text:
Deregulated miRNAs are found in cancer cells and recently in blood cells of cancer patients. Due to their inherent stability miRNAs may offer themselves for blood based tumor diagnosis. Here we addressed the question whether there is a sufficient number of miRNAs deregulated in blood cells of cancer patients to be able to distinguish between cancer patients and controls.
We synthesized 866 human miRNAs and miRNA star sequences as annotated in the Sanger miRBase onto a microarray designed by febit biomed gmbh. Using the fully automated Geniom Real Time Analyzer platform, we analyzed the miRNA expression in 17 blood cell samples of patients with non-small cell lung carcinomas (NSCLC) and in 19 blood samples of healthy controls.
Using t-test, we detected 27 miRNAs significantly deregulated in blood cells of lung cancer patients as compared to the controls. Some of these miRNAs were validated using qRT-PCR. To estimate the value of each deregulated miRNA, we grouped all miRNAs according to their diagnostic information that was measured by Mutual Information. Using a subset of 24 miRNAs, a radial basis function Support Vector Machine allowed for discriminating between blood cellsamples of tumor patients and controls with an accuracy of 95.4% [94.9%-95.9%], a specificity of 98.1% [97.3%-98.8%], and a sensitivity of 92.5% [91.8%-92.5%].
Our findings support the idea that neoplasia may lead to a deregulation of miRNA expression in blood cells of cancer patients compared to blood cells of healthy individuals. Furthermore, we provide evidence that miRNA patterns can be used to detect human cancers from blood cells.
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death worldwide [1]. Its five-year survival rate is among the lowest of all cancer types and is markedly correlated to the stage at the time of diagnosis [2]. Using currently existing techniques, more than two-thirds of lung cancers are diagnosed at late stages, when the relative survival rate is low [3]. This reality calls for the search of new biomarkers that are able to catch lung cancer while it is still small and locally defined.
MicroRNAs (miRNA) are a recently discovered class of small non-coding RNAs (17-24 nucleotides) [4]. Due to their function as regulators of gene expression they play a critical role both in physiological and in pathological processes, such as cancer [5-8]. This fact is also outlined by the "Human MiRNAs & Diseases" database, the most comprehensive resource on the web, containing hundreds of entries showing the deregulation of miRNAs in a manifold of human diseases [9].
There is increasing evidence that microRNAs are not only found in tissues but also in human blood cells both as free circulating nucleic acids and in mononuclear cells. A recent proof-of-principle study demonstrated miRNA expression pattern in pooled blood sera and pooled blood cells, both in healthy individuals and in cancer patients including patients with lung cancer [10]. In addition, a remarkable stability of miRNAs in human sera was recently demonstrated [10,11]. These findings make miRNA a potential tool for a cancer diagnostics based on blood analysis. Since single biomarkers usually lack sufficient specificity and sensitivity, we set out to analyze complex miRNA expression pattern in blood cells of cancer patients. We synthesized 866 human miRNAs and miRNA star sequences as annotated in the Sanger miRBase ([12,13], Version 12.0) on a microarray designed by febit biomed gmbh. This array combined with the fully automated Geniom Real Time Analyzer (GRTA) platform allows for measuring miRNA fingerprints and ensures a high degree of reproducibility. To identify miRNA expression pattern we analyzed the expression of 866 miRNAs in 17 blood samples of patients with non-small cell lung carcinomas and in 19 blood samples of healthy controls.
The aim of our study was to address the following questions: Is there a larger number of differentially regulated miRNAs in blood cells of lung cancer patients as compared to healthy controls? To what extend do miRNA expression profiles in blood cells allow for the discrimination of lung cancer patients from controls? What is the information content of single miRNAs for such discrimination? Does the platform used in these experiments offer the option of a highly reproducible and efficient large-scale diagnostic test? The answers to these questions will also lay the ground for the analysis of blood based miRNA expression profiles in other cancers.
The analysis of blood from lung cancer patients and healthy subjects has been approved by local ethics committee and participants have given written informed consent. Blood samples were obtained with patients' informed consent. The patient samples stem from 17 patients with non-small cell lung carcinoma and normal controls. Normal samples were obtained from 19 different volunteers. More detailed information of patients and controls is given in Tables 1 and 2.
Table 1. Information on lung cancer patients and healthy control subjects
Table 2. Staging of patients and tumor type
miRNA extraction and microarray screening
Blood of lung cancer patients and volunteers without known disease was extracted in PAXgene Blood RNA tubes (BD, Franklin Lakes, New Jersey USA). For each blood donor, 5 ml of peripheral blood were obtained. The content of blood sampling tubes of each patient and healthy donor was centrifuged at 5000 g for 10 min at room temperature. The supernatant was discarded while the pellet was resuspended in 10 ml RNase free water by vortex. The suspension is again centrifuged at 5000 g for 10 min at RT. Subsequently, the total RNA including the miRNA was isolated using the miRNeasy kit (Qiagen GmbH, Hilden). Therefore the pellet was resuspended in 700 μl QIAzol lysis reagent and incubated for 5 min at RT. Then, 140 μl chloroform were added, vortexed for 15 sec, and incubated for 2-3 min at RT. This was followed by a centrifugation at 14000 rpm and 4°C for 15 min. The upper, watery phase was removed and 1,5 times of its volume added in 100% ethanol (ca. 900 μl). Each 700 μl of this mixture were placed on a column and centrifuged at 13000 rpm at RT for 15 sec. After the mixture had completely passed the column, 700 μl of Buffer RWT were added to each column, and again centrifuged at 13000 rpm at RT for 15 sec. Following this, 500 μl Buffer RPL were added to the column and centrifuged at 13000 rpm at RT for 15 sec. After this, another 500 μl Buffer RPL were added to the column and centrifuged at 13000 rpm at RT for 2 min. The column was then centrifuged at 13000 rpm and RT for 1 min to dry it. The following was the elution step with 40 μl RNase free water, centrifuging at 13000 rpm at RT for 1 min. The eluted RNA was stored at -70°C.
Samples were analyzed with the Geniom Realtime Analyzer (GRTA, febit gmbh, Heidelberg, Germany) using the Geniom Biochip miRNA homo sapiens. Each array contains 7 replicates of 866 miRNAs and miRNA star sequences as annotated in the Sanger miRBase 12.0 [13,14]. Sample labeling with Biotine has been carried out either by using the miRVANA™ miRNA Labeling Kit (Applied Biosystems Inc, Foster City, California USA) or by microfluidic-based enzymatic on-chip labeling of miRNAs (MPEA [15]).
Following hybridization for 16 hours at 42°C the biochip was washed automatically and a program for signal enhancement was processed with the GRTA. The resulting detection pictures were evaluated using the Geniom Wizard Software. For each array, the median signal intensity was extracted from the raw data file such that for each miRNA seven intensity values have been calculated corresponding to each replicate copy of miRBase on the array. Following background correction, the seven replicate intensity values of each miRNA were summarized by their median value. To normalize the data across different arrays, quantile normalization [16] was applied and all further analyses were carried out using the normalized and background subtracted intensity values.
We stored all microarray data in the miRDBXP (manuscript in preparation), a database which is designed to store any type of microRNA expression pattern. The database is freely accessible at http://188.8.131.52/fmi/iwp. In addition, the data are also available in GEO (GSE17681).
Statistical analysis
After having verified the normal distribution of the measured data, we carried out parametric t-test (unpaired, two-tailed) for each miRNA separately, to detect miRNAs that show a different behavior in different groups of blood donors. The resulting p-values were adjusted for multiple testing by Benjamini-Hochberg [17,18] adjustment. Moreover, the Mutual Information (MI) [19] was computed as a measure to access the diagnostic value of single miRNA biomarkers. To this end, all biomarkers were transformed to z-scores and binned in three bins before the MI values of each biomarker, and the information whether the marker has been measured from a normal or lung cancer sample, was computed. In addition to the single biomarker analysis classification of samples using miRNA patterns was carried out using Support Vector Machines (SVM, [20]) as implemented in the R [21] e1071 package. In detail, different kernel (linear, polynomial, sigmoid, radial basis function) Support Vector Machines have been evaluated, where the cost parameter was sampled from 0.01 to 10 in decimal powers. The measured miRNA profiles were classified using 100 repetitions of standard 10-fold cross-validation. As a subset selection technique we applied a filter approach based on t-test. In detail, the s miRNAs with lowest p-values were computed on the training set in each fold of the cross validation, where s was sampled from 1 to 866. The respective subset was used to train the SVM and to carry out the prediction of the test samples. As result, the mean accuracy, specificity, and sensitivity were calculated together with the 95% Confidence Intervals (95% CI) for each subset size. To check for overtraining we applied permutation tests. Here we sampled the class labels randomly and carried out classifications using the permuted class labels. All statistical analyzes were performed using R [21-23].
miRNA experiments
We analyzed the expression of 866 miRNAs and miRNA star sequences in blood cells of 17 patients with NSCLC. As a control we used blood cells of 19 volunteers without known disease (see also Materials and Methods).
Following RNA isolation and labeling by miRVANA™ miRNA Labeling Kit, the miRNA expression profiles were measured by the Geniom Bioship miRNA homo sapiens in the GRTA (febit gmbh, Heidelberg). Following intensity value computation and quantile normalization of the miRNA profiles [16], we determined a mean correlation value of 0.97 for technical replicates by using purchased total RNA from Ambion (four heart and four liver replicates). As comparison, we computed the mean correlation of all cancer samples with all other cancer samples and all normal samples with all other normal samples. Here, we still reached a high correlation of 0.87 and a variance of 0.009.
ruling out the influence of age and gender
To cross-check that age and gender do not have an influence on our analysis, we computed t-tests for the normal samples. In the case of males versus females we did not find any statistically significant deregulated miRNA. The most significant miRNA, hsa-miR-423, showed an adjusted significance level of 0.78.
To test for the influence of donor age we compared the profiles obtained from samples obtains from the oldest versus youngest patients by splitting the group in half based on age. Here the most significant miRNA, miR-890, obtained an adjusted p-value of 0.87. As for gender, we did not find any deregulated miRNAs, thus providing evidence that age and gender do not have a substantial influence on the miRNA profiles.
single deregulated miRNAs
We applied hypothesis testing to identify miRNAs deregulated in the blood cells of lung cancer patients as compared to the blood cells of the controls. Following verification of an approximately normal distribution, we performed two-tailed unpaired t-tests for each miRNA. The respective p-values were adjusted for multiple testing by the Benjamini-Hochberg approach [17,18]. In total we detected 27 miRNAs significantly deregulated in blood cells of lung cancer patients as compared to the controls. A complete list of deregulated miRNAs is given in the Supplemental Material (see Additional file 1 - Table S1). The miRNAs that were most significantly deregulated included hsa-miR-126 with a p-value of 0.00003, hsa-let-7d with a p-value of 0.003, hsa-let-7i with a p-value of 0.003, and hsa-miR-423 with a p-value of 0.001 (Figure 1 and Figure 2). Other members of the let-7 family that were also found to be deregulated included hsa-let-7c, hsa-let-7e, hsa-let-7f, hsa-let-7g and hsa-let-7a. Besides miR-423, all above mentioned miRNAs were down-regulated in blood cells of lung cancer patients compared to blood cells of healthy subjects indicating an overall decreased miRNA repertoire.
Additional file 1. Table S1. Details of all miRNAs for the miRVANA screening (columns A-I), MPEA Assay (columns K-S) and the MI (columns U-V). Significant miRNAs are colored.
Format: XLS Size: 352KB Download file
This file can be viewed with: Microsoft Excel Viewer
Figure 1. The bar-chart shows for 15 of the 27 deregulated miRNAs the median value of cancer samples and normal samples. Here, blue bars correspond to cancer samples while red bars to controls.
Figure 2. Back to back histograms of two examples. The color-coding corresponds to the one used in Figure 1.
To validate our findings, we repeated the miRNA profiling using an enzymatic on-chip labeling technique termed MPEA (Microfluidic-based enzymatic on-chip labeling of miRNAs) [24]. For this control experiment, we used 4 out of the 17 lung cancer patients and 10 of the controls. Hereby, we detected 100 differentially regulated miRNAs. The miRNAs that were most significantly deregulated include hsa-miR-1253 with a p-value of 0.001, hsa-miR-126 with a p-value of 0.006, hsa-let-7d with a p-value of 0.006, and hsa-let-7f with a p-value of 0.006. Of the previously identified 27 miRNAs 12 were detected to be significant in the second experiment, while the remaining miRNAs showed increased p-values. The correlation of fold changes was 0.62. We also confirmed other members of the let-7 family as deregulated in blood cells of lung cancer patients. Furthermore, we confirmed that the majority of the deregulated miRNAs were down-regulated in patients' blood cells. In these Experiments, 62% of the significantly deregulated miRNAs showed decreased intensity values in lung cancer samples. In the Supplemental Material we provide a complete list of deregulated miRNAs identified by MPEA (see Additional file 1 - Table S1).
As a further control experiment we performed an expression analysis by qRT-PCR. As a test sample we analyzed the fold changes of hsa-miR-106b, miR-162, miR-98, miR-let7d, miR-22, and miR-140-3p in blood cells of eight tumor patients and five controls. Of these 6 miRNAs, 3 belong to the group of 12 miRNAs significant for miRVANA labeling and the MPEA method. The result of this validation experiment was a verification of the microarray screening. For example, in agreement with the up-regulation detected by the Geniom Biochip experiments, the qRT-PCR experiments showed on average an up-regulation of 1.4 fold in blood cells of lung cancer patients as compared to healthy controls for miR 106b. The excellent correlation of microarray and qRT-PCR data is demonstrated by an R2 value of 0.994 (see Figure 3).
Figure 3. Scatterplot of fold quotients of qRT-PCR (x-axis) and microarray experiments (y-axis).
Diagnostic value of miRNA biomarkers
Mutual Information (MI) [19] is an adequate measure to estimate the overall diagnostic information content of single biomarkers [22]. In our study, Mutual Information is considered as the reduction in uncertainty about the class labels '0' for controls and '1' for tumor samples due to the knowledge of the miRNA expression. The higher the value of the MI of a miRNA, the higher is the diagnostic content of the respective miRNA.
We computed the MI of each miRNA with the class labels. First, we carried out a permutation test to determine the background noise of the miRNAs, e.g. the random information content of each miRNA. We randomly selected 1000 miRNAs (with replacements) and sampled the class labels for each miRNA. These permutation tests yielded a mean MI value of 0.029, a 95% quantile of 0.096 and a value of 0.217 for the highest random MI. Second, we calculated the MI values for the comparison between the miRNAs in blood cells of tumor patients and controls. The overall comparison of the 866 miRNAs yielded significantly increased MI values with a two-tailed p-value of ≤ 10-10 as shown by an unpaired Wilcoxon Mann-Whitney test [23,24]. The miRNA hsa-miR-361-5p showed the highest MI with a value of 0.446. The miRNAs with the best significance values as computed by the t-test, namely hsa-miR-126 and hsa-miR-98, were also among the miRNAs showing the highest MI values. In total we detected 37 miRNAs with MI values higher than the highest of 1000 permuted miRNAs and 200 miRNAs with MI values higher than the 95% quantile (Figure 4). Of the initially detected 27 miRNAs by the t-test, 14 had values higher than the highest permutation test and all remaining 13 miRNAs belong to the group of miRNAs with MI values higher than the 95% quantile, demonstrating the overall well agreement of the two measures. Venn diagrams for the different analyses are provided as Venn diagrams (Figures 5A and 5B). A complete list of miRNAs, the respective MI and the enrichment compared to the background MI is provided in the supplemental material (see Additional file 2 - Table S2).
