text:
Tourism statistics at regional level
From Statistics Explained
- Data from March 2014. Most recent data: Further Eurostat information, Main tables and Database. Planned article update: June 2015
This article is part of a set of statistical articles based on the Eurostat Regional Yearbook publication. It presents regional patterns of tourism across the European Union (EU); its main focus is tourism occupancy within tourist accommodation establishments, while it also presents figures on the capacity of tourist accommodation.
The statistical definition of tourism is broader than the common definition employed on an everyday basis, as it encompasses not only private trips but also business trips. This is primarily because tourism is viewed from an economic perspective, whereby private visitors on holiday and visitors making business trips have broadly similar consumption patterns (transport, accommodation and restaurant / catering services). As such, it may be of secondary interest to providers of tourism services whether their customers are private tourists on holiday or visitors on a business trip.
Tourism cuts across many activities: services to tourists include the provision of accommodation, gastronomy (for example, restaurants or cafés), transport, and a wide range of cultural and recreational facilities (for example, theatres, museums, leisure parks or swimming pools). In many regions focused on tourism, retail and other service sectors also benefit considerably from the additional demand generated by tourists, as can the construction sector (for more information refer to the article on structural business statistics).
- 1 Main statistical findings
- 2 Data sources and availability
- 3 Context
- 4 See also
- 5 Further Eurostat information
- 6 External links
Main statistical findings
Over the past six decades, despite occasional shocks, tourism has experienced almost uninterrupted expansion and diversification, becoming one of the largest and fastest-growing economic sectors in the world. This pattern continued in recent years, despite the global financial and economic crisis, with tourism having the potential to be one of the main engines of recovery in the EU.
According to the United Nations World Tourism Organisation, in 2012 — for the first time in history — there were in excess of one billion international tourist arrivals. Europe remained the most frequently visited region in the world, accounting for over half of all international tourist arrivals in 2012. The wealth of European cultures, the variety of its landscapes and the quality of its tourist infrastructure are likely to be amongst the reasons why tourists choose to take their holidays in Europe.
Number of overnight stays
The number of overnight stays, which reflects both the length of stay and the number of visitors, is considered a key indicator within tourism accommodation statistics. There were 2.58 billion nights spent in tourist accommodation establishments (made up of hotels and similar accommodation (NACE Group 55.1), holiday and other short-stay accommodation (NACE Group 55.2), and camping grounds, recreational vehicle parks and trailer parks (NACE Group 55.3)) across the EU-28 in 2012.
Domestic EU tourists spent 1.45 billion nights in tourist accommodation establishments in 2012; this equated to 56.1 % of the total, with the number of overnight stays by non-residents reaching 1.13 billion.
Map 1 provides a regional breakdown of the total number of overnight stays (residents and non-residents combined) in tourist accommodation establishments in 2012. The map shows that tourism in the EU is often concentrated in coastal regions, although the Alpine regions and some cities also experienced high demand.
A total of 27 regions in the EU (including Ireland for which no regional analysis is available) recorded more than 20 million nights spent in tourist accommodation establishments (as shown by the darkest shade in Map 1). This list included six regions in each of Spain and Italy, five in France, four in Germany, two in Austria and one each in Greece, Croatia and the United Kingdom; note that Ireland as a whole recorded 28.9 million overnight stays.
Number of popular tourist destinations among non-residents was relatively limited …
The results presented in Map 1 may be contrasted with those shown for Map 2, where the analysis focuses on the relative share of non-residents in the total number of overnight stays in tourist accommodation establishments; the average across the whole of the EU-28 for this indicator was 43.9 % in 2012. There were only 65 NUTS 2 regions where the share of non-residents was above the EU-28 average, suggesting that foreign tourists had a relatively restricted range of destinations, while other regions may principally be destinations for national travellers. The highest share for non-residents in the total number of tourist nights spent was recorded in the Mediterranean island of Malta (a single region at this level of analysis); non-residents accounted for 95.7 % of the total nights spent in this region in 2012. There were eight other regions where the share of non-residents was at least 90.0 %, including the island destinations of Kriti and Notio Aigaio (Greece), Jadranska Hrvatska (Croatia), Cyprus (also one region at the level of detail) and the Illes Balears (Spain). The remaining three regions included Luxembourg (a single region at this level of analysis), Praha (the capital region of the Czech Republic) and Tirol (in the Austrian Alps). Note that residents of Malta, Cyprus and Luxembourg may be less likely to spend their holidays in the domestic market given the relative size of these countries.
… although foreign visitors often visited capital regions more than domestic tourists
Among the multi-regional EU Member States, overnight stays by foreign visitors in capital regions generally accounted for a majority of the total nights spent in tourist accommodation establishments — the only exceptions in 2012 were in the capital regions of Germany, Spain, Poland, Finland and Sweden; a regional breakdown is not available for Ireland.
Mecklenburg-Vorpommern and Cumbria were examples of popular tourist regions which principally appealed to the domestic market
At the other end of the range, there were 22 NUTS 2 regions where fewer than 10 % of the total nights spent in tourist accommodation establishments were taken by non-nationals (as shown by the lightest shade in Map 2). Among these regions with relatively low levels of 'international appeal' there were 10 regions from Germany, four from the United Kingdom, three from Poland, two each from Italy and Romania and a single region from the Netherlands. Note that the information presented refers to the relative share of total nights spent and does not provide any indication as to the total number of nights spent; generally though the total nights spent in these regions were relatively low. However, there were a few regions which are characterised as having high 'domestic appeal' — for example, the sparsely populated Baltic coastal region of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern in Germany or Cumbria which includes the Lake District in the United Kingdom. A total of 24.8 million nights were spent in tourist accommodation establishments in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern in 2012 which was the 22nd highest value across the EU, just behind the whole of Ireland: non-nationals accounted for just 3.7 % of the Mecklenburg-Vorpommern total.
Most popular tourist regions
The top 20 tourist regions (in terms of nights spent by residents and non-residents) are shown in Figure 1; the analysis presents an analysis according to type of accommodation. These 20 regions together accounted for more than one third (37.4 %) of the total number of nights spent in the EU-28 in 2012.
Spanish islands of the Canarias had the highest number of overnight stays in 2012
The Spanish island region of the Canarias (87.5 million nights) had the highest number of overnight stays among any of the NUTS 2 regions in the EU in 2012, while two further Spanish regions also featured among the top five destinations — Cataluña (69.7 million nights) and the Illes Balears (64.7 million nights). The top five destinations were completed by the French capital region of Île de France (78.1 million nights) and the Italian region of Veneto (62.4 million nights), where the cities of Padua, Venice and Verona are located.
Aside from regions situated in the large holiday destinations of Spain, France and Italy, the top 20 regions also featured Jadranska Hrvatska (Croatia; 6th place), Inner London (the United Kingdom; 10th place), Tirol (Austria; 14th place) and Oberbayern (Germany; 17th place). The total number of nights spent on the Croatian Adriatic coast and islands of Jadranska Hrvatska reached 59.9 million in 2012. This marked the most successful year ever for Croatia as a tourist destination and coincided with preparations for Croatia's accession to the EU.
Hotels accounted for the highest share of nights spent in the majority of popular tourist destinations …
Hotels and similar accommodation accounted for more than half of the total number of nights spent in tourist accommodation establishments in 14 of the 20 most popular tourist regions of the EU in 2012. The French capital region of Île de France and the four Spanish regions of the Canarias, the Illes Balears, Cataluña and Andalucía, were the only regions to record in excess of 40 million overnight stays in hotels and similar accommodation in 2012. Hotels and similar accommodation were also the most popular form of accommodation in Veneto and the French region of Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur, although their share in the total number of overnight stays was below 50 % in both of these regions.
The French capital region recorded the highest proportion of nights spent in hotels and similar accommodation (87.4 % of all overnight stays). This could be contrasted with another French region, Languedoc-Roussillon (which borders onto the Mediterranean Sea), where the relative share of hotels and similar accommodation was just 22.1 %, which was the lowest share across the top 20 regions.
… although in Aquitaine and Languedoc-Roussillon the highest number of nights spent by tourists were in campsites
By contrast, Languedoc-Roussillon was the only region among the top 20 to report that more than half of its total number of overnight stays were spent in camping grounds, recreational vehicle parks and trailer parks (hereafter referred to as campsites); the only other NUTS 2 regions where campsites accounted for a majority of overnight stays were Midtjylland, Syddanmark (both Denmark), Lincolnshire and East Yorkshire and Northern Lincolnshire (both in the United Kingdom).
Aquitaine (another French region on the Atlantic coast) was the only other region among the top 20 to record its highest number (but not a majority) of overnight stays in campsites. In absolute terms, Aquitaine and Languedoc-Roussillon were also among the most popular destinations for camping, as they formed part of a group of six regions, together with Jadranska Hrvatska, Veneto, Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur and Cataluña, where the total number of overnight stays in campsites was above 14 million. Together these six regions accounted for 25.9 % of all nights spent in campsites across the EU-28 in 2012.
Jadranska Hrvatska (HR03), Croatia
Holiday homes and other short-stay accommodation was popular in Rhône-Alpes and Jadranska Hrvatska
The most popular regions for holiday homes and other short-stay accommodation (among those in the top 20 tourist destinations) were the Canarias (30.2 million nights spent), Jadranska Hrvatska (24.2 million) and the south-eastern French region of Rhône-Alpes (21.7 million). The relatively high figure for the latter may, at least in part, be explained by short-stay rental vacations during the winter skiing season and summer hiking seasons. The 21.7 million nights spent in holiday homes and other short-stay accommodation in Rhône-Alpes equated to 44.5 % of the total number of overnight stays in this region in any form of tourist accommodation establishment, the highest share among the 20 most popular tourist destinations in the EU. The Croatian region of Jadranska Hrvatska was the only other region in the top 20 to report that holiday homes and other short-stay accommodation was its most popular form of accommodation (40.4 % of total nights spent).
Figure 2 shows similar information to that presented in Figure 1, but in this case the data refer only to overnight stays by foreign (non-resident) tourists; note these figures include people travelling from one EU Member State to another. The top 20 tourist regions for non-resident tourists in 2012 accounted for more than half (53.7 %) of all overnight stays by non-residents across the whole of the EU-28. The list of the most visited regions by foreign tourists includes regions in seven different EU Member States: Spain, Italy, France, Greece, Austria, the United Kingdom and Croatia: half of the 20 regions were either Spanish or Italian (five regions each).
Foreign tourists attracted by the beaches and coastal towns of Spain
The most popular destinations for foreign tourists included the three Spanish regions of the Canarias, the Illes Balears and Cataluña, along with Jadranska Hrvatska, the Île de France and Veneto. These were the only regions to report in excess of 40 million nights spent by foreign tourists in 2012 (whatever the type of accommodation). Together they accounted for 28.1 % of the overnight stays made by foreign tourists in the EU-28.
Foreign tourists had a higher propensity to choose hotels as their preferred form of tourist accommodation
A majority of the overnight stays in 16 of the top 20 destinations for foreign visitors were spent in hotels and similar accommodation; this type of accommodation accounted for at least 80 % of the nights spent by foreign visitors in Lazio (which includes the Italian capital of Rome), the Greek island regions of Notio Aigaio and Kriti, the Île de France, the Illes Balears and Tirol.
Almost one third (31.6 %) of overnight stays by foreign visitors in 2012 in Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur were spent in campsites; this was the highest relative share of nights spent by foreign visitors in campsites among the 20 most popular tourist destinations. As such, foreign visitors appeared to have a lower propensity to make use of campsites than domestic tourists.
Table 1 shows by country, separately for residents and non-residents, which regions had the most number of overnight stays in tourist accommodation establishments in 2012. As already seen, many tourists have a preference for visiting regions with a coastline. This is, by definition, the case for the 10 EU Member States which are characterised by all of their NUTS 2 regions having a coastline. By contrast, there are five EU Member States that are completely landlocked.
Foreign visitors principally attracted to coastal destination in southern Europe and capital regions in more northerly Member States
Of the remaining 13 EU Member States (that were neither landlocked nor completely coastal) the most visited region was generally different for residents and for non-residents, the only exceptions being the Black Sea coastal region of Yugoiztochen (Bulgaria), the Adriatic coastline and islands of Jadranska Hrvatska, and the north-western coastal region of Zachodniopomorskie (Poland). Among residents, the most popular region had a coastline in 11 of the 13 remaining Member States, the exceptions being in the Netherlands and Slovenia. Among non-residents, the situation was slightly more balanced, as the capital regions of Belgium, Germany, France, Romania and the United Kingdom attracted more foreign visitors than any other region (including those with a coastline); however, in the southern Member States the most popular regions for foreign visitors were also coastal areas.
Among the 10 EU Member States where all NUTS 2 regions have a coastline, there were only five countries with more than one region (and among these, there is no regional breakdown available for Ireland). Within the remaining four countries there was again a north-south divide, insofar as foreign visitors were most likely to visit the capital regions of Denmark, Finland and Sweden, while in Portugal the most popular destination for non-residents was the Algarve.
Among the four landlocked EU Member States with more than one region (therefore excluding Luxembourg), the most popular regions for foreign visitors were also capital regions in the Czech Republic, Hungary and Slovakia, whereas foreigners spent a higher number of nights in the Tirol compared with the Austrian capital region of Wien; this may, at least in part, be due to winter skiing or summer hiking holidays often lasting a week or more, whereas tourist trips to cities are often shorter (for business meetings or for a weekend).
Tourism pressures
In a broad sense, uncontrolled tourism poses a number of threats to both natural areas and cities. Increasing numbers of tourists in urban areas can result in added congestion, higher pollution levels and potential damage to historical buildings, while in rural and coastal areas increasing numbers of tourists may lead to soil erosion, increased waste, discharges into the sea, the loss of natural habitats and pressure on endangered species. Tourism pressures may be measured using a range of indicators: tourism intensity is defined as the number of overnight stays in relation to the resident population. This also provides a more nuanced guide to the economic significance of tourism in a region than the absolute number of overnight stays and in this context may be used to analyse the sustainability of tourism.
Tourism intensity in the Illes Balears, Notio Aigaio and the Provincia Autonoma di Bolzano/Bozen was more than 10 times the EU average
Across the whole of the EU-28 in 2012, there was an average of 5 074 nights spent by tourists in tourist accommodation establishments per thousand inhabitants. Tourism intensity peaked in the Spanish region of Illes Balears (59 082 overnight stays per thousand inhabitants), the Greek region of Notio Aigaio (58 087 overnight stays per thousand inhabitants) and the Italian Provincia Autonoma di Bolzano/Bozen (57 448 overnight stays per thousand inhabitants); tourism intensity in each of these three regions was more than 10 times the EU average. Map 3 shows the regional distribution of tourism intensity in 2012: there were 34 NUTS 2 regions with intensities of at least 10 000 nights spent per thousand inhabitants (as shown by the darkest shade in the map); each of these regions had a tourism intensity that was at least twice as high as the EU-28 average.
The highest tourism intensity rates were concentrated principally in popular coastal regions (often around the Mediterranean). Otherwise, a number of Alpine regions (for example, the Provincia Autonoma di Bolzano/Bozen, Tirol and Salzburg) also reported relatively high tourism intensity, which is perhaps not surprising given that some of these regions are characterised as having relatively low levels of population density. This pattern was also reproduced in more northerly regions, such as the majority of the regions in the Nordic Member States and the Highlands and Islands of Scotland, where population density was also particularly low; which was also the case in Iceland.
Regional tourism density peaked in Inner London
An alternative means of analysing tourism pressures is by studying the relationship between the total number of overnight stays and the area available to accommodate tourists, by means of a ratio per square kilometre (km²). Map 4 presents regional tourism density which was concentrated across urban regions (which generally consist of a much smaller total area). There were 53 regions across the EU where tourism density was above 1 750 nights spent by tourists (residents and non-residents) per km²; these are shown as the darkest shade on the map. On the basis of this measure of tourism density, Inner London recorded by far the highest concentration of tourists in the EU-28 in 2012, with 136 705 nights spent by tourists per km² (see Figure 3); this was almost four times as high as the second ranked region, the Belgian capital of the Région de Bruxelles-Capitale / Brussels Hoofdstedelijk Gewest (37 133 nights spent by tourists per km²). There were 10 NUTS 2 regions across the EU-28 which recorded tourism density of at least 10 000 nights spent by tourists per km² in 2012. Aside from the two regions already mentioned, these included three additional capital regions — those for Austria, Germany and the Czech Republic — the urban regions of Hamburg and Outer London, and the popular island destinations of Malta, the Illes Balears and the Canarias.
Coastal, rural and urban tourism
With a change in the legal basis for the collection of tourism statistics (see Data sources and availability for more details), a new set of information has become available for statistics covering the reference year 2012 onwards. Maps 5–7 present regional tourism statistics analysed according to whether or not tourist accommodation establishments are in coastal localities, densely or thinly populated areas; for each map the denominator is the total nights spent by residents and non-residents in the regions' tourist accommodation establishments.
Approximately 40 % of the EU's population lives within 50 km of the sea. Many coastal regions in Europe are characterised by considerable building activity as more of the population chooses to live near the sea and mass-market tourism continues to expand. Coastal regions are characterised by a range of economic activities, covering among others: shipping and ports, fisheries, energy and coastal tourism. Such activity can potentially have serious implications in relation to sustainable development: for example, natural habitats may be destroyed, species may be threatened, and pollution and erosion could increase. One particular aspect of climate change which makes coastal regions particularly vulnerable is the likelihood that sea levels will rise in the coming years.
Veneto (ITH3), Italy
Pull of coastal localities as tourist destinations
Map 5 shows, for NUTS 2 regions with a coastline, the proportion of total nights spent in tourist accommodation establishments in coastal localities. There were 16 regions across the EU-28 where coastal localities accounted for each and every night spent in tourist accommodation establishments. These covered a range of different regions: from largely urban regions such as Bremen or Hamburg in Germany, through traditional tourist destinations such as the islands of the Canarias and the Illes Balears, or Cyprus and Malta (single regions at this level of analysis), to less popular tourist destinations, Åland (in Finland) or East Yorkshire and Northern Lincolnshire (in the United Kingdom).
