text:
Biazon clueless about loudest whisper
Customs Commissioner Ruffy Biazon should read between the lines: President Noy wants him to have an honorable exit by resigning.
Biazon should take the cue from presidential spokesperson Edwin Lacierda's statement that calls for Biazon's resignation should best be directed at the beleaguered customs commissioner.
Biazon's failure to curb the rampant smuggling of petroleum products under his watch has sparked calls for his resignation even from the President's political allies.
"Maybe, Commissioner Biazon should answer that question himself," was Lacierda's reply to questions whether the President had asked the customs chief to resign.
Biazon should not wait for the President to tell him to his face he's no longer needed.
* * *
A Palace source told me the President has been stung by reports of rampant smuggling of rice despite the fact the country is about to reach self-sufficiency level.
"And now, the smuggling of petroleum products!" said the source.
"Sumasakit na ang ulo ni Presidente (The President is having a headache)," the source said, referring to the reports of smuggling.
* * *
Biazon seems to be clueless about what's happening on his own turf, the second biggest revenue-generating agency of the government.
It was the President who informed Biazon about the huge smuggled rice shipment at Subic Freeport that resulted in a Senate investigation, the Palace source said.
"Why did the information (of rice smuggling at Subic) have to come from the President? Why couldn't Biazon have found it on his own?" said the source.
That's what the President gets for appointing a boy who's still wet behind the ears in an agency full of crooks.
* * *
My sources in the customs bureau and in the oil industry say the biggest oil smugglers in the country (apart from Pilipinas Shell, which was mentioned in Thursday's On Target) are the following:
One has depots in Davao and Subic; another has a depot in Bataan; one firm also maintains a depot in Subic and the last one operates in Misamis Oriental.
The current furor over the rampant smuggling of oil products stemmed from a complaint by Ramon S. Ang, chair and chief executive officer of Petron, the country's biggest oil refiner, that about one in every three liters of gasoline or diesel is smuggled into the country.
* * *
The ignorant and the unlettered should be disenfranchised of the right to vote.
They should enjoy all the rights under the Constitution, except the right to vote.
Voting should be enjoyed only by citizens who have discernment on local and national issues.
The ignorant and the unlettered are responsible for voting into office people like them.
These people sell their votes for a measly sum.
These people don't think; they vote for candidates whose names are dictated to them by others taking advantage of the fact that they are virtually clueless about what these people stand for.
Or, they vote for candidates based on their popularity, and not on their knowledge of issues.
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|When to Do It Yourself
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Work without a vision is slavery, Vision without work is a pipe dream, But vision with work is the hope of the world.

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David Schneider
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10 Essentials: Andy Cohen
Watch What Happens Live host Andy Cohen, he of Housewife-wrangling fame, shares the 10 things that he can't live without. (Besides, err, drama)
10. My Current Favorite Cocktail
"I've always been a whiskey guy, but my latest favorite drink is Fresca with Don Julio tequila. I like to call it a Fresquila. It's kind of a diet drink, but it's upbeat. Really lean, too. I've been drinking it on the show lately."
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KOIN Center sold to American Pacific International Capital
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- Wendy Culverwell
- Staff Writer
American Pacific International Capital has purchased the office section of KOIN Center after the prominent downtown office building was foreclosed on by New York Life Insurance Inc.
The deal, which closed Tuesday morning, is the largest office deal of the year in Portland and one of the largest commercial real estate transactions.
American Pacific International Capital is a Portland investment firm with offices in Portland's World Trade Center. It is involved in real estate development, consumer product manufacturing, logistics, hotel operations and international trade.
California Public Employees Pension System or CalPERS, paid $107 million for the KOIN Center in 2007 and subsequently defaulted on a $70 million loan.
Industry watchers expected KOIN Center to sell for more than $53 million.
Lease revenue should allow American Pacific to generate about a 9 percent return on the investment based on estimates of current lease revenue.
After New York Life foreclosed on the building, which is at 222 S.W. Columbia St., a judge in New York appointed a local receiver, Tyrell Vance, to oversee the property. Last fall, New York Life engaged Eastdil Secured, a San Francisco real estate brokerage owned by Wells Fargo Bank, to sell the office portion of the building.
The new price will unquestionably fall well below the $275 per square foot that CalPERS paid for KOIN Center in 2007, at the top of the market. At the time, buyers paid higher prices and settled for lower returns in order to own trophy properties such as KOIN Center.
The 35-story building has a complicated mix of uses and tenants. Offic space occupies floors four to 19 and 48 luxury apartments occupy the upper 11 floors. The remaining floors consist of retail space and an underground parking garage. An undeveloped site to the east poses the threat that future development will block its celebrated views.
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text:
Impaired defense mechanism against inflammation, hyperalgesia, and airway hyperreactivity in somatostatin 4 receptor gene-deleted mice
ABSTRACT We have shown that somatostatin released from activated capsaicin-sensitive nociceptive nerve endings during inflammatory
processes elicits systemic anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects. With the help of somatostatin receptor subtype 4 gene–deleted
mice (sst4−/−), we provide here several lines of evidence that this receptor has a protective role in a variety of inflammatory disease
models; several symptoms are more severe in the sst4 knockout animals than in their wild-type counterparts. Acute carrageenan-induced paw edema and mechanical hyperalgesia, inflammatory
pain in the early phase of adjuvant-evoked chronic arthritis, and oxazolone-induced delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction
in the skin are much greater in mice lacking the sst4 receptor. Airway inflammation and consequent bronchial hyperreactivity elicited by intranasal lipopolysaccharide administration
are also markedly enhanced in sst4 knockouts, including increased perivascular/peribronchial edema, neutrophil/macrophage infiltration, mucus-producing goblet
cell hyperplasia, myeloperoxidase activity, and IL-1β, TNF-α, and IFN-γ expression in the inflamed lung. It is concluded that
during these inflammatory conditions the released somatostatin has pronounced counterregulatory effects through sst4 receptor activation. Thus, this receptor is a promising novel target for developing anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and anti-asthmatic
- SourceAvailable from: Soraia K P Costa
