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An input/output (I/O) media connector for a reduced sized communication cards. A metallic shield is wrapped substantially about the connector and secured to the connector by a plurality of pins integral with the connector. The shield has a plurality of tabs securely connected and grounded to a printed circuit board (PCB) that is interposed between the top and bottom covers of a compact flash card. Since the connector shield is securely connected and grounded to the PCB, the shield reflects and/or absorb the electromagnetic radiation emitted by the connector. Further, a plurality of cantilever beam springs integral with the shield, and biased towards the covers of the compact flash card, serve to ensure that the shield remains in substantial physical contact and electrical communication with the metallic covers of the compact flash card. Because the covers of the compact flash card are bonded and grounded with both the PCB and the shield, the covers are grounded and thus also reflect and/or absorb the harmful electromagnetic radiation emitted by the PCB and connector. The connector has an aperture formed in it to receive a media plug; the aperture is so formed as to preclude insertion of electrically non-compatible media plugs. Finally, the connector has an integral beam which terminates in a free end that occupies at least a portion of the aperture when the media plug is not present. The beam has a protruding retainer portion that mates with a corresponding recess formed on a tongue that is integral with the media plug. The beam and tongue arrangement provides tactile and audible feedback which ensure that the user is aware when the media plug is properly secured within the connector. This arrangement also exerts a retention force sufficiently large to preclude inadvertent removal of the plug.
1. An electrical communications card for use in providing detachable physical coupling and electrical communication between an electronic device and a media plug of a communications system, the card comprising:
(a) a printed circuit board disposed between an upper and a lower conductive cover, the printed circuit board having a ground conductor;
(b) a connector at least partially disposed between the upper and lower covers, the connector comprising:
(i) a connector body, the connector body defining an aperture that is sized and shaped so as to detachably receive at least a portion of the media plug;
(ii) a beam terminating at a free end that is biased in a direction so as to be at least partially disposed within the aperture;
(iii) a retention portion formed on the free end of the beam;
(iv) a platform extending within the connector aperture opposite the retention beam;
(v) at least one electrical lead having a first end electrically connected to the printed circuit board, and a second end that is placed in electrical contact with the media plug electrical conductor when the plug is received with the aperture; and
(vi) an electromagnetic interference shield wrapping substantially around the connector body and fixed to the connector body so as to leave the aperture of the connector body exposed to receive the media plug;
(c) a plurality of conductive members that are positioned on the connector so as to physically contact and electrically connect the upper and the lower covers with the electromagnetic shield which is electrically connected to the ground conductor disposed on the printed circuit board.
2. The electrical communication card according to claim 1, further comprising four conductive pins positioned in the connector, each of the respective pins having a first end removably connectible to a corresponding electrical contact in the media plug, and each of the respective pins having a second end being in electrical communication with circuitry on the printed circuit board.
3. The electrical communications card according to claim 1, wherein the conductive members comprise at least one cantilevered beam spring biased towards the upper cover, and at least one cantilevered beam spring biased toward the lower cover.
4. The electrical communications card according to claim 3, wherein the cantilevered beam springs are formed integral with the electromagnetic interference shield.
5. The electrical communications card according to claim 1, wherein the electromagnetic interference shield at least partly comprises a conductive material.
6. An electrical connector system for providing detachable physical coupling and electrical communication between a media cable and a miniaturized communications card, the card having a printed circuit board positioned between upper and lower conductive covers, the electrical connector system comprising:
(a) a media plug having a first end connected to the a media cable, and a second end with a tongue projecting therefrom, the tongue having at least one electrical conductor disposed therein and a retention recess formed on an outer surface of the tongue;
(b) a connector, positioned on the communications card, comprising;
(i) a connector body, the connector body defining an aperture that is sized and shaped so as to detachably receive at least a portion of the media plug;
(ii) a beam terminating at a free end that is biased in a direction so as to be at least partially disposed within the aperture;
(iii) a retention portion formed on the free end of the beam that is sized and shaped so as to be removably positioned within the retention recess when the plug is detachably received within the connector aperture;
(iv) a platform extending within the connector aperture opposite the retention beam;
(v) at least one electrical lead having a first end electrically connected to the printed circuit board, and a second end that is placed in electrical contact with the media plug electrical conductor when the plug is received with the aperture; and
(vi) an electromagnetic interference shield, the shield wrapping substantially around the connector body and fixed to the connector body so as to leave the aperture of the connector body exposed to receive the media plug.
7. The electrical connector system according to claim 6, wherein the electromagnetic interference shield at least partly comprises conductive material.
8. The electrical connector system according to claim 6, further comprising a plurality of conductive members that are positioned on the connector so as to physically contact and electrically connect the upper and the lower covers with the electromagnetic shield which is electrically connected to a ground conductor disposed on the printed circuit board.
9. The electrical connector system according to claim 8, wherein the conductive members comprise at least one cantilevered beam spring biased towards the upper cover, and at least one cantilevered beam spring biased towards the lower cover.
10. The electrical connector system according to claim 9, wherein the cantilevered beam springs are formed integral with the electromagnetic interference shield.
1. The Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to electrical connectors. More particularly, embodiments of the present invention relate to an improved electrical connector that is electromagnetically shielded and provides for a secure, low-profile physical/electrical connection with a mating media plug.
2. The Relevant Technology
The demand for personal computers and related equipment continues to expand due to a number of factors. One important factor is in that the prices of computers continues to decline. Another factor is the expansion and development of the Internet and related network communications. More and more commercial and non-commercial enterprises are conducting business via the Internet and consumers need personal computers to gain access to the products and information that are available on the Internet.
In addition to being more affordable, advances in computer application software, operating systems and communications software has fueled the development of computers having greater processing speeds and capacities. At the same time, the pressure to at least maintain, or preferably reduce, the physical size of the computer has increased as well. Accordingly, downsizing and miniaturization of computer components is an issue of great importance in the industry.
In an effort to reduce the form factor of the typical personal computer, and yet expand the capabilities of that computer, manufacturers began to develop miniature portable expansion devices having smaller sizes, such as add-on memory cards and modems. The typical expansion device was designed to plug into a port or socket on the main computer; thus the expansion device served to expand the capability of the computer without significantly increasing the size of the computer's physical envelope.
While the development of portable expansion devices represented a significant advance in the capabilities of personal computers, one drawback of many of the devices was that they were designed to fit only one manufacturer's computer, and thus were not interchangeable between platforms. The industry recognized that standardization of these devices would, among other things, greatly increase the demand for them. To this end, several manufacturers collaborated to form the Personal Computer Memory Card International Association (PCMCIA). This body developed and promulgated standards for the physical design, dimensions, and electrical interface of expansion devices. Now, many computers being manufactured, especially those having a reduced size, are adapted to accommodate these standards.
PCMCIA cards have become very popular because of their relatively small size, interchangeability, and capability. However, as a result of the relentless drive for smaller and more capable computers, the industry has developed a new generation of expansion devices with an even smaller form factor than that of PCMCIA cards. The new expansion devices, or cards, are sometimes referred to as �compact flash� or �miniature flash� cards.
Some examples of the new devices include compact flash memory cards, which are solid state storage devices that may have a storage capacity as high as 40MB; modems; and local area network (LAN) cards. The new compact devices have a very small �form factor� or physical size. A typical compact flash card uses about 1550 mm2(36 mm long�43 mm wide) of space on a circuit board. In contrast, a typical card built to PCMCIA standards uses almost three times as much circuit board space, or about 4644 mm2 (86 mm long�54 mm wide).
