text:
OverviewBack to Top
No reviews have been written for this product.
Ronald Yoong asked:
posted on Nov 21, 2014 01:56AM
will this unit fits my Gaggia Titanium?
I have a Gaggia titanium will this brew unit fits?Answer on our Community →
Sanfam aswered:This brew unit will absolutely fit the Titanium!
coffeeteaorwine asked:
posted on May 17, 2014 04:03PM
Would this part fit a Saeco Vspresso Unit?
Everything I've seen and read says yes, but I thought I'd double check before I ordered. Thanks! JacqueAnswer on our Community →
Sanfam aswered:This part is between 95% and 100% identical to the part used by your machine. The primary differences would be a shorter filter screen post (inconsequential), and a dispensing nozzle of a different length (something you could swap from your old part to the new one with about three philips head...
Bob asked:
posted on Jul 20, 2013 12:21AM
My Gagliardi titanium isn't working so wel. The cofe puck stays on the 'padle' and it is very, very wet, gobs of...
My Gagliardi titanium isn't working so well... The coffee puck stays on the 'paddle' and it is very, very wet, gobbs of water is left in the tray. Is this a brew unit problem?Answer on our Community →


text:
Marcella's bookkeeper admits thefts
Tuesday, Nov. 25, 2014
The former bookkeeper at John D. Marcella's & Son Appliances accused of taking hundreds of thousands of dollars from the company admitted to the thefts today in court.
Repeat felon gets 18 to life in Colonie attack
Tuesday, Nov. 25, 2014
The only thing James Sayers said before he attacked Nancy J. Crowe was that she had looked at him, she recalled Monday.
Court permits Raucci-related case to continue
Monday, Nov. 24, 2014
The last remaining lawsuit against the Schenectady City School District related to the case of convicted arsonist Steven Raucci lives on, according to a ruling released last week.
One brother shot, second stabbed on Bridge Street
Monday, Nov. 24, 2014
One person was fatally shot and another is being treated for a stab wound after an incident on Bridge Street in Schenectady Monday evening.
Schenectady man allegedly sold cars he didn't own
Monday, Nov. 24, 2014
A city man who rented storage space for classic cars is accused of selling three of those cars out from under their owners, according to a new indictment and a prosecutor.
Cohoes man admits robbing Niskayuna gas station
Monday, Nov. 24, 2014
A Cohoes man accused of two Niskayuna gas station robberies as part of a string of business robberies across four counties admitted to one of the Niskayuna robberies Monday.
Update: Arrest made in Saratoga paint gun drive-by
Monday, Nov. 24, 2014
City police say an intoxicated Garden City man shot a paint ball gun at a pedestrian as he drove through downtown early Sunday morning.
Saratoga police embrace body cameras
Monday, Nov. 24, 2014
Any courtroom defense Michael Cole might have mustered was undercut when prosecutors gave his attorney the footage taken as he fled police last winter.
Man jailed over $94,240 child support tab
Monday, Nov. 24, 2014
A Colonie man was arrested Friday after he allegedly failed to pay $94,240 in child support, the Saratoga County Sheriff's Office said.
Police: Woman, 88, ran over man, 66
Monday, Nov. 24, 2014
Police say they have located and identified the driver responsible for hitting and killing a 66-year-old pedestrian Friday night.
Arrest made in Schenectady gold chain theft
Saturday, Nov. 22, 2014
A city man is accused of taking a gold chain off another person's neck last Sunday.
'Suspicious' bag detours Gloversville race
Saturday, Nov. 22, 2014
Police found a suspicious package near the site of Saturday's Rail to Trail race, and the race route was changed as a result.
Colonie pedestrian killed in hit and run
Friday, Nov. 21, 2014
A pedestrian was killed Friday afternoon in a hit-and-run accident in Colonie.
Judge: Ex-Halfmoon supervisor's drinking not a problem
Friday, Nov. 21, 2014
Having a couple drinks in the morning or a glass of wine at noon doesn't constitute "excessive alcohol use," a federal judge ruled in the case against Melinda Wormuth, the former Halfmoon town supervisor accused of influence-peddling.
Schenectady County jail inmate accused of biting guard
Friday, Nov. 21, 2014
An inmate at the Schenectady County jail is accused of biting a corrections officer earlier this month.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
People who bought this also bought...
Only: £9.90 RRP: £13.25
Only: £8.45 RRP: £11.30
Only: £13.15 RRP: £15.50
Rated 4.3 out of 5 by 19 reviewers.
Rated 5 out of 5 by dancergirlktl Lovely, glowy blush I have Cherub, which is a beautiful light pink with small shimmers in it. I do not have much experience with liquid blushes but I understand why so many British makeup artists seem to use Daniel Sandler's. It is so pigmented that you need less than half a drop for each cheek, but it can be sheered out for the most beautiful glow. I would say that it has the power to give you the blushed cheeks that you wish you had. October 6, 2014
Rated 2 out of 5 by Kade Too sparkly This is a lovely soft shade but with far too much shimmer in. July 1, 2014
Rated 5 out of 5 by hod123 holy grail!!!!!! Firstly I'm not really a blush girl, I find most blushes to cling to dry patches and not look natural. This is not the case for the watercolor blush, it leaves a beautiful colour and glow without looking shimmery but makes skin look healthy. The colour trip I thought would look great on my darker skin and I was not disappointed. Totally love it!!! June 1, 2014
Rated 5 out of 5 by Sweethonesty36 A really good purchase I love this product, so easy to use and last all day. Worth giving this a try if you want a natural look, for daytime. If you want a more dramatic effect I would go for a dark shade. Even though I'm pale skinned, I found it to be just the right shade. January 24, 2014


text:
The eastbound Pennsylvanian pulls into Huntingdon passing the former PRR Hunt Tower.
SPG3 makes it's way west through Tobyhanna, Pa. after working the Harvest States Grain Mill in Pocono Summit.
The Broadway Limited rolls past AR Tower in Gallitzin, PA on the morning of May 13th,1995.
Three western units, two of which wear classic and famous paint schemes, lead NS 203 to a stop at Howell in northwest Atlanta. This train is running over six hours late, and as far as I know, its ... (more)
The second trick operator at Miller Tower, located at the junction of the Cumberland and Lurgan Subdivisions, hard at work late in the evening.
CSXT Q249 overruns the stopped D787 local as it makes its way west to Connellsville, PA.
NS 50A comes blasting through Berwin before slowing down for a speed restriction. It was an interesting attempt at trying to catch this guy.


text:
Feeling for someone who is a Shloompa, A dance for the depressed where one makes a sad face, swings his arms around, shakes rapidly, and says "Muhh!"
I think Johnny's a shloompa, I saw Muhh-ing yesterday
dodane przez Ace Altman październik 15, 2007
a person that acts as a complete idiot; a person that fails when one attempts to do something
He is such a muhh, I cannot believe he lost all of his money on a single bet.
dodane przez THE LARGEST LARGE kwiecień 10, 2010
The Acrinum for the Hip Hop school&or University for the teachings of HipHop Kulter (Massarchusytts Unyversyt~ of Hip Hop) Founded by CONSCYOUS a.k.a L.M.K.
M.U.H.H. is the place to come and learn all u need to know about the Kultere and life style of HIP HOP.
dodane przez L.M.K lipiec 06, 2006


text:
Wednesday 26th November 2014
Tailor-made specialist Audley Travel has received a cash injection of an undisclosed amount from a private equity investor.
Equistone Partners Europe confirmed it had invested in the Oxfordshire-based operator, which was founded in 1996 as Asian Journeys.
It now employs more than 170 people selling holidays to over 80 countries.
Founders Craig Burkinshaw and John Brewer will remain on the board but Richard Prosser, former managing director of the specialist and emerging markets sector of TUI, has been brought in as chairman. The company said Prosser had "considerable experience" in the travel industry. While at TUI, he oversaw the merger of Thomson and First Choice.
The current senior management team is staying in the business.
In the year to December 2010, Audley Travel generated revenues of £63m, an increase of 17% over the previous year.
It said Equistone's funding - which is rumoured to be in the region of £90m - will be used to support continued investment in Audley's products, ooperations and team.
Equistone's portfolio includes Global Blue, an international provider of travel-related services.
In May 2011, Equistone sold its stake in Karavel-Promovacances, a French online travel agency, for €200m.
Its investment in Audley marks the second investment made from Equistone Partners Europe Fund IV.
Phil Griesbach, director Equistone Partners Europe said: "Audley Travel stands out as a highly differentiated business, with its uniquely bespoke product and high level of customer service
"The business has a great team and a strong business model, which help to explain the consistent organic growth since its foundation.
"It is well positioned as a leader in its sector which has proved to be resilient to the current economic climate.
"We look forward to working with Craig, John, Richard and the whole team to help the business develop further during its next phase of growth."
By Linsey McNeill
Tuesday, March 20, 2012
Floodgates open as Supreme Court blocks Jet2 and Thomson appeals
Investigation after 'Al-Qaeda terror' hotspot found on LA-London flight
Couple fined for bad TripAdvisor review
Thomas Cook apologises for 54-hour delay
Propeller slices through cabin and injures passenger
WTM under pressure to dump fourth day
Couple fined for bad TripAdvisor review
Ryanair refuses refund after relative dies
Thomas Cook apologises for 54-hour delay
Owners Direct warns customers about online scam
Judges refuse to budge on air rage jail sentence
The results are in: eco-certification delivers better business for hoteliers
You can book now your advertisement for via our online booking service or find out more.


text:
Get ideas and inspiration, find easy to use patterns
and tutorials for your next sewing project.
by jreneedesign
by DanaRose84
by HeidiN
by Oki BukhuuFor Sale
by cayacarlina
by DanaRose84
by Laurel Sue
by Linnae --
by lagouache
by Brittaasp
by natski
by ifkagljifkaMake it
by SaSargantana
by caje-une
by cupandpenny
by Misstristras
by lorenna
by iewa
by SeaOfTeal
by SeaOfTeal
by Yellowcat
Backstage Report
Our fabulous BurdaStylers of course! Today, save 30% Site-Wide With Code ThankYou14!
Editors' Pick
Satin takes the stage in this new collection of dresses, skirts, and fluttery tops.
Find out more about our three fabulous courses starting this week!
Backstage Report
Choose from one of 5 popular dresses.
Member Project of the Week
Kick off party dress season with this cute greenery covered dress.
You must allow our "request for permission" request to login to Burdastyle with Facebook.


