula, Thomas J.; Yu, Jinfei; Bailey, Michael R.
Occurrence of hydrodynamic cavitation.
In this paper, the conditions under which cavitation (or liquid film rupture) can or cannot occur in thin layers of moving liquid are derived for three typical cases. At the same time, expressions depending on geometrical and movement parameters, where cavitation might start, are given. The results are obtained using simple engineering terms, which can be used in cases whether it is necessary to avoid cavitation or to induce it. PMID:22097036
Nosov, V R; Gµmez-Mancilla, J C; Meda-Campaþa, J A
Repeated growth and bubbling transfer of graphene with millimetre-size single-crystal grains using platinum
Large single-crystal graphene is highly desired and important for the applications of graphene in electronics, as grain boundaries between graphene grains markedly degrade its quality and properties. Here we report the growth of millimetre-sized hexagonal single-crystal graphene and graphene films joined from such grains on Pt by ambient-pressure chemical vapour deposition. We report a bubbling method to transfer these single graphene grains and graphene films to arbitrary substrate, which is nondestructive not only to graphene, but also to the Pt substrates. The Pt substrates can be repeatedly used for graphene growth. The graphene shows high crystal quality with the reported lowest wrinkle height of 0.8 nm and a carrier mobility of greater than 7,100 cm2 V?1 s?1 under ambient conditions. The repeatable growth of graphene with large single-crystal grains on Pt and its nondestructive transfer may enable various applications.
Gao, Libo; Ren, Wencai; Xu, Huilong; Jin, Li; Wang, Zhenxing; Ma, Teng; Ma, Lai-Peng; Zhang, Zhiyong; Fu, Qiang; Peng, Lian-Mao; Bao, Xinhe; Cheng, Hui-Ming
Bubble Nucleation and Growth Anomaly for a Hydrophilic Microheater Attributed to Metastable Nanobubbles
Nanobubbles on a hydrophilic surface immersed in water and ethanol are inferred from the response of the surface to two consecutive heat pulses with a variable separation time. Bubble nucleation occurs at specific positions on the surface during the first heat pulse but at lower nucleation temperatures and random locations on the second. Nanobubbles are hypothesized to form on collapse
Richard E. Cavicchi; C. Thomas Avedisian
Temporal and Spatial Detection of HIFU-Induced Inertial and Hot-Vapor Cavitation with a Diagnostic Ultrasound System
The onset and presence of inertial cavitation and near-boiling temperatures in high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) therapy have been identified as important indicators of energy deposition for therapy guidance. Passive cavitation detection is commonly used to detect bubble emissions, where a fixed-focus single-element acoustic transducer is typically used as a passive cavitation detector (PCD). This technique is suboptimal for clinical applications,
Caleb H. Farny; R. Glynn Holt; Ronald A. Roy
Numerical simulation of shock and bubble dynamics in shockwave lithotripsy
Theoretical evaluation of the efficacy of stone comminution (and potential for tissue damage) during shockwave lithotripsy requires knowledge of the complex stress fields associated with both the incident focussing shock and the dynamics of cavitation bubbles that it induces. While simple models from geometrical acoustics and subsequent modeling of spherical bubbles in isolation (Gilmore equation) can provide estimates, high-speed photography
Tim Colonius; Michel Tanguay
Magnetic susceptibility based magnetic resonance estimation of micro-bubble size for the vertically upward bubbly flow.
The approach originally developed for the Nuclear Magnetic Resonance analysis of stable micro-bubbles is applied to studies of vertical bubbly flows. A very fast dispersion (diffusion) of water in bubbly flows extends the fast diffusion limit down to short (2-10 ms) measurement times, permitting the use of the simplified analytical expression to extract the micro-bubble size information both in bulk and spatially resolved. The observed strong bubble-induced reduction in T(2)(*) necessitates the use of very short encoding times and pure phase encoding methods to accurately measure the void fraction. There was an expected underestimation of bubble sizes at faster flow rates due to the limitations of the theory derived for small bubble sizes and non-interacting spherical bubbles (low void fractions and slow flow rates). This approach lends itself to studies of bubbly flows and cavitating media characterized by small bubble sizes and low void fractions. PMID:23117260
Arbabi, A; Mastikhin, I V
NSDL National Science Digital Library
In this math lesson, learners practice measurement skills as they examine a soap bubble print. Learners follow a recipe to make a soap bubble solution. They use the soapy solution to blow large bubbles with a plastic drinking straw until the bubbles pop, leaving behind circular prints. Learners find the diameter, circumference, and area of the bubble print.
New method for monitoring and correlating cavitation noise to erosion capability
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Individual cavitation pressure pulses are monitored by measuring peak pulse amplitudes in a cavitating venturi, in order to obtain a correlation between cavitation noise and damage, using a pressure bar probe. Acoustic power derived from the pulse height spectra was found to vary with the nth power of venturi throat velocity, for n in the 6.8-10.5 range, the major component in the variation being the number of collapsing bubbles. Acoustic power has also been found to correlate linearly, with a small threshold, with the cavitation damage rate of an aluminum alloy. The feasibility of using cavitation erosion efficiency, or ratio between acoustic and erosion powers, in predicting eventual cavitation erosion rates in various geometries is investigated.
de, M. K.; Hammitt, F. G.
Measurements of the stagnation pressure in the center of a cavitating jet
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
The stagnation pressure at a certain distance from the nozzle is important for the erosion/ cutting capacity of a submerged jet in dredging. The decay of the stagnation pressure with jet distance is well known in the case of non-cavitating jets. It is also known that cavitation causes the rate of decay to decrease. Under conditions of cavitation, a cone of bubbles forms around the jet, which decreases the momentum exchange between the jet and the ambient water and the associated entrainment. Despite the amount of research on cavitating jets, the literature does not provide a description for the entrainment in the case of a cavitating jet. Also, a useful description of the stagnation pressure decay of a cavitating jet is missing. To fill this lacuna, we carried out jet tests at various ambient pressures in both fresh and saline water. We present and analyse the results in this paper.
Nobel, A. J.; Talmon, A. M.
The influence of air content in water on ultrasonic cavitation field.
Cavitation is a complex physical phenomenon affected by many factors, one of which is the gas dissolved in the medium. Researchers have given some efforts to the influence of gas content on sonoluminescence or some specific chemical reactions in and around the bubble, but limited work has been reported about the influence on the ultrasonic cavitation field distribution. In this work, the intensity distribution of the ultrasound field in a cleaning tank has been measured with the hydrophone. After analysed and visualised by MATLAB software, it was found that the cavitation intensity distribution in degassed water was much better than that in tap water. And further study proved that degassing process can improve the cavitation effect dramatically both in intensity and scope. Finally, the cavitation fields in mediums with different gas content were measured and the specific influence of air content on cavitation field was discussed. PMID:24230967
Liu, Liyan; Yang, Yang; Liu, Penghong; Tan, Wei
Vortex bubble formation in pair plasmas.
