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In part one of this two-part series, we asked and answered a lot of important questions about our preparedness to win. If you haven't yet read part one, please do so before reading one, for it is the foundation on which that what follows is built.
In chapter one of H. John Poole's outstanding book The Last Hundred Yards: The NCO'S Contribution to Warfare, he discusses the anatomy of small unit victory and asks some key questions of individual soldiers and marines.
To Americans, what constitutes a military victory? What does it take to defeat an enemy at any cost? What else does it take to defeat an enemy at minimal cost?
I feel these questions — rephrased just a bit to meet the law enforcement mission and intent of protect and serve — are relevant to law enforcement and how we police.
We're Not Soliders
It is important to keep in mind that law enforcement officers are not soldiers or Marines and although our mission and intent are similar (in that we both protect and serve and use similar tactics, obviously adapted to meet our law enforcement role as protectors of those we serve here at home, the American citizen.
Here at home we are a free society that for the most part works day to day in a peaceful and collaborative way abiding by the rules society as deemed necessary so the tactics and strategies we utilize must be in accord with the standards set by society.
Our law enforcement role is to ensure those standards are meant and adhered to on all sides.
However, there are those folks who do not like to play by the rules and become a menace to society and their actions require law enforcement responses. We must strike a delicate balance of persuasion to gain the compliance we seek and the utility of force when an adversary decides to live on his own terms that may jeopardize lives.
The questions above rephrased to meet the law enforcement role may look like this:
To Americans, what constitutes a law enforcement victory? What does it take to defeat an adversary in crisis at any cost? What else does it take to defeat an adversary in crisis at minimal cost?
The term "crisis" I use here to represent any and all encounters law enforcement respond to that either are known high-risk encounters or those we go into where the circumstances and risks are unknown — they have the potential for turning into a high-risk situation.
Motive, Intent Unknown
My perspective on known high risk verses the unknown is that any circumstances we handle as law enforcement have the potential for escalating as an individual's motive and intent are in the vast majority of cases unknown to law enforcement as they arrive and attempt to gain voluntary compliance and regain control.
Poole discusses the annals of warfare are filled with exploits of armies, divisions, and regiments, not the separate actions of squads, fire teams, and rifleman.
For the small-unit leader to learn more about his wartime role from the literature, he must examine a concept universal to units of every size…what it takes to win. Of course winning means different things to different people. To Sun Tzu in 350 B.C., it meant more than just defeating and enemy:
"Only when the enemy could not be overcome by these political means was there recourse to armed force, which was applied so the victory was gained, in the shortest possible time, at the least possible cost in lives and effort and with infliction on the enemy of the fewest possible casualties. "
In any civilization, defeating an enemy at too great a cost no longer constitutes winning. A victory won with too many lives was not victory at all.
Street encounters are won through battles of wits and battles of wits are won through interaction and engagements with an adversary. Officers of every rank must strive to determine what it takes to win at low cost.
Handling dynamic encounters and winning on the street as mentioned above, requires knowing many things and then being able to apply what we know to the given situation in an innovative way considering of course the give and take of conflict and emotionally charged individuals.
H. John Poole offers some great information on winning minimally verses winning at low cost
Just defeating an enemy minimally takes the following tactics.
Logistical Assets
• Some tactical knowledge
• Accurate assessment of the initial situation
• Logical decision making
• Decisiveness
• A localized combat power advantage
• Some semblance of control
Personnel Assets
• The will to fight
• Some training
• Teamwork
• Some leadership
For winning at low cost, there are additional requirements.
• State of the art tactical knowledge (considering the moral, mental, and physical dimensions)
• Authority to make common-sense decisions at every echelon within a unit
• Minimizing the number of actions taken without thinking
• Allowing subordinates to obey human survival instincts
• Flexibility to an ever changing situation
• Making as small a target as possible
• Consistently surprising the enemy
• Exploiting success to keep the foe off balance (momentum)
• Well-focus personnel
• Troops with the movement skills to utilize existing cover
• Troops with the shooting skills to cover the movement of others by fire when necessary
• Specialized training for those who need it to survive
• Enough trained personnel to rotate dangerous billets
• Appropriate assignment of personnel
• Pairing up personnel
• A leadership style that permits subordinates to react quickly to unforeseen dangers
As you can see from this list, being good is not good enough.
To win at low cost in the moral, mental, and physical dimensions conflict, it takes cops who are of fuller spectrum. It takes cops who understand and take whole of conflict. We must look deeper at how we respond — and leverage every lesson — if we are to enhance our safety and effectiveness and win at low cost.
The solutions to all tactical situations necessarily depend on the training status of the individuals and units involved. Often the optimal tactical solution is not viable simply because of the training deficiencies of individual officers and their department.
With unity and focus of effort on creating and nurturing these skills, we can do better! We can get results that keep us safe on the street and then in the aftermath get the support we need and deserve.
I challenge you to think about these questions — inspired by John Poole and his work in The Last hundred Yards — and how they may apply to you as law enforcement officers who just might have to handle one of those low frequency, high risk encounters:
Minimal Cost?
To Americans, what constitutes a law enforcement victory? What does it take to defeat an adversary in crisis at any cost? What else does it take to defeat an adversary in crisis at minimal cost?
Americans — those we protect and serve — will not tolerate careless police tactics from officers or leaders. Neither should professional cops tolerate, sloppy poorly-thought-out (or worse, thoughtless) methods and tactics. Just read or watch the news and all the talk and debate of police tactics. Not everyone discussing the issue is anti-cop!
If this debate and discussion is not enough for you to rethink your strategy and tactics, just look at the numbers of cops being killed in the line of duty. Look at the ever increasing ambush rate of cops. Look at the lessons learned from our law enforcement history and ask, yourself are we applying the lessons learned?
Talk to a cop who has been there and done that and ask him about surviving the fight and then ask him about the aftermath and the stress involved in dealing with that. Going home at the end of your shift is paramount but we also want to survive the aftermath.
I would rather be tried by twelve than carried by six is a great mantra, until you're the guy sitting in front of the twelve. Winning at low cost means we survive both the fight and the aftermath.
Always Controversy
There will always be controversy involving how we handle situations, people will still take things to the ultimate level and attempt to use deadly force, so why change anything, why worry about winning at low cost when we have enough to worry about already?
I happen to believe — and I do not think I am alone in my belief — that by making the effort to understand strategy and get better tactically we will be more able to respond in a way that keeps us safe in all types of situations to which we respond. We will actually slow things down enough to position ourselves, gaining the advantage that comes from positioning and win without fighting in many more situations, which is the acme of skill.
When we do have to fight we will be better at it using strategy and tactics verses emotion and luck. Skill will win the day verses reactions often leveraged by emotion. It will be well known we did everything in our power to resolve it peacefully and that the balance of persuasion and force was used in accord with our overall mission and intent to protect and serve. Support will come from the uncommitted because we will have gained their trust.
Our whole public safety effort is based on what cops can collectively accomplish on patrol. Community trust is key to us accomplishing anything from minor problems to serious crime problems and any evolving threat we may have to face in the future. How we respond and handle situations is, whether we like it or not, judged by those we serve.
It's time we work harder getting them on board with what it is we do and how we do it.
Let's make the well-known and talked about five percent mindset more prevalent in law enforcement. Let's not be satisfied with our efforts until the five percent mindset is more like 95 percent and then those who pin a badge on and holster a gun are out there working with a strategic and tactical mindset that gets them results we can all be proud of. Results based on continued learning, will and skill basked in those who walk the talk to victory in all its dimensions.
Stay Oriented!
About the author
Fred T. Leland, Jr. is the Founder and Principal Trainer of LESC: Law Enforcement & Security Consulting (www.lesc.net). In addition to his work with LESC, Fred Leland is an active Lieutenant with the Walpole (Mass.) Police Department. He previously worked as a deputy with the Charlotte County (Fla.) Sheriff's Department and before that spent six years with the United States Marines, including as a squad leader in Beirut, Lebanon.
Leland is an accomplished trainer with more than 28 years experience teaching law enforcement, military, and security professionals. His programs of instruction include handling dynamic encounters; threat assessment; non-verbal communications; decision making under pressure; evolving threats; violence prevention; firearms; use of force; officer created jeopardy and adaptive leadership. He is also a 2004 graduate of the FBI National Academy Class 216, and a current instructor for the Massachusetts Municipal Police Training Committee. Outcomes based training and education (OBTE) is his approach to creating and nurturing decision makers to observe, orient, decide, and act while considering consequences.
Contact Fred Leland