Clearly, the compact flash form factor represents an important advancement in the art. However, the smaller form factor has also created some new problems that must be overcome in order that the maximum performance and reliability of the compact flash cards may be realized. Certain of these problems are particularly acute in those compact flash LAN cards that use a 4 pin input/output (I/O) connector. Some of the problems flowing from the use of the new form factor concern the construction and composition of the compact flash media card. Other problems concern the physical and electrical interfaces between the compact flash card and the various types of media cables used to carry media between the flash card and other devices.
One of the shortcomings common in current compact flash card designs concerns the harmful electromagnetic radiation produced by the card. Electromagnetic radiation is a natural consequence of current flow through the electrical circuits on the card. Unchecked, electromagnetic radiation can interfere with and disrupt the operation of electrical and electronic circuits in the host device. The interference resulting from electromagnetic radiation is commonly known as electromagnetic interference (EMI). Because electromagnetic radiation is a natural consequence of current flow, it cannot practically be prevented. Instead, emissions of the electromagnetic radiation must be controlled in order to prevent harmful EMI from resulting.
It is generally acknowledged that metal or metallic structures, if properly located and grounded, can be effective in controlling harmful electromagnetic radiation. Metals are effective in this regard because they generally have a low characteristic impedance which has the desirable characteristic of reflecting the high impedance electromagnetic radiation typically emitted by computers and related devices. By reflecting the electromagnetic radiation away from vulnerable circuits or devices, the metal thereby acts as a protective shield. Materials which can absorb electromagnetic radiation would be effective as well. However, typical compact flash cards are housed in a bay or enclosure, inside the host device, that is constructed of plastic or the like. The non-metallic enclosures are largely ineffectual in reflecting the electromagnetic radiation produced by the card. Furthermore, even though many compact flash cards employ metal covers, those covers are nevertheless inadequate to reflect electromagnetic radiation. This is due to the fact that effective EMI control cannot be achieved unless the metal covers typically utilized in compact flash cards are electrically bonded together and grounded. Since the metal covers of typical compact flash cards are not bonded and grounded, those covers are generally of little use in preventing PCB-generated EMI.
While it is clear that there are unresolved concerns regarding EMI and the construction of the compact flash cards, EMI problems are not limited solely to the card itself. As suggested earlier, some of the problems flowing from the new compact flash form factor relate to the physical/electrical interface used to connect a media cable to the card.
In particular, the current flowing through the media cable and the physical/electrical interface, or I/O connector, generates electromagnetic radiation which, in turn, causes harmful EMI. Many of the connectors currently in use with the compact flash card, including the 4 pin connectors, lack any device or means to reflect or absorb the electromagnetic radiation produced by the connector. Thus, when a media plug at the end of the media cable is inserted into the compact flash card connector, the unchecked electromagnetic radiation that is produced as a result of current flow through the connector, acts to interfere with the operation of electrical and electronic components inside the compact flash card and in the host device.
Not only are the typical compact flash card I/O connector designs ineffectual in preventing harmful EMI, those connectors suffer from other shortcomings as well. A significant problem concerns the structural configuration of the typical connector. In particular, the physical shape of the receiving portion, or aperture, of the connector, i.e., the portion that receives a mating media plug, is such that the connector can readily accommodate modular plugs. For instance, the connector may be capable of receiving a modular plug from a telephone line or a network line. This can give rise to a significant problem if the compact flash card comprises a LAN card, for instance, which is inadvertently connected to a telephone line. In particular, the telephone ring voltage that is applied to a modem line could damage the electronics on a LAN card. Thus, because a user may not always be able to readily ascertain whether a particular connector is a modem card connector or a LAN card connector, it would be relatively easy for a user to inadvertently plug a modem cord into the connector typically used with compact flash LAN cards, and thereby expose the LAN card to harmful telephone ring voltages.
Finally, in addition to their structural deficiencies and the EMI problems that they present, the typical compact flash card I/O connector suffers from an insubstantial and ineffectual mechanical interface with media plugs. Again, this problem results from the small physical size of the card or peripheral, which also limits the size and functionality of any connector that is used. In particular, larger connector schemes provide a more robust and functional retention scheme for maintaining a connection. Moreover, the connectors also provide a user with a tactile �feedback� that indicates when a plug has been satisfactorily received by a connector. In contrast, miniaturized connector schemes provide less physical space in which to provide a satisfactory retention mechanism and any sort of tactile feedback.
For example, a significant problem with existing compact flash I/O connector retention mechanisms is that the contact area between the retaining portion of the receptacle and the retained portion of the plug, respectively, is relatively small. Accordingly, the forces required to insert and withdraw the mating media plug are correspondingly small. Small insertion and withdrawal forces are problematic at least partly because they fail to provide the audible and tactile feedback necessary to indicate to the user that the media plug has engaged the receptacle portion of the connector. Indeed, the feedback provided by typical mechanisms is oftentimes so minimal�as low as 1 to 2 pounds�that the user cannot be certain that latching has occurred. Finally, an implicit and undesirable consequence of small insertion and withdrawal forces is that the media plug is likely to be inadvertently removed from the connector even during normal use.
In view of the foregoing problems with miniaturized peripherals, such as compact flash cards, and their associated I/O connectors, what is needed is an improved shielded I/O connector that can be used with compact flash card-sized devices, such as LAN cards and modem cards. Specifically, the connector should be able to reflect and/or absorb the electromagnetic radiation produced by the connector when current flows through the connector. Further, the connector should be grounded and should be capable of physically and electrically connecting the top and bottom covers of the housing of a compact flash card so that the covers can function effectively as a shield against the electromagnetic radiation emitted by the PCB. Additionally, the connector should be configured in such a way as to ensure that a particular compact flash card is only connectible with media plugs, cables, devices, and the like, that are electrically compatible therewith. Also, the connector should provide a tactile and audible feedback that indicates to the user that the mating media plug is properly received and seated within the connector. Moreover, the retention force exerted by the connector on the received plug should resist at least some inadvertent withdrawals of the plug during normal use.
The present invention has been developed in response to the current state of the art, and in particular, in response to these and other problems and needs that have not been fully or completely solved by currently available compact flash cards and compact flash card media connectors. Thus, it is an overall object of the present invention to provide an electrical connector that has a low profile and is particularly useful in devices and peripherals implemented in reduced-size form factors, such as that by the compact flash card. It is another object of the present invention to provide a shielded I/O connector that meets or exceeds Federal Communications Commission (FCC) Class B electromagnetic radiation emission standards. It is a further an object of the invention to provide a shielded I/O connector that is electrically grounded so as to facilitate prevention of connector-generated EMI. Another object of the invention is to provide a shielded I/O connector that is electrically bonded and grounded with the metal covers of a peripheral device, such as a compact flash communication card, so as to facilitate prevention of PCB-generated EMI. It is also an object of the present invention to provide a shielded I/O connector having a receiving portion calculated to prevent insertion of, and electrical communication with, electrically non-compatible media plugs that could harm the electronics within the reduced-size device. A further object of this invention is to provide a shielded I/O connector that has a retention mechanism that provides a high level of audible and tactile feedback so as to assure the user that the media plug is securely seated therein. It is a related object to provide a shielded I/O connector having a biased retention beam formed therein that is well-adapted to exert a substantial retention force on the corresponding tongue of a mating media plug.
In summary, the foregoing and other objects, advantages and features are achieved with an improved shielded I/O connector for use in connecting media cables and the like to reduced-size peripherals implemented within PCMCIA cards, compact flash cards and the like, such as modems and LANS (network interface cards�NICS). Embodiments of the present invention are particularly suitable for use with such peripherals that are used in a typical personal computer (PC) having one or more sockets or bays designed to accommodate the PCMCIA or compact flash card form factor. For instance, a compact flash card having the shielded I/O connector is inserted into the socket or bay in such a way that the shielded connector is readily accessible for insertion of a media plug or the like therein. Typically, such devices find particular application in portable computing equipment, such as laptop/notebook computers, handheld computers, personal organizers, etc.
