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A data entry device wherein key switches may be pressed singly and in combination to generate a binary number corresponding to specific characters and character combinations. A preferred embodiment of the invention contemplates ten key switches, each key switch corresponding to a different terminating member of an operator's hand, such that a 10-digit binary number is generated. Other embodiments of the present invention contemplate a programmable keyboard wherein characters and character combinations generated by user operation of the keyboard are stored in a portable memory for later access by the operator. Additionally, the device may be operated in reverse such that binary numbers corresponding to characters and character combinations may be converted to patterns of tactile sensations perceived as characters and character combinations.
1. A computer data entry keyboard comprising:
ten key-switches, each key-switch corresponding to, in continuous intimate contact with, and adapted to be selectably operated by a particular terminating member of a pair of operator's hands, said switches being selectably operable singly and in combination to generate a ten digit binary number, each digit of said binary number corresponding to a particular terminating member of said operator's hands;
user alterable memory means for storing character and character combinations in sequential memory addresses, including:
(a) read only memory means for storing and retrieving standard characters and character combinations, each corresponding to a particular one of said selective ten digit binary number; and
(b) a random access module for operation in an alter mode wherein operation of said key switches stores characters and character combinations each corresponding to a particular one of said selected ten digit binary numbers, at sequential memory addresses to labels key switches as desired, and for operation in an access mode wherein operation of said key switches retrieves characters and character combinations, each corresponding to said particular one of said ten digit binary numbers, from said sequential memory addresses; and
memory address table means for converting table locations each corresponding to a different ten digit binary number generated by selected operation of said key switches to memory addresses corresponding to starting memory addresses of characters and sequential character combinations.
2. A programmable information entry keyboard, comprising:
a plurality of key switches, each keyswitch corresponding to, in continuous intimate contact with, and adapted to be selectably operated by a particular terminating member of an operator's hand, said switches being selectably operable singly and in combination to generate a corresponding binary number, each digit of said number corresponding to a particular terminating member of said operator's hand; and
memory means for storing characters and character combinations at sequential memory addresses, wherein said key switches are selectably operable singly and in combination to generate an alter code such that said memory means is placed in an access mode in which said key switches are operable to select a starting memory address and to store corresponding sequential characters and character combinations into said memory means beginning at said address to label said key switches as desired, and wherein said key switches are operable to generate an exit code such that the memory means is placed in an access mode in which said key switches are operable to select a starting memory address to retrieve corresponding and sequential characters and character combinations from said memory means beginning at said memory address in response to said selected key switch operation.
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to devices for entering data into computers and, in particular, to a keyboard for entering data into computers by pressing the keys of the keyboard singly and in combination.
2. Description of the Prior Art
In the beginning, there was Guttenberg and movable type. Man no longer had to chisel characters into stone or laboriously hand draft them onto parchment. If someone had an idea, he need only write it down once and unlimited copies could be made; if someone needed knowledge, he could look it up in a book.
The development of civilization is directly linked to improvements in communication of information between people. Thus, printing led to the invention of the typewriter; the typewriter led to the invention of the computer.
Following the invention of the computer, the physicl speed limits of communication were rapidly approached. People had always thought faster than their machines could be operated. For example, the typewriter keyboard was originally laid out in a manner that inhibited typing speed. The machine just couldn't keep up with the typist. To remedy this the QWERTY keyboard was developed.
With the computer, machines began thinking faster than people. The actual movement of fingers across a typewriter keyboard is now a serious physical limitation hampering the speed of data and information transfer. It is estimated that a good typist's fingers can travel from 12 to 20 miles in a day's work using standard QWERTY keyboards. The jumping and hurdling of fingers from key to key increases physical exertion by the typist. Additionally, significant mental effort is expended in finding proper key/finger registration. The registration problem is most pronounced in the case of a blind or handicapped typist. Furthermore, the traditional keyboard attains unwieldy proportions when adapted for symbolic alphabets, such as Chinese.
While almost everything else related to computers has become smaller, simpler, cheaper, and more efficient, keyboards have become larger, more complex, more expensive, and less efficient. Current keyboards can have almost one hundred keys: alphabetic, numeric keypad, cursor movement control, and function buttons. Touch typing on such keyboards is no longer possible. And one keying error can lose an operator hours of work. Moreover, these keyboard layouts are not standardized so that, as more different computers are used, more time must be spent learning the new layouts and more errors are endured during the learning.
There has been recognition in the prior art that keyboards have not evolved with advances in technology. Yet, the fastest modern computer, as one of its basic components, still has a primitive QWERTY keyboard for entering data.
About 50 years ago, August Dvorak introduced a simplified keyboard that grouped and centralized commonly used letters. Although there was some increase in speed, the system never caught on.
A more recent attempt at reorganizing the standard QWERTY keyboard has been made by Lillian Malt and Stephen Hobday in a system referred to as the Maltron system. The Maltron system offers no reduction in number of keys to be operated or in the amount of finger movement necessary to operate the keys. Although the Dvorak and Maltron keyboards are easier to use, they exhibit no new principle and are just as difficult to learn as the standard QWERTY keyboard. It is doubtful that business enterprises can justify the time it takes to train typists on these systems. It would take decades of slightly increased productivity resulting from such traning to recover the initial training cost.
A 12-key data entry system was proposed by Jarmann in U.S. Pat. No. 2,581,665. The system involved two hand-operated drums, each drum having 6 finger-operated keys. To enter data the operator's fingers pressed one of the 12 keys. The drums were rotated to four possible positions corresponding to four rows of keys. Thus, data entry required twisting the drums and pressing the keys in combination. This was a rather clumsy mechanical arrangement for operating a standard QWERTY keyboard with solenoids and motors. Basically an attempt to make manual typewriters into electric typewriters, this device was not successful.
A one-handed data entry device shown by Seibel in U.S. Pat. No. 3,220,878 takes the form of a glove worn over the operator's hand. The operator's fingers were moved to several different positions to generate different characters. Such a system is extremely fatiguing and registration is exceedingly difficult to learn.
Alferieff in U.S. Pat. No. 3,428,747, shows a condensedd keyboard where the amount of finger movement is slightly reduced, although mental effort is increased significantly. Each finger was still responsible for several keys; the close proximity of the keys probably made frequent errors the rule rather than the exception when using the device.
A one-handed keyboard is suggested by Bequaert et al. in U.S. Pat. No. 4,420,777. Again, the operator must press several keys with each finger. Much mental effort is required to remember finger placement. Although the keys may be pressed in combination, there is still a significant amount of awkward finger movement required during operation. The proximity of the finger keys to each other makes operation of the keyboard confusing, fatiguing, and conducive to operator error. Additionally, the thumb is expected to be stretched across four keys while stretching the fingers across 10 keys with dozens of possible combinations. This is hardly a simplification of the standard QWERTY keyboard.
The present invention is a device for entering data into a computer or other such data processing or data storage medium. In one embodiment of the invention, the keyboard consists of 10 keys--one for each terminating member of an operator's hand. The keys are pressed singly and in combination to create 10-digit binary numbers. A small computer within the keyboard uses the binary numbers to access an internal table of unique strings of ASCII characters. The characters are output to a main computer.