The pull of coastal localities can be seen by the skewed nature of the distribution of nights spent. Among the 119 NUTS 2 regions across the EU for which data are available in 2012 (no information for Ireland or Greece), almost four out of every five regions reported that coastal localities accounted for a majority of the nights that were spent in tourist accommodation establishments. At the other end of the range, there were 15 regions where coastal localities accounted for less than 35 % of the nights spent in tourist accommodation establishments (as shown by the lightest shade in Map 5). These were often regions that had relatively short coastlines and major inland cities, for example, Picardie in the north of France, the Noord Brabant region of the Netherlands, Warmińsko-Mazurskie in Poland, or Cheshire in the United Kingdom.
Unsurprisingly, all of the nights spent in tourist accommodation in the Belgian, Czech, German and British capital regions were spent in densely populated areas
A similar type of analysis is presented in Map 6, which focuses on the share of urban tourism in the proportion of nights spent in tourist accommodation establishments. As may be expected the most popular destinations for urban tourism include capital regions and regions characterised by relatively large cities. There were 14 regions across the EU where densely populated areas accounted for all of the nights spent in tourist accommodation establishments in 2012, simply because all areas within the region are classified as densely populated; these included the capital regions of Belgium, the Czech Republic, Germany and the United Kingdom. By contrast, there were 13 regions across the EU-28 where urban tourism failed to account for any of the nights spent in tourist accommodation establishments.
Rural tourism dominates nights spent in Cumbria, Zeeland, the Highlands and Islands and Prov. Luxembourg
Map 7 provides further information on the regional distribution of the proportion of nights spent in thinly populated areas. In Cumbria (the United Kingdom) thinly populated areas accounted for a 96.9 % share of the total nights spent in the regions' tourist accommodation establishments. There were three other regions where this share was above 90 %, namely, in Zeeland (the Netherlands), the Highlands and Islands (of Scotland) and in the southern Belgian region of the Prov. Luxembourg.
Accommodation capacity
There were an estimated 544 700 tourist accommodation establishments in the EU-28 in 2012 offering a total of almost 30 million bed places. Just over one third (36.8 %) of the total number of tourist accommodation establishments in the EU were hotels and similar establishments and they provided a total of 6.4 million bedrooms and 13.1 million bed places, equivalent to an average of 32 bedrooms and 65 bed places per hotel.
Map 8 provides a regional analysis of the total number of bed places in hotels and similar establishments. The darkest shade on the map covers those regions with at least 70 000 bed places; together these 47 NUTS 2 regions accounted for slightly more than half of the total number of bed places that were available in the EU-28 in 2012. Those regions with a high number of bed places were, unsurprisingly, often the same regions that recorded a high number of overnight stays and were mainly concentrated in coastal, mountainous and capital regions.
Illes Balears, Cataluña and Andalucía had highest supply of bed places
The highest number of bed places was recorded in the Illes Balears, followed by two other Spanish regions, Cataluña and Andalucía. With the addition of the Île de France and the Italian region of Emilia-Romagna (which has Adriatic resorts such as Rimini, the Apennine mountains and urban centres such as Bologna and Modena), these were the only five regions in the EU to record more than 300 000 bed places.
While a count of the total number of bed places is of interest in relation to the capacity of different regions to respond to tourism demand, those working within tourism are more likely to be interested in net occupancy rates, which go a step further and detail the take-up of bedrooms over the course of a year. Occupancy rates may be measured in relation to the number of rooms or the number of bed places; room rates are often considered the preferred measure insofar as the turnover of a double room is often the same irrespective of whether the room is occupied by one or two persons.
The occupancy of hotels and similar establishments may vary according to the characteristics of each region. Urban regions are more likely to be characterised by large numbers of visitors who tend to stay for a relatively short period of time, with tourist trips to cities often spread throughout the year. Visitors to these regions may also be travelling for professional reasons, in which case demand for rooms will probably be spread throughout the working week, supplemented by private trips during weekends and holiday periods. By contrast, the average length of stays is substantially longer in more traditional holiday regions which are visited chiefly for recreational purposes. Nevertheless, tourism demand for trips to these regions is often concentrated in the summer months (especially for those regions with coastlines), while there is a secondary peak in demand during the winter months, most apparent in Alpine regions.
Bedroom occupancy rates highest in London
Map 9 provides a regional analysis of the occupancy rates for bedrooms in hotels and similar establishments in 2012; note that data for Ireland and the Netherlands are only available at the national level, while there is no information available for Croatia or Austria. The highest net occupancy rate was recorded in London, where 80.1 % of bedrooms were occupied during the course of 2012; note that the data available for the United Kingdom are only presented for NUTS 1 regions.
There were four other NUTS 2 regions with occupancy rates above 70 %: two of these were the capital regions of Île de France and Berlin, while the others were the Illes Balears and the Canarias; note that some hotels in these destinations may close during the off-season, while others seek to keep their occupancy rates high through special offers which may, for example, encourage pensioners (typically from northern Europe) to spend longer periods on vacation during the winter months.
There were 22 additional regions that recorded occupancy rates for bedrooms in hotels and similar establishments of at least 60.0 % in 2012 (as shown by the darkest shade in Map 9). These regions were often characterised as urban areas. Relatively few of them were among the most popular tourist destinations in the EU — the main exceptions being the Provincia Autonoma di Bolzano/Bozen, Cataluña, Cyprus, Malta and Oberbayern.
More than half of the regions in the EU had occupancy rates of less than 50.0 %
More than half of all the NUTS 2 regions reported occupancy rates of less than 50.0 % in 2012; this was the case for 118 out of the 222 regions for which data are available. At the bottom of the range, there were 15 NUTS 2 regions in the EU where bedroom occupancy rates in 2012 were below 30.0 % (the lightest shade in Map 9). Six of these regions were located in Greece — where it is likely that the continuing effects of the financial and economic crisis impacted upon both business and leisure demand — while there were regions from the south of Italy (including the popular holiday destination of Sicily), two regions each from Bulgaria and the Czech Republic and a single region each from Spain and Romania.
In the Illes Balears, occupancy rates for bed places peaked at 77.9 %
Figure 4 summarises the top 20 regions in the EU with the highest occupancy rates in hotels and similar establishments in 2012; information is shown in relation to bed places and bedrooms. Across the two parts of Figure 4 there were nine regions which appeared in both rankings: the capital regions of Berlin, Île de France and London (NUTS 1), the coastal regions of the Canarias, Guadeloupe, the Illes Balears, Cyprus and Malta (the latter two are both single regions at this level of analysis) and the Alpine region of Provincia Autonoma di Bolzano/Bozen.
Data sources and availability
Legal basis
There has been a major change in methodology with respect to regional tourism statistics. As of reference year 2012, the legal basis for the collection of regional tourism statistics is a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council concerning European statistics on tourism ((EU) 692/2011) and a European Commission implementing regulation ((EU) 1051/2011), which covers the transmission of data and the structure of accompanying quality reports. This legal basis requires EU Member States to provide a regular set of comparable tourism statistics: data are collected from all of the EU Member States, as well as from EFTA and candidate countries. European aggregates (for example, for the EU-28) are calculated / estimated when data of sufficient quality are available.
Regional tourism statistics are only available for the supply side; they are collected via surveys filled in by accommodation establishments. The information collected at a regional level covers accommodation capacity (establishments, room and bed places) and occupancy (number of arrivals and overnight stays).
Regional and sub-national breakdowns
Regulation (EU) 692/2011 foresees the collection of regional tourism statistics at the NUTS 2 level; tourism statistics are therefore no longer collected for regions at the NUTS 3 level (from 2012 onwards). The regulation also introduced two new analyses for sub-national statistics relating to accommodation statistics, namely, by degree of urbanisation (thinly populated areas, intermediate density areas, densely populated areas) and by coastal or non-coastal locality.
Coastal areas are defined on the basis of local area units or municipalities. They consist of municipalities that are bordering the sea or close to the sea. Coastal areas and non-coastal areas are classified according to the distance of the municipality to the sea: if a municipality borders the sea, it is by default coastal (and part of a coastal region); if a municipality is not bordering the sea but has 50 % of its surface within a distance of 10 km from the sea, it is also considered coastal; all other municipalities are non-coastal.
Statistical units and activity classification
A tourist accommodation establishment is a local kind-of-activity unit: this is irrespective of whether the accommodation of tourists is the main or a secondary activity. As such, for tourism statistics all establishments providing accommodation are classified in the accommodation sector, even if a major part of their turnover comes from restaurant / catering services or other services.
Tourist accommodation establishments are defined according to the activity classification, NACE. They are units providing, as a paid service, short-term or short-stay accommodation services. Tourism accommodation establishments are classified, as:
- NACE Group 55.1, hotels and similar accommodation (this includes accommodation provided by: hotels, resort hotels, suite / apartment hotels, motels);
- NACE Group 55.2, holiday and other short-stay accommodation (this includes children and other holiday homes, visitor flats and bungalows, cottages and cabins without housekeeping services, youth hostels and mountain refuges);
- NACE Group 55.3, camping grounds, recreational vehicle parks and trailer parks — otherwise referred to as campsites (this includes provision of accommodation in campgrounds, trailer parks, recreational camps and fishing and hunting camps for short stay visitors, provision of space and facilities for recreational vehicles, protective shelters or plain bivouac facilities for placing tents and/or sleeping bags).
Tourism accommodation establishments are sometimes referred to as rented accommodation. By contrast, non-rented accommodation is that provided without charge (for example, by family or friends) and accommodation in owner-occupied vacation homes, including timeshare properties.
Given that there are differences in the definitions of statistical units for tourist accommodation establishments between reference periods 2011 and 2012, there is the possibility of a break in series. As such, the regional information presented in this article is restricted to the latest reference period, 2012, and there is no time series analysis.
Residents and non-residents
Domestic tourism comprises the activities of residents of a given country travelling to and staying in their own country, but outside their usual environment; this information may be contrasted with similar information on foreign tourists (often referred to as non-residents).
A person is considered to be a resident in a country (place) if that person: has lived for most of the past year or 12 months in that country (place), or has lived in that country (place) for a shorter period and intends to return within 12 months to live in that country (place). Non-resident or international tourists are classified according to their country of residence, not their citizenship. Citizens residing abroad who return to their country of citizenship on a temporary visit are included with non-resident visitors.
Indicator definitions
A night spent (or overnight stay) is each night a guest / tourist actually spends (sleeps or stays) in a tourist accommodation establishment or in non-rented accommodation. Nights spent can be analysed according to the country of residence of the guest. Normally the date of arrival is different from the date of departure, although persons arriving after midnight and leaving on the same day are included in overnight stays.
A bedroom is the unit formed by one room or group of rooms constituting an indivisible rental in an accommodation establishment or dwelling. Rooms may be single, double or multiple, depending on whether they are equipped permanently to accommodate one, two or several people. The number of existing rooms is the number the establishment habitually has available to accommodate guests, excluding rooms used by the employees working for the establishment; bathrooms and toilets do not count as a room. An apartment is a special type of room: it consists of one or more rooms and has a kitchen unit and its own bathroom and toilet; apartments may be with hotel services (in apartment hotels) or without hotel services.
The number of bed places in an establishment or dwelling is determined by the number of persons who can stay overnight in the beds set up in the establishment or dwelling, ignoring any extra beds that may be set up at the customer's request. The term bed place applies to a single bed, while a double bed is counted as two bed places; this unit serves to measure the capacity of any type of accommodation. If the actual number of bed places is not known for a camping pitch, then the number of bed places is set to four.
The net occupancy rate of bedrooms is obtained by dividing the total number of bedrooms used during the reference period (in other words, the sum of the bedrooms in use per day) by the total number of bedrooms available for the reference period (in other words, the sum of bedrooms available per day). The occupancy rate of bed places is obtained by dividing the total number of overnight stays by the number of the bed places on offer (excluding extra beds) for those days when bed places are actually available for use (in other words, net of seasonal closures or other temporary closures, for example, to decorate). The results for occupancy rates are multiplied by 100 to be expressed as rates in percentage terms.
Tourism has the potential to play a significant role in the development of European regions, contributing to employment and wealth creation, sustainable development, enhanced cultural heritage, and the overall shaping of European identity. Infrastructure created for tourism purposes may contribute more generally to local economic development, while jobs that are created (or maintained) can help counteract industrial or rural decline.
Tourism can be particularly significant in remote, peripheral regions, where tourism-related services are often one of the main sources of income for the local population; this especially applies in many of Europe's island states and regions, as well as in coastal and Alpine regions. The main beneficiaries of increased demand for tourism-related services in remote regions tend to be small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs).
The Lisbon Treaty acknowledged the importance of tourism, outlining a specific competence for the EU in this field to support, coordinate and complement Member States' actions and encourage the creation of a favourable environment for undertakings in the sector, while tourism is covered by a range of regional, national and EU policies. Tourism impacts on a wide range of policy areas, including regional policy, the diversification of rural economies, maritime policy, sustainability and competitiveness, social policy and inclusion (tourism for all).
A European Commission communication titled 'Europe, the world's No. 1 tourist destination — a new political framework for tourism in Europe ' (COM(2010) 352) was adopted in June 2010. It encourages a coordinated approach for initiatives linked to tourism and defined a new framework for action to increase the competitiveness of tourism and its capacity for sustainable growth. Four priorities for action were identified, to: stimulate competitiveness; promote sustainable and responsible tourism; consolidate Europe's image as a collection of sustainable, high-quality destinations; and maximise the potential of EU policies and financial instruments for developing tourism.
The competitiveness of the EU's tourism sector is closely linked to its sustainability, as the quality of tourist destinations is strongly influenced by their natural and cultural environment and their integration into the local community. Sustainable tourism involves the preservation and enhancement of cultural and natural heritage, including the arts, local gastronomy or the preservation of biodiversity. Major challenges for sustainable tourism include: preserving natural and cultural resources; limiting negative impacts at tourist destinations, including the use of natural resources and waste production; promoting the well-being of the local community; reducing the seasonality of demand; limiting the environmental impact of tourism-related transport; and making tourism accessible to all. An important number of sustainable transnational thematic tourism products and services have been developed with potential to contribute to tourism growth (such as cultural routes crossing several countries, cycling paths, eco-tourism products, eno-gastronomic tourism, protected natural sites, or tourism capitalising on industrial heritage).
Coastal and maritime tourism is the largest maritime activity in Europe and closely linked to other parts of the economy; it employs almost 3.2 million people, while almost half of all nights spent in EU accommodation establishments are in coastal localities. In a communication on maritime and coastal tourism titled 'A European strategy for more growth and jobs in coastal and maritime tourism' (COM(2014) 86), the European Commission reflected on the diversity of the EU's coastal regions and their capacity to generate wealth and jobs, in line with the EU's 'Blue growth strategy' (COM(2012) 494). To help small and medium-sized enterprises face a variety of challenges, to address cross-border challenges within the EU, and to promote cooperation and sharing of best practices, the aforementioned Communication proposes a joint European framework with a range of different initiatives, such as: stimulating performance and competitiveness; promoting skills and innovation; strengthening sustainability; or maximising available EU funding.
The continued globalisation of tourism opens up new opportunities, with tourists from new markets able to afford high-value vacations: the European Commission has focused on encouraging the diversification of the European tourism offer by, amongst others, the development and promotion of transnational thematic tourism products, as well as by developing and enhancing the visibility of European cultural routes and of small, non-traditional tourism destinations that are committed to social, cultural and environmental sustainability, through the European destinations of excellence (EDEN) initiative. Furthermore, in order to maintain and strengthen Europe's position as a top world tourist destination, in an increasingly competitive world, the European Commission deployed a wide range of communication and promotion activities and is closely cooperating with the European Travel Commission (ETC) — an organisation representing the national tourism organisations from 33 European countries — to promote Europe in key long-haul markets.
Structural and cohesion funds provide essential support to improve the competitiveness and quality of tourism at regional and local levels, viewing tourism as an important tool for integrating less developed regions.
The EU's cohesion policy for 2007–13 aimed to mobilise tourism for sustainable regional development and job creation. Over this period, targeted EU support for tourism under the cohesion policy was planned to exceed EUR 6 billion, representing 1.8 % of the total cohesion policy budget. Of this, EUR 3.8 billion was allocated for the improvement of tourist services, EUR 1.4 billion for the protection and development of natural heritage, and EUR 1.1 billion for the promotion of natural assets.
For more information: Cohesion policy and tourism; Guidance for tourism-related investments 2014–20 under the European Structural and Investment Funds and, in particular, the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF)
See also
- Tourism industries - economic analysis
- Tourism introduced
- Tourism statistics
- Tourism statistics - North Africa and Eastern Mediterranean
- Tourism statistics for Croatia
- Tourism statistics
Further Eurostat information
Main tables
- Regional tourism statistics (t_reg_tour)
- Regional tourism statistics (reg_tour)
- Occupancy in collective accommodation establishments : domestic and inbound tourism (reg_tour_occ)
- Capacity of collective tourist accommodation: establishments, bedrooms and bed-places (reg_tour_cap)
- Tourism (tour), see:
- Annual data on tourism industries (inda)
- Occupancy of tourism accommodation establishments (tour_occ)
- Nights spent by residents and non-residents (tour_occ_n)
- Arrivals of residents and non-residents (tour_occ_a)
- Occupancy rates for hotels and similar accomodations (tour_occ_or)
- Capacity of collective tourist accommodation establishments (tour_cap)
- Occupancy of tourism accommodation establishments (tour_occ)
Dedicated section
Methodology / Metadata
- Tourism, see:
- Methodology
- Metadata, manuals and guidelines
- Tourism Satellite Accounts (TSAs) in Europe — 2013 edition
- Tourism statistics in the European statistical system — 2008 data, 2010 edition
Source data for tables, figures and maps (MS Excel)
Other information
- Council Directive 95/57/EC of 23 November 1995 on the collection of statistical information in the field of tourism
External links
- Agenda for a sustainable and competitive European tourism (Communication from the European Commission, October 2007)
- European Commission — Enterprise and Industry — Supporting European tourism
- UNWTO tourism highlights — 2014 edition