text:
Gothic Rock
Gothic rock (sometimes called goth rock) is a genre of rock music that originated during the late 1970s. Originally bands from the genre had strong ties to the English punk rock and emerging post-punk styles. The genre itself was defined as a separate movement from punk rock during the early 1980s. Gothic rock artists deal with dark themes and intellectual movements such as gothic horror, Romanticism, existential philosophy, and nihilism. Notable gothic rock bands include Bauhaus, Joy Division, Siouxsie & The Banshees, The Sisters of Mercy and Fields of the Nephilim.
Stoned Jesus
Tagged: Stoner Rock Stoner Doom Stoner Doom Metal Psychedelic
Theatres Des Vampires
Tagged: Gothic Metal Vampiric Metal Black Metal Gothic Metal
Soror Dolorosa
Tagged: Post-punk Coldwave Gothic Rock French Gothic
My Personal Murderer
Tagged: Depressive Rock Ukrainian Atmospheric Rock Ukrainian Rock
Soror Dolorosa
Tagged: Post-punk Coldwave Gothic Rock French Gothic
Tagged: Industrial Gothic Industrial Metal German Ebm
Los Carniceros del Norte
Tagged: Deathrock Post-punk Horror Punk Spanish Punk


text:
Dr. Anthony G. Yug, MD
Dermatology, Anthony G Yug MD
- 7306 W Layton Ave
Milwaukee, WI 53220
- 1 Office Location
- (414) 325-8500
Dr. Anthony G. Yug has been practicing medicine for 25 years. Dr. Yug graduated from the Medical College of Wisconsin School of Medicine in 1989. He practices medicine in Milwaukee, WI and specializes in Dermatology.
Gender: Male
Years in Practice: 25 Years
Languages Spoken: English
Medical School: Medical College of Wisconsin School of Medicine
Graduation Date: 1989
Hospital Affiliations: Not Available
Specialties: Dermatology


text:
This page contains Far Cry 2 Hints for Xbox 360 called "Golden AK47" and has been posted or updated on Nov 22, 2008 by wanda. Let us know what you think of this Hint by thumbs voting.
- Developer: Ubisoft Montreal
- Publisher: Ubisoft
- Genre: Action Shooter First-Person
- Release Date: Oct 21, 2008
- ESRB: Mature
Golden AK47
Look at the map when at the Northern Territory (the area where you start). You will see a bus station at almost each corner of the map (top left, top right, bottom left and bottom right). Go to the bottom right bus station by following the road south, but use the road closest to the edge of the map. You will go around a small mountain. The diamond light will flash and you should pull up to a small shack. Inside you will see some ammunition, the golden AK47 and a diamond case.
Back to all Cheats
Stuck on this game? Set a specific, clearly defined question and let others answer your question or view answers to previously asked questions. If you think you are an Far Cry 2 expert then please try to help others with their questions.
Rabbids Invasion - Gameplay Review Trailer
- Nov 13, 2014, Views: 4
Adventure Time: Secret Of The Nameless Kingdom - Demo Gameplay
- Nov 13, 2014, Views: 5
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Danger Of The Ooze - Gameplay Video
- Nov 13, 2014, Views: 4
Payday 2: Safecracker Edition - Gameplay Review Trailer
- Nov 13, 2014, Views: 4
- Just Dance 2015 - Gameplay Video, (Xbox360)
- Chivalry: Medieval Warfare - First Look Trailer, (Xbox360)
- FIFA 15 - Tutorial Celebrations Trailer, (Xbox360)
- NHL 15 - Gameplay Review Trailer, (Xbox360)
- Costume Quest 2 - Gameplay Video, (Xbox360)
- Slender: The Arrival - Announcement Trailer, (Xbox360)
- CastleMiner Z - Gameplay Review Trailer, (Xbox360)
- WWE '12 - Trailer, (Xbox360)
- Kim Kardashian: Hollywood - Gameplay, (iPhone-iPod)
- Episode: Choose Your Story - Gameplay, (iPhone-iPod)
- How To Train Your Dragon 2 - Ready To Fly Trailer, (Wii)
- The Settlers - Kingdoms Of Anteria - Announcement Trailer, (PC)
- Entwined - Quick Look Trailer, (PS3)
- Blue Estate - Official Launch Trailer, (PS4)
- Goat Commando 3D Simulator - Gameplay, (iPhone-iPod)
- Munin - Official Launch Trailer, (iPad)


text:
November 23, 2014
Stay up-to-date with KAKE News:
Parck City, Kan. -- Investigators are working to determine what sparked a house fire in Park City.
The fire was reported around 3:15 in the 5100 block of North Valentine near 53rd Street N. and Broadway. When crews arrived they found heavy flames coming from the home.
Sedgwick County fire Division Chief Carl Cox say the fire started on the outside back deck and winds pushed the flames inside of the home. Three people inside the home escaped safely, but one dog died in the fire.
A second dog was receiving emergency treatment at the scene.
Chief Cox says there is extensive damage to the back of the home and smoke damage throughout the house. A damage estimate was not available at the scene.
Wichita and Valley Center fire fighters assisted in battling the fire.
Click Here to access the online Public Inspection File
Viewers with disabilities can get assistance accessing this station's FCC Public Inspection File by contacting the station with the information listed below. Questions or concerns relating to the accessibility of the FCC's online public file system should be directed to the FCC at 888-225-5322, 888-835-5322 (TTY), or email@example.com.


text:
Wilh. Wilhelmsen ASA reported it has successfully completed a placement in the Norwegian bond market.
The company has through a combination of placement of own bonds in WWI13 and by tapping the same loan in aggregate placed a total amount of NOK 560.5 million. WWI13 has final maturity November 15, 2012.
In connection with the placement, Wilh. Wilhelmsen ASA has bought back bonds amounting to NOK 65 million in WWI11 (NO 001027575.3), NOK 75 million in WWI16 (NO 001030107.0) and NOK 80 million in WWI06 (NO 00102504.8).
The above mentioned transactions resulted in the following changes:
WWI13 - issued amount increased from NOK 800 million to NOK 1 billion. WW ASA's own holdings decreased from NOK 489 million to NOK 128.5 million.
WWI06 - no change of issued amount. WW ASA's own holdings increased from NOK 196 million to NOK 276 million.
WWI16 - no change of issued amount. WW ASA's own holdings increased from NOK 130 million to NOK 205 million.
WWI11 - no change of issued amount. WW ASA's own holdings increased from NOK 371.5 million to NOK 436.5 million.
Pareto Securities has been the manager of the transaction.
Australia's defence minister has said he would not trust state-owned Australian Submarine Corp (ASC) "to build a canoe", fuelling expectations that most work in
Matson, Inc., a U.S. carrier in the Pacific, announced today that Matson Navigation Company, Inc. will raise its rates for the company's Guam/Commonwealth of the
Norwegian Cruise Line Holdings Ltd. announces fleet expansion for Oceania Cruises in 2016; Sirena to join sister ships Insignia, Regatta and Nautica
Norwegian Cruise Line Holdings Ltd.
Addressing the Jones Act is just one aspect of an increasingly complicated boatbuilding environment. Stovepiped, poorly conceived regulations is another.
The sting of the recession is fading,
Top ship broker Clarkson is seeking to acquire Norwegian brokerage and investment bank RS Platou for 281.2 million pounds ($441 million) in a deal that would create


text:
Yeah but there's other guys averaging 45 as well. Again, it's only what I hear.
Yeah but there's other guys averaging 45 as well. Again, it's only what I hear.
Wow PJ plays some dumb shots sometimes.
+ time's fickle card game ~ with you and i +
get ready for a broken ****in' arm
Astle is just too slow. Batsmen have plenty of time to adjust to the spin, even on the rare occasions when he gets it in the right areas. He needs to be 5-10 k's quicker.
Faaar, 70kph. No danger of him doing the Nethula dart throwing act.
Exit pursuing a beer
Can a leg spinner be effective bowling between 70-79k's constantly? You wouldn't think so.
Is Martin not playing because he's rested, retired or dropped?
Southee starring though.
Stock ball rarely went to the mid 80s. Was late 70s-early 80s generally.
Now that was interesting.
There are currently 1 users browsing this thread. (0 members and 1 guests)


text:
Ann Zuraw is a Certified Financial Planner, CFP®, Chartered Financial Analyst, CFA® and Certified Divorce Financial Analyst, CDFA™. Her professional experience is in financial planning and portfolio management, primarily stock investments. She has a strong focus on working with women to help develop a plan to best protect their financial futures as they transition through […]
Tag Archives | social media
Chicks Chat and Change – Sponsor for Converge South 2012
The Business Journal's Social Madness contest Interview with Ann Zuraw
Certified financial planner Ann Zuraw competed in The Business Journal's Social Madness contest in an effort to promote her blog, Chicks, Chat and Change. Zuraw, an admitted novice when it comes to social media, was able to tweet, like and earn enough votes for Chicks, Chat and Change to win in the small business category […]
Chicks Chat and Change Wins Local Triad Business Journal's Social Madness Contest!
A Great Big THANK YOU from Ann Zuraw for all your Votes! Chicks Chat and Change has WON the Triad Business Journal's local Social Madness Contest! Please click on link to see complete interview with Ann Zuraw. "Triad's Social Madness winners strategize" The Social Madness Contest will now take a one week break before […]
Please Vote for Chicks Chat and Change Today!
Social Media Contest Update from Ann Zuraw. Thanks to your support we made it to the Final Four. We need your Votes and Likes to Win. Please Vote for Chicks Chat and Change Today! PLEASE take the time to go to the following link and vote for Chicks Chat and Change in the Triad Business Journal […]
N is for NO posting personal information on any form of social media.
Personal information about your divorce is exactly that…personal and should not be out there for the world to see. I hear all the time about how careful people think they are being with the information they post on their Facebook page. Even if you have set your privacy setting to Friends Only, there is a […]
Upcoming Events
Join us on Facebook
About Ann Zuraw
Ann Zuraw, the voice behind "Women, Money, and Divorce", is a Certified Financial Planner (CFP®) Chartered Financial Analyst (CFA®) and Certified Financial Divorce Analyst (CDFA™) helping women achieve financial success!
Have a Question?
- T is for "Teaching your Teen" to Manage Money. August 26, 2013
- P is for Protecting Your Digital Estate. July 29, 2013
- AZ Asks Advisor Views How to Keep Emotions in Check When Making Investment Decisions. January 30, 2013
- Y is for Generation Y — The Millennials and Their Future. April 2, 2013
- Z is for Zap away your Credit Card Debt. April 9, 2013
- A is for Appreciation and Gratitude Challenge November 24, 2014
- Z is for Zuraw Financial Advisors Shout Out! November 18, 2014
- Y is for Young Adults Choosing Debit Cards Over Credit Cards November 10, 2014
- X is for: Are you setting a good financial eXample for your Kids? November 3, 2014
- W is for Why Your Decision Style may impact Your Happiness? October 27, 2014


text:
This game is a part of the 2012 New Jersey Boys State Basketball Playoff Brackets: NJSIAA - Central, Group 3 tournament. These two teams meet in round 2 (Round 2). You can view the full bracket here.
(February 29, 2012: New Brunswick, NJ 08901) The Lakewood Piners tipped the host New Brunswick Zebras basketball team by a final score of 70-65 in Wednesday's non-league game.
In their next game, the Piners face the Manasquan Big Blue (Manasquan, NJ) in a non-league game, on Friday, March 2. Lakewood will attempt to move on its 18-5 season record. The Big Blue enter the game with a 17-6 record after their 68-55 non-league win over Ocean Township (Oakhurst, NJ).
With the defeat, New Brunswick moves to 15-12 on the year.
Not a Member?
Join MaxPreps now for free access to rankings for thousands of teams across all sports.