Article: Early postnatal, but not late, exposure to chemical ambient pollutant 1,2-naphthoquinone increases susceptibility to pulmonary allergic inflammation at adulthood.[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: High diesel exhaust particle levels are associated with increased health effects; however, knowledge on the impact of its chemical contaminant 1,2-naphthoquinone (1,2-NQ) is limited. We investigated whether postnatal and adult exposures to 1,2-NQ influence allergic reaction and the roles of innate and adaptive immunity. Male neonate (6 days) and adult (56 days) C57Bl/6 mice were exposed to 1,2-NQ (100 nM; 15 min) for 3 days, and on day 59, they were sensitized and later challenged with ovalbumin (OVA). Airway hyper-responsiveness (AHR) and production of cytokines, immunoglobulin E (IgE) and leukotriene B4 (LTB4) were measured in the airways. Postnatal exposure to 1,2-NQ activated dendritic cells in splenocytes by increasing expressing cell surface molecules (e.g., CD11c). Co-exposure to OVA effectively polarized T helper (Th) type 2 (Th2) by secreting Th2-mediated cytokines. Re-stimulation with unspecific stimuli (PMA and ionomycin) generated a mixed Th1 (CD4(+)/IFN-γ(+)) and Th17 (CD4(+)/IL-17(+)) phenotype in comparison with the vehicle-matched group. Postnatal exposure to 1,2-NQ did not induce eosinophilia in the airways at adulthood, although it evoked neutrophilia and exacerbated OVA-induced eosinophilia, Th2 cytokines, IgE and LTB4 production without affecting AHR and mast cell degranulation. At adulthood, 1,2-NQ exposure evoked neutrophilia and increased Th1/Th2 cytokine levels, but failed to affect OVA-induced eosinophilia. In conclusion, postnatal exposure to 1,2-NQ increases the susceptibility to antigen-induced asthma. The mechanism appears to be dependent on increased expression of co-stimulatory molecules, which leads to cell presentation amplification, Th2 polarization and enhanced LTB4, humoral response and Th1/Th2 cytokines. These findings may be useful for future investigations on treatments focused on pulmonary illnesses observed in children living in heavy polluted areas.Archives of Toxicology 02/2014; · 5.22 Impact Factor
Article: Somatostatin 4 receptor activation modulates G-protein coupled inward rectifying potassium channels and voltage stimulated calcium signals in dorsal root ganglion neurons.[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Somatostatin has a wide biological profile resulting from its actions on the five receptor subtypes (sst1-5). Recently somatostatin was shown to exert analgesic effects via activation of the sst4 receptor. Although the analgesia in pain models is established, the precise molecular mechanism has yet to be fully elucidated. This research aimed to identify possible anti-nociceptive mechanisms, showing functional links of the sst4 receptor to G-protein coupled inward rectifying potassium (GIRK) channels and reduction of voltage stimulated calcium influx within the pain processing pathway. Whole cell voltage clamp experiments and calcium imaging experiments were conducted on DRG neurons prepared from adult rats. Application of an sst4 receptor selective agonist, J-2156, on DRG neurons induced a GIRK modulated potassium current, and inhibited voltage sensitive calcium current. Both mechanisms are thought to contribute to the analgesic properties of sst4 receptor agonists.European journal of pharmacology 04/2014; · 2.59 Impact Factor
Article: Somatostatin and its 2A receptor in dorsal root ganglia and dorsal horn of mouse and human: expression, trafficking and possible role in pain.[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Somatostatin (SST) and some of its receptor subtypes have been implicated in pain signaling at the spinal level. In this study we have investigated the role of SST and its sst2A receptor (sst2A) in dorsal root ganglia (DRGs) and spinal cord. SST and sst2A protein and sst2 transcript were found in both mouse and human DRGs, sst2A-immunoreactive (IR) cell bodies and processes in lamina II in mouse and human spinal dorsal horn, and sst2A-IR nerve terminals in mouse skin. The receptor protein was associated with the cell membrane. Following peripheral nerve injury sst2A-like immunoreactivity (LI) was decreased, and SST-LI increased in DRGs. sst2A-LI accumulated on the proximal and, more strongly, on the distal side of a sciatic nerve ligation. Fluorescence-labeled SST administered to a hind paw was internalized and retrogradely transported, indicating that a SST-sst2A complex may represent a retrograde signal. Internalization of sst2A was seen in DRG neurons after systemic treatment with the sst2 agonist octreotide (Oct), and in dorsal horn and DRG neurons after intrathecal administration. Some DRG neurons co-expressed sst2A and the neuropeptide Y Y1 receptor on the cell membrane, and systemic Oct caused co-internalization, hypothetically a sign of receptor heterodimerization. Oct treatment attenuated the reduction of pain threshold in a neuropathic pain model, in parallel suppressing the activation of p38 MAPK in the DRGs CONCLUSIONS: The findings highlight a significant and complex role of the SST system in pain signaling. The fact that the sst2A system is found also in human DRGs and spinal cord, suggests that sst2A may represent a potential pharmacologic target for treatment of neuropathic pain.Molecular Pain 02/2014; 10(1):12. · 3.77 Impact Factor
Page 1
Impaired defense mechanism against inflammation,
hyperalgesia, and airway hyperreactivity in
somatostatin 4 receptor gene-deleted mice
Zsuzsanna Helyesa, Erika Pinte ´ra, Katalin Sa ´ndora, Krisztia ´n Elekesb, A´gnes Ba ´nvo ¨lgyia, Da ´niel Keszthelyia, E´va Szo ˝kea,
Da ´niel M. To ´thc, Zolta ´n Sa ´ndorc, La ´szlo ´ Kereskaid, Ga ´bor Pozsgaia, Jeremy P. Allene, Piers C. Emsone,
Adrienn Markovicsa, and Ja ´nos Szolcsa ´nyia,1
aDepartment of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy,bInstitute of Pharmacognosy,cAnalgesic Research Laboratory of Gedon Richter Plc.,
anddDepartment of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Pe ´cs, H-7624 Pe ´cs, Hungary; andeLaboratory of Molecular
Neuroscience, The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Babraham, Cambridge CB22 3AT, United Kingdom
Edited by David Julius, University of California, San Francisco, CA, and approved June 3, 2009 (received for review January 21, 2009)
We have shown that somatostatin released from activated capsa-
icin-sensitive nociceptive nerve endings during inflammatory pro-
cesses elicits systemic anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects.
With the help of somatostatin receptor subtype 4 gene–deleted
mice (sst4?/?), we provide here several lines of evidence that this
receptor has a protective role in a variety of inflammatory disease
models; several symptoms are more severe in the sst4 knockout
animals than in their wild-type counterparts. Acute carrageenan-
induced paw edema and mechanical hyperalgesia, inflammatory
pain in the early phase of adjuvant-evoked chronic arthritis, and
oxazolone-induced delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction in the
skin are much greater in mice lacking the sst4 receptor. Airway
inflammation and consequent bronchial hyperreactivity elicited by
intranasal lipopolysaccharide administration are also markedly
enhanced in sst4knockouts, including increased perivascular/peri-
bronchial edema, neutrophil/macrophage infiltration, mucus-pro-
TNF-?, and IFN-? expression in the inflamed lung. It is concluded
tin has pronounced counterregulatory effects through sst4recep-
tor activation. Thus, this receptor is a promising novel target for
developing anti-inflammatory,
allergic contact dermatitis ? arthritis ? capsaicin-sensitive afferents ?
endotoxin-induced pneumonitis ? inflammatory cytokines
ings in response to chemical and antidromic electrical stimula-
tion of these fibers (1). Several lines of further functional
evidence have also indicated that somatostatin derived from
these nerves reaches the circulation and elicits systemic anti-
inflammatory and antinociceptive effects (1–4). Calcium influx
into the nerve terminals elicits the release of both proinflam-
matory (substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide) and
anti-inflammatory neuropeptides without the involvement of
voltage-gated channels (3). Nevertheless, these peptides are only
partially colocalized in most primary afferents (5, 6), and
whereas substance P? and calcitonin gene-related peptide–
immunoreactive fibers are present in the superficial areas,
somatostatin-containing ones are only seen in deeper layers (7).