text:
Wyndi Veigel / The Princeton Herald
Power out surrounding CR 448 as a truck impacted a power line, which started
a fire late Saturday, Aug. 3.
Wyndi Veigel/The Princeton Herald
Members of the Princeton Fire Department control the spread of flames during the late
night hours of Saturday, Aug. 4 after a truck impacted a power pole.
News Editor
Emergency personnel were kept busy this past weekend as they responded to multiple accident and fire calls.
A multi-vehicle accident occurred shortly after midnight Sunday, Aug. 4 at the intersection of Hwy. 380 and FM 982.
For the complete story see the Aug. 8 edition of The Princeton Herald or click on the Subscribe! button to view the e-edition.
Multiple people were injured in a wreck at Hwy. 380 and FM 982 during the early
morning hours of Sunday, Aug. 4.
Members of the Princeton Fire Department aid in a house fire call in
Blue Ridge Sunday, Aug. 4.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Honar Soon Me Hya Gharachi Cast Promo
Honar soon mi hya gharchi zee marathi's new tv show, Tv serial: honaar suun mee hyaa gharchi (2013) tv channel: zee marathi starting date: 15th july 2013 show time: 8 pm, monday to saturday star cast: shashank ketkar as. Download zee marathi marathi serial songs dj songs, Plz upload all ringtones n background tones of honar sunn mi hya gharchi.plz lavkar n he song pan upload kara kathin sare sope karave, sope sare sahaj karave. Honaar suun mee hyaa gharchi zee marati serial cast,photos, Honar sun mee hya gharchi new marathi serial on zee marathi.
Shashank shirish ketkar marathi actor personal information, Career : shashank shirish ketkar is a talented marathi actor worked in many marathi tv serials. currently he is working in honar sun me hya gharchi as shree or. Javai vikat ghene aahe – new serial on zee marathi : tv, Tv ki duniya get the latest news on whats happening in the world of television and post your thoughts.. Karamnook | marathi actress, movies, photos, wallpapers, Marathi tv serial: eka lagnachi tisari goshta (eltg) channel: zee marathi star cast: umesh kamat, spruha joshi, shubhangi gokhale, mohan joshi, shubha khote.
Cheap vps hosing | vps hosing coupon, Virtual private server vps hosting is a service that gives you a web server's hardware to share with others without sharing the software. this means that you can. :- tv junktion -:, :- tv junktion -: at the punjabi junktion tv junktion, tv corner, tv shows, indian television, discuss tv shows, indian television serials forum, online television. Full text of "an english-malay dictionary", See other formats. full text of "an english-malay dictionary".


