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Natural Gas ETFs: Not a Good Investment [View article]
1) GAZ was trading without any premium to NAV till they too decided not to issue new shares. Last Thursday (8/20) the news leaked and since then it has built up a healthy premium to NAV which lead to the run its price. The spread between NGX9 and NGV9 has also increased; it is showing up in a percentage change plot of GAZ.IV versus UNG.IV
2) UNG does not lose value just because of the roll. The total value does not change simply because they now own smaller number of contracts at a higher price. However UNG does not benefit from the higher price of the new contract because of negative roll yield. The spread between the two contracts (plot NGV9 - NGU9) widens just prior to the roll date, further short-changing UNG holders.Aug 28, 2009. 12:22 AM | 0 Likes |Link to Comment
Zero Hedge's Bloomberg Podcast: Why Did Bloomberg Delete It? [View article]
ZeroHedge is taking on the titans of the financial industry and I can completely understand their need for anonymity. However, ZH should not only ensure that their claims are properly substantiated (they typically are), but also that the conclusions reached do not need a stretch of imagination (which they often do).
Though I read ZeroHedge to get a better picture, you can not trade based on what they write.Aug 24, 2009. 09:08 PM | 0 Likes |Link to Comment
Is the U.S. Dollar the Fed's Next Weapon? [View article]
The currencies of interest should be the commodity currencies (NOK, AUD, CAD, BRL, NZD, even the RUB), not the EUR.Jul 21, 2009. 09:05 PM | 0 Likes |Link to Comment
Is the Correction Over? [View article]
Use tweetdeck to filter out relevant tickers.
On May 13 09:56 AM Techtrader10 wrote:
> You might be someone I want to follow as I day trade Apple usually
> on the short side. How do you find the time to follow all the various
> indicators you mentioned? And do you really find all the index information
> of any real value?May 13, 2009. 12:43 PM | 0 Likes |Link to Comment
Uneasy Silence About Regional Banks [View article]
The note about preferred is from the WSJ article. I am including the relevant excerpts below.
Quote WSJ:
"In addition, it isn't clear what happens to hobbled regional banks that could have a hard time finding extra capital. Many are facing a deluge of bad loans to finance residential and commercial properties.
Regions, based in Birmingham, Ala., is among a handful of the tested banks without any privately held preferred shares that it could convert into common stock to boost its capital buffer, according to Deutsche Bank. That leaves it with a narrow range of options beyond turning to the government for aid."
On May 07 11:02 AM greedcanbgood wrote:
> "Many of these banks, especially Regions, do not have a large cushion
> of preferred capital to convert to common."
> Your analysis is incomplete unless you provide details. Otherwise,
> the reader is led to believe that all your regional listed are in
> the same boat and clearly, they are not.May 7, 2009. 12:09 PM | 0 Likes |Link to Comment
Uneasy Silence About Regional Banks [View article]
2. Before the wireless revolution what you call the obscure was the more common idiomatic use of the word
On May 07 10:36 AM Kenny Sullivan wrote:
> Ever hear of spell check? Poor spelling, poor grammar and an obscure,
> if not wrong, use of of the word tether are unprofessional. I began
> looking for errors in the article, rather than looking for content.
> Kenny SullivanMay 7, 2009. 10:55 AM | 0 Likes |Link to Comment
Some Caveats on Trading Ultra ETFs on Big Move Days [View article]
What I wanted to highlight was that on trend days with large moves, the 3x ETFs are not to be bought in anticipation of a reversal. Any continuation of the move results in significantly large percentage losses which can not be made up by a reversal the next day in the underlying index to the original purchase point. These distortion exist everyday but their amplitude gets magnified on a day when the underlying index makes a 15% move, cutting the value of the opposing 3x ETF by 45%. A trader who started buying FAZ towards the close of Monday had to endure a much larger percentage loss in his capital for every equivalent move in the index, To profit from the the reversal,the index will have to make a much larger move to break even. on Tueasday.Mar 25, 2009. 11:38 PM | 0 Likes |Link to Comment
Sell the Dollar, Buy the Euro? Think Again. [View article]
i) The size of the debt compared to the total size of the economies both of the debtor nations and the bond holders; think Iceland.
ii) Currency Issue: A large amount of the debt is issued in Euros and not in local currencies. Investments in Eastern Europe were made in the hope that it will be the China for the Europe. With the slowdown, the exports have dried up, and the currencies have fallen. As a result not only have the assets underlying the debt have become less (or even non producing) but their real ability to service a debt in Euros has gone down.
iii) Legacy Issues: Some of the Eastern European countries also suffer from the challenge of their communist/socialist past. For example Hungary has a huge pension obligation which lies at the heart of its problem.
