text:
Bad vibes
Why do consumers seemingly love to loathe some brands? And what can businesses do to turn around an evil image? Rania Habib of Communicate magazine tries to find out.
December 1, 2010 4:48 by Rania Habib
A 2003 film documentary about corporations – named, obviously, The Corporation – explored big business' legal status as a class of person (in the United States, corporations are entitled to most of the same legal rights as humans) and their behavior.
It came to the conclusion that some corporations behave like psychopaths. They are self-interested, inherently amoral, callous and deceitful, breach social and legal standards to get their way, and do not suffer guilt. The Corporation's case studies of companies acting irresponsibly include research into the use of Bovine Growth Hormone (BGH) by the Monsanto Company to induce higher milk production from cattle, and the privatization of Bolivia's municipal water supply by the Bechtel Corporation.
If corporations are psychopaths who create brands, are brands psychopaths? Is this why some consumers continuously protest against some brands? While it may be outside our jurisdiction to label brands as psychopaths, there are undoubtedly some that, in the eyes of consumers, act irresponsibly.
As a consequence, these brands come under fire from consumers, who are becoming more informed and empowered. We wanted to ask regional experts for their advice to the owners of controversial brands.
OLD-FASHIONED. Alexander McNabb, group account director at Spot On PR agency and friend of Kipp, says some brands still act in old-fashioned ways at a time when dialogue and engagement between brands and consumers is paramount. "One of the missteps [oil company] BP took, for example, is paying $50 million to say sorry and show images of clean beaches," says McNabb, referring to BP CEO Tony Hayward's appearances on television and in print ads to issue a public apology for the oil spill that devastated the Gulf of Mexico. "Buying media is an old-fashioned way to react. The American public was outraged, and BP was criticized for spending money on that, rather than doing something about the spill. It's a very different attitude from what today's consumer expects. Some big brands behave in old-fashioned ways, communicating in a one-way direction, continuing without listening. You can only do that for so long now; the tide of opinion moves too fast."
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Friday, June 14, 2013
New event poster!
Just a quick reminder about tomorrow night's WILD ASS CIRCUS PARTY at Hendo! Hope everyone will come out, we have an amazing collection of vintage circus posters, all beautifully curated from Jason Cohen of Curiosities. Here's a quick little sneak peak!
Just a note, our Henderson shop will be closed from 4:30-7pm as we get ready for the show. (But, La Bish, our shop in the Bishop Arts will be open regular hours.) We'll be picking up a keg of Dallas Blonde and Deep Ellum IPA from Deep Ellum Brewery, ShopDad will be manning the carnival foods, we'll set up a photowall.. the works. It's been a long time since our last party, so we're making this one big!


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Kendall Skye is a huge fan of the Denver Broncos, and the WWE developmental wrestler even took the journey to New Jersey to watch her favorite NFL team play in the Super Bowl. Unfortunately, they were soundly dominated and defeated by the Seattle Seahawks, though.
Prior to becoming a star in professional wrestling, Ahmed Johnson, whose real name is Anthony Norris, played middle linebacker for the Dallas Cowboys for two seasons (1990 and 1991). He wasn't a big star, nor did he receive a lot of playing time, so he's not remembered by too many NFL fans.
After playing football collegiately for the University of Miami and professionally for the Montreal Alouettes of the Canadian Football League, Lex Luger made his way to the NFL when he signed with the Green Bay Packers. Unfortunately, though, he never played a single regular season game for the team.
Former WWE star Orlando Jordan has been running a wrestling school in Australia, where he personally trains some of the performers.
Orlando Jordan, who is openly gay, married a woman in Australia a couple of weeks ago.
Orlando Jordan was not happy with the direction that his character was taking, so he contacted TNA officials to ask if more could be done. Since the company did not have a plan that he liked, Jordan requested his release, and it was granted shortly thereafter.


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Roads will stay open for Workington's Olympic torch relay
Last updated at 19:41, Thursday, 17 May 2012
Workington's roads will remain open to traffic during the Olympic torch relay next month, when thousands of people will line the route.
The group co-ordinating the Olympic torch event on Thursday, June 21, last night explained why it had decided against road closures.
But one local school has already decided not to organise a whole-school trip to see the relay because of concerns for safety.
Mike Kidd, acting headteacher at Seaton Junior School, said it was too hazardous for the whole school to make the journey together and mingle with crowds.
He said: "Because we have got 220 kids it is too risky to try to marshal.
"If there was a cordoned off area that would be fine, but on an open street it would be too easy to lose a child."
He said, however, that parents were being encouraged to take their children out of school themselves for the relay.
"It's very important that the children get to see it because it is a once in a lifetime event," he added.
The Workington leg of the nationwide relay will start at the roundabout on New Bridge Road at 1pm.
Torch bearers will head through the town centre via Church Street, Falcon Street, Station Road, Oxford Street, Jane Street, Washington Street and Ramsay Brow to Stainburn School.
The torch will then head back to Harrington Road and along Moss Bay Road, finishing at the junction with Poole Road.
A countywide planning group, which includes councils, police and the Highways Agency, has agreed a traffic management plan.
Traffic flow will be managed by police.
A Metropolitan Police Service motorcycle escort will travel with the torch, along with five or six Cumbria police motorcycle outriders.
Parking restrictions will be in place and routine roadworks suspended.
Pedestrian crossings will have their lights switched off while the relay passes through and will be managed by Allerdale council officers, PCSOs or volunteer stewards.
Police will have overall control of the convoy, which will be followed by an ambulance.
At Beckstone Primary School in Harrington, headteacher David Warbrick has invited parents to take their children out of school for the event.
He said the school was not arranging its own trip because of concern over the distance from the school to the relay route, the crowds and issues such as lack of toilets.
Anne Tait, headteacher of St Michael's Infant and Nursery School, said her staff would take children on to Station Road to watch from behind railings which would protect them.
She added: "We wouldn't be taking them out if we didn't feel they'd be safe."
First published at 19:21, Thursday, 17 May 2012
Published by http://www.timesandstar.co.uk
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Home Loft Concept Clay Ottoman
Whether you need a coffee table, a place to rest your feet, or even just a beautiful accent to your room, look no further than the Clay Fabric Ottoman.
Home Loft Concept Clay Ottoman
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|Design: Cocktail
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|Shape: Oval
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|Country of Manufacture: China
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Asphalt Yacht Club Yacht Flag 5 Panel Hat
Item # 221578
Buy 1 Get 1 50% off
Stash Points: 998
What is this?This is the number of points you get in The Zumiez Stash for purchasing this item. Stash points are redeemable for exclusive rewards only available to Zumiez Stash members. To redeem your points check out the rewards catalog on thestash.zumiez.com.
The Asphalt Yacht Club Yacht Flag 5 panel hat comes with an all over Yacht Club flag graphic so you can skate like an Admiral.
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|Sq ft
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We have 2 bedroom 2 bath apartments in different square feet with great of outdoor amenities and common areas.
We are in a great community with a newly-renovated playground a most see!
Located near the intersection of I -85 & I - 285 in the NE section of Atlanta.
Units going fast; make this your new home today!
Contact directly at 404-791-5997
Ask for Dalia!
Tenemos disponibles apartamentos de 2 recamaras y 2 banos de varios tamanos con excellente area de regreacion.
Con una area de regreacion recientemente renovada. Venga a verla!
Estamos localizados cerca de la interestatal I - 85 & I - 285 en el area NE de Atlanta.
Los apartamentos se van rapido; haga esta su nuevo hogar hoy!
Llamar director at 404-791-5997
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TUKWILA — A "person of interest" in the shooting of Seattle Police officer and Marysville resident Tim Brenton has been shot by police in a Tukwila apartment complex, according to KIRO TV.
