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A case for watercooling – Joe
SUMMARY: Looks like the stars may be aligning for "mainstream" watercooling.
I've been observing the heatsink scene for going on five years now and every once in a while, I sit back and try to read the tea leaves to discern where things are heading.
The major event in CPU cooling has been CPU die-shrink (see "CPU Die Size – The Cooling Challenge Ahead"); basically the overarching issue confronting heatsink designers is how to cool more watts in an ever decreasing area. As the watts/mm² increase, wicking off heat becomes increasingly (maybe exponentially) more difficult.
An excellent paper by Kaveh Azar shows these trends very nicely:
Note the sharp rise in power density starting 1999. The implication, as we overclockers know all too well, is that we are using alternative cooling technologies to deal with this trend, most notably water:
No question that aircooling is still the preferred method, considering cost and complexity; no question that how far aircooling can go is an open question (see "Heatsinks – Hitting a Wall??"). Looking at the physical properties of air vs water clealry shows these limits:
If you've been around since ancient history (the last five years), you've no doubt seen heatsink increase in size. However, how far this can continue is also open to question (see "Heatsink Performance Limits").
Note also from this graph by Yogendra Joshi, that as size increases, so does airflow; this translates to larger fans and, as we have seen, much more noise for aggressive performance. Many of us remember the stampede to Delta 38s, to be quickly followed by the stampede to throw them out due to intolerable noise.
One of the primary issues facing heatsink designers is spreading resistance – one technical paper found that "[When aluminum heatsink] length is changed from 50mm to 100mm, weight is changed from 133gm to 266 gm, completely double the weight, yet the performance gain is only 16%." (Honglong Chen, paper HERE.) Doubling size by no means doubles performance.
Current materials (copper and aluminum) are about stretched to the limit of what they can efficiently handle. Until new aircooling technologies hit the market with cost efficiencies rivaling these materials, alternative CPU cooling technologies are likely to look more attractive; of these, IMHO water looks to be one of the better choices.¹
While watercooling is currently more expensive and complex, I believe the increased attention it appears to be getting from larger companies now entering the field may alter this markedly. Many "pioneer" watercooling manufacturers started as garage shop operations and some still retain these characteristics. As larger companies with more extensive financial and engineering resources enter the market, more effective solutions may see the light of day.
In addition, suppliers of key components, such as waterpumps and radiators, are beginning to take notice of this market and we can expect more products specifically geared for CPU cooling. Currently users and vendors are adapting products used for other purposes. For example, radiators designed for high pressure oil cooling may carry a cost penalty when used in very low pressure PC watercooling.
One of the issues watercooling faces is the need for an active pump. One technology that is pumpless is the Thermosyphon. I tested one example, the "Calm-SV Liquid CPU Cooler". Although performance of this particular example was not anything to get excited about, the technology is worth exploring.
The following diagram shows the basic principle:
The attraction of a pumpless system is clear: waterpumps are relatively expensive and a clear "failure point" in a watercooling system. If it could be eliminated, costs drop markedly. One key point is that vaporizing the liquid is required by the CPU; this may require a liquid with a lower boiling point than water:
The design challenge then becomes selecting the right fluid for the application. Overall, an interesting technology that requires a fair amount of "art" to deliver superior cooling performance.
One thing about physics: It can't be bent.
As CPU frequencies increase and size shrinks, escalating chip power densities will inevitably drive CPU cooling to more efficient solutions. Watercooling, once a geek toy, is breaking out to take a place in mainstream PC applications.
I always find it interesting that we overclockers deal with these issues a couple of years ahead of the "mass market" – in fact, we tend to pioneer these technologies. Kind of a nice place to be.
¹Apparently NEC agrees – see their watercooled PC HERE.
