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Incarceration rates are higher in the south than any other part of the United States. Louisiana has the dubious distinction of being named "the prison capital." You can view the report at the link below.
Prison Policy Initiatives
The Big House Blog
The purpose of The Big House Blog is to explore and examine correctional policies and issues. This blog is dedicated to exposing inefficient and ineffective correctional policies such as the United States over reliance on incarceration, the lack of correctional rehabilitation and prisoner reentry programs, and bias and prejudice in sentencing policies.
Thursday, June 26, 2014
Tuesday, June 3, 2014
Ban the Box: Giving Offenders a Fair Chance
"Ban the Box"
The National Employment Law Project (2014) estimates that 70 million Americans—one in four—adults have a criminal record. The majority of employers include questions about a person's criminal background on their job applications and they use it to screen out applicant with a criminal history. "Ban the Box" or "Second Chance" is a movement to eliminate questions about criminal backgrounds from public employment applications. The goal of the movement is to defer a job applicant's criminal background check until the applicant has been selected for an interview. The Legal Services for Prisoners with Children supports removing the box from applications for housing, public benefits, insurance, loans, and other services, too. In addition, proponents believe that this law should be extended to include private employers.
Benefits of "Ban the Box"
There are several benefits to adopting ban the box laws. First, it eliminates discrimination against individuals with prior criminal histories based solely on one global question. Removal of the box allows those with a criminal history to remain in consideration for the job at which time they have the opportunity to explain their criminal histories to potential employers. Second, it does not prevent employers for conducting criminal background checks on individuals before they are actually hired. However, if they applicant is otherwise qualified for the position, the hope is that employers will ultimately hire the applicant. Finally, employers working with protected or vulnerable populations (e.g., jobs working with children or the elderly) are exempt from the law. In other words, the law is a middle ground compromise that increases the odds that those with criminal records will be treated fairly during the employment process while simultaneously protecting the public.
Why Should We Care?
Offenders face significant obstacles once they are released from prison, with employment being a major one. We know that employment is an important component of successful prisoner reentry. For example, research shows that employment significantly reduces the likelihood of reoffending (Latessa, 2012; Morenoff and Harding, 2011; Visher, Debus, and Yahner, 2008) and success on parole (National Institute of Health, 2010). Therefore, the ban the box law increases the odds that those with a criminal record may find employment and reduce the likelihood that they commit future offenses.
Major U.S Cities and Counties that Banned the Box
New Hampshire*
New Jersey
New Mexico*
New York
North Carolina
Rhode Island*
*States that have legislation or administrative orders to ban the box
Latessa, E. J. (2012). Why work is important and how to improve the effectiveness of correctional reentry programs that target employment. Criminology and Public Policy, 11(1), 87-91.
Morenoff, J. D. and Harding, D. J. (2011). Final Technical Report: Neighborhoods, Recidivism, and Employment Among Returning Prisoners. Washington, D.C.: National Institute of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, U.S. Department of Justice.
National Employment Law Project. (2014). Statewide ban the box reducing unfair barriers to employment of people with criminal records. Retrieved from http://nelp.3cdn.net/51c633b5eb9f412b88_q4m6vu7ia.pdf.
National Institute of Corrections. (2010). Is employment associated with reduced recidivism? The complex relationship between employment and crime. Washington, D.C.: National Institute of Corrections.
Visher, C., Debus, S., and Yahner, J. (2004). Employment after prison: A longitudinal study of releases in three states. Washington, D.C.: Urban Institute.
Monday, May 26, 2014
Prisons: Philosophies of Punishment
There are 6.98 million offenders under adult correctional supervision in the United States. Although this figure represents the third year of decline in the adult correctional population, the United States continues to lead industrialized nations in incarceration rates. Since the inception of prisons, there has been substantial debate about their function in society. Early correctional efforts primarily focused on retributive practices that were designed to achieve deterrence. However, penal reformers advocated for humane prisons and treatment of prisoners. Today, considerable debate remains about the function of prisons.
Prisons are institutions designed to house individuals who have been convicted of state or federal crimes. Individuals who are sentenced to state and federal correctional facilities usually receive a sentence of one year or more and are considered convicted felons. On the contrary, jails are locally operated correctional facilities that primarily house pretrial detainees and/or misdemeanants. Those convicted of misdemeanors are sentenced to one year or less of incarceration. Correctional facilities are intended to serve a public safety function by locking away individuals who pose a threat to the community. However, throughout the history of corrections the function of prisons has been largely dependent on the prevailing philosophy of punishment.
One of the oldest and most enduring philosophies of punishment is deterrence. Cesare Beccaria, an Italian Enlightenment thinker, was the first to suggest that crime causation and punishment should be linked. His essay, On Crimes and Punishments is often credited as the impetus in shaping how we think about crime and corrections in the United States. In his essay, Beccaria outlined a utilitarian approach to punishment that included the idea of deterrence (i.e., the prevention of crime). He was writing at a time when punishments were extremely harsh, and often brutal. Beccaria rejected many of these punishments as overly retributive and he felt that they produced more evil than good.
Retributive punishments are synonymous to the philosophy of lex talionis (law of talion) or "eye for an eye." Many have a misconception of the law of talion as justifying harsh vengeance, but it was actually intended to put limits on punishment. The original intent was that those punishing offenders could punish no more severely than the offender had harmed his or her victim. This was contrary to practice of Beccaria's time, which often entailed punishment for the offender that was harsher than what he or she had done.
Beccaria argued that punishment could be justified only if it was imposed to protect the social contract—a voluntary agreement whereby the community that allows the government to regulate the behavior of individuals to preserve social order. He is considered by many to be the father of Classical Criminology or rational choice theory. That is, he believed that human beings were rational, calculating actors and they made decisions based on the maximization of pleasure and the minimization of pain. In other words, Beccaria claimed that individuals choose behaviors that maximize benefits and minimize costs. To achieve deterrence, Beccaria stated, punishment should be swift. When the punishment quickly follows the crime, the offender is more apt to associate the punishment with the crime. Delaying punishment only serves to separate the two ideas. He suggested that the link between the crime and the punishment would be stronger if the punishment were related to the crime. Beccaria also argued that punishment should be certain. Certainty refers to the likelihood or probability of being caught engaging in particular behavior. If an individual is fairly certain they will be caught, he or she is less likely to commit a criminal act. Finally, Beccaria claimed, that punishment should not be unduly harsh rather that "the punishment should fit the crime." That is, the punishment should be proportionate to the crime committed. He also argued that the certainty of punishment was most important while the severity of the punishment was least important. Specifically, Beccaria (1764 [1983], p. 62) stated that "Crimes are more effectually prevented by the certainty, than the severity of the punishment." He thought that if the punishment was overly severe, that it would embolden people to commit greater crimes. For example, if a person were to receive a death sentence for committing a robbery as well as a murder, he or she might decide to commit the greater crime because they the punishment for both is the same.
Early colonial correctional efforts focused on shaming and embarrassing the offender as ways to deter criminal behavior. Shaming was designed to have both a punitive and rehabilitative effect. It was the hope that the offender would be so embarrassed that he or she would repentant, in the religious sense, and turn from sin. The use of the terms "repentant" and "sin" are intimately tied to the prevailing philosophy of punishment of the colonies. Most colonists of European ancestry thought that the most common explanation for committing crime was religious in nature. They strongly believed all people were born sinners and those who failed to develop a strong faith in God were most likely to commit sins (i.e., break community mores and laws). Colonial Americans administered a variety of public punishments intended to shame offenders. For example, the ducking stool was a device consisting of a chair in which an offender was tied to and ducked into water. The ducking stool was usually reserved as a punishment for women who were considered slanderers, chronic gossips, and general busybodies. The stocks were another commonly used device to humiliate offenders publically. The stocks were located in a central, public location and the offender's hands and head were immobilized by the use of a secured enclosure. The length of the punishment was proportionate to the offense committed that could range from several hours to several days. The townspeople were encouraged to verbally and, sometimes, physically abuse the offender as they walked passed. Some offenders were subjected to corporal punishment that was often brutal and resulted in significant injury to the offender. Public executions were commonplace and were viewed as barbaric by many.
As the colonies grew, public punishments fell to the wayside because of the changing dynamics of the communities. The colonies moved away from being close-knit agrarian communities to loose urban communities due in large part to an influx of immigrants. Public humiliation no longer worked as a method of social control because people no longer felt close social ties to their communities. In addition, many in the community no longer embraced corporal and capital punishments as effective methods for responding to and deterring criminal behavior. There was a need to find an alternative method for achieving social control so early criminal justice reformers turned to incapacitation.