In a preferred embodiment, a compact flash card having LAN functionality includes a four pin I/O connector wherein each of the respective first ends of the pins are removably attachable to a corresponding electrical contact in the media plug, and each of the respective second ends of the pins is secured to a printed circuit board (PCB) enclosed within the housing of the compact flash card. An EMI shield constructed of metallic material or the like is wrapped substantially around the connector so as to substantially reflect and/or absorb electromagnetic radiation emitted by the connector, and thereby minimize connectorgenerated EMI. Preferably, the connector comprises a plurality of pins or the like which protrude through the shield to ensure that the shield remains securely fixed thereto. In a preferred embodiment, a bottom portion of the shielded connector is inserted into an opening in the PCB, which is disposed between the top and bottom covers of the compact flash card. The connector is suspended in the opening by at least two shielded lugs which extend outwardly from the connector past the edges of the opening in the PCB. The shield portions of the tabs are secured to electrical contacts on the surface of the PCB, thereby ensuring physical contact and electrical communication between the shield and the PCB circuitry. The PCB circuitry is connected to a chassis ground thereby grounding the shield. The shield further comprises a plurality of resilient conductive members that function to maintain physical and electrical contact between the shield and the top and bottom covers of the compact flash card. In a preferred embodiment, the resilient conductive members comprise a plurality of cantilever beam spring contacts, which are biased toward the covers of the compact flash card. The spring contacts are electronically conductive, and thereby electrically connect the compact flash card covers to PCB chassis ground. By electrically connecting and grounding the flash card covers, the connector shield effectively transforms the flash card covers into a unified shield capable of containing and/or absorbing the electromagnetic radiation emitted by the PCB contained inside the card.
The shielded I/O connector body also preferably defines an aperture to receive a media plug. The aperture is preferably shaped so as to preclude insertion of electrically incompatible media plugs. This feature prevents the inadvertent attachment of plugs that contain electrical signals that could damage electronics within the card. In a preferred embodiment, the connector further comprises an integral beam which terminates in a free end that occupies a portion of the aperture when the media plug is not present. The beam has a protruding retention portion that fits into a corresponding mating recess on the surface of a tongue that is integrally formed in the media plug. The downward bias of the beam and the respective mating portions of the beam and tongue serve to impose a retention force on the media plug that prevents inadvertent withdrawal of the plug when mated with the connector. The retention mechanism, and the force imposed thereby, also provide tactile and audible feedback to notify the user when the plug has been securely received within the connector.
These and other objects, features, and advantages of the present invention will become more fully apparent from the following description and appended claims, or may be learned by the practice of the invention as set forth hereinafter.
In order to more fully understand the manner in which the above-recited and other advantages and objects of the invention are obtained, a more particular description of the invention will be rendered by reference to specific embodiments thereof which are illustrated in the appended drawings. Understanding that these drawings depict only typical embodiments of the invention and are not therefore to be considered to be limiting of its scope, the invention in its presently understood best mode for making and using the same will be described and explained with additional specificity and detail through the use of the accompanying drawings in which:
FIG. 1 is a general arrangement schematic showing the orientation of one preferred embodiment of a connector on a printed circuit board contained inside an example communications card;
FIG. 2 is a section cut through the communications card of FIG. 1 showing the orientation of the connector and shield with respect to the printed circuit board and to the covers of the communication card;
FIG. 3 is a plan view of the connector of FIG. 1, with the top removed, indicating the retaining bumps formed in the connector, and indicating the mating recesses formed on the media plug;
FIG. 4 is a section cut through the connector showing the interface between the biased beam of the connector and the mating recess on the tongue of the media plug;
FIG. 5 is a top perspective view of the connector;
FIG. 6 is a bottom perspective view of the connector;
FIG. 7 is a bottom perspective view of the connector system; and
FIG. 8 is a front elevation view of the exemplary media plug of FIG. 7.
Reference will now be made to figures wherein like structures will be provided with like reference designations. It is to be understood that the drawings are diagrammatic and schematic representations of presently preferred embodiments of the invention, and are not to be construed as limiting the present invention, nor are the drawings necessarily drawn to scale. In general, the present invention relates to a low profile, shielded I/O connector for use with a peripheral device implemented within a card having a small form factor, such as a LAN or modem card that is incorporated within a compact flash form factor. FIGS. 1 through 8 show an example of a presently preferred shielded I/O connector for a compact flash LAN card constructed in accordance with the teachings of the invention. However, it will be appreciated that the connector could also be used with other similar devices having a reduced form factor.
Reference is first made to FIG. 1, which depicts a compact flash communications card 100 residing in the communications card bay 200 of a host device 300. A portion of the metal top cover 102 of the communications card housing is shown removed in order to more clearly indicate the arrangement and orientation of the shielded connector, indicated generally as 400, on the printed circuit board (PCB) 104. One end of the shielded connector 400 includes a plurality of electrical leads, or pins 402. The respective first ends of the pins are connected to corresponding electrical contacts on the PCB. The respective second ends (FIG. 4) of the pins are removably attachable to corresponding electrical contacts in a mating media plug (FIG. 4), which is received in the opposite end of the connector.
Reference is next made to FIG. 2 which illustrates a section cut through the communications card 100. The connector 400 and the PCB 104 are interposed between the metal covers 102, 106 which together form a housing of the communications card 100. The connector 400 includes a connector body 404 and a shield 406 wrapped substantially therearound. Note that while the preferred embodiment of the present invention discloses a shield constructed of metal, this invention also contemplates the use of any electrically conductive shielding, including but not limited to, shielding which only partially comprises metallic material or other conductive material, and shielding which comprises combinations of metallic material and other conductive material. The shield 406 includes a plurality of resilient conducting members 408, described in further detail below, and is retained in place on the connector by a plurality of pins 410 (FIGS. 6 and 7). Finally, as discussed further below, the shield 406 is electrically grounded to reduce connector-generated EMI.
With continued reference to FIG. 2, the bottom of the shielded connector 400 extends through an opening 108 in the PCB 104. A plurality of lugs 411 extend from the upper portion of the shielded connector body 400 and suspend the connector body in the opening. The shielded lugs 411 are secured to electrical contacts 417 on the surface of the PCB 104 which are in turn connected to a chassis ground (not shown). In this way, the shield 406 is also connected to ground.
The grounded shield effectively reduces connector-generated EMI. In particular, it was noted earlier that current flow through the pins 402 of the connector 400, produces electromagnetic radiation which causes EMI if not controlled. The shield 406 is located on the connector 400 so as to be directly in the path of the emitted radiation and is thus able to reflect and/or absorb that radiation, thereby facilitating reduction of harmful EMI. Note that different metallic materials and conductors may have different characteristic impedances; it is the characteristic impedance of the shield material that determines the relationship between the amount of radiation reflected by the shield and the amount absorbed by the shield. Of course, the total amount of conductive material in a particular shield will also bear on the capability and capacity of the shield to reflect and/or absorb electromagnetic radiation. Since reflection and absorption of electromagnetic radiation can both be effective methods of controlling EMI, embodiments of the invention contemplate the use of electrically conductive shielding materials which may be reflective only, or absorptive only, or which may control electromagnetic radiation through various combinations of reflection and absorption.