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Sebastian Vettel's F1 success should be celebrated not criticised
Posted Oct 03rd 2013, 12:00am by Richard Drew
... classics). But he is a racing driver first and foremost and, like all the others on the grid, he will do what needs to be done to succeed. Perhaps the fracas in Malaysia with Mark Webber when he ...http://www.scmp.com/sport/other-sport/article/1322951/sebastian-vettels-f1-success-should-be-celebrated-not-criticised
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Blame Ferrari, Force India and Lotus
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... next season. Relations haven't really been repaired after Sebastian Vettel ignored team orders to grab the race win from Webber in Malaysia. I'm sure the Australian wasn't too ...http://www.scmp.com/sport/other-sport/article/1274783/blame-ferrari-force-india-and-lotus
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F1 has a fine tradition of internecine treachery
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... to the team, the row over Vettel overtaking Webber to win in Malaysia despite team orders is forgotten. As if. It has taken Webber a lot of time to calm down. He went surfing to put some distance ... after Malaysia. If the two sides of the garage descend into internecine warfare, it will affect the team's title chances. Vettel, we know, will plough on regardless, ...http://www.scmp.com/sport/other-sport/article/1211641/f1-has-fine-tradition-internecine-treachery
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Lotus packs punch in this season's F1 line-up
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... One grid As the teams gather in Malaysia for this weekend's race, we have a much clearer idea of the Formula One pecking order. Once the chequered flag had finished waving in Albert Park ... was extreme and the tyres took a dislike to that. It may be equally problematical in Malaysia. Weather can turn a race into a lottery, and can seriously skew results. But over a season class ...http://www.scmp.com/sport/other-sport/article/1195605/lotus-packs-punch-seasons-f1-line
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What a lovely and delightful place. Located in the North of Adelaide and close to everything, this old manor has all the facilities you could ask for with old world charm that is becoming harder and harder to find. If you're looking for a special experience in Adelaide, look no further than Buxton Manor. Recommend highly.
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Health Information - Med Help
My MedHelp
Chest cold noises
Common Questions and Answers about Chest cold noises
My pulmonary specialist dismisses them as likely from drainage into my lungs from allergies and has given me medicines to control the post nasal drainage but they really don't seem to work-affect the sensations. Within the past couple of weeks I had a
x-ray (I was experiencing
-flu like symptoms - chilling, headache - I have had headaches occasionally lately) I was told the new chest x-ray showed no change over previous chest x-rays.
Read More
it does not mean the baby has a
. Not sure if this helps, but it helped me not to panic and whip out the thermometer! :) I hope you are doing well! Message me sometime and let me know how things are going!!!
Read More
I have been experiencing wheezing and gurgling/cackling
coming from my throat for about 4 months now, it is much worse when I am lying down in bed, it is now at the point where I cannot get to sleep because it is so loud and relentless, it seems to be slightly less when I lie on my back, but I cannot fall asleep on my back it just isnt comfortable,I always seem to have the need to clear my throat and am consantly coughing and grunting to clear it.
Read More
Why do doctors only listen to your
and quickly come to all kinds of conclusions. I only got this after I had a
or flu and it was four days after I received this years flu shot. Still taking my blue and orange inhaler plus the flonase and still wheezing. Help. This discussion is related to Cough that won't go away....
Read More
As some of you might have read on my other post regarding a new kitten that came to our porch (btw, Patches seems to be getting a long w/ him just a tab bit better...still tries to attack him & growls but not as much). Well the male kitten makes strange breathing noises when he's awake. It somewhat sounds like he's snoring but it isnt that. He's bright awake and you can hear these noises. It's like he maybe has difficulties breathing.
Read More
You said she is having repeated
infections. Repeated
infections in pediatric age group the cause can be due to either a muscle paralysis (drug induced or muscular dystrophies) or due to congenital heart disease. Which doctor have you seen so far? Does that include a neurologist and cardiologist also? I would be interested to know. Keep me informed if you have any other queries. Bye.
Read More
I have difficulty breathing, and my
is making weird
when I breath. I have been coughing and wheezing for the past few days, and I'm spitting up yellowish muscus. Is this a seroius condition or just a normal cold? and whenever I run for like 3mins I keep choughing and can't stop (every 4secs) for like 4mintes or so.
Read More
hi - i'm a 22yr old female and i just wondered if anyone out there has any idea to why i get (which i can only describe as..) clicking
when i take a deep breath. It doesnt happen all the time, but when it does its very uncomfortable - i've had it now for about 7yrs, and it has got worse as i've aged.
Read More
Every time you get a cold, notice how it usually starts in the throat with a tickle, a scratch, or a slight cough. It then progresses into chest congestion or travels up into the ears and the sinuses. You'll have a low grade fever, mild chills, and a runny nose. Even if you start out with a runny nose, eventually, you'll have throat symptoms later on. Sounds like a classic cold, right?
Read More
hi - i'm a 22yr old female and i just wondered if anyone out there has any idea to why i get (which i can only describe as..) clicking
when i take a deep breath. It doesnt happen all the time, but when it does its very uncomfortable - i've had it now for about 7yrs, and it has got worse as i've aged.
Read More
Hi all. I had an ablation 4 weeks ago and since that time I have been experiencing
tightness, pressure, and sharp pains in the heart. I am seeing my doctor on a weekly basis to determine the cause and undergo treatment. Following a work up of tests (echo, nuclear stress, ekg, etc.) the doctor has determined that everything in the heart is normal and that this "discomfort may be something that I just have to ride out.
Read More
Over the last few days, I have heard a weird noise coming from the chest, like a 2-second noise which is hard to describe but nothing like the
you get with a
or phlegm. So at the moment my neck is feeling irritated, like something is stuck both sides of the Adam's Apple and I have a pain in my chest in the ribcage area - not too bad but constant - and I just heard that weird noise again. Any ideas?
Read More
I need more! More information! http://wiki.answers.com/Q/How_bad_is_Tramadol_withdrawal Question - How bad is Tramadol WIthdrawal? Answer - Ultram (Tramadol) Withdrawal Tramadol is highly addictive. Normally your doctor would reduce intake slowly. Various withdrawal effects may include shakes, shivers, diarrhea, nausea, and possible flu-like symptoms. Not all people experience will all withdrawal symptoms, and some people may experience others not listed here.
Read More
Hi, I have something similar tho I can't quite tell whether the wheezy
are coming out of my
or throat. It happens mostly when I lie down, esp after I wake up. I think this is maybe due to excess mucus or impaired cilia in the chest. But it could be some case of asthma too, I'm not sure, best is to see a specialist, ortry to figure it out by trying different things. I'm doing the latter as waiting time for apt with ENT specialist in UK is several months...
Read More
At least now since I have read that some of you have been to the doctor and had normal chest scans it makes me feel better. I had a
xray last year when I was sick with a bad head/
and they didn't see anything unusual then. It seems that several people mentioned having acid reflux, I also was diagnosed with that about 5 years ago, but have since changed my eating habits and don't get it anymore.
Read More
Hi ChicaBooms! Welcome to our new home!
Read More
So I dug up some more info that I wanna share ... in case you are dying of curiousity. Or need more info like I do. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- http***mb.rxlist.com/rxboard/ultram.pl?noframes;read=3179 not just for breakfast anymore Posted By: mkny Date: Friday, 21 October 2005, at 3:53 a.m.
Read More
Hi, i was wondering if trapped gas can cause
tightness, shortness of breath, stabbing pain which is severe enough to think you are having a serious heart problem. and if the answer is yes, how does one go about solving this trapped gas problem? Thanks.
Read More
Over the last few days, I have heard a weird noise coming from the chest, like a 2-second noise which is hard to describe but nothing like the
you get with a
or phlegm. So at the moment my neck is feeling irritated, like something is stuck both sides of the Adam's Apple and I have a pain in my chest in the ribcage area - not too bad but constant - and I just heard that weird noise again. Any ideas?
Read More
For me, when i smoke, i feel like my nose and throat area swell up significantly which makes me talk like i have a
. and plus its gotten now to the point where i can smoke less than a bowl and be completely ripped. (and i've been smoking for over a year) Also, afterwords when i get the munchies, my insides will start making weird noises and become slightly discomforting. I'm just trying to figure out if i'm really 'allergic' to marijane or if that's just how my 'high' works!? THANKS!
Read More
over the years iv had dry eyes tiredness bowel problems weakness just recent shaky hands sensitive to light cold feet and
hands Sleep apnea Snoring
intolerance never can put weight on and I eat like a horse Sensation of lump in throat Salt cravings Dry mouth Noises in ears (hissing, ringing) Gritty eyes Dry itchy scalp Pale skin Numbness and Tingling: hand and legs Muscles and joint pain Food sensitivity .Excess gas. Irritability . Moody . Lack of confidence. Mood swings .