Incapacitation refers to removing or reducing the offender's capacity or ability to commit crime. The clearest example of incapacitation is imprisonment. Incapacitation restrains offenders from committing additional crimes by isolating them from the free world. The use of incapacitation has a long and somewhat dubious history in the United States.
The birth of the American penitentiary can be traced to Pennsylvania. In 1682, Quaker reformer, William Penn created a new penal code, commonly called "Penn's Code." The code replaced the stocks and pillories with houses of detention, eliminated corporal punishment and replaced it with incarceration, and abolished capital punishment for all crimes except murder. However, in 1718 when Penn died, Penn's Code was repealed. In the late 1700s, Benjamin Rush became the leader of the Philadelphia Society for Alleviating the Miseries of Public Prisons. The Philadelphia Society established the first prison in the United States in 1790 when they converted one wing of the Walnut Street Jail for housing sentenced offenders.
Walnut Street Jail administrators' efforts at deterring criminal behavior centered on the religious conversion of prisoners. Inmates were housed in individual cells and required to remain silent. Enforced silence was thought to reduce the potential of moral contamination among prisoners. Prisoners were issued a Bible that they were encouraged to read and do penance. Administrators thought that isolation coupled with religious study and prayer would lead to the religious transformation of inmates and, ultimately, make them repent from their sins (i.e., crimes).
When Eastern State Penitentiary was opened in 1829, they adopted the Walnut Street Jail's philosophy of isolation and religious instruction. This philosophy became known as the Pennsylvania System or the "separate system." Like the Walnut Street Jail, silence among offenders was enforced and inmates were not allowed to talk to one another. Prisoners were issued a Bible upon their arrival and they were encouraged to read and study it, and to offer penance to God. Again, administrators felt that the religious conversion of inmates was the most effective way of rehabilitating offenders and reducing criminal behavior.
Unfortunately, there were several problems with the Pennsylvania System. First, it was almost impossible to keep inmates from seeing and communicating with each other. Second, it was expensive to operate because the requirement to keep inmates in complete isolation necessitated an increase in staffing. Third, the requirement that inmates work alone in their cells meant that the production of goods was rather low, which meant that inmates could not produce resalable goods in mass. Administrators had originally hoped that the production and sale of inmate goods might offset some of the operational costs of the prison, but this did not happen. Fourth, the planned operation of the prison was almost immediately changed. Because of overcrowding inmates had to be double-celled. Administrators also made this change to allow one inmate to train another inmate in the production of goods. It was used as a strategy to increase the production of inmate goods. In addition, there was evidence to suggest that solitary confinement resulted in many inmates going "stir crazy" or becoming mentally ill.
New York opened the Auburn Prison in 1817 but the correctional philosophy of this facility was dramatically different from Eastern States Penitentiary. The major change was Auburn replaced the Pennsylvania System of religious study, prayer, and penance with hard labor. Auburn also rejected Pennsylvania's emphasis on solitary confinement. Auburn officials opted to allow prisoners to congregate during the day while working in an effort to improve the production of goods, which they hoped would offset the costs of operating the prison. Nevertheless, prisoners were still prohibited from speaking to one another and were required to work in silence. In addition, strict discipline was enforced. Auburn continued Pennsylvania's system of segregating inmates at night. The Auburn System became known as the "congregate system." Throughout the first half of the nineteenth century, prison administrators favored the Auburn System because of its effort to avoid inmate contamination among prisoners, hard labor, separation at night, congregation during the day to optimize the production of goods, and strict discipline.
Incapacitation as a form of punishment remained popular during the Industrial Era (1865-1890) and the use hard labor continued. Inmate industrial labor was a staple in the northeastern penitentiaries. Pennsylvania, New York, and Massachusetts used factory models that were essential to the economy in this region. The primary industry in the antebellum south was agriculture, which relied on deeply on slave labor. However, the abolition of slavery left the southern states with a labor void and many turned to inmate labor as an alternative.
Corrections and court officials were quick to supply inmate labor. Under the convict lease system, business owners and farmers could lease inmates from the state for a fee, or sometimes for free, which saved the state the cost of housing the prisoners. The state was unconcerned about what happened to the inmates once they were no longer in their custody. There was no effort to reform the inmates or help them prepare for life after incarceration. Inmates were often required to work 12 to 14 hour days, given very little to eat, and often had inadequate clothing. Many of the prisoners became injured, sick, or died. The prison administrators' goal was to turn a profit regardless of the consequences for prisoners.
During the Progressive Era (1890-1920), the term "criminal justice system" emerged. The criminal justice system came under more intense scrutiny from the academic profession than it had in years past. Those who worked in criminal justice professions, including prison wardens, came to view themselves as professionals, rather than just employees. Phrenology and biological approaches to explaining crime reached their peak during this era. Cesare Lombroso, an Italian prison physician, published his findings that criminals could be identified by physical traits. Lombroso's work shifted the focus about the causes of crime. Unfortunately, prison administrators and other criminal justice professionals advocated radical medical procedures to "cure" criminal behavior. Sterilization, for instance, gained popularity with the goal of preventing "feebleminded" people or "imbeciles" from reproducing. Although there were medical advances during this period, the rehabilitation of offenders was not a priority.
From 1900-1950, the "Big House" Era of prisons dominated. Big houses were maximum security prisons. In these prisons, discipline and enforced silence prevailed. Inmates worked in meaningless hard labor jobs such as breaking up rock piles. The rocks were not actually used for any purpose and the activity was mainly used as a way for guards to weld their authority over inmates. The Big House prisons, like the rock piles, served no real purpose—prison administrators were not interested in rehabilitation or profits.
The period from 1950 to 1960 was declared the "anything works era" of prisons. There was shift in correctional philosophy toward rehabilitation. Prisons began hiring more counseling staff. Educational, vocational, and substance abuse programs proliferated. Though security had always been the primary focus of the prison, prisons gradually began to place more emphasis on secular forms of rehabilitation. During this same time period, the disciplines of sociology, psychology, and psychiatry started to influence prison programming. Counselors were hired to diagnose and classify inmates according to their problems and security risk. In many states, inmates started their prison term in "classification centers" where they took a multitude of educational, aptitude, and interest tests and medical examinations to determine their needs (Johnson, 1997). The test results were then used to send the inmate to the appropriate prison, tag him or her with the appropriate custody level, and assign him or her to the appropriate mix of educational, vocational, and treatment programs.
By the 1960s, some prisons, most notably in California, were fully engaged in offering a wide range of programs. In addition to basic and advanced education, prisoners had the opportunity to participate in group therapy, transactional analysis, or behavior modification. Even transcendental meditation and yoga were offered in some prisons. The "big house" was replaced by the "correctional institution." Psychology replaced religion as the reform agent.
During the 1960s, public attitudes toward rehabilitation shifted. Civil rights concerns, opposition to American military involvement in Vietnam, the increase in illegal drug use by young people, and a general unease about the safety of walking the streets of American cities were among the problems that contributed to an anti-rehabilitation mindset within the public.
Attitudes toward rehabilitation began to sour for other reasons as well. First, prisons were viewed as counterproductive to reforming criminal behavior. Prisons were viewed as breeding grounds or schools for criminals. Second, former President Lyndon B. Johnson established a commission to study crime and the administration of criminal justice in the United States. The commission found, as the public suspected, that prisons lacked the ability to reform prisoners. Third, there was an attack on rehabilitative efforts from an unlikely source—the Quakers. The Quakers had been advocating penal reform and rehabilitation efforts since the eighteenth century. In fact, as previously noted, the Quakers were instrumental in the establishment of early American penitentiaries. However, in a 1971 report titled Struggle for Justice, the Quakers stated that prisons were failing to rehabilitate inmates (Whitehead, Dodson, & Edwards, 2013). Finally, a research report commission by the New Department of Correction in the early 1970s drew into question the rehabilitative efforts of correctional programs. Robert Martinson and a team of researchers evaluated rehabilitation programs across the country. They reviewed both prison-based and community-based programs. Martinson's report gave a gloomy picture of rehabilitative efforts, especially prison-based programs. To avoid embarrassment, the State of New York blocked release of the report. When court action on the part of inmates forced the release of Martinson's report in 1974, the phrase "nothing works" became the rallying cry of those who had long opposed prison rehabilitation and of others who had recently become disenchanted with rehabilitation. Martinson's stinging indictment of rehabilitation efforts, however, was partly the result of his bitterness toward New York officials who had quashed the release of his findings. Moreover, Martinson did not actually state that nothing worked. After the initial release of the report and the anti-rehabilitation backlash it generated, Martinson backtracked, stating that the initial report was overly pessimistic about rehabilitation. But the damage had already been done. Martinson's findings were the justification for dismantling many prison rehabilitation programs.