Therefore, it is likely that when noxious stimuli reach deeper
tissues—besides the local inflammatory response—the released
somatostatin elicits systemic anti-inflammatory actions too. This
as well as in endotoxin-induced airway inflammation and poly-
neuropathic conditions (9).
Somatostatin is widely distributed throughout the body in 14
aa- and 28 aa-containing forms (7, 10, 11). Besides its localiza-
e and others have previously reported that somatostatin is
released from capsaicin-sensitive nociceptive nerve end-
produced by neuroendocrine cells (gastrointestinal intrinsic neu-
rons, pancreas, and thyroid C cells), as well as inflammatory and
immune cells (lymphocytes, macrophages, thymic epithelial
cells, activated synovial cells, and fibroblasts) (4, 11, 13). Soma-
tostatin exerts a wide range of effects in the central nervous
system and in the periphery (for review see ref. 11), which are
mediated via 5 different Gi protein–associated somatostatin
receptor subtypes (sst1–sst5). They can be divided into 2 main
groups on the basis of sequence similarities and binding of
synthetic somatostatin analogues: the somatostatin release-
inhibiting factor 1 (SRIF1) group comprises sst2, sst3, and sst5
receptors, and the SRIF2group contains sst1and sst4receptors
(14). Each receptor is coupled to the inhibition of adenylate
cyclase and the cAMP/protein kinase A via pertussis toxin
sensitive GTP binding proteins (4, 10, 11). These inhibitory
actions of somatostatin might provide the link between sst4
receptor activation and modulation of other receptors and/or ion
channels (e.g., opioid or cannabinoid receptors). Furthermore,
sst receptor activation opens various K?channels and inhibits
voltage-gated Ca2?channels, which results in inhibition of both
ref. 4). Several data indicate that receptors in the SRIF1group
mediate the endocrine and antiproliferative effects, whereas the
SRIF2group, predominantly the sst4receptor, is responsible for
the anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive actions (3, 15, 16).
On the basis of these data we have raised the possibility that
this receptor may be a promising target for anti-inflammatory
and analgesic agents with a novel mechanism of action. Because
specific sst4receptor antagonists are not available, generation of
sst4receptor gene–deficient mice is a useful tool to elucidate the
role of these receptors in inflammatory processes.
The present article describes the generation of sst4receptor
knockout mice and investigates the involvement of the sst4
receptor in different acute and chronic inflammatory disease
Generation of sst4Receptor Gene-Deficient Mice. The generation of
the sst4lacZallele was essentially carried out as described for
sst2lacZanimals (17). In the sst4targeting cassette the Ura3/Neo
selection cassette was flanked by LoxP sites to enable its removal
Author contributions: Z.H., E.P., and J.S. designed research; Z.H., K.S., K.E., A.B., D.K., E.S.,
Z.S., L.K., G.P., and A.M. performed research; J.P.A. and P.C.E. contributed new reagents/
analytic tools; K.S., K.E., and D.M.T. analyzed data; and Z.H., E.P., and J.S. wrote the paper.
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
This article is a PNAS Direct Submission.
1To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com.
This article contains supporting information online at www.pnas.org/cgi/content/full/
13088–13093 ?
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Page 2
after targeting (Fig. 1A). The vector was transfected into 129/
Ola-derived E-14 embryonic stem cells by electroporation, fol-
lowed by G418 selection. Correctly targeted clones carrying a
sst4?/lacZUra3neoallele were identified by Southern blot analysis
using probes A and B and microinjected into C57BL/6 blasto-
cysts to produce chimeric mice. Chimeric males were mated to
C57BL/6 to generate heterozygous animals. Heterozygous in-
tercross of sst4lacZ/Ura3/Neomice produced viable and fertile litters
without obvious abnormalities at the expected Mendelian ratio.
The genotype was determined by PCR and Southern blot
analysis (Fig. 1B). Heterozygotes were then mated with Cre-
deletor mice (18) that express Cre recombinase in germ cells.
Deletion of the loxP-flanked selection cassette in F1animals to
create the allele sst4lacZwas verified by Southern blot using probe
B. The sst4lacZallele was then backcrossed to C57BL/6 mice for
a further 10 generations using males and females sst4?/lacZ
alternately. Homozygous sst4lacz/lacZand WT (sst4?/?) littermates
were generated by intercrossing sst4?/lacZmice from the 10th
generations of backcross mice. No sst4mRNA was detectable in
the sst4lacZmice, whereas lacZ was expressed (Fig. 1C). Animals
were produced in accordance with United Kingdom Home
Office guidelines and licensed under the Animals (Scientific
Procedures) Act of 1986.
Increased Carrageenan-Induced Acute Mechanical Hyperalgesia and
Paw Edema in sst4?/?Mice. The control paw volumes (sst4?/?:
0.67 ? 0.02 cm3; sst4?/?: 0.68 ? 0.02 cm3) and the mechanono-
ciceptive thresholds (sst4?/?: 8.3 ? 0.16 g; sst4?/?: 8.0 ? 0.14 g)
of the 2 groups did not differ significantly. Carrageenan admin-
istration caused inflammation of the treated paw with a marked
swelling, redness, and decrease of the mechanonociceptive
threshold. Six hours after the injection both edema and the drop
of the nociceptive threshold were significantly greater in the
knockout group. The results of WT and sst4, receptor-deficient
littermates produced from heterozygote mice were essentially
the same as data obtained in sst4?/?and sst4?/?mice bred as
separate lines. Pretreatment with the selective peptidomimetic
sst4 receptor agonist J-2156 (100 ?g/kg, i.p.) (19–21) 10 min
before carrageenan significantly inhibited mechanical hyperal-
gesia in WT mice but not in the knockouts. Surprisingly, J-2156
did not inhibit paw swelling in either group (Fig. 2 A and B).
Adjuvant-Induced Chronic Paw Inflammation, Mechanical Hyperalge-
sia, and Impaired Spontaneous Weight Bearing in sst4?/?Mice. In-
flammatory mechanical hyperalgesia was greater in sst4?/?mice
than in their WT counterparts throughout the whole 21-day
experimental period, but the difference was more pronounced
and shown to be significant up to the 13th day of the study.
Similarly, until this time significantly less weight was distributed
on the treated hindlimb in the sst4?/?than in the sst4?/?group,
but no difference could be observed later. Edema did not differ
significantly in the 2 groups: paw swelling was between 80% and
100% throughout the whole period in both sst4?/?and sst4?/?