It is shown that delocalized vortex solitons in relativistic pair plasmas with small temperature asymmetries can be unstable for intermediate intensities of the background electromagnetic field. Instability leads to the generation of ever-expanding cavitating bubbles in which the electromagnetic fields are zero. The existence of such electromagnetic bubbles is demonstrated by qualitative arguments based on a hydrodynamic analogy, and by numerical solutions of the appropriate nonlinear Schr—dinger equation with a saturating nonlinearity. PMID:23944600
Berezhiani, V I; Shatashvili, N L; Mahajan, S M; Aleksi?, B N
A Generalized Eulerian-Lagrangian Analysis, with Application to Liquid Flows with Vapor Bubbles
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Under a NASA MSFC SBIR Phase 2 effort an analysis has been developed for liquid flows with vapor bubbles such as those in liquid rocket engine components. The analysis is based on a combined Eulerian-Lagrangian technique, in which Eulerian conservation equations are solved for the liquid phase, while Lagrangian equations of motion are integrated in computational coordinates for the vapor phase. The novel aspect of the Lagrangian analysis developed under this effort is that it combines features of the so-called particle distribution approach with those of the so-called particle trajectory approach and can, in fact, be considered as a generalization of both of those traditional methods. The result of this generalization is a reduction in CPU time and memory requirements. Particle time step (stability) limitations have been eliminated by semi-implicit integration of the particle equations of motion (and, for certain applications, the particle temperature equation), although practical limitations remain in effect for reasons of accuracy. The analysis has been applied to the simulation of cavitating flow through a single-bladed section of a labyrinth seal. Models for the simulation of bubble formation and growth have been included, as well as models for bubble drag and heat transfer. The results indicate that bubble formation is more or less 'explosive'. for a given flow field, the number density of bubble nucleation sites is very sensitive to the vapor properties and the surface tension. The bubble motion, on the other hand, is much less sensitive to the properties, but is affected strongly by the local pressure gradients in the flow field. In situations where either the material properties or the flow field are not known with sufficient accuracy, parametric studies can be carried out rapidly to assess the effect of the important variables. Future work will include application of the analysis to cavitation in inducer flow fields.
Dejong, Frederik J.; Meyyappan, Meyya
Effect of Noble Gases on Sonoluminescence Temperatures during Multibubble Cavitation
Sonoluminescence spectra were collected from Cr(CO){sub 6} solutions in octanol and dodecane saturated with various noble gases. The emission from excited-state metal atoms serves as an internal thermometer of cavitation. The intensity and temperature of sonoluminescence increases from He to Xe. The intensity of the underlying continuum, however, grows faster with increasing temperature than the line emission. Dissociation of solvent molecules within the bubble consumes a significant fraction of the energy generated by the collapsing bubble, which can limit the final temperature inside the bubble. (c) 2000 The American Physical Society.
Didenko, Yuri T.; McNamara, William B. III; Suslick, Kenneth S.
Formulation of multibubble cavitation
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
With the appropriate approximation, we have formulated the equation of multibubble motion for two cases: a filament of bubbles and a small spherical cluster of bubbles. Our results have yielded a collective mode of bubble motion in which individual bubbles of similar size expand and compress almost simultaneously. Each vibrating bubble radiates sound waves and originates the radiation sound pressure, which affects the motion of the other bubbles. The numerical simulation has revealed that this interaction suppresses single-bubble motion and tends to homogeneously spread the energy of the acoustic standing wave to each individual bubble.
An, Yu
Experiments in thermosensitive cavitation of a cryogenic rocket propellant surrogate
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Cavitation is a phase-change phenomenon that may appear in practical devices, often leading to loss of performance and possible physical damage. Of particular interest is the presence of cavitation in rocket engine pumps as the cryogenic fluids cavitate in impellers and inducers. Unlike water, which has been studied exhaustively, cryogenic fluids undergo cavitation with significant thermal effect. Past attempts at analyzing this behavior in water have led to poor predictive capability due to the lack of data in the regime defined as thermosensitive cavitation. Fluids flowing near their thermodynamic critical point have a liquid-vapor density ratio that is orders of magnitude less than typical experimental fluids, so that the traditional equation-of-state and cavitation models do not apply. Thermal effects in cavitation have not been fully investigated due to experimental difficulties handling cryogenics. This work investigates the physical effects of thermosensitive cavitation in a model representative of a turbopump inducer in a modern rocket engine. This is achieved by utilizing a room-temperature testing fluid that exhibits a thermal effect equivalent to that experienced by cryogenic propellants. Unsteady surface pressures and high speed imaging collected over the span of thermophysical regimes ranging from thermosensitive to isothermal cavitation offer both quantitative and qualitative insight into the physical process of thermal cavitation. Physical and thermodynamic effects are isolated to identify the source of cavity conditions, oscillations and growth/collapse behavior. Planar laser imaging offers an instantaneous look inside the vapor cavity and at the behavior of the boundary between the two-phase region and freestream liquid. Nondimensional parameters are explored, with cavitation numbers, Reynolds Numbers, coefficient of pressure and nondimensional temperature in a broad range. Results in the form of cavitation regime maps, Strouhal Number of cavity collapse, and cavity length offer a mechanistic analysis of the phenomenon. Linear stability analysis of the boundary is performed, as well as analysis of the thermal effects in the cavity and the oscillatory behavior of the cavity and reentrant jet.
Kelly, Sean Benjamin
Experimental constraints on degassing of magma: isothermal bubble growth during continuous decompression from high pressure
Numerical models predict that rapid ascent of hydrous magma can lead to supersaturation of dissolved volatile constituents, possibly leading to explosive eruption. We have performed controlled decompression experiments to investigate the ascent rates required to maintain bubblemelt equilibrium. High-silica rhyolitic melts were saturated with water at 200 MPa and 825¯C, decompressed to lower pressures at constant rates of 0.025, 0.25,
James E. Gardner; Matthew Hilton; Michael R. Carroll
Cavitation studies in microgravity
The hydrodynamic cavitation phenomenon is a major source of erosion for many industrial systems such as cryogenic pumps for rocket propulsion, fast ship propellers, hydraulic pipelines and turbines. Erosive processes are associated with liquid jets and shockwaves emission fol-lowing the cavity collapse. Yet, fundamental understanding of these processes requires further cavitation studies inside various geometries of liquid volumes, as the
Philippe Kobel; Danail Obreschkow; Mohamed Farhat; Nicolas Dorsaz; Aurele de Bosset
Profile Measurements During Cavitation
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
One of the problems of modern cavitation research is the experimental determination of the wing loads on airfoils during cavitation. Such experiments were made on various airfoils with the support of the naval ministry at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Flow Research at Goettingen.
Walchner, O.
Cavitation in metastable liquid nitrogen confined to nanoscale pores.