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Texas Highways: On the RoadWritten by Lois Rodriguez | Published October 23, 2014
Texas Highways will be out and about this weekend. Find us at the Texas Book Festival in Austin and the Fredericksburg Food and Wine Fest.
Halloween Happenings Across TexasWritten by Erin Inks | Published October 15, 2013
Calling all princesses, ghosts, baseball players, fairies, superheroes and rockstars: October in Texas means endless opportunities to dress up and play.
Free fall fun in BeaumontWritten by Grace Carrier | Published October 3, 2014
Beaumont is celebrating the arrival of fall with a slate of events focusing on everything from dogs to bikes, horses, and fire safety.
Tom Lea celebrated in OctoberWritten by James Rambin | Published October 2, 2014
Celebrate the life of iconic Texas artist Tom Lea this October with a month of activities dedicated to his work and legacy, hosted by the Tom Lea Institute in El Paso.
Right on TrackWritten by Lois Rodriguez | Published September 29, 2014
Government Canyon State Natural Area in Bexar County has more than natural beauty on its side, it has natural history, too. In an area that was once the shoreline of the Gulf of Mexico, 110-million-year-old dinosaur tracks, possibly the only known dinosaur footprints on public land, have been discovered.
Fried Food AffairWritten by Lois Rodriguez | Published September 24, 2014
Does it make sense to batter and fry a perfectly delicious loaded baked potato? If you're at the State Fair, the "Fried Food Capital of Texas," would you have it any other way?
World Heritage MissionWritten by Lois Rodriguez | Published September 16, 2014
Whether you've visited the San Antonio Missions, Texans know that, collectively, they are an undeniable Texas treasure. But truly, the missions deserve recognition of global proportions. More specifically, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization's (UNESCO) World Heritage designation. If you agree, you have a role in making it so.
Nature ConnectsWritten by Lois Rodriguez | Published September 8, 2014
If your child loves LEGO® Bricks, they will be fascinated by the elaborate creations displayed as part of the San Antonio Botanical Garden exhibit Nature Connects: Art with LEGO® Bricks.
State Park Going StrongWritten by Lois Rodriguez | Published September 4, 2014
On Sept. 4, 2011, the October issue of Texas Highways was just reaching subscribers. The cover story was a tribute to the beauty of Bastrop State Park. Sadly, that very day, the park and surrounding areas suffered great damage as a wildfire swept through, affecting 96 percent of the park. Fortunately, it has been making great strides toward recovery.
Ransom Center exhibit explores 'Gone With the Wind'Written by Grace Carrier | Published September 3, 2014
Gone With the Wind, the film that grabbed America and never let go, turns 75 this year. The University of Texas' Harry Ransom Center, which houses the largest collection of Gone With the Wind memorabilia in the world, will commemorate the film's birthday with a 300-piece exhibition that opens Tuesday and runs through January 4.
Festival celebrates Houston Ship Channel centennialWritten by James Rambin | Published September 3, 2014
The Houston Ship Channel turns 100 this November, and a festival this Saturday will celebrate the legacy and future of the massive 50-mile waterway that connects the Gulf of Mexico and the Port of Houston. The festival is one of several events organized by Promote Houston Ship Channel 2014 to recognize the Houston Ship Channel centennial.
Some Dome LuckWritten by Lois Rodriguez | Published August 28, 2014
Houston's Astrodome may sit abandoned and seemingly unwanted, but many kept sight of the iconic dome's value and have worked tirelessly to see it be given a chance for a new life.

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A "working paper" prepared as background to Building on the Evidence: An International Symposium on the Sex Industry in Canada
This paper is a result of a research programme in Canada's sex industry: workers and their intimate partners, managers and clients.
(Each article can also be downloaded individually by clicking on its title.)
Edited by Nel van Beelen & Aliya Rakhmetova
The criminalisation of sex work increases the vulnerability of sex workers to human rights violations and violence. However, sex workers are raising awareness, working with policy makers, and organising against this violence.
EditorialMelissa Ditmore and Will Rockwell
Brothels in Bamako TodaySylvia Mollet and Fatoumata with Danaya So members
Takin' it to the Streets on the Las Vegas StripHolly Pottle
The Vagina as a Site of Power and PlayfulnessJayasree A.K.
Sex Work and Sexual PleasureRut Pinedo González
Kicking Down the Door: The Effects of Anti-Trafficking Raids in the USAMelissa Ditmore
EditorialMelissa Ditmore
Resisting Raids and RescueVAMP Collective and SANGRAM"
Sex Worker Activists: Embodying AberranceDiedre Stewart
A participatory-action and interventional research approach to HIV prevention and treatment among women in survival sex workVicki Bright and Kate Shannon
"My one-way ticket to Kamathipura": Rights of sex workers compromisedSharvari Karandikar and Moisés Próspero
Table of Contents
4 EDITORIAL - Melissa Ditmore
5 CONDOM SHORTAGES IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA - Anna-Louise Crago
8 CONTRIBUTING TO "DEVELOPMENT": MONEY MADE SELLING SEX - Laura María Agustín
12 SHOW ME THE MONEY: A SEX WORKER REFLECTS ON RESEARCH INTO THE SEX INDUSTRY - Jo Weldon
16 MONEY AND POLITICS IN CAMBODIA - Women's Network for Unity
18 MONEY AND SEX: WHAT ECONOMICS SHOULD BE DOING FOR SEX WORK RESEARCH - Alys Willman-Navarro
CAMBODIAN SEX WORKERS CONDUCT THEIR OWN RESEARCH - Carol Jenkins - 3
SEX WORKERS EXPERIENCES WITH THE LOCAL LAW ENFORCEMENT IN SOUTH AFRICA Nicolé Fick - 4
HUMAN RIGHTS AND LEGAL SERVICES FOR SEX WORKERS IN CENTRAL ASIAN REPUBLICS: POINTS FOR CONSIDERATION Yury Sarankov, Vera Dite, Adrian Webster, Robin Montgomery - 8
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN STREET-BASED SEX WORKERS AND THE POLICE IN THE EFFECTIVENESS OF HIV PREVENTION STRATEGIES Rachel Wotton - 11
DECRIMINALISATION AS PARTNERSHIP: AN OVERVIEW OF AUSTRALIA'S SEX INDUSTRY LAW REFORM MODEL Kate Demaere - 14
Ethical dilemmas in sex work research – S. Wahab and L. Sloan - 3
Alternate ethics, or: Telling lies to researchers – L. Agustín - 6
Collaborative research-community partnerships: The CAL-PEP case - 8
From subjects to partners: Experience of a project in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil – P. Longo - 9
The Tenofovir trial controversy in Cambodia. Can a trial be considered ethical if there is no long-term post-trial care? – Kao Tha et al - 10
Hijras in sex work face discrimination in the Indian health-care system – V. Chakrapani, P. Babu and T. Ebenezer - 12
100% Condom Use Programmes: empowerment or abuse? – P. Longo and M. Ditmore - 3
Brothel raids in Indonesia. Ideal solution or further violation? – R. Surtees - 5
"We don't want rescue, we want our rights!" Experiences on antitrafficking efforts in Thailand – Ping Pong - 8
Sex work and the law in Namibia: a culture-sensitive approach – D. Hubbard and E. Zimba - 10
Why sex workers believe 'Smaller is Better'. The faulty implementation of decriminalization in New South Wales, Australia –E. Red & Saul - 12
Table of Contents:
3 How immigration status affects sex workers' health and vulnerabilityto abuse. A comparison of
two countries – M. Ditmore
5 Women, migration and health in France. The experience of Cabiria – G. Téqui and F. Guillemaut
6 Migration and mobility of sex workers in the Netherlands – Th. van der Helm
8 Prostitution in Spain, health and policies – A. Rodriguez Arenas
10 Colombian women, sex work and health in Galicia, Spain – L. Oso
12 Migrant sex workers in Europe: STI/HIV prevention, health and rights – L. Brussa
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Eulogy For 'mINE CRAFT IS fun1'
Here is its eulogy, a collection of the kind words written about it while still among the living. They shall live on forever in its place.10-07-12 – 10-07-12
Author Comments
i LIke mine craft coz it is fun an veri good. It is repetiv but thats wat i lik abuut it.
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place branding
Posted by Dale Buss on December 14, 2011 11:59 AM
At least one geopolitical struggle has eased this holiday season, and a temporary peace reigns — around the Great Lakes, that is. This is because Wisconsin and Michigan appear to have buried the hatchet in their epic struggle over which state has the most legitimate claim to the mitten metaphor to describe the shape of their homeland.
Sounds like big stakes, eh? Well, despite the thorniness of the issue, Michigan and Wisconsin tourism officials today managed to declare a truce in the mitten war and even their joint establishment of a philanthropic effort they're calling The Great Lakes Mitten Campaign.
"We encourage everyone in both states to 'shake hands' and donate mittens to help make this winter a bit warmer for those in need," Wisconsin Gov. Scott Walker said in a press statement announcing a handful of mitten-dropoff sites around the state.Continue reading...
More about: Michigan, Wisconsin, Tourism, Place Branding, Awesome Mitten, Merchandise, Campaigns, Logos, Mascots, Great Lakes, Advertising, Holiday
Architecture Project DirectorInterbrand Design Forum, Dayton
Resource & Financial CoordinatorInterbrand New York
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Associate Creative DirectorInterbrand Cincinnati
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Airlines, Alcohol, Automotive, Beauty, Beverages, Branded Entertainment, Design, Corporate Citizenship, Entertainment, Fashion, Finance, Food, Healthcare, Luxury, Media, Mobile, Non-Profit, Pharma, Product Placement, Retail, Sports, Sustainability, Tech, World Cup
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Every marketer should be keeping up on discoveries in neuromarketing. After all, we're just looking for entrance passes to the theater of the mind. We've written about some of the practical applications from these studies in our books. This one may not be immediately practical but it is fascinating.
Don't miss the New York Times article that reports on a study where odors smelled during sleep can help people remember what they learned. Read: Study Uncovers Memory Aid: A Scent During Sleep by Benedict Carey


