text:
Dale thought Ruby was a dream come true, but dreams quickly turn into nightmares. Not the insufferable kind you wouldn't wish on your worst enemy, but the seductive kind. The kind you know you deserve deep down.
Ruby came out of the hotel bathroom wearing only a white, see-through gown. He was stunned that he should have the honor of seeing the promise of her naked body, peaking for the first time through her thin clothing. She was ready to bear herself to him. That thought shook him.
She had her hair down and was wearing his favorite red lipstick. She was an angel, and he could hardly believe she was his.
He felt ashamed.
There he sat on the edge of the bed, a skinny, pale-faced yuppie in his briefs, slumped as if to hide the erection guys like him can't afford to show to beautiful women like Ruby. He has been with women, but always with a price. He once thought about saving up for one of the high-end, Girlfriend Experience kind, but he's just a cashier at a gas station.
If she knew this, there's no way she would be his wife. But he had to tell her. Because of what she is about to do, he must tell her.
After all, it would be her first time.
She stood before him and stroked the back of his head gently. Her nearly naked body was now closer to him than ever, and he'd waited a long time. He watched her nipples as her gown slowly slide around on them. He was so awestruck, he hadn't noticed her reach her hand down into his underwear and touch his penis. It wasn't the first time she did that, but they hadn't seen each other fully naked and the thought sent a powerful surge through him. She was stroking it and looking sweetly into his eyes as she did so.
She really has no clue, he thought. She is about to regret this if I say nothing. It hasn't been consummated, she can still back out.
He decided to say nothing.
She pushed him down and climbed onto him. She grabbed his penis behind her with her hand, and knowing nothing of its secrets. He ran his hands up her gown and felt her breasts. Yet the harder it made him, the more wrong he felt. She mustn't begin what she can't take back. Not with him. Not with measly, pimple-faced him.
Then a slight twitch appeared on her face. Or so Dale thought. It looked a bit like apprehension.
I knew it. She's second-guessing. Good for her.
She continued rubbing his penis, but did so with less energy.
"Is something wrong?" he finally asked her.
She lit up immediately, as if to erase a dirty thought. "Fine. Very fine." He knew what it was immediately. He'd seen that look once before. In a dark movie theater nonetheless, but he'd seen it clear enough. Just before going down on him for the first time, she had that look. Only, she explained later that she still had feelings for Dirk. Her ex.
Was she having feelings for him now? Dale always thought he was a scumbag, but then so was Dale. He said to her twice that she could go back to Dirk if she wanted, but she said she didn't want to. He found out later than it was merely because he didn't want her. Some guy.
She kept her hand on his penis while he played with her nipples. It felt very wrong to him. Like they were avoiding something, and vainly pleasuring each other to avoid it as long as possible.
He caught himself staring at her pussy, but she didn't notice. The sight made him feel all the dirtier for not telling her about the other women. And he felt her growing distant. He wasn't even sure he loved her. It wouldn't matter if he did. Not now.
"I'm the luckiest person in the world right now," he said. The words just came out.
She offered a feigned smile and a sigh, then began caressing his chest with both hands. Her motions said it all. She had resolved herself to marrying him. She still had second thoughts, but thought it too late to back out. She was committed, and not necessarily in a good way.
But before Dale could think about it too much, she slid down his body until he felt her pussy touching his member for the first time. She wasn't wet. He thought about rubbing her, but before he could she sat up slightly, put her fingers between her and did it herself. She tried licking her fingers and closing her eyes, and Dale was unsure what to do or say.
In the process, he felt himself going limp as she tried to stimulate herself. She wasn't sure she had done so when she grabbed his penis to get it started anyway. She shot him a disappointed look when she discovered he was limp, and the look made it nearly impossible for him to start again.
When she realized this, she slid off of him and sat facing away from him with her knees to her chest. Neither knew what to say.
She began biting her nails and staring straight ahead in thought, and Dale considered whether to pull his underwear back up or not. They still clung to him just below his scrotum. It shamed him to still be exposed, but didn't want to cover himself because he felt that would surely put an end to it.
"Do you want to leave me?" She turned to acknowledge him, and he instantly regretted saying it. He didn't want to know the answer.
She spun around to sit with one leg crossed and the other hanging off the end of the bed. He was drawn to her curves once more as her eyes locked on his. Her gentleness returned, and she replied, "no."
She stroked his leg and smiled, and it was enough for him to start getting aroused again. She began to move in on him, sliding her hand up his leg to his thigh.
But just before she touched his penis once more, there was a knock at the door. Dale froze, while Ruby got up and looked through the peephole.
She gasped and darted backward to sit on the edge of the bed. She stared at the ground and began to breath heavy.
"Who is it," Dale whispered to her.
"No one. It's... no one."
Then, a voice said, "You know who it is. Open up so we can talk. You'll wanna hear what I have to say." After a moment, the stranger knocked again and said, "I promise you, if you don't open up, you will never see me again." Ruby had become quite anxious, and after looking slightly to the right to see Dale out of the corner of her eye, she looked at the door once more.
All at once, she got up, ran to the door to unlock it and flew it open. It wasn't enough time for Dale to even think about covering himself first, and so the stranger saw him and his nearly naked almost-wife.
It was Dirk.
He was much taller than Dale, with broader shoulders and a baseball cap turned to the side. He was wearing a tank-top which revealed the sharp tone of his arms and abs. He stepped into her and into the room without saying anything.
She looked up at him, still shocked by his mere presence. He closed the door with ease and smiled. He gave Dale a quick smirk before looking back down at Ruby.
Her legs found the bed and she sat down, still in a daze. "You shouldn't be here," she said. Her voice sounded like she might as well have said, "I'm so glad you're here."
"I want you, and it has to be now."
Ruby's eyes were wide, but she couldn't find the words to respond. She couldn't say no. She couldn't say yes.
Dirk stood before her and ran his hand through her hair and then held her head with ease. She couldn't look away from him, and her eyes filled with desire.
"But we waited!" Dale blurted out to Ruby. "I thought you've never been with... anyone..."
Not looking away from Dirk and talking softly, Ruby said, "I haven't."
Dirk leaned in and kissed her and she threw her arms around him and kissed him back. He put his hand between her legs, which opened slightly for him. He rubbed her pussy and she started to moan.
Then he stopped and pulled back. "No," she said. "I want you."
"I'm not stopping you," he quipped, tossing his sandals off. She unbuttoned his jean shorts and brought the zipper down quickly. The jeans fell and revealed a bulge in his boxers, which she feverishly removed.
Dale knew he should protest, but didn't want to challenge Dirk. He had already seen his limp penis, and now he was about to see his Ruby suck his dick. And it wasn't small either.
Ruby hadn't seen or sucked his dick before, and Dale could tell by the way she looked at Dirk right after she pulled his boxers down and revealed it. Dirk took a step forward and guided Ruby's lips to the head of his penis, and she opened them for him.
She sucked it for several minutes in silence while Dirk grinned at Dale. His eyes said everything. He was going to fuck Ruby, and she was going to love it.
He pulled her back and pushed her onto the bed and knelt down. He spread her legs apart and then bent over, putting his lips to her pussy. She held her legs apart for him and he slid his tongue in. She was already wet and her skin was flush. Her breathing quickened and her moans rose to a sharp scream that was cut off.
She just had her first orgasm.
He pushed her body back and got onto the bed, and she was still somewhat delirious. Her legs were like putty in his hands, and he spread them apart as far as they would go. He placed the large shaft of his penis on her pussy, teasing her with it. She yearned for him to put it inside her, but he just waited and stared at Dale, who said nothing.
"Please," she said, still lost in a daze, eyes closed. She grabbed at the penis and tried to put it in herself. She had to move up the bed to bring the tip to meet her lips, and tried in vain to put it in. Dirk was still staring at Dale and smiling while she did all of this.
Then Dirk laughed, and Dale realized something that rather surprised him: he was hard as a rock.
"Don't do this," Dale finally said evenly.
"It's too late, she wants it too much," Dirk responded. He positioned himself to penetrate her and said, "She is mine now."
Then he gripped Ruby's legs once more and entered her for the first time. Dale was studying Ruby's pleasure, but wished it were him. He knew that he could not give her this pleasure. He saw now that his penis was barely half the size of Dirk's, and she would never forget it. She would always be his from now on.
Dirk was slow at first, and had full control of every movement. She winced a couple of times before he began a more moderate pace. She bled briefly onto the bed sheets, but he didn't skip a beat. Before too long, she was moaning his name. He repositioned her legs between his arms and held her knees to her chest. He started going deeper and pushing her limits even further.
After he had penetrated her as deep as he could go a couple of times, he really began to fuck her. And he really enjoyed himself.