Greater Endotoxin-Evoked Inflammatory Changes in the Lung and
Enhanced Airway Responsiveness in sst4?/?Mice. On the histologic
slides marked peribronchial/perivascular edema, granulocyte
accumulation, mononuclear cell infiltration, and hyperplasia of
mucus-producing goblet cells were seen in response to LPS
administration in both groups. In sst4?/?mice the extent of the
edema was greater, and the destruction of the alveolar spaces by
the large number of infiltrating leukocytes and the hyperplasia
of goblet cells were much more pronounced. The detailed scores
Fig. 1.
sequence of sst4resides on a single exon (white box). A replacement vector was designed to delete the entire sst4coding sequence and replace it with a cassette
initiation codon of lacZ is inserted, in frame, into the initiation codon of sst4. (B) Southern blot analysis of genomic DNA prepared from tail biopsies of an sst4
mutant pedigree shows correct targeting. DNAs were digested with BclI and hybridized with probe A or digested with SacI and hybridized with probe B (sst4?/?:
?/?; sst4?/lacZUra3neo: ?/-). (C) RT-PCR analysis of sst4and lacZ transcription. RT-PCR from total brain RNA using multiplexed sst4and lacZ primer sets demonstrates
sst4?/?animals (sst4?/?: ?/?; sst4?/lacZ: ?/-; sst4lacZ/lacZ: -/-). No amplification was observed when RT-PCR was performed in the absence of reverse transcriptase (No
RT Control) or when PCR was performed in the absence of cDNA template (No DNA).
Generation of sst4receptor gene–deficient mice. (A) Targeting strategy used for gene disruption of the mouse sst4genomic locus. The 1155-bp coding
Helyes et al.PNAS ?
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are shown in the supporting information (SI) Text; the repre-
sentative light micrographs and composite values are presented
in Fig. 3 A and B. In agreement with the histologic pictures,
myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity increased in response to LPS
instillation in both groups. This quantitative biochemical marker
of accumulated granulocytes in the inflamed tissue was signif-
icantly (approximately 3-fold) greater in the sst4?/?than in the
sst4?/?mice (Fig. 3C). Furthermore, LPS induced a 12–30-fold
increase of IL-1?, IFN-?, and TNF-? concentrations in the lung
of WT mice, which was almost double in the sst4gene–deleted
group (Fig. 3D).
Flow cytometric analysis of the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid
(BALF) samples showed a remarkable accumulation of macro-
phages and lymphocytes in response to LPS in both groups, and
the number of these cells was significantly greater in sst4?/?mice
knockouts, which is in agreement with the predominantly peri-
bronchiolar/perivascular infiltration of these cells seen on the
histologic slides. Similarly to the lung homogenates, the concen-
tration of all of the 3 measured inflammatory cytokines mark-
edly increased in the BALF of LPS-treated mice compared with
noninflamed samples. Deletion of the sst4receptor significantly
enhanced IFN-? and TNF-? levels, but not IL-1? in the washing
fluid (Fig. S1).
Both baseline enhanced pause (Penh) and lung resistance
(RL) significantly increased after intranasal LPS instillation
compared with PBS-treated, noninflamed control values, with
no difference between the 2 mouse groups (SI Text). Carbachol
inhalation evoked a concentration-dependent bronchoconstric-
tion shown by both the Penh and RL curves. There was no
significant difference between the carbachol-evoked responses
of PBS-treated sst4?/?and sst4?/?animals. Responses demon-
strated as percentage increase of Penh and RL above baseline
were markedly enhanced in the LPS-treated groups compared
Fig. 2.
of the paw volume 6 h after intraplantar carrageenan (50 ?L, 3%) injection in
sst4?/?and sst4?/?mice. Percentage changes are calculated by comparing the
data with the initial self-control values. Results obtained in sst4?/?and sst4?/?
mice bred as separate lines, as well as littermate WT and knockouts, are
indicated. The effect of the selective sst4receptor agonist J-2156 (100 ?g/kg
i.p.) is also shown in both group (means ? SEM of n ? 6–8 experiments; *P ?
0.05,**P?0.01vsthesst4?/?,group,?P ? 0.05vssolventtreatedsst4?/?mice
determined by one-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni's modified t test).
(A) Decrease of the mechanonociceptive thresholds and (B) increase
Fig. 3.
kine concentrations of the lung in LPS-induced inflammation. (A) Represen-
tative histopathologic pictures of the lung samples of sst4?/?and sst4?/?mice
(periodic acid-Schiff staining; ?200; Br, bronchioles; V, vessels; open arrows
black arrowheads indicate granulocyte accumulation). (B) Semiquantitative
evaluation and scoring of the lung on the basis of perivascular edema,
and alveolar mononuclear cell infiltration. Columns represent medians with
upper and lower quartiles of n ? 8–10 mice;?P ? 0.01 LPS-treated inflamed
vs. respective PBS-treated noninflamed mice; *P ? 0.05 LPS-treated sst4?/?vs.
LPS-treated sst4?/?group (Kruskal-Wallis test plus Dunn's posttest). (C) MPO
activity, as a quantitative indicator of the number of accumulated granulo-
cytes, and (D) concentrations IL-1?, IFN-?, and TNF-? determined from ho-
0.01 vs. the respective noninflamed mice;??P ? 0.01 vs. the sst4?/?group
(one-way ANOVA plus Bonferroni's t test).
Histopathologic examination, MPO activity, and inflammatory cyto-
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with the respective noninflamed controls, showing the develop-
ment of inflammatory bronchial hyperresponsiveness. The max-
imal values were higher, the duration of bronchoconstriction was
longer, and therefore the percentage increase of the responses
above baseline was greater in mice lacking the sst4 receptor
(original records in Fig. S2). Comparison of the Penh responses
determined in unrestrained mice and RL values measured in
anesthetized and mechanically ventilated animals provided very
similar results. This supports our previously published conclu-
sions (9, 21) that although the validity of Penh in asthma models
can be questioned, this is a reliable parameter to determine
airway reactivity in the endotoxin-induced subacute airway
inflammation model (Fig. 4 A and B).
More Severe Oxazolone-Induced Allergic Contact Dermatitis in sst4?/?
Mice. In WT mice, oxazolone induced an approximately 80–
100% increase of ear thickness 24–48 h after its topical appli-
cation. In knockout animals the edema was approximately
double, 180–200% (Fig. 5A). Histologic analysis also showed
greater swelling and even more intensive accumulation of in-
flammatory cells in the oxazolone-treated ears of sst4?/?mice
compared with their sst4?/?controls (Fig. S3). Slightly raised
levels of IL-4 and IL-5 cytokines and a remarkable elevation of
IL-1? were detected in the ear samples 24 h after oxazolone
smearing, but there was no difference between the 2 groups. At
48 h TNF? and IL-1? concentrations were higher in sst4?/?mice
than in WT animals (Fig. 5B).