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Tenses and the messages
1. Meanings of Past Tense Forms
1.1 Simple Past
We use verbs in their simple past tense forms to express
1. actions beginning and completing in the past time:
He walked into the canteen.
When I was a child we always visited our grandparents during summer.
She saw a film last night.
Did you see the boss?
2. habits in the past time:
I always carried an umbrella.
He never drank liquor.
1.2 Past Progressive
This tense form expresses
· actions in progress when another action occurred:
The sun was setting as we reached home.
When you rang up your mum/mom, she was resting.
· gradual progression:
The sun was setting. It was getting darker. The wind was rising.
1.3 Past Perfect
· This is used to 'report' past tense and present perfect forms of
'direct speech':
He said, ' I slept well.' (past tense --direct speech)
He said (that) he had slept well. (past perfect--indirect or reported speech)
She said, ' I have already read that book.' (present perfect--direct speech)
She said (that) she had already read that book. (past perfect--reported speech)
· This is used to express actions in 'if clauses that did not take place:
If you had listened to me, you could've avoided mistakes.
(=You didn't listen to me and so you couldn't avoid making mistakes.)
If you'd explained your problem to your boss, he'd have understood it.
(=you didn't explain your problem to your boss and so he didn't understand it.)
If she hadn't married him, she'd be living now.
(=She married him and now she is no more.)
· This expresses unrealized hope or wish:
I had hoped we would be able to leave tomorrow but I have an emergency operation.
I had intended to see my mother but I have to stay back and finish my report.
I wish I had taken your advice. [ But I did not]
We had expected you to stay at least a week [But you are not]
1.4 Past Perfect Progressive
This expresses:
1. duration of past actions:
It was getting dark and he was exhausted because he had been digging since
2. repeated past actions:
He had been trying to get on the phone, but he was unsuccessful.
3. duration of actions earlier than the completed ones:
When I opened the door I found him on his knees outside. I knew
he had been looking through the keyhole.
1.5 Present Tense
This expresses:
1. habitual, repeated actions/states:
He comes to class everyday.
She goes to office late.
Cats drink milk.
My brother flies planes.
She is rich.
I'm good at languages.
We are on strike.
2. action not limited to any specific time:
The sun sets in the west.
My parents live near Chennai.
My husband works very hard.
3. your knowledge of recent events:
I hear you're getting married. Congrats!
I gather there's trouble in the hills again.
4. actions in future time in 'if' and 'time' clauses:
If you see Sundaram, tell him to call me.
Don't go away until I tell you.
When he comes you'll meet him.
As soon as he leaves, give me a ring.
5. actions planned now to occur in future time:
My Colleges closes for summer vacation on 15 March 2010.
The Centenary Celebrations begin next week.
The President arrives at Chennai at 10 a.m. and leaves for Kerala two hours later.
1.6 Present progressive
This expresses:
1. definite arrangements:
She's leaving for London on the evening flight.
We're throwing a party next weekend.
Seema is attending a Conference on the 31st.
2. actions continuing but not necessarily at the moment of speaking:
I'm learning French. (I may be traveling)
My brother is writing a novel. (he may be in his office now)
3. actions happening intermittently, not necessarily now:
Mr Vikram is writing a novel.
Ravi is playing in the first eleven this season.
I'm learning French.
1.7 Present perfect
This expresses:
1. actions that started in the past time and completed or remains incomplete in the
present time:
I have filled the questionnaire.
He has washed the clothes.
The police have not caught the thief.
2. actions that started and completed in the recent past time:
He's just gone out. = He went out a few minutes ago./ He went out just now
3. actions that started in the past time and continues in the present time:
I've not visited my parents for quite some time now. (= I'm yet to visit)
He has been in the army since 1990. (=He's still in the army.)
Have you known him for long? (=You know him even now.)
1.8 Present Perfect Progressive
This talks about
1. actions that started in the past time and that is going on in the present time almost without
He's been writing letters all day/since morning.
We've been living here almost a year/since last Christmas.
I've been waiting here for an hour already/since six o'clock.
2. actions that occur more or less frequently:
We've been meeting every Friday for years now/since we became friends.
I've been giving guest lectures regularly since April/ for six months now.
1.9 Simple Future
Future tense forms are formed by placing
· 'will'* before base verbs in first person singular and plural ( I and we)
· 'will' before base verbs in second person singular and plural (you, you)
· 'will' before base verbs in third person singular and plural (nouns, he, she, it,
I will/ 'll come tomorrow. You will ('ll) meet me this evening. She will ('ll) see you.
Will you talk to him? Will he oblige? When will she attend to the file?
Note: 'll is the shortened form of 'will'.
Here, as in present tense (comes) and in past tense (talked ), there is no 'inflection' to base verbs to form future tenses because we simply place(add) 'shall'/will' before (to) a base verb.
*Traditional grammar says shall is the correct future auxiliary to be used with 'I' and 'we'. But '……, many people avoid shall except in the interrogative and use will all the time for affirmative and negative…..' say Thomson and Martinet in their A Practical English Grammar. Quirk et al in their A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language also say the use of shall with I and we 'is nowadays widely ignored.' People use will or 'll with 'I' and 'we'. In other words, people say 'I'll meet you tomorrow', not 'I shall meet you tomorrow'. Shall is used with I or we in interrogatives to seek response from a listener or to make suggestions about shared activities:
Shall I talk to my superior about this? (seeking response)
Shall we meet at Suresh's house for a discussion? (seeking suggestions)
For the rest of the expressions that indicate 'future' see under 'advanced' part of this Book.
1.10 Future Progressive
This expresses
1. actions that will be progressive at some point of time in future time:
When you reach the end of the bridge, I'll be waiting to show you the way.
2. actions that describe normal procedures and routine events in future time:
The Inspector will be visiting your school again in three months.
Good bye! We'll be seeing you.
I'll be following your progress with great interest.
1.11 Future Perfect
This expresses
actions that began in the past time, goes on in the present time and will complete some
time in the future:
We will have arrived in New York by this time tomorrow.
It's now 6.30 p.m.; I'll have finished my work by 10 o'clock.
In another year or so, you'll have forgotten all about him.
2 Time and Tense
The expression 'time' refers to 'past' time, 'present' time and 'future' time. And the expression 'tense' refers (for our present purposes) to 'present tense form', 'past tense form' and 'future tense form' of verbs.
Look at these sentences:
I slept well last night. ¨ past tense form, past time
I'm having lunch. ¨ present tense form, present time
I thank you for your concern. ¨ present tense form, present time
I'll have a word with him. ¨ future tense form, future time
Slept is the past tense form of 'sleep' and indicates 'past' time and the action happened in the past time; 'm having is the present progressive form of 'have' and indicates 'present' time and the action is happening in the present time; Thank is the present tense form of 'thank' and indicates 'present' time and the action happens in the present time. 'll have is the future tense form of 'have' and indicates 'future' time and the action will happen in future time.
From these four sentences we may understand that past tense forms indicate past time, present tense forms indicate present time and future tense forms indicate future time. But this is not true for all the sentences we speak.
Read these sentences:
If I trusted him, I'd lend him the money. ¨ past tense form, present time
It's time I went home. ¨ past tense form, present time
Did you want to see me now? ¨ past tense form, present time
He smokes too much. ¨ present tense form, all three times
We feed the cat on fish. ¨ present tense form, all three times
'Do you mind if I smoke?' ¨ present tense form, future time
'Well, I'd rather you didn't.' ¨ past tense form, future time
The Mumbai Mail leaves at 21.30. ¨ present tense form, all three times
What are you doing tomorrow? ¨ present progressive form, future time
As you can see, no tense form matches with the time. And now read the explanations:
He smokes too much.
The present tense form of 'smoke' indicates that the act of smoking is happening in the present time. But it also means: he smoked too much yesterday, the day before and so on, and he will continue to smoke too much tomorrow, the day after and so on. So, here the present tense form covers all the three times and expresses a habit/repeated action that was true in the past time, is true in the present time and will be true in future.
We feed the cat on fish.
'Feed' here means we fed the cat yesterday, we feed the cat today and we will feed the cat tomorrow also. So the present tense form can include all the three times and talk about 'repeated acts'.
'Do you mind if I smoke?' 'Well, I'd rather you didn't.'
'Mind' in the present tense form talks about a request for an immediate future action.
'didn't (smoke)' in the past tense form talks about a request for an immediate future action not to happen.
The Mumbai Mail leaves at 21.30.
'Leave' in its present tense form is not talking about a present time action. The present tense form is talking about the departure of the train as a planned activity during a given period covering past time, present time, future time.
What are you doing tomorrow?
The present progressive tense form means: Have you already planned everything for tomorrow? implying thereby (with an indirect enquiry): are you free anytime tomorrow?'
If I trusted him, I'd lend him the money.
'Trusted' is the past tense form of 'trust' and as such it should indicate 'past' time.
But it doesn't; instead it indicates 'present' time. Because we use 'past tense form' of a verb in an 'if' clause to mean that the action we are talking about is not true at the moment of speaking (in the present time): I don't trust him. But the speaker can imagine to be trusting 'him' and also imagine what the speaker will do. Here the imagination is false, and to show this the speaker uses past tense form.
It's time I went home.
'Went' is the past tense form of 'go' and as such it should indicate 'past' time.
But it doesn't; instead it indicates 'present' time. Because 'past tense form' of a verb is used in a clause following 'It's time' to mean that the action being talked about is not true at the moment of speaking: I've not gone. I'm still here.
Did you want to see me now?
The past tense form of 'go' is contradicted by 'now'. The speaker uses the past tense form here to express his/her respectful attitude to the listener in the present time.
From this discussion, one thing is very clear. It is what we want to say to the listener that is important. And we choose particular parts of a language (including tenses) to how we say this.
In other words, we use, when necessary, past tense form to talk about actions in a time period that is past time and that is not past time, we use present tense form to talk about actions in a time period that is present time and that is not present time.
2.1 past tense forms and 'time'
Past tense forms express
1. duration (length of time) of past time (no link to the present time):
I lived in Delhi from July 1990 to June 1998.
Didn't you meet your cousin at all throughout your stay in London?
She studied music while she was in Paris.
I was in North Africa for sixteen years.
2. a particular point of past time (no link to the present time):
I heard the news a while ago.
Did they go to the dentist's twice last week?
We visited our parents yesterday.
I was born in 1942.
I became very angry when I heard the news.
3. past time without 'time' adverbs (no link to the present time):
Did you lock the front door?
Did you see the boss?
His eyes were open but he didn't appear to hear me.
In each of these sentences, there is no time expression showing past time. This is because the situations in which these sentences were spoken make it clear to us that we are referring to past time.
Napolean marched his army to Moscow.
I have a friend whose father was at school with our Principal.
Neither of these two sentences have past time indicators because our general knowledge about Napolean and people spending a particular period at school make it clear that we are referring to past time.
All these fourteen sentences clearly tell us that the instances began and ended in the past time, having no relation to the present time.
But …….
Read these sentences:
I always knew you were my friend. (link to the present time)
Did you ever hear such nonsense? (link to the present time)
These are natural idiomatic expressions, using past tense. But they are linked to the present time because these statements are generally made in the present time very close to the past time.
The direct meaning of the first sentence is in the past time: you helped me at a time when I needed help. The implied meaning is in the present time: you proved it and therefore I know you are still my friend.
The direct meaning of the second sentence is in the past time: what someone said was complete nonsense. The implied meaning is in the present time: the speaker is shocked or surprised.
4. habits or repetitive 'state' in the past time (no link to the present)
There were always volcanic eruptions in this area. (repetition--state)