Not only does the connector shield 406 substantially prevent connector-generated EMI, but the shield 406 also interconnects and grounds the metal covers 102, 106 of the communications card 100, thereby transforming the covers of the communications card 100 into an effective shield against PCB-generated electromagnetic radiation. As illustrated in FIG. 2, the PCB 104 is located between the metal covers 102, 106 of the communications card 100. Like the connector shield 406, the metal covers 102, 106 of the card are located directly in the path of the emitted electromagnetic radiation. Thus the covers are able to reflect and/or absorb that radiation and substantially reduce PCB-generated EMI. However, as pointed out earlier, a structure or structures cannot be effective as an EMI shield unless those structures are grounded. Thus, the resilient conducting members 408 of the connector shield 406 are biased towards the covers 102, 106 of the communications card in order to ensure that the shield 406 remains in constant and substantial contact with the covers 102, 106 of the communications card 100. Moreover, the covers 102, 106 of the communication card 100 are electrically grounded because they are in electrical communication with the connector shield 406, which is connected to the PCB 104 chassis ground.
Reference is next made to FIGS. 3-8 which together illustrate in further detail other aspects of a preferred embodiment of the present invention. The connector 400 mates with a media plug, indicated generally as 500. One end of the media plug 500 includes a plurality of electrical contacts 502 therein, which form a detachable electrical contact with the corresponding pins 402 when the media plug 500 is received within connector 400. The electrical contacts 502 in the media plug 500 are also in electrical communication with the conducting elements (not shown) of the media cable 504 (FIGS. 4 and 7) that is received in the opposing end of the media plug 500.
In a preferred embodiment, the connector and media plug include means for detachably engaging the plug within the aperture the the two are operably mated. Preferably, this engagement means secures the plug within the aperture in a tight fitting, yet detachable manner. Moreover, the engagement means should provide an audible �click� that indicates when the plug has been operably engaged within the connector. As is shown by way of example in FIG. 4, the engagement means is comprised of an integral tongue 506 that extends out from the media plug 500. The tongue 506 has at least one recessed portion 508 formed on its outer surface. The tongue 506 of the media plug 500 is received into an aperture 412 defined by the connector 400. The connector 400 includes an integral beam 414, preferably triangular in shape (FIGS. 4 and 6), that is biased inwardly so as to provide interference with the media plug 500 when present within the aperture 412.
Note that while this embodiment teaches a resilient beam 414 biased upwards from the bottom of the connector into the aperture 412, the beam could also be located at the top of the connector and biased downward into the aperture, or alternatively, a beam or beams could be located on the sides of the connector and biased into the aperture.
Referring again to FIGS. 3 and 4, the beam 414 has at least one protruding retention portion 416 that is sized and shaped so as to detachably mate with the recessed portion 508 of the integral tongue 506 when the media plug 500 is fully inserted into the connector 400. In a preferred embodiment, the connector 400 also includes retention portions 418, which are also sized and shaped so as to detachably mate with recessed portion 508. While this embodiment of the invention indicates a recess on the media plug tongue and a retention portion on the beam of the connector, it is also contemplated that a connector system employing the reverse arrangement, that is, a recess on the beam and a retention portion on the plug, would be equally effective.
In addition to the beam, the connector 400 further includes a media plug seating platform 420 which cooperates with the biased beam 414 to effectively pinch the tongue 506 when the tongue is inserted therebetween. By pinching the tongue, the seating platform and the beam thus ensure that the retention portions 416 and 418 remain securely seated in the mating tongue recess 508 until a predetermined withdrawal force is exerted on the media plug. In a preferred embodiment, the predetermined withdrawal (and insertion) force is in the range of about 4 to about 5 pounds, although other forces could be used. The tongue/beam retention arrangement has the additional desirable characteristic of providing both audible and tactile feedback to notify the user the moment that the tongue has securely seated in the connector 400.
Reference is next made to FIGS. 5-7 which illustrate the shielded I/O connector 400, and the aperture defined thereby for receiving the media plug 500. As noted in the summary of the invention section, one of the preferred embodiments of the present invention is a compact flash LAN card with a shielded I/O connector. LAN cards are similar to modem cards, another preferred embodiment of the present invention, in that both facilitate transmission of data to and from a device or devices. However, LAN cards are susceptible to damage from the telephone ring voltages that are typically experienced by modem cables, plugs, and cards. Accordingly, FIGS. 5-7 indicate a connector having an aperture formed generally in the shape of a truncated �V� (when the connector is oriented as shown in FIG. 5). The �V� configuration is calculated to preclude insertion of a typical modem media plug, which frequently takes the form of a truncated �A.� Note that the small rectangular portion of the aperture, located above and adjacent to the truncated �V� portion, would prevent a user from accidentally flipping the truncated �A� upside down and inserting it into the �V� aperture. Finally, this invention contemplates a truncated �A� configuration aperture where the compact flash card comprises a modem card, one of the embodiments disclosed herein.
The present invention may be embodied in other specific forms without departing from its spirit or essential characteristics. The described embodiments are to be considered in all respects only as illustrative and not restrictive. The scope of the invention is, therefore, indicated by the appended claims rather than by the foregoing description. All changes which come within the meaning and range of equivalency of the claims are to be embraced within their scope.
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I figure I would of kinda do a little review of this pistol. I purchased it last year and figured if didn't like it would use it for students in classes. I got the pistol in the pretty blue case got home, sat down and read the owner's manual. which I thought was well done. I field stripped the pistol and clean and inspected it. I was impressed with the quality of work done to this pistol for the price. After lubricating it and reassembly I headed out to the range. Once on the range, I was
Originally Posted by Debray Christian Anarchism is grounded in the belief that there is only one source of authority to which Christians are ultimately answerable, the authority of God as embodied in the teachings of Jesus, and thus rejects the idea that human governments have ultimate authority over human societies.
The final verse of the Book of Judges (Judges 21:25) states that there was no king in Israel and that "everyone did as they saw fit". Subsequently, as recorded in the first Book of Samuel
Originally Posted by quick44 well for one thing,it's intimidating to the general population,and also if a bad guy wants to rob a store,and see's that your armed he can easily get the jump on you and take you out as the first threat,nearly immpossible to draw your weapon when the bad guy guy acts on fast impulse,on the other hand,if your in a neighborhood that's a bit shady,i would open carry,in certain situations,other than that i conceal my 44 cal revolver. just common sense,im not out to prove a point by open carrry. but
I have mixed emotions about open carry. I do believe that all Americans should have the right to open carry if they choose. But, I also believe there is a time and a place. The recent case of the long gun open carry protests in Texas didn't do the pro gun movement any favors. In my opinion. Like it or not guns are not mainstream. I believe that a gradual process should be used to "mainstream" guns. In your face, here is my AR and i'm hanging out in Applebee's doesn't help the cause. It
Originally Posted by NorCalPat Being from California and living under the constant threat of assault on my 2a rights and I have been thinking a lot about this for the past year. It will take some serious compromise from both parties who are fanatically entrenched in their own views, which has become necessary to balance each other out.
This is about public safety right? we all want that. How do you increase public safety and also not infringe on everyone rights and liberties?
I have a son who is


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An Australian Navy warship patrolling Indian Ocean waters seized heroin worth $158 million near east Africa this week, a navy official said on Thursday, one of
BMT Group announced the sale of BMT Syntek Technologies Inc to Fulcrum Corporation.
Fulcrum Corporation, based in Arlington, VA., providies customized services
This year's "Award for Exceptional Bravery at Sea" is given to the crew from the DFDS ship BRITANNIA SEAWAYS. The award is presented by United Nations' International


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The Top 10 In Action Sports
01Bored Of Commuting? Next Year You Could Be Able To Get To Work By Trampoline
0210 Mountain Bike Inventions That Seemed Like A Good Idea At The Time
03Want To Be A Better Skater? These Scientific Secrets Will Help You On Your Way
04It Has Killed Five People, But This Monster Wave Looks Pretty Different Beneath The Surface…
05How To Be A Slightly Less Sh*t Surfer
06This Is What Happens When You Take A Bike On A Bungee Jump
07The Biggest Underground Bike Park Ever Is Opening Next Month... And It Looks Insane
08What's It Like To Wakeboard Behind A Million Pound Ferrari? This Guy Gave It A Go...