The present article describes the generation and the first in vivo
data on sst4receptor knockout mice and provides several lines
Fig. 4.
hyperreactivity in sst4?/?and sst4?/?mice. The panels demonstrate the per-
centage increases of (A) Penh and (B) RL above baseline [(mean values in
response to the respective carbachol concentration- baseline values)/baseline
values ? 100] calculated in each 15-min period after respective carbachol
stimulations. (C) Inflammatory cells accumulated in the BALF 24 h after
intranasal endotoxin administration in sst4?/?and sst4?/?littermate mice.
plus Bonferroni's modified t test).
Carbachol-evoked bronchoconstriction and inflammatory airway
Fig. 5.
concentrations of the ear of sst4?/?and sst4?/?mice. Edema data points
represent means ? SEM percentage increase of ear diameter compared with
mice. Columns showing cytokine concentrations in the ear homogenates 48 h
vs. sst4?/?(one-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni's modified t test).
Oxazolone-induced (A) swelling and (B) inflammatory cytokine
Helyes et al. PNAS ?
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Page 5
inflammatory and nociceptive processes. Because sst4-selective
antagonists are not available, experiments with these genetically
manipulated mice are particularly important to elucidate the
role of sst4receptors in physiologic and pathophysiologic con-
ditions. The inhibitory actions of sensory nerve–derived soma-
tostatin in these well-established experimental models of inflam-
mation have been previously shown (1, 8, 9, 22–24). This unique,
systemic efferent protective function of these afferents was
strongly supported in disease models such as adjuvant-induced
chronic arthritis (8), endotoxin-evoked lung inflammation (9),
oxazolone-induced allergic contact dermatitis (23), and bleomy-
cin-evoked scleroderma (25). Direct evidence for the involve-
ment of somatostatin of neural origin in the observed anti-
inflammatory and analgesic actions was also provided (1–3, 8, 9).
Results obtained with synthetic somatostatin receptor agonists
suggested that these inhibitory effects were mediated by recep-
tors of the SRIF2 family (sst4/sst1) (8, 11, 15, 16, 19–21, 25).
However, because of the lack of sst4-selective antagonists, the
precise receptor mechanisms of the somatostatin-mediated
''sensocrine'' inhibitory actions on inflammation and nocicep-
tion have remained to be elucidated until the generation of sst4
receptor gene–deficient mice.
Exogenous administration of somatostatin diminishes neuro-
genic vasodilatation, plasma protein extravasation, and the
release of substance P from nerve endings (2). Inhibition of
proliferation, infiltration, chemotaxis, and phagocytosis, as well
as the release of reactive oxygen radicals and cytokines of
inflammatory cells, are also well-documented effects of soma-
tostatin (13, 16, 26–33). Sst4 immunoreactivity was shown on
vascular endothelial and smooth muscle cells (34), and its
activation exerted protective effects (35). Sst4receptors are also
present on peripheral blood monocytes, lymphocytes, fibro-
blasts, and endothelial cells (36, 37). In experimental rat arthritis
predominantly sst3and sst4are expressed on immune cells, and
in agreement with our earlier data, others also found that
octreotide did not exert immunomodulatory actions in this
model (11). The presence and inflammation-induced upregula-
tion of sst4were observed in the human kidney and on capsaicin-
sensitive afferents (15, 19). Opioid and cannabinoid receptors on
nerves and inflammatory cells also linked to Giproteins (38, 39)
have been described as being involved in somatostatin signaling,
which raises the possibility that knocking out the sst4receptor
gene might also influence their function in inflammatory and
nociceptive processes.
released during different inflammatory processes exerts a potent
endogenous protective mechanism against edema formation and
pathomorphologic and immunologic changes, as well as inflam-
matory pain and airway hyperresponsiveness. The edema-
reducing effect of sst4 receptor activation, however, was ob-
served in the carrageenan-evoked acute inflammation and the
allergic contact dermatitis models but not in adjuvant-induced
chronic paw swelling. Although the increase of somatostatin-like
complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) model of rats (8), its sst4
receptor–mediated inhibitory action on swelling is likely to be
overridden by other immune cell–derived mediators, such as
bradykinin, prostaglandins, histamine, serotonin, or leukotri-
enes. This seems to be the explanation for the disappearance of
13th day of the experiment, by which time macrophages and
lymphocytes have accumulated in the inflamed area (8).
Our previous data revealed that synthetic sst4receptor ago-
nists—the heptapeptide TT-232 and the peptidomimetic
with neurogenic and nonneurogenic mechanisms, such as mus-
tard oil-, dextran-, carrageenan-, or bradykinin-induced acute
plasma protein extravasation (15, 16, 19), adjuvant-induced
acute and ovalbumin-evoked chronic lung inflammation and
hyperresponsiveness (21). In most models the extent of the
inhibition achieved by these agonists was similar to the differ-
experiment J-2156 inhibited carrageenan-evoked mechanical
hyperalgesia, but in mice unlike in rats it did not alter paw
In conclusion, with the help of genetically manipulated mice
we describe evidence for a previously uncharacterized counter-
regulatory mechanism mediated by sst4receptors during inflam-
matory and nociceptive processes. On the basis of these results,
the sst4 receptors localized on vascular endothelial, smooth
muscle, inflammatory, and immune cells, as well as synoviocytes,
may serve as promising new targets for the development of
broad-spectrum anti-inflammatory and analgesic drugs.
Animals. Heterozygous mice (sst4?/?) were paired in the Laboratory Animal
Center of Pe ´cs University, and the genotype of their offsprings was deter-
mined by PCR. Sst4receptor gene–deficient (sst4?/?) and WT mice (sst4?/?)
were then successfully bred on; animals used for the experiments were males
strictly within the first 3 inbred generations. In the carrageenan- and endo-
toxin-evoked inflammation models sst4?/?and sst4?/?littermates were also
tested for comparison. In the behavioral tests the experimenter was blind to
the genotype.
separate lines were tested simultaneously with littermate controls in this
model. Carrageenan (3%, 50 ?L) was injected intraplantarly into the left
hindpaw to induce subacute inflammation. The mechanonociceptive thresh-
old of the paw was determined with dynamic plantar esthesiometry (Ugo
Basile 37400) and the volume with plethysmometry (Ugo Basile 7140) before
and 6 h after carrageenan injection. Separate groups of sst4?/?and sst4?/?
littermates were pretreated with the selective sst4receptor agonist J-2156
(100 ?g/kg i.p. 10 min before carrageenan). Data were expressed as percent-
age changes compared with the self-control values obtained before the
induction of inflammation (20).
Adjuvant-Evoked Chronic Inflammation Model. Inflammation of the tibiotarsal
joints was evoked by s.c. injection of complete CFA (killed Mycobacteria
and the root of the tail. Paw volume was measured by plethysmometry,
mechanical touch sensitivity by esthesiometry, and weight bearing with an
incapacitance tester (Linton Instrumentation) before and 9 times after CFA
administration during a 21-day period.