She began shouting his name, and he spoke hers back to her as well. "You like that, Ruby? It's all for you, baby. You feel that? You feel me inside you?" He started to groan louder and louder, saying, "Yes, I'm gonna come. You wanna feel me come inside you? Oh God, I'm gonna come! Oh, here it is baby! All for you!"
He slowed his movements and then stopped deep inside her while his come flowed into her. She reached up with all her might and held him while he remained deep within, still coming.
Finally he sat up and took at deep breath. He enjoyed the sensation of a few more playful thrusts before pulling out slowly, to the sound of her gasping. Once his glossy penis was out, he put two fingers into Ruby's now-shiny clit and pressed down on the bottom. White beads of him and her dripped out onto his fingers and he turned again to smile at Dale, who was still erect.
He licked one of his fingers and returned them to the same spot. Ruby simply lay there, barely aware of this and clearly in euphoria.
Dirk put his fingers all the way in and made a scooping motion with them, leaving them covered when he pulled them out. He held them up proudly and then used them to play with her nipples. She giggled and slid toward him again.
He responded by getting out of bed. He went to put his clothes back on and Ruby sat up, puzzled. "But I'm coming with you, right?"
"You're staying here with him. That was fun, Rube, but you had to know it ends here."
"But I'm yours now!"
"Yes, you are. And I'm giving Dale my permission to be your husband."
"I don't understand. I thought..." A moment later, Dirk was out the door and gone for good.
The two sat in silence for two whole minutes, neither moving a muscle or looking at each other. Dale still had a pounding erection, but didn't know why. He couldn't make sense of what had just happened, or how to feel about his wife. Why would he still be aroused when another man has just had his way with her.
He gave into the urge to have her. He wanted her, and couldn't explain why he only now felt the urge.
He removed his underwear and moved to meet her on the bed before Ruby even noticed him. He took her face in his hands and made her look him in the eyes.
She was surprised by what she saw in his eyes, and could not understand the feeling of joy she felt when he finally kissed her.
He removed her gown and lay her down on a pillow at the head of the bed. When he leaned over her, she opened her legs to him and smiled. This time, he didn't think. He didn't have to.
She guided him in, and he felt her warmth for the first time. She didn't scream like before, but she smiled all the same when he came. He decided to come on her breasts, and she enjoyed the thought very much. He delighted in rubbing the come on her breasts, and she giggled while he did.
When he finished, he kissed her passionately, feeling their wet bodies touching. When this made him hard, they made love once more, and neither of them wanted to stop.
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text: Basie was getting all over the place during the 50s – and this set's a great little concert recorded in London! The album's classic Basie for Verve – with Joe Williams on vocals on 3 tracks, and a tight group that includes Thad Jones, Joe Newman, Benny Powell, Matthew Gee, and Frank Foster. Titles include "Flute Juice", "Nails", "Blues Backstage", "Corner Pocket", "Roll Em Pete", and "Well All Right Okay You Win". (Verve Inc pressing, with trumpeter logo and deep groove. Cover has light wear.) © 1996-2014, Dusty Groove, Inc.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Xbox 360
This page contains Spyglass Board Games Unlockables for Xbox 360 called "Normal Achievements" and has been posted or updated on Aug 1, 2007 by TZM. Let us know what you think of this Unlockable by thumbs voting.
- Developer: Strange Flavour
- Publisher: Microsoft Game Studios
- Genre: Miscellaneous Board Games
- Release Date: Aug 1, 2007
- ESRB: Everyone
Normal Achievements
Complete each of the following achievements below to get the allotted gamerscore.
|How to Unlock:
|AI? Yeah, Right! (20)
|Beat the AI at all four games.
|Chess Champ (25)
|Play online and win 10 Chess games.
|Five Kings (10)
|In any game of Checkers, get five Kings.
|Four Corners (30)
|Capture all four corners in any game of Reversi.
|Game Swap (5)
|Playing online, play at least one game of all four game types in the same session.
|King Me! (10)
|Get a king in Checkers.
|Mancala Master (20)
|Win a game of Mancala with 27 pieces or more.
|Mancala Warrior (20)
|Play online with a friend and win 2 Mancala games as white and 2 as black.
|Overkill (20)
|Win at Chess while taking every one of your opponents pieces except for the King.
|Play 5 (5)
|Play 5 online games.
|Player of Games (5)
|Play all four game types at least once.
|Winner Of Games (30)
|Win a ranked match in all four game types.
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text:
This invention relates to light absorbing inhomogeneous films and their use in luminescent display devices such as cathode ray tubes and electroluminescent panels to achieve high contrast ratio and minimal halation effect, and more particularly to an inhomogeneous film having a composition varying continuously from metal oxide to metal, and the method of making same. The metal is selected from the group consisting of tantalum and vanadium.
1. A viewing screen for a luminescent display device comprising a transparent viewing portion, a luminescent phosphor layer on the interior surface of said viewing portion and a light absorbing inhomogeneous film covering and adherent to said phosphor layer, said film having a tapered composition varying continuously from a metal oxide at a point remote from said interface at the phosphor-film interface to the metal constituent of said oxide such that said film exhibits a continuous gradient of refractive index from an index approximating the index of said phosphor at the phosphor-film interface to an index approximating the index of said metal at said remote point, and said metal oxide being selected from the group of oxides consisting of tantalum oxide and vanadium oxide.
2. A viewing screen in accordance with claim 1 wherein said phosphor has the formula Ln2 O2 S:RE, where Ln is at least one trivalent rare earth host ion selected from the group consisting of lanthanum, gadolinium, yttrium and lutetium and RE is at least one trivalent activator ion selected from the group consisting of rare earth ions having atomic numbers 59 through 70 and in which from about 0.001 percent to 20 percent of the trivalent host ions have been replaced by at least one said activator ion.
3. A viewing screen in accordance with claim 2 wherein Ln is lanthanum.
4. A viewing screen in accordance with claim 1 wherein said display device is a cathode ray tube.
5. A viewing screen in accordance with claim 1 wherein said phosphor layer consists of multiple phosphor films, each film capable of luminescing at a different color.
6. A luminescent display device comprising a transparent viewing portion, a phosphor layer on the interior surface of said viewing portion, a light absorbing inhomogeneous film covering and adherent to said phosphor layer and excitation means for causing said phosphor layer to luminesce, said inhomogeneous film having a tapered composition varying continuously from a metal oxide at the phosphor-film interface to the metal constituent of said oxide facing said excitation means such that said film exhibits a continuous gradient of refractive index from an index approximating the index of said phosphor at the phosphor-film interface to an index approximating the index of said metal, and said metal oxide being selected from the group of oxides consisting of tantalum oxide and vanadium oxide.
7. A display device in accordance with claim 6 wherein said device is a cathode ray tube.
8. A display device in accordance with claim 6 said phosphor has the formula Ln2 O2 S:RE, where Ln is at least one trivalent rare earth host ion selected from the group consisting of lanthanum, gadolinium, yttrium and lutetium and RE is at least one trivalent activator ion selected from the group consisting of rare earth ions having atomic numbers 59 through 70 and in which from about 0.001 percent to 20 percent of the trivalent host ions have been replaced by at least one said activator ion.
9. A display device in accordance with claim 8 wherein Ln is lanthanum.
10. A display device in accordance with claim 6 wherein said phosphor layer consists of multiple phosphor films, each film capable of luminescing at a different color.
11. A method for making a viewing screen for luminescent display devices consisting essentially of the steps of:
forming a luminescent phosphor layer on a transparent substrate, and
forming a light absorbing inhomogeneous film on said phosphor substrate, said film having a tapered composition varying continuously from a metal oxide at the phosphor-film interface to the metal constituent of said oxide at a point remote from said interface such that said film exhibits a continuous gradient of refractive index from an index approximating the index of said phosphor at the phosphor-film interface to an index approximating the index of said metal at said remote point and said metal oxide being selected from the group of oxides consisting of tantalum oxide and vanadium oxide.
12. A method in accordance with claim 11 wherein said phosphor has the formula Ln2 O2 S:RE, where Ln is at least one trivalent rare earth host ion selected from the group consisting of lanthanum, gadolinium, yttrium and lutetium and RE is at least one trivalent activator ion selected from the group consisting of rare earth ions having atomic numbers 59 through 70 and in which from about 0.001 percent to 20 percent of the trivalent host ions have been replaced by at least one said activator ion.
13. A method in accordance with claim 12 wherein Ln is lanthanum.
14. A method in accordance with claim 11 wherein said display device is a cathode ray tube.
15. A method in accordance with claim 11 wherein said phosphor layer consists of multiple phosphor films, each film capable of luminescing at a different color.