Additional file 2. Table S2. Mutual Information of biomarkers. This table contains for each miRNA biomarker the Mutual Information (MI) together with the enrichment as compared to the background MI. The miRNAs with MI higher than the highest background MI are colored red, the miRNAs with MI values higher than highest 5% background MI's in blue.
Format: XLS Size: 141KB Download file
This file can be viewed with: Microsoft Excel Viewer
Figure 4. The mutual information of all miRNAs that have higher information content than the best permutation test (upper red line). The middle red line denotes the 95% quantile of the 1000 permutation tests and the bottom red line the mean of the permutation experiments, corresponding to the background MI.
Figure 5. Venn diagrams for different analyses. A) Venn diagram of the t-test mirVANA and MPEA labeling. B) Venn diagram of the t-test and the Mutual Information. The right circle shows significant MI miRNAs, separated in the miRNAs that are higher than the highest permutation test and the miRNAs higher than 95% of all 1000 permutation tests. The 27 miRNAs are all included in these miRNAs, indicated by the green circle. C) Venn diagram of t-test miRNAs and miRNAs used in the best classification subset. The 24 miRNAs used for classification are all contained in the set of 27 most significant mRNAs
Evaluating complex fingerprints
Even single miRNAs with highest MI values are not sufficient to differentiate between blood cells of tumor patients as compared to controls with high specificity. For example, the hsa-miR-126 separates blood cells of tumor patients from blood cells of healthy individuals with a specificity of 68%, only. In order to improve the classification accuracy we combined the predictive power of multiple miRNAs by using statistical learning techniques. In detail, we applied Support Vector Machines with different kernels (linear, polynomial, sigmoid, radial basis function) to the data and carried out a hypothesis test based subset selection as described in Material and Methods. To gain statistical significance we carried out 100 repetitions of 10-fold cross validation. Likewise, we computed 100 repetitions for the permutation tests.
The best results were obtained with radial basis function Support Vector Machines and a subset of 24 miRNAs (Table 3 and Venn Diagram in Figure 5C). These miRNAs allowed for the discrimination between blood cells of lung tumor patients and blood cells of controls with an accuracy of 95.4% [94.9%-95.9%], a specificity of 98.1% [97.3%-98.8%], and a sensitivity of 92.5% [91.8%-92.5%]. The permutation tests showed significantly decreased accuracy, specificity, and sensitivity with 49.2% [47.2%-51.3%], 56.9% [54.5%-59.3%] and 40.6% [37.9%-43.4%], respectively (Figure 6), providing evidence that the obtained results are not due to an overfit of the statistical model on the miRNA fingerprints.
While complex miRNA expression patterns have been reported for a huge variety of human tumors, far less information is available on miRNA expression patterns of blood cells derived from tumor patients. In the following we relate our miRNA expression profiling to both the miRNA expression in blood cells and in cancer cells of non-small cell lung cancer patients. We found significant down-regulation of hsa-miR-126 that was recently detected in blood cells of healthy individuals, but not in blood cells of lung cancer patients [10]. Down-regulation of hsa-miR-126 was also found in lung cancer tissue [25]. Functional studies on hsa-miR-126 revealed this miRNA as a regulator of the endothelial expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1), which is an intercellular adhesion molecule expressed by endothelial cells [26]. hsa-miR-126 is also reported to be an inhibitor of cell invasion in non-small cell lung cancer cell lines, and down-regulation of this miRNA might be a mechanism of lung cancer cells to evade these inhibitory effects [27]. Members of the hsa-let-7 family that were found down-regulated in our study were the first miRNAs reported as de-regulated in lung cancer [28]. This down-regulation of the let-7 family in lung cancer was confirmed by several independent studies [29-33]. Our data are also in agreement with a recent study showing the down-regulation of hsa-let-7a, hsa-let-7d, hsa-let-7f, hsa-let-7g, and hsa-let-7i in blood cells of lung cancer patients [10]. Notably, down-regulation of let-7 in lung cancer was strongly associated with poor clinical outcome [29]. The let-7 family members negatively regulate oncogene RAS [28]. The miRNA hsa-miR-22 that showed a high MI value and up-regulation in our study, was recently also reported to be up-regulated in blood cells of lung cancer patients [10]. The miRNA hsa-miR-19a that also showed a high MI value and up-regulation in our study was reported to be up-regulated in lung cancer tissue [34,35]. In contrast, hsa-miR-20a, which is significantly down-regulated in our experiments, was reported as up-regulated in lung cancer tissue [34,35]. The up-regulation of hsa-miR-20a was found in small-cell lung cancer cell lines, our study investigated only NSCLC. In summary, there is a high degree of consistency between miRNA expression found in the peripheral blood cells of lung cancer patients and miRNA expression in lung cancer tissue [25,29-37].
Some of the deregulated miRNAs identified in our study are also reported as de-regulated in other cancer entities, e.g. hsa-miR-346 in gastritic cancer, hsa-miR-145 in bladder cancer, and hsa-miR-19a in hepatocellular carcinoma and B-cell leukemia [38-42]. We also found miRNAs with high diagnostic potential e.g. high MI value, that were not yet related to cancer as for example hsa-miR-527 or hsa-mir-361-5p that were both up-regulated in blood cells of lung cancer patients.
Besides the deregulation of single miRNAs, we analyzed the overall expression pattern of miRNAs in peripheral blood cells of lung cancer patients in comparison to the pattern in blood cells of healthy controls. Recently, Chen et al. [10] reported a high correlation of 0.9205 between miRNA profiles in serum and miRNA profiles in blood cells, both in healthy individuals. The correlation of the miRNA profiles between serum and blood cells in lung cancer patients were significantly lower (0.4492). These results are indicative of deregulated miRNAs in blood and/or serum of patients and are in agreement with our data that show the deregulation of miRNAs in the blood cells of lung carcinoma patients. These deregulated miRNAs can be used to differentiate patients with lung cancer from normal controls with high specificity and sensitivity.
This is the first evidence for the diagnostic potential of miRNA expression profiles in peripheral blood cells of cancer patients and healthy individuals. It remains to be seen whether other cancers and other non-cancer diseases also show a specific miRNA expression pattern that might be used to tell these diseases apart form controls and possibly apart from each other.
We are optimistic that the high specificity and sensitivity of the miRNAs deregulated in blood cells of lung carcinoma patients together with the high reproducibility of the applied technique will open avenues for applying this approach in prospective trials of a non-invasive diagnostic test.
List of abbreviations
miRNA: microRNA; NSCLC: non-small cell lung cancer; qRT-PCR: quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction; MI: Mutual Information; GRTA: Geniom Realtime Analyzer; MPEA: microfluidic-based enzymatic on-chip labeling of miRNAs; SVM: Support Vector Machines.
Competing interests
AK: salary (febit), patent (febit); AB salary (febit), patent (febit); MS salary (febit); FW salary (febit); AW salary (febit);
Authors' contributions
AK contributed to study design, carried out the statistical analyses, initiated the study and contributed in paper writing. PL developed the protocol for miRNA extraction, extracted the miRNAs from blood cells, and contributed in paper writing. AB performed the miRNA screening. AW added the data into the miRNA database and contributed in the statistical evaluation. FW assisted the evaluation of the miRNA microarrays. MS contributed to study design and writing of the paper. HH contributed in study design, collected the blood samples and contributed in paper writing. HPL contributed in the bio-statistical analysis. EM contributed in study design, development of miRNA extraction, supervised the study and contributed in paper writing. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
We want to thank the healthy individuals and lung cancer patients for participating in this study. This Work was supported by funding of the German Ministry of Research Education (BMBF) under contract 01EX0806 and by Hedwig-Stalter foundation.
Jemal A, Siegel R, Ward E, Hao Y, Xu J, Murray T, Thun MJ: Cancer statistics, 2008.
CA Cancer J Clin 2008, 58(2):71-96. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
Scott WJ, Howington J, Feigenberg S, Movsas B, Pisters K: Treatment of non-small cell lung cancer stage I and stage II: ACCP evidence-based clinical practice guidelines (2nd edition).
Chest 2007, 132(3 Suppl):234S-242S. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
Henschke CI, Yankelevitz DF: CT screening for lung cancer: update 2007.
Oncologist 2008, 13(1):65-78. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
Lee RC, Feinbaum RL, Ambros V: The C. elegans heterochronic gene lin-4 encodes small RNAs with antisense complementarity to lin-14.
Cell 1993, 75(5):843-854. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
Calin GA, Croce CM: MicroRNA signatures in human cancers.
Nat Rev Cancer 2006, 6(11):857-866. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
Esquela-Kerscher A, Slack FJ: Oncomirs - microRNAs with a role in cancer.
Nat Rev Cancer 2006, 6(4):259-269. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
Sassen S, Miska EA, Caldas C: MicroRNA: implications for cancer.
Virchows Arch 2008, 452(1):1-10. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | PubMed Central Full Text
Zhang B, Pan X, Cobb GP, Anderson TA: microRNAs as oncogenes and tumor suppressors.
Dev Biol 2007, 302(1):1-12. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
Lu M, Zhang Q, Deng M, Miao J, Guo Y, Gao W, Cui Q: An analysis of human microRNA and disease associations.
PLoS ONE 2008, 3(10):e3420. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | PubMed Central Full Text
Chen X, Ba Y, Ma L, Cai X, Yin Y, Wang K, Guo J, Zhang Y, Chen J, Guo X, et al.: Characterization of microRNAs in serum: a novel class of biomarkers for diagnosis of cancer and other diseases.
Cell Res 2008, 18(10):997-1006. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
Gilad S, Meiri E, Yogev Y, Benjamin S, Lebanony D, Yerushalmi N, Benjamin H, Kushnir M, Cholakh H, Melamed N, et al.: Serum microRNAs are promising novel biomarkers.
PLoS ONE 2008, 3(9):e3148. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | PubMed Central Full Text
Griffiths-Jones S, Grocock RJ, van Dongen S, Bateman A, Enright AJ: miRBase: microRNA sequences, targets and gene nomenclature.
Nucleic Acids Res 2006, (34 Database):D140-144. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | PubMed Central Full Text
Griffiths-Jones S, Saini HK, van Dongen S, Enright AJ: miRBase: tools for microRNA genomics.
Nucleic Acids Res 2008, (36 Database):D154-158. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | PubMed Central Full Text
Griffiths-Jones S, Moxon S, Marshall M, Khanna A, Eddy SR, Bateman A: Rfam: annotating non-coding RNAs in complete genomes.
Nucleic Acids Res 2005, (33 Database):D121-124. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | PubMed Central Full Text
Vorwerk S, Ganter K, Cheng Y, Hoheisel J, Stahler PF, Beier M: Microfluidic-based enzymatic on-chip labeling of miRNAs.
N Biotechnol 2008, 25(2-3):142-149. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
Bolstad BM, Irizarry RA, Astrand M, Speed TP: A comparison of normalization methods for high density oligonucleotide array data based on variance and bias.
Bioinformatics 2003, 19(2):185-193. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
Benjamini Y, Hochberg Y: Controlling the false discovery rate: A practical and powerful approach to multiple testing.
Hochberg Y: A sharper bonferroni procedure for multiple tests of significance.
Biometrica 1988, 75:185-193. Publisher Full Text
Shannon C: A mathematical theory of communication.
Vapnik V: The Nature of Statistical Learning Theory. Second edition. Springer; 2000.
Team RDC: R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing; 2008.
Keller A, Ludwig N, Comtesse N, Hildebrandt A, Meese E, Lenhof HP: A minimally invasive multiple marker approach allows highly efficient detection of meningioma tumors.
BMC Bioinformatics 2006, 7:539. PubMed Abstract | BioMed Central Full Text | PubMed Central Full Text
Wilcoxon F: Individual comparisons by ranking methods.
Biometric Bull 1945, 1:80-83. Publisher Full Text
Mann H, Wilcoxon F: On a test whether one of two random variables is stochastically larger than the other.
Ann Mat Stat 1947, 18:50-60. Publisher Full Text
Yanaihara N, Caplen N, Bowman E, Seike M, Kumamoto K, Yi M, Stephens RM, Okamoto A, Yokota J, Tanaka T, et al.: Unique microRNA molecular profiles in lung cancer diagnosis and prognosis.
Cancer Cell 2006, 9(3):189-198. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
Harris TA, Yamakuchi M, Ferlito M, Mendell JT, Lowenstein CJ: MicroRNA-126 regulates endothelial expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule 1.
Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2008, 105(5):1516-1521. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | PubMed Central Full Text
Crawford M, Brawner E, Batte K, Yu L, Hunter MG, Otterson GA, Nuovo G, Marsh CB, Nana-Sinkam SP: MicroRNA-126 inhibits invasion in non-small cell lung carcinoma cell lines.
Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2008, 373(4):607-612. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
Johnson SM, Grosshans H, Shingara J, Byrom M, Jarvis R, Cheng A, Labourier E, Reinert KL, Brown D, Slack FJ: RAS is regulated by the let-7 microRNA family.
Cell 2005, 120(5):635-647. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
Takamizawa J, Konishi H, Yanagisawa K, Tomida S, Osada H, Endoh H, Harano T, Yatabe Y, Nagino M, Nimura Y, et al.: Reduced expression of the let-7 microRNAs in human lung cancers in association with shortened postoperative survival.
Cancer Res 2004, 64(11):3753-3756. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
Tong AW: Small RNAs and non-small cell lung cancer.
Curr Mol Med 2006, 6(3):339-349. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
Stahlhut Espinosa CE, Slack FJ: The role of microRNAs in cancer.
Yale J Biol Med 2006, 79(3-4):131-140. PubMed Abstract | PubMed Central Full Text
Williams AE: Functional aspects of animal microRNAs.
Cell Mol Life Sci 2008, 65(4):545-562. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
Zhang B, Wang Q, Pan X: MicroRNAs and their regulatory roles in animals and plants.
J Cell Physiol 2007, 210(2):279-289. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
Calin GA, Croce CM: MicroRNA-cancer connection: the beginning of a new tale.
Cancer Res 2006, 66(15):7390-7394. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
Hayashita Y, Osada H, Tatematsu Y, Yamada H, Yanagisawa K, Tomida S, Yatabe Y, Kawahara K, Sekido Y, Takahashi T: A polycistronic microRNA cluster, miR-17-92, is overexpressed in human lung cancers and enhances cell proliferation.
Cancer Res 2005, 65(21):9628-9632. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
Lu J, Getz G, Miska EA, Alvarez-Saavedra E, Lamb J, Peck D, Sweet-Cordero A, Ebert BL, Mak RH, Ferrando AA, et al.: MicroRNA expression profiles classify human cancers.
Nature 2005, 435(7043):834-838. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
Volinia S, Calin GA, Liu CG, Ambs S, Cimmino A, Petrocca F, Visone R, Iorio M, Roldo C, Ferracin M, et al.: A microRNA expression signature of human solid tumors defines cancer gene targets.
Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2006, 103(7):2257-2261. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | PubMed Central Full Text
Guo L, Huang ZX, Chen XW, Deng QK, Yan W, Zhou MJ, Ou CS, Ding ZH: Differential Expression Profiles of microRNAs in NIH3T3 Cells in Response to UVB Irradiation.
Photochem Photobiol 2009, 85(3):765-73. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
Ichimi T, Enokida H, Okuno Y, Kunimoto R, Chiyomaru T, Kawamoto K, Kawahara K, Toki K, Kawakami K, Nishiyama K, et al.: Identification of novel microRNA targets based on microRNA signatures in bladder cancer.
Int J Cancer 2009, 125(2):345-52. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
He L, Thomson JM, Hemann MT, Hernando-Monge E, Mu D, Goodson S, Powers S, Cordon-Cardo C, Lowe SW, Hannon GJ, et al.: A microRNA polycistron as a potential human oncogene.
Nature 2005, 435(7043):828-833. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
Alvarez-Garcia I, Miska EA: MicroRNA functions in animal development and human disease.
Development 2005, 132(21):4653-4662. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
Feitelson MA, Lee J: Hepatitis B virus integration, fragile sites, and hepatocarcinogenesis.
Cancer Lett 2007, 252(2):157-170. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
Pre-publication history
The pre-publication history for this paper can be accessed here:


text:
Definition of trashiness
n. - The quality or state of being trashy. 2
The word "trashiness" uses 10 letters: A E H I N R S S S T.
No direct anagrams for trashiness found in this word list.
Words formed by adding one letter before or after trashiness (in bold), or to aehinrssst in any order:
c - starchiness w - swarthiness
List all words starting with trashiness, words containing trashiness or words ending with trashiness
All words formed from trashiness by changing one letter
Other words with the same letter pairs: tr ra as sh hi in ne es ss
Browse words starting with trashiness by next letter
Previous word in list: trashily
Next word in list: trashinesses
Some random words: ufological fenland eglantine rya oaves teutonize aorist
This is not a dictionary, it's a word game wordfinder.
- Help and FAQ - Examples - Home
2014 Nov 23 - 11:30:10 - Privacy Policy - © Copyright 2004-2014 MoreWords.com - V - e2k - 10.477mS

subset: commoncrawl


text:
/// Box Office: 'I, Frankenstein' Delivers Dismal $8.3 Mil, While 'Ride Along' Injects Life Into Sluggish Frame
January 26, 2014 | Variety
While Lionsgate's "I, Frankenstein" failed to spark audience interest, delivering a dismal estimated $8.3 million in three days, the domestic box office still saw some signs of life, thanks to solid holds from such films as Universal pair, "Ride Along" and "Lone Survivor," which led with $21.2 million and $12.6 million, respectively. In its second… Read more
Related Posts
- 11/23/2014 • Box Office: 'Hunger Games: Mockingjay – Part 1′ Scores Year's Biggest Opening With $123 Million
- 11/21/2014 • Digital Tracking: 'Mockingjay' to Fly Away with Records at Box Office
- 11/16/2014 • Box Office: 'Dumb and Dumber To' On Top With $38 Million
- 11/11/2014 • Box Office: Did 'Interstellar' Get a Fair Shake? (Analysis)