Endotoxin-Induced Airway Inflammation Model. Subacute pneumonitis was
evoked by 60 ?L Escherichia coli LPS (167 ?g/mL dissolved in sterile PBS)
applied intranasally 24 h before measurement (9, 21, 22).
Airway responsiveness was determined by whole-body plethysmography
(6) and anesthetized, tracheotomized, mechanically ventilated mice. In unre-
strained animals the Penh, calculated as [(expiratory time/relaxation time) ?
1]/(maximum expiratory flow/maximum inspiratory flow), was determined as
an indicator of bronchoconstriction (9, 21, 22). In separate groups of sst4?/?
and sst4?/?littermates RL (?cmH2O * sec/mL) was directly measured. The
muscarinic receptor agonist carbachol (carbamylcholine; 5.5, 11, and 22 mM,
50 ?L per mouse for 50 sec) was nebulized to induce bronchoconstriction 24 h
after LPS instillation. Mean Penh and RL of the 15-min measurement periods
after each carbachol were expressed as percentage increases above baseline
(for details see SI Text). At the end of the study bronchoalveolar lavage was
performed in 1 series of experiments, and the lungs were excised for further
(histologic, cytokine, and myeloperoxidase) examinations in the other series
of experiments.
Semiquantitative scoring of the inflammatory changes in the lung sections
producing goblet cells) was performed by an expert pathologist blind to the
experimental design, on the basis of perivascular edema, perivascular/
peribronchial acute inflammation, goblet cell hyperplasia/metaplasia of the
bronchioles, and mononuclear cell infiltration into the alveolar spaces (9, 21,
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Page 6
22, 40). The composite inflammation scores (ranging from 0 to 10) were
obtained by adding these values. MPO activity indicating the number of
accumulated granulocytes and macrophages in the lung was determined by
spectrophotometry (23).
In a separate series of experiments, the number of inflammatory cells
(granulocytes, lymphocytes, and macrophages) in the BALF (21) was deter-
mined with a Partec CyFlow space flow cytometer. Differentiation was made
on the basis of the size and granulation; cell numbers were calculated by
FloMax software (Partec). The concentrations of 3 inflammatory cytokines—
IL-1?, TNF-?, and IFN-?—were measured with ELISA (BD Sciences and R&D
Systems) from both the lung homogenates and BALF samples (all technical
details are described in SI Text).
Oxazolone-Induced Allergic Contact Dermatitis Model (Delayed-Type Hypersen-
sitivity Reaction). Animals were sensitized on 2 consecutive days by smearing
2% oxazolone dissolved in 96% ethanol (50–50 ?L) on the shaved abdomen.
Six days later oxazolone was applied on the right ears (15–15 ?L on both
surfaces) to elicit allergic contact dermatitis; the ethanol-treated left ears
served as controls (23). Ear diameter was measured with an engineer's micro-
smearing. Data were expressed as percentage increase of ear thickness com-
the histologic slides (6-?m cross-sections, hematoxylin and eosin staining).
Inflammatory cytokines (IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IFN-?, and TNF-?) were determined by
cytokine cytometric bead array (Becton Dickinson Biosciences), and IL-1? was
measured with ELISA (for details see SI Text).
Statistical Analysis. Most results were expressed as means ? SEM of n ? 8–10
mice in each group and evaluated by one-way ANOVA followed by Bonfer-
roni's modified t test. Histologic scores were demonstrated as box plots and
analyzed with Kruskal-Wallis test followed by Dunn's test. In all cases P ? 0.05
was considered significant.
Act of the Hungarian Parliament on Animal Protection (243/1988), complied
the Ethics Committee on Animal Research of Pe ´cs University (license no.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. The authors thank Aniko ´ Perkecz for the histologic
slides and Helga Rabovszky for the expert breeding of the animals. This work
was sponsored by Hungarian Grants OTKA K73044, OTKA NK78059, RET-008/
2005, ETT-06–284/2006, ETT-287/2006, and GVOP-3.2.1–2004-04–0420/3.0.
Z.H. was supported by a Janos Bolyai Postdoctoral Fellowship.
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17. Allen JP, et al. (2003) Somatostatin receptor 2 knockout/lacZ knockin mice show
impaired motor coordination and reveal sites of somatostatin action within the
striatum. Eur J Neurosci 17:1881–1895.
18. Schwenk F, Baron U, Rajewsky K (1995) A cre-transgenic mouse strain for the ubiqui-
tous deletion of loxP-flanked gene segments including deletion in germ cells. Nucleic
Acids Res 23:5080–5081.
19. Helyes Z, et al. (2006) Effects of the somatostatin receptor subtype 4 selective agonist
J-2156 on sensory neuropeptide release and inflammatory reactions in rodents. Br J
Pharmacol 149:405–415.
20. Sa ´ndor K, et al. (2006) Analgesic effects of the somatostatin sst4receptor selective
agonist J-2156 in acute and chronic pain models. Eur J Pharmacol 539:71–75.
21. Elekes K, et al. (2008) Inhibitory effects of synthetic somatostatin receptor subtype 4
agonists on acute and chronic airway inflammation and hyperreactivity in the mouse.
Eur J Pharmacol 578:313–322.
22. Elekes K, et al. (2007) Role of capsaicin-sensitive afferents and sensory neuropeptides
in endotoxin-induced airway inflammation and consequent bronchial hyperreactivity
in the mouse. Regul Pept 141:44–54.
23. Ba ´nvo ¨lgyi A´, et al. (2005) Evidence for a novel protective role of the vanilloid TRPV1
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and inflammation. A somatostatin analog as a selective antagonist of neutrophil
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(1999) Mechanisms involved in the somatostatin-induced contraction of vascular
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human: An immunohistochemical study. Endocr J 52:605–611.
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making them unavailable to couple to other receptors. J Neurosci 19:9271–9280.
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Helyes et al.PNAS ?
August 4, 2009 ?
vol. 106 ?
no. 31 ?


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Added Aug 1, 2011
Munich, Germany
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burda style magazine patterns FAQ</a
This is a variation of pattern 119A. The pattern is the same, but the required materials are:
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Aug 15, 2011, 08.09 PMby Atefe Fathali
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Official Isles' Fans Venting Thread: "Somebody hit somebody!"