We studied cavitation in metastable fluids drawing on the example of liquid nitrogen confined to spheroidal pores of specially prepared well-characterized mesoporous silica materials with mean pore diameters ranging from approximately 6 to approximately 35 nm. Cavitation was monitored in the process of evaporation/desorption from fully saturated samples with gradually decreasing vapor pressure at the isothermal conditions. The onset of cavitation was displayed by a sharp step on the desorption isotherm. We found that the vapor pressure at the onset of cavitation depended on the pore size for the samples with pores smaller than approximately 11 nm and remained practically unchanged for the samples with larger pores. We suggest that the observed independence of the cavitation pressure on the size of confinement indicates that the conditions of bubble nucleation in pores larger than approximately 11 nm approach the nucleation conditions in the bulk metastable liquid. To test this hypothesis and to evaluate the nucleation barriers, we performed grand canonical and gauge cell Monte Carlo simulations of nitrogen adsorption and desorption in spherical silica pores ranging from 5.5 to 10 nm in diameter. Simulated and experimental adsorption isotherms were in good agreement. Exploiting the correlation between the experimental cavitation pressure and the simulated nucleation barrier, we found that the nucleation barrier increased almost linearly from approximately 40 to approximately 70 k(B)T in the range of pores from approximately 6 to approximately 11 nm, and varied in diapason of 70-75 k(B)T in larger pores, up to 35 nm. We constructed the dependence of the nucleation barrier on the vapor pressure, which asymptotically approaches the predictions of the classical nucleation theory for the metastable bulk liquid at larger relative pressures (>0.6). Our findings suggest that there is a limit to the influence of the confinement on the onset of cavitation, and thus, cavitation of nanoconfined fluids may be employed to explore cavitation in macroscopic systems. PMID:20210340
Rasmussen, Christopher J; Vishnyakov, Aleksey; Thommes, Matthias; Smarsly, Bernd M; Kleitz, Freddy; Neimark, Alexander V
Generation and characterization of submicron size bubbles.
A baffled high intensity agitation (BHIA) cell was used to generate submicron size bubbles of an average diameter around 500nm by hydrodynamic cavitation. The generation of submicron size bubbles by BHIA cell was found to be largely dependent on the agitation speed of impellers. The duration of agitation and temperature showed only a marginal effect on generation of submicron size bubbles. Surface properties such as zeta-potential and stability of submicron size bubbles were found to be highly dependent on the chemistry of solutions in which the bubbles are generated. The presence of surfactant and frother in water was found to be beneficial for generating a larger number of submicron size bubbles that are more stable, having a life time of up to 24h. PMID:22824383
Wu, Chendi; Nesset, Kirsten; Masliyah, Jacob; Xu, Zhenghe
Cavitation in Amorphous Solids
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Molecular dynamics simulations of cavitation in a Zr50Cu50 metallic glass exhibit a waiting time dependent cavitation rate. On short time scales nucleation rates and critical cavity sizes are commensurate with a classical theory of nucleation that accounts for both the plastic dissipation during cavitation and the cavity size dependence of the surface energy. All but one parameter, the Tolman length, can be extracted directly from independent calculations or estimated from physical principles. On longer time scales aging in the form of shear relaxations results in a systematic decrease of cavitation rate. The high cavitation rates that arise due to the suppression of the surface energy in small cavities provide a possible explanation for the quasi-brittle fracture observed in metallic glasses. Analogous simulations of Fe80P20 reveal that segregation of P on the nanoscale leads to qualitatively different behavior that may be attributable to the idiosyncrasies of the interatomic potential.
Falk, Michael; Guan, Pengfei; Lu, Shuo; Spector, Michael; Valavala, Pavan
Bubble formation in microgravity
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Two KC-135 flight campaigns have been conducted to date which are specifically dedicated to study bubble formation in microgravity. The first flight was conducted during March 14-18, 1994, and the other during June 20-24, 1994. The results from the June 1994 flight have not been analyzed yet, while the results from the March flight have been partially analyzed. In the first flight three different experiments were performed, one with the specific aim at determining whether or not cavitation can take place during any of the fluid handling procedures adopted in the shuttle bioprocessing experiments. The other experiments were concerned with duplicating some of the procedures that resulted in bubble formation, namely the NCS filling procedure and the needle scratch of a solid surface. The results from this set of experiments suggest that cavitation did not take place during any of the fluid handling procedures. The results clearly indicate that almost all were generated as a result of the breakup of the gas/liquid interface. This was convincingly demonstrated in the scratch tests as well as in the liquid fill tests.
Antar, Basil N.
Can Cavitation Be Anticipated?
The major problem with cavitation in pumps and hydraulic systems is that there is no effective (conventional) method for detecting or predicting its inception. The traditional method of recognizing cavitation in a pump is to declare the event occurring when the total head drops by some arbitrary value (typically 3%) in response to a pressure reduction at the pump inlet. However, the device is already seriously cavitating when this happens. What is actually needed is a practical method to detect impending rather than incipient cavitation. Whereas the detection of incipient cavitation requires the detection of features just after cavitation starts, the anticipation of cavitation requires the detection and identification of precursor features just before it begins. Two recent advances that make this detection possible. The first is acoustic sensors with a bandwidth of 1 MHz and a dynamic range of 80 dB that preserve the fine details of the features when subjected to coarse vibrations. The second is the application of Bayesian parameter estimation which makes it possible to separate weak signals, such as those present in cavitation precursors, from strong signals, such as pump vibration. Bayesian parameter estimation derives a model based on cavitation hydrodynamics and produces a figure of merit of how well it fits the acquired data. Applying this model to an anticipatory engine should lead to a reliable method of anticipating cavitation before it occurs. This paper reports the findings of precursor features using high-performance sensors and Bayesian analysis of weak acoustic emissions in the 100-1000kHz band from an experimental flow loop.
Allgood, G.O.; Dress, W.B.; Hylton, J.O.; Kercel, S.W.
A new approach to detection of the cavitation on mechanical heart valves.
The cavitation on the mechanical heart valves (MHVs) is thought to be a cause of the mechanical failure of the occluder; also, the free radicals that would be generated when the cavitation bubbles implode might affect the patients chemically. These cavitation effects are attributed to the bubble collapse. Therefore, it is important to detect the bubble implosion behavior to analyze the cavitation on MHVs. The cavitation bubbles induce the generation of free radicals at their implosion, and the excited hydroxyl radicals emit the faint light. Based on this fact, we have tried to observe the faint light emission from a MHV to specifically capture the implosion of the cavitation bubbles. A highly sensitive CCD (charge coupled device) camera (C2400-35 VIM camera, Hamamatsu Photonics, Hamamatsu, Japan) was adopted in this study. This camera can observe low light down to the single photon counting range, and it gives two-dimensional mapping of the light. A 20 mm Bj—rk-Shiley valve was submerged in the water tank of 10 L deionized water with luminol as a light enhancer, and then the pressure difference of 150 mm Hg was exerted on the valve at a rate of 60 bpm with a pulse duplicator. The camera and the water tank were settled in the lightproof configuration. After 2 hours of exposure, faint light images have been obtained successfully. The light emits mostly from the edge of the occluder on the inflow side in the major orifice of the valve. Therefore the results suggest that the bubbles would implode around this region and that free radicals caused by cavitation might be produced on MHV, which has coincided with our preliminary result by an electron spin resonance spectrometry. PMID:12790381
Takiura, Koki; Chinzei, Tsuneo; Abe, Yusuke; Isoyama, Takashi; Saito, Itsuro; Ozeki, Toshinaga; Imachi, Kou
Cavitation in flowing superfluid helium
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Flowing superfluid helium cavitates much more readily than normal liquid helium, and there is a marked difference in the cavitation behavior of the two fluids as the lambda point is traversed. Examples of cavitation in a turbine meter and centrifugal pump are given, together with measurements of the cavitation strength of flowing superfluid helium. The unusual cavitation behavior of superfluid helium is attributed to its immense thermal conductivity .