Mar 25, 2009. 07:38 AM | 0 Likes |Link to Comment
Sell the Dollar, Buy the Euro? Think Again. [View article]
1. I also wanted to add the Norwegian Krone (NOK) as one of the key currency to go long against the Euro. The Krone has a strong commodity link and the Norwegian economy is one of the best when it comes to fiscal discipline.
2. Among the long currencies I will under-weigh the Canadian Dollar with relation to the AUD, NZD and the NOK. The Canadian economy is too closely linked to the US, a correlation I would like to reduce in this trade.Mar 23, 2009. 01:33 AM | 0 Likes |Link to Comment
Boeing's Bad Balance Sheet May Doom It [View article]
There is a big difference between Pension Fund Assets going to zero (or negative) and the over-funding going to negative. With stock prices cut in half in six months it is not a surprise that the excess in Pension Funds is no longer available.
What would have really helped is an analysis of how the damage to balance sheet might force Boeing to raise capital at significantly depressed equity price levels. Further is there any indication that Boeing's ability to raise debt is impaired (CDS spreads widening, ratings falling etc.)?Feb 28, 2009. 10:08 AM | 0 Likes |Link to Comment
Distressing Details of the UltraShorts [View article]Jan 24, 2009. 10:28 AM | 0 Likes |Link to Comment
ICICI Bank: Bellwether Emerging Market Short [View article]
Have you looked at the food and energy futures lately, or the level of inflation in India lately? Your predictions of the demise of the Indian Middle Class are greatly exaggerated. In spite of all the talk of outsourcing in the West, India is primarily an organic growth story; and that story will not change till the hundred of millions of poor Indians aspire to reach a standard of living close to the lower middle class. Short term asset price bubbles will occur, but in India they are much better supported both by income and demographics.Dec 20, 2008. 02:10 PM | 0 Likes |Link to Comment
Great Depression Not Imminent, But Inevitable [View article]
What would really help is an estimate of the size of CDS secured projects with relations to the total number of projects. Is that size significant enough to cause a depression?Dec 20, 2008. 01:59 PM | 0 Likes |Link to Comment
Citigroup: The End Draws Near [View article]Nov 24, 2008. 01:47 AM | 0 Likes |Link to Comment
Countdown of Manipulated Gold Price Running Out [View article]
1. India is the largest consumer and importer of Gold.
-Indians have been selling Gold as it made its bull run. With the INR falling against the USD the spot Gold Price in India is still quite high, and encouraging more sales.
-Indian economy is slowing down and the stock market has been cut in half; less discretionary demand for gold.
2. The world is in a deflationary asset mode. The hedge against inflation is not needed.
3. The fragile banking system has been effectively nationalized with national governments providing a back-stop. The safe-haven play is over.
4. Some talk of central banks selling Gold, partly to finance the backstop they have provided to the major banks. Many hedge funds de-leveraging and selling their gold holdings.
5. Dollar Strength; other commodities are also down.
6. Supply too is elastic with relation to price. With Gold prices near its highs, Gold producers have an incentive to mine more. Longer work-days, deeper mines.
Oct 17, 2008. 04:53 PM | 0 Likes |Link to Comment
162 Comments


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Photos: Volleyball preview - Lovejoy drives for 5, plus teams, players to watch
Peer pressure is a useful tool for the Lovejoy volleyball team. "There are expectations and tradition here," coach Ryan Mitchell said. "It's kind of a built-in peer pressure. Everyone else has won before us, and we're not going to be the ones that lose." Last year, Lovejoy became the first Class 3A volleyball team in Texas history to win four consecutive state championships. A move up to Class 4A during the off-season did little to extinguish the expectations for a fifth. The Lady Leopards open the season at 6:30 p.m. Monday at Red Oak as the top-ranked team in 4A by the Texas Girls Coaches Association.