Read More
Its like I can't get enough air and my exhale is very shallow. My
also sounds really hollow and I can hear funny
. Also last night getting lots of sharp pain on both sides of my chest. Can't get doctors appointment until Tuesday and am worried I might have something bad. Any ideas? could i have chest infection (although I have no cough?) or ashma? Please help!
Read More
I'm almost legally blind, my heart races sometimes when I lay down to go to sleep. Random
pain or
pain if I run too fast. Extreme fatigue almost all of the time, I sleep all day if I forget my ADHD medicine; it is a stimulant and keeps me awake. I also think I may have had a Transient Ischemic Attack. Before school I was having a normal dizzy spell, and around 9 began severe headache and backache running down my spine. Think meningitis symptoms, but not meningitis, (I was tested).
Read More
I really do it, my fear is mostly when I am surrounded by people. It was easier when it was winter - no people during the
time, no
, calm streets - I was walking during the day. But now, when it is sunny, more noisy and full of people, I have problems going out.
Read More
Because of our embryological wiring, we--especially those of us who are more sensitive to bodily
and hiccups--do not feel symptoms coming from where the heart really is. When we say that our hearts 'hurt,' vibrate,' 'stop beating,' and so on, what we are often describing is where we THINK the discomfort is coming from, but it's not real.
Read More
Worst of all is bad cough and wheezing
... i bring up off-white phlegm alot. The doctor has issued me with antibiotic (erthyromycin) for 7 days. he said my chest sounded abit noisy. i guess i have acute bronchitis brought on by a flu type bug. please can anyone tell me WHEN the whole thing will abate. ????? i started to get the cold about 8 days ago and the severe aches, wheeziness and cough about 6 days ago.
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1. The pain starts in my back and radiates to my
, and it feels as though I have been stabbed through the back with a spear. I find it hard to breathe while sitting straight up, so I lie down until the attack stops. 2. My headaches feel the same as the chest pain- crushing, almost as though my veins are on fire and they occur daily. 3. I twitch uncontrollably at random times, like I'm shivering even when I'm not cold 4.
Read More
I was scared, all kinds of
, I got these hot and
like yeah flashes the way I did when I was first withdrawing ... its stress. I know you will say its womanopause but I know its anxiety and stress cuz I was wiggin completely last nite lonee and scare and the blankets felt weird and just a horrible night I fell asleep at four woke up with my heart pounding I thought it was going to run right out my chest work was aite just aite which is good I guess La Chula is ok.
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1.) what are my options 2.) is this fixable 3.) Any life threatening things 4.) what can I do to help myself 5.) on MRI was whole head scanned 6.) is this a disability 7.) what should I not be doing 8.) what am i allowed to do 9.) the running nose is clear should I be concerned with CSF and is it something I should be concerned about ?
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I have had the same symptoms as you, but with a few others to go along with them. Mine, too, started with a spring
conjestion. I had sharp pains in the ears and the throat glands that connect to the inner ears. I have crackling when I swallow and it feels like there is fluid on my ears from time to time. My ears are still tender and sore for most of the time. I have taken nasal decongestants and antihisamines.
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TSM brings out the true stereotypes of gamers. Chaox leaving next.
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Xpecial will leave before Chaox imo... even Dyrus if regi doesn't ease up on the bullying. Every video I feel like Dyrus stands there awkwardly while regi rags on him
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Lotus Winery Chardonnay 2011
Lotus Winery - California - United States - Mendocino County
The year 2011 was an interesting year for many northern and central European countries, as the weather was more than unpredictable in the spring and summer. However, in most countries, the climatic conditions thankfully settled down in the late summer and fall. The result of this slightly difficult year of weather in France was a set of surprisingly small yields, but overall, these yields were of a higher quality than those harvested in certain previous years. A fantastic set of wines was also made in Italy and Spain, and the Rioja wines - when released - are set to be very good indeed. Austria also had superb year in 2011, with almost fifty percent more grapes being grown and used for their distinctive Gruner Veltliner wines than in the year before. Possibly the European country which had the finest 2011, though, was Portugal, with wineries in the Douro region claiming this year to be one of the best in decades for the production of Port wine, and the bright, young Vinho Verdes wines. In the New World, the Pacific Northwest saw some of the best weather of 2011, and Washington State and Oregon reportedly had a highly successful year, especially for the cultivation of high quality red wine grapes. Chile and Argentina had a relatively cool year, which certainly helped retain the character of many of their key grape varietals, and should make for some exciting drinking. South Africa had especially good weather for their white wine grape varietals, particularly Chardonnay and Sauvignon Blanc, and many South African wineries are reporting 2011 as one of their best years in recent memory.
For most people, the Chardonnay grape varietal is one of the quintessential white wine grapes. It isn't difficult to understand why; Chardonnay may well have started off in regions of France (where it is still used widely today in both single variety white wines as well as sparkling Champagne wines) but it is now grown in every wine producing country in the world. Indeed, it was the New World that took Chardonnay to some exciting new extremes this relatively neutral grape has the fantastic ability to carry much of its terroir in the bottle, resulting in a fascinating range of flavors and styles. Furthermore, Chardonnay is one of the few white wine grapes which is well suited to aging, as can be seen in some of the excellent produce consistently coming out of Burgundy, and elsewhere in the world. With everything from buttery, creamy characteristics to vibrant tropical fruit notes, Chardonnay will never cease to surprise and impress.
California as a wine producing region has grown in size and importance considerably over the past couple of centuries, and today is the proud producer of more than ninety percent of the United States' wines. Indeed, if California was a country, it would be the fourth largest producer of wine in the world, with a vast range of vineyards covering almost half a million acres. The secret to California's success as a wine region has a lot to do with the high quality of its soils, and the fact that it has an extensive Pacific coastline which perfectly tempers the blazing sunshine it experiences all year round. The winds coming off the ocean cool the vines, and the natural valleys and mountainsides which make up most of the state's wine regions make for ideal areas in which to cultivate a variety of high quality grapes.
The first European settlers to consider growing grapevines in the United States must have been delighted when they discovered the now famous wine regions within California, Oregon and elsewhere. Not even in the Old World are there such fertile valleys, made ideal for vine cultivation by the blazing sunshine, long, hot summers and oceanic breezes. As such, it comes as little surprise that today more than eighty-nine percent of United States wines are grown in the valleys and on the mountainsides of California, where arguably some of the finest produce in the world is found. However, American wine does not begin and end with California, and due to the vast size of the country and the incredible range of terrains and climates found within the United States, there is probably no other country on earth which produces such a massive diversity of wines. From ice wines in the northern states, to sparkling wines, aromatized wines, fortified wines, reds, whites, rosés and more, the United States has endless surprises in store for lovers of New World wines.


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Archive for the '1-Featured' Category
September 27th, 2010 at 7:25 am
Contest: Win a 'Spartacus: Blood and Sand' Season 1 DVD or Blu-ray Boxed Set
Win a season one DVD or Blu-ray boxed set.[Read-More]
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Army Wives has been renewed by Lifetime for a fifth season, and Drop Dead Diva has been renewed for a third season.[Read-More]
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What Will Fox and ABC Replace 'Lone Star' and 'The Whole Truth' With?
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The Newest Ratings Excuse: DVRs Couldn't Find The Show Name!


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Ancient history of Sri Lanka
|This article needs additional citations for verification. (November 2009)
Part of a series on the
|History of Sri Lanka
|By topic
|Sri Lanka portal
The Ancient history of Sri Lanka begins with the gradual onset of historical records in the final centuries BC, ending the prehistoric period. According to the Mahavamsa, the original inhabitants of Sri Lanka are the Yakshas and northern Naga tribes. Sinhalese history traditionally starts in 543 BC at the arrival of Prince Vijaya, a semi-legendary king who was banished from the Indian subcontinent with his 700 followers, and is recorded in the Mahavamsa chronicle.