Today, incapacitation continues to be the leading punishment used in the United States to deal with offenders. In the United States, the adult correctional system supervises offenders in local, state, and federal correctional facilities as well as in the community under the authority of probation and parole agencies. During 2011, approximately 6.98 million offenders were under the supervision of the adult correctional system at yearend 2011, which is a decrease of 98,900 offenders from one year ago (Glaze & Parks, 2011). This figure represents a 1.4% decline in the correctional population during 2011 and the third consecutive year of decline. The decline in correctional populations is primarily attributed to a decrease in the probation a population that was down 81,800 offenders or an 83% decrease. In other words, the reduction in the adult correctional population is the result of fewer individuals being on supervised probation and not the result of a significant drop in the number of individuals who are serving time in correctional facilities. These figures suggest that the United States is likely to continue use incapacitation as the primary method for dealing with offenders because, as some suggests, we have need to feed our addiction to incarceration (Pratt, 2009).
Although we continue to experience high incarceration rates in the United States, there is evidence to suggest that we have expanded our rehabilitative efforts. Rehabilitation programs are designed to alter the attitudes and behaviors of offenders and improve the likelihood that they will return to society with the skills they need to become law-abiding citizens. The emphasis of rehabilitation is clearly proactive and focuses on deterring future crimes. Correctional officials often consider this to be their most important function—protecting society by reducing recidivism.
Contemporary prisons programs attempt to rehabilitate offenders in a variety of ways. First, most rehabilitation programs seek to reduce an offender's motivation to commit further crimes. For example, psychological counseling is routinely offered to offenders to help them identify the factors that trigger their criminal behavior. Likewise, anger management and drug rehabilitation programs help offenders recognize dangerous situations that may place them in jeopardy of falling back into criminal behavior. Empathy and sensitivity training attempt to help offenders understand the impact their criminal conduct has on victims and their families. Second, some correctional programs are designed to teach offenders competencies that may help them to avoid problems that increase the likelihood of recidivism. Such programs are designed to teach offenders valuable job skills, increase their educational level, and reduce the use of alcohol and drugs.
There seems to be some optimism about the future of rehabilitation in prisons. Specifically, academics and practitioners have come to together to endorse evidence-based practice. Evidence-based practice is "a body of research and replicable clinical knowledge that describes contemporary correctional assessment, programming and supervision strategies that lead to improved correctional outcomes such as the rehabilitation of offenders and increased public safety" (Serin, 2005, p. 2). That is to say, the implementation and continuation of rehabilitation programs should be supported by empirical research. There is a growing body of research that sheds light on the effectiveness (or ineffectiveness) of certain programs. For example, we know now that programs like Scared Straight that use confrontational strategies, not only do not work they actually increase the likelihood that juveniles will reoffend (Klenowski, Bell, & Dodson, 2011). Related research shows that other confrontational programs such as boot camps do not work with adult or juvenile offenders (MacKenzie, 2002). Based on these findings, prisons should abandon such programs in favor of more effective ones. Through the examination of the research we know that faith-based programs (Dodson, Cabage, & Klenowski, 2011), adult basic education and vocational programs, and therapeutic communities (MacKenzie, 2002) work to reduce recidivism.
A more recent trend in prisons is the introduction of "habilitation" programs. Unlike rehabilitation that seeks to help offenders relearn prosocial behaviors in the hopes of avoiding future criminality, habilitation suggests that there are certain skill sets and behaviors that offenders never learned. Life skills training programs, for instance, are designed to help offenders improve their decision-making skills. These training programs teach offenders how to identify "thinking errors" through the use of cognitive restructuring strategies. These programs encourage offenders to explore why they choose criminal behavior over law-abiding behavior. Some of these programs ask offenders to consider why they have chosen a criminal career rather than a legitimate job or why they acted out violently instead of seeking nonviolent resolutions to problems. Other life skill programs that are model after the habilitation philosophy include parenting, problem-solving, financial literacy, and computer literacy. Life skills programs recognize the need to teach offenders the cognitive and social skills they need to be successful in the community.
Although rehabilitation and habilitation programs are widely embraced in the correctional setting, we continue to a push for retributive correctional policies as well. At least one criminologist suggests that since the 1980s, we have been experiencing a "penal harm movement" in which harsh punishments are emphasized (Clear, 1994). During this time, states began developing strict sentencing guidelines, enacting mandatory minimum sentences, and toughen penalties for certain offenses, specifically drug offenses (as part of the "war on drugs"), offenses with weapons, and offenses committed by repeat or habitual criminals. In addition, 14 states abolished early release by discretion of a parole board for all offenders, while an additional five states abolished parole board release for certain felony offenders (Ditton & Wilson, 1999). We have witnessed harsher penalties for juveniles as well including an increased use in juvenile transfers or waivers to adult court and longer sentences for certain types of felony offenders. There is little research to suggest that harsher sentencing policies translate into lower rates of recidivism. As a matter of fact, some studies suggest just the opposite—longer confinement seems to increase the risk of recidivism (see e.g., Song & Lieb, 1993).
We see examples of retributive practices in correctional settings playing out in popular media. Sheriff Joe Arpaio of Maricopa County, Arizona boasts that he is "America's toughest sheriff." He set up a "tent city" as an extension of the Maricopa Jail, which is known for its harsh conditions. The prisoners are subjected to extremely hot temperatures that have risen as high 145 degrees in the summer. Arpaio also expanded the use of chain gangs to include females and juveniles. But he is probably most famous for requiring all inmates to wear pink uniforms, socks, and underwear. Although his methods are at best questionable, many in the general public support his methods because they view him as tough on crime. However, there is no evidence to date to suggest that his practices reduce recidivism or rehabilitate offenders.
Prison administrators have recently moved toward implementing reintegration programs for offenders. Reintegration programs seeks to keep offenders who are in the criminal justice system connected to prosocial ties and to gradually reintroduce them back into the community. Reintegration efforts often fall under the umbrella of prisoner reentry programs, which are designed to assist offenders in acquiring life skills needed to be successful in the community. In the United States, there is a Prisoner Reentry Initiative that is supported by the U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, the U.S. Department of Education, Health and Human Services, and Housing and Urban Development, and Labor. This initiative is described as a comprehensive effort that attempts to address both juvenile and adult prison populations including serious, high-risk offenders. The initiative for prisoner reentry is ideally comprised of three phases. First, institutional-based programs must be created that assist offenders for reentry into society. Services provided in this phase include education, mental health and substance abuse treatment, job training, mentoring, and full diagnostic and risk assessment. Second, community-based programs should work with offenders prior to and immediately following their release from correctional institutions. In this phase, offenders must be exposed to educational opportunities, monitoring, mentoring, life-skills training, assessment, job-skills development, and mental health and substance abuse treatment. Third, there should be long-term community-based support programs that connect individuals who have left the supervision of the justice system with a network of social services agencies and community-based organizations to provide ongoing services and mentoring relationships (Bureau of Justice Assistance, 2011).
A recent survey indicates that 45% of people released from prison in 1999 and 43% of those sent home in 2004 were reincarcerated within three years, either for committing a new crime or for violating conditions governing their release (Pew Center on the States, 2011). Reintegration or reentry programs hold the promise of reducing recidivism rates by helping prisoners return to their communities as contributing and law-abiding members of society. However, it is important to note that effectiveness of reintegration strategies is yet to be evaluated empirically.
Prisons have a longstanding history in the United States and correctional philosophies have varied across time. Early efforts centered on the reformation of prisoners through religious instruction and hard labor. Others, like Cesare Beccaria, advocated utilitarian punishments in the hopes of achieving deterrence. Prison administrators have endorsed retributive as well as rehabilitative strategies throughout correctional history. More recent efforts have incorporated habilitative and reintegrative approaches in an effort to provide inmates with the skills they need to remain in the community. The debate about which philosophy should prevail will likely remain.
Beccaria, C. (1764). On Crimes and Punishments. International Pocket Library. Boston, MA.
Bureau of Justice Assistance. (2011). Reentry initiative. Washington DC: Office of Justice
Programs at http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/BJA/grant/reentry.html.