Additional Reading: The following sources delve into these issues in more detail:
- "Though air-cooling has remained a
mainstay in most electronic systems, it is becoming evidently
clear that for a number of applications, direct air-cooling will
need to be replaced or supplemented with other high
performance compact cooling techniques." SINGLE CHAMBER COMPACT THERMOSYPHONS WITH MICRO-FABRICATED COMPONENTS
- Excellent overview of emerging cooling trends: EMERGING THERMAL CHALLENGE CHALLENGES IN ELECTRONICS DRIVEN BY PERFORMANCE, RELIABILITY AND ENERGY EFFICIENCY
- "Purdue University researchers have made a discovery that may lead to the development of an innovative liquid-cooling system for future computer chips, which are expected to generate four times more heat than today's chips." Tiny bubbles are key to liquid-cooled system for future computers
- "Power dissipation and heat flux are on the exponential rise at all levels of packaging." Advanced Cooling Concepts and Their Challenges
- "With rapid increase in chip switching frequency, and in turn, power densities, we have almost reached the limit where the direct cooling of chips with liquid must be considered." PHASE CHANGE HEAT TRANSFER – A REVIEW OF PURDUE RESEARCH
- "With power density levels expected to reach well over 100 w/cm2 in the not-too-distant future, computer mainframes, telecommunications equipment, supercomputers, and highpower systems will increasingly require improved cooling that is not possible with traditional air cooling or direct immersion cooling technologies."
Spray Evaporative Cooling
- "A thermosiphon loop transfers heat from a hot source to a cold sink through the evaporation and condensation of the working fluid. This system is particularly suited for cooling of microelectronics chips." THERMOSIPHON LOOP WITH APPLICATIONS IN MICROELECTRONIC CHIP COOLING
Tags: Cooling
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- Exactly. How is dell going to ship their computers? Watercooling is too high of mantience for the average joe. Average joe wants a computer that runs and doesnt need mantience. How is dell going to ship their systems? Average Joe is afraid to open the computer up, and even more afraid to put water in it. I just dont see watercooling being in a dell unless someone comes up with something very inovative. Air cooling's days are indeed numbered though.I think fool proof would be a self contained unit within the case that does not need to be drained nor maintained. Also it would most likely contain a flow monitor in order to warn of a pump faliure.What means Fool Proof to you and I or in fact OEM's is simply not the issue, this is Joe Public who has been known to have problems using Windows.. I have seen tower systems placed on their sides and other stange angles that I would suspect watercooling systems would not be designed or like to run at.
As suggested by the article the ever increasing processor tempratures will eventually require more advanced cooling systems than air... Im not sure that I would trust Joe Public with water sealed or otherwise.
There is only as much time left for air cooling as there is untill the next process shrink. I don't think that current or futrue heatsinks have much more room for increasing power/area ratios that will be seen on the next generation chips. Maybe this generation will be able to get by, very warm mind you with heatsinks, but the generation after that or when they start trying to crank up speeds on 0.09, your goig to see more alternative cooling methods. Personally i think that the sealed "heat pipe" idea of convective liquid cooling will become mainstream during the next process jump, and after that actively ciruclated systems. I also believe that sealed units will probally be the thing that OEMs go after. Joe sixpack wouldn't like the idea of watering his computer.I have yet to read the article but I wanted to address this.
Do you think any OEM will ship a nonsealed system? Its likely that the precautions used in an OEM WC setup may be just as complicated as the computer itself. This may be the only reason the OEMs havent shipped water cooled systems yet, they have yet to make it full proof. There have been stories of people receiving shipped OEM systems with the HS off...I think selling water damage insurance could be a lucrative business.Exactly, "the maintenance issue"... most people can't take care of their current systems properly, think adding water to the equation's going to simplify things? :pOne thing that concerns me, is what happens if Joe Public's system breaks down, are they going to drain the water before transporting the system to the repair shop ?... or splash it everywhere creating more problems... Will the mean that the system will be in the repair shop for a longer period of time as it will need to dry out before it can be worked on ?1, 2, and 3 answered
Good topic -- we will have too difficult a time trying to convince most average PC users that cooling with water can be safe if done properly... but then you have the maintenance issue, and not to mention the liability/warranty issues from the OEMs (who will have to initiate such a radical move in the PC market).