The keys are of a unique, novel, and unobvious construction in that fluid filled sacs are interposed between the electrical contacts of the keyboard switches and the operator's fingers. The result is an effortless yet positive keystroke providing a natural tactile sensation wherein the finger is not stopped with a jolt but rather with a gradually increasing resistance as the fluid is compressed.
Another embodiment of my invention comtemplates operator programming of the keyboard for personal or specialized characters and character combinations. These personal character "codes" may be stored in a removable memory chip having a separate "keep alive" power supply. The operator may use these "codes" at any other keyboard of this type. Thus, each keyboard is personal to the particular operator and specialized for the particular application.
Additionally, a further embodiment of my invention contemplates a reverse keyboard wherein terminating members of a receiving person's hand are stimulated singly and in combination to transfer information from a computer or other such device to the receiving person.
The present invention is best understood by referring to the specification and the following drawings, in which:
FIG. 1 is a block diagram of an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a block diagram of a memory addressing scheme according to the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a flow diagram showing a keystroke sequence according to the present invention;
FIG. 4 is a flow diagram of a keyboard programming sequence according to the present invention;
FIG. 5 is a perspective view of one embodiment of the keyboard according to the present invention; and
FIG. 6 is a side, cross-sectional view of a key switch according to the present invention.
The present invention is a device for entering data into a computer or other such data processing or data storage medium by operation of the key switches on a keyboard singly and in combination. The data entry device 10 is shown in block diagram in FIG. 1.
A keyboard 12 consists of a plurality of key switches 16. The key switches 16 may be operated singly or in combination; each key switch corresponds to a digit in a binary member. Keyboard 12 has ten key switches 16; therefore, each key switch 16 is a particular digit in a 10-digit binary number. The keyboard may have many different shapes, as is appropriate for the particular application, although its operation is the same in each instance.
The binary number generated by operation of the key switches is routed across bus 19 to an input port 29. The input port acts as a buffer between keyboard 12 and CPU 30.
When the keyboard is operated, a binary number is presented to the CPU. In one embodiment of my invention, the CPU triggers a tone 33 each time it receives a binary number from the keyboard. Another embodiment of my invention contemplates the generation of a different tone for each number of keys pressed. Thus, if four keys are pressed, one tone is generated; if seven keys are pressed, another tone is generated, and so on. The purpose of the tone is to provide audible feedback to a keyboard operator in much the same way the clicking of typewriter keys against a typewriter roller confirms that the paper has been struck. The generation of a different tone for each number of keys pressed provides reassurance that the correct number of key switches have been pressed by the operator.
When CPU 30 receives a binary number from the keyboard 12 (FIG. 1), a corresponding memory address is accessed. The CPU 30 looks at that memory address in the read only memory (ROM) 27 to locate a character or a series of characters corresponding to the binary number of generated at the keyboard. Addressing is indirect as shown in FIG. 2 and discussed below. In a different embodiment of my invention the CPU, if unable to locate the memory address corresponding to the keyboard input binary number in a random access memory (RAM) 26 containing additional characters and character combinations, then looks into the ROM.
When the CPU has found the desired memory address, the ROM 27 (or RAM 26) returns the corresponding character or character combination to the CPU. In one embodiment of my invention, the CPU scrolls the characters and character combinations across a display 32. The display may provide immediate visual feedback of characters or character combinations as they are generated or it may provide verification of address contents or address availability during a "write" mode discussed below. The characters or character combinations retrieved from memory are transmitted through output port 28 to a computer, or other data processing or data storage device.
The keyboard 12 is composed of a plurality of key switches 16. The arrangement in FIGS. 1 and 5 shows ten key switches arranged in two banks 14 and 15. Key switch bank 14 is operated by the user's left hand; key switch bank 15 is operated by the user's right hand. Each key switch on each key switch bank corresponds to a different terminating member of the operator's hand (FIG. 5).
In FIG. 5, the keyboard 12 is shown as comprising two grips corresponding to key switch banks 14 and 15. Thus, the left hand 22 has terminating members 23 operating left hand key bank 14; the right hand 20 has terminating members 21 operating right hand key bank 15.
The arrangement in the embodiment shown in FIG. 5 comprises 10 key switches 16, each key switch corresponding to a digit in a 10 digit binary member. Therefore, there are 1,024 combinations of key switch operation. Operation of the key switches in combination is referred to as chording, much like the chording of a musical instrument.
In another embodiment of my invention the hand operated key switches may be augmented by the addition of foot, elbow, knee, etc. switches to provide an even greater number of possible combinations. Thus, the number of possible characters and character combinations may be considerable enough to include symbolic or pictographic alphabets such as Chinese or Japanese.
Additionally, the keyboard is readily adaptable for use by handicapped persons. Thus, in the case of quadriplegia wherein the handicapped person may only have the use of a few toes or facial muscles, the keyboard may have a rather large, built-in vocabulary to enable that person to communicate with others using words built upon keyboard chording.
The key switches incorporated into my invention are of a novel and unique configuration. The key switch 16 normally has a substrate 44 supporting two normally open contacts 17. A membrane 45 seals the contacts from the environment. The present invention (FIG. 6) includes a fluid filled hemispherical sac 18. Pressing the sac 18 with a terminating member of an operator's hand, for example, compresses the fluid. The fluid 50 may be a liquid, a gel, or other such compressible fluid, depending upon desired keyboard "touch". The force imparted to the sac is communicated through the fluid 50 of the switch contacts 17, thereby closing the switch. In this way, the key switches have a very natural, typewriter keyboard feel. The result is an effortless yet positive key stroke providing a natural tactile sensation. The volume of the hemispheres may be slightly altered by a screw arrangement so the operator can adjust the sensitivity of each sac to suit his habits. Thus, the finger-tips may always rest on the sacs, thereby greatly reducing physical movement and fatigue. Because the fingers need move far shorter distance than with conventional keyboards, operator keying speed is enormously increased.
FIG. 3 is a flow diagram of a key stroke sequence. At the start (100) of a data entry the CPU 30 watches for the operation of key switches (sac strokes) and waits until a sac stroke is detected (102).
The terminating members of the operator's hand do not all press with the same force at the same time. The CPU includes a timing loop means (not shown) that continually reads the keyboard output as presented through port 29 to the CPU. Each time the input is read a corresponding binary number is generated. During the several cycles of scanning the keyboard output, the size of the binary number produced varies because all of the key switches are not closed simultaneously. The CPU continually scans the input from the keyboard until the largest number generated during the sac stroke is detected. The CPU then uses the detected binary number to do a table lookup (103).
FIG. 2 shows a binary number (43) generated by the keyboard 12 during a sac stroke sequence. In the example, the binary number corresponds to 310. The CPU checks a memory address table 35 within the memory means 24 (103). The address at the memory address table 35 corresponding to the binary number from the keyboard contains the starting address of the character or character combinations in memory table 34. More than one character may be stored for each sac stroke. In the example, the number 310 at memory address table 35 corresponds to memory table address 60.