Daney, D. E.
The theoretical principles related to bubble dielectrophoresis are examined, taking into account the polarization force, aspects of bubble deformation, the electrostatic bubble levitation theorem, and the equation of motion. The measurement of the dielectrophoretic force on static and dynamic bubbles represents a convenient experimental method for the study of the general problem of dielectrophoresis. The experiments reported include static-force measurements,
T. B. Jones; G. W. Bliss
Numerical Study on the Inhibition of Cavitation in Piping Systems
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Abrupt closing valve in piping systems is sometimes resulted in cavitation due to the occurrence of high pressure difference. The bubbles generating by cavitation influence operating pressure and then those generate shock wave and vibration. These phenomena can consequentially cause to corrosion and erosion. So, the cavitation is the important factor to consider reliability of piping systems and mechanical lifetime. This paper investigated the various inhibition methods of cavitation in piping systems in which butterfly valves are installed. To prevent cavitation occurrence, it is desirable to analyze its characteristics between the upstream and downstream of process valve. Results show that the fluid velocity is fast when a working fluid passed through butterfly valve. The pressure of these areas was not only under saturation vapor pressure of water, but also cavitation was continuously occurred. We confirmed that the effect of existence of inserted orifice and influence to break condition under saturation vapor pressure of water. Results were graphically depicted by pressure distribution, velocity distribution, and vapor volume fraction.
Byeon, Sun Seok; Lee, Sang Jun; Kim, Youn-Jea
Evidence for nuclear emissions during acoustic cavitation.
In cavitation experiments with deuterated acetone, tritium decay activity above background levels was detected. In addition, evidence for neutron emission near 2.5 million electron volts was also observed, as would be expected for deuterium-deuterium fusion. Control experiments with normal acetone did not result in tritium activity or neutron emissions. Hydrodynamic shock code simulations supported the observed data and indicated highly compressed, hot (10(6) to 10(7) kelvin) bubble implosion conditions, as required for nuclear fusion reactions. PMID:11884748
Taleyarkhan, R P; West, C D; Cho, J S; Lahey, R T; Nigmatulin, R I; Block, R C
Heterogeneous bubble nucleation and conditions for growth in a liquidgas system of constant mass and volume
The conditions are considered under which heterogeneous bubble nucleation takes place in a conical pit in the boundary of a constant size volume containing a liquidgas solution, and the size to which the nucleate bubble grows is predicted. Four possible equilibrium states are found for the nucleate bubble: two unstable, one metastable, and one stable. The unstable state corresponding to
C. A. Ward; W. R. Johnson; R. D. Venter; S. Ho; T. W. Forest; W. D. Fraser
Passive imaging of cavitational acoustic emissions with ultrasound arrays
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
A method is presented for imaging emissions from active microbubbles using an ultrasound array. Since bubble activity plays a role in ultrasound ablation, monitoring cavitation may assist in therapy guidance. This is often achieved by listening passively for bubble emissions with a single-element transducer. Such schemes do not capture the variation in cavitation in form of a two dimensional (2D) map or image. The technique presented here obtains spatial information by creating images solely from the beamformed cavitational-emission energy received by an array, dynamically focused at multiple depths. An analytic expression was derived for these passive images by numerically solving the Rayleigh-Sommerfield integral under the Fresnel approximation. To test accuracy in mapping of localized emissions, a 192-element array was employed to passively image scattering of 520-kHz ultrasound by a 1-mm steel wire. The wire position was estimated from the passive images with rms error 0.9 mm in azimuth and 17.2 mm in range. Bubbles created in air-saturated saline sonicated at 520-kHz were imaged passively from both ultraharmonic and broadband emissions. Good agreement was found between azimuthal brightness distributions of the passive images and B-scan images of the bubble cloud. Broadband emission images from ex vivo bovine liver sonicated with 2.2-MHz focused ultrasound were also recorded. The image brightness along the array azimuth was consistent with the source beam profile. This indicates the possibility of mapping therapeutic ultrasound beams in situ.
Salgaonkar, Vasant A.; Datta, Saurabh; Holland, Christy K.; Mast, T. Douglas
Sound Waves in Water Containing Vapor Bubbles
The rapid evaporation or condensation of a vapor bubble when out of equilibrium compared to the slow dissolving or growth of an air bubble results in quite different propagation properties of sound waves through water containing one or the other types of bubbles. Adapting a method developed by Foldy in his treatment of the air bubble case, we derive an
G. T. Trammell
Shock-induced collapse of a bubble inside a deformable vessel
Shockwave lithotripsy repeatedly focuses shockwaves on kidney stones to induce their fracture, partially through cavitation erosion. A typical side effect of the procedure is hemorrhage, which is potentially the result of the growth and collapse of bubbles inside blood vessels. To identify the mechanisms by which shock-induced collapse could lead to the onset of injury, we study an idealized problem involving a preexisting bubble in a deformable vessel. We utilize a high-order accurate, shock- and interface-capturing, finite-volume scheme and simulate the three-dimensional shock-induced collapse of an air bubble immersed in a cylindrical water column which is embedded in a gelatin/water mixture. The mixture is a soft tissue simulant, 10% gelatin by weight, and is modeled by the stiffened gas equation of state. The bubble dynamics of this model configuration are characterized by the collapse of the bubble and its subsequent jetting in the direction of the propagation of the shockwave. The vessel wall, which is defined by the material interface between the water and gelatin/water mixture, is invaginated by the collapse and distended by the impact of the jet. The present results show that the highest measured pressures and deformations occur when the volumetric confinement of the bubble is strongest, the bubble is nearest the vessel wall and/or the angle of incidence of the shockwave reduces the distance between the jet tip and the nearest vessel surface. For a particular case considered, the 40 MPa shockwave utilized in this study to collapse the bubble generated a vessel wall pressure of almost 450 MPa and produced both an invagination and distention of nearly 50% of the initial vessel radius on a 𝒪(10) ns timescale. These results are indicative of the significant potential of shock-induced collapse to contribute to the injury of blood vessels in shockwave lithotripsy.
Coralic, Vedran; Colonius, Tim
Investigation of a Method to Reduce Cavitation in Diesel Engine Bearings
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Sonoluminescence is the effect of producing light from sound and occurs when a gas bubble is trapped in a fluid filled cavity and is forced to collapse under a barrage of sound waves. Frenzel and Schultes discovered this phenomenon in 1934 while exposing acoustic waves to photographic plates. This effect was not well understood until 1988 when Crum and Gaitan discovered the necessary conditions for producing single bubble sonoluminescence in the laboratory. The luminescence is a result of the bubble violently collapsing from sound waves and this shares a close association with vibratory cavitation. Cavitation erosion is known to cause damage to rotational machinery when the collapse is near to surfaces due to the high pressures associated with bubble collapse. With these high pressures and temperatures there is a considerable amount of damage to the outside layer of a bearing, thereby, reducing its useful life. An experiment was constructed to generate sonoluminescence in the laboratory in order to obtain a greater understanding of this phenomenon and its association with bubble cavitation. Most of the research was done to investigate how to obtain single bubble sonoluminescence under different conditions and to determine how to detect it. Success in this has inspired several theories on how to use the methods for generating sonoluminescence to control cavitation in fluids under industrial conditions.