The answer's No, air cooling will not leave us... not until something equally "safe" (end-user perception here) comes about.
I do think that, for enthusiasts, the days of air are coming to an end as overclocking requires a greater (than average) dissipation of heat than most air cooling can provide at a reasonable level of noise. End-users/newbs/Dell buyers won't care about a little noise even in future models, but I'm willing to bet that larger heatsink/fan combos will be going mainstream soon, and with slower fan speeds while creating more cooling capacity (Zalman's started this path for us). Quiet is important, people don't want a tornado next to them while they're surfing the net. Currently, most OEMs that run high-end processors are NOT loud, so there's still plenty of room for mhz in our current design, and we all know that over time things become more efficient... so it's a matter of moments until a more revolutionary cooling method, that doesn't require a leap of faith on the end user's part, comes around.1) I think that for the while air cooling is satifactory - for processors running stock speeds with non-extreme amounts of voltage running through them that is. What I do think will happen is an improvement in the cooling design, and a move away from the ultimate budget heatsink supplied with AMD chips for example.
The Gainward card is intended for enthusiasts or just speed junkies only, as they obviously would not sell an uber-cooled card for the general public - that would mean that aside from the insane cost of the graphics card they would have to buy a watercooling kit too.
2) I think that marketing gurus will probably be quite successful in marketing watercooling to the wider audience than the extreme OCer - people who want an extremely quiet cooling solution as said in a recent THG article on a kit would benefit.
3) Putting all our PCs in Fridges? :p Anything is possible methinks.1. Time is limited for air cooling. But the reason air cooling is on the way out, is b/c the hardware makers seem to me more intrested in speed than quality. (i.e. PIII 1.13, Tbred-a, NV30)
2. Socially we have been taught water and electronics are bad when mixed. In order for Joe six pack to believe that water is a good cooling component, there would have to be a mass marketing campaign by major companies endorcing water cooling and its "coolness". Simply placing a sticker on the front bezel saying "water inside" is going to scare more people than attract them. The move to water will have to be silent in that no one knows, or it will have to be a major event. I feel if you simply tell people "oh by the way your computer is water cooled inside", your going to end up freaking them out. I say this from experience, in that when people look at my water cooled rig they act like its giving of radiation and being close to it will turn them green.
3. I feel air is the only solution and should be the only solution. I feel that the processor world is in a huge downward spiral. Both Intel and AMD are worried about who is going to be faster. They should be focussing more on making these chips run cooler than making them run faster. I am willing to bet if Intel stopped worring about making it to 4ghz, and tried to optimize their exsisting chips, it would be possible to passivly cool a 3ghz chip within two years. I really feel if the major OEMs (i.e. Dell, Compaq, gateway) were to say "look we have enough speed, just give us something we can make a quieter computer with", the industry would move in the right direction and there would never be a need more mainstream water cooling. Moving to water only gives the chip makers more of an excuse to rush products out the door. Products that under air cooling would be unstable.1. Yes. Watercooling is the next easiest (and affordable) way. However, many of the commercial efforts I've seen are pretty crappy. Commercial offerings will have to improve for watercooling to be a reasonable alternative to air cooling. There is certainly potential - custom setups have shown this. :)