Memory table address 60 is the starting point for a particular character combination corresponding to the binary number generated by keyboard operation. The memory table is read sequentially from the starting point until a stop is encountered. In the example of FIG. 2, addresses 60, 61, 62, and 63 are read. Address 60 contains the letter T, 61 the letter H, 62 the letter E, and 63 a stop. Thus, the word "THE" (42) is routed to the output ports 28 and thence to a computer or other such device.
Referring to FIG. 3, in one embodiment of the present invention the CPU first looks for the memory address in a RAM memory address table (104). If the memory address is found in the RAM table, the memory is read sequentially from the RAM (108) and data is output (109) until a stop is encountered (110) in the RAM memory. When a stop is encountered the CPU waits for the next sac stroke (114). If the memory address is not in the RAM table the CPU does an additional table look up (105) to determine if the memory address is in the ROM memory table (106). Additionally, a ROM table look-up is performed if an "empty" marker is found in the RAM at a given location. This allows the user the option of "overriding" various ROM locations in favor of RAM locations containing personal or special characters or character combinations.
If the CPU does not find the memory address in the ROM table, then there is an error (107). If the address is in the ROM table, the memory is read sequentially (111) and the data located is output (112) until a stop is encountered (113) in the ROM memory. This process repeats until the stop is encountered, at which point the CPU waits for the next sac stroke (114).
In another embodiment of my invention a RAM containing strings of ASCII characters may be included. The RAM is programmable by an operator such that, within the limitations of storage space in the RAM, personalized character combinations may be stored, such as names, addresses, etc. The RAM is personal to the operator or specific to the particular application. Thus, an individual may carry his own personal RAM with him much like an identification card. To protect the contents of and access to a personal RAM, one embodiment of the RAM is "password protected" and requires user entry of a personal identification code. The RAM is interchangeable in any machine equipped with my invention such that the operator can use his personal RAM on any device constructed according to the present invention. In this way, any office equipped with my invention becomes instantly personal to the operator or specific for the applications to which the invention is to be put. A "keep alive" power source is provided with the RAM to retain data entered therein.
A typical programming sequence for the RAM is illustrated in FIG. 4. At a start position (200) the CPU is waiting for a sac stroke (202) as discussed earlier. If a sac stroke is not detected, the CPU continues waiting (201). When a sac stroke is detected, the CPU looks for a particular sac stroke binary number corresponding to the programming access code (203). If a programming access code is not detected the keyboard operates as is shown in FIG. 3 (211). If a programming access code is detected, the RAM is set to a WRITE mode and the CPU monitors its input for following sac strokes (204). If sac strokes are not encountered the CPU continues to wait (205).
After a programming access code is entered by an operator, the operator next enters the memory address to be programmed through the keyboard. The CPU monitors the keyboard such that the memory address selected by the operator is placed into the memory address table (206). Memory addresses containing data may have their contents altered or "written over." When an "occupied" address is encountered, the display indicates that the address is already assigned and the operator must verify that he wants to alter said address. Altering a given address may require rearranging the entire RAM memory table. For instance, a shorter character combination would leave an empty spot in memory; a longer character combination could cause an overlap with another character combination. Memory management and associated housekeeping takes place at the end of a WRITE session such that memory is allocated in an efficient manner.
After the programming access code is entered and the memory address is written into the memory address table, the operator may then enter sac strokes into the RAM memory corresponding to desired sequences of characters. A display may be included to verify correct data entry. The CPU monitors the keyboard for sac strokes (207) and waits (208) until they are detected. The CPU also watches for a programming exit code (209). Until the programming exit code is detected, characters corresponding to operator sac strokes are placed into memory (210).
The programming exit code can be the entry of a stop code into memory (212). However, for programming more than one character combination into memory several memory address table locations may be necessary. In this instance, the detection of the entry of a stop code may place the keyboard in a condition to write another memory address into the memory address table. The process of programming the memory with character combinations then continues until a programming exit code is detected (209) at which point operation of the device returns to memory access (211) as shown in FIG. 3.
A still further embodiment of my invention contemplates converting binary numbers supplied by a computer or other storage device into tactile impulses. Thus, the keyboard shown in FIG. 5 operates in reverse. Electromechanical devices such as solenoids or transducers can be substituted for the key switches 16 such that a blind or handicapped person would perceive patterns of sensations corresponding to characters, character combinations, or a vocabulary of different words. Additionally, the device can be fitted to animals such that the various combinations of tactile sensations correspond to simple commands to the animal.
Learning to operate the present invention is a simple matter. A suggested table of character "codes" follows in which key combinations represent the letters of the alphabet.
______________________________________Keys Character Keys Character______________________________________45 space 48 f56 e 14 g35 t 23 y46 a 68 p34 o 16 w57 n 27 b25 r 38 v36 i 13 k47 s 78 x24 h 17 j58 d 28 q67 l 12 z15 u26 c37 m______________________________________
Each terminating member of an operator's hand has been numbered (FIG. 5) starting with the left hand pinky as ".0." and ending with the right hand pinky as "9". The character codes have been logically assigned based on frequency of distribution of a particular letter in the alphabet and on relative strength of the various terminating members. Thus, the thumbs (4, 5) generate a "space", the index fingers (3, 6) generate the "i", and the pinkies are not assigned. The pinkies are used as shift keys in generating upper-case alphabetics, punctuation, and special characters. Additional characters, numbers, punctuation, and character combinations may be assigned "codes" as necessary.
To learn the various codes many mneumonic devices are available and have been available for centuries. For example, a method of converting digits to English consonant sounds and associating items on lists to be remembered with each other is suggested in The Memory Book by Lucas and Loraine. Other systems may also be used to each the various codes.
The present invention may have many applications and embodiments as evidenced from the foregoing. Therefore, the scope of the invention should be limited only by the breadth of the following claims.
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November 26, 2014
GRAND JUNCTION, Colo. Spurred by their three wins over the Regis Rangers on Saturday and Sunday in which they outscored their opponent 23-4 over that span, the Mavericks moved up a few spots in the DII coaches poll.
They were number 30 last week and they jumped to 27 on Monday.
Monday afternoon, they got the four game sweep, knocking off the Rangers 11-2.
Kyle Davis won his first game of the year, pitching six innings, while giving up just three hits and striking out five.
Kevan Elcock led the team with 3 RBI's.
They will host Colorado Mines in another four-game set next weekend.
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The valuable contribution of kindergarten support staff has been recognised with a pay increase, despite the significant funding cuts that the kindergarten associations are experiencing.
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News that the school decile funding system will be reviewed ignores the real issue in primary school resourcing – a 7.5% reduction in funding between 2013 and 2018.
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Primary schools remain strongly opposed to the government's Investing in Educational Success policy despite strong attempts by the Ministry of Education to sell the policy to them.