Clear, T. R. (1994). Harm in American penology: Offenders, victims, and their communities. Albany, NY: SUNY Press.
Ditton, P. M., and Wilson, D. J. (1999). Truth in sentencing in state prisons. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs.
Glaze, L. E., and Parks, E. (2011). Correctional populations in the United States, 2011. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics.
Johnson, R. (1997). Race, gender, and the American prison: Historical observations. In J. Pollock (ed.), Prisons: Today and tomorrow, (pp. 26-51). Gaithersburg, MD: Aspen.
MacKenzie, D. L. (2002). Reducing the criminal activities of known offenders and delinquents: Crime prevention in the courts and corrections. In L. W. Sherman, D. P. Farrington, B. C. Welsh, and D. L.
MacKenzie (eds.), Evidence-based crime prevention. New York, NY: Routledge. Pratt,
MacKenzie (eds.), Evidence-based crime prevention. New York, NY: Routledge. Pratt,
Pratt, T. C. (2009). Addicted to incarceration: Corrections policy and the politics of misinformation in the Unites States. Los Angeles, CA: Sage.
Serin, R. C. (2005). Evidence-based practice: Principles for enhancing correctional results in prisons. Washington, DC: National Institute of Corrections.
Song, L., and Lieb, R. (1993). Recidivism: The effects of incarceration and length of time served. Olympia, WA: Washington State Institute for Public Policy.
Whitehead, J. T., Dodson, K. D., and Edwards, B. D. (2013). Corrections: Exploring crime, punishment, and justice in America. Waltham, MA: Anderson Publishing.
Further Readings
McShane, M. D., and Williams, F. P., III. (1996). Encyclopedia of America prisons. New York, NY: Garland Publishing Inc.
Schmalleger, F., and Smykla, J. O. (2009). Corrections in the 21st Century. (4th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
Tonry, M., and Petersilia, J. (1999). Prisons. Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press.
Sunday, May 25, 2014
Prison Sexuality
Prison sexuality refers to the sexual relationships of individuals confined to correctional facilities. Sexual relationships behind bars may include consensual and nonconsensual inmate-to-inmate sex, or conjugal visits. Prison administrators face some serious questions about how to deal with sexual relationships within their facilities. It is important that they make ethical decisions about policies regarding prison sexuality i.e., policies that seem fair and equitable.
In 1958, Gresham Sykes was the first to write about the pains of imprisonment in his book, The Society of Captives. These pains consist of the deprivation of liberty, goods and services, autonomy, security, and heterosexual relationships. The latter deprivation forces prisoners to seek alternative means for achieving sexual gratification including masturbation, consensual same-sex sexual activity, or coerced same-sex sexual activity. Inmates also may be able participate in conjugal visits with their legal spouse, but this practice is rare (i.e., only six states currently allow it).
Consensual same-sex relationships are relatively common in both male and female prisons. Many inmates report that they were not homosexual when they entered prison but that the need for sexual release was so strong they decided to be "gay for the stay." Males claim that their participation in homosexual behavior is driven primarily by the need for sexual gratification, while females report the need for both emotional and physical intimacy. There are individuals who enter the prison system who identify as homosexual, too. Like their heterosexual counterparts, homosexual inmates often participate in sexual relationships during their incarceration.
Offenders in most prisons are prohibited from any type of sexual behavior. For example, inmates are not allowed to masturbate or to possess any form of pornographic material while incarcerated. Prison officials often defend such policies on the grounds that masturbatory discharges (seminal and vaginal fluids) may pose a serious health risk for staff and other prisoners. There are reports in male prisons of inmates that have used semen as a weapon and thrown it at correctional staff. The fear is that others will be exposed to sexually transmitted infections (STIs) like the HIV/AIDS virus.
Masturbation is preferable to some inmates more so than seeking out a homosexual relationship. Married inmates report masturbation allows them the sexual release they need while remaining faithful to their spouses on the outside. Additionally, inmates argue that masturbation allows them a sexual release without seeking out a homosexual relationship that might potentially expose them to the HIV/AIDS virus. Male inmates also argue that masturbation allows them to release their pent up sexual aggression, which reduces the likelihood of sexually assaulting another inmate.
Correctional facilities have strict policies against homosexual behavior, too. The need for sexual gratification is a basic human need. The need for sexual gratification coupled with the fact that an inmate's choices are limited, creates a situation where homosexual behavior may be a natural outcome. Consensual same-sex relationships may help to reduce sexual assault in prison, especially in male prisons. Male prisoners also report that allowing them a sexual outlet reduces the likelihood that they will physically assault staff or other prisoners. Likewise, female prisoners report that they feel less anxious and/or aggressive after having sex. However, Angela Pardue and her colleagues note that homosexual behavior in women's prisons often increases the likelihood of violence because homosexuality may lead to both the economic and sexual exploitation of prisoners. For example, more experienced inmates may pressure less experienced inmates into homosexual behavior in exchange for protection or commissary.
Participating in homosexual behavior may potentially expose the participants to STIs. Several prisons and jails throughout the United States issue inmates condoms as part of their orientation to prison. Many prison administrators concede that homosexual behavior is a logical consequence of incarceration and the use of condoms is necessary to prevent the spread of STIs. Those who oppose this practice suggest that condom distribution will lead to increased sexual behavior including sexual assault. They also fear condom use will lead to an increase in drug use (i.e., inmates will use the condoms to hide drugs anally) or will disrupt prison operations. Research indicates that these fears are unfounded and that access to condoms does not interrupt the prison routine, represents no threat to security or operations, does not lead to an increase in sexual activity or drug use, and is accepted by most prisoners and staff once it is introduced.
Prison sexuality may lead to sexual violence. There are three major forms of sexual violence that have been identified in female correctional facilities: (1) manipulation, (2) compliance, and (3) coercion. Manipulation refers to using sex as a bartering tool in which sexual favors are performed in exchange for goods or services. Compliance occurs when a female prison reluctantly but submissively participates in sexual behavior because of some real or perceived threat. Sexual coercion ranges from implicit to explicit pressure to engage in sexual behaviors. These forms of sexual violence can be committed by (a) a prisoner against a staff member, (b) a prisoner against another prisoner, and (c) a staff member against a prisoner.
Some prison administrators have policies that permit conjugal visits between legal spouses. Six states allow conjugal visits: California, Connecticut, Mississippi, New Mexico, New York, and Washington. Conjugal visits are available in both male and female prisons. These visits may serve two purposes—controlling homosexual behavior and the preservation of the family. Inmates who have conjugal visits are less likely to participate in same-sex relationships. Prison administrators who permit conjugal visits believe this is also the first step in preserving and/or reestablishing family bonds. As a result, prisons no longer call them conjugal visits but instead use the term "extended family visits." Increasing the family bond also increases the odds that inmates will stay out of prison.
Many prisoners will choose to participate in same-sex relationship during their incarceration. Prison administrators should do what they can to reduce the likelihood of violence and the spread of STIs. Prison officials should also institute polices regarding sexuality that are reasonable and fair.
Saturday, April 19, 2014
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Statement as issued Friday by the Allen County Public Information Office:
(October 11, 2013) — For 28 years, Sheila Hudson used her talents to help people who've been in trouble with the law prepare for reentry into society. Now, she's ready to begin a new chapter in her life by developing the skills gained through her hobby – gardening – to help people grow.
In a letter submitted today to the Allen County Board of Commissioners, Hudson announced she will retire as executive director of Allen County Community Corrections on December 13.
"Since 1985, I have witnessed many wonderful events unfold," Hudson said in her letter. "Most importantly, it was my pleasure to guide the staff as they worked and grew together."
When Hudson started working for Community Corrections, the operating budget was a $129,000 grant from the Indiana Department of Corrections with a staff of four. After four years on the job, Hudson became ACCC's executive director. The program now consists of 95 full and part-time employees and the budget is over $6 million.
Community Corrections is responsible for the operations of Allen Superior Reentry Court and the Allen Circuit Restoration Court. The department consists of twelve divisions, including clinical, research and evaluation; communications; case management; and programs, which features an intensive outpatient substance abuse treatment program and life skills such as a GED testing and preparatory program. Community Corrections operates two facilities – a Day Reporting and Treatment facility and the Kelley House, a modified therapeutic community for 48 dual-diagnosed male felony offenders.
"Sheila was able to create the most effective community corrections agency in the state," said Allen Superior Court Judge John Surbeck, Jr., chairman of the Community Corrections Advisory Board. "She was a full partner in creation of the Reentry Court. She will be missed."