It is well known that ambient illumination, that is light originating from sources external to the display device, is reflected to the observer from various optical interfaces of the device and thus reduces the image contrast by increasing the apparent brightness of the dark image areas. Under conditions of high ambient illumination, the image contrast is severly degraded. In addition, a part of the light emitted by the luminescent material of the device also undergoes undesired reflections, producing a further degradation of contrast and of resolution. When the luminescent material consists of a layer of phosphor material in the form of small powder particles, scattering of the emitted light also occurs, further degrading resolution.
Various means for overcoming these problems have been proposed. These include the use of various filters including polarizing, neutral density and restricted angle or multi-apertured opaque filters. Other methods include the incorporation of a dark material into the glass of the tube face, or a black dye in the phosphor dielectric layer of the display device. All of the methods have the common disadvantage that the emitted light as well as the reflected ambient light intensity is reduced, with the result that the improvement is contrast ratio is less than desired because the emitted light intensity is a factor upon which the contrast ratio depends.
The remarkable reflection-reducing properties of inhomogeneous films were recognized as early as 1880 by Lord Rayleigh (Proc. Lond. Math. Soc. 11, 51, 1880); the properties of such films have been extensively reviewed in a recent series of articles by Jacobsson (Progr. in Optics 5, 247, 1965; Arkiv Fysik 31, 191, 1966; Physics of Thin Films 8, 51, 1975). According to Jacobsson, experimental studies to date have been mainly devoted to transparent inhomogeneous films composed of graded mixtures of two nonabsorbing materials such as ZnS--Na3 AlF6, ZnS--CeF3, CeO2 --CeF3, and CeO2 --MgF2. These films were found to be durable and of good optical quality. A high index mixture of Ge--ZnS has been produced for application in the infrared wavelength region but were found to be relatively soft and sensitive to moisture and inferior to Ge--MgF2 films. KBr--Au films were found to have a very low absorption index, with k = 0.01 even at a concentration of gold of 0.16 parts by volume of gold. By contrast, an absorption index of 1.0 was found for a Ge--Au mixture containing 0.1 parts by volume of gold. Ge--In films were also found to have relatively high absorption. Due to the low solubility of In in Ge, the In was expected to remain a separate phase in the form of more or less spherical inclusions.
An inhomogeneous Ge--Six Oy film was shown by Jacobsson (1965) and also Olsen and Brown (Res./Develop. 16, 52, 1965) to lower the reflectance of a Ge surface to that of a surface of Six Oy (refractive index 1.62). Even lower reflectance was obtained with Ge--MgF2 films, although the transmittance was higher than expected (Jacobsson and Martensson, App. Optics, 5, 29, 1966). One of the first applications of inhomogeneous films as an antireflection coating was described by Nadeau and Hilburn in Canadian Pat. No. 418,289 (1944), and U.S. Pat. No. 2,331,716 (Oct. 12, 1944), in which a plastic layer of polystyrene or urea-formaldehyde resin having a high refractive index is diffused into the surface of an article and overcoated with a second plastic of low refractive index such as cellulose caproate or ethylcellulose. An important commercial application of inhomogeneous films as a low reflectance, absorbing coating on sunglasses was described by Anders in U.S. Pat. No. 3,042,542 (German Pat. No. 1,075,808; 1960). The inhomogeneous films described by Anders consisted of a mixture of low refractive index material, CeF4, ThF4, MgF2, or SiO2, and a metal, Ni, Fe, Mn, or Cr, or lower oxide of Nb, Ta, or Ti.
Recently, Steele has proposed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,560,784 the use of a dark dielectric layer consisting of SiO2 with a tapered concentration of codeposited aluminum applied to the rear side of a light transmissive phosphor layer to serve as a light absorbing layer. The tapered concentration of aluminum results in a continuous variation of the index of refraction through the layer, and such layer comprises an optically inhomogeneous film. Steele claimed novelty for a high contrast cathode ray tube utilizing this construction in which the refractive index of the silicon oxide was substantially equal to that of the phosphor. Phospors suitable for use with the inhomogeneous film of Steele were not otherwise identified. The same objective was the object of an earlier patent of Coltman (U.S. Pat. No. 2,616,057) in which the light absorbing layer was described as lampblack or the black deposits produced by evaporating metals such as aluminum or antimony under poor vacuum conditions.
Up to the present, the deposition of tapered inhomogeneous films such as in the Steele patent has required the evaporation of two different materials, with the rate of evaporation of each varied as a function of time. Also, it is usually desired that the initial portion of the deposit consist of one component only with the end portion consisting of the second different material only. Steele shows the initial and end materials to be SiO2 and aluminum, respectively. These requirements pose severe technical difficulties and to achieve reproducible results, elaborate monitoring and control equipment is required so that despite the superior performance offered by inhomogeneous films as compared to homogeneous films, very limited commerical application has been made of inhomogeneous films.
Osterberg (J. Opt. Soc. Am. 48, 513, 1958) has shown that transmitted waves cannot suffer loss of energy by reflection as they traverse nonabsorbing, inhomogeneous media in which the optical properites have no discontinuities. This result is strictly true only when the medium is infinite in extent. For practical applications, film thicknesses used are of the order of the wavelength of light so that interference due to reflection at the boundaries occurs. The width of the reflectance minimum has been found, however, to be greater than can be achieved with homogeneous films. It also has been shown by Osterberg that inhomogeneous absorbing media similarly cannot exhibit reflectance when the optical properties are continuous. In this case, the medium need not be infinite in extent. Anders (Dunne Schichten fur die Optik, Wissenschafftliche Verlagsgesellschaft mbH, Stuttgart, 1965, English translation as Thin Films in Optics, The Focal Press, London, 1967) has observed that a film thickness of only one wavelength is sufficient for essentially complete absorption in an absorbing inhomogeneous film. This property is basic to the dark dielectric layer described by Steele in U.S. Pat. No. 3,560,784 (1971) since the tapered concentration of aluminum results in an absorbing inhomogeneous film. The deposition of such film entails, however, the technical difficulties previously described, including the deposition of two different materials from two sources.
Briefly, in accordance with the invention, it has been discovered that an inhomogeneous film of a novel tapered composition varying from metal oxide to metal has superior light absorption properties. The metal is selected from the group consisting of tantalum and vanadium. The film is to be prepared by a new method of deposition which has attractive features of simplicity as contrasted with previously known methods for preparing inhomogeneous films, requires only a single source of material, and results in highly reproducible light absorping properties.
More particularly, the films may be prepared by means of RF or DC reactive sputtering wherein the target is vanadium or tantalum metal and the sputtering atmosphere consists of a mixture of argon and oxygen, with the partial pressure of the oxygen continually varied during deposition of the film in such a manner as to provide the desired inhomogeneity. In one embodiment of the invention, the initial partial pressure of oxygen is selected such that the initial portion of the deposited film consists of transparent, nonabsorbing tantalum oxide. Once deposition has been initiated, the oxygen partial pressure is thereafter gradually reduced until it becomes zero. The effect of gradually reducing the oxygen pressure is to cause the deposited film to become increasingly deficient in oxygen. At sufficiently low or zero pressure the material being deposited is metallic, highly absorbing tantalum or vanadium. A gradient of refractive index is associated with the gradient of oxygen deficiency, or excess metal, in the film. The nature of the gradient is dependent on the rate of decrease of oxygen partial pressure and may be varied continuously to achieve any desired gradient of refractive index. The light absorbing properties of the resulting inhomogeneous films have been found to be not critically dependent upon the rate of decrease of oxygen pressure, equally good results being obtained with either a linear or exponential decrease of pressure as a function of time.
Gerstenberg and Colbick (J. Appl. Phys. 35, 402, 1964) have shown that the x-ray diffraction pattern of films produced by DC reactive sputtering of tantalum in oxygen-argon mixtures at oxygen partial pressures of 9 � 10-5 Torr and greater is the same as that of anodic Ta2 O5. A subsequent study by Sneed and Krikorian (J. Appl. Phys. 37, 3674, 1966) showed that the critical oxygen partial pressure for deposition of Ta2 O5 varied between 5 � 10-5 and 2 � 10-4 Torr depending upon several system and deposition parameters. For the RF sputtering system used to deposit the films of this invention, a critical oxygen partial pressure of 3 � 10-4 Torr was observed.
For the purposes of this invention it is not essential that the composition of the initial deposit be stoichiometric Ta2 O5, but rather that it be highly transparent and have a refractive index substantially equal to that of the phosphor layer. The nonreflective film will have its maximum effectiveness when R3 of FIG. 1 is zero. This occurs when the index of refraction of the nonreflective film is equal to the index of refraction of the luminescent film. In the present invention, the metal oxide of the nonreflective film has an index of refraction very close to that of the La2 O2 S luminescent film described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,825,436. Consequently, the reflectivity R3 is very low and the incident light becomes absorbed in the nonreflective film.