text:
Home » News » Crime » Fugitive of the Week
Recent Fugitives
Recent Crime
30 years later, Tammy Belanger isn't forgotten
Police: Man charged after gun goes off
Robbery at pizza house in Dover
Innocent verdict in vehicle death of former Amherst Fire Chief
NH Guard Officer convicted of sex trafficking
of the Week:
Christopher Corona
Corona, 45, is wanted on warrants from the Hillsborough County Sheriff's Office for failyre to appear on a charge of armed robbery related to a November 2012 incident. Authorities say he should be considered armed and dangerous, based on the original charge involving a weapon. He is described as 5-feet-9, 234 pounds, with hazel eyes and graying hair. He has scars on both arms and a tattoo on his right shoulder. Corona has ties to both Concord and Merrimack, and has used aliases of Christopher T. Quigley and Brandon Corona.
For more information visit usmarshals.gov/district/nh


text:
- North America »
- United States »
- Minnesota »
- Rochester »
Faith Sound, Inc is a non-profit ministry operating KFSI radio and Faith Christian School. As the area's only full-powered, Christ-focused station KFSI broadcasts music from ... See more
Rochester - Minnesota, United States - English
4016 28th Street SE Rochester, MN 55904
Insight for Living Unshackled! Adventures in Odyssey Daily Light for Daily Living Family News in Focus See all shows...
Songs playing in KFSI


text:
Select () or exclude () categories to narrow your recipe search.
As you select categories, the number of matching recipes will update.
Find exactly what you're looking for with the web's most powerful recipe filtering tool.
Prep Time:
Cook Time:
10 mins
30 mins
Very old recipe from Cloverbloom butter box (out of my grandmom's recipe box). Pretty much a brownie, but full of old fashioned flavor.
Units: US | Metric
Serving Size: 1 (50 g)
Servings Per Recipe: 12
Make this season merry, bright and manageable with our easy ideas.


text:
Celebrity Central / Top 25 Celebs
Credit: Michael Simon/Startraks
Published: Saturday February 02, 2013 06:00 AM EST
More from PEOPLE
See More News
109 of 1127
The actress strikes a pose in a cozy cream sweater, light pink jeans and suede pumps at the Godiva "Share the Love" event at N.Y.C.'s Rockefeller Center.
Copyright © 2014 Time Inc. All rights reserved. Reproduction in whole or in part without permission is prohibited.