text:
- Cooking Time: 9
- Servings: 24
- Preparation Time: 15
- crust
- 2 cups Archway Iced Lemonade Cookies, crushed
- 1/2 cup melted butter
- filling
- 1 1/2 cups milk
- 1 (3.4-ounce) package lemon instant pudding mix
- 1 (1.03-ounce) envelope whipped topping mix
- 1 pint fresh blueberries
- Preheat oven to 350 degrees F. In a medium bowl, combine cookie crumbs with butter. Spoon crumb mixture into 24 mini muffin cups; press crumbs to form cups. Bake at 350 degrees F. for 8 minutes. remove from oven. Press each cup with a small spoon to make room for the filling. Cool cups in pan.
- In another medium bowl, beat milk, pudding mix and topping mix for 5 minutes. Mound pudding into cookie cups in pan. Top with blueberries. Refrigerate for 30 minutes.
- Carefully run a knife around each cup to loosen. Remove from pans. Serve immediately or refrigerate.
- 24 mini-tarts
NotesI created this recipe especially for the Bakespace/Archway Cookies Contest! I added a little of this and a little of that to make a yummy little dessert that would be perfect for a family get-together or a pot luck. They look fancy but they are very quick and easy to prepare!
Presented by
Holiday Meal Planning
Wine Pairing Chat
Cupcake Recipes: Allison Robicelli Cupcake Chat
Healthy Blender Recipes: Vegan Drinks, Shakes & Smoothies
Cooking for a Cure
Second Grade Holiday CookbookSee More
Prickly Pear Margarita
Creamy Candy Bar Dessert
Hector's HurricanesSee More


text:
By Drew AIles
By Taylor Boylston
By Bree Davies
By Emerald O'Brien
By Backbeat
Chive Fest hopes to win over neighbors
By Gina Tron
How the Hornbuckles overcame heroin
By Jon Solomon
By Drew Ailes
How blue is your grass? Niwot's own Pete and Joan Wernick, who perform in free concerts on Saturday, October 7, and Sunday, October 8, at the Denver Performing Arts Complex, combine masterful acoustic pickin' with heartfelt vocal harmonies; it's a one-two punch that has earned the pair the honorary distinction of Dr. and Nurse Banjo.: Although Pete holds a Ph.D. in sociology from Columbia University, his reputation comes as much from the alchemy he can produce on a five-string as any piece of sheepskin. Widely known as a core member of Hot Rize (as well as its daffy alter ego, Red Knuckles and the Trailblazers), the good Doc W. has garnered his share of national praise since his mid-'70s involvement in the groundbreaking Ithaca-based progressive bluegrass outfit Country Cooking. Nurse Nondi: (Joan) soothes like Florence Nightingale in your darkest hour. As grassroots hostess to Old Grass, GNU Grass,: a KGNU specialty show since 1978, her soulful voice lends itself effortlessly to ballads about broken hearts, mining-town disasters and human folly. On the heels of their first duet CD, Windy Mountain -- a tribute to traditionals including I've Endured,: Caves of Jericho: and Be Proud of the Gray in Your Hair: -- the pair puts on a banjo-induced medicine show, a clinic bursting with lickety-split solos and backwoods laments. Best experienced live, they satisfy both mind and spirit, like an impromptu history lesson or a simple, hearty meal from a cast-iron skillet. Lively, bluesy and beautiful, the Wernicks' sound is more than enough to remind you of life's good things.


text:
Select () or exclude () categories to narrow your recipe search.
As you select categories, the number of matching recipes will update.
Find exactly what you're looking for with the web's most powerful recipe filtering tool.
Cookbook by
Sort by: Newest | Rating | With Photo | Time to Make | Alphabetical
Recipe #267159
Recipe #367295
Recipe #483620
Recipe #483657
Recipe #483659
More cookbooks from loof:


text:
SINGLE FAMILY HOME: 5 bed, 5 full bath. Natural light becomes a spectacle in this home and guest house. Visitors to the main residence willMore info
CONDOMINIUM UNIT: 3 bed, 3 full bath. This well kept condominium is located just 10 minutes from campus. An end unit with a spacious yardMore info
CONDOMINIUM UNIT: 2 bed, 2 full bath. Welcome to this luxurious condo conveniently located close to shopping, restaurants and Campus. ThiMore info
SINGLE FAMILY HOME: 4 bed, 3 full bath. Brand new, only lived in for 6 months! Seller accepted unforeseen employment opportunity out of theMore info
SINGLE FAMILY HOME: 5 bed, 4 full bath. Private cul-de-sac, exceptional one acre setting and this delightful home celebrate the best of TeaMore info
SINGLE FAMILY HOME: 4 bed, 3 full bath. Perfect first home, large deck and flat, fenced yard. Shed for all the yard tools. Inside is a hugeMore info
SINGLE FAMILY HOME: 4 bed, 2 full bath, 1 half bath. Under Construction - Completion Early 2015More info
CONDOMINIUM UNIT: 1 bed, 1 full bath. Terrific affordable 1 bedroom and 1 full bath contemporary condo centrally located in the State ColMore info
DUPLEX: 3 bed, 2 full bath, 1 half bath. GAME DAY and EVERYDAY, this 3 BR /2. 5 BA Village at Penn State duplex with soaring ceilings, gleamMore info
SINGLE FAMILY HOME: 4 bed, 2 full bath. Great Cape... neat and move in ready with much potential! Main level living provides open living arMore info


text:
Red Cat Now Serving Lunch; 'Iron Chef' East Village?
Saturday raid at the Bowery Electric and lunch at the Red Cat, in today's neighborhood food news.
Saturday raid at the Bowery Electric and lunch at the Red Cat, in today's neighborhood food news.
Corner Bistro doesn't sound too good, Benoit gets its liquor license, and a rooftop opens for business in Midtown in today's neighborhood food news.
BarFry won't be closed long, Nick Fox reports on Diner's Journal. The former tempura joint will reopen as Cabrito, a casual Mexican eatery helmed by longtime Zak Pelaccio lieutenant Dave Schuttenberg. The menu will feature slow-roasted goat, as the name implies, and will be open by next Friday.
Flamenco nights in the East Village and Bruni's favorite restaurants in today's neighborhood food news.
A $100,000 oven does more than just cook chickens at Commerce.
If you're the nostalgic type, rather than the "can't wait to see what Keith McNally does with it" type, you might want to get to onetime speakeasy Minetta Tavern before its last night under the current ownership.
Lunch starts tomorrow at the little owl. Walk right on in.
April Bloomfield's sex in a tin and a margarita list just in time for warm weather highlight today's neighborhood news.
Take a video walk-through of the new restaurant from Akhtar Nawab and Noel Cruz.
The month-old bar is already the subject of blogger wistfulness.
The owner of now-closed Jerry's opens an Asian restaurant on Chambers Street, a new shop in Greenpoint is selling newfangled twinkies coated in gold, and there's still non-hyped ramen to be had in the East Village in today's neighborhood food news.
Andres Glasner has served a Who's Who of A-listers — though he's not allowed to say just who.
Alain Ducasse will unveil his replacement for Brasserie LCB next Monday, Terrance Brennan is loosening up for spring, and Kyotofu imports Japanese mountain peach for its new menu.
Saturday was the last night in the life of BarFry, the West Village tempura restaurant helmed by Josh DeChellis.
Zeppelin to moor on Church Street, Jay-Z and Beyoncé are fans of Lucali, and Almondine will deliver on one day only — for mom.
WD-50 kicks off lunch service this month, Starbucks' Pike Place Roast is as mild as one from Dunkin' Donuts, and a second Sakae Sushi will open downtown.
More chains for Chelsea, red velvet is a new trend in Astorian bakeries, and BarFry tops the list of one-hit wonders.
A cooking show wants to mate sexy Brooklyn foodies, Insomnia Cookies could be faster, and Madaleine Mae is marketing rum shots as "cures."
Pies-N-Thighs is ready for a June (or July) opening, Perilla has a mean duck burger, and La Creperie goes down for the count.
Last night was the final service for Chanto, a Japanese import that couldn't find its place in New York.