- 1 Indigenous Sri Lankans
- 2 Pali Chronicles
- 3 Arrival of Sinhalese according to Mahavamsa tradition
- 4 History of Tamils in Sri Lanka
- 5 Anuradhapura Kingdom
- 6 Technology
- 7 See also
- 8 References
- 9 External links
Indigenous Sri Lankans[edit]
According to folklore, the Naga people were one of the groups of original inhabitants of Lanka. They were said to have ruled Nagadeepa, or Jaffna Peninsula and Kelaniya. Naga people were snake-worshipers, and may have been a race of the Dravidians.[1] The word Naga was sometimes written in early inscriptions as Nāya, as in Nāganika – this occurs in the Nanaghat inscription of 150 BC.
Pali Chronicles[edit]
The Pali chronicles, the Dipavamsa, Mahavamsa, Thupavamsa[2] and the Culavamsa as well as a large collection of stone inscriptions,[3] the Indian Epigraphical records, the Burmese versions of the chronicles etc., provide an exceptional record for the history of Sri Lanka from about the sixth century BC.
The Mahavamsa, written around 400 AD by the monk Nagasena,[citation needed] using the Deepavamsa, the Attakatha and other written sources available to him, correlates well with Indian histories of the period. Emperor Asoka's reign is recorded in the Mahavamsa. The Mahavamsa account of the period prior to Asoka's coronation, (218 years after the Buddha's death) seems to be part legend. The account of the Mahavamsa, a Pali text written largely from the Sinhalese perspective, has mythological beginnings but becomes historical from the third century BC, with the arrival of Buddhism under Devanampiya Tissa of Sri Lanka. Epigraphic sources also appear with the presence of Buddhism, from about the third century BC. The earliest historiographic litearature, such as the Mahavamsa, dates to the sixth century AD. The entire ancient period of history written in the Mahavamsa, is dominated by the Anuradhapura Kingdom. The medieval period in Sri Lanka is taken to begin with the fall of the Anuradhapura Kingdom in AD 1017.
Arrival of Sinhalese according to Mahavamsa tradition[edit]
Mahavamsa[4] attests that the ancestors of the Sinhalese came from Sihapura (Sinhapura) located in Lala Rattha (=Lata Rashtra). Today Lala Rattha is mainly coextensive with the state of West Bengal also comprising some portions of the state of Jharkhand and Bihar in India. Prince Sihabahu had left his maternal grand father's kingdom in Vanga and founded a Sihapura in Lata Rashtra. He married Sihasivali and there were born Vijaya and Sumitta and thirty more sons to her. With time, Sihabahu consecrated Vijaya as prince-regent, but due to some misdemeanor of prince Vijaya, the king had to banish him and his 700 followers from Sinhapura. Story says that the king had caused their heads to be shaved (aradh-mundak) before putting them on a ship and driving them away into the sea. The exiles sailed past Bharukachcha and Soparaka and finally landed at Tambapanni (Ceylon) near Puttalam.[5] on the day of Parinibhana (decease) of the Buddha (542 BC or 486 BC). The exiles permanently settled on the island, married local wives and established their kingdom which, in succeeding generations, assumed the name as Sinhala, said to have been named after Sinhapura, the ancestral city of the exiles.
Sri Lankan written history begins with the arrival of Vijaya and his 700 followers. Vijaya is a semi-legendary figure. He is the first recorded king of Sri Lanka but is also a figure in medieval Sri Lankan Tamil literature. His reign is traditionally dated to 543 BC - 505 BC. The primary source for his life-story is the Mahavamsa. It is inevitably difficult, given the dearth of sources, to separate fact from legend in Vijaya's life, and as H. W. Codrington puts it, 'It is possible and even probable that Vijaya (`The Conqueror') himself is a composite character combining in his person...two conquests' of ancient Sri Lanka. Vijaya is a Kalinga (ancient Orissa) prince, the eldest son of King Sinhabahu ("Man with Lion arms") and his sister Queen Sinhasivali. Both these Sinhala leaders were born of a mythical union between a lion and a human princess. The Mahavamsa states that Vijaya landed on the same day as the death of the Buddha (See Geiger's preface to Mahavamsa). The story of Vijaya and Kuveni (the local reigning queen) is reminiscent of Greek legend, and may have a common source in ancient Proto-Indo-European folk tales.[6]
The authorities such as Wilhelm Geiger, H. W. Codrington, Chatterji, Mendis, A. L. Bhasham, S. Parnavitana, K. M. De Silva, J. L. Kamboj etc. assert that the early settlers of Sri Lanka came from the north-west part of India, while others like Muller, Majumdar, Siddhartha, Sabidullah etc. hold that north-eastern India was the home of the earliest colonists.[7]
The Encyclopædia Britannica asserts on Vijaya's arrival in Sri Lanka as follows: "Their landing in Sri Lanka at Tambapanni, near Puttalam, would indicate their arrival from western India. Some early tribal names occurring in Sri Lanka also suggest connections with north-western India and the Indus region. While considerable evidence points to western India as the home of the first immigrants, it seems probable that a subsequent wave arrived from the east around Bengal and Orissa" .[8][9]
According to the Mahavamsa, Vijaya landed on Sri Lanka near Mahathitha (Manthota or Mannar[10]), and named the Island "Thambaparni" ('copper-colored palms). This name is attested in Ptolemy's map of the ancient world.
Tamirabharani is the old name for the second longest river in Sri Lanka (known as Malwatu Oya in Sinhala and Aruvi Aru in Tamil). This river was a main supply route connecting the capital, Anuradhapura to Mahathitha (Mannar). The waterway was used by Greek and by Chinese ships travelling the southern Silk Route.
Mahathitha was an ancient port linking Sri Lanka to India and the Persian gulf,.[11]
The present day Sihalese (and many modern Tamils) are a mixture of the indigenous people and of other peoples who came to the island from various parts of India. The Sinhalese recognize the Vijayan Indo-Aryan culture and Buddhism (already in existence prior to the arrival of Vijaya), as distinct from other groups in neighbouring south India.
History of Tamils in Sri Lanka[edit]
Potsherds with early Tamil writing from the 2nd century BC have been found from the north in Poonakari, Jaffna to the south in Tissamaharama. They bore several inscriptions, including a clan name—vela, a name related to velir from ancient Tamil country.[12] Epigraphic evidence shows people identifying themselves as Damelas or Damedas (the Indo-Aryan Prakrit word for Tamil people) in Anuradhapura, the capital city of Rajarata the middle kingdom, and other areas of Sri Lanka as early as the 2nd century BC.[13] Excavations in the area of Tissamaharama in southern Sri Lanka have unearthed locally issued coins, produced between the 2nd century BC and the 2nd century CE, some of which carry local Tamil personal names written in early Tamil characters,[14] which suggest that Tamils were present and actively involved in trade along the southern coast of Sri Lanka by the late classical period.[15] Other ancient inscriptions from the period reference a Tamil merchant,[16] the Tamil householder residing in Ilubharata[17] and a Tamil sailor named Karava.[18] Two of the five ancient inscriptions referring to the Damedas (Tamils) are in Periya Pullyakulam in the Vavuniya District, one is in Seruvavila district in Trincomalee District, one is in Kuduvil in Amparai District and one is in Anuradhapura. Mention is made in literary sources of Tamil rulers bringing horses to the island in water craft in the second century BCE, most likely arriving at Kudiramalai. Historical records establish that Tamil kingdoms in modern India were closely involved in the island's affairs from about the 2nd century BC.[19]
Kudiramalai, Kandarodai and Vallipuram served as great northern Tamil capitals and emporiums of trade with Tamil kingdoms and the Romans from the 6th–2nd centuries BC. The archaeological discoveries in these towns and the Manimekhalai, a historical poem, detail how Nāka-Tivu of Nāka-Nadu on the Jaffna Peninsula was a lucrative international market for pearl and counch trading for the Tamil fishermen of that time period.
Anuradhapura Kingdom[edit]
Anuradhapura is heralded as an ancient cosmopolitan citadel with diverse populations.
Pandukabhaya (437–367 BC) King of Upatissa Nuwara and the first monarch of the Anuradhapura Kingdom and 6th over all of the island of Sri Lanka since the arrival of the Vijaya, he reigned from 437 BC to 367 BC. According to many historians and philosophers, he is the first truly Sri Lankan king since the Vijayan invasion, and also the king who ended the conflict between the Sinha clan and local community, reorganizing the populace.