text:
|Search Term: Add A Term (This Search Box Keeps Your Color Settings)
Expanded Search Colors
(Less Colors) - (More Colors) - (Stop Using Colors)
The Boho Wedding Blog
As Featured On "Becky and Daniel's -35 Canadian Snow Filled Lodge Wedding"
Polka Dot Bride - The Australian. . .
As Featured On "Nat and Mark's Vintage Brisbane Wedding"
As Featured On "The Jennifer Behr Headband"
Jennifer Skog Photography Blog
As Featured On "Katie and Patrick"
The Sweetest Occasion
As Featured On "A Winter Ice Skating Party"


text:
PLEASE come back to Orlando, it would make my life complete... I went to your last performance there at Universal Studios, and I had the time of my life <3
Join the J Cole newsletter for the latest news and info.
Subscribe Now!
Sign in for community access log in
Not a member? Sign up


text:
The helicopter was en-route to the pilot's residence located on a lake. The accident occurred during a dark night in visual meteorological conditions. As the helicopter crossed the lake, it was observed descending steadily towards the water, hovering for about 1-2 seconds, then falling vertically from approximately 40-50 feet into the lake. The helicopter impacted the water about 1/4 mile from the intended landing area. The pilot and his passenger survived the impact, but died of hypothermia due to their prolonged exposure to cold lake water. The investigation revealed no preimpact mechanical malfunctions or anomalies that would have prevented the normal operation of the helicopter. Outside visual reference for airspeed and rate of closure may not be available at night, especially when approaching an unlighted landing area. A pilot's failure to monitor altitude, airspeed, and rate of descent during an approach can result in a settling-with-power condition. The helicopter's flight profile before impact was consistent with a settling-with-power flight condition.
The National Transportation Safety Board determines the probable cause(s) of this accident to be:
Index for Apr2007 | Index of months


text:
Ancient Wisdom - Modern Applications. Awakened Wisdom blends Buddhist, Native, and collected wisdoms into a beautifully crafted healing message for our modern culture. Patrick J. Ryan's message to his readers is simple and profound: we are at choice when it comes to how we want to live our lives during our brief time on this planet. In addition to sage teachings about ways of understanding our Selves, he also dedicates an entire half of the book to understanding and embodying the eight states of an awakened life. Awakened Wisdom includes exercises, daily practices, and anecdotes from Ryan's own experiences along the journey that is our human experience. This book is equally valuable for those just beginning the exploration into the essence of who they are as it is for those who have a deep spiritual practice. Awakened Wisdom - A Guide to Reclaiming Your Brilliance is an international bestseller in the highly competitive spirituality category. Within hours of its release, the book rose to become the Number-1 spirituality title in Canada, as well as the Number-2 spirituality title in eBook sales. It also became a top title in self-help, reaching as high as Number-3 in Canada. Among the very best "Every so often, I pick up a book that resonates perfectly with the tenets I know to be true. This is the case with Patrick Ryan's phenomenal book "Awakened Wisdom." Initially, my goal was to peruse the book in a cursory manner, but after reading just a few of the concepts that Ryan postulates, I was compelled to read on savoring each and every word of his profound teachings. This is definitely a must read for anyone seeking confirmation on the ideas and concepts you already support. Ryan has a very poetic yet glib way of teaching that makes his words flow with each and passion. After having read many of the great spiritual works of our time, I can honestly say that "Awakened Wisdom" is definitely among the very best." - Dr. Peter C. Rogers author Ultimate Truth: Book I Awakened Wisdom gives the how to of being present in the moment that Tolle only says is possible. In a friendly, story-filled text, Ryan offers the tools to move through each moment awake. The book is a gift to those who are drawn toward the flame of full aliveness. -David Carr, D.Div, spiritual counselor, co-leader with Laura Davis of Writer's Journey Retreats.
To view this DRM protected ebook on your desktop or laptop you will need to have Adobe Digital Editions installed. It is a free software. We also strongly recommend that you sign up for an AdobeID at the Adobe website. For more details please see FAQ 1&2. To view this ebook on an iPhone, iPad or Android mobile device you will need the BlueFire Reader or Txtr app. These are free, too. For more details see this article.
Preview Ebook
>Magic>Gambling>Games Juggling
Livres de Magie en FrançaisZauberliteratur in DeutschLibri di Magia in ItalianoLibros de Magia en Español
>Nonfiction >Antiques & Collectibles >Architecture >Art >Bibles >Biography & Autobiography >Bluegrass >Body, Mind & Spirit Angels & Spirit Guides >Astrology Channeling Crystals >Divination Dreams Entheogens & Visionary Substances Feng Shui Gaia & Earth Energies >Healing Hermetism & Rosicrucianism I Ching Inspiration & Personal Growth Magick Studies Meditation Metaphysical Phenomena Mysticism Mythical Civilizations New Thought Numerology Occultism >Parapsychology Prophecy Reference Reincarnation Sacred Sexuality Spiritualism >Spirituality Supernatural UFOs & Extraterrestrials Unexplained Phenomena Witchcraft & Wicca >Business & Economics >Computers >Cooking >Crafts & Hobbies >Design >Drama >Education >Family & Relationships >Foreign Language Study >Games >Gardening >Health & Fitness >History >House & Home >Humor >Juvenile Nonfiction >Language Arts & Disciplines >Law >Literary Collections >Literary Criticism >Mathematics >Medical >Music >Nature Non-Classifiable >Performing Arts >Periodicals >Pets >Philosophy >Photography >Poetry >Political Science >Psychology >Reference >Religion >Science >Self >Social Science Software >Sports & Recreation >Study Aids >Technology >Transportation >Travel >True Crime >Video & DVD Genre -German- -Spanish->Fiction>Arthur Dailey Photos Ernest Hemingway Numismatics


text:
Crow and castle with music sheet
by Silvia Ganora
Phone Skins
Skins are thin, easy-to-remove, vinyl decals for customizing your device. Skins are made from a patented material that eliminates air bubbles and wrinkles for easy application.
Crow with castle in the background with layered texture of music sheet
- 18Promote


text:
Approaches to The Humanities − Geography
This part is provided as a guide for teachers in preparing courses in Geography P–10. Throughout the learning focus statements and the standards, reference is made to terminology included here. This support document explains some of the terms used. A sample of resources that may be helpful is also included for each dimension of the domain.
Geographical knowledge and understanding | A guide to introducing the spatial concepts | Geospatial skills | Show All
Geographical knowledge and understanding
Geography provides a spatial perspective on the world. Geographers ask questions about why things are located where they are and in the particular patterns and arrangements in Earth space. In seeking answers to, and providing explanations for, such questions, geographers draw on their ability to observe and analyse patterns, identify associations, connections and interactions, and integrate ideas about human activities, social interaction and the natural environment.
Spatial concepts are the organising concepts common to all branches of geography. From Year 1 through to Year 10, and beyond, spatial concepts can be used and applied according to the stages of learning – laying the foundations, building breadth and depth, and developing pathways. Although there are many organising concepts, nine are commonly recognised.
Where natural and built phenomena are found on the surface of the Earth. A place has an absolute location measured accurately by co-ordinates, and a relative location measured by distance and direction from one place to another.
The term 'scale' includes two uses.
The map scale shows the relationship between measurements on a map and the actual measurements on the ground. Map scales are expressed in words, by a line scale, or as a representative fraction. A large-scale map covers a small area with detail; a small-scale map will cover a larger area with less detail.
The observational scale refers to the size of an area being studied. A range of scales includes the following:
- Local scale – involves the smallest area and is immediate to wherever the study is taking place; for example, fieldwork is conducted at the local scale.
- Regional scale – covers a larger area than the local scale; for example the study of the Murray–Darling Basin is at a regional scale.
- National scale – focuses study on a nation; for example, the Australian government's response to global phenomena.
- International scale – considers two or more nations. The combined efforts of several African nations to rationalise water use on the continent would be an example.
- Global scale – considers a significant proportion of the Earth; for example, the distribution of feature film production across the Earth's countries.
The space between different locations on Earth. The absolute or linear distance is measured in units such as metres and kilometres. The relative distance is the length of time it takes to travel from one location to another, costs involved, and the convenience of the journey.
The arrangement of things at or near the Earth's surface viewed at a variety of scales.
A definable area of the Earth's surface which contains one or more common characteristics that distinguish it from other areas. Regions are different for different groups of people; for example, Oakleigh South (local), Gippsland (regional), Australia (national), Sub-Saharan Africa (international).
Spatial change over time
The degree to which an area has changed its geographic characteristics, features or patterns of use over a period of time. Change occurs at varying rates at different times and may be considered at different scales; for example, a study of the redevelopment of the Melbourne Docklands since the 1990s would look at distribution, spatial association between things, movement and spatial interaction.
The change in location of one or more things across the Earth's surface. Movement includes direction, method, rate, nature and volume.
Spatial association
The degree to which things are similarly arranged over space. Spatial association compares distribution patterns; for example, the distribution of highly elevated areas and vegetation. A strong spatial association occurs where two distributions are very similar. Weak association describes little similarity. No association occurs when two distributions are dissimilar.
Spatial interaction
Described in terms of the strengths of the relationships between phenomena and places in the environment, and the degree to which they influence or interact with each other over space. Over time, the impact of people on the environment changes and the environment in turn changes people; for example, how landforms could affect land settlement.
A guide to introducing the spatial concepts
|Spatial concept
|P–4 Laying the foundations
|5–8 Building breadth and depth
|9–10 Developing pathways
|Introducing conceptual understanding
|Applying the concepts
|Applying geographic terminology
|Utilisation of geographic language and combining spatial concepts within written text
|Spatial change over time
|Introducing conceptual understanding
|Applying concepts and geographic terminology
|Spatial association
|Introducing and applying conceptual understanding with the use of geographic terminology
|Spatial interaction
Bourke, M 2005, The Essence of Geography: using spatial concepts, GTAV, Camberwell West.
Clark, AN 2003, The Penguin Dictionary of Geography, 3rd edn, Penguin, London.
Harte, J 2003, The New Geography Dictionary: Key Geographical Terms for the 21st Century, Geography Teachers' Association of NSW, Gladesville.
McCaskill, M 1967, Concepts in Sixth Form Geography reprinted in Interaction, vol 32, no.3, 2004, Geography Teachers' Association of Victoria Inc., Camberwell South.
Scoffham, S 2004, Primary Geography Handbook, Geographical Association, Sheffield, UK.
- A wide range of resources to teach topic-specific materials is available through the library of the Geography Teachers' Association of Victoria Inc. (GTAV). Email: email@example.com
- The GTAV also supports teachers through its website with the inclusion of the 'geography connections' site. See www.gtav.asn.au/Organisations/index.htm.
- The GTAV provides consultancy to member schools on a wide range of aspects and is a provider of quality professional development. See www.gtav.asn.au.
Geospatial skills
A wide range of geospatial skills can be explored and developed with students across the stages of learning. Spatial data can be collected from a wide range of formats, including maps of various scales, photos, statistical data and satellite imagery, and through the use of technology. Geographers observe conventions in the representation of the information.
Observation of geographic conventions
There are conventions to follow in the preparation of clear, readable maps and graphs in geography.
Mapping conventions
- Use plain, unlined paper.
- Map work should begin in pencil, use a limited range of colour.
- Include BOLTSS with each map:
B – border to define the boundary of the map
O – orientation or north point
L – legend or key to the symbols used on the map
T – title that encompasses the content of the map
S – scale to show the difference in size of objects over distance
S – source to state the provider of the information that is mapped
- Colour should be consistent with the use of colour on topographic maps – for example, blue for water, green for vegetation.
- Labelling of features on maps should be clear and neat.
Graphing conventions
- Graphs should be drawn to suit the type of data presented.
- Take care to represent the data accurately.
- Label the graphs clearly.
- Source the data to state the provider of the information that is graphed.
- Keep colours to a minimum.
- Include SALTNA with each graph:
S – source of the data
A – axes to be labelled
L – legend of symbols if required
T – title of the data graphed
N – neatness of presentation
A – accuracy in the plotting of the data.
Fieldwork is the application of knowledge and skills learnt in the classroom to environments beyond the classroom. Fieldwork is a key element of the spatial component of geography where students can acquire knowledge by making first-hand observations, taking measurements, mapping, and recording data. The analysis of data and preparation of reports require students to become actively involved with the selected environments and, where appropriate, encourages consideration of the sustainability of environments.
Bourke, M 2003, A Guide to Fieldwork in Geography, GTAV, Camberwell West.
Australian Geography Teachers' Association 2004, Keys to Geography: Essential skills and tools. Macmillan, South Yarra.
Harte, J and Dunbar, S 1994, Skills in Geography, Cambridge, Australia.
Job, D 1999, New Directions in Geographical Fieldwork, Cambridge, UK.
Pask, R (ed.) 1996, Heinemann Atlas Geography Skills, Port Melbourne.
Stacey, M 2004, Atlas Skills Workbook, Pearson Education Australia, Melbourne.
All these titles are available for borrowing through the library of the Geography Teachers' Association of Victoria Inc. Email: email@example.com