2. People have water cooled cars. What's wrong with watercooled comptuers.
3. I think watercooling is the next cheapest cooling setup, at least compared to phase change systems.** Quick Links **
links featured through this thread and others will be presented in a list here for quick future refrence.. feel free to PM UnseenMenace with a usefull link


text: LeVonapalooza! Reunion View full-size image < previous next > Is this photo a winner? "I had a hard time choosing which picture to enter into your contest. I put the camera on automatic and took several shots. Most were very "stiff" and when I told everyone it was over...I got this one. It's my favorite because it shows more of our family's personalities under their CustomInk shirts. Once a year my family gets together to sing and play music up at my cottage on Lake Simcoe, Ontario. Everyone LOVED their t-shirts and tonns of fun was had by all!" - LeVonapalooza (Jul 21, 2009) Share this photo on: Twitter Facebook Pinterest Similar Photos: family | family reunion | reunion | canada american apparel jersey v neck Feeling inspired? Visit the CustomInk Design Lab to start your own group order. Design Your Own comment by anonymous - Jul 21, 2009 - back to the top I think the guy on the the bottom left makes this picture a winner, look at the Babe he's got! those funny people at the bottom right are visitors from Vancouver, we had no choice. You know what they about visitors. Vistors are like fish, after three days they start to smell. like you know what! comment by anonymous - Jul 22, 2009 - back to the top Love the v-neck tees! Looks like a wild weekend!!! comment by anonymous - Jul 22, 2009 - back to the top What a happy looking bunch, must be Alecs wine. comment by anonymous - Jul 24, 2009 - back to the top This one is by far the best!!! comment by anonymous - Aug 05, 2009 - back to the top There's a fun looking bunch of folks...love the V necks.

subset: commoncrawl


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The news waits for no one -- at least that's what we read somewhere -- so it's perfectly understandable that you, the reader, might have missed out on a musical tidbit, breaking news about your favorite venue, or one of our rants. So enjoy this digest-style sampling of some of our biggest stories f ... More >>
Seattle math rock-meets-electronic indie band Minus the Bear has been going strong for 12 years now, spending most of its time on the road or in the studio. As a testament to how much the band tours, take a look at how many times we've reviewed the band over the years. So it's no surprise that Min ... More >>
One man, no van
I Am Jim Jones
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Eric Goertz did a lot of damage with his spray cans. But he's not the big tagger fish cops sought.
Hollywood's Manny Ebaid struggles to rebound after the War on Terror made him collateral damage.
Stephen Jordi planned to blow up abortion clinics. Does that make him a terrorist?
If only our man in Washington would stay there


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CARDINAL Adjustable Annuloplasty Ring System For Treatment of Mitral Regurgitation
The recruitment status of this study is unknown because the information has not been verified recently.
Verified February 2012 by Valtech Cardio Ltd.
Recruitment status was Active, not recruiting
Recruitment status was Active, not recruiting
Valtech Cardio Ltd
Information provided by:
Valtech Cardio Ltd
ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier:
First received: May 24, 2010
Last updated: February 7, 2012
Last verified: February 2012
|Tracking Information
|First Received Date ICMJE
|May 24, 2010
|Last Updated Date
|February 7, 2012
|Start Date ICMJE
|March 2010
|Primary Completion Date
|February 2012 (final data collection date for primary outcome measure)
|Current Primary Outcome Measures ICMJE
|Performance and safety [ Time Frame: Number 1 and 2 procedure. Number 3. at 6 month ] [ Designated as safety issue: Yes ]
Following are the primary endpoints:
|Original Primary Outcome Measures ICMJE
|Same as current
|Change History
|Complete list of historical versions of study NCT01137734 on ClinicalTrials.gov Archive Site
|Current Secondary Outcome Measures ICMJE
|safety [ Time Frame: 6 months ] [ Designated as safety issue: Yes ]
Incidence of Major Adverse Events (MAE) equal or lower than that reported in the literature.