I always carried an umbrella. (habit)
He never drank liquor. (habit)
There were frequent thefts in this part of the town. (repetition--state)
(or) There used to be frequent thefts in this part of the town. (repetition--state)
He scratched his head when he was in doubt. (habit)
(or) He used to scratch his head. (habit)
(or) He always scratched his head. (habit)
5. in indirect (reported) speech referring to present or future time:
She said, ' The radio is too loud.' (direct speech)
She said that the radio was too loud. (indirect/reported speech)
Raja said, 'Will Ramesh help?' (direct speech)
Raja wondered if Ramesh would help. (indirect/reported speech)
6. present time in certain idiomatic expressions:
Did you want to see me now? (to a superior)
I wondered if you could help me. (to a stranger/ an acquaintance)
I thought you might like some flowers. (to a lady)
Using the past tense for present time activities, the speakers of these sentences are
being polite or courteous when this is required or necessary.
7. present or future time actions that are not true but imagined to be true:
I wish I had a memory like yours. (Then I could win prizes like you.)
(=I don't have a memory like yours.)
'Is the report ready?'
'When do you want it?'
'(I wanted it) yesterday.'
(=I want it at least by today evening.)
If you really worked hard, you'd soon get promoted.
(=You're not working hard, but I imagine the condition and the result.)
If only I knew her response!
(= She hasn't responded, so I don't know what her response will be.)
It's (high) time he realized his error. (But he hasn't realized his error.)
I wish I were/was a bird. (But I cannot be.)
She wants to fly but I would rather she went by train.
(=I don't want her to travel by air.)
You look as if/as though you were slapped.
(You behaviour or look suggests that someone has slapped you.)
Suppose we spent next weekend at Ooty?
(=We're not going to Ooty but let's imagine so.)
If I had the money, I'd buy a flat.[I don't have the money but I imagine so]
If only I knew her response! [I don't know what her response would be]
Suppose we spent the next weekend at Ooty? [we have no plan to go to Ooty]
It's time he realized his error. [I expect him to realize his error but I he will not]
I wish I were/was a bird! [I want to be free as a bird, but I know I cannot be]
She wants to fly but I'd rather she went by train.[I want her to travel by train]
In summary then we can use past tense forms to express actions in
(i) past time (1, 2, 3, 4)
(ii) present time (6)
(iii) present or future time (5, 7)
2.2 Past Progressive Tense Forms and 'time'
Past progressive tense forms express
1. importance to the continuity of the action rather than its completion:
He was listening to the radio.
They were watching TV.
What were you doing all morning?
2. actions in progress when another action occurred:
The sun was setting as we reached home.
When you rang up your mum/mom, she was resting.
3. gradual progression:
The sun was setting. It was getting darker. The wind was rising.
4. actions repeated for a short period:
The manager was typing his own letters while his secretary was ill.
At that time, she was having regular singing lessons.
He was taking his children out much oftener in those days.
5. annoyance or irritation at some repeated action (with an adverb):
He was always grumbling.
She was constantly troubling her husband for money with which to buy new clothes.
6. an intention not completed:
You were going to give me your mobile number. (but you didn't)
The police were going to charge her. (but they didn't)
7. an arrangement in the future determined in the past:
You were meeting him at the Taj the next day.
They were getting married the following spring.
He busy packing for he was leaving that night.
8. actions that are contrary to routine:
I was surprised to see they were drinking tea at breakfast. (They usually took coffee.)
I felt that the fellow was telling the truth. (He usually lied.)
Their regular teacher fell ill, so I was taking the class for history.
9. incomplete actions because of interruption:
I sprained my ankle while I was playing tennis.
Father was watching TV while the lights went off.
10. interrelationship or identity with another simultaneous event:
Do you think he was telling the truth (when he said that)?
A: What did she mean by that?
B: I think she was advising you not to interfere.
11. casualness rather than purposefulness:
I was talking to Mohan, and he was telling me that the job is still vacant.
Note: The use of second past progressive tense here doesn't mean the action was a long one; nor does it
mean the action was incomplete. The tense tells us that the action ('telling' or 'advising') was part of
a conversation where it was one of the several ideas that were shared. Other verbs of 'speaking' used
in this manner are: apologize, thank, predict, request etc.
2.2.1 Meaning differences between past and past progressive
1. My sister was studying for her exams while I was watching television.
My sister studied for her exams while I watched television.
The past progressive tense stresses 'continuity' while the past tense, 'completion'.
2. When we arrived, my wife made some coffee.
When we arrived, my wife was making coffee.
The past tense indicates that coffee-making followed our arrival. The past progressive
means that the arrival took place during coffee-making.
3. He played for several first-class teams (before he retired).
He was playing in a match against the North (the day he scored a hat trick.)
The past tense indicates permanence of 'playing' and the past progressive, a specific
4. I read a novel yesterday evening. [ie the whole novel]
I was reading a novel yesterday evening.
The past tense indicates completion of the act and past progressive indicates only the
continuity of the action.
5. A: 'Did you hear about Balu's new job?'
B : ' Yes, my wife was telling me about it this morning.'
(or) ' Yes, my wife told me about it this morning.'
The past tense suggests: 'I know more or less all about it; I don't need any further information.'
The past continuous tense suggests: 'I have heard a little about it, but I should like to hear more.'
6. I talked to Gopal the other day.
I was talking to Gopal the other day.
The past tense implies intention/purpose. The past progressive means: I happened to talk
to Gopal. (I had no intention, the talk just happened.)
7. What were you doing before you came here?
What did you do before you came here?
The past progressive implies 'politeness' towards the listener. This is absent in the past
8. What were you doing in my room?
What did you do in my room?
The past progressive implies an accusation, which is absent in the past tense.
2.3 Present Tense forms and 'time'
Present tense forms help talk about actions and states in the present time, in the past time, in the future time and also those that cover all the three times.
2.3.1 Actions and States in the present time:
Present tense forms
1. explain a process:
First I boil fresh water.
Second I rinse the teapot with boiling water.
Next I put four teaspoonfuls of tea into the pot.
Then I pour rapidly boiling water into the teapot.
Last I let it brew for five minutes before serving it.
2. describe on-going activities in running commentaries:
The President arrives. The Prime Minister welcomes her. He leads the President on to the
Raju passes the ball to Cheenu, Cheenu slips past the defence and shoots!
Here comes Zaheer, he bowls, Ponting misses the line of the ball completely and is bowled,
and the whole crowd erupts!
3. describe feelings (exclamations):
Here comes the bride! There goes the bell! There comes the bus!
There she goes, goes right out of the park! (she=cricket ball)
4. express activities related to verbs of 'speaking':
I advise you to withdraw from the contest.
We have an announcement to make.
I apologize.
We thank you for the hospitality.
I reject your offer.
5. describe 'states':
He's rich.
She has a headache.
The boy is unhappy.
He's upset.
They are worried.
I see what you mean.
Everyone likes the new Principal.
I believe in hard work.
We live near Chennai.
Sumathi is tall.
My God! You weigh 90 kilos!
This soup tastes delicious.
6. express experience through 'senses':
I don't see anyone there.
Do you hear that noise?
I smell something burning.
I feel a sharp pain in my chest.
This fruit tastes sour.
7. express different 'states':
(i) mental states and processes
(dis)agree, (dis)believe, differ, doubt, feel, find, foresee, forget,
imagine, know, mean, notice, recall, recognize, recollect,
remember, suppose, think(=opinion), (dis)trust, understand
(ii) states of emotion or attitude
desire, detest, feel, forgive, hate, hope, intend, (dis)like,
love, mind(=object to), (dis)please, prefer, want, wish
(iii) miscellaneous
appear(=seem), belong to, consist of, contain, depend, deserve,
equal, find, hold, matter, possess, resemble, result, seem,
suffice, have(=possess or obligation)
Note: These verbs are not used in present progressive tense forms.
Some of these verbs can occur in the progressive tense to mean 'temporariness'
or 'tentativeness' (implying politeness):
What were you wanting? I was hoping you'd give me some advice.
I'm hoping to borrow some money. I was wondering if you could help me.
2.3.2 Actions and States in the future time:
Present tense forms
8. pre-determined schedules and timetables:
The train leaves in another half an hour.
The ship arrives in Beirut tomorrow afternoon.
My train reaches Delhi tomorrow evening.
Even Semester Exams begin in April.
9. pre-determined activities of individuals (including itinerary):
I leave for Singapore tonight.
We meet again the same day next quarter.
We leave Chennai at six tomorrow morning, arrive at Salem at 2 p.m. stay
overnight and then leave for Kerala.
10. express 'condition':
If you agree we shall proceed further.
He'll do it if you pay him.
If I take the four o'clock flight, I can be in Chennai in time for the wedding.
11. express future actions in 'time' clauses:
Please inform him as soon as he arrives.
You'll have to wait until she phones.
I'll ask him to give you a ring after he returns from the tour.
2.3.3 Actions and States in the past time:
Present tense forms
12. describe past events to provide 'drama':
I couldn't believe it ! Just as we arrived, up comes Srinath,
slaps me on the back as if we were life-long friends, 'Come on,
old pal,' he says, 'let me buy you a drink !' I tell you, I nearly
fainted on the spot.
Last night, at about nine o'clock, this chap next door
staggers into my room and falls dead on the floor.
Note: The use of present tense form helps the hearer feel the impact of surprise/shock. Replace the present
tense forms of the verbs in bold and read it, it'll be just a narration minus the emotion.
13. express actions in the past time said by verbs of 'communication':
The breakfast news says there's going to be a storm around noon.
The Book of Genesis speaks of the terrible fate of Sodom and Gomorrah.
Macbeth, a great Shakespeare play, narrates the tragic consequences of 'ambition'.
The Bhagavd Gita warns us against temptation through the senses.
I hear/I'm told you're getting married.
You're looking for a house, I gather.
You're leaving the country, I understand.
Note: The last three sentences are indirect (polite) ways of enquiry about information received by the
speakers. If the speakers were informal, they'd be saying:
You're getting married? You're looking for a house? You're leaving the country?
14. express the thoughts of leaders in literature, religion etc.:
Jesus says, ' Treat thy neighbour as thyself!'
In his Solitary Reaper, Wordsworth brings to life the tragic mood of the reaper.
There is a flaw in all Shakespeare's tragic heroes.
15. express past time events in movies/dramas:
The hero enters the hall. Everything is quiet. Only the wall clock is ticking.
He looks around. 'Raise your hands!' orders a voice from behind. He raises
his hands and turns around slowly………
16. express quotations without change:
Speaking of life, Shakespeare says, ' Life is a tale told by an idiot……'
My Sales Manager tells me the sales will improve this year.
2.3.4 Actions and States in all the three times:
Present tense forms
17. express timeless actions and states or so-called eternal truths:
Honesty is the best policy.
Birds fly.
Water consists of hydrogen and oxygen.
Two and two makes four.
The earth moves round the sun.
Oil floats on water.
The Nile is the longest river in Africa.
India shares a border with Bangladesh.
18. express events that happen regularly (habits, customs, routines):
We go to Ooty every summer.
Deva drinks heavily.
The newspaper arrives at seven o'clock.
People buy new dresses for Deepavali.
Sri Krishna's birth is celebrated all over India.
In summary, the present tense forms help us to express action (activity and state) in
(i) all the three times (17, 18)
(ii) past time only (12, 13, 14, 15, 16)
(iii) future time only (8, 9, 10, 11)
(iv) present time only (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7)
2.4 Present progressive tense forms and 'time'
Present progressive tense forms express
present time
1. actions at the moment of speaking:
It's raining.
I'm not wearing a coat.
Why are you sitting at my desk?
What's the baby doing?
The sun is shining.
The baby is crying.
The train is arriving at platform number 3.
2. exceptions to routines:
The suppliers are asking for immediate payment on delivery.
[The usual time limit is thirty days.]
He always works hard but now he's overdoing things.
I'm making an exception, just this once.
future time
3. definite arrangements:
She's leaving for London on the evening flight.
We're throwing a party next weekend.
Seema is attending a Conference on the 31st.
We're singing at a charity concert next Saturday.
I'm seeing my dentist next Monday.
He's leaving for the States next month.
Are you doing anything tonight?
Srinivasan is coming next week and is staying here till his departure to London.
4. actions continuing but not necessarily at the moment of speaking:
I'm learning French. (I may be traveling)
My brother is writing a novel. (he may be in his office now)
5. annoyance or irritation at repeated activities/habits:
I'm always forgetting people's names.
You're continually finding fault with me.
My husband is forever losing money at the races.
Past, present, future time
4. a frequently repeated action which annoys the speaker or
seems unreasonable to him/her:
He's always working late at the office.
The train is continually arriving late.
He's always grumbling.
Note: There's no such negative implication in: I'm always learning.
5. repetitions during a given period of time:
The Principal is typing her own letters while her P.A. is ill.
6. repetitions at a given moment of time:
Whenever I see him, he's roaming around.
Remember that when you're taking rest, someone is always working.
7. an on-going change of 'state' over a period:
The weather is getting colder.
The sun is ripening the mangoes nicely.
Our economic prospects are now improving.
8. actions happening intermittently, not necessarily now:
Mr Vikram is writing a novel.
Ravi is playing in the first eleven this season.
I'm learning French.
9. actions happening again and again:
Every time I hear about him, he's making trouble for himself.
Whenever you see him, he's either sleeping or gossiping.
Don't let it worry you; he's constantly trying to impress others.
2.4.1 Present progressive tense versus present tense forms:
10. The present tense expresses permanence while the present progressive,
We live in the suburbs. [ permanent residence]
We are living in the suburbs. [ for the time being, we may move out]
Where does Gopi work? [ permanent place]
Where is Gopi working at present? [Gopi changes jobs frequently.]
We start work at nine o'clock, but for this week we are starting at 8.30.
Father retires next year. [ which is his normal retiring age]
Father is retiring next year. [ though he's only fifty-five]
11. The present tense refers to competence whereas the present progressive,
performance on a particular occasion or during a particular season:
Suguna sings well. [ her ability is almost permanent]
Suguna is singing well. [ her ability is visible in the given situation]
12. When used with first person in a letter,
the present tense form of 'write', 'send', 'hasten' implies an official (formal) tone:
I write this to inform you that…………
the present progressive of these verbs implies informality:
I'm writing to inform you that ……………
13. Verbs like 'see', hear', 'have, 'like', 'feel', 'expect', 'resemble', 'hope', 'smell', 'taste', 'impress', doubt',
'find', 'forget', 'want', 'mind' are used in present progressive tense only when they
carry meanings (messages) different from their normal meanings. See the different
meanings in the following sentences:
I don't see anything here. ( refers to 'normal sight')
I'm seeing the dentist this evening. (meet by appointment)
They're seeing their cousin off. (say goodbye)
We're seeing about a work permit for you. (trying to arrange…)
The plumber is here; he's seeing to the leak in our tank. (dealing with….)
This is your last warning. Do you hear me? (do you understand)
I'm not hearing as well as I used to. (my hearing is not good now)
I've been hearing all about this accident. (receiving the news/information)
The judge is hearing our case tomorrow. (the trial starts tomorrow)
I think you're wrong. (in my opinion ……….)
I'm thinking of emigrating. (mental process)
I have a house. (possession)
I can't open the door; I'm having a bath. (taking a bath)
We're having a wonderful time. (enjoying ourselves)
I'm having a tooth taken out tomorrow.(getting the dentist to take out the tooth)
I was having difficulty staying awake. (experiencing)
He likes me very much. (finds me pleasant/attractive)
How's liking his new job? (is he enjoying it)
I love my wife. (have very strong feeling of affection)
I'm loving every moment of it. (am enjoying…..)
I feel you are right. (think/believe/ in my opinion)
Are you feeling alright? (are you having a problem—physical or mental)
Parents expect their children to be high achievers.(demand as a duty)
I'm expecting a courier. (waiting for)
She's expecting a baby this June. (giving birth to)
She resembles her father. (the likeness is permanent)
She's resembling her father more and more.(the likeness is happening over a
I hope you'll come. (an expectation directly expressed)
I'm hoping you'll come. (an expectation politely expressed)
Our roses smell sweet.
She's smelling our roses. (sniffing)
The soup tastes bitter.
She's tasting the soup to check the seasoning.(checking)
His views impress me. (I think highly of him)
He's impressing his views upon the Management. (trying to influence)
Do you doubt my word? (on one occasion)
He's always doubting my word. (on several occasions)
I find that I was mistaken. (have a feeling/opinion…..)
I'm finding that this problem is more complicated than I had thought.
(am slowly discovering….)
I forget her name. (can't recollect) I'm forgetting my French. (gradual loss)
Aren't you forgetting your manners? (failing to show manners)
He wants to be a doctor.
What's he wanting this time? (what's his latest request/demand)
Do you mind if I open the window? (object to opening)
My neighbour is minding the baby while his wife is out shopping.
(looking after)
In summary, the present progressive tense expresses
(i) actions in the present time (1, 2)
(ii) actions in the future time (3)
(iii) actions in the present, past, future time (4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9)
Differences in the use of present tense and present progressive tense (10, 11, 12, 13)
2.5 Present perfect tense forms and 'time'
The present perfect tense forms express
1. actions that started in the past time and completed or remains incomplete in the
present time:
I have filled the questionnaire.
He has washed the clothes.
The police have not caught the thief.
I've never seen such a beautiful sunset.
2. actions that started and completed in the recent past time:
He's just gone out. = He went out a few minutes ago./ He went out just now
The post has just come.= The post came only a moment ago./ The post came just now.
Note: 'Recent' means that the past time is so close to the present time that action is considered more
present that past.
3. actions that started in the past time and continues in the present time:
I've not visited my parents for quite some time now. (= I'm yet to visit)
He has been in the army since 1990. (=He's still in the army.)
Have you known him for long? (=You know him even now.)
You haven't given me an answer. (You're yet to reply.)
They haven't faxed the particulars. (=The particulars are not here even now.)
He has sung in this choir ever since he was a boy. (=He continues to be in the choir.)
This district has suffered from disastrous floods throughout history.
(=The suffering exists even in the present time.)
I've never seen a cheetah. (=I'm yet to see a cheetah.)
4. the results in the present time of actions that completed in the recent past time:
I've lost my pen. (=I lost it last night. I'm unable to write.)
I've forgotten to bring the cheque book.
(I forgot it at the time of starting for the office, so I am unable to help you now.)
My dad has bought a car. (=My dad bought it yesterday. So, we don't have to take the bus.)
We've gathered all the information you wanted.
(= You can now discuss how to put the information to use.)
5. the results in the present time of actions whose completion is indefinite in the past
time (what is important here is not when the action took place; what is important is whether we
can do now some activity related to it):
Have you read David Copperfield?
(=Do you know the story?/ Can we discuss it?)
Yes, I have been to London. (=I can give you useful information about London.)
All our children have had measles.
(=They know now what it is like/ They are now immune to it.)
I've never known her to be so angry.
(=She showed her anger in the past, but now she's very angry. What could be the reason for
such anger?)
I've already met your sister.
(=I met her in a party a few weeks ago. So, there is no need for introduction.)
6. actions in 'time' clauses that will be completed sometime in the future:
I'll repair your bicycle when I've finished this job.
By the time you've read the book, you'll know all the answers.
I'll come with you, but wait until I've written this letter.
Let him go once he has answered all your questions.
2.5.1 Meaning differences between past tense and present perfect:
Somu lived in Paris for ten years. (=he no longer lives there.)
Somu has lived in Paris for ten years. (=he still lives there.)
Where did you put my wallet? (=Do you remember where ………)
Where have you put my wallet? (=I want to know where it is now.)
I saw wolves in that forest once.
(=There may be no wolves now./ The forest has been cut down.)
I've seen wolves in that forest. (Possibly you can see wolves even today.)
2.5.2 Adverbs we use with present perfect tense forms:
Have you had lunch yet?
Have they still not replied to our letter?
Has anyone ever climbed Mt. Everest alone?
I've already decided how to deal with him.
The population has increased tremendously during this century.
We've lost a lot of business this year.
He's rung up three times already.
I've lived here for twenty years.
I've lived here since 1991.
Note: Most of us make the mistake of saying 'since twenty years'.
for + length of time/duration of time of the action
for a long time, for the third week in succession, for two weeks, for the last week
since + the starting time of the action
since yesterday, since last week, since Monday, since September, since 2002
2.6 Present Perfect Progressive Tense Forms and time:
The present perfect progressive tense forms talk about
1. actions that started in the past time and that is going on in the present time almost without
He's been writing letters all day/since morning.
We've been living here almost a year/since last Christmas.
I've been waiting here for an hour already/since six o'clock.
2. actions that occur more or less frequently:
We've been meeting every Friday for years now/since we became friends.
I've been giving guest lectures regularly since April/ for six months now.
3. actions expressing intentions that are yet to become facts:
Don't pay any attention to their promises; they've been promising to repair the
I'm so sorry; I've been meaning to see you for ages but I'm so busy at work.
The Committee has been threatening to resign—but I don't expect they will in
the end.
He's been asking Sumathi to marry him ever since they first met.(without success)
We've been trying for a World Bank loan for a year now.(we haven't got it yet)
2.7 Future Tense
It can be said that there's no future tense in the English language. The argument goes like this:
1. To form past and present tenses, we inflect (= make changes in) regular verbs
with the addition of 's/es', '-ing' and 'ed' at the end
and we inflect irregular verbs, with difference in their spellings:
Full verbs
Primary verbs
tense forms
base form
-s form
-ing participle
past form
-ed participle
begin speak put
begins speaks puts
beginning speaking putting
began spoke put
begun spoken put
* These are derivatives of 'be'.
It is these inflections (=additions and different spellings ) that result in the past and present forms of full and primary verbs.
2. There is no such inflection in the tense forms with regard to expressing 'future'. We
don't make any changes by adding to the verbs or changing their spellings. We simply
use different expressions to convey 'future' time:
1. will/ 'll for ALL 'persons' before full verbs and primary verbs
indicates actions and states as occurring in future time:
full verbs primary verbs
I'll }
We'll } I'll be rich soon.
You'll } talk to the manager. I'll have a solution soon.
He'll } I'll do what you say.
She'll }
They'll }
2. will/ 'll for all 'persons' before full verbs and primary verbs
indicates 'habitual' actions:
Spring will come again. Birds will build nests.
3. be + going to + full verbs
I'm going to complain if things don't improve. (future fulfilment of the present)
She's going to have a baby. (future result of present cause)
4. be + -ing participle
The match is starting at 2.30 (tomorrow).
5. present simple tense form (bare verbs)
School closes on 31 March.
What will you do if I don't marry you? (conditional clause)
I'll inform her when she arrives. (time clause)
6. be + to-infinitive
The Prime Minister is to visit Japan next month. (present arrangement for future)
You're to meet the Company representative and collect the documents.
(order about a future duty/responsibility)
7. Verbs in imperative
Be quiet!
Search the room thoroughly!
Make yourself a cup of tea.
Don't drop it!
Don't wait for me!
The messages are different between simple future and future progressive:
When will you pay back the money?
(=I'm not interested in your problems; I want my money back.)
When will you be paying back the money?
(How soon can you pay the money back? / Repayment here is a matter of course.)
We will fly at 30,000 feet.
(The pilot had just decided to fly at that height.)
We will be flying at 30,000 feet.
(It's the normal height that the pilot is talking about.)
The next train to Tambaram will arrive at platform four.
The next train Tambaram will be arriving at platform four.
There is no direct human involvement. The difference between these two is not as important here as it
is in the other two examples. However, the future progressive is more informal than the simple future.
There are other verbs that express activities in future time:
The weather may improve. (tomorrow)
You must have dinner with us. (sometime soon)
I intend to resign next Monday.
I hope to be married soon.
Future perfect tense forms express
1. actions or states of some duration upto a certain time in the future:
On July 29, we'll have been married for 38 years.
At the end of this academic year, you'll have taught for 43 years.
Note: This use of future perfect means that the action/state will not complete at a given time in the future
but will in all likelihood continue to be true.
2. assumptions or possibilities in the present time:
You'll have heard, I expect, that Srikala is going to be married in another two
It's five o'clock; they'll have arrived home by now.