Primary principals are astounded by the Prime Minister's latest comments about hunger in schools. When questioned in parliament last night about hungry school children, John Key said that at all the decile 1-4 schools he had visited, principals and t
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1950s Kitchen Appliances With Marble Table
1950s Kitchen Appliances : 1950s Kitchen Appliances With Marble Table
The cool picture above, is segment of 1950s Kitchen Appliances write-up which is categorised within Appliances category and published at April 18th, 2013 11:20:42 AM by Peverell Bélair
The 1950s Kitchen Appliances
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Adam Sinks the USS Brooklyn
Adam Sinks the USS Brooklyn
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Nov 17, 2014
ABU DHABI [MENL] -- The Gulf Cooperation Council summit scheduled to takeplace in Qatar has been delayed amid rising tension with the U.S.-backedemirate.
Nov 04, 2014
LONDON [MENL] -- Saudi Arabia has decided to launch a $3 billion militaryaid program to Lebanon.
Oct 27, 2014
ABU DHABI [MENL] -- Saudi Arabia's controversial religious police has beengiven a new role -- to block the social media.
Oct 26, 2014
WASHINGTON [MENL] -- A poll has reported that most Gulf Arab nationalssupport peace with Israel and oppose the United States.


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Thank you for that tip Carol - I was entering an "O" at first and it wasn't working!
Nameless posted this 2 years ago
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Intel: All Is Not Well In Mobile, But We're Not Embarrassed
This week it came out that Intel is combining its money-draining mobile unit with its traditional PC unit. The chipmaker's official line for this corporate reorganization is that the technology between PCs and mobile have begun to blur. That may be true, but it's also going to make it harder to tell how well Intel is doing in getting its silicon read »Aaron Tilley, Forbes Staff


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Film Review: Open House (1987)
SYNOPSIS: Someone is killing off nubile real estate agents. A psychologist doing a therapy talk show begins getting calls from the perpetrator, and cooperates with the police to try and stop him. Unfortunately, his lover is a real estate agent, and when it becomes clear that the madman is getting information for his kills from her discarded home listings, they both become endangered. REVIEW: Open House is one of those 80s slasher movies that attempts … Continue reading
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why the name calling ?? just look what the stock did today and again look at their earning sheets!!Did you compare they both?Back to $30 soon
Hbaumann61,Considering the baseless nature of your argument, "very disapointing (sic) earnings just announced" I'd think you should be very happy with a label of simply "stupid". Especially since you persist.This was another great quarter for HP, and an outlook of continued growth! With oil again flirting with the $100 bbl. level, we should continue to HP's stock price rise. Gomek
duh , look at HP todayGreat earning my ...But I hand it to you, you are a very smart person!!!!I say we will see $40 before seeing $60Keep going with the name calling!


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Our Roadside Assistance number is 1800-102-4645 (Toll Free), (0124) 2564645 (Call charges apply).The Retail RSA policy can be purchased from authorized Hyundai Workshop at nominal price:
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** : Road traffic accident covered for vehicles sold after 1st March 2014


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Trace the pattern pieces from the pattern sheet following the lines and markings for the correct size and the correct style (107A). (This pattern also includes pattern pieces, lines and markings for style 108 and 107B that should be ignored.)
Trace the neck yokes from pieces 21 and 22 as separate pattern pieces.
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"I don't believe this is an isolated incident. You know what? Sidney is going to have to take a hard look again at himself. Who knows what this does to his work visa? Who knows what it does to next year? Nobody wants to see this happen, but sometimes those are the wake-up calls."
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"[Sidney Crosby , the 17-year-old center expected to the No. 1 pick in the delayed NHL Entry Draft,] has made it clear that he doesn't want to be a replacement player, ... It's always a possibility, but that's a little bit premature. But we are exploring our options from a legal standpoint."
"Sidney Crosby is going to play where Sidney Crosby and his agent decide he's going to play. Any player who has reached the age of 18 by Sept. 15 is eligible to play in our league if he is appropriately under contract."
"When you have guys like Sidney Rice to throw to, it doesn't take a whole lot. Those guys just made plays, ... The offensive line protected me well most of the night. We were having trouble hearing but we kept plugging away and plugging away."


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A man who died Sunday afternoon at the scene of a single vehicle crash on Woods Road in northwest Allen County has been identified as Brett Patrick Yunker, 23, of Fort Wayne, according to the Allen County Coroner's Office.
Preliminary autopsy findings found the cause of death was blunt force trauma in a vehicle accident, the coroner's office said in a statement.
Yunker is the 24th person to die in a traffic crash in Fort Wayne and Allen County this year.
The incident remains under investigation by the Allen County Police Department and the coroner's office.


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Deborah fell in love with this gorgeous multi-tiered La Sposa gown the minute she slipped...
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EDUCATION ON THE ROAD TO EXCELLENCE - What Matters in K-12 Mathematics and Science? Effective Strate
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Through its Committee on Education and Human Resources, the National Science Board is undertaking a series of three field hearings beginning in the Spring of 1998. Field hearings will enable the Board, through panels featuring invited participants, to present information on NSF-funded projects in various geographic regions.The field hearings are designed to fill a niche in policy discussions and deliberations within the scientific and educational communities. The National Science Board - composed of 24 eminent scientists, engineers, and educators - serves not only as the governing body of the National Science Foundation (NSF), but also as policy advisor to the President and Congress. In both capacities, it is important that the Board systematically interact with the broader public and various communities in fulfilling its mandate.
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My friend Jared Bernstein had a piece in the NYT warning against plans to eliminate the corporate income tax. He argues that the corporate income is paid primarily by owners of capital, who in turn are primarily wealthy people. Therefore, if we eliminate the corporate income tax we will be giving a big tax break to the wealthy.
This is largely true. Eliminating the corporate income tax without some major increases in the personal tax rates for high income people would be a big gift to the wealthy. And as much as we would all like to help our favorite billionaires, they are probably not the ones most in need of a hand at the moment.
But the story on elimination may be a bit brighter than Jared implies. First, it is important to remember that not all of the corporate income tax comes out of corporate profits. Due to feedback effects (less investment), some portion will come out of wages. The model used by the Tax Policy Center of the Urban Institute and Brookings Institution put the split at 80 percent profits and 20 percent wages. This means that if we lose $100 billion in corporate income taxes we are effectively losing $80 billion in revenue from rich people.
But even this is somewhat of an overstatement. If companies had $80 billion in additional after-tax profits, then they would pay roughly half of this out in dividends, or $40 billion. If we assume for simplicity that all of this is paid to high end individuals, then we will tax back 20 percent of this amount or $8 billion. (Dividends are taxed at roughly half of the rate of normal income. This would presumably change if we eliminated the corporate income tax.) This means the net loss of revenue from rich people is $72 billion.
Now let's consider the tax evasion industry that is created by the corporate income tax. The corporate income tax use to raise close to 4.0 percent of GDP. In recent years it has been less than 2.0 percent even though corporate profits are at a record high as a share of income. Part of the drop is explained by a drop in the top tax rate from 50 percent to 35 percent. However most of this decline is explained by more effective forms of tax avoidance or evasion. (Avoidance is legal.)