|Original Secondary Outcome Measures ICMJE
|Same as current
|Current Other Outcome Measures ICMJE
|Not Provided
|Original Other Outcome Measures ICMJE
|Not Provided
|Descriptive Information
|Brief Title ICMJE
|CARDINAL Adjustable Annuloplasty Ring System For Treatment of Mitral Regurgitation
|Official Title ICMJE
|Valtech Cardinal Adjustable Semi-Rigid Annuloplasty Ring System For Treatment of Mitral Valve Regurgitation in Open Surgical Repair
|Brief Summary
Annuloplasty device for repair of mitral valve regurgitation with option to adjust device post implant off pump, to optimize correction of mitral regurgitation. Unlike conventional annuloplasty ring, the Cardinal system offers the clinician the opportunity to make adjustments after weaning from cardiopulmonary bypass. Adjustability is expected to reduce the number of patients leaving the operating room with residual regurgitation after mitral valve repair.
|Detailed Description
|Not Provided
|Study Type ICMJE
|Study Phase
|Phase 2
|Study Design ICMJE
|Allocation: Non-Randomized
Endpoint Classification: Safety Study
Intervention Model: Single Group Assignment
Masking: Open Label
Primary Purpose: Treatment
|Condition ICMJE
|Mitral Valve Insufficiency
|Intervention ICMJE
|Study Arm (s)
|Not Provided
|Publications *
|Not Provided
* Includes publications given by the data provider as well as publications identified by ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier (NCT Number) in Medline.
|Recruitment Information
|Recruitment Status ICMJE
|Active, not recruiting
|Estimated Enrollment ICMJE
|Estimated Completion Date
|August 2013
|Primary Completion Date
|February 2012 (final data collection date for primary outcome measure)
|Eligibility Criteria ICMJE
Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
|18 Years to 80 Years
|Accepts Healthy Volunteers
|Contacts ICMJE
|Contact information is only displayed when the study is recruiting subjects
|Location Countries ICMJE
|Belgium, Italy
|Administrative Information
|NCT Number ICMJE
|Other Study ID Numbers ICMJE
|Has Data Monitoring Committee
|Responsible Party
|Nitza Shoham, PhD, Valtech Cardio Ltd
|Study Sponsor ICMJE
|Valtech Cardio Ltd
|Collaborators ICMJE
|Not Provided
|Investigators ICMJE
|Information Provided By
|Valtech Cardio Ltd
|Verification Date
|February 2012
ICMJE Data element required by the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors and the World Health Organization ICTRP


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August 22, 2011
MV Transportation Inc. announced the successful asset purchase of New York City school bus operator, USA United Fleet Inc. The agreement was approved by the U.S. Bankruptcy Court of the Eastern District of New York last week.
MV Transportation Inc.'s student transportation subsidiary, Reliant Transportation Inc. assumed the existing bus fleet and four New York City Department of Education operation and maintenance contracts.
The company will begin operation of more than 500 bus routes with approximately 600 vehicles beginning with the start of school in New York City, Sept. 8, 2011.
The completion of this transaction, valued at over $75 million in revenue, marks the largest acquisition in the company's 36 year history.
MV Transportation also operates the Access-A-Ride services in Harlem, Staten Island and Brooklyn for the New York Metropolitan Transportation Authority.
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Factors in Transit Bus Ramp Slope and Wheelchair-Seated Passenger Safety Nearly 3 million U.S. adults are wheelchair or scooter users1, and as the population ages this number is expected to rise. Many wheelchair users rely upon public transportation to access work, medical care, school and social activities.
Mass Transit Capital Planning An overview of the world-class best practices for assessing, prioritizing, and funding capital projects to optimize resources and align with the organization's most critical immediate and long-term goals.
The Benefits of Door-to-Door Service in ADA Complementary Paratransit Many U.S. transit agencies continue to struggle with the quality of ADA service, the costs, and the difficulties encountered in contracting the service, which is the method of choice for a significant majority of agencies. One of the most basic policy decisions an agency must make involves whether to provide door-to-door, or only curb-to-curb service.