09This Australian Ski Edit Is One Of The Best You'll See All Year...
10GoPro Are Giving Away $20,000 To Whoever Rides The Best Line This Winter…
Road To X-Fighters USA 2012: Episode 1 Ocotillo Wells
In anticipation of the upcoming Red Bull X-Fighters event in Glen Helen on May 12, Ronnie Renner and friends visit some of the SoCal locations that gave birth to freestyle motocross. Starting in the hardpack of Ocotillo Wells, moving through the race-oriented Superstition and ending in the famous sand dunes of Glamis, Renner rides out and reflects on how jumping on natural terrain evolved into the ramps and ticks of modern FMX.
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8:00 AM - 9:00 AM Willard JV Girls Basketball Tournament
6:00 PM 9th Girls Basketball @ Branson
7:30 PM 9th Boys Basketball @ Branson
The clinic will be held on December 13 at the Republic High School from 12:30-3:30 p.m., and the performance will be December 15 at the home basketball game also at RHS.
The cost is $17 per girl.
A recap of a special evening celebrating our community.
Over $20,000 was raised for Republic School District & the Republic Community Foundation!


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Gluten Freedom
The concept of the value and benefit of gluten-free food has been gaining momentum for the last 10 years. Today gluten-free diets are being adopted as an overall health-promoting measure by broad ...View Article
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Dr. Joey Vrana is a chiropractor serving Goddard and the surrounding communities. Whether you have a specific condition or symptom (such as low back pain, headache or a spinal condition), need pain relief, or just want to improve your overall health, Vrana Chiropractic & Acupuncture may have a solution for you. We offer natural, safe, affordable healthcare options for newborns, infants, children, teenagers, adults, and seniors.
At your first visit to Vrana Chiropractic & Acupuncture, Dr. Joey Vrana will explain to you how the science of chiropractic works, and give you a full evaluation to see if chiropractic care is right for you. If there is a good fit, we can develop a plan of chiropractic care that is specific to your condition and health goals.
You may be new to seeing a chiropractor and want to find out more. Feel free to click the "email us" link to ask any questions and you are more than welcome to call 316-794-2347 and speak to us directly. We also welcome referrals, so feel free to use the "send to friend" link to share our health information with your friends and loved ones.
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The concept of the value and benefit of gluten-free food has been gaining momentum for the last 10 years. Today gluten-free diets are being adopted as an overall health-promoting measure by broad ...View Article
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February 6, 2014 - Industry News
CNG-gasoline capability will be available in all cab and pickup bed sizes in 2500 and 3500 HD series, while compact van offers economy and cargo-carrying capability, GM says.
Tags: Bi-Fuel, General Motors, GMC, Compact Vans, Chevrolet, Pickup Trucks, CNG, Chevrolet City Express, Chevrolet Silverado
We offer e-newsletters that deliver targeted news and information for the entire fleet industry.
The expert, Mark Betner from Citgo will answer your questions Ask a question
Detroit Assurance: Collision Mitigation, Assisted Braking, Better MPG
Unsung Documentary Series: Baker Trucking
Ultimate Test Drive Video: SuperTruck A Walk Around
PERC Clean American Innovation: Roush CleanTech
Kenworth Cabover Options Expand Applications
SKF Offers Extended Warranty on Wheel End Products
Talbert Unveils New Traveling Axle Trailer
Western Star Offers Limited-Edition Calendar


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King Edward Street.
King Edward Street.
I've always liked this block at Notre Dame and Ellen in West Alexander. A little worn down perhaps, but it's a good stretch of well-used buildings. From the top: Notre Dame Plaza, 296 Notre Dame, and 392 Note Dame.
A lovely morning on King Street, from back in early September.
Some crisp early morning light in Downtown Winnipeg. First, the Patterson GlobalFoods Institute (William Avenue), followed by The Bathgate Block (Princes Street).
Beliveau Road, St. Vital.
Ah, life at Portage and Main, the barricaded heart of the city. In the first shot, a young couple—likely tourists—try to cross the intersection, perhaps unaware of the underground concourse. Meanwhile, in the second photo, a squeegee guy proves that where there's a will there's a way.
It's been a while, but I'm pretty sure I've ranted on this website about how embarrassing the barricades at Portage and Main are. They're a relic of 1960s city planning that puts the automobile before the human being, turning the intersection into a makeshift freeway designed to usher people through downtown rather than bring them to—and keep them—downtown. They're a giant fuck-you to pedestrians, forcing people underground like Morlocks, down dark and cavernous stairways into a rat's maze of sickening 1970s oranges and browns. In the process, they ensure that life above ground ceases to exist, deadening not just the intersection itself, but its surroundings as well.
But now that the city's newest mayor has been sworn into office, all of this may change. One of Brian Bowman's campaign promises was to ensure that the intersection would once again open to pedestrians when the contract to keep it closed expires in 2019. If this is going to happen, planning for that day has to start now—a new design isn't rocket science, but these things do take time. Bowman's actions in the coming months on Portage and Main will be quite telling. Will he provide the change at city hall that his campaign promised? If planning for a new Portage and Main begins soon, then perhaps he will.
Portage Avenue. I'm glad to see that this has turned into a pretty interesting little strip; I don't recall there being anything of interest in it when I lived nearby around five years ago. Now, between Jonnies and Cafe Ce Soir, it's got at least two legitimate go-to spots.
Here are a couple of photos taken from the condo on Wellington at Cockburn. The first one is looking southeast towards a cluster of mid-rises on south Osbourne, and the second one shows the MTS building on Corydon with Pembina Highway in the distance.
Here's a series of views from the Slaw Rebchuk Bridge, taken on a gorgeous afternoon back in early September.
The mysterious Latino Garage on Sherman Street.
A few more from West Alexander including a couple from 860 Logan and one from Magic Thailand Restaurant—a pretty decent little restaurant, also on Logan.
A few from West Alexander today. From the top: A lone man takes a stroll down Logan Avenue; Superior Brake and Clutch, also on Logan Avenue; and a look at the corner of Logan and Lulu.
In other news, I'd like to take this opportunity to congratulate Brian Bowman on his (stunning) victory last night. He ran an amazing campaign—let's hope some of that energy and spirit makes its way into City Hall.
Notre Dame and Isabel.
More shots from the South Portage area of Downtown (specifically Donald Street). From the top: City Place/MPI loading zone; a couple of shots looking east from in between two buildings whose names I can't remember the names of; Crosstown Civic Credit Union; and finally, 185 Donald—a lonesome remnant from when South Portage was primarily a residential area.
When my mom and I went downtown when I was a kid, I always hoped she'd park in the City Place (Eaton Place back then) parkade. Other than the two weeks a year that the Red River Ex was operational, the parkade was the closest thing to a roller coaster ride there was.
I liked this place back then, and I like it now. Architecturally, the spiral designs (there are a couple others around) are among the most interesting parkades in the city. Have you seen the new one going up at Hargrave and Ellice? Compared to that hulking monstrosity, the City Place parkade is a masterpiece.


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Founded by Darren Gaudry of Passport to wealth Rob Hannley and Dave Garven, YourNetBiz is an internet marketing company that promotes a library of e-books, software and physical products. The Products - YourNetBiz offers four different product packages, bronze at $495, silver at $995, gold at $1995 and platinum at $2995. The quantity of e-books, software and physical products available to you varies depending on which level you sign up on. YourNetBiz has by far the biggest most extensive library of e-books with approximately 2000 e-books residing in it, the software is mostly internet marketing tools some of which are essential to your business and the line-up of physical products are small yet impressive. The most interesting physical product is the Net Millionaire Training System, its purpose is quite similar in principle to the cash flow board game by Robert Kiyosaki, to teach you how to make money from your internet marketing business while having fun. 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Reader comments are listed below. Comments are currently closed and new comments are no longer being accepted.