text:
The Music That Feeds "Crazy Heart"
Behind the songs that transform Jeff Bridges into Bad Blake
Behind the songs that transform Jeff Bridges into Bad Blake
The Oscar-nominated actress on her unlikely love story with Jeff Bridges
'Somehow, the older I get, the younger the women get who are interested in me'
Fleetwood Mac were the lovingest, fightingest, druggingest band of the '70s. Twenty years later, as documented in their 1997 cover story, the psychodrama...
Being America's funniest man is no simple case of black and white
She only wants to be with you
Funny-man and new face of Batman villian 'The Riddler', Jim Carrey pieces together thoughts on his life so far
The solo artist and Heartbreakers bandleader comes clean
His brilliant career includes a cast of characters ranging from a crackpot cabbie to the Devil himself. Now the enigmatic actor turns his talents to comedy...
Fame grips a Jersey boy, but he gets out unscathed
He hits the road for his first tour in two years and overcomes the stigma of being an East Coast phenomenon
Dates at MSG and Jersey's Capitol Theater bring a hedonistic hoedown


text:
09/30/2014 - 20:55
Alitalia Cargo's fortunes are set to be revived with the acquisition of a 49 percent stake in Italy's national carrier by Etihad Airways. And it turns out this is not the Gulf... Read more
08/27/2014 - 20:16
It was supposedly the final nail in the coffin of nefarious freighter operators. But heck no, it's time to raise Lazarus from the dead. The once apparently deceased and buried Air... Read more
07/29/2014 - 19:17
The geopolitical capital of Europe it may be, but Brussels also wants to take on a more central role as a European cargo gateway. It's a tough call, ring-fenced as it is by the... Read more
06/24/2014 - 20:23
DHL is mounting a concerted effort to establish itself as the leading global logistics provider. It's something of a bizarre challenge that it has set itself, given that the... Read more
05/28/2014 - 20:45
Forwarder Panalpina is doing what many airlines now appear unable to do: operate a successful global freighter network. The backbone of the Swiss company's so-named Own Controlled... Read more
04/29/2014 - 16:28
When Vladimir Putin took it upon himself to annex Crimea, thoughts of the future of the AN-124 aircraft were likely not uppermost in his mind. As it is, the Russian president has... Read more
03/26/2014 - 15:51
Alone and isolated, TNT Express faced a bleak future just a year ago. Its misery was wrought by a failed US$6.8 billion (4.8 billion euro) takeover bid by UPS, thwarted by... Read more
02/26/2014 - 17:53
It was not totally unexpected, but the speed with which IAG Cargo disposed of any remaining vestiges of a freighter operation, was still a shock. That a major combination carrier... Read more
01/31/2014 - 14:59
Auspicious and speedy success is promised for the Chinese New Year. For European cargo carrier Cargolux, that may seem a distant prospect as it battles to start up its new... Read more
11/26/2013 - 11:00
Another year over and a new one just begun…well, nearly. In the latter annals of air cargo, it will likely be remembered that 2013 was the year it didn't happen. Let's start at... Read more


text:
Hossegor Dawn
Easy righthander located at the end of Zambrone main beach. Works during big NW and W swells. Rock and sand bottom. Several other peaks along the beach.
Not crowded.
Right-hander located at the end of Zambrone main beach
No photos yet.
All content remains copyright of Magicseaweed Ltd unless stated otherwise, we'd kindly ask that you don't reproduce it in any form without our permission.
Forgot your password?
All this from only US$2.89/month.


text:
b&w cookies
- dbug31 Jul 22, 2007 12:03 PM
where might my ex-ny'er friend find one?
she's in Long Beach...
re: Hypnotic23
*Bea's,* you mean? Yes very good.
Love Beverlywood Bakery on Pico, and Nate'n'Al's has pretty good ones too.
If Gelson's is in Long Beach w/ a Viktor Benes', give theirs a go.
Finally, ironically enough, Jerry's Deli makes a really good B'n'W, which in the Marina would be closer to Long Beach...
re: glutton
Junior's are EXCELLENT and highly addictive.
re: justagthing
It's a sugar cookie with half white icing and half chocolate icing.
Billy's Deli (Glendale and Torrance) has good B&Ws... they get them from Bea's.
re: Das Ubergeek
the 'cookie' portion, though, is not as crisp nor dense as a normal sugar cookie.
(sort of like a cross between a sugar cookie and sponge cake).
re: Das Ubergeek
"B&W" stands for "black and white." It is a semi-soft cookie, half of which is covered with chocolate icing while the other half is covered with vanilla. Despite the straight line down the middle, it's kind of yin-yang-ish.
All due respect to Das, but I've had gazillions of them and not one would be recognized as a "sugar cookie." Every sugar cookie I've ever had has been crisp and covered with sugar crystals, which b&w's most certainly are not.
re: Arthur
Hm, maybe I'm thinking of different sugar cookies than you are -- the crisp-with-sugar things are Danish cookies to me.
re: Das Ubergeek
The following is a link to a picture that represents my notion of a typical sugar cookie:
I have just now seen a few recipes online for sugar cookies that are frosted. However, even those appear to have a granulated-sugar crunchiness to their texture. B&W cookies do not.
re: Arthur
BTW, for those who've never seen one, below is a basic, unadorned photo of a standard black-and-white cookie. It doesn't really capture what all the fuss is about, but still...
re: Arthur
the cookie shown in that picture is not at all similar to the cookie that forms the base of a b&w
re: Arthur
Wouldn't even classify it as a semi-soft cooke. That would be a chewy choc-chip type. It's actually a white cake based cookie frosted with half choc/half vanilla.
re: Das Ubergeek
And in a true B&W the vanilla icing has a touch of lemon.
re: Dav
Maybe in some recipes, but I don't agree that there is lemon in the vanilla frosting of a "true," authentic version. When there is any lemon flavoring at all, it tends to be in the cookie, not in the vanilla icing. As the famous Seinfeld episode extolled, the black-and-white cookie represents vanilla and chocolate living together in harmony (...cue Stevie and Paul...). If there were lemon in the icing, it wouldn't really be vanilla anymore.
re: Arthur
"As the famous Seinfeld episode extolled, the black-and-white cookie represents vanilla and chocolate living together in harmony (...cue Stevie and Paul...)"
You know, I always thought of them as the official cookie of the Cheronians, the black and white faced aliens from "Star Trek " (am I a nerd or what?)
"He is inferior! He is white on his right side and black on his left. I am superior, I am white on my left side and black on my right!"
B&W in the 562? The LBC is a more than a bit deli-challenged, my friend. It's a certainty to say that in terms of delicatessens, Long Beach, CA is not Long Beach, NY but, I'm guessing your gf know this? The sole option that comes to mind has to be KATELLA DELI just over the border in Los Al. If you're staying to eat, don't expect anything overtly authentic -- to the tune of corn bread with your Chicken noodle soup -- but, whaddya want? It's Orange County for goodness' sake.
Still, it's serviceable and the bakery is more than impressive with regard to selection.
Katella Deli-Restaurant
4470 Katella Ave, Los Alamitos, CA 90720
re: Kris P Pata
The corn bread is good too, but it is only one of your many choices that they give you. You can have the bread basket (that has several different types of bread), a muffin of your choice or what I usually order when I have the matzoh ball soup, onion rolls. BTW...my favorite cookie there it the seven layer cookie. Yummy!
re: Kris P Pata
Katella Deli is your best bet. Less than 15 minutes away from LBC. Soft puffy and yummy. Enjoy...
re: jeffrey
second third and fourth
re: tannazie
a few stores north of canters is Schwartz Bakery which has amazing black & white cookies. Canter's pastries i find to be too dry. Schwartz is great.
re: Clyde
I got some chocolate covered macoroons at Canter's two weeks ago and they were dry comparied to every other time I bought them there over the years. I notice many new faces behind the counters in that place also. I wonder whether this dry cookie thing is something new or whether it will go away soon? However, my rye bread was very good toasted the next morning -- not dry. I noticed a stack of large B&W cookies in the case and they looked better than most of the other cookies on the day I was there. I had a Reuben there when we went and it was great with there thousand island. Four of us ate sandwiches and were happy.
re: JeetJet
My husband grew up in the Boston area and adores B&W cookies, although in Boston they're called Half Moons. Same cookie, different name. However, he is exceedingly particular about his Half Moons. Only those from a certain couple of bakeries will do. He'd rather eat sawdust than eat a supermarket bakery version of the cookie.
I found a recipe online for them...and made them for him one Christmas ...but mine didn't measure up and he wasn't polite enough to pretend they did. LOL
re: lilygirl
Have you ever tried a "chinese" cookie from Katella? A big tender almond cookie with a ginormous blob of chocolate frosting in the middle. I love Katella's b&w's. So soft, kind of like a flat cupcake. They will also make small ones for a special order.
In Long Beach, the closest place is Katella Deli, on Katella east of Los Alamitos/Seal Beach Blvd. They're not the best in the LA area, but they're the best (the only?) in the LB area.
Is there a How's market nearby? I recently had a wonderful B&W at the Noho How's. Nice and big, very moist cake/cookie, thick yummy frosting, and only $2. Also had a slice of red velvet cake that was very good, and only $3 I think.
Jerry's Famous Deli in Marina Del Rey has them. Although, I havent tasted them, only seen them there.
I also remember seeing them at South Coast Plaza at the French place, Champagne Bakery. I think I ate one and it was tasty. But, I'm not a follower of the cookies, so I wouldnt know better.
I picked one up from Hot Cakes on Centinela in Mar Vista last week. The owner is a Parisian but seems to have a pretty good rendition of this New York kinda soft and fluffy sugary cookie that is doin' the ebony & ivory thing on top... like a madeleine shaped like a 4-inch round with chocolate and sugar icing on top, right?
Victor Benes bakery, located in Gelson's market. Saw them at the West Hollywood location last week.