Owing to the excess metal incorporated into the films, the films of the invention have appreciable electrical conductivity. This property is particularly desirable where the films are to be used in place of the usual aluminum thin film electrode of typical cathode ray screens since the conductivity of the films prevents charge accumulation associated with incidence of the electron beam on the screen, which would otherwise distort the information to be presented.
It has been found that tantalum and vanadium are uniquely suited as target materials for preparing an inhomogeneous film having the desired properties for use as a nonreflecting layer in light emitting phosphor display devices such as cathode ray tubes. For such devices, it is desirable that the film absorb both the incident ambient light and the light emitted from the back side of the phosphor layer, and in addition prevent light originating at the filament of the electron beam gun from reaching the observer. The film must, therefore, be opaque to all light. Other target materials which have been tried in accordance with the method of the invention include tin, niobium, aluminum, titanium, and molybdenum. The inhomogeneous films thus obtained corresponded to a complete transition between the limits of a clear, transparent oxide film and an opaque metallic film and, with the exception of the aluminum films, were dark when viewed from the oxide side of the film. However, distinct interference colors were noted which can be attributed to internal reflections occurring within the films. According to the Osterberg article, such internal reflection can arise in absorbing inhomogeneous films only at discontinuities of the optical properties within the films. Such discontinuities could arise if there were abrupt changes in the type of oxide being deposited, in contrast with the gradual incorporation of oxygen vacancies and excess metal into a single type of oxide as appears to occur with the tantalum and vanadium systems. Oxides which differ in crystal structure or in valency of the metal component may be expected to have distinctly different indices of refraction. More than one oxide is known to exist in the metal-oxygen systems of tin, niobium, aluminum, titanium, and molybdenum. Although there is evidence for at least one oxide other than Ta2 O5 in the tantalum-oxygen system, diffraction studies by Hollands and Campbell (J. Mater. Sci. 3, 544, 1968) on homogeneous films produced by reactive sputtering of tantalum in argon-oxygen atmospheres at various oxygen content between 0 and 100 percent oxygen indicated that the deposited oxide has the Ta2 O5 structure. Similar studies of the sputtered vanadium oxide structure have not yet been made, but, analagous to the Ta oxide case, the vanadium oxide is probably V2 O5.
Control of the oxygen partial pressure may be conveniently accomplished by means of a micrometer valve placed in the line supplying oxygen to the sputtering system. Variation of the rate of decrease of oxygen pressure may, furthermore, be automated by connecting a variable speed electric motor through a gear chain to the micrometer valve and the voltage actuating the motor programmed in time. Other means of providing a predetermined automatic variation of the oxygen partial pressure are known and may be used. By measurements of the oxygen partial pressure in the system as a function of micrometer setting and measurements of deposition rates at various fixed oxygen pressures, information required for producing a desired gradient of composition is readily obtainable. Such automation will ensure a very high degree of reproducibility of film properties but is not essential as it has been found that very satisfactory nonreflecting films can be produced by a skilled operator through manual operation of the micrometer valve.
The invention may be more easily understood from the following description and accompanying drawing in which:
FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of a faceplate of a conventional cathode ray tube in which the passage of incident ambient light and light emitted by the phosphor of the cathode ray tube is schematically represented; and
FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view of the faceplate of a cathode ray tube constructed in accordance with the invention.
Referring more particularly to FIG. 1, there is shown the cross-section of a faceplate of a conventional cathode ray tube in which the passage of incident ambient light and light emitted by the phosphor is schematically represented. Ambient light incident from the left upon the glass face 1 of the cathode ray tube is partially reflected, ray Rl, at the air-glass interface; typically, the intensity of Rl is about 4 percent of the incident ambient intensity for a glass having a refractive index of 1.5. Additional reflections R2 and R3 occur at the interfaces between the glass and the phosphor film 2 and between the phosphor film 2 and the aluminum thin film electrode 3, the magnitude of the reflections depending upon the difference in refractive indices of the materials on each side of the interfaces in accordance with the well-known Fresnel equations (see Jenkins and White, Fundamentals of Optics, Third Ed., 1957, p. 510; Born and Wolf, Principles of Optics, Fifth Ed., 1975, p. 40; or Heavens, Optical Properties of Thin Solid Films, 1955, pp. 51-54). For normal incidence, the reflectivity at a boundary between isotropic dielectric media is ##EQU1## and at a boundary between a dielectric and a metal ##EQU2## where n1 - ik1 is the complex index of refraction of the metal.
The index of refraction of lanthanum oxysulfide is 2.22 at 5440 A� (La2 O2 S:Tb green emission; see Sobon et al., J. Appl. Phys. 42, 3049, 1971), and for an aluminum film n = 0.82 and k = 5.99 (Drummeter and Haas, Physics of Thin Film 2, 339, [1964]). The reflectivity at an La2 O2 S -- Al boundary is thus 83.8 percent. By contrast, the reflectivity for an La2 O2 S -- Ta2 O5 boundary is calculated as 0.29 percent, using a value of 2.12 for the index of tantalum oxide films deposited by electron beam bombardment as determined by Yeh et al. (J. Appl. Phys. 47, 4107, 1976). A portion of the reflected rays R2 and R3 may undergo additional reflections, not depicted in the drawing, at the air-glass and glass-phosphor interfaces. Also depicted in FIG. 1 is the emission of light at a point P in the phosphor 2 produced by absorption of electrons projected from an electron gun, not shown, situated to the right of the drawing. A portion of the light, L0, is emitted toward the observer at the left and a portion toward the aluminum electrode 3; the latter portion of emitted light undergoes reflection at the phosphor-aluminum interface. A portion of the light emitted toward the observer may be reflected at the phosphor-glass interface and a further portion reflected at the glass-air interface. That light which is emitted oblique to the plane of the phosphor is displaced laterally with respect to the normal axis through point P during transit through the faceplate, in accordance with Snell's law, n0 sin θ0 = n1 sin θ1, where θ0 and θ1 are the angles of incidence and refraction, respectively (Jenkins and White, loc. cit. p. 5). Reflections result in the halation, Lh, depicted in the figure.
As the result of successive reflections, a large proportion of the ambient light Ar may be reflected toward the observer and will affect the degree to which the emitted light is visible to the observer. The visibility is expressed as the contrast ratio C, where ##EQU3## Ar is the intensity of reflected ambient light and L0 is the emitted light viewed by the observer. Since under high ambient illumination intensity Ar may greatly exceed L0, it is evident that a very low contrast ratio can occur. It is clear that the contrast ratio can be increased only by reducing the intensity of reflected ambient light Ar.
For the interface between glass of index 1.5 and a lanthanum oxysulfide phosphor of index 2.22, the reflectivity is 3.75 percent. Both this value and that for the air-glass interface are very small compared to that of the phosphor-aluminum interface. The intensity of ambient light reflected to the observer is therefore predominantly due to reflection at the phosphor-aluminum interface, and thus the most effective means of improving the contrast ratio is to reduce the reflectivity at this interface. As will be evident from the examples of this invention, this objective is attained by replacing the aluminum with the inhomogeneous film of the invention.
Calculations according to the Fresnel equations indicate that when the refractive index of that part of the inhomogeneous film at the interface with lanthanum oxysulfide has a value between 1.82 and 2.71, the interfacial reflectivity will be less than 1 percent; and, for a value between 1.93 and 2.55, less than 0.5 percent. For a phosphor of index np, the inhomogeneous film index ni corresponding to 1 percent reflectivity is ni = 0.82 np to 1.22 np, and for 0.5 percent reflectivity, 0.87 np to 1.15 np.
It is thus evident that the interfacial reflectivity can be reduced to a negligible amount, with a most substantial improvement of contrast, without the necessity of the exact match of refractive indices corresponding to zero reflectivity; such exact match is difficult to attain in practice.
Using the value 2.10 for the index of the tantalum oxide component of the inhomogeneous film of the invention, it can be calculated that the interfacial reflectivity is less than 1 percent for a phosphor having an index between 1.72 and 2.56, or less than 0.5 percent for an index between 1.82 and 2.29, thus indicating that the films of the invention are also suitable for use with phosphors other than lanthanum oxysulfide.