text:
I must say these earrings are beautiful size is great and in the sun oh boy you better put glasses on!great job as always overstockCathy P
These 8mm CZ earrings are gorgeous. The sparkle is unbelievable! You will get so many compliments on these earrings, as these CZs look just like real 2 carat diamonds. The martini settings are elegant and add to the expensive look of the earrings. These earrings sit nicely on my earlobes and do not tip/tilt. They are lightweight and very comfortable to wear.
I ordered these because I have actual diamonds like these in a similar setting but keep in my bank vault - t hese look like the real thing and now I don't have to run to the bank to get my real, expensive jewelery out when needed. These are great and I wore them on Mother's Day and had many compliments - people think they are REAL and I just smile. If you are looking for something that looks like the real thing but is CZ, Overstock has so many lovely things! I have other items and always because of the good quality they look real! Get them!
These are nice studs for the money. Size is super. Large, but not huge and artificial appearing. Nice settings.
I love these earrings! I wear them all the time. They're big and very visible, but not too overwhelmingly large. They go with everything. Also, the gold doesn't change color.
I just got these earrings to replace some real ones I just lost. The real ones were sentimental so I'm really very sad. However, I did wear them a lot and wanted to replace. I don't have the money to spend on diamonds, so I decided to try these. They are a little bigger than my original. If I hadn't had real diamonds already those who know me might notice but since I've worn diamonds for a while they won't know they aren't real. (I'll tell my close friends, though!) For CZ they have a very nice weight! Almost too heavy as they sag a little from the weight. I'm going to see if I can find a larger back to help hold them up better. Worth the price!!!! Seem well set and sturdy!
I had bought a pair of these earrings a couple of years ago. I absolutely love them! A couple of months ago, my daughter would ask to borrow them. Well that became more frequent and I would never see the earrings! I decided to buy another pair and give her my first pair. She loves them and of course I love them, thats why I bought another pair. Great quality and extremely sparkly! I do have sensitive ears and I have never had problem with the metal....LOVE THAT! You can buy cheaper versions at local stores but you risk the metal getting dingy and tarnished and the sparkle fading. So far, that has not happened since my first pair that I bought a couple of years ago!
This earrings looks so over sized it will conjured as a real fake (which it is). The stand is very frail, it broke after the second use. I do not recommend this product to anyone.
Items must be returned in new or unused condition and contain all original materials included with the shipment.
More details
Our standard shipping method is ground shipping. We also offer expedited shipping for most items. Your final shipping cost and estimated delivery timeframe will be available at checkout.
Standard shipping details
Expedited shipping details
* For your safety, some orders go through our loss prevention department. If we select your order for this process, we will immediately notify you that there may be up to a 3-day delay on your order.
** Most Oversize orders are delivered within 1-4 weeks. Some orders may take 6 weeks to be delivered.


text:
Every few months it seems that a comedian, television show, or movie is called out for racist, sexist, or heterosexist comedy (what we social psychologists call derogation or disparagement humor). Invariably those that enjoy such humor minimize these concerns. Offended others are told they "need to lighten up," "get a sense of humor," or "stop being so sensitive." The generators and consumers of derogation humor sometimes respond defensively because written between the lines of the callouts is the suggestion that they are racist, sexist, or heterosexist. Ironically, they feel unjustly stereotyped as prejudiced.
Does making and laughing at jokes that capitalize on group stereotypes mean you're prejudiced? Maybe. For example, studies of sexist humor find that people are most likely to enjoy sexist humor when they have negative (sexist) attitudes toward women. Enjoyment of sexist humor is also correlated with rape-related attitudes and beliefs as well as self-reported likelihood of forcing sex. Studies do find that when people are prejudiced, they are more likely to interpret disparagement humor with a non-critical mindset.


text:
Winter Fashion for Toddlers + Baby Crochet Patterns
Bonus: Get our newsletter & special offers for free. We will not share or sell your email address. View our Privacy Policy
Half Double Crochet Preemie Baby Cap
By: SusanBLuvsCrafts
We are adding the pattern to your Crochet Patterns.
The pattern was added to your Crochet Patterns.
Click here to view your Crochet Patterns.
Crochet an adorable cap for that little newborn baby. You need to keep their heads nice and warm. Baby sport weight yarn is used for a comfortable feeling.
Crochet Hook: F/5 or 3.75 mm hook
Yarn Weight: (2) Fine (23-26 stitches to 4 inches)
Tags / Related Topics
Images from other crochet readers
Your Recently Viewed Projects
Love these projects? Get MORE delivered to your Inbox – FREE Click Here!
Something worth saving?
- SAVE all your favorite patterns
- ADD personal notes
- QUICKLY reference your patterns
Free eBooks
- 11 Free Christmas Crochet Patterns for Your Home
- 5 Free Christmas Crochet Patterns: Crochet Christmas Wreaths
- Fall Crochet: 16 Free Crochet Patterns
- Free Crochet Designs: 10 Home Decor Christmas Crochet Patterns
- Have a Red Heart Holiday: 20 Knit & Crochet Gifts and Decorating Ideas
- Lion Brand's New Fall Collection: 15 Free Crochet Scarf Patterns, Afghan Patterns, and More
- Man Crafts: 10 Free Patterns to Crochet for Men
- Secret Santa Gifts: 13 Gifts To Crochet
- Winter Fashion for Toddlers + Baby Crochet Patterns
- Winter Wonderland: 17 Winter Patterns to Crochet


text:
Search Suggestions
Released on 18 April 2013
Author: Robert Galbraith | Format: Hardback
Write a review
New from £6.00
Also available used from £2.64
Results 1-4 of 4
Sold by:
| visit our store
In stock | Shipping now
Brand new book. Fast shipping form our UK warehouse in eco-friendly packaging. Fast, efficient and friendly customer service. Cover may vary.
Available Delivery Options (find out more)
99% Positive Feedback (from 912 ratings)
RRP £16.99 Save £9.14
Free Delivery
8 SuperPoints
Sold by:
Usually dispatched within 1 working day.
Available Delivery Options
100% Positive Feedback (from 57 ratings)
Sold by:
| visit our store
"New, unread, publisher over-stock copies. Ships out by NEXT Business Day. 100% Satisfaction Guarantee!"
100% Positive Feedback (from 21 ratings)
Standard delivery £3.50
6 SuperPoints
Sold by:
| visit our store
Brand new Fast Dispatch
96% Positive Feedback (from 139 ratings)
18 SuperPoints
Average rating (0 reviews)
Help our customers make the best choices by telling everyone what you think about this product.
Rakuten's Play.com is an online trading platform which enables third party sellers and buyers to negotiate and complete transactions via its Website. Rakuten's Play.com is neither the buyer nor the seller of any items sold via its Website. Accordingly, Rakuten's Play.com is not a party to the contract for sale between a buyer and seller and is not responsible for fulfilling and delivering orders, handling returns or processing refunds for purchases made.
The relevant seller's terms and conditions apply to delivery, refunds and returns of any items sold via Rakuten's Play.com. If you have specific questions, about a sellers delivery policy, returns policy or the return or refund of an item you should contact the relevant seller directly. You must comply with the seller's return policy in order to be eligible for any possible refund from the seller.
Whilst we have no obligation to mediate or to enforce or execute fulfilment of any contract, we want you to have a safe shopping experience and may intervene in certain circumstances to resolve an issue, in line with our FairPlay Guarantee. Please see our User Agreement for details.
Important Warning:
It is your responsibility to check a seller's delivery and returns policy prior to confirming an order.


text:
Sound Portraits
Thursday, July 22, 2010
What does the City sound like...in pictures? Friday, July 23rd is the last day to show us. WQXR's Jerome L. Greene Space is holding a contest called "Making Visible the Invisible," looking for photos that portray the sound of New York.
Music Drawers and Piano Benches
Wednesday, July 21, 2010
Monday night I played a recording of J.S.Bach's Capriccio on the Departure of his Beloved Brother. It's one of those pieces that at times sounds easy enough for a novice. Bach was in his teens when he composed it.
Souvenir de Chamonix
Monday, July 19, 2010
The cliché September school essay, "What I Did on My Summer Vacation" will be no problem for me this year. Earlier this month, I fulfilled a dream of hiking in the Alps.
Kirk and Spock Together at Last
Saturday, July 17, 2010
Last week's Movies on the Radio featured music from the TV show "Star Trek," and was illustrated with a photo of actors William Shatner and Leonard Nimoy as their iconic Star Trek characters Captain Kirk and Mr. Spock. It's been corrected since, but at first our caption for the photo identified them as "Captain Kirk and Dr. Spock."
Condi and Aretha in Concert
Friday, July 16, 2010
How many of us could've predicted this pairing, Aretha Franklin and Condoleezza Rice singing and playing the classics. Neither of these women is a stranger to classical music. Dr. Rice has performed at the White House with Yo Yo Ma and Ms. Franklin stepped in and covered for Pavarotti at the Grammy Awards in 1998.
It's Everyone's Music
Thursday, July 15, 2010
Singers from the Metropolitan Opera put on a great show for their first recital of the season, at SummerStage in Central Park. As I sat there listening, I couldn't help noticing how diverse the audience was. People of every age, ethnic background, gender identification, you name it, all out there enjoying opera on a summer night.
Varèse and the Cello Theremin: A Love Story
Monday, July 12, 2010
As a cellist, Jonathan Golove is at ease in both the Western classical tradition and in contemporary art music. Since his participation as the cello theremin player in a performance of the Varèse work, Ecuatorial, at the University of Buffalo (where he also teaches cello), Golove has extensively researched this theremin-related instrument. Below, Golove colorfully profiles the relatively obscure cello theremin while describing Varèse's attraction to it.
He Said, She Said
Friday, July 09, 2010
This week we celebrated the 150 anniversary of Gustav Mahler's birth. Throughout the week, I heard several commentators and hosts quoting Mahler. One quote that kept coming up was "My time will come."
Why Mahler? Why Not?
Thursday, July 08, 2010
Gustav Mahler was born 150 years ago this week and we're celebrating with a week-long "Mahlerfest" on WQXR.org. Check it out!
Enjoying the Opera During the Dog Days of Summer
Tuesday, July 06, 2010
This weekend, the Martina Arroyo Foundation's Prelude to Performance program draws to a close with fully staged productions of The Magic Flute, Gianni Schicchi and Donizetti's Rita at the Kaye Playhouse at Hunter College. I distinctly remember the first time I attended one of the Foundation's summertime performances. It was an extremely hot day and the air conditioned comfort of the theater was absolutely delightful. It was even better than going to the movies because there was a live orchestra and beautiful sets and costumes. What a way to spend a summer day!
How Do I Do It?
Monday, July 05, 2010
People ask. How do I get up in the middle of the night to come to work?
WQXR Rorschach Logo
Saturday, July 03, 2010
WQXR has a new logo. Much thought went into the color, font and musical notation for it. Perhaps you know what the two dots and two lines mean? Perhaps you don't. Perhaps you see it as an emoticon.
Attracting New Listeners to Classical Music
Friday, July 02, 2010
This week on WQXR we've been featuring Eric Whitacre's choral music on a new Naxos CD. Eric is a young American composer who is taking the world of choral music by storm. Everywhere I go, I hear singers and conductors talking enthusiastically about his music.
Stephen Collins Foster: America's Bard
Thursday, July 01, 2010
Stephen Foster was a Yankee Doodle Dandy, born on the Fourth of July. In celebration of his birth, Naomi Lewin created an hour-long program of his music.
Play Us, We're Yours!
Friday, June 25, 2010
Two wonderful events with WQXR listeners in one day: first, a convergence at the "Play Me, I'm Yours" piano at the Columbus Circle entrance to Central Park. Lots of people turned up to listen -- and to perform!
For the Love of Music
Thursday, June 24, 2010
Musicians and music lovers have been known to go to extremes for their love of the art form.
Strange Nostalgia
Tuesday, June 22, 2010
I felt it a few years ago at a concert where Robert White and Dick Hyman shared memories of the Golden Age of Radio, the time when Bobby was a child singer and actor and Dick was playing the piano and organ on live radio soap operas. I felt it recently, attending South Pacific, when the orchestra struck up that amazing overture. And I feel it every time I hear live music at the Naumburg Band Shell in Central Park.
It's Not a Song
Saturday, June 19, 2010
I am not a stickler type person. I recognize that the English language is a flexible, ever changing colorful source of communication. BUT, I do have a bit of a pet peeve.
Let's Reclaim the Word Diva!
Thursday, June 17, 2010
Merriam-Webster defines diva (Italian for "goddess") as a prima donna (Italian for "first woman"). The dictionary gives two English definitions for prima donna: (1) a principal female singer in an opera, and (2) a vain or undisciplined person who finds it difficult to work…as part of a team.
DIY Recycling and Electric Junkyard Gamelan
Wednesday, June 16, 2010
Now in its 15th year, the International Festival of Arts and Ideas is a music, theater, and dance festival that takes place in New Haven, CT's historic courtyards, auditoriums and theaters. Festival highlights include a performances by Brooklyn's Electric Junkyard Gamelan, a percussion ensemble that builds its own instruments from found objects, Phillip Glass' performance of his solo piano music and a concert featuring the chamber ensemble repertoire of Pulitzer Prize-winning American composer Christopher Rouse. With the festival's "arts and ideas" theme in mind, EJG founder Terry Dame describes the path that led her toward green instrument building.