text:
You must log in to access this feature. Sign in with Twellow or Facebook to get started.
By signing in to Twellow, you indicate your agreement to our terms of service.
Simply connect with Facebook and kiss those password blues away,
or go here to reset your password.
Lesbian, Taoist, veteran, Legionnaire. Salt-of-the-earth rightwing cracker-barrel folksy wisdom tempered with good old fashioned pragmatic American common sense


text:
Skinnyski.com MembershipFebruary 22, 2005If you enjoy this service, and would like to see it continue, please consider purchasing a Skinnyski.com membership today. Memberships are a vital part of supporting this website.
Winter Outdoor Adventure Expo: History of Nordic SkiingNovember 19, 2014Woodenskis.com's own Greg Fangel will be at the Winter Outdoor Adventure Expo this Saturday, giving a pitch on the history of Nordic skiing, especially related to the Midwest.
NNF: Drive for 25 Seeking Ambassadors for Matching Challenge GrantNovember 3, 2014The National Nordic Foundations fundraising drive has received a matching grant of $5000, which they can earn simply by signing up additional ambassadors for the D25 drive. Please help support this organizer, which in turn funds much of the national and international junior development opportunities.
CXC Bike Drawing Deadline Nov 1stOctober 29, 2014Your chance to win a sweet Kent Eriksen bike, custom designed with a hand crafted, titanium road frame built with HED Jet 6 aero wheel set and Sram Rival 11 speed component group (worth over $8K) is drawing to close. Support CXC's Adaptive Program in this fundraiser by Nov 1st!
MYSL Birkie Bash FundraiserOctober 28, 2014Tickets are still available for the MYSL Birkie Bash this Sunday, Nov 2nd at the Wirth Pavilion. Open bar, dinner by Birchwood, entertainment, Birkie Capital Campaign unveiling with Ben Popp, MC John Schmitt and $8,000 worth of silent auction items (including a parking spot at the Birkie starting line!). Come and join the fun and support youth skiing.
Jessie Diggins Fundraiser Dinner Nov 9thOctober 19, 2014The Chilkoot Café and Cyclery in Stillwater will once again host a fundraiser dinner for Olympian, World Champion and US Ski Team member, Jessie Diggins. Reserve Sunday, November 9th on your calendar and call to book your tickets. All proceeds will support Jessie's training and racing expenses. In addition to an evening of wonderful food and great race stories from Jessie, Jessie will be auctioning off some Olympic gear!
Update: The event is now sold-out! Thanks to all the supporters.
Birkie Board Member Dave Nelson Passes AwayOctober 8, 2014Dave Nelson, a huge supporter of the American Birkebeiner Ski Foundation who worked extensively on the trail network passed away Wednesday morning. Details on arrangements pending. Updated with funeral arrangements and memorial funds.Related:Ned Zuelsdorff Tribute
Vermont Coaching PositionAugust 11, 2014Mansfield Nordic in Jericho, Vermont, is seeking to hire a Junior Team Development coach. Position may lead to the Head Coach for the Junior Competition Team next season.
Conrad Hoigaard Passes OnJuly 4, 2014Conrad Hoigaard passed away last Friday, June 27th. He was the grandson of CJ Hoigaard, who founded Hoigaards in 1895. Conrad took over the reigns of Hoigaards from his father in 1984.
Borah Teamwear JobsJune 8, 2014Borah Teamwear is growing, and now has a number of job openings including accounting assistant, customer service rep, marketing freelancer and more.
More Coaching OpportunitiesMay 6, 2014Head coaching jobs are open at Lakeville North (CC running) and Minneapolis South (Nordic).
Robin Baker Passes OnApril 14, 2014Long-time coach for Deer River High School, Robin Baker passed away last week. Baker played a steady role in northern Minnesota skiing, especially with section 7 and 8, and was the groomer of Blueberry Hills ski trail. There will be a memorial service at Our Redeemer Lutheran Church in Cohasset, Saturday, April 19th.Related:Photoset from Dave Johnson: Robin Baker Photoset
MNSA Lifetime Achievement Awards and MN Awards BanquetMarch 18, 2014MNSA is recognizing Bill Simpson and Emily Lanin as their 2014 Lifetime Achievement Award winners, and welcomes all to take part in the celebration at the Minnesota Nordic Ski Awards Banquet, this Sunday, March 23rd, at Theodore Wirth chalet (tickets are still available!).Related:Final Skiwerx Series and Cities Cup Standings
Event Director Opening at BirkieMarch 18, 2014Long-time Race Operations Director, Shellie Milford, will be wrapping up her career at the Birkie after more than 20 years service, concluding with the 2015 Birkie. The foundation is seeking candidates to fulfill these duties moving into the future.
Nordic Legend Ed Harjala Passes AwayMarch 1, 2014Peter Vorhes writes about the passing of one of the Midwest Nordic legends, Ed Harjala. Harjala passed away on Friday in Copper City, MI, just a week shy of his 92nd birthday. Visitation March 4rh, Memorial Service on March 5th.Related:Ed Harjala Visitation and Memorial Service Details
Remembering Igor; A Tribute to a LegendJanuary 27, 2014CXC Skiing and Peter Graves have put out a heartfelt remembrance of Igor Badamshin, who passed away while skiing last Friday near Hayward. A memorial service is planned for Saturday evening, Feb 8th in Cable.Related:Facebook: Igor Badamshin
Igor Badamshin Passes AwayJanuary 24, 2014While the details are still unclear, Igor Badamshin passed away suddenly on Friday in Hayward. Badamshin was the CXC Team Head Coach and Knicker Nordic Head Coach (Wausau), a Russian Olympian, and bronze medalist on the 1993 World Championship relay team. Last March he help lead the Midwest Junior National team to success as the head kick wax coach. Updates forthcoming...
Mayor RT Rybak Recovering from Heart Attack While SkiingJanuary 4, 2014Minneapolis Mayor RT Rybak suffered a heart attack while skiing at Theodore Wirth on Saturday morning. He is recovering at Abbott Northwestern, where he actually tweeted about his experience (and the Wirth trail conditions!).Related:Skiers Help Rescue RybakGerman Chancellor Angela Merkel Injured While XC Skiing in Switzerland
WPT to Air MS DocumentaryDecember 12, 2013The MS documentary 'Multiple Sclerosis, the Vikings and Nordic Skiing' will be broadcast on Wisconsin Public Television on Thursday, Dec 19th at 9:00 PM.
North Star Ski Touring: Snowshoe PresentationDecember 9, 2013Tuesday, Dec 10th, the North Star Ski Touring Club Meeting will feature 'Snowshoeing in the Twin Cities' presented by Mike Ruschman of Midwest Mountaineering. Everyone is invited to attend at St Peter's Church, Richfield at 6:30pm, with program beginning at 7:00pm.


text:
In last 12 months Piatcions became the "ones to watch" in the growing psych / space rock scene around the globe.
Their debut album "Senseless>Sense" was released on Sept 2011 on London label I Blame The Parents.
The album combined the soundscaped inertia of Spiritualized with the set-back and hushed vocal indifference of Brian Jonestown Massacre frontman Anton Newcombe. Gossamer sounds build to Kraut riffs, dazzling and epic. "A luscious, dense sound, artfully constructed and beautifully arranged" (Subba Cultcha) which got massive airplay from BBC6 and XFM XPosure (John Kennedy).
Senseless>Sense was recorded with the production of James Aparicio (recently at work with Liars and Spiritualized).
Robert Toher from seminal NYC experimental band APSE (ATP Records) blessed a couple of songs with his unique high pitch voice, and joined the band for a giant 3 weeks Europe Tour in November 2011.
2012 has seen the trio releasing a new single and video from the album, playing in February a full Uk tour with Underground Railroad (which inspired the idea of playing Europe together in October); then they played a key London gig on Feb 22nd at Corsica Studios with Koolaid Electric Company, flought to Scandinavia for a bunch of dates in April, and got a main support with The Black Lips late May.
In April 2012 Piatcions got signed by Joe Foster's Sterling Songs Publishing, joining a terrific roster featuring Dead Skeletons, The Telescopes, Koolaid Electric Company, Asteroid #4 and many others.
July 2012 finds Piatcions in the UK again, to play Scotland for the first time with friend London trio Black Manila.
They also recorded in London – with James Aparicio again – a brand new single: expect it to be more angular and punkish then previous stuff (if only Suicide and Sonic Youth can be defined punk).
Piatcions have also been featured on latest Dead Bees Records Sampler (presented at Primavera Sound festival) and have joined the line up of Liverpool Psych Festival, planned late September.
Packed with energy and effervescence, they combine the soundscaped inertia of spiritualized with the set-back and hushed vocal indifference of Brian Jonestown Massacre frontman Anton Newcombe. Beat (UK)
Sumptuous, seductive and serene 'Senseless>Sense' is in short the sound of stars swooning, here the honey dripped cortege of star crossed lovelorn celestial anthems are spiked and purring to an alluring cosmic choreography dimpled with pulse racing struts. Losing Today
'Senseless > Sense' is all about trippy vibes; rolling, hypnotic drum beats; psychedelic, fuzzed-up guitar freak-outs; Sixties styled harmonies and lashings of reverb that all blend into a huge swirling wall of noise. 8 Loudhorizon (UK)
De l'écho, du fuzz, une voix perdue dans l'espace. Pas de doute, on est en plein shoegaze sous acide, branché à dix mille volts sur le courant psychédélique. My Car Is Full of Plums (FRA)
Il trio di Domodossola vola alto con questi nove brani. Suoni vaporizzati e inebrianti, idee tante. 7 XL La Repubblica
Tonnellate di chitarre e fuzz, pulviscolo spaziale a mitigare la portata psichedelica-shoegaze (versante noise, My Bloody Valentine) della poltiglia di suono. 7 Blow Up
'Senseless > Sense', con il suo sound ricco di citazioni psichedeliche, il ritmo sempre elevato delle chitarre e le belle armonie presenti è senza dubbio un lavoro apprezzabile. 7 Indie Roccia