In FIG. 2, there is shown a cross-section of the faceplate of a cathode ray tube construced according to the present invention. A cathodoluminescent phosphor material 10 is deposited on the glass faceplate 11. A metal oxide-metal absorbing inhomogeneous film 12, where the metal is tantalum or vanadium, is deposited on the back side of the phosphor material 10 by the method of the present invention, described more fully hereinafter. A preferred phosphor material for the luminescent display devices of the invention is described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,825,436. This phosphor has the formula Ln2 O2 S:RE, where Ln is at least one trivalent rare earth host ion selected from the group consisting of lanthanum, gadolinium, yttrium and lutetium and RE is at least one trivalent activator ion selected from the group consisting of rare earth ions having atomic numbers 59 through 70 and in which from about 0.001 percent to 20 percent of the trivalent host ions have been replaced by at least one said activator ion. However, other continuous crystalline phosphor films deposited by conventional vacuum deposition methods, such as described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,347,693, or deposited by the method of U.S. Pat. No. 3,108,904 are suitable. Irrespective of the phosphor material employed, it is important that it be deposited as an essentially smooth and continuous transparent film without significant surface texture, thereby avoiding the scattering of light inherent to the use of a powder phosphor layer. Rather than a single phosphor film, the phosphor material 10 may consist of multiple films, each film capable of emitting a different color; see U.S. Pat. No. 3,825,436.
In order to avoid unwanted reflections at the interface between the glass 11 and the phosphor 10 which may arise by reason of a mismatch of the respective refractive indices, a quarter-wave homogeneous film 13 of a suitable material, having refractive index nb satisfying the Strong relation nb = √na nc, where na is the refractive index of the glass and nc is the refractive index of the phosphor, is optionally deposited on the glass plate 11 prior to deposition of the phosphor film 10. The interface reflectivity will thereby be reduced to zero at the given wavelength, but appreciable reflectivity may occur at other wavelengths. A broader minimum with respect to wavelength can be achieved by alternatively depositing a nonabsorbing inhomogeneous film in place of the homogeneous film. Additionally, an antireflection coating 14 of conventional type may also be optionally applied to the exterior of the glass plate 11 to eliminate reflection that would otherwise occur at the air-glass interface.
It will be understood that the optional antireflection coating 14 and optional homogeneous film 13 or the alternative optional nonabsorbing inhomogeneous film 13 are not essential for obtaining good contrast in most applications for which the ambient illumination is moderate, but may be desirable under extremely high ambient illumination intensity, such as that provided in direct sunlight.
The absorbing inhomogeneous films of the invention comprise at the phosphor-film interface a metal oxide having a refractive index closely matching that of the phosphor and at the opposite metal side an index approximately that of the bulk metal. Illustratively, an absorbing inhomogeneous tantalum oxide-tantalum film is readily made according to the invention with a refractive index of approximately 2.1 at its interface with the phosphor, thus providing a close match to the refractive index of lanthanum oxysulfide which has been determined to have an index of approximately 2.2, and is therefore particularly suited for use with the inhomogeneous film of this invention and is also one of the brightest of known phosphors. The refractive index at the tantalum side of the inhomogeneous film has a refractive index approximating that of a bulk tantalum which is known to have the complex index 2.53-2.76i.
An absorbing inhomogeneous vanadium oxdide-vanadium film is also readily made according to the invention and as will be evident from the example, provides nearly as close match to the refractive index of lanthanum oxysulfide as is obtained with the tantalum oxide-tantalum film. As it is known that an inverse relationship exists between electron range and the periodic number and density of the components of a film (see Feldman, Phys. Rev. 117, 455, 1960), the vanadium-based film of the invention has particular advantages when it is desired to operate a cathode ray tube or luminescent display device at lower anode voltages.
In another embodiment of this invention, the tantalum oxide-tantalum absorbing inhomogeneous film disclosed herein may be advantageously substituted for the special dark dielectric layer of the luminescent panels described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,560,784. The relative simplicity of the method of preparing the films described herein and greater reproducibility of properties of the films prepared by the method of this invention are made evident in Example 1 hereof and the films of this invention may be more economically prepared by reason of the less technically complex equipment required to produce the films than those of U.S. Pat. No. 3,560,784.
It will be readily understood that thin films of inert materials such as silicon oxide may be deposited on the phosphor film prior to deposition of the absorbing inhomogeneous film to serve as a barrier against any possible reaction between the phosphor and the inhomogeneous film that may, for example, be promoted by localized heating due to electron bombardment at high electron beam densities. Where appropriate for matching refractive indices of the adjoining materials, the barrier film may advantageously consist of a mixture, such as silicon oxide and aluminum oxide.
In the examples which follow, a detailed description of the novel method of preparing the absorbing inhomogeneous films of the invention is provided. A conventional RF sputtering system was used for preparing the films of the examples. Equally satisfactory results may also, however, be obtained by use of DC sputtering. As is well known to those skilled in the art of sputtering, the sputtering atmosphere pressure employed for RF sputtering, typically 1 to 5 microns, differs appreciably from that employed for DC sputtering, typically 50 to 100 microns. It is, therefore, to be expected that somewhat different oxygen pressures may be required when DC sputtering to attain results equivalent to those of RF sputtering. It is also known that deposition rates may vary between sputtering systems of different manufacture. RF systems which employ added DC bias or crossed electrical and magnetic fields have characteristically high deposition rates. Appropriate allowance must therefore be made for the particular system used. A preliminary calibration of the desired system for deposition rates and film characteristics at various fixed oxygen partial pressures, at a given input power level, will readily establish the conditions for preparing an inhomogeneous film having the desired refractive index gradient and thickness.
The absorbing, inhomogeneous films of the invention may also be prepared by the conventional two-source evaporation method, utilizing a metal oxide as one source and the metal component of the oxide as the second source. The preferred method, by reason of greater convenience and the high reproducibility attainable, is, however, the use of RF sputtering.
The sputtering system used was a conventional RF system with liquid nitrogen trap and water-cooled substrate support; DC bias or magnetic field were not utilized. The target was a 5-inch diameter tantalum metal disc and the source to substrate distance was 5 cm. A shutter was interposed between target and substrate during the presputter clean-up period. The system was initially evacuated by a diffusion pump to a pressure of less than 1 � 10-6 Torr, following which the high vacuum valve was partially closed to act as throttle between the sputtering chamber and the diffusion pump. This permitted the diffusion pump to operate within an efficient low pressure range while the higher pressure required for sputtering could be maintained within the sputtering chamber through the continuous admission of the sputtering gases. Th sputtering atmosphere consisted of a mixture of argon and oxygen, with argon being the dominant component. After partially closing the high vacuum valve, a flow of oxygen was established, the flow being regulated by a micrometer valve to obtain the desired pressure in the sputtering chamber as determined by means of an ionization gauge. The flow of argon was next established and adjusted with a second micrometer valve to provide a total pressure of 5 microns. As the sputtering atmosphere consisted predominantly of argon at all times, no further adjustment of the argon micrometer valve was necessary. The sputtering discharge was then initiated at 400 watts input RF power, and the reflected RF power reduced to a negligible amount by tuning of an impedance matching network. Sputtering was continued for 45 minutes with the shutter in place to prevent deposit on the substrate. This insured removal of undesired possible contaminants absorbed on the target or chamber walls. At the end of this presputtering period, the shutter was opened to allow deposition on the substrate. Deposition was terminated at the desired time by switching off the RF supply.
A preliminary series of depositions using microscope slides as substrates was made at various fixed oxygen pressures. The films obtained were accordingly homogeneous films. Deposition times were 15 minutes; film thicknesses were measured by multiple-beam interferometry. The results are summarized in Table I.
Table I______________________________________Films Prepared at Fixed Oxygen Pressures Thick- Deposition O2 Pressure ness RateSample Torr A� A�/min. Appearance______________________________________1 5.0 � 10-4 1112 74 Clear, pale red2 4.0 � 10-4 1432 96 Clear, pale red3 3.0 � 10-4 1538 104 Clear, pale pink4 2.0 � 10-4 1818 121 Clear, pale green5 1.75 � 10-4 2354 157 Light Brown6 1.6 � 10-4 2629 175 Dark Brown7 1.5 � 10-4 2641 176 Very Dark8 1.5 � 10-4 2652 177 Black9 1.4 � 10-4 2487 166 Black, metallic10 1.25 � 10-4 2318 155 Black, metallic11 1.0 � 10-4 1939 129 Metallic, dark12 5.0 � 10-5 1449 97 Metallic, dark13 0 1567 105 Metallic, dark______________________________________ Target - Tantalum
This shows that by changing the oxygen pressure in the sputtering chamber the deposited film is changed from the clear metal-oxide form to the opaque metal form.
The absorbing inhomogeneous films of the example were prepared in the same manner, except that sapphire substrates provided with a La2 O2 S:Tb or La2 O2 S:Eu phosphor film of 1 micron thickness previously deposited by the RF sputtering method of U.S. Pat. No. 3,825,436 were used an the oxygen partial pressure was gradually reduced during the deposition period by adjustment of a micrometer valve according to the schedule of Table II, chosen to produce an approximately exponential rate of pressure decrease and a reasonably linear rate of film thickness increase.