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- Publisher: Microsoft Game Studios
- Release Date: Dec 17, 2012
User Score
Mixed or average reviews- based on 13 Ratings
User score distribution:
Positive: 9 out of 13
Mixed: 0 out of 13
Negative: 4 out of 13
Review this game
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Jan 11, 2014This is the only game that my son and daughter (ages 3 and 4) can play! They love it, and the ability to share photos is perfect! I love the looping option where it can go all day if you want it to - great for having guests over to play! Highly recommended for all ages. 10/10
Dec 31, 2012My kids love this game and I do too. This game shows off what an awesome, interactive piece of tech Kinect is. Highly recommended, and you can't beat the price point.
Feb 13, 2013My kids LOVE this game. 36 activities that automatically cycle through. My kids and the neighbor kids go crazy playing. Best of all, nobody loses. They just have fun and I don't even need to do any setup to get them started playing. It just works.
Jan 31, 2013Like Happy Action Theater before it Kinect Party does a great job of exploring the possibilities of the Kinect with simple and easy games. While some games are better then others all of them show you something new that can be done with the Kinect. Both my kids love the game and the social connectivity makes it easy to upload picture with the added kinect effects to facebook etc. If you have younger kids a definite must buy on XBLA (oh and it is free if you purchases Happy action theater previously)… Expand
Jan 27, 2013Cool game to put on when friends are over, does a good job of breaking the ice. The automatic shuffling of activities is cool so you can literally just jump in. Not the kind of game I would play for very long on my own though. It's just a game that "is what it is". Serves a purpose but there's not much beyond having something in the background. I can see it being pretty fun for very young kids too.… Expand
Dec 30, 2013This is the only Kinect game that I and my kids have actually enjoyed. They have a blast with it and there are some truly neat effects as well as a wide variety of game types. You will find yourself laughing along with some of the crazy stuff that occurs in this game and it also takes pictures frequently which you can save or share online.
The most fun thing to do is put it in shuffle mode, where it keeps rotating to a different game every few minutes. It is one of the few games that works with three people, too, which is nice, and you don't feel penalized if the family dog walks through the game. Ours does this sometimes but it results in often humorous consequences instead of a frustrating loss of control, as with other Kinect games.
Kinect Party is not worth buying a Kinect for, but if you already own one, you should definitely get it. If more Kinect games worked this well, that sensor might be worthwhile instead of a piece of junk.… Expand
Feb 9, 2013Comprising of 36 mini-games it's a breathless quick-fire assault of weird and wonderful challenges and play tools for up to six players. [March 2013, p.90]
Feb 7, 2013Kinect Party is lots of fun, even though it gets frustrating when the game aggressively tries to get you to post your weird party pictures on Facebook. With more games and a small number of improvements, Kinect Party easily exceeds its predecessor. Kinect Party understands the shortcomings of the Kinect and that makes it one of the few games worth checking out on Microsoft's peripheral gadget.
Jan 29, 2013It's hard to deny the sheer amount of fun that Kinect Party offers. [Issue#94, p.83]


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The School of Aerospace, Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering at the University of Sydney is one of Australia's premier Engineering schools. It runs extremely successful undergraduate, postgraduate and research programs. The school is a major component of the Engineering and IT Faculty at the University of Sydney. Ranked number one in NSW (AEN rankings) and 3rd in Australia, the University of Sydney is a world leader in Teaching and Research.
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Whoa -- it's a busy weekend ahead, everyone. For starters, it's Record Store Day this Saturday. Get a full rundown of all the happenings in our comprehensive guide to St. Louis Record Store Day 2014, featuring free entertainment at Euclid Records, Vintage Vinyl, Apop Records and Slackers. Then, get ... More >>
Five plaintiffs have filed suit against an East St. Louis nightclub after claiming to have suffered injuries during a no-holds-barred melee made infamous last April after video footage emerged and circulated across YouTube. The fracas, which lasted several minutes, included pistol whippings, body sl ... More >>
YouTubeDozens of people skirmish around 4:30 a.m. Saturday at Blackmon's.New video appears at end of this post.East St. Louis officials yesterday temporarily suspended the liquor license at nightclub Blackmon's Plaza following a wild fight early Saturday morning. During the fight, captured on vid ... More >>
stlhiphop.comSecurity guards fight the crowd early April 2 inside Blackmon's Plaza.Yesterday we told you about a crazy night Friday (early Saturday morning, actually) in East St. Louis, in which police were called to stop fights at three separate nightclubs. Now video has emerged of the most viol ... More >>


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The Gable
Quirky private areas, excellent quality food and superbly crafted cocktails make The Gable a must visit venue in the City. A unique bar with the character of London firmly stamped upon it, you will find retro telephone boxes, glittering chandeliers and sumptuous booths to kick back in after a hard day's work. Gastro-pub above ground, chic bar below, The Gable transitions from day to night effortlessly. Eat, drink, play at The Gable. Book your table today.