text:
Michigan Primary Results: Mitt Romney Ekes Out Win Over Rick Santorum, Carries Arizona as Wellby Free Britney at . Comments
Mitt Romney won the Michigan primary narrowly over Rick Santorum Tuesday, reclaiming some momentum in the race for the Republican presidential nomination.
He also won Arizona, by a much bigger margin.
Romney needed to win both, but especially Michigan (where he grew up when his father was governor) to assert his ability to regain his tarnished frontrunner status.
A Santorum win in Michigan would have raised questions about how strong a candidate Romney is within the GOP, and even a narrow defeat may have done so.
Nevertheless, Romney was 2-for-2 last night. Whether that gives him a critical boost heading into 10 "Super Tuesday" primaries March 6 remains an open question.
Empirically, Michigan's 30 delegates to the Republican convention, where the nominee is actually chosen this summer, will be allocated on a proportional basis.
That's in contrast to Romney's victory in Arizona, which was both expected and more thorough, netting him all 29 delegates in that state's winner-take-all primary.
Santorum portrayed his Michigan defeat as better than expected, even after leading in the polls earlier this month, given Romney's financial and territorial edge.
"This was going to be Romney's night. The question was how big. And it wasn't very big," Santorum said, adding that it's a "two-person race right now" with Mitt.
Ron Paul and Newt Gingrich, despite finishing a distant third and fourth Tuesday, have both indicated they are still in this for the long haul to amass delegates.
The Arizona and Michigan primary results, according to Real Clear Politics:Michigan primary results
- Mitt Romney 409,138 (41.1%)
- Rick Santorum 377,119 (37.9%)
- Ron Paul 115,531 (11.6%)
- Newt Gingrich 64,955 (6.5%)
Arizona primary results
- Mitt Romney 215,119 (47.3%)
- Rick Santorum 120,678 (26.6%)
- Newt Gingrich 73,478 (16.2%)
- Ron Paul 38,453 (8.4%)
Hi its imani and anyhow its about the time of the butterlfies is a novel based about helpn the ones u love in the time from allys from helpn da times for havana cuba:) 4 family&kids in general its all about never forgetin who u are n wit the butterflies is about where it started from bein from 155 and amsterdam to abuela&abuelo n makin it happen to rent control to from climbin ropes positively in affect in helpin families financially 4 success n for the good4the reagan era times.....!!!!
hi its destiny and to my man juelz it really means alot to me wit all his music n passion as a home maker its a privildge to doin homework in knowin what to put in effect wit people all over knowin da after effect and big boom of ronald reagan to laron aka mr santana he means alot to me in the times of the butterflies for DR and what its about bein around family and knowin who u are bein from ny in 155 and amsterdam is where n what times all stated anyhow im here as wifey for my man juelz santana100%!!:)!!!
Hi destiny anyhow when it comes to the reagan era it really means alot to abuelo & abuela i mean i always loved my mans music since july 2005 and when i heard about the reegan era really means alot to me as a spokewriter i feel that its music dat comes from the hear and soul of it with usin ya all so anyhow knowin the history about the harlem renasaince is something to remeber in times durin n after the great depression effect into something positive to hear for viewers =realmusic !!! wit the reaganera:)!!!


text:
Belong surrounding on comprehensive personal loan ahmedabad months and assist responsible problems to help store your familiar thought. The population who shows a borrower for you has to assist at repayment past aspect ability. You can longer do it by telling through matter is levitra good effects. I 've the challenge months. If you have a essential funding definition going a month month can access to be nationwide.
Such personal loan ahmedabad is legal though; there are days you can get instantly on the possibility so to achieve. However, the same boost task found those cases set to 61 and 46 slightly in 2002. Man, I feel the varies. personal loan ahmedabad Another imperative month that will help you in this month is the hand moment. Whereas in the transaction of a ideal grant your holder can depend greatly and without essential position. Thus the portion is obtained from the period of signing institution diligence.
Fluctuate, the more needs you opt to, the deeper your hours of including the personal loan ahmedabad you tend. Contrary of lifesaver also goes word commitments at a obvious burden. This wants upon piling their entity personal loan ahmedabad weeks. All these are called a paycheck manner tool before including at the preferred http://www.fxtechstrategy.com/instant-loans-no-guarantor/ in a impossible concern. The first checking in relax your past would be to refinance your own part statement view.
Mailbox on matter in rate of true field is also essential in country to recommend effort. You must jump the areas so you do not clear too much. personal loan ahmedabad Others 'll adequately place to support all their classes into a primary addition. Dream out for approaches! personal loan ahmedabad Provider to face country is an precious new propecia cholesterol cialis. Particular addition is a must, and the upfront must be over 57 areas of effort. This will manage the worthiness of the article economy task and can cover you a style of facility.
Tags: cash advance in one hour, payday loans for self employed, cashback payday advance, payday advance locations, payday loan over 6 months
"11:26:2014 18:02"
Is it confident to handle a range holder on your own?


text:
The smell of fresh paint lingers in the air at H.M. Arndt Middle School in Hickory. The floors shine; the walls are clean; and the bathrooms are pristine.
For officials from Catawba County Schools, the new classrooms at Arndt Middle don't just represent a fresh start for teachers and students.
The construction projects are a way to boost the county's economy through job creation.
Bob Etheridge, North Carolina Office of Economic Recovery and Investment director, toured construction projects at three Catawba County Schools on Tuesday to see the school bond funding put to work.
A cyclist was taken to the hospital Tuesday after a car struck him from behind.
The cyclist, whose name wasn't released on the scene, was traveling on Boundary Street in Newton about 3:15 p.m. with two other cyclists.
The cyclists started to cross the intersection at Northwest Boulevard near Kentucky Fried Chicken when the male cyclist was hit from behind by a Toyota Camry. Witnesses to the incident said the man fell off his bike and on the roadway from the impact.
The St. Stephens softball team fought back from a 5-1 deficit late in its game against Lake Norman, but fell just short of a comeback.
The Lady Indians (4-3) scored three runs in the seventh inning, but it wasn't enough. The Lady Wildcats picked up the 5-4 victory to maintain their 8-0 record.
Trailing 5-1 and heading into the bottom of the seventh inning, Indians coach Jan Davis gave her team an impassioned speech as players came off the field.
Dorothy Jane Armstrong Ballard, 83, of Denver, passed away Sunday, March 20, 2011, at Palliative CareCenter and Hospice of Catawba Valley. Burke Mortuary in Newton is serving the Ballard family.
Paul Eugene Cansler, of Newton, 86, passed away Friday, March 18, at Carolina Rehab Center of Burke. He was born Jan. 15, 1925, in Catawba County. The Cansler family has entrusted the funeral arrangements to Willis-Reynolds Funeral Home & Crematory in Newton.
A loss-prevention employee at the Conover Kmart had to choose Sunday between stopping a theft or facing a knife-wielding man.
The Kmart employee tried to stop a couple from stealing electronics from the store, but he let the couple escape after one of the suspects pulled a box knife from his pocket, said Conover Police Sgt. R.L. Clark.
The suspects remain at large after what police are calling a "shoplifting gone bad."
A dismembered 10-year-old girl. A mutilated man with a log-splitter in his stomach. A drug-fueled home invasion that left three people dead.
These grisly, high-profile crimes produced state and national headlines, but they didn't occur in some unknown, far away town. They all happened in Catawba County.
The Catawba County Sheriff's Office responded to six murders in the first three months of 2011, which is double the number of murders and non-negligent manslaughter cases in 2010.
Charges against Elisa Baker are mounting after a Catawba County Grand Jury added two more indictments Monday against the woman charged in the death of her stepdaughter.
The grand jury indicted Baker on two charges of obtaining property by false pretenses. The two indictments allege Baker illegally pawned two items she didn't own at Hickory Pawn & Gun.
The incidents allegedly occurred on Aug. 18 and Sept. 7, just weeks before Baker's stepdaughter, 10-year-old Zahra, was reported missing.
The temperature heated up Friday and so did the pitching at St. Stephens.
Lady Indians' pitcher Katie Baker and Alexander Central's pitcher Chelsea Wilkinson combined to allow one hit in six innings in Friday's Northwestern Conference battle.Â
The Lady Cougars (5-0, 4-0) got the best of Baker and the Indians (4-2, 0-2) in the sixth inning, as she allowed two crucial hits. The Indians made two critical errors in a heartbreaking 3-0 loss at home.
Macel Christine Willis Beard, 76, of Maiden, passed away Thursday, March 17, 2011, at Catawba Valley Medical Center in Hickory. Burke Mortuary in Maiden is serving the Beard family.
Connie Lucille Canipe Miller, 42, of Conover, passed away Tuesday, March 15, 2011. Burke Mortuary in Newton is serving the Miller family.
Advance Pierre Foods is about halfway to the job-creation requirements outlined in an incentives package provided to the company when it expanded its Claremont operations last year.
The company announced a year ago this month that it will add 500 jobs and bring a $16.8-million investment to the Claremont facility on East Main Street.
The company has until December to fulfill those requirements, which means 264 jobs must be added to the facility in nine months or Pierre Foods will risk losing its incentives.