text:
Search our communities list
Information on our site is specific to each of the communities we serve. To provide you with accurate rates, contact details, and available services, you need to choose the community for which you'd like information.
Customer Website
Approximately 600 Windermere residents will experience a power interruption on Friday, November 21, for approximately three hours beginning around 9 a.m. Those affected customers may have already been contacted by phone. This outage is required to accommodate growth and new facilities being added in your neighbourhood.More information.
You'll be able to manage your services and contact information 24/7.
Register now
Go online to manage your services and contact information 24/7.
Keeping the lights on and the water flowing is a big job – one that we need help doing. Find a career where you matter more.
View all career opportunities
When you choose to bundle your Encor power and natural gas energy plans this month, we're giving you the choice of two great options. Find out more!
Find out what happens behind the scenes as winter rolls through our city, and learn more about preparing for the upcoming winter season.
Here's how to register to receive your monthly bills online.
The Windermere area has seen significant growth in the last couple of years and has experienced construction-related outages. ... Read more
Register for ebill to receive your EPCOR bill online. No more paper bills!... Read more
Edmonton's High Level Bridge now sparkles under the night sky thanks to crews led by Dave, EPCOR Technologies Project Engineer.... Read more
We are planning to expand the existing Victoria substation. Learn more about the project including what to expect during construction. ... Read more
We're proposing to install a new underground electric transmission line between the existing Rossdale and Garneau substations. Here are all the details you need to know about the project.... Read more
The water main relocation project along Connors Road construction project is now complete and the road has re-opened to traffic in all directions.... Read more
You can choose any retailer listed at ucahelps.alberta.ca or at 310-4822. The electricity or gas that is delivered to your home, business or other location is not affected by your choice of retailer.


text:
Latest news
Barnardo's response to Ofsted CSE report
19 Nov 2014
Barnardo's response to Ofsted report which highlights local authority failings in tackling child sexual exploitation.
Barnardo's NI response to CSE Inquiry
18 Nov 2014
Barnardo's NI response to the Independent Inquiry into Child Sexual Exploitation (CSE), led by Professor Kathleen Marshall
Barnardo's marks National Adoption Week with appeal for new parents
01 Nov 2014
Research highlights need for more adopters for sibling groups
Response to Secretary of State for Education speech on social workers
30 Oct 2014
Barnardo's responds to Secretary of State for Education speech on social workers
Response to Ann Coffey MP new report into child sexual exploitation in Greater Manchester
30 Oct 2014
Chief Executive Javed Khan said:
Response to new report on link between missing children and sexual exploitation
29 Oct 2014
Chief Executive Javed Khan said: Barnardos has long been campaigning for better awareness of the clear links between children running away and being sexually exploited. During the last decade 80% of boys and 42% of girls in Barnardos child sexual exploitation services across the UK were referred to us after episodes of going missing. e leavers are forced to live in.
Keep care leavers out of 'squalid B&Bs', Barnardo's asks councils
23 Oct 2014
Barnardo's is demanding that local authorities in England stop using B&Bs to house young people leaving care, except in emergencies. The charity has launched a spoof website Carebandb to highlight the squalid conditions some young care leavers are forced to live in.
Response to UNICEF report: Children in Danger
21 Oct 2014
In response to the UNICEF report Children in Danger, Barnardo's CEO Javed Khan said:
Change 'slash and burn' approach to welfare we say, following poverty report
20 Oct 2014
The Social Mobility and Child Poverty Commission report published today predicts that, by 2020, absolute poverty will have risen for working and non-working families for the first time since records began. In response Barnardo's CEO Javed Khan comments:


text:
Properties in Brierley Hill, West Midlands between £70,000 and £80,000
- News feed
- Find us on Twitter
Follow The Shuttle on twitter
- Find us on Facebook
Kidderminster Shuttle
Find your Shuttle on facebook
Properties in Brierley Hill, West Midlands
Gallery view List view Map view 14 properties found
- Print Page
- Share Results
£70,000 1 Bedroom Woodland House, High Street, Quarry Bank, Brierley
Light and airy, top floor flat with a secure entrance, situated in a quiet location, a short walk to Cradley Heath rail and bus station and within easy reach of Merry Hill shopping centre.The property has been refurbished and upgraded to an excellent
Midcalf Nicholls - Stourbridge
£74,950 1 Bedroom Brierley Hill, Jackson Court / Thorns Avenue
Enjoying a GROUND FLOOR position, this TASTEFULLY DECORATED, EXPENSIVELY APPOINTED FLAT comprises: Sitting Room, Stylish Kitchen, Double Bedroom, Bathroom, Allocated Parking and Communal Grounds. NO UPWARD CHAIN EPC D
Taylors - Brierley Hill
£74,995 2 Bedrooms 47 Commonside, Pensnett, West Midlands, DY5 4LD
** NEW PRICE FOR QUICK SALE ! GREAT POTENTIAL ! ** Very conveniently positioned for local amenities, this 2 Bedroomed End Terrace provides deceptively spacious gas centrally heated and mostly Upvc double glazed accommodation which although requires
Jon Stanier
£77,000 1 Bedroom Flat 14 Chapel Street, Rear of Chapel Court, Pensn
* A well situated ground floor flat
* Tucked away with easy to maintain accommodation
* Double glazing, modern heating, economical to run
* Re-fitted kitchen, tasteful decoration
* Ideal for first time buyers with allocated parking
* Move-in conditio
* Tucked away with easy to maintain accommodation
* Double glazing, modern heating, economical to run
* Re-fitted kitchen, tasteful decoration
* Ideal for first time buyers with allocated parking
* Move-in conditio
Andrew Cole - Kingswinford
£79,950 3 Bedrooms 9 Woodbury Close, Off Mill Street, Brierley Hill,
This 3 Bedroomed Extended Semi-Detached is located in popular and very convenient cul-de-sac location with leafy outlook to the fore and provides Gas Centrally Heated accommodation and UPVC Double Glazing and although requiring certain improvement, does
Jon Stanier
£79,950 1 Bedroom Foxdale Drive, Brierley Hill
Select Property Management Limited are delighted to offer FOR SALE this mid terrace property situated within walking distance to Brierley Hill High Street and within a mile of the popular Merry Hill Shopping Complex with Bus Terminal, Eateries and wide va
Select Property
- Print Page
- Share Results
Moving House?
Local businesses here to help you:
- Banks and Building Societies
- Car & Van Hire
- Electrical Appliances
- Flooring
- Furniture
- Insurance Services
- Mortgages
- Removals
- Solicitors
- Storage
- TV Aerials
- All Businesses
Local advertisers


text:
Please login to get more out of this site
You are currently not logged in, do so now to add comments, like articles as well as photos, submit to competitions, translate articles and gain access to unlimited photo upload! If you are not registered yet, go here to find out more about Lomography and join now! If you just want a limited account for now you can use Twitter or Facebook. We would love to have you as a member here!
2 people like this photo
Liking photos helps us to present the best ones to you and others. 2 people like this photo. 2 people like this photo: adzfar and throughothereyes.
No comments yet, be the first
Where is this?
Nearby popular photos – see more
Nearby LomoLocations
Night Markets in Taiwan
Night markets in Taiwan are street markets that occupy either sidewalks or entire streets ha…


text:
Originally published August 3, 2014 at 8:50 AM | Page modified August 4, 2014 at 3:33 AM
Nepal landslide raises fears of flooding in India
Rescue workers in eastern India urgently evacuated tens of thousands of people on Monday after a deadly landslide in neighboring Nepal blocked a river that could burst its banks and submerge scores of Indian villages.
Associated Press
Rescue workers in eastern India urgently evacuated tens of thousands of people on Monday after a deadly landslide in neighboring Nepal blocked a river that could burst its banks and submerge scores of Indian villages.
Authorities in Nepal said there is no hope that more than 150 missing people are still alive after being buried by piles of rocks, mud and upturned trees in Saturday's landslide in Mankha, about 120 kilometers (75 miles) east of Katmandu. Nineteen others are confirmed dead.
But as disaster workers continued to clear the debris Monday, the danger area moved downstream to eastern India, where 125,000 people are in peril.
The landslide blocked a mountain river in Nepal, causing it to back up and form a massive lake that is threatening to overflow and flood the Indian villages.
"We are keeping our fingers crossed right now," said Aniruddh Kumar, a senior disaster management official in India's Bihar state. He said it is still not clear how much water might come down from the lake.
Nepal's army triggered three controlled explosions Saturday to allow some water to flow out of the lake, but much of it remains trapped.
Kumar said Bihar state has asked all government doctors and civil officials in threatened areas to cancel vacation plans. Indian soldiers, as well as air force helicopters and jets, were on standby for relief and rescue operations.
The local government also invoked a law allowing authorities to forcibly evacuate villagers who refuse to leave their homes and property and move to higher ground or government-run relief camps. The government has so far evacuated 60,000 people and set up 120 such camps.
Kumar said all public schools in the area have been closed to provide space to house the large number of people being evacuated.
The annual monsoon season, which runs from June through September, is vital for the largely agrarian economies of South Asia but every year also brings floods and landslides that kill thousands and submerge hundreds of villages.
Another landslide hit in a village in eastern Nepal on Monday, killing four people and leaving six others missing. And the death toll from a massive landslide in western India last week rose to 108, according to rescue official Sandeep Rai Rathore.
Associated Press writers Binaj Gurubacharya in Katmandu, Nepal, and Niranjan Shreshtha in Mankha, Nepal, contributed to this report.
Partner Video
Trending with Readers
On seattletimes.comMore Trending
- Marshawn Lynch is impossible to understand but beloved by Seahawks teammates
- When deferring Social Security benefits beats working | Investing
- Huskies bounce back in rout of Beavers, get bowl-eligible
- Ferries operations director fired
- Huskies show resiliency in satisfying 37-13 victory vs. Oregon State | Larry Stone
- UW fraternity to disband over hazing incident
- As heroin fatalities rise, some see hope in 'bupe'
- Team meeting produces a unified effort by Seahawks
- Grading the game: Seahawks' dominant defense leads way in bruising 19-3 victory over Arizona
- How to treat arthritis pain with gin-soaked raisins