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A small number of computers have over the past few months decided to fill up the system volume information folder to the point where there is no room left on the HDD at all. Deleting this data manually is somewhat a pain in the backside. Disabling the System Restore via GPO I discovered should in fact prevent this from happening. On doing so I found that it cleared all the data from one computer straight away without me having to delete it manually, result! However certain machines still refuse to not store data. System Restore is disabled via GPO, I have even tried the machine as a standalone with it switched off. But the folder is still determined to fill up, but only on the odd machine here and there. Everywhere I look to find information to resolve this tells me to turn system restore off, but it is off!!
Am I missing something??


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Barry, have you heard of the InterAmerican Christian Academy?There's something wrong with, well, everything, when the most prominent public college in the state decrees that it will still accept degrees from a high school that was just debunked as a diploma mill. Over eight days ending last ... More >>
Is our airport the most user-unfriendly in America? No, just one of four really unhappy landing sites.
Letters from the issue of June 15, 2000


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How do you emasculate the institutionalized bigotry that held sway for centuries in the cotton fields of South Georgia? If you're the late playwright and activist Ossie Davis, you render it in such cartoonish dimensions that its barbarity is obvious, its absurdity indisputable. At least that's what ... More >>
Dennis Brown and Paul Friswold suss out the local theater scene in St. Louis
Dennis Brown, Paul Friswold and Deanna Jent suss out local theater
Dennis Brown and Deanna Jent suss out local theater.
Dennis Brown and Deanna Jent suss out local theater
Black Cat Theatre throws itself a grand-opening bash.
Dennis Brown and Deanna Jent suss out local theater
The Black Rep and Stages provide a Yankee doubleheader
For two decades, psychoanalysts have held fast to their slow, deep exploration of the psyche, reaping only scorn from the science-driven psychiatrists at Washington University. Good thing they didn't listen.
By Caitlin McQuade (Historyonics Theatre Company)
By Michael Stewart, Charles Strouse and Lee Adams (Stages St. Louis)


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Sounds Like: G-Unit, *N.W.A*, Dipset/Diplomats, Wu-Tang, DPG
Label: Born Leader Music Group
Manager: Born Leader Management Group
Bio: BORNLEADAZ (Also known as B.O.R.N.L.E.A.D.E.R.S. or Southside Bornleadaz) is a supergroup made up of three members: Cristyle Supreme,Yon Da Don, and C Money. These three talents combine to create a unique sound that is impossible to ignore. Rapping and collaborating for over four years together i... See Full BioMore Info
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During fall break, rather than head to my sleepy hometown in upstate New York, I traveled to New York city to get a glimpse of what my post-South Hill life may look like. Along with my fellow Park Scholars, I journeyed to the city on my junior shadowing trip, where I followed the daily routine of Emmy Award–winning,...
Embrace the unknown: Advice from a former Park Scholar
By John Vogan '14
For Park Scholar alumna Lindsey Knox '07, the idea of getting comfortable in life is, well, a rather uncomfortable one. From her first cold-calling days at ICTV's Newswatch 16 to her current work at CNN, this innate rule to push outside the boundaries...
Zach Briggs (a class of 2012 Integrated Marketing Communications major from Elma, New York) spoke with Taylor Graham (a class of 2016 Emerging Media major from Durango, Colorado) about how the Park Scholar Program has impacted his college experience so far.
Zach Briggs: The Park Scholar Program provides much more than financial assistance. How has your...
By Peter Quandt
By Emily LaPierre
Need some help on a resume? Ever wondered how to put a reel together? Looking for some advice for life after graduation?
Each Alumni Weekend, former Park Scholars return to Ithaca and answers questions like these and much more for current scholars. This past weekend's program started off with panels Saturday afternoon on topics such as reel...
By Dylan Van Arsdale
The Roy H. Park School of Communications' legacy came to life this weekend as the campus celebrated its 40th anniversary. Since its founding in 1973, countless students have learned their respective crafts...


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Another day, another round of Chinese whispers.
We'll have to see—or, rather, hear—it to believe it, but sources tell E! News that Chinese Democracy, the comically delayed Guns N' Roses album, will finally be released Nov. 23, exactly 15 years to the day since their last release, The Spaghetti Incident?
The album will be available exclusively at Best Buy on the date—a Sunday, rather than the usual album release day of Tuesday—and will be preceded by two singles. "Shackler's Revenge" debuted last month as part of the Rock Band 2 video game, while "If the World" plays over the closing credits of the Leonardo DiCaprio-Russell Crowe thriller Body of Lies, in theaters today.
Uh, Dr Pepper? Consider your bluff called.
What do you think? Will Axl's industry punchline album make good on its release date?


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The flower bouquet is awesome, but I only gave it three stars because the stand it comes with sucks and doesn't hold it up at all. Read morePublished 1 month ago by Tia
Really class up the join.
Kind of disappointed that it does not come with a stand and it needs some back support in order to stand up on the desk.
Got it for my girlfriend for Valentine's Day(we are young and tight on cash). and she went crazy over it. Read morePublished 17 months ago by Craig
Prompt delivery, it came in a small box. The flower bouquet is two light pieces of rubbery plastic. Its really not that sturdy, but it's designed to be wall mounted. Read morePublished 18 months ago by Joshua Poirier
Ha this is a must for any gamer out there. It's unique cool and pretty cheap. My only complaint is the back is a cheap folding piece of paper which looks terrible but I have it... Read morePublished 21 months ago by Philip D. Laboon
it's good/worth it/you'll like it (stupid 14 more words required.... do ray me fa so la ta do ray mePublished 22 months ago by Chase Griffith


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Susan Cook is a scientist I, Katherine A. Patton is a scientist I, and L. Rochelle Bazemore, PhD, is a staff scientist, all at Diosynth Biotechnology, NC, 919.388.5700, firstname.lastname@example.com
1. Juran J. Quality by Design. Mankato, MN: The Free Press; 1992.
3. US FDA. Guidance for Industry: PAT—a framework for innovative pharmaceutical development, manufacturing, and quality assurance.
Rockville, MD; 2004 Sept.
4. The PAT Team and Manufacturing Science Working Group. Innovation and continuous improvement in pharmaceutical manufacturing—Pharmaceutical
cGMPs for the 21st century. Rockville, MD; Aug 2002.