The question is, how much will a company pay to avoid paying $100 in income taxes? The answer is up to $99.99. There are a lot of companies that are paying lots of money to avoid paying corporate income taxes. It is likely that a very substantial portion of that lost 2.0 percentage points of GDP in corporate income taxes ($350 billion a year in today's economy) is instead being paid to the income tax avoidance industry (a.k.a. the financial sector).
To take one important example, much of the bread and butter of the private equity industry is bringing creative tax schemes to smaller businesses that lacked the expertise to do it themselves. To personalize this some, think of Mitt Romney. Much of the story of his wealth was the corporate income tax. By devising clever schemes that allowed businesses his firm took over to escape the tax, he was able to resell these businesses at an enormous profit. In this way, the corporate income tax is not just a way of taking money from rich people, it is also a way to give money to rich people by creating enormous profit opportunities in altogether unproductive areas of the economy.
And Mitt Romney's wealth has direct ramifications for the rest of us. Suppose Mitt Romney spends a big chunk of his wealth building a big new house. In the context of a depressed economy, any spending is good for growth and jobs, so his consumption is a net plus just like anyone else's consumption. However as we start to get to the point where the inflation hawks are bringing enough pressure to bear on the Fed to force it to raise interest rates and slow the economy, Romney's construction project will effectively be crowding out other spending. The Fed will be raising rates sooner than it otherwise would have because of the riches Romney accumulated from designing ways to avoid the corporate income tax.
If we assume that roughly half of the drop in corporate income tax is now income for the tax avoidance industry, then this means that we are giving them 1.0 percent of GDP to raise 1.15 percent of GDP (0.72*1.6 percent of GDP raised in corporate income taxes) in taxes from rich people.
In this fuller context, the corporate income tax is a much more questionable proposition. It seems very plausible that we could design a system that will raise as much money from the rich with an increase in personal tax rates, while at the same time destroying the tax avoidance industry.
That's right, you might have thought there was a debate on whether the neo-liberal policies pursued by Brazil and other Latin American countries promoted or retarded growth, but the NYT settled the issue. It refers to the policies put in place by Social Democratic Party from 1994-2002 and then tells readers:
"The measures vanquished galloping inflation, opening the way for the next decade's growth."
This voice of authority should perhaps explain why it took seven years of moderate inflation before growth could pick up. Inflation fell back to 6.9 percent in 1997 (it had been over 1000 percent), the growth rate crossed 5.0 percent in 2004 and remained at a respectable pace until the world financial crisis led to a recession in 2009.
A Vox piece on soaring textbook prices told readers:
"And the college textbook market has changed, too. Publishers used to spread out the cost of a new edition over five years before publishing the next edition and starting the cycle over. Since the publishing industry began consolidating in the 1980s — five major publishers now control 80 percent of the market — competition has become keener, and the window before a new edition has narrowed from five years to three. That means higher prices so that publishers can recoup the costs and make a profit."
Let's see, competition has become keener as the industry got more concentrated, causing prices to rise? That doesn't sound like the textbook economics I learned.
This sounds more like a story where an industry grew more oligopolistic. Rather than competing on price, textbook makers compete on quality (or the appearance of quality -- to keep the analogy to the prescription drug industry used in the piece). There is an implicit agreement not to try to undercut each other on price, since the big five recognize they would all end up losers in that story.
This sounds like a case where a bit of anti-trust action might do lots of good. Alternatively, a small amount of public funding for open source textbook production may wipe out the bastards altogether.
A New York Times article on the role that the debate over the Export-Import Bank is playing in the North Carolina senate race told readers that the bank:
"says it makes a profit and supported more than 200,000 jobs with $37.4 billion in transactions last year."
It would have been worth including the views of someone other than the bank who could have put these claims in context. If companies did not have access to the Bank's loans at below market interest rates, most of these sales would still take place. The companies would just have lower profit margins. As a result, the number of jobs that would be lost is a fraction of the number cited here.
Furthermore, in standard models it would be expected that with fewer exports subsidized by the bank, the dollar would fall in value, which would make other exports more profitable. The net effect on jobs and GDP would be close to zero and quite possibly positive. It would be possible to construct the exact same story about any industry that is subsidized by the government with loans offered at below market interest rates.
Robert Samuelson discusses a new analysis from Princeton University economists Alan Blinder and Mark Watson that finds the economy has generally grown more rapidly under Democratic presidents than Republican presidents. Samuelson notes that Blinder and Watson can explain much of the difference on factors like the OPEC price shocks, wars, and trends in productivity, but there is still a portion that remains unexplained.
Samuelson then comments:
"Actually, the explanation is staring them in the face.
"The parties have philosophical differences that affect the economy. To simplify slightly: Democrats focus more on jobs; Republicans more on inflation."
Clearly there are differences in attitudes towards the willingness to promote jobs as opposed to concerns about inflation. However, the party breakdowns are perhaps not as clear as Samuelson suggests. After all, it was Richard Nixon who imposed price controls in 1971 as an alternative to contractionary fiscal and monetary policy that would have slowed growth and eliminated jobs. And Jimmy Carter was the person who appointed legendary inflation hawk Paul Volcker as head of the Federal Reserve Board. More recently, it was Republican Alan Greenspan (originally appointed by Ronald Reagan, although reappointed by Bush I, Clinton, and Bush II) who argued with Clinton appointees Janet Yellen and Lawrence Meyers that there was no reason to raise interest rates in 1995-1997 and that the economy could be allowed to continue to grow and create jobs.
Anyhow, Samuelson's point is right. There are differences between the priorities that are placed on jobs and employment versus the risk of higher inflation. This is a fundamental policy decision. It is unfortunate that most of the public is unaware of the decisions the Fed makes on this trade-off. As a result the voices that tend to dominate the debate come from the financial sector, which pushes the Fed to focus on the risk of inflation. Unnecessarily high unemployment has little consequence for bank profits, even if it means millions of people needlessly out work and tens of millions lacking the bargaining power to demand higher wages.
Allan Lane correctly takes me to task for seeming to accept Samuelson claim that the differences between the parties are "philosophical." That was not the part I was agreeing with. There are differences with Democrats tending to be more responsive to concerns from unions and workers more generally about jobs. On the other hand, Republicans are more likely to be listening to their backers in the financial industry. So there are differences, but they don't necessarily come from philosophies.
Also, as noted above, the differences are not always clear cut. The Democrats also count on support from Wall Street.
The New York Times reported on lawsuits being filed by the City of Chicago and two California counties over the promotion of painkillers. The suit charges that the companies promoted OxyContin and other drugs for uses where they may not have been appropriate or necessary and deliberately downplayed risks of addiction and overdose.
It would have been worth noting that the reason the companies being sued had incentive to push their drugs was the high profit margins provided by patent monopolies. If these drugs had been sold in a free market in which the drug companies enjoyed the same profit margins as companies selling steel or bread, it never would have been profitable to spend tens of millions of dollars pushing their drugs for inappropriate uses.