text:
Dr. Jonathan C. Lohrbach, MD
Surgery, North Okaloosa Surgical Specialists
- 550 Redstone Ave W Ste 430
Crestview, FL 32536
- 1 Office Location
- (850) 398-8605
Dr. Jonathan C. Lohrbach has been practicing medicine for 15 years. Dr. Lohrbach graduated from the University of Tennessee College of Medicine at Memphis in 1999. He practices medicine in Crestview, FL and specializes in Surgery. Dr. Lohrbach is affiliated with North Okaloosa Medical Center.
Gender: Male
Years in Practice: 15 Years
Languages Spoken: English
Medical School: University of Tennessee College of Medicine at Memphis
Graduation Date: 1999
Hospital Affiliations: North Okaloosa Medical Center
Specialties: Surgery


text:
Cop should've whooped the **** out of him.
Type: Posts; User: Ebbs
Cop should've whooped the **** out of him.
I lied I think I'm done with PSD games on the whole.
It's been a good run. I had a good sim this round, which is rare. Not a bad one to go out on.
Take it easy PSD.
Yea Thea needs to get over herself.
Also the acting that episdoe was bad. . . Everyone's grieving was non-believable crap.
Team Choice- Toronto Raptors
First/Last Name or you can use your PSD username if you prefer Phoenix Dark
Date of Birth Aug 1st 1944
City Toronto
State Texas
College Texas
Yea probably Ras
LeBron I'm thinking 23-6-6
In fairness if it was any other QB we would've had multiple sacks last week. Russ is just so damn elusive.
How good are they?
I'm a Calgary boy, and I think the team is sadly going to over achieve.
How good is that top pairing? T.J. Brodie and Mark Giordano? Both are terrific skaters, puck movers,...
They were scum... They robbed him lol
We need to win.
The old Dallas teams would come out slow as hell after a big win. Hopefully not this team
Absolutely dumb thread.
Like Rawz said Dunbar has done what Spiller does..;
The baseball bat behind Glen was such an obvious "it's coming" to comic book readers.
Thank you..
But I agree the mob war / penguin story line is giving this show hope.
You made possibly the worst list of "underrated" players ever.
PSD worships Jordan... Montana... Lol
Yea Olsen. But this forum sucks.
Lol don't even bother d1. If your burnt thanks for the run but there are like 6 active gms lol
That's ****ed lol. Redefining dirty
I made this almost four years ago damn...
Who killed Sarah btw?
I was thinking the same thing lol.
Omar had the worst death ever.
Charles has been hurt misused half the year, and his back up has been just as impressive with major touches. That's why I've kept him out.
My next five would probably be:
Let's take a break I think everyone can use it. Most the people here aren't even excited for a restart.
or the bandwagon is back in town. I haven't seen many of these people before[/QUOTE]
Dude there have literally been game threads where it was you me, chi, Fred, and rawz.
The more the merrier...


text: The Brattleboro Music Center is a hub for various musical activities in the very musical community of Brattleboro. The music school provides individual and group lessons and activities for all ages. The BMC also sponsors the fabulous Windham Orchestra, the Concert Choir, and an elite Chorale, founded by Blanche Moyse. The Chamber Music Series brings world renowned ensembles to intimate... More


text:
1-10 of 97 two bedroom flats for sale found
2 bedroom apartment for sale BARKING
LAST APARTMENT REMAINING !! Champness Place, Barking is an exciting development of 1, 2 and 3 bedroom apartments and 2, 3 & 4 bedroom houses by Abbey Homes. Situated within a short walk of Upney Station with its excellent commuter services to Canary Wharf and the City of London, these attra... More details ›
2 bedroom apartment for sale Central House, 14 Cambridge Road, Barking, Essex
Amazing, 731 SQFT, two bedroom property, located on the top floor of Central House in Barking Town Centre comprises a private balcony, integrated kitchen appliances, lift service secure parking space and is close to all local amenities and excellent transport links into Canary Wharf and The City ... More details ›
2 bedroom flat for sale Samuel Garside House, 2 De Pass Gardens, Barking
This stunning, modern, second floor apartment is one not to be missed. (contd...) More details ›
2 bedroom flat for sale Lemonade Building Arboretum Place, Barking, IG11
FABULOUS 2 double bedroom apartment in the luxurious Lemonade building, located a stones throw away from barking station giving access to numerous shops and amenities and is also just 17 minutes away from the Westfield shopping center. The apartment has been furnished to the highest st... More details ›
Added on 13/11/2014 by Holdens Property Services, Ilford. Call: 020 8012 4278 Local call rate
2 bedroom flat for sale BATH HOUSE, Barking, IG11
Luxury two bedroom , 2 bathroom apartment in the highly sought Bath House development located moments away from Barking's many shops and transport links. The property comprises entrance hall with wood flooring, storage cupboard, separate bathroom, two double bedrooms, master with en-suite shower... More details ›
Added on 07/10/2014 by Holdens Property Services, Ilford. Call: 020 8012 4278 Local call rate
2 bedroom flat for sale Lemonade Building, 3 Arboretum Place, Barking
TOWN CENTRE LOCATION....The One and Only Lemonade Building. This is the perfect location for you to be in. (contd...) More details ›
2 bedroom apartment for sale Schrier Ropeworks, 1 Arboretum Place, Barking, Essex
Life Residential are pleased to offer this two bedroom apartment offering excellent natural light throughout in the centre of Barking. More details ›
£240,000 Offers in Excess of
Offers in Excess of £240,000
2 bedroom ground floor flat for sale COOKE STREET, Barking, IG11
Checkmate Estates are proud to present this 2 bed ground floor flat in Barking.Overlooking communal garden, this two bed includes an living space, kitchen and dining area, bathroom W/C, private patio and an allocated private parking space.The proper More details ›
2 bedroom apartment for sale Schrier Building, Barking Central, 1 Arboretum Place, Barking
A large, two double bedroom top floor apartment in the centre of Barking. More details ›
£230,000 Offers in Region of
Offers in Region of £230,000
2 bedroom apartment for sale Arboretum Place, Barking
Luxury two bedroom , 2 bathroom apartment with video entry and concierge located in the centre of Barking, a stones throw from the main shopping centre and a short walk to the mainline and underground stations giving access to the city. Proving to be popular with commuters or investors alike. More details ›
Thank you.
Your information has been sent to 0 out of 45 agents who have property to sell in the area you specified.