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Video After The Jump
The RapFest makes a triumphant return to the airwaves with the third episode of their well-received and highly anticipated cipher series. Fans anxiously await each series, to see who's going to be next--and up next. Series…Continue
Added by ChasinDatPaper on October 28, 2014 at 8:30am — No Comments
Thisis50 & Young Jack Thriller recently spoke with Brandon Larkins & Melvin Jackson Jr for an exclusive interview!
Brandon Larkins & Melvin Jackson Jr speaks on The Wire, other acting ventures, gives…Continue
Added by Thisis50 TV on September 29, 2014 at 1:28pm — 2 Comments
Lyrical terror…Continue
Added by NewMusic on September 13, 2014 at 7:30pm — 3 Comments
Video After The Jump
DNA and Smack White addressed the comical back-and-forth between 50 Cent and Floyd Mayweather in this clip from their exclusive interview with VladTV Battle Rap Journalist Michael Hughes. While Smack said little…
Added by ChasinDatPaper on September 13, 2014 at 2:00pm — 3 Comments
Video After The Jump
After a Floyd Mayweather Jr. interview surfaced where he appeared to throw shade at 50 Cent, Nelly and T.I., the G-Unit boss fired back via a series of videos and captions.
"I just…
Added by ChasinDatPaper on August 22, 2014 at 9:00am — 17 Comments
Factory Sealed 3
Hosted By Mike Jones…Continue
Added by Raphenom on July 25, 2014 at 12:13pm — No Comments
(New Interview) Hook Jr Keeps It Real With Kareem Williams
(New Interview) Hook Jr Keeps It Real With Kareem Williams …Continue
Added by Kareem Williams on June 27, 2014 at 9:11pm — No Comments
KC Baynes
Interviews Jah T Jr.…
Added by Raphenom on January 15, 2014 at 1:15pm — No Comments
DJ-EV is gearing up to release the third installment of his B*tch I'm From Cleveland mixtape series. Check out the 1st leak featuring Machine Gun Kelly…Continue
Added by NewMusic on January 9, 2013 at 2:30pm — 3 Comments
dont forget to support us we get the exclusives...
Added by EYE CANDY @DJTRICKS1001 on August 4, 2012 at 5:51am — No Comments
Via RingTV
Calling it "the smartest decision I've made in my career," super middleweight contender Andre Dirrell officially declared himself signed with TMT Promotions, the…Continue
Added by ChasinDatPaper on July 27, 2012 at 7:00pm — 22 Comments
50 Cent is currently in the hospital and is extremely sick. His good friend Floyd Mayweather Jr. is asking fans to keep him in their…Continue
Added by ChasinDatPaper on May 16, 2012 at 7:00pm — 191 Comments
**Update: Mayweather vs Larry Merchant video, Post fight press conference and more pics added**
It's hard to say what was more compelling. Floyd Mayweather Jr.'s dominating performance in winning over Victor…Continue
Added by ChasinDatPaper on September 18, 2011 at 1:00am — 490 Comments
Video After The Jump
On September 17, the biggest name in the sport of boxing returns to the ring.
Floyd Mayweather Jr., boxing's pay-per-view king will put his 41-0 record on the line against…
Added by ChasinDatPaper on July 28, 2011 at 9:00am — 55 Comments
Video After The Jump
Reporter Elie Seckbach caught up with street legend Ricky Ross and talked a lot about Ross's upcoming plans.
Ross revealed that the movie based on his life is still in the works,…
Added by ChasinDatPaper on July 13, 2011 at 4:00pm — 38 Comments
Added by Quincy Taylor on March 18, 2011 at 2:51pm — No Comments
Daddy Nino - Ubereargasms: The Life & Times of David Ruffin Jr
After a long promotional run, Daddy Nino releases his first full-length mixtape titled UberEargasms: The Life & Times of David Ruffin Jr. Daddy Nino and the entire camp wants to extend their thanks to everyone who supports and rocks with us. Tracks To Look Out For: Minnesota, Crave You, & Aisling Sistrunk.
Added by MixtapeDistribution on March 8, 2011 at 9:26am — No Comments
When you're in 50 Cent's tax bracket money isn't an issue.
50 helped his buddy Floyd Mayweather Jr ring in his 34th birthday last night (February 24). The party might still be going on, it looked like they were having a blast along with Zab Judah.…
Added by ChasinDatPaper on February 25, 2011 at 5:30am — 136 Comments
Video After The Jump
On a day that symbolizes peace and unity for our country, someone tried to commit mass murder. And what's worse is that the national media has basically ignored the story.
This past Martin Luther King Day, a bomb was found in…
Added by ChasinDatPaper on February 12, 2011 at 1:30pm — 67 Comments
Added by ChasinDatPaper on January 21, 2011 at 3:00pm — 43 Comments


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Fishing For Memories Benefit Rodeo Set For June 19 Through June 22nd [Audio]
The 6th annual "Fishing For Memories" benefit rodeo is is happening this week, June 19 - June 22nd in Intracoastal City.
The 6th annual "Fishing For Memories" benefit rodeo is is happening this week, June 19 - June 22nd in Intracoastal City.
We were lucky enough to have Frankie call in and chat about The Bunny Bash, his awesome new blue suit and more!
Just a few weeks ago, a lost album was finally released, and now a lost interview from 1996 with Johnny Cash, when the singer was 64 had been released!
Brantley Gilbert stopped by today to hang out for a little while, and I have to say, we had a GREAT time with him! Ladies, if you're wondering what it takes to get in good with Brantley, listen below and you'll find out, and you're welcome.
Today we were honored to have Country Music SUPERSTAR Garth Brooks call in and talk to us a little about his upcoming 2014 tour, his new boxed set "Blame It All on My Roots: Five Decades of Influences".
Ray Boudreaux may not be on The Voice any longer, but that doesn't mean he's slowing down any. As a matter of fact, it means things are just getting started for his career. Ray was nice enough to stop by the studio today and and talk to us about his experience on The Voice, and what his plans are moving forward with his debut album.
We were lucky enough to have our good friend RJ Mitte, Lafayette native and former star of one of the best t.v. shows in history, Breaking Bad stop by today and hang out. So, what is one to do after they wrap up their role on the world record holding Breaking Bad?
We were lucky enough to get, and honored to have, RJ Mitte, star of AMC's "Breaking Bad" on the phone this week to give us his final thoughts on Walter White, and what fans can expect from this Sunday's series finale of "Breaking Bad". RJ and I were both as careful as we could be not to have any spoilers in this interview. So if you're currently binging on Netflix to get caught up, you should be just fine listening to this interview.
Take a quick listen to Charlie talk about that song, the new record, Stephanie Crist's homemade Kahlua, and what's goin' on in the world of Charlie Worsham right now.
This Morning, Bruce and the Kennel Club had a chance to speak with the one and only Mr. Blake Miguez about the History Channel's "Top Shot Season 5 All-Stars". He's back to compete against the show's top contestants to see who is the best of the best.


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Related Artists
Emerging as a skinhead group from the Midlands, Slade became one of the biggest hit machines in the glam era.
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I've given this question much consideration this week and wondered what you thought ...
If the Komets were to make the playoffs, would that make this season a success regardless of what happens after that?
I know the inclination would be to say no, but the more I think about it, I'm not entirely sure.
Many of us were impressed with the amount of talent they put together in the offseason. It seemed to be a particular upgrade over what they had last season when they were affiliated with the Anaheim Ducks.
I was on record as saying I thought the Komets had too many CHL-type players and I was worried about the chemistry that would come with so many new players. I predicted a slow start, a good finish and that they would make it to the conference finals. Not bad predictions, in hindsight, depending how the next few weeks play out.
But never did I imagine they would make 12 trades -- click here to read about the latest ones -- and struggle as much as they have in terms of consistency (especially within games) and at home.
I realize, in the minor leagues, we tend to think it's easier to have a quick turnaround from one season to the next. There's some truth in that, since all teams have so much player turnover; it's not like the NHL where you are going in with at least half your team being the same every single year. In the ECHL, the rosters change especially fast because players get called up or go to Europe, and because affiliations change.
But let's remember where the Komets were a year ago. They were 27-28-2 and among the worst teams. Now, they are 26-20-11 and in eighth place in the conference, and they still have a shot of finishing in fifth. They have maybe the best player in the league, Brandon Marino, who could be the first Komet to lead his league in scoring in about 23 years. They've had one of the top rookies, Scott Fleming, and a goalie, Andrey Makarov, who might just make it to The Show.
They've done it with a new coach and with only three players remaining from last season, when they missed the playoffs for the first time since 2002. The entire organizational philosophy is different from last season, when they were reliant on some aging and familiar players and an affiliation that didn't pay off. The systems are different, the leadership is different.
That's a lot of change and, considering all that, I'm not so sure that we wouldn't be able to view it as a successful season if they make the playoffs.
I'm not naive as to what many of you will say, though. It has been one of the craziest seasons ever. Players defecting, the Mickey Lang-trade ordeal (though getting Aaron Clarke wasn't bad, if not too late), the terrible performances at Memorial Coliseum, a style of play that isn't as fast or exciting as was promised.
But things change. The Komets have been much better after they reshaped the locker room. I think they will make the playoffs, if they can overcome all the injuries. I excuse Gary Graham some mistakes; it's only his second season as a head coach and, yes, it's OK to let someone learn.
If they make the playoffs, while I wouldn't say it was a great season, depending on what happens in the playoffs, I might be willing to say it was a successful one -- simply because of where they were at the end of last year.
- Just to clarify something on the Komets' acquisition of Aaron Clarke. What happened was this: Toledo sent Clarke to Orlando for future considerations, and then Orlando immediately sent him to Fort Wayne to complete the earlier Mickey Lang trade. So, now, Orlando owes Toledo future considerations for Clarke. Who doesn't want Orlando and Fort Wayne to meet in the playoffs?
- I'm going to do an NCAA Tournament bracket for my readers and, hopefully, some of the Komets. I hope you can participate. It's free, but I will have some Komet-related prizes. Click here to join. The group is Ice Chips readers. The password is: wichitainsix. Let me know if it doesn't work for some reason, but you can sign up now and do the bracket next week.