Keith, Theo G., Jr.; Honaker, Robert W.
Theory of supercompression of vapor bubbles and nanoscale thermonuclear fusion
This paper provides the theoretical basis for energetic vapor bubble implosions induced by a standing acoustic wave. Its primary goal is to describe, explain, and demonstrate the plausibility of the experimental observations by Taleyarkhan et al. [Science 295, 1868 (2002); Phys. Rev. E 69, 036109 (2004)] of thermonuclear fusion for imploding cavitation bubbles in chilled deuterated acetone. A detailed description and analysis of these data, including a resolution of the criticisms that have been raised, together with some preliminary HYDRO code simulations, has been given by Nigmatulin et al. [Vestnik ANRB (Ufa, Russia) 4, 3 (2002); J. Power Energy 218-A, 345 (2004)] and Lahey et al. [Adv. Heat Transfer (to be published)]. In this paper a hydrodynamic shock (i.e., HYDRO) code model of the spherically symmetric motion for a vapor bubble in an acoustically forced liquid is presented. This model describes cavitation bubble cluster growth during the expansion period, followed by a violent implosion during the compression period of the acoustic cycle. There are two stages of the bubble dynamics process. The first, low Mach number stage, comprises almost all the time of the acoustic cycle. During this stage, the radial velocities are much less than the sound speeds in the vapor and liquid, the vapor pressure is very close to uniform, and the liquid is practically incompressible. This process is characterized by the inertia of the liquid, heat conduction, and the evaporation or condensation of the vapor. The second, very short, high Mach number stage is when the radial velocities are the same order, or higher, than the sound speeds in the vapor and liquid. In this stage high temperatures, pressures, and densities of the vapor and liquid take place. The model presented herein has realistic equations of state for the compressible liquid and vapor phases, and accounts for nonequilibrium evaporation/condensation kinetics at the liquid/vapor interface. There are interacting shock waves in both phases, which converge toward and reflect from the center of the bubble, causing dissociation, ionization, and other related plasma physics phenomena during the final stage of bubble collapse. For a vapor bubble in a deuterated organic liquid (e.g., acetone), during the final stage of collapse there is a nanoscale region (diameter {approx}100 nm) near the center of the bubble in which, for a fraction of a picosecond, the temperatures and densities are extremely high ({approx}10{sup 8} K and {approx}10 g/cm{sup 3}, respectively) such that thermonuclear fusion may take place. To quantify this, the kinetics of the local deuterium/deuterium (D/D) nuclear fusion reactions was used in the HYDRO code to determine the intensity of the fusion reactions. Numerical HYDRO code simulations of the bubble implosion process have been carried out for the experimental conditions used by Taleyarkhan et al. [Science 295, 1868 (2002); Phys. Rev. E 69, 036109 (2004)] at Oak Ridge National Laboratory. The results show good agreement with the experimental data on bubble fusion that was measured in chilled deuterated acetone.
Nigmatulin, Robert I.; Akhatov, Iskander Sh.; Topolnikov, Andrey S.; Bolotnova, Raisa Kh.; Vakhitova, Nailya K.; Lahey, Richard T. Jr.; Taleyarkhan, Rusi P. [Institute of Mechanics, Ufa Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 6 Karl Marx Street, Ufa 450000 (Russian Federation); Department of Mechanical, Aerospace, and Nuclear Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th Street, Troy, New York 12180-3590 (United States); School of Nuclear Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-1290 (United States)
Measurement of the lifetime of excited-state electron bubbles in superfluid helium
We report on the measurement of the lifetime of bubbles in superfluid helium that contain an electron in the 1P state. The 1P bubbles are produced by laser excitation of ground-state bubbles, and are detected by ultrasonic cavitation. Our measurements show that the lifetime of these excited bubbles is much less than the calculated lifetime for radiative decay and, hence, is determined by a nonradiative mechanism.
Ghosh, Ambarish; Maris, Humphrey J. [Department of Physics, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912 (United States)
Cavitation erosion of silver plated coating at different temperatures and pressures
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Cavitation often occurs in inducer pumps used for space rockets. Silver plated coating on the inducer liner faces the damage of cavitation. Therefore, it is important to study about the cavitation erosion resistance for silver plated coating at several operating conditions in the inducer pumps. In this study, the cavitation erosion tests were carried for silver plated coating in deionized water and ethanol at several liquid temperatures (273K-400K) and pressures (0.10MPa-0.48MPa). The mass loss rate is evaluated in terms of thermodynamic parameter ? proposed by Brennen [9], suppression pressure p-pv (pv: saturated vapor pressure) and acoustic impedance ?c (?: density and c: sound speed). Cavitation bubble behaviors depending on the thermodynamic effect and the liquid type were observed by high speed video camera. The mass loss rate is formulated by thermodynamic parameter ?, suppression pressure p-pv and acoustic impedance ?c.
Hattori, Shuji; Motoi, Yoshihiro; Kikuta, Kengo; Tomaru, Hiroshi
Evaluation of a shock wave induced cavitation activity both in vitro and in vivo.
This study evaluated the cavitation activity induced by shock wave (SW) pulses, both in vitro and in vivo, based on the area measurements of echogenic regions observed in B-mode ultrasound images. Residual cavitation bubble clouds induced by SW pulses were detected as echogenic regions in B-mode images. The temporal evolution of residual bubble clouds, generated by SWs with varying lithotripter charging voltage and pulse repetition frequency (PRF), was analyzed by measuring the time-varying behaviors of the echogenic region areas recorded in B-mode images. The results showed that (1) the area of SW-induced echogenic regions enlarged with increased SW pulse number; (2) echogenic regions in the B-mode images dissipated gradually after ceasing the SWs, which indicated the dissolution of the cavitation bubbles; and (3) larger echogenic regions were generated with higher charging voltage or PRF. PMID:17881810
Tu, Juan; Matula, Thomas J; Bailey, Michael R; Crum, Lawrence A
NSDL National Science Digital Library
What keeps bubbles and other things, like airplanes, floating or flying in the air? In this activity, learners blow bubbles and wave 3x5 cards above, below and on different sides of the bubbles to keep them afloat as long as possible. The Did You Know section explains the Bernoulli principle: how waving cards above the bubbles helps keep them afloat because faster moving air exerts less pressure to push the bubbles down. The activity can be extended by having learners wave their bubbles through an obstacle course they design themselves.
Science, Lawrence H.