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Registered User
Join Date: Nov 2010
Posts: 20
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Just A Lifelong Fans Opinion
First off...does anyone think getting rid of Konopka was a bad move? I mean I know he wasn't a scorer but he seemed to be a leader, especially to the younger guys..you've heard that from every team he has ever played for..Martin loved him and he was a good voice in the locker room and would do anything to not let his team get embarrassed not to mention a good pk/face off guy..(mod edit)
now, I am not looking to upset anyone, nor get into a heated debate..this is just my opinion.. I am as frustrated as all of you..have been a fan since the teams first season..moved away from the Island in early 90's and still follow the team (I get MSG)...the thing is in tonights game I can fault the players for lack of effort BUT, I also have to realize something..with the exception of Tavares, maybe Grabner and Moulson (if he plays like last year) NO ONE on this team would be a top 2 line player on any other team..in fact alot would struggle to be a 3rd liner and most would be in the AHL...so I can't fault these players when they are trying and lose..and in alot of these losses the players were probably doing their best but, lets face it, they just arent good enough..most of these guys could help other teams as role players, but here they are expected to be the CORE of this team..(mod edit)
with the exception of Streit most of the D would be a 5 or 6 or even 7th d-man on most teams..and goaltending, well, I will let that speak for itself..we have 3 backups as potential starters all the time..(mod edit)
its a shame that I feel the same need to bash the players game in and game out as a lot of us do..but I am now starting to feel like they may be giving us all they have most nights (no NOT tonight vs. Boston) and its just never going to be good enough...(mod edit)
remember, the 72 Islanders team was a bunch of cast offs and misfits that no other team wanted and they were truly awful..and look what developed through drafts and seemingly small trades..(mod edit)
unfortunately we now are in an age where free agency is the big thing and money is now the true factor, not allegiance, so we may never see that again on the Island or anywhere for that matter..(mod edit)
I don't think Capuano should be fired..remember last season? Everyone here was yelling "sign him"..and then again look at his team..they were tough and had some vocal guys...the scorers felt protected and therefore played with more of an edge...(mod edit)
Matt Martin, who is the definition of heart to me right now, CANNOT be the only guy on the team looking to try to motivate these guys...where is Haley? Gillies? ANYONE with a little edge or the ability to try to open up the ice a little..not just fight....are they really worse than any 3rd or 4th liner now? (mod edit)
If Mr. Wang is really just playing out his time here because he isn't getting what he wants, but he REALLY would like to keep the team here I would think that MAYBE he should throw all his eggs in one basket, see if he could get some decent players here even if its big big money, put a good team on the ice, get the fans back to the building (I think its AWFUL for the players to have more opposing fans in their building than their own..I actually can't tell when the Isles are home until the goal horn goes off if and when they score! But again I can't blame people for not filling the building) and maybe then he would have a leg to stand on, with full support from many people, to get his new building..as for now, with the exception of the few of us left who remember, and still cling to, the glory days, and judging from a lot of posts on boards all over the internet, not many people, I fear, would care if they left...
(Mod note - I really don't mean to be the grammar police or anything. But that's really tough to read without paragraphs. This also should have gone in another thread, I'll move it there now)
Last edited by Isles Junkie: 11-20-2011 at
. Reason: just cleaning this up so people will read it
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Tip the first round of the 2014 AFL National Draft and you win a share of $2500!
Click for the full details and entry thread.
Tertiary and Continuing Which degrees are useless/useful?
Discussion in 'Education and Employment' started by rick James, Feb 22, 2010.
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Walk into the light - Yuyuan Garden Shanghai China by Christine Till
# of 1141
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A sick rally, so to speak, for hospital stocks
It is telling that shares of hospital companies are simultaneously up big—making them the biggest immediate beneficiary of the ruling, next to, perhaps, the Foggy Bottom liquor store that supplies celebratory kegs to the White House. The upheld healthcare law is expected to insure millions of patients who otherwise would have entered hospitals without having any coverage. All of which means potentially far less hassle getting paid if you're a large hospital chain like HCA Holdings (HCA) and Tenet Healthcare (THC): Their shares shot up 10 percent and 7 percent, respectively.
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- Medicare Cost, Quality Data Tools Weak, Says GAO
- RN Named Chief Patient Experience Officer
- No Employee Satisfaction, No Patient-Centered Culture
- Former NQF Co-Chair Linked to Conflicts of Interest in Journal Probe
- Population Health Pays Off for NY Collaborative
- How Simple Data Analytics is Driving Physician Incentives
- In PCMH, the 'P' is Not for 'Physician'
- AMA Pushes Lame Duck Congress for SGR Repeal


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MARPOL Training Institute (MTI) has recently added MARPOL Annex II Regulations for the Control of Pollution by Noxious Liquid Substances in Bulk and Annex III Regulations for the Prevention of Pollution by Harmful Substances Carried by Sea in Packaged Form to their software package: Meeting MARPOL Standards (MMS). This computer-based training software package now covers all six technical regulations, Annex I-VI, adopted by the IMO MARPOL Convention. Companies that have previously purchased the training system from MTI will receive these additional annexes as part of their annual update service. MMS is available in English or Portuguese language audio tracks with interactive screen images as well as a Korean language audio track with English text interactive screen images.
The National Marine Representatives Association (NMRA) recently awarded its second $500 scholarship to a student pursuing education in the marine industry and maritime trades.
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Over 200 healthy children and children with disabilities from Bashkortostan as well as the Volga Region participated in the Breaking the Barriers second interregional children's arts festival,


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Mo Bros take action by changing their appearance by growing a moustache for the 30 days of Movember, to spark conversation and raise funds. Mo Sistas commit to supporting the men in their lives while helping to promote men's health.
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No growing head starts. No beards or goatees. Read the official rules for Movember, which have everything you need to know before you grow.
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text: Characters View source History Talk10 2,470pages on this wiki Category page Sorting type: Alphabetical Most visited Alphabetical | Characters in the Game of Thrones story. Pages in category "Characters" Rhaella Targaryen Rhaena Targaryen Rhaenyra Targaryen Rhaenys Targaryen (daughter of Rhaegar) Rhaenys Targaryen (sister of Aegon I) Rickard Karstark Rickard Stark Rickon Stark Riverlands traveller Robar Royce Robb Stark Robert Baratheon Robin Arryn Rodrik Cassel Rodrik Greyjoy " Rodrik Stark is an unseen character in Game of Thrones. He is dead by the time in which the show... Rodrik Stark Back 1 ... 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 ... 45 Next Subcategories Background Characters Cameo Characters Characters by region Characters by season Characters by status Legendary heroes Major Characters Mentioned Characters Back 1 2 Next


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Your Justice League Freakout Threat Level Update: Nolan In, Bale Out?
I'd say threat level: orange? Like a deep, Aquaman-style orange? Talk of a Justice League movie — the DC Comics universe's answer to Marvel's The Avengers, only populated with superheroes you heard of before 2008 — has been around in some form or another ever since the Batman movies were resurrected under Christopher Nolan. Now, with The Avengers making the kind of money that every studio salivates over, and with the Superman reboot Man of Steel gearing up for summer, the rumor mill is getting ever closer to that white column of smoke signaling that we have a new superhero franchise tentpole.