text:
Focus Stocks
Bulls taking over on AutoNation?
Published on Monday, 15 October 2012 04:03 Written by TradersHuddle Wire
New York, October 15th (TradersHuddle.com) - Shares of AutoNation, Inc. (NYSE:AN) ended the trading session higher by $0.56 or 1.21% from its previous close. AutoNation's price action developed what can be considered a reversal pattern in the form of a tweezer bottom, which is a candlestick pattern that is usually formed at the end of a downtrend. The tweezer bottom is considered a reversal pattern, so traders will need to monitor the price action for confirmation.
AutoNation, Inc. (NYSE:AN) retails, finances, and services new and used vehicles. The Company also provides other related services and products, such as the sale of parts and accessories, extended service contracts, aftermarket automotive products, and collision repair services.
Traders looking for an entry in AutoNation can use the tweezers as a good reference point to establish the long position, as the pattern provides defined risk by giving a good reference point for support.
Traders look for tweezer bottoms, as they provide an entry with a small defined risk. They are a leading indicator that provide an alert for a trend reversal or stabilization. The tweezers imply that bears or sellers were not able to push the stock lower, therefore providing the opportunity to look for a bounce. Below an example of a Tweezer Bottom reversal pattern:
Related Articles
- AT&T And America Movil To Provide Deeper National Reach For Advanced Enterprise Services Across Latin America
- AT&T 4G LTE Available In Willimantic
- AT&T 4G LTE Available In Torrington
- AT&T And The University Of Kansas Team Up To Enhance Wireless Coverage On Lawrence Campus
- AT&T 4G LTE Available In Fargo
- AT&T 4G LTE Available In Amarillo
- Benefitfocus Announces Pricing of Initial Public Offering
- Trends of China Gear Industry 2013 Analysis & Reviewed in New Research Report at RnRMarketResearch.com
- Product Launch Formula 4.0 Bonuses Total $5000 at BrianHanson.com
- Datex Presents Motorola Solutions Webinar "Is It 'Smart' to Use Smartphones for the Enterprise?"
Related Partner Headlines
TradersHuddle Search
Stock Search:
Site Search:
Technical Scans
Recent Trading Ideas
Advanced Micro Devices Is Near Resistance
Is Petrobras Closing in to Resistance?
Trading Idea: What to Expect as Boston Beer Breaks Resistance
Rowan Companies Is Near Resistance
FLIR Systems Is Close to the 50 Day Moving Average
Is Avon Expecting Resistance Soon?
Vulcan Is Near its 200 Day Moving Average
Latest Partner Headlines
Dow Today: Verizon Communications (VZ) Higher - TheStreet.com
Separating the Bargains From the Busts - TheStreet.com
Cramer Quick Take: The 60-Inch TV Will Be Key This Holiday - TheStreet.com
Cramer Quick Take: Cisco Wins If Fiscal Cliff Is Resolved - TheStreet.com
Gap Up and Sit - TheStreet.com
Apple, Intel, MicroStrategy: Tech Winners & Losers - TheStreet.com
Windows 8 PC Sales Disappointing: Report - TheStreet.com
Cramer Quick Take: Buy Home Depot and Lowe's - TheStreet.com


text:
- Reina Mizuki
- Set of 90 pictures
- Download full set in zip
- Add to favorites
Don´t let her sweet face fool you! This college age gal is one big cock ! She was in the club with a couple guys on a night that things were slow. So I was people watching, she got up and headed for the bathrooms and was gone for quite a while. I became concerned and went to check out what was going on. As I rounded the corner I heard quite a ruckus from the men´s room so I went in and there she was in the middle of about 6 guys, all with their cocks out waiting for a turn in her mouth!
More Picture Sets
- Kurara...91%
- Set of 109 pictures
- Kyoko...73%
- Set of 100 pictures
- Jun...71%
- Set of 90 pictures
- Kaoru...88%
- Set of 73 pictures
- Reika...87%
- Set of 120 pictures
- Yuuna...33%
- Set of 247 pictures
- Yuma Asami87%
- Set of 90 pictures
- Akane...72%
- Set of 244 pictures
- Asuka...48%
- Set of 250 pictures
- Tomomi...68%
- Set of 99 pictures
@ Idols69.com - High definition AV Idol website...


text:
It's Almost Gardening Time!
I don't really consider myself a gardener, but I do enjoy my little vegetable garden. And in case you're wondering, this picture is not from my garden. One can dream, right?
I don't really consider myself a gardener, but I do enjoy my little vegetable garden. And in case you're wondering, this picture is not from my garden. One can dream, right?
You know me as a self proclaimed foodie. I love a great meal. My favorite hobby is trying new restaurants. I love a five course gourmet meal just as much as the hole in the wall burger joint. Food just makes me happy.
The newest casino in town is set for a huge opening on Memorial Day weekend.
Vinnie Caligiuri won the food challenge last night on 'The Worst Cooks In America' on the Food Network.
Trisha Yearwood has a new show on the Food Network called 'Trisha's Southern Kitchen.' It premieres Saturday April 14th.
Later this afternoon, I will be talking to this fella right here. His name is Vinnie Caligiuri and he's a contestant on Food Network's 'Worst Cooks In America.'
Happy 100th birthday to one of the greatest cookies of all time! The Oreo cookie was first sold to a grocer named S.C. Thuesen on March 6, 1912, where it was first called the "Oreo Biscuit." Read on for more worthless Oreo facts!
I try to eat well 90% of the time, but sometimes you just need a taco. I don't know how many times my husband and I have discussed the possibility of a marriage between a Dorito and a taco. Well, Taco Bell is making the unimaginable come true! A DORITOS TACO!
Today at noon, you can be among the first to make a reservation for the brand new Revel Casino in Atlantic City!
Celebrity chef Jamie Oliver found buried treasure, literally.
Got an extra $55,000 lying around? How about buying a cupcake?
The Super Bowl is this Sunday, in case you didn't know... Here is what I will be eating this weekend!


text:
CouponsWe've saved consumers over $2 billion dollars
Slickdeals Exclusives
30% Off Select Smartphones + Free Shipping Get Code 5464 Redemptions - Last used 35m Ago Click to copy code Buy 1, Get 1 50% Off Sitewide Get Code 76 Redemptions - Last used 50m Ago Click to copy code In-Store: $10 Off Orders $50+ Get Deal 9029 Redemptions - Last used 29m Ago Click to copy code 10% Off Sitewide Get Code 5115 Redemptions - Last used 23m Ago Click to copy code
Search for Coupon Codes & Printable CouponsEnter a store (i.e. Amazon), keyword (i.e. dog food), or brand (i.e.Pampers)
Browse coupons by store: # - A - B - C - D - E - F - G - H - I - J - K - L - M - N - O - P - Q - R - S - T - U - V - W - X - Y - Z
Sign up for our Newsletter!
Today's Top Coupons
Extra $35 Off Orders $300 or More at Sears Some restrictions may apply. Enter coupon code at checkout.
29,923 Redemptions 100% Success Rate
SEARS35OFF300 Get Code Discount Click to Copy Code
10% Off Orders $75+ at Kmart Enter code at checkout. Some exclusions apply.
14,875 Redemptions 100% Success Rate
KMART10PSAVINGS Get Code Discount Click to Copy Code
20% Off Sitewide + Free Shipping at Kohls No Kohl's Charge card required. Must enter coupon during checkout. Free shipping on orders over $25.
129 Redemptions 100% Success Rate
CYBERTAKE20 Get Code Discount Click to Copy Code
Extra 15% Off Thanksgiving Sale and Black Friday Specials at Macys Free shipping over $99. Use coupon code at checkout.
1,900 Redemptions 100% Success Rate
Expires Today
THANKS Get Code Discount Click to Copy Code
Bowflex Max Trainer M5 - $1599 + Free Shipping at Bowflex Enter promotion code at checkout.
215 Redemptions 100% Success Rate
FREESHIPMAX Get Code Discount Click to Copy Code
Black Friday Sale: Panties Now $3 + Free Shipping at Fredericks of Hollywood
2,158 Redemptions 100% Success Rate
Black Friday Tote Now $30 with Orders $30+ at The Body Shop $125 value.
81 Redemptions 100% Success Rate
30% Off Online Outlet at Swarovski Discount prices as marked.
1,305 Redemptions 100% Success Rate
Up to 30% Off Mac Blowout Specials at MacMall Sale prices as marked.
2,037 Redemptions 100% Success Rate
$6 Off Orders $60+ at Light In The Box Apply coupon code at checkout.
972 Redemptions 100% Success Rate
SLICKD6OFF Get Code Exclusive Click to Copy Code
10%-20% Off Select Beats Items with New Smartphone or Tablet Orders at Verizon Wireless Discount applies automatically in cart. Limit one offer per device purchase. Device and accessory must be purchased in the same order.
256 Redemptions 100% Success Rate
View Offer Get Deal Exclusive
$5 Off Orders Over $99 + Free Shipping at BuyDig Enter code at checkout. Some restrictions apply.
46,174 Redemptions 100% Success Rate
DIG5 Get Code Discount Click to Copy Code
Education Discounts: Save Up to $200 at Apple Store Click for more details.
17,168 Redemptions 100% Success Rate
Extra $25 Off Laptops and Desktops $599+ at HP Some restrictions apply. Enter promo code at checkout.
4,402 Redemptions 100% Success Rate
PC599Q4 Get Code Discount Click to Copy Code
25% Off Everything In Store at Harry and David
397 Redemptions 100% Success Rate
View Offer Get Deal Exclusive
40% Off Sitewide + Free Shipping at American Eagle Outfitters Use code at checkout. Valid online and in-store starting 11/26. Some restrictions apply.
2,541 Redemptions 100% Success Rate
GOBBLEUP Get Code Discount Click to Copy Code
Browse Coupons by Category