Low frequency cavitation erosion
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Damage of diesel engine piston sleeve liners due to cavitation of the coolant fluid can be severe. Coolant fluid additives are used to inhibit cavitation damage, and are evaluated by industry suppliers using ASTM G32-98 Standard Test Method for Cavitation Erosion Using Vibratory Apparatus. The ASTM G32-98 test procedure uses an ultrasonic horn at 20 kHz to vibrate a test button in the coolant. The test button mass loss and surface appearance are studied to sort the performance of new coolant additives. Mismatch between good lab performers and actual engine test runs has raised concerns over the current lab test. The frequency range of the current test has been targeted for investigation. A low frequency, less than 2000 Hz, test rig was built to explore the cavitation damage. The test system did produce cavitation on the surface of the test button for a period of 36 h, with minimal mass loss. The test rig experienced cyclic fatigue when test times were extended. The work is now focusing on designing a better test rig for long duration tests and on developing numerical models in order to explore the effects of cavitation excitation frequency on surface erosion.
Pardue, Sally J.; Chandekar, Gautam
Tumour-associated macrophages targeted transfection with NF-?B decoy/mannose-modified bubble lipoplexes inhibits tumour growth in tumour-bearing mice.
Abstract Tumour-associated macrophages (TAM) exhibit an M2 phenotype that promotes tumour progression, and conversion of M2 TAM toward a tumouricidal M1 phenotype is a promising anti-cancer therapy. As NF-?B is a key regulator of macrophage polarization, we developed an in vivo TAM-targeting delivery system that combines mannose-modified bubble liposomes/NF-?B decoy complexes (Man-PEG bubble lipoplexes) and ultrasound (US) exposure. We investigated the effects of NF-?B decoy transfection on TAM phenotype in solid tumour-bearing mice. Post-transfection tumour growth and survival rates were also recorded. Th2 cytokine (IL-10) level in TAM was significantly lower by NF-?B decoy transfection using Man-PEG bubble lipoplexes and US exposure, while Th1 cytokine levels (IL-1?, TNF-? and IL-6) were significantly higher when compared with controls. In addition, mRNA levels of vascular endothelial growth factor, matrix metalloproteinase-9 and arginase were significantly lower in TAM post-NF-?B decoy transfection. Importantly, TAM-targeted NF-?B decoy transfection inhibited tumour growth and prolonged survival rates in mice. Therefore, TAM-targeted NF-?B decoy transfection using Man-PEG bubble lipoplexes and US exposure may be an effective approach for anti-cancer therapy based on TAM phenotypic conversion from M2 toward M1. PMID:24579693
Kono, Yusuke; Kawakami, Shigeru; Higuchi, Yuriko; Maruyama, Kazuo; Yamashita, Fumiyoshi; Hashida, Mitsuru
Cavitation selectively reduces the negative-pressure phase of lithotripter shock pulses
Measurements using a fiber-optic probe hydrophone, high-speed camera, and B-mode ultrasound showed attenuation of the trailing negative-pressure phase of a lithotripter shock pulse under conditions that favor generation of cavitation bubbles, such as in water with a high content of dissolved gas or at high pulse repetition rate where more cavitation nuclei persisted between pulses. This cavitation-mediated attenuation of the acoustic pulse was also observed to increase with increasing amplitude of source discharge potential, such that the negative-pressure phase of the pulse can remain fixed in amplitude even with increasing source discharge potential.
Pishchalnikov, Yuri A.; Sapozhnikov, Oleg A.; Bailey, Michael R.; Pishchalnikova, Irina V.; Williams, James C.; McAteer, James A.
High-speed observation of bubble cloud generation near a rigid wall by second-harmonic superimposed ultrasound.
Cavitation bubbles are known to accelerate therapeutic effects of ultrasound. Although negative acoustic pressure is the principle factor of cavitation, positive acoustic pressure has a role for bubble cloud formation at a high intensity of focused ultrasound when cavitation bubbles provide pressure release surfaces converting the pressure from highly positive to negative. In this study, the second-harmonic was superimposed onto the fundamental acoustic pressure to emphasize either peak positive or negative pressure. The peak negative and positive pressure emphasized waves were focused on a surface of an aluminum block. Cavitation bubbles induced near the block were observed with a high-speed camera by backlight and the size of the cavitation generation region was measured from the high-speed images. The negative pressure emphasized waves showed an advantage in cavitation inception over the positive pressure emphasized waves. In the sequence of the negative pressure emphasized waves immediately followed by the positive pressure emphasized waves, cavitation bubbles were generated on the block by the former waves and the cavitation region were expanded toward the transducer in the latter waves with high reproducibility. The sequence demonstrated its potential usefulness in enhancing the effects of therapeutic ultrasound at a high acoustic intensity. PMID:23927191
Yoshizawa, Shin; Yasuda, Jun; Umemura, Shin-ichiro
Possibility of quantitative prediction of cavitation erosion without model test
A scenario for quantitative prediction of cavitation erosion was proposed. The key value is the impact force/pressure spectrum on a solid surface caused by cavitation bubble collapse. As the first step of prediction, the authors constructed the scenario from an estimation of the cavity generation rate to the prediction of impact force spectrum, including the estimations of collapsing cavity number and impact pressure. The prediction was compared with measurements of impact force spectra on a partially cavitating hydrofoil. A good quantitative agreement was obtained between the prediction and the experiment. However, the present method predicted a larger effect of main flow velocity than that observed. The present scenario is promising as a method of predicting erosion without using a model test.
Kato, Hiroharu; Konno, Akihisa; Maeda, Masatsugu; Yamaguchi, Hajime [Univ. of Tokyo (Japan). Dept. of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering
Transient cavitation in high-quality-factor resonators at high static pressures.