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We came here all the time and they're so nice. My baby always come out beautiful.
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Mark your calendars on December 4 as the Rotary Club of New Berlin presents a membership kickoff event at New Berlin Hills Golf Course. Mayor Jack Chiovatero and past district governor Paul Decker will lead this educational and networking program. Learn more about the role that Rotary International plays in building a better New Berlin as well as a better world.
This membership event will be held from 5:00-7:00 pm in the clubhouse, 13175 W. Graham St. Appetizers and beverages will be served. The event is free and open to the public. To register, contact Jeff Hoffman at 262.746.3486 or firstname.lastname@example.com.
Since 1972, the Rotary Club of New Berlin has helped make New Berlin a stronger and better community through its numerous projects and contributions. Some of the organizations that have benefited – and in some cases, continue to benefit – include the New Berlin Food Pantry, the New Berlin Police Department, Senior Citizens Taxi Service, the library, both high schools and many other needy individuals and organizations in our community.
The Rotary Club of New Berlin is comprised of active and retired business people committed to making our community and our world a better place. Rotary International encourages humanitarian service and high ethical standards in all its endeavors. Such efforts build goodwill and peace around the world. Additional information about Rotary International and the New Berlin club can be found at our website.
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- New Berlin residents bring the spirit of the Peace Corps to Panama


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Micro Tattoo by Mr. Micro ,he's owner ,has been tattooing in Patong since 1999. He's experience in the unique of tattooing 16 year ago. Micro Tattoo preserve all European health standards including sterile workroom ,air-conditioned , hospital grade autoclave sterilization and the best quality of inks and colors from around the world. There also offers all body ,facial and surface piercing with a wide range of jewelry in-store. There service with one of artists to develop a perfect piece.
We are open 7 days a week 10 AM - 12 PM
MICRO is the owner of MICRO TATTOO. He originally started the shop as a one man show doing all of the tattoo work and piercings himself. Now with two staff he is able to concerntrate on the work he loves: Bamboo Tattoo, the Thai traditional form of tattoo. Micro has been practicing Bamboo Tattoo work since 1988 and is a true master of Bamboo Tattoo.
Also avalible are tattoo equiptment and wholesale products.


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utility theory, and represent differing research practices and types of trade-offs.
The magnitude of the impacts of regulations for which economic analyses are required is great. The significance of these public interventions argues for careful attention to the development of high-quality, unbiased analyses that include thorough documentation of their limitations. Such analyses must be rigorous and conform to accepted professional standards for best practices. Data, methods, results, uncertainties, and limitations must be clearly communicated.
The rest of this report elaborates on these objectives for regulatory analysis and policy development. Subsequent chapters consider and make recommendations about the use of HALY measures in regulatory CEA, ethical and other nonquantified information to be considered in developing regulatory policies, and the construction and presentation of CEAs using health-related effectiveness measures. Importantly, the conclusions and recommendations presented throughout address the use of CEA specifically for public policy analysis of interventions affecting the environment, public health, and safety. Different characteristics of measures and criteria for use of a particular measure may be of greater relevance in other contexts than the criteria proposed here.