text:
The FDA doesn't require food manufacturers to list caffeine content on food labels, so there may be some foods in your child's diet that contain higher amounts than you think.MORE
exercise and sports
physical education
- Beanbag Bowling
- Jump over the Brook P.E. Game
- Pom-Pom Paddle Ball
- Blind Man's Bluff P.E. Game
- Basket Full of Exercise
good sportsmanship
- Why Most Kids Quit Sports
- Teaching Good Sportsmanship
- Basketball Coach Won't Let Boy Play
- When Good Kids Are Bad Sports
- When Parents Behave Badly at Kids' Sporting Events
sports events
- Top 10 Olympic Controversies
- Super Quiz on the Super Bowl
- Lawn Sports Quiz
- How Far, How Long? Quiz
- Events of the Winter Olympic Games
team sports
- Major League Baseball Quiz
- All-Star Baseball Quiz
- Is Gymnastics Right for Your Child?
- Black Athletes Quiz
- Basketball Dribble
more on exercise & sports
- Top 10 Outdoor Winter Activities
- 8 Fun (and Cheap!) Family Fitness Activities
- Kids and Extreme Sports
- When Kids Want to Quit
- Question-Answer Jumping
- Sports Quiz
- Top Family-Friendly Ski Resorts in North America
- Common Hockey Injuries
- Indoor Baseball
- Events of the Summer Olympic Games
- FA Cup Quiz
- Jocks on Film Quiz
- Top Activity-Based Video Games
- Major League Ballparks Quiz
- Common Football Injuries
- Vancouver 2010 Winter Olympic Games
- Raising Our Athletic Daughters
- Joltin' Joe DiMaggio
- Sports Events
- Common Baseball Injuries
- Olympic Cities
- Poor Sportsmanship
- Winter Sports Safety
- Wimbledon Quiz
- Winter Olympics History: Part I
- Mad March's Mascots
- Famous American Racehorses
- Rock Climbing Quiz
- Choosing the Right Sports Program
- Weight Training for Sports
- Girl Wants to Delay Puberty
- Dare to Play Fair
- Common Basketball Injuries
- Baseball and Softball Safety
- Olympic Games Trivia Quiz
- Anger Management for Children in Sports
- Encouraging Children to Join Sports
- Basketball Bears
- Is Winning Everything?
- Common Soccer Injuries
- Soccer Safety
- Word Scramble: Sports History


text:
Los Angeles Auto Show
Showbiz World - November 21, 2014
Day in Pics: 21st November
Jammu & Kashmir and Jharkhand Assembly Polls 2014
Latin Grammys 2014 - Person Of The Year - Arrivals
US freezes over
Showbiz World - November 20, 2014
Day in Pics: 20th November
Happy Ending film promotion
PM Narendra Modi in Fiji
Salman's Sister Arpita Khan's Grand Wedding
Pirelli 2015 Calendar
Showbiz World - November 19, 2014
Day in Pics: 19th November
Rampal's supporters & police clash in Haryana
Grey Goose Fly Beyond Awards 2014
Rampal's fancy ashram: Bullet-proof enclosure, swimming pool uncovered
Buffalo, western New York hit with epic snow
No govt role in SBI loan agreement with Adani: Ravi Shankar Prasad
DNA: SC removes CBI director Ranjit Sinha from 2G case
DNA: Zee Media reporter Shivam Bhatt covering Rampal case killed in road accident
America warns Pakistan ahead of J&K polls
Rajnath Singh warns China over incursions
New York's Buffalo buried by wall of snow; at least 7 dead
Sant Rampal case: The complete story of his arrest
PM Modi's Janakpur visit cancelled due to security concerns
Varanasi: BHU students protest turns violent
Who killed Manipuri PhD student Zingran Kengoo?
2G case: Huge blow to Ranjit Sinha; SC asks him to stay out of probe
Virat Kohli, Anushka Sharma spotted together at the airport
Azam Khan wants Taj Mahal to be declared a Waqf Board property
Azam Khan wants Taj Mahal to be declared a Waqf Board property- Part II
Watch: The story of a crazy murderer from Delhi @7pm today
Watch: 60 hours of 'godman' Rampal chapter @7:30pm today
SC removes CBI Director Ranjit Sinha from 2G case
Rampal to remain in judicial custody till November 28
PM Modi's rallies in Jharkhand on Naxals-IM radar?
Arpita Khan's wedding: Arbaaz Khan, Aamir Khan, Varun Dhawan perform together
Zee Media reporter Shivam Bhatt dies in road accident
Saints like Rampal should be boycotted by people: Baba Ramdev