Table II______________________________________Inhomogeneous Film ScheduleTime O2 Pressuremin. Torr______________________________________0 3.4 � 10-41 2.6 � 10-42 1.75 � 10-43 1.8 � 10-44 1.7 � 10-45 1.6 � 10-46 1.5 � 10-47 1.3 � 10-48 1.13 � 10-49 1.0 � 10-410 9.3 � 10-511 8.6 � 10-512 6.6 � 10-513 5.0 � 10-514 015 End of Run______________________________________
The reflectivity of several absorbing inhomogeneous tantalum oxide-tantalum films prepared according to the method of the method of the example were measured with a Spectra Spot Brightness Meter, Model UB-1/2, using a diffuse white light source to illuminate the samples. The reflectivity of an uncoated sapphire substrate was also measured. From these measurements and the known refractive indices of sapphire and La2 O2 S, 1.76 and 2.14, respectively, the reflectivity of the phosphor-absorbing film interface was determined by calculation using Snell's laws as referenced above.
The results are presented in Table III, together with results for similarly prepared substrates having a commercially deposited silicon monoxide-tapered aluminum coating.
The exceptionally low reflectivity and high reproducibility of the Ta2 O5 -Ta films of the invention as compared with commercial SiO--Al films is clearly evident from Table III.
It is to be emphasized that the particular schedule of the example was chosen for convenience only and is not essential for preparing light absorbing films for use in cathode ray tubes and luminescent panels. Tantalum oxide-tantalum films with similarly low reflectivities have been prepared according to other oxygen partial pressure schedules. It is only essential that the variation of refractive index be reasonably continuous and the films have sufficient thickness to be essentially opaque.
Table III______________________________________Reflection at Phosphor-Absorbing Film InterfaceSample Reflectivity %______________________________________Commercial SiO-Al No. 1 6.5" 2 5.1" 3 4.5" 4 2.8" 5 1.8" 6 13.6" 7 9.2" 8 15.0" 9 2.2" 10 7.9Experimental Ta2 O5 -Ta No. 1 0.0" 2 0.4" 3 0.0______________________________________
Films were prepared as in Example 1, but substituting a vanadium metal target for the tantalum target.
A preliminary series of 15-minute depositions of homogeneous films gave the results summarized in Table IV.
Table IV______________________________________Films Prepared at Fixed Oxygen Pressures Thick- DepositionSam- O2 Pressure ness Rateple Torr A� A�/min. Appearance______________________________________1 5.0 � 10-4 696 45 Clear, pale yellow2 4.0 � 10-4 998 67 Clear, yellow3 3.0 � 10-4 772 52 Clear, yellow4 2.0 � 10-4 1111 74 Clear, yellow-green5 1.8 � 10-4 1788 119 Brown6 1.7 � 10-4 4462 297 Metallic, dark7 1.5 � 10-4 5224 348 Metallic, dark8 1.0 � 10-4 2551 170 Metallic9 0 2946 190 Metallic______________________________________
The inhomogeneous films of the example were also prepared as in the preceding example but following the schedule of Table V.
Table V______________________________________Inhomogeneous Film ScheduleTime O2 Pressuremin. Torr______________________________________0 3.15 � 10-41 1.45 � 10-43 9.3 � 10-54 8.0 � 10-55 7.4 � 10-56 6.4 � 10-57 5.95 � 10-58 5.55 � 10-59 5.2 � 10-510 5.0 � 10-511 4.76 � 10-512 4.6 � 10-513 014 015 016 End of Run______________________________________
The reflectivity of several absorbing inhomogeneous films prepared according to the method of the example were measured in Example 1, and the reflectivity of the phosphor-absorbing film interface determined using Snell's laws. The results are presented in Table VI.
Table VI______________________________________Reflection at Phosphor-Absorbing Film InterfaceSample Reflectivity %______________________________________Experimental V2 O5 -V No. 1 1.5" 2 0.4" 3 0.1______________________________________
Patent Citations
Referenced by
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November 21st, 2012
The age of making mixtapes – that is using cassette tapes instead of digital files – seems to be dying. But there's one punk enthusiast out there, with a burly beard and a shard of glass implanted in his forehead, who would like to show you why it's still important. So, on this week's episode of The Wedge, Damian makes a mixtape right before your eyes.
Also on the show are new videos from Tame Impala, Doldrums, Young Rival, Carrie Wilds and a throwback that is one of Damian's go-to songs for making mixtapes.
The Wedge airs every Wednesday at 11:30 PM EST. Follow us on Twitter at @MUCHTheWedge.
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Posted on Wednesday, November 21st, 2012 at 5:01 pm by Cam and is filed under Blog, The Wedge.Tweet


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For today's post, I send you over to the Center for Responsible Enterprise And Trade.
In a two-part Q&A, I respond to questions about a Foreign Corrupt Practices Act compliance defense and related issues, enforcement of FCPA-like laws in other countries, and the future of FCPA enforcement.
See here for Part I, here for Part II.


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Rias story Chapter 1I´m continue Ria´s Story. Her is part 1 link of her backstory if you don´t read it . Part 2 link.----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Ria and Roxiem are continue there search for Ria´s brother and the girl with the black hair named Lisa. Namine had imprisoned both somewhere in an unkown place. But what Namine is doing at this time? She is drawing at her sketchbook in the white room at Castle Oblivion. She knows that Ria escaped from the comet. She wants to see Ria dead . The reason is she knows that Ria is searching for the Destiny Diamond Heart. Namine want to use


text: Culture / Music Montreux Jazz Festival August 2010 The Montreux Jazz festival is a celebration of music in beautiful mountain surroundings with eclectic acts, good food and an atmosphere more focused on bonhomie than going bananas. Monocle's culture editor Robert Bound… This article is available only to subscribers. Subscribe now


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Southern Exposure's new location helps them stand out in the area.
Pete Bryant didn't just buy any old building on a plot of land to house the headquarters for his business, Southern Exposure Landscape Management. The acre-and-a-half property in Summerfield, N.C., is located at a four-way intersection with a stoplight. And the structure is on the National Historic Registry.
"Our building is a landmark in the community and it has been for generations," says Bryant of the 200-year-old building. Southern Exposure moved into the space five years ago and, since, has transformed the property into a landscape haven with complete outdoor displays.
This community connection – the building, the location, Bryant's roots – is central in the way that Southern Exposure presents itself as a firm. Bryant is always looking for ways to draw people in and to give back, he says.
So several years ago, the tenant who was renting the first floor of the building from Bryant suggested organizing a Saturday farmer's market on the property. "It was a way for her to bring people in the door for business, and then people could walk through our displays," Bryant says of the win-win.
The Farmer's Market grew to about a dozen vendors carrying everything from produce to meats to baked goods and preserves. "It was a huge pull," Bryant says of the crowd. "Our parking lot was full every Saturday." He can't directly relate the traffic to sales at his firm, but that wasn't the initial purpose, after all.
Now, Bryant's firm has taken over the entire building, but he intends on bringing back the farmer's market as a way to invite people in and to contribute to the community's spirit.
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Keeping kids insured: CHIP shows how bipartisanship can solve problems
Pittsburgh Post Gazette9 February 2012 - Original Source
Author Bruce Lesley is President of First Focus, an Atlantic grantee through the Children & Youth programme in the United States.
by Bruce Lesley
Three years ago, a bill to extend and improve the Children's Health Insurance Program became law. On Feb. 4, 2009, we decided as a nation to protect and invest in the health of our children. Among the Pennsylvanians to whom we owe thanks are Sen. Bob Casey, a Democrat, and Republican Reps. Jim Gerlach, Tim Murphy and Glenn Thompson.
Many Pennsylvania families have lost health insurance in recent years as parents lost their jobs. But even though 173,000 Pennsylvania children now live with at least one unemployed parent, the number of uninsured children in Pennsylvania has actually gone down. The bottom line: CHIP works for kids, their families and the state of Pennsylvania.
This was no accident. Pennsylvania lawmakers decided three years ago to protect children against becoming uninsured when their parents lose jobs, through CHIP and Medicaid. Thanks to their leadership, when hard-working families face tough times, children can still get the preventive care they need to stay healthy and focused in school. And because health care costs are a big driver of bankruptcies and foreclosures, covering kids through CHIP and Medicaid helps families hang on until they can get back on their feet. CHIP also brings federal funds into Pennsylvania's economy, protecting jobs in doctors' offices and hospitals.