However because patent monopolies allowed them to charge prices that were several thousand percent above the free market price, companies could make substantial profits by getting people to use their drugs even in cases where they may not have been appropriate. It would have been worth noting this basic fact, just as an article reporting on shortages of a particular product should mention that the government imposes price controls on the product.
Correction: "Synthetic" was added to the headline in the interest of accuracy. Thanks to Fred Gardner for the correction.
The usually astute Matthew Yglesias falls off the track with his discussion of David Autor's latest paper on technology and wages. For background, Autor is the guru of the job polarization story: the idea that technology is destroying middle-paying jobs leaving only those at the top and bottom. He presented a new paper at the Fed's annual conference at Jackson Hole which reassesses his prior work.
Matt's take on this paper has Autor telling us that robots may not take our jobs, but they will cut our pay. That isn't the story as I see it. Technology always devalues some jobs while increasing the productivity and wages of other jobs (that's why average wages are higher today than they were 100 years ago). New technologies like robots will not be different in this respect.
What's new and newsworthy in the Autor paper is the acknowledgement that his occupation story really cannot explain trends in wage inequality. Here's a figure from Autor's paper that Matt uses in his post.
Note that there is no job polarization in the period 2000-2007 and only very modest high end job growth in the period 2007-2012. The main story in these periods is the growth in the share of low-end occupations. Yet we continued to see a sharp increase in high end wages relative to everyone else.
This is a problem not only for the post-2000 period, but for the whole period. If high-end wages increase relative to other wages when their occupation share is not rising in the period 2000-2012, why would we think that the mix of occupations explains wage trends in earlier periods? And of course the sharpest increase in shares is for occupations at the bottom end of the skills distribution, the workers who have seen the sharpest drop in relative wages in the years since 2000 as well as the longer period since 1979.
In other words, there is no link between changes in occupation shares and wage trends, a point that my friends and colleagues, Larry Mishel, John Schmitt, and Heidi Shierholz, have been making for several years. These points in Autor's new paper appeared in their paper, Don't Blame the Robots. (Autor was a discussant of an earlier version of this paper at the American Economic Association meetings in 2013, although it is not cited in his new paper.)
Anyhow, given the eagerness with which the punditry embraced Autor's hollowing out of the middle story, the fact that he has now moved away from it should be big news. This means that the economics profession does not have a way to blame the growth of wage inequality on technology. And if it wasn't technology that gave us inequality, then we might start thinking about policy.
Neil Irwin had a write-up of new research by M.I.T. economist David Autor explaining why the development of technology need not lead to a further growth in wage inequality. Autor's new work is especially noteworthy because Autor had previously been associated with the occupational polarization view that held that technology and globalization were wiping out middle wage jobs. This view was widely held up by the punditry as the major cause of wage inequality.
In Autor's paper, he concedes that the job polarization pattern he identified as having taken place in the 1980s and 1990s had stopped in the period since 2000. In fact, the bulk of the job creation since then has been at the bottom end of the occupational distribution with middle wage and high wage occupations mostly falling as a share of the workforce.
In this way, the paper is agreeing with the paper by Larry Mishel, John Schmitt, and Heidi Sheirholz, which showed there was no link between the patterns of job polarization identified by Autor in earlier work and the trends in wage inequality over the last three decades. (Autor was the discussant on this paper when it was presented at the American Economic Association convention in 2013, although he does not cite it in his new paper.)
Note: This post is a correction from an earlier version which cited an old column from David Autor and David Dorn rather than the piece by Irwin.
Further note: Adam Davidson had a piece last year on the exchange between Larry Mishel and David Autor.
Colman McCarthy has a piece discussing the low pay received by many adjunct professors across the country. He argues that they should make a living wage and then suggests that a way to pay for this would be to cut the high salaries for university presidents and other top administrators, which can cross $1 million a year.
It is worth noting that universities, both public and private, operate with large taxpayer subsidies. In the case of private universities, most enjoy tax-exempt status. As a result, they are exempt from many state and local taxes, but most importantly, individuals can deduct their contributions from their income tax. For wealthy contributors, this means that the taxpayers are effectively picking up 40 percent of the cost of their contributions.
If the public felt it was more important that adjuncts made $40,000 a year than university presidents made $1,000,000 a year, there could be a limit on compensation levels that would allow an institution to receive tax-exempt status. For example, if the cap for total compensation was set at $400,000, university presidents would still be able to earn twice as much as cabinet officers.
Of course universities would complain about such a restriction as government interference, but this is nonsense. They are free to pay their staff absolutely as much as they like, the restriction only applies if they want a government subsidy. (It's sort of like restrictions the government imposes on people who get TANF.)
The universities will also complain that they cannot get qualified people for $400,000 a year. This one should invite a healthy dose of ridicule. If we can get qualified people to run the Defense Department and Department of Health and Human Services for half this amount, perhaps their school is not the sort of institution that deserves taxpayer support if it can't find anyone willing to make the sacrifice of running the place for twice the pay of a cabinet secretary.
Free market economics is so much fun!
The NYT had an excellent editorial on the Fed and interest rates today that nailed the main points very well. The piece pointed out that if the Fed raises rates it will slow the economy and keep people from getting jobs. There are two points that would provide a useful addendum to this piece.
First, the Fed's actions on interest rates swamp the importance of almost every government spending program designed to help low and moderate income people. There were big battles in Washington in the last couple of years over Republican proposals to cut food stamps by $4 billion a year. If the Fed keeps the unemployment rate one percentage point higher than a level it could reach without triggering an inflationary spiral then it would be preventing close to 3 million people from working. (A rule of thumb is that for the number of people not currently in the labor force who find a job is roughly equal to the number of unemployed people who find a job.)
In addition to allowing millions more people to work, lower unemployment will vastly improve the situation of people at the lower end of the pay ladder by both allowing them to work more hours (for those who choose to do so) and also by giving them the bargaining power to get higher pay. The analysis by my colleague John Schmitt shows that a sustained one percentage point drop in the unemployment rate translates into 9.8 percent higher wages for workers in the bottom fifth of the wage distribution. For someone earning $20,000 a year, that means a pay increase of $2,000. In short, this is a huge deal for people who really need the money. It matters way more than the potential cut to food stamps, which is not to say people were wrong to fight that cut.
The second point is that the track record of the economists screaming about inflationary pressures and the need to clamp down before we get Zimbabwe-style hyper-inflation is nothing short of abysmal. As Paul Krugman regularly points out (here, for example), these people have been screaming about inflation for the last four years. However the track record is even worse than Krugman's complaints imply.
We have been here before. Back in the mid-1990s the absolute consensus in the economics profession was that the unemployment rate could not get much below 6.0 percent without triggering inflationary pressures. This was a view held not only by conservative economists, but by liberals like Janet Yellen, Alan Blinder, and Paul Krugman. Fortunately, Federal Reserve Board Chair Alan Greenspan was not a mainstream economist. He argued there was no evidence of inflationary pressures, therefore he saw no reason to keep the unemployment rate from falling below the 6.0 percent threshold.