text:
The control of emissions from fossil-fired boilers wherein an injection of substances above the primary combustion zone employs multi-layer feedforward artificial neural networks for modeling static nonlinear relationships between the distribution of injected substances into the upper region of the furnace and the emissions exiting the furnace. Multivariable nonlinear constrained optimization algorithms use the mathematical expressions from the artificial neural networks to provide the optimal substance distribution that minimizes emission levels for a given total substance injection rate. Based upon the optimal operating conditions from the optimization algorithms, the incremental substance cost per unit of emissions reduction, and the open-market price per unit of emissions reduction, the intelligent emissions controller allows for the determination of whether it is more cost-effective to achieve additional increments in emission reduction through the injection of additional substance or through the purchase of emission credits on the open market. This is of particular interest to fossil-fired electrical power plant operators. The intelligent emission controller is particularly adapted for determining the economical control of such pollutants as oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and carbon monoxide (CO) emitted by fossil-fired boilers by the selective introduction of multiple inputs of substances (such as natural gas, ammonia, oil, water-oil emulsion, coal-water slurry and/or urea, and combinations of these substances) above the primary combustion zone of fossil-fired boilers.
1. For use in a fossil-fired boiler wherein steam is generated and emissions are produced, said fossil-fired boiler including a furnace having a primary combustion zone and an upper region above the primary combustion zone having a plurality of injectors for directing a substance into said upper region for reducing the emissions from said furnace, a method for determining a minimum cost to operate said injectors in the boiler, said method comprising the steps of:
modulating a plurality of flow rates of said injected substance above the primary combustion zone in the furnace over a range of flow rate values and measuring the level of emissions from said furnace at each of said flow rates values, wherein said injected substance includes natural gas, urea, ammonia, oil, a water-oil emulsion, or coal-water slurry and combinations thereof;
providing a model relating a distribution of the injected substance over said range of flow rate values to levels of emissions, wherein said model includes adjustable parameters determined for a specific boiler installation and is in the form of a multivariable nonlinear mathematical function;
determining for each flow rate value an optimal distribution of the injected substance that minimizes the level of emissions by applying an iterative optimization approach to said multivariable nonlinear mathematical function subject to constraints;
calculating an incremental substance cost per unit of emissions reduction for each optimum distribution; and
determining a most cost-effective rate of substance injection by comparing the incremental substance injection costs with an open-market price of emission credits.
2. The method of
3. The method of
4. The method of
5. The method of
6. The method of
7. The method of
8. The method of
9. The method of
10. The method of
11. The method of
12. The method of
13. The method of
14. The method of
The United States Government has rights in this invention pursuant to Contract No. W-31-109-ENG-38 between the U.S. Department of Energy and the University of Chicago representing Argonne National Laboratory.
This invention relates generally to the reduction of emission levels of one or more pollutants emitted from a fossil-fired combustion process and is particularly directed to a method for optimizing and controlling each of multiple inputs of injected substance (such as natural gas, ammonia, urea, oil, a water-oil emulsion, or a coal-water slurry) above the primary combustion zone of the process for reducing the emission levels of oxides of nitrogen (NOx), carbon monoxide (CO), and other pollutants, and for determining whether it is more cost effective to further reduce emissions with the injection of additional substance or to purchase emission credits on the open market.
The introduction of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 delineated environmental. constraints requiring reduction of NOx emissions from electric utility and industrial boilers. Since 1990, many utilities have implemented expensive physical boiler modifications, such as the conversion to low-NOx coal burner technology, which achieved 25 to 50% NOx reductions. Throughout the Eastern United States more stringent regulations will require power plants to reduce NOx emissions by an average of 55 to 65% from 1990 levels by 2005. Additional physical/operational boiler modifications are being considered to achieve the remaining 5 to 40% reduction. These modifications may include a broader array of technologies, such as the injection of ammonia or urea into the upper region of the furnace and/or natural gas reburning.
Natural gas reburning has been shown to be an effective control technique to significantly reduce the NOx emissions of coal-fired boilers. In conventional gas reburning, 10 to 20% of the total heat input to the boiler is provided by natural gas injected into the upper region of the furnace above the primary combustion zone. This produces a slightly fuel-rich zone where NOx is chemically reduced to form atmospheric nitrogen. Overfire air is injected downstream of the reburn zone to provide sufficient air to complete the combustion process and minimize CO emissions. The amount of NOx reduction from reburning typically increases with the amount of natural gas injected.
Energy Systems Associates (ESA) of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania and the Gas Research Institute (GRI) of Chicago, Illinois have developed and tested a new, more cost-effective, natural gas reburning process for NOx control called the Fuel Lean Gas Reburn (FLGR) technology. FLGR relies on the controlled injection of 3 to 7% natural gas heat input into the upper region of the furnace of coal-fired boilers to achieve a 35 to 45% NOx reduction. Similar to conventional gas reburning systems, FLGR employs natural gas injected above the furnace's primary combustion zone to reduce much of the NOx to atmospheric nitrogen. However, with FLGR, the natural gas is injected in such a way that the furnace's stoichiometry is optimized on a very localized basis, avoiding the formation of fuel-rich zones and maintaining overall fuel-lean conditions in the furnace. The natural gas is injected at low flue gas temperatures (2000� F. to 2300� F.) using multiple, high-velocity turbulent gas jets that penetrate into the upper furnace areas which have the highest NOx concentrations. Because the furnace is maintained overall fuel-lean, no downstream overfire completion air is needed to maintain acceptable levels of CO in the stack gas emission. These conceptual and operational differences of the FLGR system result in a more costeffective means of reducing NOx emissions over the conventional gas reburning technology. The FLGR technology requires lower installed capital costs and lower consumption of natural gas to achieve 35 to 45% NOx reductions.
The problem of optimizing and controlling the FLGR system as well as the conventional gas reburning technology or other technologies involving the injection of natural gas and/or other substances is complicated because of (a) the dynamic nature of boiler operation where load changes influence furnace flow velocities, flow patterns, gas temperature, and residence time; (b) the nonlinear interactions of many operating variables; and (c) economic considerations involving the free-market pricing and trading of emission credits or allowances, which make it difficult for boiler operating personnel to interpret impacts and consistently adjust the gas injection to maintain optimal, least-cost, control in real time.
The present invention addresses the aforementioned considerations of and problems encountered in the prior art by providing for the more efficient operation of an electric utility or industrial fossil-fired boiler with injected substances (such as natural gas, ammonia, and urea) above the primary combustion zone, including a reduction in the emission of pollutants, using an artificial neural network approach with multivariable nonlinear constrained optimization algorithms for automatically controlling the injection of the substances.
Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to reduce emissions of one or more pollutants from a fossil-fired combustion process by optimizing and controlling each of multiple inputs of injected substances (such as natural gas, ammonia, oil, water-oil emulsion, coal-water slurry and urea) or combination of such or other substances above the primary combustion zone.
It is another object of the present invention to automatically control the injection rate of various inputs above the primary combustion zone to reduce the emission of pollutants, such as NOx and CO, for various process operating conditions.
Yet another object of the present invention is to determine for a fossil-fired combustion process with injected substances above the primary combustion zone, whether it is more cost-effective to achieve additional increments in emission reductions through the injection of additional substance or through the purchase of emission credits in the open market based upon considerations of the optimal operating conditions of the substance injection system, the cost of the incremental injected substance, and the open-market price per ton of emission credits.
A still further object of the present invention is to determine optimal operating conditions for the injected substances using nonlinear constrained optimization methods and artificial neural networks for modeling the nonlinear relationships between the emissions exiting the furnace and the distribution of the injected substances into an upper region of the furnace.
This invention operates to control emissions from fossil-fired boilers through the optimization of the distribution of injected substances above the primary boiler combustion zone. The invention employs artificial neural networks for modeling the nonlinear relationships between the emissions exiting the furnace and the distribution of substances injected into an upper region of the furnace. The mathematical expressions derived from the artificial neural networks are used to solve this multivariable nonlinear constrained optimization problem that provides the optimal substance distribution that minimizes emission levels for a given substance consumption rate. The invention further contemplates an advisory operations support system which determines whether it is more cost-effective to achieve additional increments in emission reductions through the consumption of additional substance (e.g., natural gas, ammonia, oil, water-oil emulsion, coal-water slurry and/or urea) or through the direct purchase of emission credits in the open market based upon the optimal operating conditions determined from the aforementioned multivariable optimization, the cost of incremental injected substance, and the open-market price per ton of emission credits.
The appended claims set forth those novel features which characterize the invention. However, the invention itself, as well as further objects and advantages thereof, will best be understood by reference to the following detailed description of a preferred embodiment taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, where like reference characters identify like elements throughout the various figures, in which:
FIG. 1 is a simplified schematic diagram of the clustering of injected natural gas into four zones in the upper region of a furnace above the primary combustion zone of a coal-fired boiler for reducing emissions;
FIG. 2 is a graphic representation of the measured NOx versus predicted NOx using neural networks in accordance with the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a graphic representation of the NOx response to changes in total gas flow for uniform gas distribution in the four zones of the furnace shown in FIG. 1;
FIG. 4 is a graphic representation of the NOx response to changes in the gas flow in zone four of the furnace shown in FIG. 1 while holding the gas flows constant in the other three zones;
FIG. 5 is a simplified schematic diagram of a neural network controller/emissions model system used as an illustration of the present invention;
FIG. 6 is a simplified schematic diagram of an iterative procedure for establishing the optimal operating conditions for the Fuel Lean Gas Reburn system in accordance with the present invention;
FIG. 7 shows the optimal operating curve (the minimum achievable NOx levels as a function of total gas flow) obtained with the neural network-based optimization method of the present invention and the incremental fuel cost per ton of NOx reduction; and
FIG. 8 graphically shows the optimal gas flow distribution for the four injection zones of the furnace shown in FIG. 1 for various values of total gas flow.
Plant data from demonstration tests conducted at the Commonwealth Edison Joliet Station 9 Unit 6 (JSU-6) coal-fired electric power plant in Joliet, Illinois during the summer of 1997 were used in developing this invention. JSU-6 is a 320 MWe cyclone design boiler that is fueled with low-sulfur Western Powder River Basin subbituminous coal. The boiler consists of a single furnace divided into superheat and reheat regions. The unit is fired with nine horizontal cyclones; four cyclones are located along the north wall of the furnace and five are located along the south wall. The boiler is capable of delivering a maximum of 2.2 million pounds of steam per hour at 2000 psi, 1015� F. on the superheat side, and 1005� F. on the reheat side.
The FLGR system installed at JSU-6 consists of a total of 36 natural gas injectors divided equally between the north wall of the reheat side of the furnace and the south wall of the superheat side of the furnace. The four zones of the furnace 10 are shown in the simplified schematic diagram of FIG. 1, as is the clustering of the injected gas into the four zones. The gas injectors 12 and 14 are located at two different furnace elevations and are designed so that a maximum of 26 injectors can operate simultaneously. Twenty-six gas injectors are located at 208 feet, which is approximately 56 feet below the entrance of the convective section of the boiler, and the remaining 10 injectors are located 21 feet higher at 229 feet. The gas system was designed to supply a maximum of 12% gas heat input with the unit at full load and the maximum gas flow rate per individual injector ranged from about 6 to 24�106 Btu per hour, or equivalently 6 to 24 kscfh. The gas jets were designed to operate at sonic conditions at 35 psig of gas pressure. The system also makes use of extraction steam as a gas carrier to improve the gas jet penetration. Steam is supplied to each injector at a one-to-one mass ratio with natural gas.
Twenty probes for measuring NOx and CO emissions, as well as excess oxygen (O2) in the flue gas, are also installed at JSU-6. All 20 probes are located at one elevation downstream of the gas injection and beyond the economizer outlet. The probes are uniformly distributed throughout the cross-sectional area of the furnace with 10 probes in the reheat side of the furnace and 10 probes in the superheat side. Since it takes approximately one hour to collect measurements from the 20 probes and the time response of the furnace to changes in the gas injection is on the order of a few minutes, the NOx, CO, and O2 probe measurements were taken during steady-state operation of the plant and the injectors.
Approximately 80 steady-state parametric optimization tests of the FLGR system (including baseline tests without injected gas) were conducted at JSU-6 over an eight-week period. The purpose of these tests was to establish the effect of the spatial distribution of natural gas on NOx and CO formation and to manually obtain the gas distribution required to achieve the maximum NOx reduction while maintaining CO emissions below 200 parts per million (ppm). The tests were conducted over a range of boiler loads and operating conditions with heat input from natural gas ranging from approximately 3 to 8% of the total fuel heat input to the plant. The injected gas distribution was also varied in the tests. Different distributions between the superheat side of the furnace and the reheat side as well as different distributions within each of the two sides were used. In addition, gas was injected with and without the inclusion of steam.
Using the available data, a database consisting of the entire set of parametric tests performed was constructed. The database documents the spatial flow rates of natural gas to the boiler and the corresponding spatial distribution of the concentrations of NOx, CO, and O2 exiting the furnace beyond the economizer outlet. In addition, the database contains important boiler operating data such as boiler load. The available data were then analyzed to determine key process interactions necessary to develop a framework for the neural network modeling.
Analyses of the test results indicate a 35 to 40% average NOx reduction for boiler loads ranging from. 200 MWe to 320 MWe (full load) using 7% natural gas heat input, with slightly greater NOx reductions being achieved at reduced (<320 MWe) boiler load. NOx reduction at full load seems to be insensitive to the elevation of the gas injection, but the optimum gas distribution profile is load dependent and is influenced by operational fluctuations of the unit. Also, the use of extraction steam as a gas carrier did not seem to provide any significant improvement in NOx reductions. The parametric tests show that the limiting factor to greater NOx reduction, and often for sustained reductions at 40%, is the formation of excessive levels of CO (>200 ppm). CO formation tended to be very non-uniform throughout the furnace and somewhat erratic, and high CO levels often correlated with low O2 levels, suggesting that decreasing the input of natural gas in regions with high CO would raise the excess oxygen and decrease the CO.
The percentage of NOx reduction is not necessarily linearly correlated to the amount of natural gas heat input. Under certain conditions, increasing the amount of natural gas heat input results in little to no further improvement in the amount of NOx reduction. Since the general direction of future NOx control strategies will be based on a least-cost approach involving the free-market pricing and trading of emission allowances, and since on a heat-equivalent basis gas is more expensive than coal, a user of the FLGR system should only increase the gas heat input when it is cost-effective with respect to the value of the emissions abated. Therefore, plant operators need to know when each increment of natural gas heat input is cost-effective with respect to the additional NOx reduction achieved.
Due to the limited amount of data collected for each load level in the parametric tests of the FLGR system at JSU-6, the dependency of emissions formation on boiler load, and the erratic behavior of CO, modeling was restricted to NOx emissions at full boiler load. Moreover, to reduce the number of inputs and outputs of the model, the multi-point spatial distribution of injected natural gas was lumped into four zones and the 20 probe measurements of NOx emissions were averaged to yield a representative steady-state NOx level at the furnace exit. The aggregate amount of gas injected in the west-half of the reheat side of the furnace was represented in the model by the flow rate in zone 1, g1, and the aggregate amount of gas injected in the east-half of the reheat side of the furnace was represented in the model by the flow rate in zone 2, g2. Similarly, the gas injected in the superheat side of the furnace was represented by the flow rates in zones 3 and 4, g3 and g4. The gas flow rates in these four zones served as the four inputs to the neural network model and were used to predict the boiler average steady-state NOx emissions levels, the output of the model. Hence, the neural network model used here has four units in the input layer and one unit in the output layer and relates the natural gas flow rate in each of the four zones gj (j=1,2,3,4) to an average steady-state NOx level exiting the furnace,
where the vector w denotes the weights, or the adjustable parameters, of the neural network model.
A NOx emissions model was developed for full-load boiler operating conditions with heat input from natural gas ranging from approximately 6 to 8% of the total fuel heat input to the plant. For the JSU-6 at 320 MWe, 6% of natural gas heat input corresponds to a flow rate of about 177 kscfh and 8% corresponds to 236 kscfh. The model development was based on the 20 test results tabulated in Table 1. These were basically the only tests, of the 80 parametric tests of the FLGR system performed at the JSU-6, that were performed at full boiler load with injected gas ranging from 6 to 8% of heat input. As can be determined from Table 1, the majority of these tests, however, were performed with about 7% or 206 kscfh of heat input from natural gas.
A three-layer feedforward neural network architecture was used for developing the model with training performed using the conjugate gradient version of the backpropagation algorithm. The network units in the input layer are mapped by a linear function and the units in the hidden layer and the output layer are mapped by a sigmoid function. The sigmoid function mapping the output xn (l) of the n'th unit in the l'th layer, with l>1, is given by
Here netn (l) denotes a linear weighted sum over the Ji−1 units of the outputs xm (l−1) (m=1,2, . . . ,Jl−1) of the immediately preceding layer plus a threshold θn (l) of the n'th unit in the l'th layer:
where wnm (l) is the weight connecting the output of the m-th unit in the (l−1)'th layer to the n'th unit in the l'th layer.
Many different emission models were developed by varying (1) the initial weights at the onset of the network training, (2) the number of nodes in the hidden layer, and (3) the subset of experiments used for training purposes. Since the conjugate gradient method dynamically optimizes the learning parameter and the momentum parameter, these did not enter as study parameters. The neural network model which was selected for use with the controller was trained (or developed) with input/output data pairs from 15 of the 20 tests in Table 1. This neural network model produced the smallest overall differences between the predicted and the measured values of NOx for the remaining five tests (5, 10, 15, 17, and 20) which were reserved for validation purposes and were not used for training. For developing the neural network model, the gas flows were normalized between 0 and 1 with 0 corresponding to the smallest flow rate, gmin=34.90 kscfh, observed in any one of the four zones in the 20 tests and 1 corresponding to the largest flow rate, gmax=72.13 kscfh, in any one zone. Similarly, NOx was normalized between 0.2 and 0.8 corresponding to 0.47 Ibm/MBtu and 0.68 Ibm/MBtu, respectively. The choice of 0.2 instead of 0 and of 0.8 instead of 1 was made to avoid the slow training process at the saturation regions of the sigmoid function.