Elara (205–161 BC), a Tamil King with Chola origins, who ruled "Pihiti Rata", i.e., Sri Lanka north of the mahaweli, after killing King Asela. During Elara's time, Kelani Tissa was a sub-king of Maya Rata (south-west) and Kavan Tissa was a regional sub-king of Ruhuna (south-east). Kavan Tissa built Tissa Maha Vihara, Dighavapi Tank and many shrines in Seruvila. Dutugemunu (161–137 BC) – Eldest son of King Kavan Tissa, who was a young man 25 years of age, defeated the South Indian Tamil Invader Elara (over 64 years of age) in single combat, described in the Mahavamsa. Dutugemunu is depicted as a Sinhala "Asoka". The Ruwanwelisaya, built by this king is a dagaba of pyramid-like proportions. It was an engineering marvel.
Pulahatta (or Pulahatha) deposed by Bahiya, was deposed by Panaya Mara, deposed by Pilaya Mara, murdered by Dathiya 88 BC – deposed by Valagambahu, ending Tamil rule. Valagambahu I (89–77) BC – restored the Dutugamunu dynasty. The Mahavihara Theravada – Abhayagiri (pro-Mahayana) doctrinal disputes arose at this time. The Tripitaka was written in Pali at Aluvihara, Matale. Chora Naga (Mahanaga) (63–51) BC; poisoned by his consort Anula. Queen Anula (48–44 BC) – Widow of Chora Naga and Kuda Tissa, was the first Queen of Lanka. She had many lovers who were poisoned by her. She was finally killed by: Kuttakanna Tissa. Vasabha (67–111 AD) – Vallipuram gold plate; he fortified Anuradhapura and built eleven tanks; many edicts. Gajabahu I (114–136) – invaded the Chola kingdom and brought back captives. He recovered the tooth relic of the Buddha.
Mahasena (274–301) – The Theravada (Maha Vihara) was persecuted and Mahayana surfaced. Later the King returned to the Maha Vihara. Pandu (429) - first of seven Pandiyan rulers, ending with Pithya, 455; Dhatusena (459-477), his uncle, Mahanama wrote the Mahavamsa, he built "Kalaweva". His son Kashyapa (477–495), built the famous sigiriya rock palace. Some 700 rock graffiti give a glimpse of ancient Sinhala.
Arrival of Buddhism and the sacred tooth relic[edit]
Devanampiya Tissa (250–210 BC), a Sinhalese King of the Mauriya clan. His links with Emperor Asoka led to the introduction of Buddhism by Mahinda (son of Asoka) in 247 BC. Sangamitta, (sister of Mahinda) brought a Bodhi sapling via Jambukola (Sambiliturei). There is no evidence in the history of King Ashoka about his having had a son by the name of Mahinda (or by any other name) or a daughter by the name of Sangamitta (or by any other name). This king's reign was crucial to Theravada Buddhism, and for Sri Lanka.
Manavamma (684–718) – seized the throne with Pallava help. Manavamma introduced Pallava patronage for three centuries. By the 9th century, with the Pandyan ascendancy in southern India, Anuradhapura was sacked. However, the Sinhalese invaded Pandya using a rival prince, and Madurai itself was sacked. Mahinda V (982–1029) – was the last Sinhala monarch of Anuradhapura. He fled to Ruhuna, where, in 1017, the Chola took him to prison and he died in India.
In 993, the Chola Emperor Rajaraja I invaded Sri Lanka, forcing the then Sri Lankan ruler Mahinda V to flee to the southern part of the country.[20] The Mahavamsa describes the rule of Mahinda V as weak, and the country was suffering from poverty by this time. It further mentions that his army rose against him due to lack of wages.[21] Taking advantage of this situation, Rajendra I son of Rajaraja I, launched a large invasion in 1017. Mahinda V was captured and taken to India, and the Cholas sacked the city of Anuradhapura.[20] They moved the capital to Polonnaruwa and subsequent Sri Lankan rulers who came into power after the Chola reign continued to use Polonnaruwa as the capital, thus ending the Anuradhapura Kingdom.[22]
The irrigation works in ancient Sri Lanka dated from about 300 BC during the reign of King Pandukabhaya and under continuous development for the next thousand years, were one of the most complex irrigation systems of the ancient world. In addition to underground canals, the Sinhalese were the first to build completely artificial reservoirs and dams to store water. The system was extensively restored and further extended during the reign of King Parākramabāhu.
Kaboja or Kambojas[edit]
"Several early Brahmi inscriptions in Ceylon refer to a community of people called Kambojas who then lived in various parts of Sri Lanka. An early Pali text refers to a Kambojagama in Rohana".[23]
The Kaboja (also Kamboja or Kambodin) are mentioned in eight Brahmi texts. The Dameda are referenced in five texts. The Mileka are mentioned twice. The Muridi, Meraya and Jhavaka are mentioned only once.[24] The Kambojas living in Rohana are mentioned in the (?th) chapter of the Sihalavatthu, a Pali text from about 300 AD. An Elder named Maleyya was residing in Kamboja-gama, in the province (Janapada) of Rohana on the Island of Tambapanni (Sri Lanka), according to chapter 3, Metteyya-vatthu, of the Sihalavatthu.[25] Further, the Mahavamsa asserts the Yonas or Yavanas (Greeks), neighbors to the Kambojas in the north-west, also had a settlement in Pandukabhaya in Anuradhapura.[26] Eight epigraphic and one literary sources attest that the Kambojas had settled in various parts of Ceylon including Hambantoa district and Aparai districts of Rohana province, in Kurunagala district Southwest of Anuradhapura, in Polonnaruva district in eastern Ceylon as well as in Anuradhapura city. A Kambojagama is attested in the Southeast in Rohana province.
Ancient inscriptions reveal that the Kambojas were actively involved in trade, referencing one "Grand Trade Guild of the Kambojas" (Kabojhiya-mahapugiyana) in Aparai district in Rohana and one "Sangha of the Kambojas" (Gota-Kabojhi(ya]na) in Kurunagala district in Southwest Anuradhapura.[27] Epigraphers date these inscriptions to at least 200 BC, or even earlier.
The Indo-Aryan speakers of Sri Lanka may be descended from these north-western Kambojas [28][29][30] Another portion of this Aryan population originated among the Sakas and the Yavanas. These Kambojas inhabited a region bordering the upper Indus in a country near Sind, from whence they, and the Yavanas, finally reached Ceylon in pre-Christian times.[31]
Tamils (Demada) in the Mahavamsa[edit]
The Dameda are the second most mentioned ethnic group in the epigraphy of Ceylon, with mention in five cave inscriptions. "Dameda" in these inscriptions stands for Damela (=Tamil) [32] According to another view, Dameda is a Sanskrit equivalent of Dravida.[33][34] These inscriptions reference the Tamil merchant (Vishaka),[35] the Tamil householder Samana (residing) in Ilubharata[36] and a Tamil navika (or sailor) Karava.[37] These Tamil inscriptions are further corroborated by a reference in the Mahavamsa which contains the expression "Damilas Assandviks" i.e. those (Tamils) who brought horses in water-craft.[38] Early Buddhist literature from north India refers to the Uttarapatha (comprising the Kambojas, Kashmiras, and Gandharas) [39] as horse traders [40] attesting that horses were brought for sale to various parts of the subcontinent. By early mediaeval times, the Kambojas had adopted Islam and were still trading all along the west-coast of India from the Persian Gulf to Ceylon and probably further-east.[41] Kamboja traders from the north-west and Tamil merchants from southern India had probably been involved in trade and settlement in Sri Lanka. Two of the five ancient inscriptions referring to the Damedas (Tamils) are in Periya Pullyakulam in the Vayuniya District, one is in Seruvavila district in Trincomalee district, one is in Kuduvil in Amprai district and one in the ancient city of Anuradhapura.[42]
Mileka, Muridi, Merya and Jhavaka[edit]
Other ethnic terms like Mileka, Muridi,[43] Meraya and Jhavaka are also mentioned in the ancient texts. Milaka, occurring twice in the sources, may be Mlechcha, an aboriginal population of Vedda people. Muridi may be Murunda (Saka Murunda)[44] Merya may be Maurya. Jhavaka identity is not clear. Each of the last three of these terms occur only once in the record.[45]
See also[edit]
- Mahavamsa
- List of monarchs of Sri Lanka
- Architecture of ancient Sri Lanka
- Tamil loanwords in Sinhala
- ^ Laura Smid (2003). South Asian folklore: an encyclopedia : Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka. Great Britain: Routledge. 429.