As with any fanboy-related news that hasn't officially broken yet, there are competing versions of what this announcement will be. Latino Review went live on Sunday with a report that Nolan and Zack Snyder (director of Man of Steel) will team up to produce Justice League, with Snyder possibly directing. Henry Cavill would be onboard to reprise Superman, of course, but LR's big scoop was that Christian Bale would return as Batman. It's that last part that has ComicBookMovie.com begging to differ. Their source says that Bale won't be back under the cowl after all, and that Warner Bros. is looking to "recast the character and go with a new story." There's also a dispute over whether Dark Knight scribe David Goyer will be writing the script.
Both versions of the story say that Warners and Nolan are keeping as tight a lid on things as possible, so as to delay the announcement of a Justice League film until after Man of Steel has opened on June 14. The advance word from the fanboy community is that Warners is majorly happy with Man of Steel, so obviously a big blockbuster return to form for America's signature superhero would be as good a springboard as any to launch a Justice League announcement. Why nobody is haggling over scoops about whether Ryan Reynolds will be back as Green Lantern is anybody's guess.
Joe Reid (@joereid) is a writer living in Hell's Kitchen, New York.
Filed Under: Christian Bale, Christopher Nolan, DC Comics, Movie News
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After holding a 12 point lead early in the game, Manteca High seemed to be cruising right along as they picked apart the Ceres Bulldogs with efficiency.
SONORA – The trip east did not go according to plan for the Weston Ranch boys basketball team, dropping its Valley Oak League contest with Sonora High 61-45 Wednesday.
Sierra High's sophomore basketball team jumped out on the visiting Lathrop Spartans and never relinquished, rolling to a 58-46 Valley Oak League win Wednesday.
Trevor Nogueira and Jerrod Patton picked a good time to have breakout performances for Sierra High's boys basketball team.
RIPON – Once the tempo reached warp speed the Escalon High boys basketball team had no idea Ripon High was prepared to keep pace, as the Indians found the up-tempo pace rewarding in a 67-52 Trans Valley League win Tuesday.
LATHROP - Lathrop High nearly made history Tuesday but couldn't pick up the school's first Valley Oak League varsity girls basketball victory in a 44-41 loss to rival Sierra.
SALIDA – The Ripon Christian varsity boys basketball team together a fight it can be proud of, but still came up on the short end of a 66-54 Trans Valley League contest against Modesto Christian Tuesday.
For the second time this Valley Oak League season the Sierra High sophomore boys basketball team gave the East Union Lancers a defeat in its 51-47 win over the Lancers Tuesday.
The parity in the Valley Oak League has made for an exciting season for boys and girls basketball, but it also has several teams scrapping for postseason berths according to the first release of the Sac-Joaquin Section's playoff power ratings.
It's all about control for East Union High's girls basketball team these days.
TURLOCK - East Union High's varsity wrestling team brought just four competitors at Pitman High's 5th Annual Rumble in the Jungle Saturday, but all four produced noteworthy results.
CERES - A loss at Central Valley would have been disastrous to the East Union boys basketball team's postseason hopes, and they were a few big plays, from emerging junior Robert Vaughn, away from letting that happen.
Alison Telles scored 16 of her 21 points to highlight East Union's 50-28 sophomore girls basketball victory at rival Sierra Monday.
LATHROP – By the time Lathrop High's girls varsity basketball team found a handle on its Valley Oak League contest with Oakdale High, the Mustangs were in the midst of an 18-2 run and easily on their way to a 51-28 win over the Spartans Saturday.
STOCKTON - The blond streak in Esteban Paramo's hair may have started as a personal statement of style, but it's come to symbolize something much bigger.
Sierra played perfect defense from the second minute to the 78th Monday against visiting East Union.
Brooke Riley shot an even-par 37 to lead East Union's 246-288 win over Manteca at Manteca Park Golf Course. Monday's win moves the Lancers to 5-0 in the Valley Oak League.
RIPON – After an explosive defensive Ripon Christian start left the visiting Orestimba Wildcats wearing roller-skates and its fleet-footed gunslinger struggling to breathe, the Southern League opener at Stouffer Field Friday night looked like an exercise in futility.
LATHROP - When the going got tough, Kristen Maestretti and the Sierra volleyball team got going Thursday in their Valley Oak League match at Lathrop.
East Union proved Thursday night that it can be a threat in the hunt for Sac-Joaquin Section playoff berths, dropping a well-contested four-game loss to visiting Kimball at Dalben Center.
Ripon High's boys water polo team is again short on numbers, and its top player has graduated after leading the program with his scoring prowess in its first four years of existence.
MARIPOSA - At 6-foot-5 with a super-stretch wingspan, Lukas Vermeulen cuts an imposing figure in the goal.
McKenna Doyle set the curve and the Sierra girls golf team followed suit in a 243-395 Valley Oak League victory over Weston Ranch.
Could a changing of the guard be in order in the Southern League?
STOCKTON - After a scoreless first half Weston Ranch hit two goals in a minute early in the second half and went on to a 3-1 Valley Oak League soccer win over visiting Lathrop.
East Union was 40 minutes away from securing a huge Valley Oak League victory on the road Wednesday against Oakdale.
Ripon ended its nonleague schedule strong, as it crushed visiting Tokay of Lodi 25-22, 25-14, 25-15 on Wednesday.
Brooke Riley carded a 1-under 36 on Manteca Park Golf Course's front nine to anchor East Union's tightly-contested 251-256 victory over visiting Kimball on Wednesday.
STOCKTON – One suffered a flat last week, stalling out in Modesto. The other has taken a while to warm up.


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FAITH Coalition hosts prayers , performances
Sunday kicks off Knoxville's FAITH Coalition's observance of the 2014 National Week of Prayer for the Healing of AIDS.
The coalition hopes to increase awareness of the AIDS epidemic and start a conversation about prevention, treatment and care.
The week begins with an Interfaith Prayer Vigil and Continuous Prayer Chain hosted by Clinton Chapel AME Zion Church, 546 College St., at 4 p.m. Sunday. Local faith leaders from diverse congregations will pray for courage and inspiration to respond to the HIV/AIDS epidemic with compassion. The Praise, Honor and Glory Choir will perform at this free event that is open to the public.
Then on Thursday evening, the coalition will present Jamar Rogers, former contestant on NBC's "The Voice," performing and speaking. "Lift Every Voice: Jamar Rogers on Faith, Hope and Facing AIDS" will be 7-9 p.m. at Cox Auditorium in Alumni Memorial Hall, 1408 Middle Drive, on the University of Tennessee campus. The free event includes a performance by the Love United Gospel Choir as well as free, confidential mouth-swab tests for HIV.
More than 900 Tennesseans became infected with HIV in 2012, according to the Tennessee Department of Health. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimates one in five Americans with HIV do not realize they are infected.
"Because of the stigma and silence surrounding HIV/AIDS, many people do not realize that the disease affects people right here in East Tennessee," said the Rev. John A. Butler, chair of the FAITH Coalition.
"This stigma inhibits some from getting tested, and those with the disease from seeking much-needed treatment and social support."
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