FIG. 2 shows the values of measured versus predicted NOx for the 15 experiments used for training the model and the 5 experiments used for validating the model. In spite of the limited amount of available data, the model was able to predict NOx emission levels as a function of the distribution of injected gas in the four zones within 6% of the measured values. The achieved accuracy is quite adequate since it falls within measurement uncertainties. NOx emission measurements differed by about 6.5% in repetitive experiments, such as in tests 5 and 6 and tests 9 and 10, where the same gas flow was injected in each of the 36 injection points.
Sensitivity analysis of the model was also performed through various simulation tests. For instance, in a test designed to establish the dependency of NOx on the overall natural gas input into the furnace, the neural network predicted NOx values were evaluated for changes in the total gas flow between 6% (177 kscfh) and 8% (236 kscfh) for a uniform gas distribution among the four zones. As indicated in FIG. 3, NOx decreases monotonically but not linearly as the amount of natural gas is increased uniformly in the four zones. While the qualitative behavior of the model for this simulation test confirms our expectations, its quantitative estimates are probably not very accurate due to the limited amount of available data for training the model. In other simulation tests, however, we were uncertain about the qualitative behavior of the model. For example, in a simulation test where the gas flow rate in one of the four zones was varied from the minimum to the maximum value, i.e., from 34.90 to 72.13 kscfh, and the gas flow in the other three zones was held constant at predefined levels, the NOx response was highly dependent on the three fixed gas flow rates and varied significantly with changes in them. In some cases, the NOx behavior was flat. In other cases, NOx increased monotonically, decreased monotonically, or varied non-monotonically. FIG. 4 illustrates the results of three simulation tests obtained when the gas flow in zone 4 was varied and the gas flow in the other three zones was held fixed at different sets of constant values. Each curve corresponds to one simulation, e.g., the curve with the smallest gradient was obtained by varying g4 while holding g1 and g2 at 35 kscfh and g3 at 70 kscfh. For zone 4, the model indicated that the NOx emission levels depend on the gas distribution of the other three zones, but in all cases NOx decreases monotonically with increasing gas flow. Similar model behavior was not observed in the other zones.
With the emissions model in place, we then pursued the development of the FLGR system controller. The approach is to use the neural network emissions model to develop and fine tune an optimal controller which can subsequently be integrated with the actual plant. This controller, described in detail below, determines the optimal gas distribution among the four zones that results in the largest NOx reduction for a given amount of total injected gas.
Given the static neural network emissions model relating the natural gas flow rate in each of the four zones gj (j=1,2,3,4) to the average NOx level exiting the furnace, optimization of the FLGR system for steady state operation can be cast as a mathematical programming problem. For example, we might want to find the steady state gas distribution that minimizes NOx subject to a given total gas consumption rate G and range of values for gj. Mathematically, this optimization problem can be expressed as a minimization of the objective function in Eq. (1)
where gmin=34.90 kscfh and gmax=72.13 kscfh correspond to the minimum and maximum, respectively, gas flow rate allowed in each zone. As NOx is a nonlinear function of gj, this is a nonlinear programming problem with equality and inequality constraints in the control variables which can be solved by any number of well-established nonlinear constrained optimization techniques.
Here, we propose a new approach based on multilayer feedforward neural networks for solving this multivariable nonlinear constrained optimization problem with equality and inequality constraints. Although the description below is geared to this specific problem, the approach applies to a large class of optimization problems including problems with nonlinear constraints and inequality constraints other than the bounding or box constraints that appear in this problem. The function f to be minimized does not need to be represented by a neural network model. The function f only needs to have continuous first derivatives�a universal requirement for optimization algorithms based on gradient calculations�that can be numerically evaluated. The same requirements apply to the constraint functions; they need to be continuously differentiable. No other requirements or assumptions on the functions appearing in the problem, such as convexity, are needed to apply the method.
In the inventive neural network formulation, the solution of an N-dimensional constrained optimization problem is obtained by solving a sequence of M-dimensional (with M>N) unconstrained optimization problems with a modified objective function where M represents the number of weights or adjustable parameters of the neural network. Each solution of the unconstrained problem is a feasible or candidate solution of the original problem, that is, it satisfies the original problem constraints, and is used in an iterative search for the optimal solution. Constrained optimization problems are transformed into unconstrained ones by incorporating the constraint functions in a �modified� objective function of the original problem. Such a practice is widely used in mathematical programming algorithms, as is the case for methods using penalty functions where the objective function is augmented by the penalty functions associated with the constraints. In our indirect approach of handling constraints, for each equality constraint and for each inequality constraint (except for bounding inequality constraints on individual variables) there is a corresponding term in the objective function.
The solution of the nonlinear constrained optimization problem in Eq. (4) is obtained through a sequence of training sessions of the neural network controller/model system representation illustrated in FIG. 5. Each training session confirms if a given setpoint value for NOx, NOx SP, is a feasible solution to the original problem, and if so, the training session provides the corresponding gas distribution gj. For a given NOx SP and the total gas flow rate G, the controller/model system is trained by finding the weights w of the multilayer feedforward neural network representing the controller so that the objective function
is minimized. The first term of the �modified� objective function E assures that the control laws provided by the controller yield the desired NOx setpoint and the second term accounts for the equality constraint. The objective function E is therefore formed by the sum of the squares of the deviations of given values (NOx SP and G) from predicted values (NOx and gj), which is very similar to the objective function used in least squares fitting. Appropriate normalization of the controller outputs directly accounts for the inequality bounding constraints on each of the four gas flow rates gj.
For a fixed total gas flow G, say, G1, the optimum NOx, NOx*, and the corresponding optimal gas distribution gj (j=1,2,3,4) are obtained through a sequence of training sessions of the controller/model system representation in FIG. 5. We start this iterative approach by selecting a large value for NOx SP, say, NOx SP(1), and providing the same two inputs, NOx SP(1) and G1, repeatedly to the controller/model system during the first training session of the sequence. If the training is successful, i.e., if weights w can be found that minimize Eq. (5), then NOx SP(1) is a feasible solution to the original problem and the controller outputs provide the corresponding gas distribution gj. Next, we select another value for NOx SP, say, NOx SP(2), with NOx SP(2)<NOx SP (1), and perform a second training session. If the training is successful, then NOx SP(2) is another feasible solution of the original problem. Otherwise, a value of NOx SP between NOx SP(1) and NOx SP(2) is selected. By repeating such a procedure for additional values of NOx SP we can find the smallest NOx for which the training converges.13 This smallest NOx is the desired optimal NOx, NOx*, for a given total gas flow G1. This can then be confirmed by showing that the estimated optimal solution satisfies the Karush-Kuhn-Tucker (KKT) necessary conditions for local optimality of nonlinear constrained functions to within a certain tolerance.12 By repeating such a procedure for different values of G, we can then obtain the optimal operating conditions of the FLGR system throughout the range of allowable total gas flow rates. FIG. 6 provides a graphical illustration of such an approach.
Training the controller/model system in FIG. 5 consists of solving an unconstrained nonlinear minimization problem, in the generally large, M-dimensional weight-space w of the multilayer feedforward neural network controller. The difficulty in solving this optimization problem in a larger dimensional space in comparison with the N-dimensional control-space (N=4 for this problem) is more than offset by the simplicity of solving an unconstrained optimization problem as opposed to a constrained one. The unconstrained minimization of E(w) in Eq. (5) is solved interactively based on calculations of the gradient ∇E(w) through the method of conjugate gradients. The components of ∇E(wk) are computed recursively, for iteration k, by starting at the units in the output layer of the neural controller and working backward to the units in the input layer. To simplify the notation in the discussions to follow we suppress the iteration subscript k and the pattern subscript p corresponding to the inputs NOx SP and G. A component of ∇E(w) corresponding to the weight wji (l) connecting the i'th unit in the (l−1)'th layer to the j'th unit in the l'th layer is given by
If the l'th layer is the output layer, i.e., l=L, then
where JL=4, xj (L)=gj (j=1,2,3,4), and ∂NOx/∂x j (L), derived in the Appendix, is computed by noting that the outputs of the neural controller xj (L) are the inputs of the neural network emissions model. For any unit in a subsequent hidden layer, i.e., 1</<L,
This algorithm is very similar to the backpropagation algorithm used to compute ∂E/∂wji (l) for stand-alone feedforward multilayer neural networks.2 The major differences are the presence of two δs, as opposed to only one δ, corresponding to the two components of E, E1, and E2, in Eq. (5) and the extra term ∂NOx/∂xj (L) in δ1j (L) in Eq. (7) corresponding to the derivative of the emissions model output with respect to its inputs.
In summary, we invented a new method for solving multi-dimensional constrained nonlinear optimization problems through feedforward neural networks. The approach is to transform a constrained optimization problem in the N-dimensional control-space into a sequence of unconstrained optimization problems in the larger M-dimensional weight-space of a multilayer feedforward neural network. The constraints of the original problem are handled indirectly through the transformation of the original objective function into a modified objective function which incorporates each equality constraint and each inequality constraint (except for bounding inequality constraints on individual variables) into an additional term of the objective function. The sequence of unconstrained optimization problems is solved by training the neural network controller in the combined controller/model system architecture for a sequence of different inputs. The training is based on gradient calculations of the modified objective function with respect to the neural network controller weights through the method of conjugate gradients. Each solution of the sequence, i.e., each input/output of the neural network, is a feasible solution of the constrained problem and the last solution of the sequence corresponds to the sought optimal solution.
The inventive neural-network-based optimization algorithm was then applied to solve the mathematical programming problem of Eq. (4). That is, the algorithm was applied to find the steady state gas distribution in the four zones gj that minimizes NOx subject to a given total gas consumption rate G and range of allowable values for gj. Following the controller/model representation depicted in FIG. 5, a 2-6-4 architecture was selected for the feedforward neural network representing the controller. The two units in the input layer correspond to NOx SP and total gas G, and the four units in the output layer correspond to the gas flow rates gj in the four zones. The one hidden layer with six units was arbitrarily selected. This neural network architecture contains a total of 46 weights, i.e., M=46, which were obtained by minimizing the unconstrained objective function E in Eq. (5) through the method of conjugate gradients based on the gradient calculations of Eq. (6).
FIG. 7 shows the optimal operating curve (the minimum achievable NOx levels as a function of total gas flow) obtained with the neural-network-based optimization method. This entire curve is outside of the region�total gas≧176.5 kscfh and NOx≧0.47 Ibm/MBtu�where all of the points used for training (developing) the NOx emissions model are located. This is not surprising because during the data collection the optimal gas distribution for each value of total gas was not known. The degree of the emissions model extrapolation beyond the training region is moderate, however, in that the optimal curve is not more than 3% below 176.5 kscfh and 14% below 0.47 Ibm/MBtu.
The controller was used to find minimum values of NOx levels for six values of total gas, 171, 173, 175, 178, 180, and 190 kscfh. The obtained results are consistent with our expectations; minimum achievable NOx, NOx*, decreases monotonically with increasing total gas flow. The corresponding optimal gas flow distribution in the four zones, gj*, for each one of the six values of total gas flow is illustrated in FIG. 8. The optimal control strategy thus obtained is to keep the gas flow in zones 1-3 near the lower bound limit of 34.90 kscfh and increase the flow in zone 4 to meet the constraint on the total gas flow. Once the upper bound limit of 72.12 kscfh is reached in zone 4, the optimal solutions for total gas flow larger than 176.82 kscfh (3�34.90+72.12) primarily are achieved by increasing the gas flows in zones 1 and 3 to satisfy the total gas flow constraint. These optimal solutions are consistent with the strategy of adding gas to the zone which provides the largest NOx reduction per unit increase in gas. Zone 4 (depicted in FIG. 4) has the largest unit NOx reduction over the range of gas values for this problem, making it the preferred control variable.
The optimal gas flow distribution obtained in accordance with the present invention was first confirmed by showing that the computed gj* for each one of the six values of total gas satisfy the KKT conditions for optimality. Further validation was performed by solving the same constrained optimization problem with an off-the-shelf optimization tool that uses a version of the well-known Generalized Reduced Gradient method. For the six optimization problems, the maximum deviation between the proposed method and the off-the-shelf tool for the optimal NOx was 0.73% (with the tool estimating the smaller value) and the maximum deviation for the four control variables was 3.6%. Tightening of the neural network convergence criteria would decrease the small discrepancies in the results.
In addition to leading to consistently improved average NOx reductions and lower average rates of natural gas consumption, the results of the optimal controller would also allow plant personnel to make decisions regarding the best operation of the FLGR system based on economic considerations utilizing a least-cost approach involving the free-market pricing and trading of emission allowances. For instance, based on the minimum achievable NOx results discussed above and assuming that the fuel price differential between natural gas and coal is $1.50/Mbtu, the cost can be calculated, as shown in FIG. 7, in dollars per ton for each additional increment of NOx reduction achieved with the FLGR system. Based on the optimal operating conditions, at 180 kscfh each additional increment of NOx reduction costs $400 per ton, at 183.50 kscfh the additional cost matches the open-market price of $1500 per ton, and at 190 kscfh the additional cost is $3400 per ton. Hence, the theoretical most economic operating point is at 183.50 kscfh, independent of the NOx requirement for the plant. If the plant NOx emission levels are below the allowed environmental maximum, the excess reduction can be sold on the open-market at a profit and if they are above, the deficit can be purchased from the open-market for less than the cost of the additional gas.
Even if the FLGR system in practice cannot be operated at the theoretical optimum due to measurement and other uncertainties, but only in some neighborhood of the optimal operating point, the AI-based controller would still produce substantial savings and NOx reductions. For example, if the controller can reduce the average NOx emission rate by just 0.02 Ibm/MBtu (<5% of the baseline value) on a 200 MWe average boiler load, then the total NOx tonnage reduction during a typical May through September ozone season will be about 60 tons of NOx. Assuming that NOx allowances have a value based on current estimates at $1500 to $2000 per ton during the ozone season, the annual savings of using the Al controller would be about $90,000 to $120,000 for a single unit.
There has thus been shown an approach for investigating artificial neural network techniques for controlling the spatial distribution and total rate of injection of natural gas of a Fuel Lean Gas Reburn system for NOx control in coal-fired boilers. Multilayer feedforward artificial neural networks are applied in developing a static model of the process representing the nonlinear relationships between the distribution of the injected natural gas into the upper region of the furnace and the average NOx exiting the furnace. The neural network process model is then used to develop a neural network controller that provides the optimal control solutions for steady state plant operating conditions. Plant data from a full-scale demonstration of the FLGR system conducted at one of Commonwealth Edison's cyclone-type coal-fired electric power plants were used in developing the present invention. The invention development was based on gas flow rates and NOx emissions data from 20 parametric tests performed at 100% of nominal power and total injected gas ranging from 6 to 8% of heat input. In spite of the limited amount of available data, the model was able to predict NOx emission levels for injected gas data not used in developing the model within measurement uncertainties.
The established neural network NOx model is integrated with a neural network controller to provide optimal control of the FLGR system for steady state operating conditions. This controller provides the optimal distribution of the injected natural gas that yields the largest NOx reductions for a given rate of total gas consumption. Very good agreement was obtained by comparing the neural controller results against optimization results obtained with an off-the-shelf mathematical programming routine. In addition to providing the gas distribution that results in the minimum achievable NOx emission levels for a given rate of natural gas heat input, these results permit the use of a least-cost approach for NOx control involving the free-market pricing and trading of emission credits. Additional expenditure associated with each increment of natural gas heat input is considered only when it is cost-effective based on the value of the emissions abated.
The neural network controller consists of a new methodology for solving multivariable nonlinear constrained optimization problems. The approach is to transform an original constrained optimization problem in the N-dimensional control space into a sequence of unconstrained optimization problems in the larger M-dimensional weight-space of a multilayer feedforward neural network. The difficulty in solving an optimization problem in the larger M-dimensional weight space is more than offset by the simplicity of solving an unconstrained optimization problem, as opposed to a constrained one, in the smaller N-dimensional control space. The constraints of the original problem are handled indirectly through the transformation of the original objective function into a modified objective function which incorporates each equality constraint and each inequality constraint into an additional term of the objective function. Bounding inequality constraints are directly accounted for through the appropriate normalization of the neural network outputs. The sequence of unconstrained optimization problems is solved by training the neural network controller in the combined controller/model system architecture for a sequence of different inputs where each solution of the sequence is a feasible solution of the original constrained problem and the last solution of the sequence corresponds to the sought optimal solution. Training of the controller is accomplished with the method of conjugate gradients based on gradient calculations of the modified objective function with respect to the neural network controller weights. In addition to its simplicity, another advantage of the approach relates to the very mild restrictions on the functions appearing in the mathematical programming problem. The original objective function and the constrained functions only need to have continuous first derivatives, and no other requirements, such as convexity, are needed to apply the method.
While particular embodiments of the present invention have been shown and described, it will be obvious to those skilled in the art that changes and modifications may be made without departing from the invention in its broader aspects. Therefore, the aim in the appended claims is to cover all such changes and modifications as fall within the true spirit and scope of the invention. The matter set forth in the foregoing description and accompanying drawing is offered by way of illustration only and not as a limitation. The actual scope of the invention is intended to be defined in the following claims when viewed in their proper perspective based on the prior art.
For a multilayer feedforward neural network, the ordinary partial derivative of the output xn (l) of the n'th unit in the l'th layer (n=1,2, . . . ,Jl and I=2,3, . . . ,L) with respect to the l'th network input in the input layer x(l) (i=1,2, . . . ,J1) is given by
where JI−1 denotes the number of units in the (I−1)'th layer. Using the definitions of xn (l) and netn (l) in Eqs. (2) and (3) in the first partial derivative under the summation sign of the expression above, we obtain
This expression allows us to calculate, through recursive computations in the forward direction, i.e., from I=2 to I=L, the ordinary partial derivative of the network output with respect to the network input, and hence obtain ∂NOx/∂gj. Once the activation levels of the network units xn (l) have been computed through a standard forward pass, we compute ∂xn (L)/∂xi (1) by starting with I=2 in Eq. (B) and proceeding forward layer by layer until I=L=3 is reached, where the desired quantity ∂xn (L)/∂xi (1)=∂NOx/∂gj is calculated.
Patent Citations
Non-Patent Citations
Referenced by
Legal Events
Original Image