- ^ Geiger-Bode translation of the Mahavamsa
- ^ Paranavithana Epigraphics Zeylanica
- ^ Mahavamsa 6.34
- ^ See: A Concise History of Ceylon: From the Earliest Times to the Arrival of the Portuguese in 1505, Edition 1961, p. 25, Cyril Wace Nicholas, Senarat Paranavitana
- ^ Indo-European Folk-Tales and Greek Legend by W. R. Halliday
- ^ Early History of Education in Ceylon: From Earliest Times to Mahāsena, 1969, p. 31, U. D. Jayasekera
- ^ Encyclopædia Britannica, Online: See: "History, Colonization and the spread of Buddhism: Indo-Aryan settlement"; See also: A Concise History of Ceylon: From the Earliest Times to the Arrival of the Portuguese in 1505, Edition 1961, p. 25, Cyril Wace Nicholas, Senarat Paranavitana
- ^ More Evidence in Favor of Northwest:
- Phonetics shows that ancient Sinhalese is more allied to western language than eastern. (Epigraphia Zeylanica, II, p. 115, W. Geiger). The change from 'v' to 'b' and 'y' to 'j' is speciality of eastern Indian languages which is not found in Sinhalese and the western Indian language. The change of 's' to 'h' which is a speciality of western languages is found in the Sinhalese language.
- The comparative linguistics show that the language of ancient Sinhalese is more akin to western India. Comparative study of the languages of ancient Sinhalese inscriptions and that of the edicts of king Ashoka with regard to phonetics and word formation seem to connect the Sinhalese language more to the language used in Mansehra and Shabazgarhi edicts of king Ashoka located in north-west frontier province of Pakistan (Ancient Kamboja, People and the Country, 1981, pp. 345–46).
- Ancient Sinhalese used Goyam (Godhumt) for rice. Rice is not the staple diet in the northwest. This indicates that the Sinhalese colonists came from northwest where Goyam (wheat) was staple diet. In Ceylon where rice was plenty, the colonists started using Goyam for the rice too which seems again to connect them to the northwest.
- Vijaya's twin brother Sumitta, who was left behind at Sinhapura after Vijaya was exiled was married to a princess from Madradesa (Madda) which country was located between Ravi and Chenab in northern Punjab. And the Madras are closely connected with the Kambojas as is evident from Vamsa Brahmanina of Samaveda(Vamsa Brahamana 1.18-19). If Sihabahu belonged to Bengal, then it is more difficult to explain the matrimonial alliance of prince Sumitta with the princess of Madradesa.
- On some tradition current during his times, the Chinese pilgrim Hiun Tsang wrote that the ship on which sister of Vijaya was sent to exile landed in Persia. Her descendants founded a kingdom which came to known as Strirajya. Mahavamsa also states that ship on which the women exiles were boarded landed in the island called Mahiladipaka. Marco Polo who traveled in north-west of India attests one Purushadvipa and one Mahiladvipa in his writings. All these evidences again point out that the ancestors of the Sinhalese had been connected with the west coast rather than the east coast of India
- ^ "see place names". Archived from the original on 2009-10-25.
- ^ S. Kiribamuna, "The role of the Port city of Mahathathitha in the Trade networks of the Indian Ocean", in "Reflections on a Heritage", Part I 2000
- ^ Mahadevan, I. Early Tamil Epigraphy: From the Earliest Times to the Sixth Century A.D., p. 48
- ^ Indrapala, K., The Evolution of an ethnic identity: The Tamils of Sri Lanka, p. 157
- ^ Mahadevan, I. "Ancient Tamil coins from Sri Lanka", pp. 152–154
- ^ Bopearachchi, O. "Ancient Sri Lanka and Tamil Nadu", pp. 546–549
- ^ "Dameda vanija gahapati Vishaka"
- ^ "Ilu bhartechi Dameda karite Dameda gahapatikana"
- ^ "Dameda navika karava"
- ^ de Silva, C.R. Sri Lanka — A History, pp. 30–32
- ^ a b Siriweera (2004), p. 44
- ^ Wijesooriya (2006), p. 114
- ^ Siriweera (2004), p. 45
- ^ A Concise History of Ceylon: From the Earliest Times to the Arrival of the Portuguese in 1505, 1961, p 25, Cyril Wace Nicholas, Senarat Paranavitana – Sri Lanka; Sinhalese and Other Island Languages in South Asia: By M.W.S. de Silva, 1979, p 15, M. W. Sugathapala De Silva.
- ^ Inscriptions of Ceylon, 1970, p xc, Senarat Paranavitana – Inscriptions; Ancient Kamboja, People and the Country, 1981, pp 341–42, 347, Dr J. L. Kamboj
- ^ Ships and the Development of Maritime Technology on the Indian Ocean, 2002, pp 108-109, David Parkin and Ruth Barnes; Epigraphia Zeylanica: Being Lithic and Other Inscriptions of Ceylon, 1984, p 53, Don M. de Z. Wickremasinghe, Ceylon Archeological Dept, Archaeological Dept – Inscriptions, Sinhalese; The Archaeology of Seafaring in Ancient South Asia (Cambridge World Archaeology) 2003, p 206, Himanshu Prabha Ray, Norman Yoffee, Susan Alcock, Tom Dillehay, Stephen Shennan, and Carla Sinopoli (14 August 2003) – Cambridge University Press; Nirvana and Other Buddhist Felicities, Cambridge Studies in Religious Traditions, Steven Collins....See APPENDIX 4, Selections from the Story of the Elder Máleyya i.e. Maleyyadevattheravatthu).
- ^ Mahavamsa X.90, XII.5, XII.37–39; Dipavamsa. VIII.9; Samantapasadika, (P.T.B.)..I.67; See: History of Ceylon, Vol I, Part I, pp 88–91, Dr S Parnavitana
- ^ Ships and the Development of Maritime Technology on the Indian Ocean, 2002, pp 108–109, David Parkin and Ruth Barnes; The Archaeology of Seafaring in Ancient South Asia (Cambridge World Archaeology) 2003, p 206, Himanshu Prabha Ray, Norman Yoffee, Susan Alcock, Tom Dillehay, Stephen Shennan, and Carla Sinopoli (14 August 2003) – Cambridge University Press; The Beginnings of Civilization in South India, Journal of Asian Studies, Vol. 29, No. 3 (May, 1970), pp. 603–616, Clarence Maloney)
- '^ "It is believed that the people who arrived in Lanka from time to time came from the region of Ancient Kamboja. These people may have come from the Indus Valley Civilization or related southern Indian groups. Evidence of such origins may be seen in the bathing ponds and drainage system at Anuradhapura city. Symbols and signs (e.g. Swastika) found in caves, on pottery and on coins may have been introduced by these yet unknown arrivals (from Kamboja)" (See: Heritage of Sri Lanka, 1984, p 14, Nandadeva Wijesekera – Sri Lanka.
- ^ Cf: Proceedings of the Pakistan History Conference, 1968, p 14/15, Pakistan Historical Society – Pakistan.
- ^
- While referring to Simhala country, which is referred to in the Book III, Chapter VII of Saktisangama Tantra, , Dr D. C. Sircar, a front ranking Indologist observes:
- Here Kama or Kama-giri obviously refers to Kama/Kamma valley/ region in the north-east Afghanistan. Kata is the name of a people and their language, located north of the Kabul river and south of the Hindu Kush. These people are also called Katirs/Kamtoz and are considered descendants of ancient Kambojas. The Saktisangama Tantra attests one Simhala and also one Lankapuri, in the Swat valley to the north of Kabul and the west of the Indus in present day northern-eastern Afghanistan. This location corresponds precisely with the land of the Ancient Kambojas. Thus the Aryan speaking Sinhalese migration to Ceylon, must have started/originated from this Swat/Kashmir region of north-west India.
- ^ History of Ceylon, 1959, p 91, Ceylon University, University of Ceylon, Peradeniya, Hem Chandra Ray, K. M. De Silva – Sri Lanka.