Photo: THAO NGUYEN/Special Contributor
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Added Dec 6, 2012
by janesays13
Park City, Utah,...
My dad asked for a new toiletry bag for Christmas, and after reading a million tutorials this is what I came up with. He loves WWII airplane art so I screenprinted my fabric with bombs, and added a pinup girl patch.
I loved it so much I made a few extras and both colors are now available in my Etsy!
This product is for sale
By janesays13 at Etsy
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See how Meg made this edgy dress using the Janome Artistic Edge Digital Cutter!
Editors' Pick
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Learn how to use your bodice sloper to draft this popular collar style
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Thread: FDNY Exam 2000
Yesterday, 08:26 PM #25776
- Join Date
- Nov 2014
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Long time reader first time poster. Before I posted anything i actually read the majority of this forum to find almost any question I had answered. Sitting at the mid 20XX's and just wanted to congratulate everyone who has gotten a run letter thus far. I can only hope to receive one!
Last edited by fndyoneday; Yesterday at 08:28 PM.
Yesterday, 08:46 PM #25777
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- Nov 2012
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Today, 12:40 AM #25778
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- Mar 2014
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Today, 01:02 AM #25779
Today, 01:05 AM #25780
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Long time follower, first time poster. Congrats to everyone getting close.
Just wanted to chime in that im at 32xx and have already passed the CPAT. I have not met anyone at training w a higher number than me, but i see some posts saying that the cutoff for CPAT training this time around was lower than my #.
Thought that may bring some optimism to the candidates in the 3000's waiting for that CPAT orientation packet.
And now we wait!
Keep runnin everyone!
Last edited by darren_fessbegler; Today at 01:07 AM.
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US regulators criticise Deutsche over reporting and risk
07 August 2014
Deutsche Bank is facing a barrage of criticism from US regulators over what they say are weak reporting systems and risk controls, including under a confidential pact that formally orders the bank to make far-reaching improvements, according to people familiar with the agreement.
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Wiki Headlines
18th Nov: We've switched servers and will be updating the old code over the next couple months, meaning that several things might break. Please report issues here.
main index
�These studies are probably financed by the coal industry,� Evans said.
�Probably,� Kenner said. �I�m sure that explains it. But then, everybody�s paid by somebody. Who pays your salary?�
�My law firm.�
�And who pays them?�
�The clients. We have several hundred clients.�
�You do work for all of them?�
�Me, personally? No.�
�In fact, you do most of your work for environmental clients,� Kenner said. �Isn�t that true?�
�Mostly. Yes.�
�Would it be fair to say that the environmental clients pay your salary?� Kenner said.
�You could make that argument.�
�I�m just asking, Peter. Would it be fair to say environmentalists pay your salary?�
�Okay. Then would it be fair to say the opinions you hold are because you work for environmentalists?�
�Of course not��
�You mean you�re not a paid flunky for the environmental movement?�
�No. The fact is��
�You�re not an environmental stooge? A mouthpiece for a great fund-raising and media machine�a multi-billion-dollar industry in its own right�with its own private agenda that�s not necessarily in the public interest?�
�God damn it��
�Is this pissing you off?� Kenner said.
�You�re damn right it is!�
�Good,� Kenner said. �Now you know how legitimate scientists feel when their integrity is impugned by slimy characterizations such as the one you just made. Sanjong and I gave you a careful, peer-reviewed interpretation of data. Made by several groups of scientists from several different countries. And your response was first to ignore it, and then to make an ad hominem attack. You didn�t answer the data. You didn�t provide counter evidence. You just smeared with innuendo.�
Has it ever occurred to you how astonishing the culture of Western society really is? Industrialized nations provide their citizens with unprecedented safety, health, and comfort. Average life spans increased fifty percent in the last century. Yet modern people live in abject fear. They are afraid of strangers, of disease, of crime, of the environment. They are afraid of the homes they live in, the food they eat, the technology that surrounds them. They are in a particular panic over things they can't even see-germs, chemicals, additives, pollutants. They are timid, nervous, fretful, and depressed. And even more amazingly, they are convinced that the environment of the entire planet is being destroyed around them. Remarkable! Like the belief in witchcraft, it's an extraordinary delusion—a global fantasy worthy of the Middle Ages. Everything is going to hell, and we must all live in fear. Amazing.