"Sheila has long been recognized as the leading community corrections director in the state of Indiana," added Allen Circuit Court Judge Thomas Felts, vice-chairman of the advisory board. "Her innovative work in establishing the Restoration Mental Health Court and the Kelley House will serve as a legacy to her vision and leadership. Allen County and the state of Indiana will miss her dearly."
Allen County Commissioner Therese Brown, who also serves on the advisory board, said a search for Hudson's successor will begin immediately, but no timetable has been established.
"The emphasis for the advisory board is to choose the right person for the job," Brown said.
"Sheila has told us she is fully committed to preparing the operations and the staff for a smooth transition." The advisory board will make its recommendation to the Board of Commissioners, which must approve the choice.
Since 2003, Hudson has served on the Indiana Sentencing Policy Study Committee and is a founding member of the Criminal Justice Partnership of Indiana, which addresses state-wide criminal justice reform, evidence-based interventions and standardized performance measures.
She was an advisory board member of Blue Jacket, Inc., a non-profit organization that provides an employment services program for ex-offenders; a member of the Indiana Judicial Center's Problem Solving Courts committee; and a member of the faith and character-based Department of Correction task force.
She received a "Hidden Heroine" award from the Fort Wayne Women's Bureau; the "Liberty Bell" from the Allen County Bar Association; and a Community Achievement Award from the IPFW School of Public and Environmental Affairs. Currently, she is participating on a task force established by the Indiana Department of Corrections to review the state's grant formula for community corrections programs.
Hudson has also been involved in the Allen County Purdue Cooperative Extension Service's Master Gardener Program as an Advanced Master Gardener. She has applied to the Chicago Botanic Garden's Horticultural Therapy Certificate of Merit Program and is awaiting acceptance into the one-year program. Horticultural therapy uses plants and gardens to help clients reduce stress and stay engaged in therapy. Horticultural therapists practice in hospitals, rehabilitation and vocational facilities, nursing homes, senior centers, community gardens and other settings.


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Yumboldt can be hard to find but it is renowned for its potency. Yumboldt is great at making you sleepy and content.
Yumboldt Cannabis Strain Details
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Yumboldt helps patients relieve: Used to help with: Migraines, Gastrointestinal Disorder, Anxiety, PTSD, PMS
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"this probably the that i have had so far" Read more
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"Love yumbodt! Unfortunately the strain isn't easy to find here in Oregon. The buds smell deeply of skunky freshness and have a pine cone shape. Makes your eye lids weigh one thou..." Read more
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By: Rebecca Kelley 2/14/2014
To celebrate this amorous day, here are a few strains you might want to pick up for you and your honey, as they've been tagged by Leafly visitors as having an "arousing" affect. Enjoy!


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Our question this week continues the theme of rules that teachers make up to help young students write correctly. The answer is yes, you can start a sentence with however.
Once you start your sentence with however, however, you must make a decision about comma use. If the word however is used as a transition word, you use a comma after it.
The chef prepared the fish exquisitely. However, the service at the restaurant was terrible.
If it is used to mean "in whatever way," you do not put a comma after it.
However you look at it, you win.
The reason teachers advise students not to start a sentence with however is that by doing so you often lose an opportunity to emphasize part of the sentence. In the first example above, I could have emphasized the contrast between the cooking and the service by placing however later in the sentence between two commas like this:
The chef prepared the fish exquisitely. The restaurant's service, however, was terrible.
So go ahead. Start sentences with however. But consider whether you could get more mileage out of it by placing it after the specific idea you are contrasting.
Sunday, March 28, 2010
Can you start a sentence with however?
Posted by Jennie Ruby at 1:03 PM
3 comments:
- cindydy0121 said...
It was all nice. I even got some explanation i didn't expect. Keep it up guys.
- October 30, 2013 at 7:55 PM
- Leslie Lim said...
Thank you for the effort in posting this wonderful and very informative articles. I had a lot of fun while reading your post. I learned a lot too. Please keep posting and update your blog always.I am truly greatful. God bless.
- July 22, 2014 at 6:15 PM
- sarah lee said...
I really enjoyed reading your article. I found this as an informative and interesting post, so i think it is very useful and knowledgeable. I would like to thank you for the effort you have made in writing this article.
- September 23, 2014 at 5:33 PM
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Dave Murrays 2013 Fall Forecast
Dave murray's long-range 2013-2014 winter forecast, December 2013. this december looks like an interesting month as a weak el niño gets going. it does not have a clear cut signaturebut it will be out in the. Dave murray's 2012-2013 long-range winter forecast, January 2013. january is one of the toughest months to get through in st. louis. the holidays are over. the days are short. the nights are long.. Dave barry - wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, David mcalister "dave" barry (born july 3, 1947) is a pulitzer prize -winning american author and columnist, who wrote a nationally syndicated humor column for the.
Dave matthews - wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, David john "dave" matthews (born january 9, 1967) is a american singer-songwriter, musician and actor, best known as the lead vocalist, songwriter, and guitarist for. Nws - doppler radar national mosaic - noaa, Latest weather radar images from the national weather service. Washington state senate democrats, Information from and about democrats in the washington state senate..
Lake murray state park & lodge | travelok.com - oklahoma's, Lake murray state park is oklahoma's first and largest state park consisting of 12,500 acres located on the shores of beautiful lake murray. the park's diverse. Free music online - internet radio - jango, "i'm in love with jango" "refreshingly simple online radio" "makes it fun to discover new music" "straight forward and easy to navigate". Budget 2013: six scary graphs » spectator blogs, Those of a nervous disposition should not click beyond the link. what follows are a few graphs that sum up what's very hard to spin out of: the extent to.


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Kearney, NE
You and your family are in for a unique historical experience at the Great Platte River Road Archway Monument. This museum is more of a hands-on exhibit than just the stale artifacts behind glass that is typically available at similar museums. The Archway wants to transport you back through time, using re-enactors, life-size dioramas, vehicles from the period, and special graphics to transport you back in time. Take a stroll through the history of transportation as you witness the arrival of a Pony Express rider, a buffalo stampede, the expansion of the railroad as well as some more modern transportation inventions.
Every outdoor activity you can think of is available to you at the Yanney Heritage Park. At the marina, rent pontoons, swan paddleboats, kayaks, fishing poles, and more. Take your kids out to the playground, or just take a relaxing stroll through the Kellaway Garden. Also available to you are splash grounds for your little ones to have a field day in. Have a picnic in the pavilion, or drop Grandma off at the senior activity center. Overall, the many lakes, playgrounds, gardens, and shelters will make sure that your family has all they need for a great day outside.
Art buffs will rejoice at the Museum of Nebraska Art, a state-of-the-art facility that has been housing the state's best-kept treasures since 1979. Come explore everything that this local art venue has to offer as you browse through the work of the early Nebraskans and explorers to the modern era. Featuring works that focus on wildlife, culture, and personal expression, the museum is sure to set every art lover's heart ablaze. The museum contains around a dozen galleries as well as a sculpture garden outdoors, an education gallery, and a gift shop full of unique memorabilia.


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Free access to cultural treasures from libraries and museums around the world. Rare books, maps, manuscripts, photographs, and more on a multilingual site!


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Huddle With Me Tonight
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SPECIAL OFFERTOTALLY FREE SHIPPING On Your ENTIRE ORDER With Any Pearl Izumi Purchase See details
TOTALLY FREE SHIPPING On Your ENTIRE ORDER With Any Pearl Izumi Purchase. Shipping waived in cart. Free Shipping Offer applies to standard shipping only. Oversized and overweight item charges are waived. Purchase of any Pearl Izumi Brand Item is required for Free Shipping. Shipping promotion valid on U.S. orders only. Offer cannot be combined with any other offers. Not valid on previous purchases. Offer valid beginning 2/18/14.