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Industry Involvement
REC Consultants and
our employees are proud to provide our professional services and personal
time to a wide variety of non-profit organizations that help to improve our
community, the local environment and the continued education of the citizens of
San Diego County. Below are just a few of the Organization we proudly participate with and support.
~The Water Conservation Garden
~East County YMCA
~The San Diego River Conservancy
~Building Industry of America - BIA Cares
~East County Posse
~Garfield High School
~San Diego Women's Foundation
~Open Space Management
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160 S Washington St, Sonora, CA 95370
13775 Mono Way, Sonora, CA 95370
12767 Cresthaven Dr, Groveland, CA 95321
855 Mono Way, Sonora, CA 95370
At Rite Aid, We Have Your Daily Dose Of Health And Wellness Products.
8.4 Miles
(209) 586-2715
24181 State Highway 108, Twain Harte, CA 95383
Services: Takes Reservations, Walk-ins Welcome, Good For Groups, Good For Kids, Take Out, Catering, Waite...
Latest review: "This is a great place to stop for a good meal after a day of mountain recreation. Fun atmosp..."
12.0 Miles
(209) 728-9858
75 Big Trees Rd, Murphys, CA 95247
Latest review: "Yes, this restaurant is closed and I would like to correct the previous review. Lorenzo's d..."
1.4 Miles
(209) 533-3228
14619 Mono Way, Sonora, CA 95370
Latest review: "I have been getting take out from them since they opened and it is usually very good. Last n..."
1.6 Miles
(209) 533-1330
13775 Mono Way - Ste E, Sonora, CA 95370
Latest review: "If I could, i would rate it ZERO stars!! I purchased a puppy a few days ago and within 6 hou..."
4.5 Miles
(209) 532-8822
22265 Parrotts Ferry Rd, Sonora, CA 95370
Latest review: "worst service ever there real jerks here ...i would never go back here i suggest no one ever..."
5.9 Miles
(209) 984-3446
18183 Main St, Jamestown, CA 95327
Products: Historic Hotel, Fine Dining, Full Service Bar And Fine Wines
Services: Hotel, Restaurant, Events And Banquets
Latest review: "DO NOT GO HERE! I AM ONLY GIVING ONE STAR BECAUSE THEY WILL NOT LET ME GIVE ZERO! This resta..."
15.7 Miles
(209) 785-9410
6603 Lake Tulloch Pl, Copperopolis, CA 95228
Products: Bait, Gasoline, Tackle
Services: Enclosed Storage
Latest review: "My experience with Drifters Marina was not good! A dog jumped on me as I was walking up to t..."
2.6 Miles
(209) 536-1656
14589 Tuolumne Rd, Sonora, CA 95370
2.9 Miles
(209) 532-8332
123 S Washington St, Sonora, CA 95370
Services: Restaurant And Full Service Bar, Catering Also Available.
3.0 Miles
(209) 532-1670
177 S Washington St, Sonora, CA 95370
Products: Organic, House Made, Fresh, And Wonderful!
Services: Join Us For An Afternoon Break Between 3-5pm And Have A Cold Beer, Glass Of Wine, A Snack, Or J...
1.7 Miles
(209) 533-9033
13494 Mono Way, Sonora, CA 95370
1.3 Miles
(209) 536-6065
19601 Hess Ave, Sonora, CA 95370
2.9 Miles
(209) 533-0773
83 S Stewart St, Sonora, CA 95370
Products: Bacon, Bread Sticks, Breads, Chicken, Cole Slaw, Meats, Pizza, Potato Salad, Salads, Sausage, S...
3.0 Miles
(209) 532-7278
13 S Washington St, Sonora, CA 95370
1.6 Miles
(209) 532-4244
13770 Mono Way, Sonora, CA 95370
Products: Appetizers, Children's Menu, Entrees, Juice, Rice, Salads, Side Dishes, Tacos, Tortillas
Services: Dinner, Gift Certificates, Late Night, Lunch