It's just common sense to keep kids healthy. With CHIP, a little girl can keep her asthma under control with check-ups and an inhaler that cost just a few hundred dollars a year. But if she's uninsured and just one full-blown asthma attack requires hospitalization, the costs quickly jump into the thousands. And if her parents are unemployed, we all pay -- through higher insurance premiums to offset hospital costs for uncompensated care.
CHIP is a bipartisan idea created by a Republican-controlled Congress and a Democra


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A Brazilian-style steakhouse chain sometimes referred to as a "churrascarias" is coming to the Lehigh Valley.
The Rodizio Grill is being opened in the former Bob Evans restaurant on Lehigh Street in Allentown.
The restaurant, which is already in the process of hiring, will feature over a dozen rotisserie and grilled meats that are served at the table from three-foot long skewers by meat servers dressed as Brazilian gauchos or cowboys.
The franchise will be run by Kevin O'Leary and Charlie LaRosa, who are owners of the Melting Pot Restaurant in Bethlehem.
The first Rodizio Grill was opened in 1995; there are currently more than a dozen locations nationwide.
The Lehigh Valley is already home to two independent Brazilian steakhouse restaurants: Made in Brazil in Allentown and Rio in Nazareth.
The owners of Made in Brazil, Joao Roquetti and Antonio DeMattos, are also planning a new restaurant in Easton in the new year.
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Daughter Struggles With Homework Q: I live in Hong Kong and have a 10-year-old daughter, who is in fifth grade. Her problem has been annoying me for more than a year. She is very slow in doing homework. She thinks back and forth before answering every question. She writes two words …Read more. Nervous Tics Have Many Origins Q: At what age does a nervous tic become a problem you need to treat or have children be aware that they have this problem? A: Seeing as you've described your son's tic as a nervous one, you may have already consulted with his pediatrician. If you …Read more. Technology Is Here to Change Q: What are your feelings about technology and the impact on children? How much technology is enough? A: When I surveyed 5,000 middle-school students and met with hundreds of them in focus groups, I asked about what they thought had changed most for …Read more. Mother of Gifted Child in Brazil Searching for Help Q: I am from Brazil and contacting you about my child. We lived in the USA for more than a year for my husband's job. My child was 1 year old and started speaking English. Then he started writing and reading English when he was 18 months old. At the …Read more.more articles
Should You Pay Kids for Chores? And Siblings Often Compete
Q: I never paid or gave rewards to our kids for doing their chores because I was raised on the basis that everyone helps out around the house. Today I see some kids being paid. Which is the appropriate action to take?
A: Many parents ask this question and there really is no one correct answer to it. I usually suggest that children be expected to do chores around the house without any payment and that, additionally, they get an allowance that isn't necessarily tied to chores. However, if children are resistant to doing chores, withholding allowance until chores are complete is certainly reasonable.
Also, middle-grade children often search for ways to earn spending money, since they can't yet hold jobs. Parents can give them opportunities to do special, larger chores for payment. Mowing the lawn, washing the car or vacuuming the whole house might be the types of chores where they could be paid and feel good about their accomplishments. There wouldn't be any reason to pay them for emptying the dishwasher, cleaning their own rooms or the other routine tasks that every family member should take responsibility for.
For a free newsletter about chores, send a self-addressed, stamped envelope to the address below.
Q: What are some pointers you can give to parents regarding helping an older child adjust when a new baby comes? The child is 4 years old and a new baby is on the way. What steps are helpful toward making them friends instead of competitors?
A: You can't entirely eliminate competition among siblings and your 4 year old is certain to exhibit some behaviors that indicate jealousy.
As the children get older and argue more, consider their arguing healthy, since if they didn't argue it would mean one is giving orders and the other's accepting them. In the very early years, you'll have to help sort out their arguments, but as soon as the younger one is verbal enough to talk things out, encourage them to work things out themselves. Otherwise, they'll argue more to claim your attention. If the arguments become actual battles and if either of the children becomes aggressive, you should separate them and have them go to two different rooms for a while. If they find themselves separated each time they fight, they'll surely become less aggressive because they likely actually prefer playing together.
For free newsletters about sibling rivalry and/or when the new baby comes, send a self-addressed, stamped envelope for each newsletter to the address below. Dr. Sylvia B. Rimm is the director of the Family Achievement Clinic in Cleveland, Ohio, a clinical professor of psychiatry and pediatrics at the Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, and the author of many books on parenting. More information on raising kids is available at www.sylviarimm.com. Please send questions to: Sylvia B. Rimm on Raising Kids, P.O. Box 32, Watertown, WI 53094 or email@example.com. To read features by other Creators Syndicate writers and cartoonists, visit the Creators Syndicate website at www.creators.com.


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Menu for a master chef guest
My friend is a very accomplished chef/owner of a resto here. James Beard finalist, modernist farm to table techniques, blah, blah.... He, of course, says that he is NEVER invited to dinner. I am an enthusiastic and adventurous amateur cook, and I find that after multiple dinner parties, I am NEVER invited to dinner. (I hope this is because my friends are intimidated, and not because of my undesirable personality!)
Anyway.... What to cook for the man and his wife? I am not going to try to compete with him on a technique basis, but am tempted to do a great dish, served family style, something like my fave choucroute garnis with a tarte flambée app and then a homey Moroccan orange cake for dessert.
Any chefs out there please weigh in with what you like to experience when invited to dinner. I would appreciate any advice or comment!
First, where is 'here?' The term for restaurant 'resto' is not part of my vocabulary. Second, when is this restaurant chef free from cooking at a restaurant to dine at someone's home?
I watch food shows on TV. Several professional chefs like just like a simple home cooked meal that has been prepared by someone else to get away from the fancy stuff. Do your own thing. Just prepare it well and don't try to impress him. After all your guest for company rather than showmanship.
Just cook something you're good at and lets you be with your guests. It's no fun to get invited to dinner and watch someone do 36 last minute things. A great roast chicken, some of your favorite sides, and a nice dessert and done!
re: Hobbert
re: Hobbert
I echo what Hobbert said. He will be so happy that someone else is cooking for him. Keep it simple and stress-free. A great roast chicken is always appreciated and I imagine so would a great choucroute garnis. I might keep the app preceding it lighter than tarte flambee but that is personal preference.
re: GretchenS
Hmmm. You may be right, although a tarte flambée can be light if the crust is very thin, and one accentuates the caramelized onion rather than the fromage and the lardon.
The choucroute is definitely a winter dish tho. Any suggestions for a light app?
re: Danioro
We had this meal recently; we started with a cream of celeriac soup, not terribly creamed, but it was a great start.
We finished with an Alsatian apple cake. It was a simple but tasty meal.
re: magiesmom
Soup is an idea in this cold weather. I tend to like finger food with cocktails before dinner. But that's definitely an idea.
re: Danioro
We don't do cocktails, so often use soup for a starter in winter.
re: Danioro
How about making a pissaladiere to start? It is similar to tarte flambée but usually(French way) does not include cheese so it is lighter. You could use any pizza dough and top it with caramelized onions, olives and anchovies(you could hide these in the oil you brush on the dough). I am french and I say resto all the time.
re: DowntownJosie
Sounds good! I love Anchovies although most Americans run screaming when you mention them. I agree, resto is an approved abbreviation!
re: Hobbert
re: mike0989
I got bird down pat! I like Zuni too, but french country style with tarragon is my wife's favorite dish.
Like you I am home cook who gets excited about cooking at home - people I know who do it for a living seem keep it simple at home and seek a break from the restaurant . I would say do something you are comfortable with and enjoy cooking and eating - keep it fun and relaxed - if you are having fun your guests will too - don't stress it.
Moroccan Orange Cake sounds delish do you have a recipe?
re: JTPhilly
+1 for a recipe!
re: JTPhilly
This cake is soooo good. Several variations out there, but I have found the almond flour makes it. I just finely grind raw almonds in a robocoup if no flour at hand.
IMHO the very best way to serve is with a real plain Greek yoghurt, like Fajè. Yummers!
re: Danioro
Thank you!
re: Danioro
Thanks - That looks great, saved.
re: Danioro
re: pine time
I guarantee you will love this cake! It is so exotic, from both a flavor and texture standpoint.