The article starts with a rather ackwardly placed overt blame to Catalonia as being partly responsible of the dire situation of Spain. Has the author of the article cared to look at the yearly fiscal deficit between Catalonia and Spain, currently and conservatively estimated at 8%-9%? Has the author cared to analyze the implications of favoring the high-speed train between Madrid and Galicia (next stop the Ocean...) rather than the EU-endorsed Mediterranean corridor? Apparently not. Getting our money back would drastically reduce our current deficit and opening the Mediterranean corridor would be of great benefit for the industry, agriculture, and commercial harbors along the coast -not only in Catalonia, by the way. This is not to say that Catalonia has always acted wisely, but I guess having a scape-goat is a pretty handy thing to have. The Catalan middle class is reaching a tipping point.
@Wilhelm Röpke
"The tone the Economist uses is going to piss me off."
Nobody is forcing you to read the Economist. If you dislike its tone why read it? Only a masochist would do that.
Also perhaps you may want to take a good look at the insulting way the German media treats other countries before pointing fingers at the British media.
Stern's crude anti-Americanism, Bild's rude remarks about Greece etc.
rubinamo -
Unlike the Anglo-Saxons, germany has a rather conservative binding maximum Loan to Value (LTV)ratio of 60 percent. This should somewhat restrain the development of a credit-fed housing bubble.
The best measure to supplement this is a macroprudential RULE by which this maximum LTV ratio is applied to a moving average of house prices - by region,type etc.- for the preceding few years.
Once enacted it kicks in AUTOMATICALLY to limit credit expansion secured by property as collateral, thus relieving policy makers from having to undertake unpopular discretionary restrictive measures.
The RULE kicks-in automatically reduce the EFFECTIVE LTV ratio vis when property prices are rising.
Such a credit QUANTITATIVE restriction is more effective than price based means like enhanced capital and or provisioning requirements as demonstrated by the failure of the Spanish experience with the Additional Provisioning.
More, from -
A conservative loan to value policy was practiced all along by German banks for mortgages IN GERMANY. However, stupid enough, the "water they were preaching in their homeland, they didn't drink" abroad, as the lending to US subprime junk showed. I guess the lesson they've learned from their foolish activities abroad, they'll now apply at home. This is why I can't see this currently as such a danger as you (rightfully) warn against doing. However, 'the danger' comes from investors from outside who seem to flock-in in droves currently to buy up real estate in Germany.
The reason for this is most likely the same as for the run after German 'bunds', which are currently sending the nation's borrowing costs to record lows. This happens most likely on the speculation that Europe's peripheral economic slump is deepening and the assumption that Merkel (or any other German government) will eventually have to discontinue its rescue-efforts for the 'sinking' euro boats all around her.
Such considerations make economic sense: Bailouts are like a life-boat: if you try to pull too many out of the cold waters, you'll drown and up in the cold water yourself.
Are you sure the LTV ratio is only 60% in Germany? Here in Italy we are quite rigid about not going over 80% of the certified value estimation or purchase price (whichever is lower), but I did not think it was even lower in Germany. Could you confirm that for me?
Yes, I agree such rules inhibit the development of housing bubbles. We also have a law in Italy that says we pay 3% sales tax on a first residence and 10% sales tax for a second home. If your first home should be sold in less than 5 years (anti-speculation tax) then this does not count as your first residence and you must pay the 7% difference.
LTV ratio is only 60% in Germany-I can confirm that.
Buying a house in Germany is expensive in terms of side costs.
To the buying price one has to add
3-6% Broker fee each (Buyer and Seller)
1-1.5% Registrar fee
0.5% Entry fee (Groundbook)
3,5-5% Tax (Buying price+side costs as the base)
If one holds it for 10 years, Profit is not taxed for private people. If one sells before that time, the profits are taxed like any other income.
Therefore with almost 12% cost at best and a normal annual increase in value of 0,5% in normal areas, it is hard to create a serious housing bubble in Germany. Especially since one has to keep on spending money to keep the house up to date, otherwise one even decreases the value of the actual house.
Worst of all, if the house is rented out, one cannot just kick the tenants out and move in, that can take forever, hence almost impossible to sell.
Thank you for the info. Our systems are similar. Broker fees are less - around 4%. But the 3% tax, the bank initiation fee, the Registrar fee (€2000 for each contract, one for the Deed of Sale, one for the Bank Loan), etc. etc. amounts to about 9% of the purchase price (aside from the broker fee) and of course must be paid in cash.
I am surprised 60% is the limit. It was 75% here but now goes as high as 80%. It is also possible to contract for any period maturity, 8 years, 10 years, 12 years, with a current average being just under 15 years. Mortgages longer than 20 years only became available 10 years ago. The total value of mortgages only equals 8% of our aggregate national real estate assets.
Same problem for us for renting - not coincidentally many prefer not to rent out. And yes, we too with these rather restrictive laws have avoided any housing bubble.
The tone the Economist uses is going to piss me off. I do not understand why these British guys always play with angst and moreover use terms which are villainized.
"Beware Teutonic caution"
This headline is used in order to make root against Germany and the Germans.
I know that the redcoats hates the Germans and they do everything to get into a war against Germany.
So Mr. author of TE and all who are responsible with THE Economist - read your own
advise very carefully and attentively.
"The Economist welcomes your views. Please stay on topic and be respectful of other readers."
Ja, redcoats - be respectful of others!
Using the term "Teuton" is clearly meant to offend Germans and could never be interpreted as a respectful way of expressing views without humiliate other nations and people.
One last word: Just stop this anti German campaign. There is no other country treated as disrespectful as Germany with your magazine. Who is responsible for the fuck you write??
I'm a German myself and I'm not offended at all by the writing style of "The Economist".
Using "Teutonic" instead of "German" sounds rather entertaining to me by the way, so keep on like that..
It's facts that matter, not words or opinions.
gojko, gojko? that nick contains goj -doesn't it?
and a "gojsche kop" you seem to be.....
I was offended as well, but thought as it is a British paper....who cares.
I lived a few years in England during the 90, and got to know what they think about Germans.
I used to be addressed as Hello Wulfgang, with raised arms and all the other ....
I stayed calm, told them never to do this in Germany, as it might not become them well. Basically I never showed my annoyance and that deprived them of their fun.
These were mostly working colleagues, some of whom are still my friends now.
The worst experience was in Liverpool, were an elderly Lady selling Newspaper, told be to f...off and refused to sell me a paper, because I did not heed the advice of my friends, not to mention I am German, when asked.
She made me personally responsible for the bombing of Liverpool, me a young man in his 20th?!?!?!
As a proud German I never concealed being German anywhere, even in Israel.
I acknowledge the past of my country, but never felt guilt in any way.
So, take it easy!
Sorry, I don't speak polish.
danke für Deine Antwort.
Ich möchte die Hasstiraden und unterschwelligen Beleidigungen nicht gelassen (hin)nehmen. TE und andere Inselzeitungen fahren eine Kampagne gegen Deutschland und die Interessen unseres Landes. Die Wörter, die z.B TE benutzt, ganz bewusst, beabsichtigen Hass, Ängste und Vorurteile gegenüber Deutschland in der Welt zu schüren und was noch viel schlimmer ist, sie zu verfestigen.
Hier soll die Welt gegen Deutschland aufgebracht werden.
Deshalb möchte ich die Beleidigungen von TE nicht tolerieren.
nichts zu danken.
Viele Menschen mögen es nun mal nicht, wenn es manchen besser geht als anderen. Ich nenne das Neid und Berechnung.