It is well known that cavitation collapse can generate intense concentrations of mechanical energy, sufficient to erode even the hardest metals and to generate light emissions visible to the naked eye [sonoluminescence (SL)]. Considerable attention has been devoted to the phenomenon of "single bubble sonoluminescence" (SBSL) in which a single stable cavitation bubble radiates light flashes each and every acoustic cycle. Most of these studies involve acoustic resonators in which the ambient pressure is near 0.1 MPa (1 bar), and with acoustic driving pressures on the order of 0.1 MPa. This study describes a high-quality factor, spherical resonator capable of achieving acoustic cavitation at ambient pressures in excess of 30 MPa (300 bars). This system generates bursts of violent inertial cavitation events lasting only a few milliseconds (hundreds of acoustic cycles), in contrast with the repetitive cavitation events (lasting several minutes) observed in SBSL; accordingly, these events are described as "inertial transient cavitation." Cavitation observed in this high pressure resonator is characterized by flashes of light with intensities up to 1000 times brighter than SBSL flashes, as well as spherical shock waves with amplitudes exceeding 30 MPa at the resonator wall. Both SL and shock amplitudes increase with static pressure. PMID:20550245
Gaitan, D Felipe; Tessien, Ross A; Hiller, Robert A; Gutierrez, Joel; Scott, Corey; Tardif, Henry; Callahan, Brant; Matula, Thomas J; Crum, Lawrence A; Holt, R Glynn; Church, Charles C; Raymond, Jason L
Simulation of orifice internal flows including cavitation and turbulence
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Using laminar axisymmetric calculation with a recently developed homogeneous two-phase pseudo density model, various parameters' effect on an orifice internal cavitating flow have been investigated. The present study focuses on the unsteadiness caused by the hydrodynamic instability of the vena-contracta or the presence of Cavitation in this region. This instability leads to the oscillation in flow mass and the presence of cavitation enhances both the magnitude and frequency of this oscillation. Both the mean and oscillatory components of cavitation length and discharge coefficient are affected little by Reynolds number when it is greater than 20,000. Shorter orifice tends to have increased oscillation in mass flow rate. The maximum frequency of discharge coefficient oscillation occurs at modest cavitation length. Small amount of inlet rounding reduces the variations of the mass flow rate greatly, and the average value of the mass flow rate is increased. The two-dimensional and axisymmetric laminar two-phase flow solvers were extended by incorporating the k - o model to simulate turbulent cavitating flow. The turbulence model is a variable density formulation, but it does not explicitly account for turbulence created by cavitation bubbles. The two-dimensional code has been tested by an incompressible, turbulent flow over a backward-facing step. Then, the solvers were utilized to simulate the cavitating flows in a slot and an orifice. The turbulence model improves the prediction of the discharge coefficient of the orifice flow compared with the results for a laminar calculation and that of the measurement. The computed cavitation length of the flow in the slot shows different agreement with the measured result for various length/diameter ratio slots. The internal flow field in the slot were also analyzed and the computed velocity profiles and turbulence intensities shows reasonably well agreement with experimental results. The two-dimensional code was also utilized to simulate the flow through a two-dimensional nozzle to study the flow field in the closure region of an attached cavitation. However the turbulence model fails to match the measured turbulence intensities and the measured boundary layer thickness distributions. A three-dimensional, unsteady, two-phase Navier-Stokes solver was used to simulate the cavitating flow in an orifice driven by a manifold cross flow. The effect of the cross flow velocity on cavitation length and discharge coefficient has been investigated. The increase in cross velocity tends to have an effect of increasing the extent of cavitation and decreasing the mass flow rate. This is in agreement with experimental observation. Also the calculation shows strong vortex interaction exists in both cavitating and non-cavitating conditions. However, the results show that the vortex structure of an cavitating flow is different from that of a non-cavitating flow.
Xu, Changhai
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
The theoretical principles related to bubble dielectrophoresis are examined, taking into account the polarization force, aspects of bubble deformation, the electrostatic bubble levitation theorem, and the equation of motion. The measurement of the dielectrophoretic force on static and dynamic bubbles represents a convenient experimental method for the study of the general problem of dielectrophoresis. The experiments reported include static-force measurements, static-levitation experiments, and dynamic-force measurements.
Jones, T. B.; Bliss, G. W.
The effects of total dissolved gas on chum salmon fry survival, growth, gas bubble disease, and seawater tolerance
Chum salmon Oncorhynchus keta alevin developing in gravel habitats downstream of Bonneville Dam on the Columbia River are exposed to elevated levels of total dissolved gas (TDG) when water is spilled at the dam to move migrating salmon smolts downstream to the Pacific Ocean. Current water quality criteria for the management of dissolved gas in dam tailwaters were developed primarily to protect salmonid smolts and are assumed to be protective of alevin if adequate depth compensation is provided. We studied whether chum salmon alevin exposed to six levels of dissolved gas ranging from 100% to 130% TDG at three development periods between hatch and emergence (hereafter early, middle, and late stage) suffered differential mortality, growth, gas bubble disease, or seawater tolerance. Each life stage was exposed for 50 d (early stage), 29 d (middle stage), or 16 d (late stage) beginning at 13, 34, and 37 d post-hatch, respectively, through 50% emergence. The mortality for all stages from exposure to emergence was estimated to be 8% (95% confidence interval (CI) of 4% to 12%) when dissolved gas levels were between 100% and 117% TDG. Mortality significantly increased as dissolved gas levels rose above 117% TDG,; with the lethal concentration that produced 50% mortality (LC50 ) was estimated to be 128.7% TDG (95% CI of 127.2% to 130.2% TDG) in the early and middle stages. By contrast, there was no evidence that dissolved gas level significantly affected growth in any life stage except that the mean wet weight at emergence of early stage fish exposed to 130% TDG was significantly less than the modeled growth of unexposed fish. The proportion of fish afflicted with gas bubble disease increased with increasing gas concentrations and occurred most commonly in the nares and gastrointestinal tract. Early stage fish exhibited higher ratios of filament to lamellar gill chloride cells than late stage fish, and these ratios increased and decreased for early and late stage fish, respectively, as gas levels increased; however, there were no significant differences in mortality between life stages after 96 h in seawater. The study results suggest that current water quality guidelines for the management of dissolved gas appear to offer a conservative level of protection to chum salmon alevin incubating in gravel habitat downstream of Bonneville Dam.
Geist, David R.; Linley, Timothy J.; Cullinan, Valerie I.; Deng, Zhiqun
Cavitation Inception -- A Selective Review.
National Technical Information Service (NTIS)
This paper reviews recent developments in selected cavitation research areas which have been active mainly within the past two years. The new understanding resulting from this work is summarized. Research topics discussed are cavitation inception on smoot...
A. J. Acosta, B. R. Parkin
NSDL National Science Digital Library
Learners explore three-dimensional geometric frames including cubes and tetrahedrons, as they create bubble wands with pipe cleaners and drinking straws. Then they investigate how soap film flows into a state of minimum energy when they lift the wand up from the bubble solution. Learners also see how light reflection and interference create shimmering colors in the bubbles.
Exploratorium, The
NSDL National Science Digital Library
In this activity, learners experiment with creating various types of bubble solutions and testing which ingredients form longer-lasting bubbles. Learners investigate how surface tension works and the importance of using a surfactant to make bubbles. This activity includes a video about NASA astronaut Don Pettit, who used candy corn to conduct science experiments during his stint aboard the International Space Station.
Saltz, Austen
Bubble nucleation algorithm for the simulation of gas evolving electrodes
We propose a bubble nucleation algorithm to link a Lagrangian bubble tracker to the multi-ion transport and reaction model. This algorithm computes the bubble growth rate and the surface blocking effect at nucleation sites.
Steven Van Damme; Pedro Maciel; Heidi Van Parys; Johan Deconinck; Annick Hubin; Herman Deconinck
The effect of static pressure on the inertial cavitation threshold.
The amplitude of the acoustic pressure required to nucleate a gas or vapor bubble in a fluid, and to have that bubble undergo an inertial collapse, is termed the inertial cavitation threshold. The magnitude of the inertial cavitation threshold is typically limited by mechanisms other than homogeneous nucleation such that the theoretical maximum is never achieved. However, the onset of inertial cavitation can be suppressed by increasing the static pressure of the fluid. The inertial cavitation threshold was measured in ultrapure water at static pressures up to 30 MPa (300 bars) by exciting a radially symmetric standing wave field in a spherical resonator driven at a resonant frequency of 25.5 kHz. The threshold was found to increase linearly with the static pressure; an exponentially decaying temperature dependence was also found. The nature and properties of the nucleating mechanisms were investigated by comparing the measured thresholds to an independent analysis of the particulate content and available models for nucleation. PMID:22894195
Bader, Kenneth B; Raymond, Jason L; Mobley, Joel; Church, Charles C; Felipe Gaitan, D
Homogeneous cavitation in microfluidics: a record high dynamic tensile threshold
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
An experimental technique is presented which allows one to measure the rupture strength of water using a microfluidic approach. A transparent microfluidic channel is filled with clean water, partially leaving an air-water interface. A focused infrared laser pulse within the liquid creates a spherical shock wave near the interface. The shock reflects, due to acoustic impedance mismatch, as a strong tension wave with high negative pressures. The liquid becomes stretched and at the homogeneous cavitation threshold ruptures with the nucleation of vapor bubbles. These bubbles are captured using an optical delay and very short exposure times. Reproducible observations of the bubble nucleation are obtained, supporting our claim of homogeneous bubble nucleation. Multicomponent Euler flow simulation estimates a tensile stress threshold of -60 MPa, which is the largest reported tension for dynamic measurements.