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Inside Iraq - Santa Barbara in the Warzone
Ben Preston, a staff writer for The Santa Barbara Independent, is taking some time off from his usual duties to report from Iraq with the U.S. Army's 425th Civil Affairs Battalion, which is based in Santa Barbara. He'll be spending about a month in the war-torn country, traveling with the unit as they help Iraqis rebuild their country, and reporting about the work here on this blog.
To the Victors Go the Spoils
The sight of Saddam's decaying palaces is the butt of many jokes, but a look at history reveals the weight of global economics brought to bear.
Impressions of a Mercenary Journalist
Things are never what they seem like from far away. Step a little closer and see what's really going on.
Things That Go Boom in the Night
When gunfire and helicopter noise are the norm, an occasional explosion seems a natural part of the cacophony.
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From humanitarian aid to sewage covered soccer fields, all problems are solved by funding.
Changing of the Guard
They rotate in and out, but things are being accomplished in the long run.
Leaving the Shire
Soldier's report Baghdad being safer than it has been in a while. Perhaps business has superseded security.
Different Wavelengths
Observations about local culture and soldiers yarns can give someone who doesn't speak Arabic a unique insight into the fabric of Iraqi society.
Fobbits in Mordor
Security can be both good and bad, and movement is necessary.
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Category Archives: Saucony
Penfield x Saucony 2014 Holiday "60/40″ Pack
Due out November 29 at select retailers, and online December 2. Via hypebeast
Saucony Grid 9000 – Tan / Navy / Coral
available NOW at KITH NYC
Bodega x Saucony Elite "Sweater Pack"
Originally debuted into the Saucony line in 1991, the Shadow 6000 has become a cult favorite of high mileage runners due to the model's extra cushioning and stability. As usual with all Saucony Elite releases, the Sweater Pack is extremely limited. … Continue reading
BAIT x Saucony Shadow Original "Cruel World 3 / Global Warning"
The BAIT x Saucony Shadow Original CruelWorld 3 "Global Warning" will be released on Saturday, September 27, 2014. The shoe was deliberately designed as a winter shoe to be released in the summer, as a way of highlighting Earth's rising … Continue reading
Play Cloths x Saucony "Strange Fruit" Collection
The Play Cloths/Saucony "Strange Fruit" Collection is available now HERE
#TwitterKicks – @Mayimbe181 Rockin The Extra Butter x Saucony Shadow Master "Space Snack"
Saucony Grid 9000 "Sprite"
Inspired by the popular soda the Saucony Grid 9000 "Sprite" is Available now at FeatureSneakerBoutique
Anteater x Saucony Jazz Original "Sea & Sand"
Russian retailer Anteater have collabed with Saucony to create their interpretation of the Jazz Original. nicknamed the "Sea and Sand" – Due out June 21st @ Hanon
Extra Butter x Saucony Grid 9000 "ACES"
The Extra Butter // Saucony collab is the newest addition to this Premium Pack, which features high quality suede constructions of the classic Grid 9000 stands out with this colorway in vibrant orange suede !! Price: $130 – Head over to … Continue reading
White Mountaineering x Saucony Shadow
Japanese brand White Mountaineering and Saucony have now taken on the Shadow Original, living up to the high standards set by their previous creations. Maintaining the high level of material quality, they are constructed with full uppers compromising of tonal and superbly … Continue reading
#WDYWT – @Mohy_23 Rockin The Foot Patrol // Saucony Shadow 6000
Saucony x West NYC Shadow 5000 "Cabin Fever"
The Saucony x West NYC Shadow 5000 "Cabin Fever" drops tomorrow in limited quantities. WEST NYC


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Organic Spray Tan
Organic Spray Tan by Chocolate Sun
The Viana Hotel and Spa, located on Long Island is now proud to offer an Organic Spray Tan. Chocolate Sun is an all natural sunless solution made with organically grown ingredients. Our technician will choose the appropriate solution for your skin type and the end result is a beautiful natural glowing tan.
This organic sunless tanning treatment is:
- Custom blended for your skin type
- Made with organcically grown botanicals and herbs
- Antioxidant-infused to protect and condition the skin
- Sun protection factor of 30 until your first shower
- Contains no harsh chemicals
- Natural looking on light or dark skin
* Preparation: Before your session, make sure you shower & exfoliate. Do not use an oil-based exfoliator. A wash cloth or gloves work best but never harshly scrub your skin. You should be free of make-up, moisturizer, perfume. For best results, schedule manicure, pedicure, waxing at least a day or two before the tan. If you are unable to prep your skin, we offer an in-SPA exfoliation. Remember to wear loose clothing.
* After Tanning: Wait at least 8 hours after the tan is applied to shower.
Full Body $55
Half Body $35


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In recent years, we know very few people with kids who have opted to buy domestic minivans as the primary family hauler. More often than not, we hear the Odyssey and Sienna names put forth, followed by an assortment of SUVs, domestic and otherwise. Some people have undoubtedly abandoned a domestic brand for one of the Japanese big guns. This isn't surprising, since the Odyssey and Sienna do the job very well.
Now comes word in Automotive News that fleet sales are keeping up the illusion that the domestics' position in this segment is merely calamitous and not utterly cataclysmic. Rick Kranz points out that from January through October '06, fleets accounted for 65-percent of Ford Freestar sales, 62-percent of Chevy Uplander sales, and over 40-percent of the DCX vans. And what of the Odyssey? Fleets account for 1 percent of sales. No wonder Ford and GM are all about the crossover nowadays. Their minivans are the stars in a Weekend at Bernies sequel in which they're playing the part of Bernie.
Ford's bailing out and pulling the ripcord labeled "FAIRLANE," while GM prepares its trio of new large crossovers -- the Saturn Outlook, GMC Acadia, and Buick Enclave -- with hopes for 130,000 in combined sales, according to North American sales veep Mark LaNeve. Chrysler, which as the inventor of the minivan has a lot of prestige on the line, will stay in the fight and unveil its fully redesigned vans at the Detroit show next week.
The overall market for minivans has been shrinking for several years in a row, and many of the automakers point to that as justification for looking to crossovers. We doubt that Honda and Toyota execs are fretting, however, since the (real) people buying minivans are apparently choosing theirs. Chrysler knows what it's doing here, so we hope to see something good next week. The market may be shrinking, but there is still a market for the things. It just takes a high-quality product to compete.
[Source: Automotive News - Sub. Req.]


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1957 Mercury Wagon Turnpike Cruiser. This was a special order 2 door Commuter model. The car needs a full restoration and ran when parked... More
1957 Mercury Turnpike Cruiser 2dr hardtop. Car has been in storage the last 23 years (So. Calif.). Very nice driver quality car, shows and... More
Here is a 1957 Mercury Turnpike Cruiser 2 door hardtop in two tone Brazilian Bronze and Pastel Peach. The car is equipped with a... More
4 Door Hardtop V-8 Automatic, 368 - C.I.D. Engine Merc-O-Matic Transmission w/ Keyboard Control Push Buttons Power Brakes & Steering Seat-O-Matic Automatically Adjusting Seat Power Windows Breezeway Power Rear Window RPM... More
1957 Meteor Rideau 500 4dr ht Victoria, 292 cu.in. 2 bbl Fordomatic A British Columbia car until 2011,no rust.beautiful interior.A very nice driver quality No 3 car. Ready... More
1957 Mercury Monterey with Turnpike cruiser option. Very few were sold. 368 engine. 4 headlights. Steel belted radial tires made by Coker.... More
Over the top iconic '57 Mercury 2 door. Finished in Moonmist Yellow and Classic White. For 1957, Mecury totally restyled its line up. The... More
1957 Mercury Montclair Phaeton Hardtop Coupe. Excellent. Extraordinary restoration to very high standards. Many N.O.S. ( New Old Stock ) parts were used throughout. Sunset Orchid and Tuxedo... More
Extremely rare to see, this 1957 Mercury Station wagon is definitely a stand out. The white and gold exterior gives and antique feel while... More
1957 Mercury( Canadian built Ford )1/2 ton pickup,a decent,older restoration,of a solid,original truck,finished in the striking,factory Vermillion Red powered by the reliable,economical 223 cu.in.... More
MERCURY: 1957 Turnpike Cruiser 4-door, black, 52,000 original miles, a/c, power brakes, new radials, perfect interior, car is in #1 condition, all original, everything... More


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Eastbound lanes of I-4 opened after car fire
Published On: Apr 19 2014 02:50:44 PM EDT
Updated On: Apr 19 2014 04:15:48 PM EDT
Updated On: Apr 19 2014 04:15:48 PM EDT
Volusia County firefighters shut down eastbound lanes of Interstate 4 because of a car fire.
Firefighters said they shut down all eastbound lanes of Interstate 4 near Interstate 95 because of a car fire.
Firefighters were able to quickly extinguish the flames and traffic is backed up to mile marker 130 traffic officials said.
Florida Highway Patrol took over the investigation and all lanes of eastbound Interstate 4 were opened by 4 p.m.
Firefighters could not advise if there were any injuries.
Stay with Local 6 for more on this story.
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