The unemployment rate fell below 5.0 percent in 1997 and was at 4.0 percent as a year-round average in 2000. Not only were millions of people to get jobs who would not have otherwise been able to work, workers at the middle and bottom of the wage ladder saw sustained real wage growth for the first time since the early 1970s. And, there was a huge swing from budget deficits to budget surpluses, giving the country the budget surpluses that the Clintonites always celebrate.
Anyhow, given the abysmal track record of nearly all economists in predicting the course of inflation and the general economy (can you say collapsed housing bubble?), any economist insisting that the Fed raise rates to prevent inflation should be asked one simple question: when did you stop being wrong about the economy?
Dean Baker is co-director of the Center for Economic and Policy Research in Washington, D.C. He is the author of several books, his latest being The End of Loser Liberalism: Making Markets Progressive. Read more about Dean. Archives
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Ixtapa Condo Rental Photos and Description
2 bedrooms 2 full baths sleeps 4 and laundry room
Twenty Five foot Terrace with Jacuzzi Overlooking Pacific Ocean and Islands includes the following: Two large Infinity pools with fountains and Jacuzzis, Gym, Saunas, 2 golf courses, Tennis, and excellent Snorkeling and Scuba diving, as well as swim with the Dolphins Aquarium. Excellent deep sea fishing. Has full kitchen with microwave and laundry room... Has stereo, with TV, DVD, VCR and movies as well as fine books. King Size bed with Glass wall sliding doors to ocean front views, also wall to wall sliding glass doors in the living room. Its heaven like. Has central air and climate control as well as remote control Ceiling fans.
Golf: There are 2 Golf Courses in Ixtapa, which have swimming pools and tennis courts, Some of the Holes are directly on the ocean.
Sports: Volley Ball is every popular in Ixtapa and there a few games always being played on the beach which
you can get into.
Snorkeling at Las Gatas beach and Playa Coral on Ixtapa Island are excellent for snorkeling.
There is also deep sea fishing and scuba diving.
Horse back riding is available is several places. My favorites are Playa Linda and Barra de Potosi.
there are bicycle trails that go for miles. There is bicycle and moped rentals.
There is also parachute flying on the beach as well as banana boats and jet skis.
Boogey boarding , body surfing and surfing are also done on the beach. Boogey boards are rented
on the beach and sold all over town.
- Suitability:
- Long-term Renters Welcome
- Low Allergen Environment
- children welcome
- pets not allowed
- suitable for elderly or infirm
- wheelchair accessible


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Agitator for nonhomogeneous materials held in a tank. The agitator here in question is particularly intended for use with mixed liquid and solid materials, the solids thereof being of easily damaged nature and wherein the liquid and solid components of the mixture tend to separate. The agitator is thus intended to maintain the materials in a thoroughly mixed condition and to move same lengthwise through a tank to the outlet thereof and yet to do so with minimum physical damage thereto. The agitator of the invention comprises a relatively narrow blade arranged spirally for rotation about an axis positioned in the lower part of a horizontally aligned tank, the blade thereof being either perpendicular or inclinedly positioned with respect to the imaginary cylinder enclosed thereby. If inclined, the outer edge of the blade leads the inner edge as same rotates. The agitator can also be used in vertical alignment if desired and used with or without a central shaft.
1. An agitator for a normally nonhomogeneous mixture of must and floating mash, comprising:
an elongated tank means of circular cross section for holding said nonhomogeneous mixture having a central axis;
a single rotatable spiral-shaped blade thin in axial dimension and wide in radial dimension in said tank means, said blade being spaced from the axis of rotation therefor and extending between the opposite ends thereof, the external diameter of said blade being less than the inner diameter of said tank means and the axis of rotation of said blade being offset from and parallel to the central axis of said tank means so that a portion of said blade, in its lowermost position relative to the bottom internal wall surface of said tank, is radially spaced from said bottom internal wall surface a distance which is smaller than the radial width of said blade and, in its uppermost position, is radially spaced from the upper internal wall surface of said tank means a distance which is substantially greater than the radial width of said blade; and
means defining an outlet opening in said bottom wall of said tank means, said blade, during rotation, mixing said must and said floating mash so that said mash and said must are nearly homogeneous within a theoretical cylinder defined by said spiral-shaped blade and simultaneously conveying said homogeneous mixture toward said outlet opening.
2. An agitator according to claim 1, wherein said outlet opening is located adjacent one end of said tank means.
3. An agitator according to claim 2, wherein said blade includes a small section less than one pitch length located between said outlet opening and said one end of said tank means and, during said rotation, conveys said homogeneous mixture toward said outlet opening while simultaneously mixing said mixture.
4. An agitator according to claim 1, wherein said wide part of said blade extends normal to the axis of rotation thereof.
5. An agitator according to claim 1, wherein said wide part of said blade extends inclined to the axis of rotation thereof so that the radially outer edge of said blade defines a leading edge during rotation of said blade.
6. An agitator according to claim 1, wherein said blade includes a shaft extending through the center of said spiral and radial arms secured to and extending between said shaft and said blade.
7. An agitator according to claim 1, wherein said blade is self-supporting and is free of a shaft extending through the central part of said spiral.
The invention relates to an agitator for nonhomogeneous, liquid materials in a tank, particularly grape mash.
Nonhomogeneous goods are often difficult to convey because the liquid substance tends to separate from the solid substance. If one uses a bucket conveyor or a similar device, then the liquid cannot be efficiently conveyed. If one uses a pump, difficulties arise with the solid component. It is nevertheless desirable in the case of liquid, nonhomogeneous, materials in tanks that the liquid and solid components remain mixed (homogenized). Particularly in the case of such material as grape mash, there occurs a separation of the components if the grape mash is stored in a horizontally positioned, cylindrical or approximately cylindrical tank. The must settles on the bottom and the pulp and peels float on top.
If it is desired to empty the grape mash from the tank by means of a pump, the must flows out downwardly and out of the floating, solid parts. Thus, an umpumpable mass of solid material is left. The use of agitators to keep the solid and liquid parts of such goods mixed has already been tried but known agitators work the grape mash too intensively and thereby develop further disadvantages in the wind-pressing step. Furthermore the known agitators consist of an undesirably large number of parts which makes cleaning thereof correspondingly complicated and time-consuming. However, cleaning thereof is required at least once a day. Further, the large number of structural parts increases the price of the known agitators. The large surfaces, corners and edges of the agitator elements which must be moved against the grape mash require in addition a substantial amount of force.
The basic purpose of the invention is to produce an agitator which is constructed simply and therefore inexpensively, which can be cleaned easily and in addition will not damage the goods which are being handled.
The invention attains this purpose by arranging in the tank a rotatable spiral of a small width and at a selected pitch.