- ^ Buddhism Among Tamils in Pre-colonial Tamilakam and Ilam, 2002, p 349, Peter Schalk, A. Veluppillai – Tamil (Indic people); Buddhism Among Tamils in Pre-colonial Tamilakam and Ilam, 2002, p 349, Peter Schalk, A. Veluppillai – Tamil (Indic people); The Dravidian Languages, 2003, p 2, Bhadriraju Krishnamurti – Language Arts & Disciplines; Inscriptions of Ceylon, 1970, p xc, Senarat Paranavitana – Inscriptions; Sri Lanka: History and the Roots of Conflict, 1990, p 46,Jonathan Spencer; Ships and the Development of Maritime Technology on the Indian Ocean, 2002, pp 101, 121, 122, Ruth Barnes, David Parkin; Ancient Kamboja, People and the Country, 1981, pp 341–42, 347, Dr J. L. Kamboj.
- ^ Sanskrit: Dramida or Dravida; Pali: Damila, Sinhali: Damela, and Tamil: Tamil (Mahāvaṃsa, the Great Chronicle of Sri Lanka: Chapters One to Thirty-seven : an Annotated New Translation with Prolegomena, p 283, Mahānāma, Ananda W. P. Guruge).
- ^ Island Interlude, 1971, p 29, Esmée Rankine; The Archaeology of Seafaring in Ancient South Asia: The Formative Period, 2003, p 205, Himanshu Prabha Ray, Social Science.
- ^ Dameda vanija gahapati Vishaka.
- ^ Ilu bhartechi Dameda karite Dameda gahapatikana.
- ^ Dameda navika karava.
- ^ "Two Damilas (SENA and GUTTIKA), sons of a freighter who brought horses hither" (via water-craft (See: Mahavamsa XXI, v 10–12.
- ^ Dictionary of Pali Proper Names: Pali-English, 2003 (edition), p 363, G. P. Malalasekera – Reference.
- ^ Vinaya Pitaka, III, 6; Játaka, Vol II, 287, Fausboll; Samantapāsādikā (P.T.S), Vol I, p 175.
- ^ Journal of Royal Asiatic Society, XV, 1915, p. 171, E. Muller, Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland; Pracina Kamboja, Jana aura Janapada =: Ancient Kamboja, people and country, 1981, Jiya Lal Kamboj, Satyavrat Shastri; Epigraphia Zeylanica: Being Lithic and Other Inscriptions of Ceylon, Vol 2, 1928, p 75, Inscriptions, Sinhalese.
- ^ Narsiṁhapriyā (prof. A.V.N. Murthy Felicitation Volume): Essays on Indian Archaeology, Epigraphy, Numismatics, Art, Architecture, Iconography, and Cultural History, 2000, p 77, Inguva Karthikeya Sarma, D. V. Devaraj, Ram Gopal, A. V. Narasimha Murthy.
- ^ Muridi-Utaraha sheni = Trans: "The flight of the steps of Uttara--the Murnidiya".
- ^ Since the epithet 'Muridi' is prefixed to the name '-Utara' (Skt. Uttara), Dr S. Paranavitana believed that Muridi is a derivative of Muruda, which is the same as Murunda in the compound Saka-Murunda that occurs in the Allahabad inscription of Samudragupta. Dr S. Konow (1929: XX), referring to the same inscription argued that Murunda is almost certainly a Saka word meaning 'master', 'lord', and he argued that the word murunda has become synonymome with Saka, when applied to royalty.
- ^ A Concise History of Ceylon: From the Earliest Times to the Arrival of the Portuguese in 1505, 1961, p 25, Cyril Wace Nicholas, Senarat Paranavitana – Sri Lanka; Ships and the Development of Maritime Technology on the Indian Ocean, 2002, p 109, Ruth Barnes, David Parkin; THE PEOPLE OF THE LION ETHNIC IDENTITY, IDEOLOGY AND HISTORICAL REVISIONISM IN CONTEMPORARY SRI LANKA: K. N. O. DHARMADASA; Ancient Kamboja, People and the Country, 1981, pp 341-42, 347, Dr J. L. Kamboj.
External links[edit]


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Miranda's 12 Days of Christmas Journal
Find a Conversation
|Wed, 12-08-2010 - 12:04pm
Ohmigosh! I can't believe it's already the 8th. Well it's been crazy so far. Only about 4 workouts so far this month- and I'm working late most evenings leading up to Christmas, plus concerts, dinners, events - it's a whirlwind!
Oh! Plus I met someone new and have been spending a little time with him as well! I'm happy with the way things are going but am just seeing how things go. Instead of being the normal spaz that I am. LOL
Will have to review the challenge and see where I'm at. I did have chicken, and I did get in a weekend workout, but I think I will have to do day one over because I can't remember if that was on the same day. :-)
|Thu, 12-09-2010 - 5:53pm
The instructor at the gym today mentioned that we only have 2 more sessions with her before Christmas (THANK GOD!) and it just made me panic!
|Fri, 12-17-2010 - 3:38pm
ha ha, well that WAS a few dates. But no more. Just a few red flags that came up, and that's fine. Okay fine, and there were some other {ahem} shortcomings. LOL
|Mon, 12-20-2010 - 4:59pm
How did your 2nd date go?
|Tue, 12-21-2010 - 12:55pm
Well second date went well! I'll wait and see. He's heading down to Atlanta for the holidays. And I just reallly, really, want to lay low.
I'm going to recap and see how I'm doing on this challenge ...
December 12
Done! Well it was turkey - but I'm counting it. And got out for a ski.


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Let Centre take over Sarat Chandra Bose's house, demand kinsShocked at what he said poor maintenance of the house of freedom fighter Sarat Chandra Bose, Bose's grandson Abhijit Ray today demanded that the property be taken over by the central government from the West Bengal government. Ray, Bose's grandson, ... Business Standard, 2 months ago
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Spirit of the King
"Best Elvis in Vegas" Steve Connolly in Spirit of the King
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Steve Connolly, the only man ever chosen by the Las Vegas Review Journal as "Best Elvis in Vegas," pays tribute to the rock legend's birthday with Spirit of the King. Connolly, a native of Massachusetts, has performed as Presley some 4,000 times in Las Vegas, and played shows across America and beyond. This Vegas-style revue spans Elvis' entire career, from the early '50s to the mid-'70s, and features such hits as "Are You Lonesome Tonight," "Viva Las Vegas," "Blue Suede Shoes," "Jailhouse Rock" and many more. He'll be joined by blues veteran James Montgomery, who's toured with Aerosmith, Bruce Springsteen, The Allman Brothers, and Bonnie Raitt and jammed with Steven Tyler, B.B. King, Gregg Allman, Buddy Guy, Bonnie Raitt and Mick Jagger.
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All offers for Spirit of the King have expired.
The last date listed for Spirit of the King was Friday January 11, 2013 / 8:00pm.
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I felt like I was back in time at an Elvis Concert. I loved it! One of the best Elvis impersonators ever!!
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Cell phone video of two Hamilton cops arresting a woman for shoplifting has gone viral and has people applauding the officers' professional and patient response to the public.
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Frocker.........it was only tough when I did it because I'd done absolutely no speed training at all and I was wary that I didn't want to be too much slower than the time I had written down on my application. Not sure if this is done every year though!
Congratulations to those lucky enough to get through and commiserations to those that haven't. Like Malcs I also found out late that I was through after having a couple of missed calls.
For those that didn't get through it's definitely worth following the threads of those that do win. I managed to improve all of my PBs this year by following Malcs' thread (apart from marathon, which I'm blaming on a virus!).
Malcs..........all is good thank you very much. Just getting back in to training after a few weeks off. Any plans for Spring yet yourself?
Just wanted to pop in and say good luck to all those who have entered. Hopefully you won't have to wait another weekend before finding out!
I see it says that the course crosses over Putney Bridge. Isn't Putney Bridge closed until October?
I have entered the Summer (August) version of this and may also do the Winter version too (November). I wouldn't worry too much about trail shoes. It's mainly along the Thames Towpath, which is predominantly hard gravel. There are a few spots where it can get wet, but I would just expect it would mean running around puddles and not through them.