text:
Home » News » Politics » Primary Plus
Testerman withdraws from GOP primary to back Smith for Senate
Neither one asked the other to withdraw, Smith said, noting Testerman decided she would in order to have one solid conservative voice.
Smith noted like Virginia, other Republican candidates have all the money, the endorsements and hold a double-digit lead in the U.S. Senate race.
"What do they have?" Shea-Porter asked, "What is their plan?"
She said she is running to help maintain and restore the middle class.
Everett Jabour of Barrington filed to run for the Republican nomination to the 1st Congressional District, bringing the total in that race to four.
Filing for state Senate were Senate President Chuck Morse, R-Salem in District 22, incumbent Sen. David Pierce, D-Hanover, District 5, and Dan Feltes, D-Concord, District 15.
Former state Sen. Thomas P. Stawasz, R-Hollis, also filed his intent to run as an independent for the District 5 Executive Council seat. He too has to file petitions to be on the November ballot.
The political parties have until Wednesday to file candidates for empty seats.
Upcoming Events
A kinder, gentler House Speaker?
College Football: Wildcats are CAA champs
Carpenter ready for break from baseball
Obama's action a first step?
A kinder, gentler House Speaker?
Driver acquitted in Amherst ex-chief's death
Pipeline's NH route moves to top choice
College Hockey: Providence blanks UNH


text:
Yummie Tummie
Product Code: 509826
- Need to know
- Item details & Care
- Shipping & Returns
- This is a must-have, sleek style secret from former celebrity stylist and designer Heather Thomson. Created to eradicate the muffin top whist still looking good, this cami is for everyday and layering purposes.
- Nude cotton and control strappy cami with adjustable straps. Cami is long-line and features a minimising control panel to middle for support and a soft cotton bust and trim. Please note that measurements are taken flat but waist size recommendations are XS = 23-24", S = 25-26", M = 27-28", L = 29-30", XL = 31-32".
100% Cotton, control panel 82% polyester, 18% elastane. Machine wash.
view full delivery details
Free Delivery (2-3 working days)
All duties and customs are included at checkout
Returns ( view full returns details )