Due to the fact that the narrow spiral circulates continuously only small amounts of the material to be agitated, there is achieved a protective treatment of the materials so handled, particularly referring to grape mash. Furthermore only a few arms are necessary for supporting the agitating spiral because the spiral itself comprises a closed structural member. The narrow spiral carries floating thick materials in the upper zone of the tank into the liquid at the bottom. On the other hand, it carries liquid upwardly on the opposite side and mixes it again with the thick materials floating on the top. This assures a constant good mixture (homogenization) of the materials to be agitated, particularly grape mash. Furthermore the agitator results in a very open structure with only a few parts which permits an easy and time-saving cleaning. Finally this agitator is constructed simply, with minimum materials and therefore inexpensively. Through the pitch of the spiral the materials to be agitated are led slowly and without damage to the discharge opening of the tank. This agitator is advantageously arranged near the bottom of the tank.
If the discharge opening is not at the end of the tank and if therefore parts of the spiral are positioned on both sides of the tank discharge opening, then the flights thereof have oppositely extending pitch to convey the material from both ends of the tank to the discharge opening.
The spiral blade can stand perpendicularly to the imaginary cylinder which it encloses. Advantageously, it, however, is positioned at an angle to such imaginary cylinder such that the outer edge of the blade, seen in direction of rotation, leads the inner edge. Due to the angle of pitch of the spiral, the goods, such as grape mash, to be agitated, are carried along still better and are treated more carefully.
Finally, according to a further embodiment of the invention the spiral can be constructed as a self-supporting structural part without a supporting shaft. In this manner, the cleaning of the agitator is made still easier.
The invention will be discussed more in detail hereinafter in connection with exemplary embodiments which are illustrated in the drawings, in which:
FIG. 1 is a vertical cross-sectional view of a tank having an agitator mounted therein;
FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view along the line II--II of FIG. 1;
FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view as in FIG. 2 of a modified embodiment, and
FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view as in FIG. 1 of a further embodiment.
The illustrated agitator is described in connection with a horizontally aligned tank for grape mash. It is understood that the agitator can also be used for other liquid goods of a nonhomogeneous type. It is also possible to install the agitator into an upright container.
As can be seen from FIG. 1, an agitator 2 is installed in a common tank 1 of cylindrical shape. A rotatable shaft 3 is for this purpose supported on the oppositely positioned ends 4 and 5 in bearings 6, 7, which shaft 3 extends longitudinally of the tank 1. The shaft 3 is guided outwardly for example at the end 5 and can be driven by any suitable drive (not illustrated). A spiral 8 is provided fixedly connected to the shaft 3 and spaced therefrom. This spiral 8 consists of an upstanding narrow strip of material, preferably of nonrusting metal. This spiral extends longitudinally of the circumference of an imaginary cylinder and is positioned perpendicularly to said imaginary cylinder. The spiral 8 is fixedly connected to the shaft 3 by support arms 9 at several points.
The agitator 2 is arranged in the tank 1 preferably near its bottom.
The pitch of the spiral 8 effects during rotation of the agitator 2 a conveying of the goods, for example grape mash, contained in the tank 1 in the direction of the arrow I toward the discharge opening 10. The grape mash can exit in the direction of the arrow II through the open discharge opening 10. The spiral 8 extends advantageously over the entire, or a substantial portion of, the length of the tank 1. If, as illustrated, the discharge opening 10 is at a distance from one end, for example the end 4, of the tank 1, the spiral 8 can be divided. In such case, the spiral blade 8 which is provided on the other side of the discharge opening 10 is constructed of opposite hand and conveys in the direction of the arrow III.
In a modified embodiment the spiral 8 is not positioned perpendicularly to the imaginary cylinder which it surrounds, but is inclined thereto in such a manner that, as can be seen from FIG. 3, the outer edge of the spiral 8, when the agitator 2 is driven in the direction of rotation IV, seen in direction of rotation, leads the inner edge thereof. This results in a better conveying and a yet more careful treatment of the goods to be conveyed.
As can be seen from FIG. 4, the shaft 3 can be eliminated and the spiral 8 is then constructed in a self-supporting manner by a suitably dimensioned construction. The spiral ends are fixedly connected to stub shaft 3' which are again supported in bearings 6, 7.
When the agitator 2 is rotated, the narrow spiral 8 on one side takes along the thick substances which float in the upper zone of the tank 1 downwardly into the liquid which stands in the lower zone, on the other side it moves liquid there positioned upwardly and mixes it again with the floating thick substances in the upper zone. Since only relatively small amounts of goods are taken along and the speed of movement is not very high, a nondamaging treatment of the grape mash is assured. Also a complete homogenization (mixing) is assured. As already described, the spiral 8, due to its pitch, also effects conveying the grape mash in the direction of the arrows I or III. The agitator can be cleaned due to its special construction very easily and simply. Furthermore it can be manufactured simply and inexpensively.
Although particular preferred embodiments of the invention have been disclosed above for illustrative purposes, it will be understood that variations or modifications thereof which lie within the scope of the appended claims are fully contemplated.
Patent Citations
Referenced by
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Fine does not match the crime
SOMETIMES the punishment simply does not appear to fit the crime.
The fate of a man, who sparked a siege situation after he was seen wielding a crossbow at his home, is a case in point.
The number of officers involved in policing the incident will outweigh the £100 fine dished out to the offender by an incredible ratio.
Police say they are unable to pin a cost on the operation, but a conservative guess says it will have been a four-figure sum.
And that begs the question of why the sentence given to the offender was so apparently lenient.
It was accepted the defendant had mental health issues, and of course it was right they were taken into account as a mitigating factor.
But surely this was a case of taking matters too far.
NEWS that two of Barrow's schools are planning to appeal the GCSE exam results of their pupils does not come as a surprise.
It has become clear there is widespread discontent on a national scale about the grade boundaries set by certain exam boards.
We must not be quick to judge the schools in question, which, on the face of it, appear to have failed badly in their quest for good results.
It is clear there are questions to be answered by exam board AQA.
But if, following appeals and inquiries, there is no significant lift in pass rates, tough questions will surely follow.
Harsher marking may well be the root cause of some lower grades. But it must not be used as an excuse.
We await developments in this case with interest.
Published: August 31, 2012
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WINNER OF THE NOBEL PRIZE® IN LITERATURE 2013In the thirteen stories in her remarkable second collection, Alice Munro demonstrates the precise observation, straightforward prose style, and masterful technique that led no less a critic than John Updike to compare her to Chekhov. The sisters, mothers and daughters, aunts, grandmothers, and friends in these stories shimmer with hope and love, anger and reconciliation, as they contend with their histories and their present, and what they can see of the future.
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The video below is of Noel Gallagher being interviewed by Sir David Frost for his Frost Over The World show.
Thanks to Frjoasis
Click here for the latest Pretty Green menswear collection that features a wide range of effortlessly cool clothing for the modern, style-conscious gent.
Liam Gallagher has tweeted that his post-Oasis band have called it a day. He wrote: "Beady Eye are no longer. Thanks for all your support."
Noel Gallagher insists an Oasis reunion is "not on the cards" following the break-up of his brother Liam's band Beady Eye.
If it's your last trip it'll get you on your way... "a colossal club night" Noel Gallagher. "like a mad 60's carnival" Serge, Kasabian.