I ran this race in 2012 and even with a small field and a slow time, you don't really feel by yourself. There were both slow and quick people running so I doubt anyone will be left completely alone. Plus because it's an out and back course, you have even more people around running back pass you for the first half at least.
As it's flat, it's a fast course as well.
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Home News Local News 10 YEARS FOR BANK ROBBER
One of the men involved in a May 6 bank robbery in Elgin was sentenced to 10 years in prison Thursday in Union County Circuit Court.
Paul Joseph Kolar, 23, of northern Idaho was sentenced to 120 months of imprisonment without opportunity of early release, as mandated by Measure 11.
He used a shotgun in the robbery of the U.S. Bank at 800 Alder St. in Elgin about 3:30 p.m. May 6. He was charged with three counts of second-degree robbery.
Tracy Wayne Humphreys, 29, the other person involved in the incident, goes to trial Nov. 4. Both men are in the Umatilla County jail.
"One of the victims read a very moving letter at the sentencing," said District Attorney Russ West. "Since it was a Measure 11 crime, Kolar will have to serve the full 10 years. He won't get an early parole."
West said Elgin Police Chief Dayton Sibley "was right on the spot. He chased the men to Booth Lane, where they wrecked (the vehicle they were driving) and Kolar ran into a field with the money and a shotgun."
West said Kolar could possibly still be facing charges of escape from an Idaho prison. He had been held in the Benewah County, Idaho, jail on a felony conviction and was awaiting transfer to the Idaho state prison when he escaped.
Police have said Humphreys, who also escaped from the Idaho jail, is of concern to Salem area police in connection with the murder of a child.
Union County Sheriff Steve Oliver and Oregon State Police Lt. Reg Madsen arrived at the Booth Lane location to assist Sibley after the high-speed chase from Elgin ended.
Speeds were estimated by Sibley to be up to 120 mph.
Sibley said he thought all the money taken from the bank had been recovered, with an assist by some local citizens, who helped gather it up.
During the robbery, three bank employees had been held at gunpoint, although no shots were fired.
Ray Linker


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Corey Maggette, Sam Young try to earn last Spurs roster spot
Oct 1, 2013, 4:16 PM EST
The San Antonio Spurs have 14 guaranteed contracts on their roster and they may go into the season with just that many.
But they can add a 15th guy. They have identified a need — a physical three who can play limited minutes off the bench in certain matchups as a backup to Kawhi Leonard — now they just have to find the guy.
Corey Maggette and Sam Young are in a training camp battle for that last roster spot. The San Antonio Express-News got Gregg Popovich to talk about it.
"They're both big, strong people for the position," Popovich said. "We want to see if that fits for us, to have another person there behind Kawhi. Marco (Belinelli) and Manu (Ginobili) can go there, but they're a little bit slight for some of the teams we're going to play. I don't really want to put them in that position very often. If we've got another body we think will work well with the team, we might do that. That's the primary reason we brought those guys in."
With guaranteed contracts the norm, actual battles in training camp for a roster spot are a rarity in the NBA. (It's why Hard Knocks for the NBA would never work, it lacks the drama of the NFL cut downs.)
We'll see how this one plays out. Sam Young played a better role in Indiana last season than Maggette did in Detroit, but neither was very impressive at all. There also is the question of who fits best in the Spurs locker room culture.
Or, the Spurs may just cut them both. At least it is a training camp struggle to watch.
- tomshoe - Oct 1, 2013 at 7:23 PM
I say just give it to Maggette.
We only need him to soak up 10 MPG at the most. Corey is not a great defender, but he isn't a liability and doesn't kill the offense, like Young does.
- 00maltliquor - Oct 2, 2013 at 2:18 PM
Shouldn't be too hard for Maggette to beat out that bum Sam Young. C'mon Corey!!!
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ScudAwful provided this unscathed image from some dumb textbook, which inspired a cast of dozens to rise up and make images.
Axel Serenity
gee, sun, thanks for life and warmth and light. you totally did it on purpose and aren't just a stupid exploding deathtrap
You say collaboration like it's a bad word.
Everything I'm about to show you is art. It says nothing and is worth even less, but it's still art!
I hope you updated before the apocalypse, because the google play app store won't even connect now.
Val Kilmer lures 6 morons into the ultimate death schvitz to prove global warming is real.
Photoshop Phriday showcases the tremendous image manipulation talents of the Something Awful Forum Goons. Each week they tackle a new theme, parodying movies, video games, comics, history, and anything else you can think of. If you want in on the action, join us on the Something Awful Forums!
Copyright ©2014 Rich "Lowtax" Kyanka & Something Awful LLC.


text:
{Jacket: Pendleton, Top: vintage, Pants: Rag&Bone, Shoes: Cole Haan}
So I've been a terrible blogger! It's been so crazy traveling and running Pretty Connected lately, I haven't had any time to post! But fear not, we've been fully documenting our favorite Tomgirls non-stop on our instagram page, @inhisclothes.
Speaking of travel, I was recently in St. Louis where I shopped my face off at this amazing vintage clothing shop, Avalon Exchange located in the loop. That's where I found this amazing Pendleton jacket. All I want for fall is plaid, plaid and more plaid!


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Sharepoint 2010
I have 3 sets of Document Libraries that contain a number of documents organised in folders. The idea is to be able to instantiate any of those 3 document libraries for any site in the collection. So that the structure is replicated upon creation.
The issue is that the libraries have a constrained set of permissions that are different from the parent (stop inheriting permissions option). But I've noticed that when I instantiate any of the library templates the permissions aren't kept.
Is there a way to store a set of specific permissions within the template itself?
For example, this could be the structure for one of the document libraries:
- Document 1 (accessible by all)
- Document 2 (accessible by all)
- Folder 1 (accessible by all)
- >> Document 3
- >> Document 4
- >> Document 5
- Folder 2 (only accessible by the management group)
- >> Document 6
- >> Document 7
I have tried with the Powershell cmdlets
Exported the library with:
Export-SPWeb -Identity http://server/sites/site1/SampleLibrary -path "sampleLibraryExport.cmp" -IncludeUserSecurity -ItemUrl "3rd Party Engagements"
Deleted the library and reimported again with:
Import-SPWeb -Identity http://server/sites/site1/SampleLibrary -path "sampleLibraryExport.cmp" -IncludeUserSecurity
However, the custom permissions are gone and have now been set to the farm-admin account and inherited across files


text:
Why turkey has the same name as Turkey
public, coeducational institution of higher learning in Laramie, Wyoming, U.S. It is a land-grant university, comprising colleges of Agriculture, Arts and Sciences, Business, Education, Engineering, Health Sciences, and Law as well as the Graduate School. The state's only university, it offers programs leading to bachelor's, master's, and doctoral degrees in about 120 major fields of study and to professional degrees in law, pharmacy, and medicine. There are several university extension centres throughout the state, including a branch in Casper, the Casper College Center. The University of Wyoming-National Park Service Research Center operates a field station in Grand Teton National Park. The Red Buttes Environmental Biology Laboratory is south of Laramie. Campus facilities include the Rocky Mountain Herbarium, a veterinary laboratory, and the Institute for Environment and Natural Resources. Total enrollment is approximately 11,000.


text:
megaflow system
i have a 350 litre megaflow system and am unsure if the taps are vented rather than replacing all the taps can i install pressure release valves around the system ?
|All times are GMT -5. The time now is 08:59 AM.
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text:
Town Square
Vikings Pop Warner football: week 3
Original post made on Sep 22, 2010
Read the full story here Web Link posted Wednesday, September 22, 2010, 12:00 AM
Comments (4)
a resident of another community
on Sep 22, 2010 at 4:24 pm
Correction: Danny LaPorte did not complete any passes during the game.
a resident of Menlo Park: Central Menlo Park
on Sep 23, 2010 at 8:30 am
wow will TaRR EVER WIN A GAME LOL
a resident of Menlo Park: Sharon Heights
on Sep 23, 2010 at 8:32 am
Some bad defense calls on the Jr.Pee Wee game,hope they get it together soon. This eam is a great team
a resident of Menlo Park: other
on Sep 23, 2010 at 9:45 am
Home games this weekend - perhaps "ted" will have his answer?
And maybe young Master Laporte shall complete a pass.
Always enjoyable to see the kids out there having fun with a great sport!
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