SPECIAL OFFERTake 25% Off Lowest Marked Price on This Item, Discount Taken In Cart See details
Take an Extra 25% Off Pearl Izumi Clothing. Discount on Lowest Marked Price items is valid 11/26/14 - 11/30/14 Only. Discount is taken in cart. No coupon code needed. Offer is valid on select items, as marked. This offer excludes ABUS, Avid, Castelli, Cateye, Dahon, Dakine, DZR, Eastern Bikes, Fox brand, Fox Racing brand, Garmin brand, Go Pro brand, Hammer Nutrition brand, Kinetic brand, Kreitler brand, select Kryptonite locks, Kuat, Mavic Inc., Park Tool, Pearl Izumi, Rock Shox, Shimano Components, Sidi brand, Speedplay brand, SRAM brand, Stans, Twin Six brand, Wahoo Fitness, Wipperman brand, Zipp Speed Weaponry brand, and SELECT Bell, Blackburn, Giro, Easton, Louis Garneau Course, PowerTap items, and e-Gift Cards, Gift Cards, Team Memberships and Team Membership Renewals, sales tax and spin doctor service plans. Offer cannot be combined with any other offers. Not valid on previous purchases. Photographic and typographic errors are subject to change.
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Pearl Izumi Elite AmFIB TightsYou'll stay warm, dry and protected during all your winter activities in the Elite AmFIB tights. Elite Softshell fabric blocks wind, rain and snow while Thermal Fleece interior insulates and manages moisture for breathable comfort. Reflective elements keep you visible in overcast or low light conditions. New internal stirrup and gasket integrates perfectly with shoe covers.
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Dangerous Driving Mistakes Even Careful Parents Make
"I breast-fed my baby in the car."
When her 3-month-old daughter, Caitlin, started to cry in her car seat on the way home from a family trip last December, Vicki Carey let her mother take over the wheel and got into the backseat. But Caitlin remained inconsolable. Although a small voice in Carey's gut told her that doing so was wrong, the 37-year-old Connecticut mom removed her daughter from the car seat to nurse her. "She was out of the seat for ten minutes," she says.
Just as Caitlin was going back into her car seat, a reckless driver forced the family's car off the road, which caused it to collide with a van. "Caitlin hadn't even been buckled in yet," Carey says. Although the impact gave everyone a jolt, no one was hurt. But Carey says she got the point: "As long as the car is moving, my daughter will always be belted into her car seat."
Scary Facts:
Children who are unrestrained in a car become projectiles in a crash and are often ejected from the vehicle, says Stephanie Tombrello, executive director of SafetyBeltSafe U.S.A., a public-service group based in Torrance, California. "A child is going to hit something or someone in the car, or, worse, you could crush your own child as you try to hold on to him," she adds.
Smart Safety Steps:
- If your child is hungry or fussy, stop driving and find a safe place to park before you calm her. Don't try pulling over onto the highway shoulder, however -- collisions occur there all the time. Find a rest area or a parking lot.
- Never sit in the front seat holding your baby, and never put an infant car seat in the front seat. If your air bag discharges in a collision, your child could be killed.


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American Bar AssociationBoston Bar Association (Co-chair of Tax Controversies Section; Member of Steering Committee of the Criminal Section)Scituate Youth Center (Board of Directors)Scituate Soccer Club (Past-President)
Steve is Chair of the White Collar & Government Enforcement Practice Group. He represents businesses and individuals in criminal and complex civil litigation, with a focus on white collar criminal defense and is experienced at conducting complex internal investigations, both in the United States and overseas. He regularly represents clients before the Securities and Exchange Commission and the Department of Justice. He also advises several publicly-traded companies on FCPA matters and has conducted training for those clients domestically and internationally. The Financial Times has commended Steve for his innovative legal work in defense of a client. After 17 years as a prosecutor with the Department of Justice, Steve applies his considerable experience to assisting corporations and executives with any government inquiries or internal investigations. Before joining the firm, Steve served for four years as Chief of the Public Corruption & Special Prosecutions Unit at the U.S. Attorney's Office, District of Massachusetts, overseeing some of the most complex investigations in the office. He was one of the few Assistant United States Attorneys in Boston selected to work around the clock investigating the attacks of September 11. He also headed the federal inquiry into the Catholic Church sex abuse scandal. Prior to becoming Chief, he was part of the Economic Crimes Unit, where he prosecuted complex tax, health care fraud and investment fraud cases. Steve has been a frequent lecturer at programs sponsored by the Boston Bar Association, the World Law Group and the Association of Corporate Counsel (ACC). While in the government, he lectured at the Department of Justice, IRS, and privately sponsored training seminars on the subjects of excise tax fraud, health care fraud, and financial prosecutions generally. He also has been a guest lecturer for the American Bar Association, Suffolk University Law School, Harvard Law School, the New England Institute of Law Enforcement, and the National Advocacy Center. Steve has been included in the New England Super Lawyers listing, a Thomson Reuters publication, since 2008. He has also been recognized in the Best Lawyers in America publication for his work in White Collar Criminal Defense since 2006. •Represented audit committee of public company in internal investigation into government contract accounting practices. •Represented public company in SEC Enforcement investigation triggered by purported whistleblower. Investigation terminated with no charges brought.•Represented former President of Stryker Biotech in indicted federal health care fraud (off-label promotion) case. All charges dismissed. Commended by Financial Times for innovative legal work in this case.•Counsels multi-national corporations on FCPA compliance issues.•Has conducted FCPA training in Asia, Africa, Latin and South America.•Represented fish wholesaler in Lacey Act prosecution.•Represented data supply company in OFAC investigation regarding trade with Iran - No Action Letter received. •Represented national Broker-Dealers in FINRA Reg SP enforcement action. •Represented regional Broker-Dealer in Rhode Island Department of Business Regulation Enforcement matter. •Represented Progress Software Corporation in SEC investigation into its stock option practices. No charges were brought.•Represented American Tower Corp. in SEC and Department of Justice investigations into stock option practices. No charges were filed.•Represented several publicly traded companies, Board Committees and individual Directors in stock option back-dating investigations by the Department of Justice and the S.E.C.•Conducted internal investigations in Europe, China and Japan, as well as throughout the United States.•Advised publicly traded company regarding FCPA issues and training in China.•Conducted internal investigation into revenue recognition practices of publicly-traded company.•Represented multiple universities regarding Attorney General investigations into lending practices.•Represented the former CFO of a large hospital in an indicted matter.•Represented several wholesalers in market-timing investigation.•Represented several brokers in gifts and gratuities investigation.•Represented pharmaceutical executives before a federal grand jury. •Represented targets and witnesses in criminal tax investigations.•Advised the Board of a medical device company as to compliance issues.•Experienced in various federal courts and before the S.E.C. and FINRA. Regions• South Asia • Africa • Latin America HonorsIncluded in The Best Lawyers in America publication in the field of white collar litigation. Received the Department of Justice Award for Corporate Asset Forfeiture 2004, was the recipient of the Tax Division Outstanding Attorney Award for 1990, 1992, and 1996. He received the Attorney General letter of commendation in 1992 for work against organized crime elements in New York.


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NBC (9-10 p.m. ET)
Robert Urich cashes in his Vega$ chips for the deep blue sea as an ex-CIA agent who is into oceanography. Who wouldn't be? Every female scientist he meets looks like a Playboy centerfold. (Premiere)
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updated 10/18/1982 AT 01:00 AM EDT
•originally published 10/18/1982 AT 01:00 AM EDT


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FORT MYERS, Fla. -- The man accused of running the largest cockfighting operation in southwest Florida will not spend time in jail.
Pedro Lopez pleaded no contest to three charges relating to animal fighting on Wednesday. He was sentenced to seven years probation. He pleaded guilty to cocaine charges stemming from the same arrest.
Past story:
July 18, 2012 Trial begins for Florida's largest cockfighting operation


text:
November 4, 2014
An increasing number of vehicles using the airport are powered by alternative fuels, including taxis, and hotel and rental car shuttles. The public-access travel center near the airport will offer convenient access to alternative fuels for these fleets, as well as the general public.
October 16, 2014
The NGV Easy Bay is a code-compliant fabric barrier system utilizing an industrial curtain that's more affordable than installing a concrete, masonry, or dry wall barrier in a maintenance garage, according to the company.
April 24, 2014
HART is the first transit agency in Florida expected to transition its entire fleet to cleaner-burning natural gas. The fueling station will be equipped with four fast-fill CNG dispensers to fuel buses, vans and other fleet vehicles.
October 8, 2013
Will commercially distribute Redeem, a renewable natural gas vehicle fuel made from waste streams such as landfills, large dairies and sewage plants directly to fleets around the country and at the 35 public Clean Energy stations throughout California.
August 6, 2013
Agency is expected to use approximately 36 million gasoline-gallons-equivalent of CNG per year, which reduces greenhouse gases by 75,852 metric tons per year, the equivalent of taking 15,660 cars off the road per year.
July 1, 2013
Both companies are subsidiaries of Clean Energy Corp. Westport and Clean Energy also announced a $5 million joint marketing and sales program.