text:
Time to Reevaluate RF and Microwave Power Application Development
The methods for evaluating RF power components for use in RF and microwave applications have seen relatively little change over the years in spite of the expanding universe of RF applications.
Read More...
In Defense of DARPA; Lamenting Bell Labs
By Barry Manz
A federal agency like DARPA is a sitting duck for politicians and assorted other critics. It has come up with some truly bizarre programs over years that ultimately either delivered no tangible results, were canceled before they could cause any damage, or attempted to answer questions that nobody was asking or needed answers to. Read More...
Band Reject Filter Series
Higher frequency band reject (notch) filters are designed to operate over the frequency range of .01 to 28 GHz. These filters are characterized by having the reverse properties of band pass filters and are offered in multiple topologies. Available in compact sizes.
RLC Electronics
SP6T RF Switch
JSW6-33DR+ is a medium power reflective SP6T RF switch, with reflective short on output ports in the off condition. Made using Silicon-on-Insulator process, it has very high IP3, a built-in CMOS driver and negative voltage generator.
Group Delay Equalized Bandpass Filter
Part number 2903 is a group delayed equalized elliptic type bandpass filter that has a typical 1 dB bandwidth of 94 MHz and a typical 60 dB bandwidth of 171 MHz. Insertion loss is <2 dB and group delay variation from 110 to 170 MHz is <3nsec.
KR Electronics
Absorptive Low Pass Filter
Model AF9350 is a UHF, low pass filter that covers the 10 to 500 MHz band and has an average power rating of 400W CW. It incurs a rejection of 45 dB minimum at the 750 to 3000 MHz band, and power rating of 25W CW from 501 to 5000 MHz.
LTE Band 14 Ceramic Duplexer
This high performance LTE ceramic duplexer was designed and built for use in public safety communication and commercial cellular applications. It operates in Band 14 and offers low insertion loss and high isolation to enable clear communications in the LTE network.
Networks International
See all products in this issue
Now a lot more people are getting the message, and it's put the FCC (already smarting from the LightSquared debacle) in the position of trying to explain why it isn't enforcing its own rules in the case of wireless carriers, all the while regularly nicking broadcasters for trivial infractions like not announcing their call sign at the top of the hour. Not a single fine has been levied by FCC against a wireless carrier for exceeding the limits.
The issue came to light last month when a group called the EM Radiation Policy Group sent out a press release announcing the results of work it had conducted to "unimpeachably" show that these problems exist, that the FCC ignores them, and that perhaps, just perhaps, it was because wireless carriers are good customers. That is, wireless carriers have added tens of billions of dollars to federal government coffers by buying the one thing the FCC has to offer: spectrum.
To provide proof of their accusations, the group paid a veteran RF radiation measurement specialist to test rooftop sites in 23 states, quickly finding more than 100 that were exceeding the limits (among other things) by up to 600%. It has posted videos on YouTube and its own Web site of rooftop installations, screen shots of instruments showing RF levels up to 600% above the standard, voice conversations with the FCC and wireless carriers, and the results of the group's efforts to address the more than 100 complaints it has filed concerning specific sites (none of which, according to the group, the FCC has ever responded to). Some of the conversations would actually be funny if the issue wasn't about safety.
The issue of whether or not non-ionizing radiation causes brain tumors, cancer, changes genetic structures, and a host other maladies has been around for decades and remains as contentious, politically charged, and odious as ever. The answer to the issue is that there is no answer, as "proof" would take long-term studies in man. The only undisputed fact is that microwave energy causes tissue heating, as anyone who owns a microwave oven can attest.
But that's not the real issue here, which is that the FCC has rules and it doesn't enforce them or enforces them selectively. These rules are designed to ensure that workers and the public are not exposed to high levels of RF radiation. The public and workers must be warned of and restricted from access to sites at which RF radiation levels are present. Every entity whose transmission equipment or industrial environment in which RF energy is present must ensure RF safety is maintained. The rules are extremely detailed largely agree with those of national and international standards bodies.
"Coincidentally", the FCC announced on March 29 that it is reviewing of its rules covering exposure limits to RF emissions from radio transmitters. The review is an effort to ensure FCC rules comply with the agency's "environmental responsibilities and requirements," and ensure that the public is protected from adverse effects of RF exposure. One goal is to reevaluate test methods and another is to essentially determine whether the cost of complying with the rules is commensurate with the perceived danger. However, even if the commission overhauls some of its rules, it won't make any difference if it cannot or will not enforce them.
Barry Manz is a contributing editor to Microwave Product Digesting can be reached at email@example.com.
Search by Keyword, Company, Category or Issue.
•The Design of Ultra Narrowband Amplifiers Using Small-Signal Varactor Upconverters
This paper presents a method of realizing tunable microwave amplifiers with ultra narrow bandwidths that can be less than 0.5% by the use of a varactor up-converter (UC).
Planar Monolithics
•Directivity and VSWR Measurements
Return loss and VSWR measurements are complicated by the finite performance of the directional device used to measure the reflected power. The only accurate and convenient way to make return loss measurements is with a well matched high directivity directional coupler or bridge.
Marki Microwave
•Switch Solutions for Systems with Low PIM Requirements
Dow-Key Microwave has invested in R&D for new RF switch products designed specifically to reduce intermodulation (IM) in coaxial switches.
Dow-Key Microwave
• How to Specify RF and Microwave Filters
Covers cavity, ceramic, LC, crystal and helical filters.
Anatech Electronics
• Mounting Considerations for Medium Power Surface-Mount RF Devices
Covers all factors that must be considered when mounting SMT devices.
TriQuint Semiconductor
• Biasing MMIC Amplifiers
How to bias MMICs along with theory and techniques.


text:
- Exchange: Frankfurt
- Sector: Industrials
- Industry: Machinery
- Sub-Industry: Metalworking Machinery
Amtek Engineering Ltd+ Add to Watchlist
As of 03:43:28 ET on 11/24/2014.
Company Profile for Amtek Engineering Ltd (W67)
Amtek Engineering Ltd. offers design and manufacturing services for precision components, casings and enclosures. The Company provides design, prototyping, tool and die and mould making, precision metal stamping, plastic and rubber moulding, machining, welding, finishing, electro-mechanical and product assembly and testing services.
Contact Information
Amtek Engineering Ltd
1 Kian Teck Drive
Singapore, 628818
Phone: 65-6264-0033
Fax: 65-6265-2510
Key Executives for Amtek Engineering Ltd (W67)
|Yeong Bou Wai "Daniel"Chairman/CEO
|Ng Won Lein "Sheila"Deputy CEO/CFO/Exec Dir
|Soon Swee Har "Jocelin"Deputy CFO/Joint Secretary
|Ling Ka YewChief Technology Officer
|Bay Lim ThiamCOO:China Operations
|Liew Tau YeeCOO:Europe Operations
|Chan Yew WengCOO:Plastics
|Ang Tong HuatCOO:Precision/Exec Dir
|Teo Guan How "Adrian"COO:South Asia Operations
|Tan San-JuJoint Secretary
Quotes delayed, except where indicated otherwise. All prices in local currency. Time is ET.
Recommended Symbols:


text:
Print Options
Back to
Next-Generation German Potato Salad >
Full Page
Include these items:
Nutritional Facts
Select reviews >
Next-Generation German Potato Salad
My quick-cooking German-style potato salad is a keeper for family reunions. Balsamic vinegar and bacon give it a different taste twist.
14 Servings
Prep/Total Time: 30 min.
4 pounds small red potatoes, quartered
10 bacon strips, chopped
1 large onion, chopped
3 tablespoons chopped celery
2 tablespoons chopped green pepper
1 tablespoon all-purpose flour
1 tablespoon sugar
1 teaspoon salt
1/2 teaspoon pepper
1 cup water
1/3 cup white balsamic vinegar
Place the potatoes in a Dutch oven and cover with water. Bring to a
boil. Reduce heat; cover and simmer for 15-20 minutes or until
Meanwhile, in a large skillet, cook bacon over medium heat until
crisp. Using a slotted spoon, remove to paper towels. In the
drippings, saute the onion, celery and green pepper until tender.
Stir in the flour, sugar, salt and pepper until blended. Combine
water and vinegar; stir into vegetable mixture. Bring to a boil;
cook and stir for 2 minutes or until thickened.
Drain potatoes and place in a large serving bowl. Pour dressing over
© Taste of Home 2014
2 of 2
Next-Generation German Potato Salad
Directions (continued)
potatoes. Add bacon and toss to coat. Serve warm or at room
temperature. Refrigerate leftovers. Yield: 14 servings.
Nutritional Facts:
1 serving (3/4 cup) equals 197 calories, 10 g fat (3 g saturated fat), 11 mg cholesterol, 298 mg sodium, 24 g carbohydrate, 2 g fiber, 4 g protein.
© Taste of Home 2014


text:
view bio »
Chattanooga Police Officer Gregory ChambersPhoto by Contributed Photo /Chattanooga Times Free Press.
Hamilton County Sessions Court Judge Clarence Shattuck agreed to dismiss an assault charge against a Chattanooga police officer on the request of the victim.
Assistant District Attorney Rex Sparks characterized the off-duty road rage incident in which Officer Gregory Chambers drew a Taser on Shawn Smith as "angry words and posturing and too much testosterone."
Shattuck ordered the men to shake hands during the hearing this morning and dismissed the case.
Chambers, 37, was placed on administrative leave following the Nov. 19 incident, pending an internal affairs investigation and the outcome of his court proceedings.
Chambers and Smith had an argument after a driving incident on Brainerd Road, according to court records.
A short while later Smith saw Chambers' white pickup truck pull in front of his 5512 Pearl St. home. Chambers told police that Smith carried a baseball bat, so retrieved his Taser from his vehicle.
Both men told Shattuck that there were no blows struck or weapons used in the assault, that it was simply a verbal altercation.
Following the hearing today Smith said he was glad the incident was over and he felt that Chambers apology was sufficient.
For more details see tomorrow's Times Free Press.
Todd South covers courts, poverty, technology, military and veterans for the Times Free Press. He has worked at the paper since 2008 and previously covered crime and safety in Southeast Tennessee and North Georgia. Todd's hometown is Dodge City, Kan. He served five years in the U.S. Marine Corps and deployed to Iraq before returning to school for his journalism degree from the University of Georgia. Todd previously worked at the Anniston (Ala.) Star. Contact ...