text:
Natural- born citizen definedSubmitted by stm on Wed, 08/21/2013 - 00:11
FACT: The US Constitution requires the president to be a NATURAL-BORN CITIZEN
FACT: John Jay wrote a letter to George Washington suggesting the requirement be made
FACT: The description of natural-born citizen was derived from Vattel's work, Law of Nations § 212
FACT: In the SCOTUS decision, The Venus, 1814, Justice Marshall defines 'natural-born citizen' using Vattel's work, but in his own words saying, (#123) 'Vattel, who, though not very full to this point, is more explicit and more satisfactory on it than any other whose work has fallen into my hands, says, 'the citizens are the members of the civil society; bound to this society by certain duties, and subject to its authority, they equally participate in its advantages. The natives, or indigenes, are those born in the country, of parents who are citizens. Society not being able to subsist and to perpetuate itself but by the children of the citizens, those children naturally follow the condition of their fathers, and succeed to all their rights.'
FACT: During the 2nd Session of the 37th Congress in 1862, Mr Bingham defined 'natural-born citizen' on the House floor and NONE disputed his definition. To the nest of my knowledge, NO ONE has ever disputed this definition on either the House or Senate floor since, so the definition of 'natural-born citizens' remains as such (as per last sentence of this paragraph):
"The Constitution leaves no room for doubt upon this subject. The words "natural-born citizen of the United States" occur in it, and the other provision also occurs in it that "Congress shall have power to pass a uniform system of naturalization." To naturalize a person is to admit him to citizenship. Who are natural-born citizens but those born within the Republic? Those born within the Republic, whether black or white, are citizens by birth - natural-born citizens. There is no such word as white in your Constitution. Citizenship, therefore, does not depend upon complexion say more than it depends upon the rights of election or of office. All from other lands, who, by the terms of your laws and a compliance with their provisions becomes naturalized, are adopted citizens of the United States; all other persons born within the Republic, of parents owing allegiance to no other sovereignty, are natural-born citizens." (emphasis mine)
To read for yourself, click on link below, click pp 961-1920, type in 1639 in box next to 'Turn to image', click on 'Turn to image'. The above quote is in column 1, paragraph 3.
I would advise everyone to print the image of that page before they 'disappear it'.
I do not know what more proof is needed. It is clear - a natural born citizen is a child born of TWO parents of the same citizenship. This is 'jus sanguinis' not 'jus soli'. It is our duty to know our laws so none pervert them.
Cruz is INELEIGIBLE to be President and so is Obama but in this lawless country no one seems to know how to rectify the latter problem.
- Login to post comments
Yeah, I'm totally saying we should interpret Vattel's argument about the father's citizenship as if we all lived in the 18th century and had an 18th century view of the role of women and therefore his mother's citizenship is completely irrelevant.
^^^purple font :-)
You don't like the 18th Century ...
... then you don't like the Constitution, either.
If you don't want to follow the law (Constitution is the #1 law), then that's fine by me.
None of us should follow any laws, by your logic. If we can't follow the highest law of the land, then let's ignore all of them.
Yet the 14th amendment would
Yet the 14th amendment would expressly prohibit government from granting that right to fathers and withholding it from mothers.
Plan for eliminating the national debt in 10-20 years:
Overview: http://rolexian.wordpress.com/2010/09/12/my-plan-for-reducin...
Specific cuts; defense spending: http://rolexian.wordpress.com/2011/01/03/more-detailed-look-a
So if I don't think that 18th century views on women's roles in society are valid today, then I must not like anything about the 18th century, and must therefore not like the Constitution? Wow.
I do want to follow the Constitution, thank you very much. I object to people making stuff up about what it means. I object to people quoting the part of Vattel that seems to support their argument out of context, omitting the rest of it, and I object to people pretending that some statement made on the House floor carries any weight of law at all, etc.
None of us should follow any laws? Sheesh.
Poorly Structured Arguement
You argument is invalid for a few reasons.
1) Words spoken on the floor of the house or senate are not binding in law in the least.
2) The passage quoted is invalid in logical terms since it is incomplete, stating two cases which fail to encompass all possibilities: a) All from other lands and b) all others, born within the Republic of parents with no foreign allegiance.
3) You own evidence implies that there are ONLY two possibilities:
- Natural Born
- Naturalized
Given #3 the president can be anyone who was born a US citizen -- that is a citizen that was not naturalized.
Once you realize
the sole intent and purpose of the law is to naturalize an alien condition existing prior to or at birth which is exclusive of and does not apply to a natural born condition everything makes perfect sense.
There is no other purpose or intent of any citizenship law than naturalizing an alien condition. There is no law to naturalize a natural born condition because natural born conditions are mutually exclusive to alien conditions.
The only power delegated in the constitution is to establish rules of naturalization which is the establishment of rules operating on aliens to confer citizenship. The law surgically performs and operation to remove any alien defects and viola ... they become citizens. :)
Ted Cruz, The NAU President
Ted Cruz Born in Canada from Cuban Father, educated in Yale Princeton Harvard, Texas Senator home of the NAFTA Super Highway makes him the ideal North American Union Presidente.
"In the beginning of change, the patriot is a scarce man, and brave, and hated and scorned. When his cause succeeds, the timid join him, for it costs nothing to be a patriot."
Mark Twain
Actually, I don't care if he
Actually, I don't care if he runs or doesn't run. He'll be easily knocked out of the contest early in the process and neither politicians, nor the public really care about whether or not the Constitution is followed "as long as they get theirs."
If Americans really believed in this country and our Constitution, a huge number of us/them would've either rioted in the streets or voted en masse to take Washington back years ago. Abstract notions of "freedom" and "liberty" are meaningless to people until it's absence or restriction impacts something personal. I suppose this is why already persecuted and marginalized people such as Greenwald or Paul (who regularly ignore the larger societal norms of playing along to get along) it affects more directly.
not just two parents, you
not just two parents, you ALSO have to be born on the land of the republic
I have read the text of the
I have read the text of the constitution. Where do you find reference to having to be born on American soil? I suspect this is just an inaccurate meme that is going around.
Natural born citizen (NBC) is a legal 'term of art'
that must be studied and understood in the context of what it meant to the founders and ratifiers of the Constitution in 1787-1789. A "term of art" is a technical word or phrase that can only be understood within its field of specialty, in this case the "law", that cannot usually by understood by simply applying the common meaning or usage to each word.
The founders were familiar with the writings of Emmerich de Vattel, specifically his treatise "The Law of Nations" (some of them read and understood it in the original French) which defined the legal term of art, NBC, as children born in the country to citizen parents. This term of art and its definition were cited and adopted in several Supreme Court cases, including Minor v. Happersett in 1875, which definition was essential for its findings and ruling in the case and therefore became binding LAW and precedent for all subsequent Courts.
Minor was cited by the Court its 1898 Wong Kim Ark decision, which case recognized Minor's definition of NBC, but determined Ark's CITIZENSHIP in light of the 14th Amendment and not the NBC clause in Article II, Section 1 because ARK, unlike Minor, was NOT an NBC. Minor's definition of NBC has been cited in other Supreme Court cases, both before and after its ruling in 1875. It has never been overruled and remains law in the US until the Supreme Court overrules itself or until the NBC portion of Article II, Section 1 of the Constitution is amended by the people.
PEOPLE OPPOSING TYRANNY - Real Grass Roots!
Are you a POT or a PET - Person Embracing Tyranny?
This is my understanding
since forever.
BOTH parents AND born in the U.S.
Natural Born means there is no possibility of another country claiming you as a citizen at your birth. For that to be the case BOTH parents must be citizens AND you must be born in the U.S. All other combinations make you a naturalized citizen with all rights and priviledges as a natural born citizen except being eligible to be president.
"Natural Born [citizen] means there is no possibility of another country claiming you as a citizen at your birth."
It means nothing of the sort. It means "citizen-by-birth" as opposed to naturalized which means "citizen-by-process"
The constitution makes this distinction...
"No person except a natural born Citizen, or a Citizen of the United States, at the time of the Adoption of this Constitution, shall be eligible to the Office of President".
"[Congress shall have the power]To establish an uniform Rule of Naturalization"
If citizenship is granted at birth, as in the case of a single US citizen giving birth over-seas or a child being born of illegal aliens in the US, they are natural born (citizen at birth).
Naturalization ...
... does not mean "citizen by process."
Naturalization INCLUDES citizen by process as ONE way to obtain US citizenship for those who are not born on US soil.
Naturalization ALSO INCLUDES an act of Congress uniformly granting US citizenship at birth to certain classes of people.
Congress COULD pass a law that says that anyone born on December 1st is a US citizen, and anyone in China or Brazil or Sudan or anywhere else born on December 1st would be a US citizen, granted uniformly by Congress. Such a person would be a US citizen at birth by way of naturalization law.
Congress did not pass that law, but they did pass a law uniformly granting US citizenship to anyone born on foreign soil to US citizens in the military. The parents still have to go through a process to fill out paperwork to make the claim.
If any person is born on foreign soil, they are not citizens by birthright. They can be citizens at birth if they meet one of the rules Congress has set up to grant citizenship.
Only those born on US soil are citizens by birthright -- if parents are not both citizens then the 14th Amendment makes the child a citizen; if both parents are, then the common law makes them natural born citizens.
"US citizen" is NOT the same thing as a "US citizen who is also a natural born citizen."
Correct, the important
Correct, the important distinction of NBC is birthright via common law, not naturalization ...
Try reading the Constitution.
The only requirement is that a person is a natural born citizen. This means if you receive citizenship automatically by being born, you are a natural citizen. If you have to acquire it because you do not posses it, then you have to become naturalized.
My son was born on foreign soil, to a foreign woman, and issued a foreign birth certificate from the hospital. His father (me)is an American. He is american, because my american sperm produced him. He did not need to ask to become a citizen. He was born one. He is a natural U.S. citizen. Also, as much as I hate Obama, It wouldn't matter if he was born in Kenya, his mother is American, and that makes him American.
"American sperm"
i hear the American sperm gets inferior mileage and has more plastic in the interior.
"Two things are infinite: the universe and human stupidity; and I'm not sure about the the universe."-- Albert Einstein
The only way ...
... for your son to be a US citizen at birth is if you were in the military when he was born.
Congress has uniformly granted US citizenship to such people, under Title 8, Section 1401(g) of the United States Code.
Congress would not have to pass such a law if such a person was automatically a citizen at birth. The only way he became a citizen at birth is through an act of Congress, and then only because you were in the military at the time.
If he was born on foreign soil, he does not acquire US citizenship by birthright, but does through a naturalization act of Congress.
However, he is not a natural born citizen, and he is not eligible to be president.
I am a vet but I was not in
I am a vet but I was not in the military at the time. In all the piles of crap people have put on here, your point is the only one that made sense. The point about needing to have a law to make a military person's child natural.
Oh, well my son probably wasn't going to be President anyways. I prefer him having dual citizenship. As a dual citizen of the Philippines, he can own property there. An acre of beach front paradise can be purchased as low as $25k, coconut trees and all. Also, a guy can live like a king there on a poverty income as compared to the states.
you missed the law that
doesn't allow the automatic citizenship of a child whose citizen parent is under 18 at the child's birth. So clearly, if a person is born outside the U.S. they have to have a act of congress granting them citizenship. as such that person is a naturalized citizen and not natural born. This why the location of Obama's birth IS important for him to even be a U.S. citizen at birth since his mother could not pass citizenship to him under the law at the time of his birth. So Obama is a naturalized citizen (assuming he was born in Hawaii).
That is my understanding, too.
That is my understanding, too.
One of my sons was born in CT and has a natural born citizen mother, while I am a permanent resident "alien".
I understand he is a naturalized citizen "only", and I will raise him with the understanding he will likely never be reckoned the eligibility of running for any of the presidence or vice presidence offices.
But I'm curious, am I right understanding if one of his kids is born on U.S. soil from a natural born or naturalized citizen mother, then that child of his and her will be natural born citizen nevertheless, despite the naturalized citizen status of either or both parents?
"Cyril" pronounced "see real". I code stuff.
"To study and not think is a waste. To think and not study is dangerous." -- Confucius
Your son is not eligible ...
... but his children will be if their mother is a citizen (no matter how she obtained it), and they are born within the United States.
Thank you. Works for me.
Thank you.
Works for me.
"Cyril" pronounced "see real". I code stuff.
"To study and not think is a waste. To think and not study is dangerous." -- Confucius
Your son
is already eligible. But you raise a good point. According to liberty4us your son could continue your genealogy line for several generations all within the U.S. and never gain eligibility if one of the parents was always naturalized. That makes no sense.
not what I said at all
the method of the parents gaining citizenship is immaterial. they can both be total foreigners and immigrated here then became citizens. As long as they are citizens prior to the child's birth then that child is a natural born citizen with citizen parents at birth and born in the U.S.
Your understanding
is not the legal interpretation.
it is the correct interpretation none the less
you can piss on the constitution but I will not
You're the
one pissing on the Constitution by thinking your "understanding", not being any appointed justice, is what we should all go by.
the constitution is plain english
I don't need a justice to tell me what plainly written words mean.


text:
2015 Legbands Available
The ABA has been receiving requests about sizing the seamless ABA leg band for use on large poultry. While some may ponder how a bantam size leg band would fit a large fowl, the answer lies in the fact that several years ago, the ABA began selling 18 and 20 millimeter bands for well-feathered feather leg bantams. As some breeders have discovered, these leg bands work just as well on some large fowl.
Membership Special
$60.00 MEM SPECIAL WITH STD ~ Includes one year membership to ABA and latest Bantam Standard
$45.00 YB LOT MEM SPECIAL ~ Includes one year membership to ABA, Current Yearbook ($20 Value), and 3 Extra Yearbooks from prior years - Secretary's Choice
$30.00 USA NM SPECIAL ~ USA New Members only - Keep up to date on Who's Who in the world of bantams. This includes a one year membership to ABA plus both the 2013 and 2014 yearbooks packed with loads of good information. While supplies last!!!
ABA Centennial Standard Sponsorships
We are proud to offer three levels of sponsorship for the 100th Anniversary 2014 ABA Centennial Standard.
- Golden Sponsorship ~ $500 donation
- Silver Sponsorship ~ $250 donation
- Bronze Sponsorship ~ $100 donation
- $50 donation