May 7, 2013
Sales teams from both companies will offer Clean Energy's natural gas fueling station construction and operational services to current and potential customers.
May 2, 2013
Will offer a range of solutions, from basic consulting and design to turnkey modification projects.
February 26, 2013
The edition includes new agreements signed with additional fueling partners as potential locations for new Clean Energy stations along the expanding "America's Natural Gas Highway."
November 5, 2012
Municipalities and other organizations using stations include NY/NJ Port Authority, Long Island Bus/Transit Authority and New York City Metropolitan Transportation Authority.
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Express Tuesday | Express Thursday | University Transit
Factors in Transit Bus Ramp Slope and Wheelchair-Seated Passenger Safety Nearly 3 million U.S. adults are wheelchair or scooter users1, and as the population ages this number is expected to rise. Many wheelchair users rely upon public transportation to access work, medical care, school and social activities.
Mass Transit Capital Planning An overview of the world-class best practices for assessing, prioritizing, and funding capital projects to optimize resources and align with the organization's most critical immediate and long-term goals.
The Benefits of Door-to-Door Service in ADA Complementary Paratransit Many U.S. transit agencies continue to struggle with the quality of ADA service, the costs, and the difficulties encountered in contracting the service, which is the method of choice for a significant majority of agencies. One of the most basic policy decisions an agency must make involves whether to provide door-to-door, or only curb-to-curb service.
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5920 Richmond
Houston, TX 77057
Category: Bars and Clubs
Region: Galleria
Nine-year-old child evangelist Brother Sam thinks hes been conned in the one-man show Sam Singleton Atheist Evangelist, If the Ocean was Whiskey and God Was a Duck. At a revival, he sets out to clear up a few questions about right and wrong with hilarious results. In press materials, the writer-actor behind the show, Roger Scott Jackson, says, Dont expect a lecture or a debate
This is entertainment. Besides, Jackson claims, If anybody can use some cheering up, its atheists. 7 p.m. Richmond Arms Pub, 5920 Richmond. For information, call 406-291-3940 or visit www.samsingleton.com. $5.75 to $10.
Thu., Jan. 13, 7 p.m., 2011


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Amanda Bynes Hospitalized, Placed on 5150 Mental Health Hold After Starting Driveway Fireby Free Britney at . Updated at . Comments
Amanda Bynes has been hospitalized and held pending a mental health evaluation after allegedly starting a small fire in the driveway of a home in California.
A stranger's home, according to reports.
Ventura County Sheriff's Capt. Don Aguilar says deputies responding to a call last night found her standing next to the flames in the city of Thousand Oaks.
Amanda was born and raised in the L.A.-area community.
The deputies determined that the actress meets criteria for a mental health hold and took her into custody. She can be held for up to 72 hours of observation.
No charges have been filed against her at this time.
The 27-year-old former child actress had several run-ins with the law in California last year before moving to NYC, where her bizarre behavior intensified.
Earlier this month, she appeared in a Manhattan court on allegations that she chucked a bong out her window from the 36th floor, which got her arrested.
Last week, Bynes got kicked out of the Ritz-Carlton, where she allegedly harassed staff and racked up a $2,300 room service bill in a little over a week.
She was also accused of stealing from her weed dealer.
Since her forced exodus from the Ritz, Amanda Bynes flew home to California, where she was accused of drunkenly trespassing at a retirement community.
Her status is unclear, but we hope she gets the help she needs, because this may not end well otherwise. Perhaps a 5150 hold is the best thing right now.
Story developing ...
About time someone did something to help this young woman besides exploiting gerboubkic
Well, now that she's reached a critical point maybe she can get the help she desperately needs.
You see! I told you this girl was sick. Now if only they can somehow keep her in there to get the extended help she desperately needs!"
Damn it Marijane you were right! She's as screwed up as the rest of those useless shit celebs out there in Horewood! I just wish I had it me to give a damn. How I will long for the days in which she can once again point out the ugly people.
Lock her up and throw away the keys
Jesus be with that child
Observation? Shit- look at this website and you will see proof that this bitch is screwed up.


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Visiting our son @ Cal
We're going to visit our son the freshman and are looking for your best Berkeley-area recommendations for breakfast, lunch and dinner. Nothing touristy, no chains... just the best of the local scene. Thanks.
The Cheese Board Collective, on Shattuck Ave. across from Chez Panisse.
In the morning, you can get baked goods and really strong coffee. Starting at 10am you can buy cheese from their amazing selection - everything from gouda to ... well everything! A few doors down is the Cheese Board Pizza Collective. Unique thin crust pizzas.
Cheese Board Pizza
1512 Shattuck Ave, Berkeley, CA 94709
Vik's is amazing Indian food somewhat close to campus. I always loved to take my parents to Raleigh's for them to see my college scene while eating tasty sandwiches and salads. Zachary's has great thick crusted pizza and I really enjoy Somerset for brunch. There is a great cafe on campus in the undergraduate library....the Free Speech Cafe has great salads and sandwiches with a cool vibe....you can feel like one of the students. These area all cheaper places.
Usual suspects (not all of which I recommend personally), search the archive for reports:
A Cote
Bay Wolf
Cafe Rouge
Chez Panisse
Dona Tomas
O Chame
Riva Cucina
Sea Salt
Re past discussions, note that Le Theatre and Zax have closed.
Couple of topics on breakfast / lunch / brunch / cheap places with links to more topics:
re: Robert Lauriston
Good list and I think if I were in collage near Cal I would want something a bit away and different. I think A Cote would be the perfect place.
re: Lori SF
If I were there now, I would want to go to Chez Panisse, Bar Cesar or A Cote for a nicer night out. When I was there, I loved to take my parents to Oakland Chinatown for pho, the Cheese Board, and of course Durant Courtyard so they could see what I often ate on my undergrad budget. These days I would also take them to Vik's and Fourth Street -- lunch at Cafe Rouge is a very nice stop.
Have a great visit!
re: bernalgirl
Ack! Just read http://www.chowhound.com/topics/448396 and rescind my Cafe Rouge rec -- why chance it on your brief visit? Go to lunch at Vik's and enjoy a stroll and a gelato at Sketch on 4th Street. O Chame is a lovely calm place for lunch, too.
re: Robert Lauriston
La Note
China Village
re: Robert Lauriston
The Chron reports that Olivia has been sold and will be reopening October 15 as Diggs Bistro.
re: Robert Lauriston
There was dinner-looking activity inside when I walked by last night.
As cliche as it is to say so, you really should have dinner at Chez Panisse. It is the antithesis of chain dining, and the epicenter of the Bay Area culinary scene. The cafe upstairs is casual and reasonable. Here's a typical menu: http://www.chezpanisse.com/pgcafemenu... You need to book in advance unless dining very late. The cafe is also open for lunch.
If you cannot get into Chez Panisse, consider Cafe Rouge on Fourth Street. http://www.caferouge.net/menu.htm
Lunch is a great time to check out the usually crazy busy Wood Tavern on College Ave. at the Oakland-Berkeley border.
I also like Sea Salt on San Pablo Ave. for simple seafood preparations, great sandwiches, and really nice veg sides. http://www.seasaltrestaurant.com/ Fine for lunch or dinner.
For breakfast on a weekend, Eccolo os a good option. The food is good and they take reservations (most good East Bay breakfast options entail a 1-2 hour wait for a table on weekends. http://www.eccolo.com/brunch.htm
re: lexdevil
A 3rd or 4th on CP. It's the prototypical Berkeley dining experience. Everything else listed is great but if you want a start point...that would be it. I'd also go to Top Dog.
For a less crowded breakfast scene you might try Kensington Bistro in Albany. You'll have to drive if you are staying near the campus, but it's only about 5-10 mins away. I'd recommend sunday brunch, as they only bake certain items on Sunday.
re: ML8000
Hellish wait on weekends. Decent option on weekdays. The red flannel hash is tasty for the beet and bacon lover.
re: lexdevil
Yeah, the line does get hairy....sort of expensive too...but it does have that Berkeley vibe, well a nicer Berkeley vibe then Telegraph.
900 Grayson is great for breakfast or lunch. Just had the fuji apple/parsnip/potato corned beef hash. Yum! Also, great chicken and waffles. Nice atmosphere in an industrial area.
Second on Cheeseboard Pizza for lunch. It's really a great scene and great pizza. People get their pizza slices and have impromptu picnics on the median strip of Shattuck.