Die Deutschenfeindlichkeit wird solange bestehen, bis es uns nicht mehr gibt und solange wir uns selbst mit den 12 unrühmlichen Jahren unsere Geschichte weiter geißeln und von außen dauernd unter Druck und erpressen lassen, solange haben wir es ja auch nicht besser verdient.
Wir sind ja wohl das einzige Volk, dass sich regelrecht treiben lässt. Die im Ausland wissen wie man die deutsche Regierung zum Handeln bringt. Erzeuge Nachrichten wie die Obige und Sie werden einlenken und nachgeben. Es könnte ja unserm Ansehen und der Wirtschaft schaden.
Momentan werden wir halt als Spielverderber angesehen. Irgendjemand muss ja für das Scheitern der EU, Weltwirtschaft, €krise den Kopf hinhalten. Sie glauben doch nicht, dass die Regierungen anderer Länder jemals ein Eigenversagen zugeben würden. Da ist es einfacher D verantwortlich zu machen. Das funktioniert so gut, das selbst unsere gleichgeschaltete Presse dies glaubt und uns das glauben machen will.
Sollte Hollande gewinnen, stehen wir ab Morgen komplett isoliert da, und unsere Regierung wird wieder einknicken.
Mission accomplished!
Many Brits, indeed, proceed on the assumption that insulting others is universally considered 'humorous' . . . and then they give themselves a pat on the back with their long arms, scratch with their toes behind their ears, return to upright position like humans and blare: "Hehe, we Brits are the funniest people in the world!"
LOL! In reality most of them can't even follow the jokes of others - because 'Cockney' is all they understand.
When one of these 'hominids' told me that 'joke' about "we Brits are the funniest people . . ." and added that you guys, the Germans, are "the least funny", I asked him how he knows that.
He looked at me dizzily, more like an English bulldog than a hominid, and ejaculated: "well the Germans never really had led the way in comedy".
I matched his glare for glare and I asked meaningful, "how do you know that, John?"
"I've never heard any", he squawked back.
I couldn't believe it. Here was a 'moron', not understanding anything except Cockney, but "never heard a German comedy". LOL!
"Well", I said, "maybe it would help to learn some German first!"
They say that a sense of humor is a sign of intelligence. If this is true, then a people's humor reflects their level of intelligence; and if this thesis is correct, then the humor of highly intelligent people might be out of reach for the rather 'simple-minded'. . . They just can't grasp it.
I told John my theory and also that, while the Brits, with an IQ average of 100, managed eighth place in the European league table of IQ scores, the French languished in 19th place with a score of just 94. "Your intelligence towers 6 points over them frog's. This is why frogs can't understand the jokes of you hominid rosbifs", I told him.
He still smiled and nodded in agreement.
"Wait a minute" I said, "that's exactly the reason why you Brits can't understand the humor of the Germans."
He looked at me, puzzled.
"Well", I said, "what's good for the goose is good for the gander. You Brits have the same problem understanding German humor as the French are having understanding the British one. And since, with a score of 107, the average IQ of the Germans is the highest in Europe, their intelligence is a staggering 7 percent higher than the average Brit's. Of course", I explained, "you Brits must think the Germans have 'no humor' . . . 'cause you simply don't understand it. Your brains are just too small, Capiche?"
Now poor John fell into a rage.
I jumped into my car and while putting the pedal to the metal I shouted back to him:
"Don't you Brits have a sense of humor!"
Read more about Europe's IQ: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-381057/European-IQ-map-proves-Br...
Obviously Italy's higher score of 102 reflects a statistically meaningless average of 92 in southern Italy and 112 in the north.
So I would put northern Italy well ahead of Germany.
Actually, all joking aside, leave it to the Brits to dig up these statistics and "brain measurements". That someone would actually publish such drivel is pure racist/imperialist nonsense - a throwback to the days when pseudo-science was enrolled to justify imperialist domination of "inferior" races.
Reminds me of those declarations by DNA discoverer James Watson, regarding the inferiority of Africans - only to discover that he himself was 16% African.
As you know from market economics, there is no supply without demand (unless you live in communism).
How would the world otherwise know that the average score of the African American population being lower— and that of the Asian American population being higher— than that of the European-American population, and that the Ashkenazi Jews have higher intelligence than other ethnic groups?
Answer is simple. This is part of research projects human science departments perform at all substantial universities around the world.
The hyped article in The Mail was part of an automatic press release on one of these projects which went around the world. It was the most comprehensive research project performed in Europe until then.
In the USA these are common events. Children are IQ-tested in their first year in elementary school already. Intelligence quotient tests performed in the United States have consistently demonstrated a significant degree of variation between different ethnic and racial groups.
The American Psychological Association, the American Anthropological Association and the American Association of Physical Anthropologists are only three of many study groups that publish the results on a regular basis.
Time for Germany to introduce substantial property taxes (like in the US or UK). Perhaps even at higher/ more progressive rates.
Tax economic rent; inhibit any bubble; and use the proceeds to cut income tax for low earners/ cut corporation tax for R&D & new plant investments/ invest in education.
Keep it progressive, shift the tax burden to economic rents, and both greater prosperity and less inequality are attainable.
the bubble around 1995 was only in eastern Germany, as a result you could get a very nice flat in Leipzig in very good location for a very low price around 2000, it was not uncommon, if you wanted to rent a flat, that people gave you the first two months for free.
At the same time, there was no bubble in western Budesländern, quite contrary, construction of houses was reduced and often only done as "family" projects, i.e. build without mortages or only very small ones, even in towns which could expect increasing population.
2011/12 we have a very mixed situation, real demand in cities like Munich, Frankfurt, Stuttgart, Hamburg and maybe Berlin, if you check changes of rents and reals estate prices.
On the other hand many cities in eastern and northern Germany are still shrinking and around 2017 the number of housholds will peak in Germany, then decline. So some of the flats, that are bought by investors will not give the expected revenue. I would not work with the concept of German real estate market, the regional differences are IMHO too large.
"I would not work with the concept of German real estate market, the regional differences are IMHO too large."
You're right, but this is true for all real estate markets, worldwide. Look at China now; or: even in the worst subprime bubble years, there were regions in the US which hardly rose.
Arriving in Germany last week, and talking to people, I quickly noticed the change from 5 years ago. Last time I visited the country, the chances were you would pay the same amount as you might have 10 years ago.
During the times when house prices shot up at staggering rates in the U.S. and I many industrialized countries, Germany's housing market has been woolgathering: An average detached house in Germany today cost 2007 virtually the same as it did a decade earlier. I asked myself, why was Germany one of only a handful of economically developed countries to have completely missed out on the global property market boom?
The main reason for this 'phenomenon' was that in June 1991, eight months after reunification, a law was designed to revive the economy of former East Germany, called the Foerdergebietsgesetz. It offered incredibly generous tax incentives to property investors: Anyone who renovated or built real estate in the former East or Berlin, could write off the entire cost of the investment from their taxable income over 10 years.
Many Germans with high income and even steeper individual income tax ascent leapt at this once-in-a-life-time opportunity. They all poured money into real estate, ranging from single flats to giant office complexes and housing estates.
Buoyed by the generous tax breaks, Germany's property market boomed in the early and middle 1990s. Between 1990 and 1998 -- the year the tax incentives finally expired -- the price of buy-to-let properties had risen by around 70 percent. The downside was that the policy also helped to create a real estate bubble.
Effectively, the tax incentives were so generous that, similar to our sub-prime lending bubble in the U.S. which ended 2007, people over-invested and that meant there was a glut of supply, for example in Berlin. SPIEGEL ONLINE wrote 2008: "People could renovate a property and they couldn't lose, as they could write off the whole cost against their tax bill. ... So people were doing it whether or not there was a demand for it."