Ando, Keita; Liu, Ai-Qun; Ohl, Claus-Dieter
Cell death activation during cavitation of embryoid bodies is mediated by hydrogen peroxide.
The formation of the proamniotic cavity is the first indication of programmed cell death associated to a morphogenetic process in mammals. Although some growth factors have been implicated in proamniotic cavitation, very little is known about the intracellular mechanisms that control the cell death process itself. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are potent activators of cell death, thus, in the present work we evaluated the role of ROS during the cavitation of embryoid bodies (EBs), a common model to study proamniotic cavitation. During cavitation, ROS concentration increases in the inner cells of EBs, and this ROS accumulation appears to be associated with the mitochondrial respiratory activity. In agreement with a role of ROS in cavitation, EBs derived from ES cells that overproduce catalase, an enzyme that specifically degrades hydrogen peroxide, do not cavitate, and caspase activation and cell death is markedly decreased. Notably, cell death, but not the rise in ROS, during EB cavitation is caspase-dependent. The apoptosis-inducing factor (Aif) is released from the mitochondria during cavitation, but EBs derived from Aif(-/y) ES cells cavitate and ROS levels in the inner cells remain high. We conclude that hydrogen peroxide is a cell death activating signal essential for EB cavitation, suggesting that cell death during proamniotic cavitation is mediated by ROS. PMID:18452915
HernÃndez-GarcÚa, David; Castro-Obregµn, Susana; Gµmez-Lµpez, Sandra; Valencia, Concepciµn; Covarrubias, Luis
Prediction of pump cavitation performance
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
A method for predicting pump cavitation performance with various liquids, liquid temperatures, and rotative speeds is presented. Use of the method requires that two sets of test data be available for the pump of interest. Good agreement between predicted and experimental results of cavitation performance was obtained for several pumps operated in liquids which exhibit a wide range of properties. Two cavitation parameters which qualitatively evaluate pump cavitation performance are also presented.
Moore, R. D.
Detecting Cavitation Pitting Without Disassembly
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Technique for detecting cavitation pitting in pumps, turbines, and other machinery uses low-level nuclear irradiation. Isotopes concentrated below surface emit gamma radiation, a portion of which is attenuated by overlying material. Where there are cavitation pits, output of gamma-ray detector fluctuates as detector is scanned near pits. Important to detect cavitation pits because nozzle, turbine blade, or other pump component weakened by cavitation could fail catastrophically and cause machine to explode.
Barkhoudarian, S.
Destruction of contrast microbubbles and the association with inertial cavitation
The destruction of insonified SonazoidÛ microbubbles and its association with inertial cavitation in vitro utilizing an active acoustic detector was investigated. The experimental observation indicated that contrast microbubbles could be damaged at moderate acoustic pressures of 0.61.6 MPa (0.41.0 in mechanical index, MI). A damaged bubble could be dissolved into the medium on the order of 1 ms, implying that
William T Shi; Flemming Forsberg; Audun Tornes; Jonny Ästensen; Barry B Goldberg
Hydrodynamic cavitation in microsystems. II. Simulations and optical observations
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Numerical calculations in the single liquid phase and optical observations in the two-phase cavitating flow regime have been performed on microdiaphragms and microventuris fed with deionized water. Simulations have confirmed the influence of the shape of the shrinkage upon the contraction of the jet, and so on the localisation of possible cavitating area downstream. Observations of cavitating flow patterns through hybrid silicon-pyrex microdevices have been performed either via a laser excitation with a pulse duration of 6 ns, or with the help of a high-speed camera. Recorded snapshots and movies are presented. Concerning microdiaphragms, it is confirmed that very high shear rates downstream the diaphragms are the cause of bubbly flows. Concerning microventuris, a gaseous cavity forms on a boundary downstream the throat. As a consequence of a microsystem instability, the cavity displays a high frequency pulsation. Low values Strouhal numbers are associated to such a sheet cavitation. Moreover, when the intensity of the cavitating flow is reduced, there is a mismatch between the frequency of the pulsation of the cavity and the frequency of shedded clouds downstream the channel. That may be the consequence of viscous effects limiting the impingement of a re-entrant liquid jet on the attached cavity.
Medrano, M.; Pellone, C.; Zermatten, P. J.; Ayela, F.
Assessment of shock wave lithotripters via cavitation potential
A method to characterize shock wave lithotripters by examining the potential for cavitation associated with the lithotripter shock wave (LSW) has been developed. The method uses the maximum radius achieved by a bubble subjected to a LSW as a representation of the cavitation potential for that region in the lithotripter. It is found that the maximum radius is determined by the work done on a bubble by the LSW. The method is used to characterize two reflectors: an ellipsoidal reflector and an ellipsoidal reflector with an insert. The results show that the use of an insert reduced the ?6 dB volume (with respect to peak positive pressure) from 1.6 to 0.4 cm3, the ?6 dB volume (with respect to peak negative pressure) from 14.5 to 8.3 cm3, and reduced the volume characterized by high cavitation potential (i.e., regions characterized by bubbles with radii larger than 429 çm) from 103 to 26 cm3. Thus, the insert is an effective way to localize the potentially damaging effects of shock wave lithotripsy, and suggests an approach to optimize the shape of the reflector.
Iloreta, Jonathan I.; Zhou, Yufeng; Sankin, Georgy N.; Zhong, Pei; Szeri, Andrew J.
Tandem shock wave cavitation enhancement for extracorporeal lithotripsy.
Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) has been successful for more than twenty years in treating patients with kidney stones. Hundreds of underwater shock waves are generated outside the patient's body and focused on the kidney stone. Stones fracture mainly due to spalling, cavitation and layer separation. Cavitation bubbles are produced in the vicinity of the stone by the tensile phase of each shock wave. Bubbles expand, stabilize and finally collapse violently, creating stone-damaging secondary shock waves and microjets. Bubble collapse can be intensified by sending a second shock wave a few hundred microseconds after the first. A novel method of generating two piezoelectrically generated shock waves with an adjustable time delay between 50 and 950 micros is described and tested. The objective is to enhance cavitation-induced damage to kidney stones during ESWL in order to reduce treatment time. In vitro kidney stone model fragmentation efficiency and pressure measurements were compared with those for a standard ESWL system. Results indicate that fragmentation efficiency was significantly enhanced at a shock wave delay of about 400 and 250 micros us