You might want to try the Claremont Hotel's bar for drinks and snacks since it's got such a great view. The weather has been great lately, very clear.
900 Grayson
900 Grayson St, Berkeley, CA 94710
re: meemster
I was just panhandled 7 times walking down that block and 7 more times walking back. Sitting on some grass in the middle of a street with people slumped by their shopping carts doesn't seem like much fun.
OTOH the Claremont Hotel's bar is a good idea and not one that comes up much.
re: Glencora
Panhandled in Berkeley? No way ;-). I didn't know it was getting that bad there. Sometimes, it's fun when there's someone playing jazz in the Cheeseboard, and it seems like everyone's in a good mood. But I guess if the ambiance is not so good these days, you might as well head a block up to Gregoire for an open air (and excellent) lunch in that area.
2109 Cedar St, Berkeley, CA 94709
re: Glencora
The new Cheeseboard pizza has about three times more seating than the old one. No more need to sit on the median, though people still do.
If you don't want to deal with panhandlers, drive to Walnut Creek and eat lousy food.
The new Cheeseboard:
re: Morton the Mousse
mort, I wouldn't call prima, wc yacht club, or va de vi "lousy".
thank you
re: Glencora
I've never been panhandled sitting on the median across from Cheeseboard.
Definitely the upstairs cafe at Chez Panisse -- memorable for you, something he can brag to any friends that know food. Order and share a bunch of dishes, especially any soups and grilled items.
Top Dog is a classic. But for a lunch I'd go to Zachary's for some fairly unique and definitely tasty stuffed pizza.
re: nosh
I was just going to say that. The one time I went to Chez Panisse for dinner with my parents sticks in my mind even 9 years later, and I know that meal got discussed more times than I could count. I was friends with a group where after a parent's dinner we would all sit around and ask more questions about it 'Tell us again about the part where you each had your OWN dessert' etc.
If I were in Berkeley for a day, I would start with a coffee at the original Peet's. Then at 11:00 am I would be at Vik's (corner of 4th and Allston; you'd need a car) when it opened for a brunch of chaat. When I was hungry again I'd stop at Top Dog (its a local chain but that shouldn't disqualify it....) and then do a latish dinner at Chez Panisse..either cafe upstairs or the downstairs, depending on your pocketbook and preference.
That would pretty much be a perfect chow day in my book........
re: janetofreno
Jane- what a terrific day! I have been lucky enough to have eaten/drank at each of your recs but never in one day. That would surely be wonderful and loads of fun. The next day I would rest on my laurels and think back with fondness.
Wood Tavern on college ave. Awesome food. The best fancy grilled cheese sandwich and shoe string fries.
Fat Apples--the best waffles and cheese puffs (puff pastry with a sweet cream cheese filling
re: peppatty
For dinner, I'd reserve upstairs at Chez Panisse.
For weekend brunch, I'd go with Eccolo in the 4th St. area. Very fun window shopping (eg. Sur La Table, market next to Cafe Rouge) in vibrant neighborhood. Very Berkeley.
Have fun!
Ryowa Ramen is good. It's on University.
How about Skates on the Bay? 100 Seawall Drive on the Marina.
Triple Rock. 1920 Shattuck at Hearst.
Fonda on Albany.
Bongo Burger (3 locations, but mine while in school was 2505 Dwight Way) is also on my list of great local eats. Falfel, cheese burgers and the best fries. La Calaca Loca (5199 Telegraph, Oakland) has great fish tacos and it's across the street from Bakesale Betty's, great scones, cookies.
re: peppatty
Ah Bongo Burger, home of the Persian burger (lamb kebab sandwich) and a nice Middle Eastern menu. Good stuff.
re: ML8000
OMG -- Bongo Burger is still alive and cooking?!? Used to love that place when I was in law school just over 20 years ago. Tasty luleh kabob for lunch. If I had time for a bit of an extra walk before morning classes, a rare occurrence, I loved their tender, paprika-orange, wonderful hash brown potatoes. Wow.
I'm still pretty fond of Adagia, at the corner of College and Bancroft, opposite one of the Berkeley campus's south entrances. The original chef, Brian Beach, has left, but whoever is back there is keeping the quality high, if that judgment is reliable based on a couple of recent visits. Portion sizes have grown, if anything. Hopping at lunch during the school year ... if you collect mugshots of senior UC administrators, you'll be happy here. Dinner crowds can be lively or torpid, depending (I gather) on what's going on that evening on the campus. A big Greek Theatre or Zellerbach show can sell out Adagia pretty easily, since it's the only grownup eating spot within an easy walk of those venues.


text:
Pistorious: Reeva didn't scream in bathroom after 1st shot
By Hassan Isilow, Friday, April 11, 2014
PRETORIA – Internationally-recognized South African Paralympian Oscar Pistorious told a Pretoria court on Friday that he wished slain girlfriend Reeva Steenkamp had told him she was inside the bathroom before he had fired the four shots that killed her.
"I wish she let me know she was in there," he told the court after Prosecutor Gerrie Nel had asked him whether his girlfriend had screamed or shouted after he fired the first shot.
"No one screamed. There wasn't a woman screaming or shouting," he replied.
Pistorious took the stand on Friday for the fifth day to answer charges that he murdered his 29-year-old model girlfriend.
The 27-year-old Paralympian says he shot through the bathroom door of his Pretoria home after having mistaken Steenkamp for an intruder.
On Friday, the athlete testified that he had screamed loudly at the time, ordering the suspected intruder to get out of his home.
"I didn't want to take anybody's life. I screamed for the intruders to get out of my home," he told presiding judge Thokozile Masipa, saying his aim had been to confront the suspected prowlers.
Then the prosecutor asked why he hadn't fled through his bedroom door if he thought an intruder was inside the house.
"I have very limited mobility on my stumps on a hard surface like tiles," he said.
Prosecutors believe Pistorious had quarreled with Reeva before shooting her.
Pistorious's testimony – that there were no screams by Steenkamp – contradicts the accounts of several witnesses who testified last month that they had heard a woman scream and gunshots.
"I heard sounds of a woman screaming and sat up in bed," Michelle Burger, a University of Pretoria lecturer who lives near Pistorious' home, told the court last month.
Burger also said she had heard a male voice calling for help.
"I also heard a male voice saying 'help, help, help'," she recalled.
"What I heard was very traumatic for me," the witness told the judge. "You could hear blood curdling screams."
Popularly known as the "Blade Runner," Pistorious was born without the fibulas of both legs. Before he was one year old, he had to have both lower limbs amputated.
In 2004, at the age of 17, he rose to fame after clinching a gold medal at the Athens Paralympics Games. The sprinter has since gone on to win several other medals.
Pistorious made history in 2012 by becoming the first amputee runner to compete in the Olympics.
Copyright © 2014 Anadolu Agency
UEFA Europa League group matches kicks off Thursday
FIBA to let athletes wear head covering in competitions
Galatasaray sign Huawei kit sponsorship deal
Maradona reportedly involved in street fight in Croatia
Italy appoints former Juventus head coach
World News:
Blast rocks college in Nigeria's Kano; casualties feared
France: Six held over 'recruitment of female jihadists'
Death sentence overturned for Bangladesh Islamist leader
Polls show pro-Scottish independence gains
Ex-MP killed in clashes in Libya's Tripoli


text:
it seems it correct itself after you start driving
View questions for:All Chevrolet
2002 Chevrolet S10
Chevrolet Q&AAsk Your Question
2002 Chevrolet S10 Question: gas gauge flutters
jbcatnc, 4.3L V6, Hubert, NC, February 22, 2013, 19:30
1 Answer
Answer #1pushrod February 22, 2013, 21:04Master
Got a 2000 Blazer, normal operation but i dont like it! Go down hill or hit the brakes goes from 1/4 to empty. Nothing you can do but drive it and on level ground it will read correctly. Even the replacement modules do the same thing. Not just S10 but GM.
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Other problem is not possible change the domain regitered in license,
But the trade ARTIO the components , and all joomla is very quality.
I am sorry to hear that. We try to help as our capacity allows.
Generaly, we manage to answer the questions of customers within 1-3 business! days. (does not apply to free version)
I have not found your username in our database (maybe you are using a different one) so I cannot check this closer.


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New Jersey > Mullica Hill Yellow Pages > Food and Beverage > Restaurants: Restaurant Menus Mullica Hill
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Grouse Mountain Grill
(970) 445-2639
2012 Diners Choice Award winning service, food, wine & ambiance
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