Consequently the German housing market bubble burst almost 10 years before the sub-prime market crash in the US. Today Germany is one of only a handful of economically advanced countries not to have experienced a housing market boom when the rest of her Western friends went 'boom and bust'.
In 2004 the German property market looked like a "dream opportunity" for investors. Prices had fallen before, but were stable then. In 2004 the housing market hit rock bottom. Since 2007 it started – very slowly at first – to climb again; but property was still cheap, compared to most other Western European countries. And home ownership was one of the lowest in the industrialized world.
All this seemed to have changed since my last visit to Germany: Institutional investors have snapped up hundreds of thousands of homes - some at bargain prices. The companies were aided in their acquisitions by the fact that German companies and the federal and regional states - which once owned much of Germany's housing stock - were trying to unload the homes from their books. Until very recently investors could buy property and get a yield of 7 to 8 percent when borrowing for 4 percent
Now, years later, looking for an apartment in cities like Munich can be a thrilling experience. Total sales of houses and condominiums in 2010 amounted to €7.6 billion. In spite of the readiness to pay 'big bucks' the market in Munich is practically swept clean. New condos in downtown Munich are selling for €20,000 per square meter, which is the equivalent of $2,444 per square foot.
A similar trend can also be witnessed in many other large German cities. I couldn't believe my ears and eyes what I experienced upon arrival this time. Leaflets, offering real estate outside of Frankfurt, showed that prices had climbed on an average of about 7 percent per year since 2007 . . . and the margin is increasing. Germany's Real Estate Association estimates that houses and condos worth €162 billion were sold in 2011 at a 20 percent increase over the previous year.
The uncertainty in the financial markets and very low interest rates on mortgages in Germany keep feeding the trend. Like everywhere else, investors seek refuge in material assets. Currently, it seems, investing in real estate in Germany is like investing money in "concrete gold." Surveys conducted by the market research organization Forsa indicate that a quarter of all private investors plan to invest in real estate in the coming 2 to 3 years.
The Bundesbank now, rightly, worries, not to make the same mistakes as central banks in Ireland and Spain did, let alone the US administration, by not better guiding and controlling their 'bubbling' housing markets.
. . . And I personally think the Bundesbank has every reason to worry.
Portions of the information for this post were taken, with thanks, from SPIEGEL ONLINE.
The rise of house prices in Germany, is only due to the Euro uncertainties. People with money buy anything of value, as they are not sure what will happen with the Euro. If it collapses, they at least have land and properties.
In any case, buying now, makes only sense for people who buy outright. People with heavy mortgages even with low interest rates, are ill advised to buy now.
Rental properties other than Offices and Shops are heavily regulated. A real pain for any owner. Not to mention all these modernisation laws. If one wants to put a new roof on the house one is forcefully obligated to insulate for example..
You're right, all this has to be taken into consideration.
And did you know, that the Greeks are buying property like mad in Berlin and other big cities?
It is amazing how the instinct of survival drives us all.
No, I didn't know that. But it makes sense.
€20,000 per square metre??!!
Beautiful real estate is now available in the provincial capitals of Trieste and Gorizia - older flats (60's, 70's and early 80's) completely up to code, for around €1000 per square metre. Maybe 1200. Completely new or fully-renovated historic buildings for under €2000 per square metre. Mind you, this is 5 hours from Munich.
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I have a certain amount of information - what part of PA, yrs and do you have any first names?Please contact me by email so I can send you information. My Gensimer/Gensemer/Gensimore/Gensamore family information goes back to 1780's in PA.
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Islandora is an open-source software framework designed to help institutions and organizations and their audiences collaboratively manage, and discover digital assets using a best-practices framework. Islandora was originally developed by the University of Prince Edward Island's Robertson Library, but is now implemented and contributed to by an ever-growing international community.
Download | Documentation | Donate | Sandbox
Islandora Show and Tell: Fundación Juan March2 days 19 hours
A couple of week ago we kicked off Islandora Show and Tell by looking at a newly launched site: Barnard Digital Collection. This week, we're going to take a look at a long-standing Islandora site that has been one of our standard answers when someone asks "What's a great Islandora site?" - Fundación Juan March, which will, to our great fortune, be the host of the next European Islandora Camp, set for May 27 - 29, 2015.
It was a foregone conclusion that once we launched this series, we would be featuring FJM sooner rather than later, but it happens that we're visiting them just as they have launched a new collection: La saga Fernández-Shaw y el teatro lírico, containing three archives of a family of Spanish playwrights. This collection is also a great example of why we love this site: innovative browsing tools such as a timeline viewer, carefully curated collections spanning a wide varieties of objects types living side-by-side (the Knowledge Protal approach really makes this work), and seamless multi-language support.Read More
Meet Your Developer: Daniel Lamb1 week 2 days
It's been a while since we last Met a Developer, but we're getting back into it with recent Islandora Camp CO instructor and discoverygarden, Inc Team Lead Daniel Lamb.Read More
2015 Islandora Camps1 week 5 days
Another year, another lineup of Islandora Camps to bring the community together. We have a great roster of camps for 2015, hopefully providing all of you out there with at least one that's close and convenient so you can partake in islandora's secret sauce.
Dates are not quite set yet for the latter events, but here's the general schedule so you can plan ahead:
Islandora Camp BC - Vancouver, BC February 16 - 18
Islandora Camp EU2 - Madrid, Spain May 27 - 29
Islandora Conference (way more info on this in days to come) - August
Islandora Camp CT - Hartford, CT Late October or Early NovemberRead More


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Festiva Resorts - High pressure sales from Festiva Reps
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Festiva Resorts
Festiva Resorts is a family of boutique interval ownership resorts in the most favorable locations throughout the USA and Caribbean. The company was founded in the year 2000. Festiva Resorts is one of the most successful privately owned vacation ownership companies in the United States. At the present time, the company operates 24 resorts and four Cruise Club destinations. The company also offers many new features, such as a password-protected section for the owners, downloadable color season calendars for each resort, reservation windows, cancellation policies, an enhanced media section and more. Festiva Resorts has recently acquired the Equivest Vacation and Travel Club Inc. the company also owns the assets at resorts which formerly belonged to Peppertree Resorts Ltd.One Vance Gap Road Asheville NC 28805
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My husband and I sat in on the "low pressure" sales in Charleston last month. We were held in the office for more than 3 hours in order to hear the pitch and get the free passes for events in Charleston. They refused to allow us to have the event coupons until they gave us pricing. We were starving and left for lunch and were told we could not get the coupons without coming back to have an... Read more ›Was this review helpful? 3 0 5


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Driving in an emergency…
We have mentioned this elsewhere but it is worth mentioning more specifically again…
It was quite a while after arriving in Lanzarote we heard about what we thought was a fantastic idea, when it comes to road etiquette. That could and perhaps should be applied anywhere including the UK!
Should you find yourself in an emergency situation, have to dash one of the kids to Accident and Emergency, or you´ve unexpectedly gone into labour – you are getting the picture now we're sure…
If you lodge a white cloth of any kind – towel – t-shirt – rag – into the window of your car, turn on your headlights and your hazards you will effectively be treated as an emergency vehicle. The local drivers will give way to you, you will be permitted to speed – and we´ve even been told that if the Police see you that they are likely to offer you an escort. But they will stop you to find out what is happening, before offering their assistance. It's a little gem really worth knowing in Lanzarote, and the rest of Spain.
We wouldn't suggest abusing this just because you are in a hurry. We can only guess the penalties for abusing this common courtesy would be quite severe. And so they should be…
Also do remember the vast majority of the hire cars in Lanzarote are driven by UK and Irish holiday makers – don't expect them to understand the meaning of the gesture and give way, so still drive carefully.
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