Some Classic Moroccan recipes involve boiling a couple of oranges for an hour or two (to remove bitterness from the peel) , and then chopping, processing the whole orange as a basis for the cake. I have done it this way, but the addition of zest and juice is about as good and much less work
re: daislander
There you go!
not a chef, but worked as a sommelier in fine-dining almost 20 years and am a very accomplished home cook and entertainer.
do you really flambe at home? it's showy for sure, but yields negligible flavor benefits.
cook a menu you feel confident with and will enjoy. make your guests feel welcome, so don't have a millionity little fiddly things that need attention after they arrive. he is tasting rich food all week, so don't bother with any kind of gut busters.
i'd do a braise, like beef cheeks or lamb shanks. (am also in my 3rd blizzard in 5 days, so forgive me for wanting comfort food!)
re: hotoynoodle
re: harryharry
Now there is a thought. I have a nice leg of Katahdin lamb in the freezer. That might be a goody.
re: hotoynoodle
Plus 1 for a braise. Intense flavor, not a lot of last minute work, and any cuisine will have something. I sometimes make a mole sauce, then braise a brisket in it. You get a very meaty mole, and so much liquid you can save and freeze half the sauce (even after reducing) - a great base for another meal.
re: Danioro
Not much I can point right to. I used the mole in Bocaditos (Reed Hearon cookbook) as a starting point, cull together Saveur and online recipes, and tweak.
re: sbp
I made the Bayless recipe in Saveur a month or so ago and it was fantastic. Took several hours of hands-on prep, though. Next time I'll start the day before.
re: hotoynoodle
A tarte flambee, aka flammekueche, is in the flatbread/pizza family, not a set the booze in the pan alight display. The flambee part refers to the baking hearth.
re: greygarious
i figured that out after, thanks. yeah, i am more used to seeing the alsatian word for it. :)
Not a chef, but an enthusiastic home cook. Good for you for not being intimidated and wanting to nurture your friend. (I'd probably be a little intimidated, though.)
Your menu sounds terrific to me, and it sounds like food you love, and much of it can be prepped ahead of time so you'll have time to enjoy your guests. Both the tart flambée and the choucroute are great comfort food and yet elegant at the same time. Enjoy!
re: fourunder
I think you are right. I will just do a good recipe that I know well. Thanks!
re: Danioro
I'm pretty sure it was in the last year where I saw a food show that featured Daniel Boulud....he said his favorite Sunday dinner at home with the family was Roast Chicken.
re: fourunder
This might work well. We have a number of producers who raise good pastured organic chicken and it is fantastic roasted or as a ballottine.
re: Danioro
I'd suggest a succulent roasted chicken over ballottine
re: fourunder
I think because so many roast chickens don't turn out so great, it's got some wow factor when it does. Mine sucked til I went with the Zuni one. Need to branch out to Keller.
re: c oliver
For maximum crispy skin.....vertical roasting, and much easier for most to tie off without having to truss the bird. Simple Seasoning or your favorite rub.
re: fourunder
We did vertical roasting for many years but I'm much happier with the Zuni. Try it sometime. No trussing and super easy.
re: c oliver
I interviewed a chef once who told me that, on the rare instances when she is invited out to dinner, people tend to try to impress her by doing complicated dishes. Often dishes they're not technically able to pull off. She said the best meals she has at someone's home is something simple....like grilled meat or fish. Whatever the cook is comfortable making. She said it's a treat being invited, and simple is best.
I've cooked for professional chefs and cooks quite a few times - sometimes in cooking competitions and sometimes just socially.
- Don't use your menu to show off cooking technique in general. Professionals tend to judge you not by how many tricks you know but in how well you execute the techniques you use. In other words, your skills will be evident in whatever you make; so choose something you know you can make well.
- If there is some local ingredient that is especially great and you use often, or some specific dish you've been working on for years - this is a great time to use it. Chefs dig novelty just like anyone else - but again, it only works if you can execute it.
I've impressed professionals before just preparing local lamb very simply (the lamb was phenomenal quality, and the professional didn't live in my area). I've also impressed using a home oven to mimic an extremely hot professional setup and make Neapolitan style pizza at home (but the catch is that I've been working on this for years).
The point is to showcase what YOU specifically can do well, not just good cooking in general. Make tarte flambe (et al) if you do an especially great job with it - not because it seems like an impressive dish.
re: cowboyardee
You are so right. I do not wish to compete in that way, but merely to provide a good meal in congenial surroundings.
We are blessed in Peoria Il to have several fantastic farms and producers in the area. Great local produce, veges, meat (including Katahdin sheep), but I thought the choucroute might provide a nice change from the usual.
Good advice, thank you!
A friend of mine is a line cook at a well regarded establishment in Portland says the same thing. Nobody ever invites him to dinner. I went out to his house for a potluck and brought a couple of serviceable quiches and other brought similar serviceable items and he was thrilled.
I have another friend who cooked his way up a series of well regarded restaurants and now manages a local restaurant that you will likely have heard of. I was out at some friends' for Thanksgiving and this guy made gloppy green bean casserole and drank a truly impressive amount of bargain basement beer. He's OK with that as long as he doesn't have to hang out with pretentious foodies.
I'd echo what everyone else says. Cook something good and casual and have a good time. Your menu sounds great.
re: ChrisOfStumptown
re: Danioro
Portland OR
re: ChrisOfStumptown
My daughter does pop up dinners and catering there; hopes to open a brick-and-mortar in Portland soon
re: ChrisOfStumptown
There are a lot of amazing home *chefs* out there who can cook their butts off too. We all recognize that respect and love of great food/ingredients in each other.
As someone who cooks for a living, I'm more than happy to just sit back and enjoy whatever it is that the host/hostess wishes to cook for me. Simple is better. It's just as much about good company as it is about good food.(and it's such a treat to have someone else do all the cooking)
Just an interesting bit of information. Jacques Pepin is one of the top ten chefs on the globe. His personal dining preference is simple rustic peasant food as he termed it. It would be uncouth for your friend to judge your meal based on his own professional expertise. Prepare foods he loves using the best ingredients you can afford. I am sure he is coming to dinner as your friend to socialize, enjoy your company and *break bread* not to critique your cooking.
re: MamasCooking
You are right on all counts! I know my friend would never judge. I think the simple rustic idea is a good one
re: MamasCooking
My ex was a professional cook at very high end nyc restaurants
We went to dinner at our friends' on evening and their puerto rican mom was in town and she just made very homey comforting puerto rican food- grab a plate and serve yourself from the kitchen. We talked about that meal for weeks! When going out to eat it would be for divey ethnic food or homey grandma made it foods.
Make your family recipe for.....whatever it is. Something you can't and won't ever order off the menu from a restaurant. Maybe grandma's pierogies, or your chicken and dumplings.
Homey casual comfort food, an excellent bottle of wine, a seasonal fruity dessert with an interesting digestif cocktail.
re: Ttrockwood
Maybe I should just hire grandma!
re: Danioro
If you've got one around (or can get a loaner!!) you can always taste the love in their food......the cute little old lady factor also helps ;)
re: Ttrockwood
Woohoo! I'm a 67 y.o. grandmother so I have cred?!?!? Fist bump :)
re: c oliver
How much do you charge? :^)
re: Danioro
For you? My pleasure :)
re: Ttrockwood
Agree with this approach. Someone in the family married a chef from a high end place and I had to get over it because he is often at family dinners. I just don't do anything he does. I've tried to develope the relationship with the mutual enjoyment of food and cooking.
re: c oliver
That seems to be the operative thing. If someone else is doing the cooking it is like a vacation,
re: Danioro
hehe ;) glad I could help!
Family Home Style Cooking.. ask Chefs what was the best food they had, and in many occasions was 'My mom' or my 'Aunt' made this & that.. etc.. etc..
if you from two different cultures, serve him food from your culture, something that he hasn't tasted before, A true Chef would love to experience new foods, flavors, ingredients spices etc..
If Gordan Ramsay comes into my house, I'd serve him instant noodle with a sesame peanut chili sauce (on a clean plate), and I'd bet he would be thinking of another dish incorporating that sauce.
re: Wilks
There's an idea! I come from Southern Africa originally, so maybe a nice Bobotie with some cool Cabernet from the Cape..... The plot thickens!
re: Danioro
Avoid cooking the type of cuisine the chef specializes in. A) he's better at it than you are, and B) he can eat it anytime he wants to, if he's not completely sick of it already.
Make what you are comfortable with and if it's something you think he's not had before, so much the better.
re: Danioro
There must be some wonderful south african dishes that you are familiar with, and of course some wonderful wines from the area
My colleagues and I are happy and grateful for whatever someone else cooks. Some of us own culinary businesses, restaurants; some teach. When we cook for each other, at home, we usually just avoid whatever is the guests' specialty dish :)
And when invited to a non-pro-cook friend's place, I especially appreciate any meal that allows us to enjoy each others' company.
re: KarenDW
Thanks Karen, come over for dinner sometime!
Fried chicken. Gets 'em every time. Particularly when it includes rice & gravy, pole beans with ham hock & squash casserole. I serve this every year to a friend who is one of the most highly regarded (by other chefs, that is, not TV idiots) chefs in the country. We have a ball & he loves it.