— Professor Norman Hoffman
We live on the third planet from a medium-size sun. Our planet is five billion years old, and it has been changing constantly all during that time. The Earth is now on its third atmosphere.
The first atmosphere was helium and hydrogen. It dissipated early on, because the planet was so hot. Then, as the planet cooled, volcanic eruptions produced a second atmosphere of steam and carbon dioxide. Later the water vapor condensed, forming the oceans that cover most of the planet. Then, around three billion years ago, some bacteria evolved to consume carbon dioxide and excrete a highly toxic gas, oxygen. Other bacteria released nitrogen. The atmospheric concentration of these gases slowly increased. Organisms that could not adapt died out.
Meanwhile, the planet's land masses, floating on huge tectonic plates, eventually came together in a configuration that interfered with the circulation of ocean currents. It began to get cold for the first time. The first ice appeared two billion years ago.
And for the last seven hundred thousand years, our planet has been in a geological ice age, characterized by advancing and retreating glacial ice. No one is entirely sure why, but ice now covers the planet every hundred thousand years, with smaller advances every twenty thousand or so. The last advance was twenty thousand years ago, so we're due for the next one.
And even today, after five billion years, our planet remains amazingly active. We have five hundred volcanoes, and an eruption every two weeks. Earthquakes are continuous: a million and a half a year, a moderate Richter 5 quake every six hours, a big earthquake every ten days. Tsunamis race across the Pacific Ocean every three months.
Our atmosphere is as violent as the land beneath it. At any moment there are one thousand five hundred electrical storms across the planet. Eleven lightning bolts strike the ground each second. A tornado tears across the surface every six hours. And every four days, a giant cyclonic storm, hundreds of miles in diameter, spins over the ocean and wreaks havoc on the land.
The nasty little apes that call themselves human beings can do nothing except run and hide. For these same apes to imagine they can stabilize this atmosphere is arrogant beyond belief. They can't control the climate.
The reality is, they run from the storms.
— Professor John Kenner


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Leg Work is an American detective drama television series created by Frank Abatemarco that premiered on CBS on October 3, 1987. The show was short-lived and only 10 episodes were produced, of which only six were aired prior to the show's cancellation. The final episode aired on November 7, 1987. The cable network TV Land later aired the remaining four episodes.
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Bones Brewing
Big events turn 2013 into lucky year for Billings
Allow me to say I told you so: 2013 was a lucky year for event-goers in Billings. The calendar was packed with concerts, live theater, art and festivals. Top-notch acts and events kept our dance cards full with a variety wider than the Magic City itself.
Quenby & the West of Wayland Band
Quenby & the West of Wayland Band, led by singer and guitarist Quenby Landiorio, plays the final show at Bones Brewing. Admission is free for Saturday night's show.
Conner Roma
Conner Roma delivers his stand-up act at Bones Brewing during the Montana Comedy Competition. Roma, performing in front of an audience for only the fourth time, impressed the judges and captured first place.
Montana Comedy Competition
Lukas Seely holds the traveling trophy for the Montana Comedy Competition, presented Saturday to Conner Roma. Seely started the tradition of a traveling trophy, having won the prize himself as a young comic.
12-year-old guitarist Jaden Carlson returns to Bones
At 12, Jaden Carlson is playing guitar and performing way beyond her years. In fact, the Boulder, Colo., native is playing beyond the ability of singer/songwriters twice her age.
Stand Up and Rock is Saturday at Bones
Stand Up and Rock, a unique paring of comedy and rock, is Saturday night at Bones Brewing.
Aaron Birdsall of Flying Mammals
Singer-bassist Aaron Birdsall lives up to his band's name during the Flying Mammals' performance March 1 at Bones Brewing. Local rock band Cosmic Roots opened the show for the touring trio of Birdsall brothers, who hail from Coeur d'Alene, Idaho.
Gallery: Flying Mammals
North Idaho rockers Flying Mammals play a show at Bones Brewing that also featured locals Cosmic Roots.
Flying Mammals
The Flying Mammals play in March under a banner that reads "It's Always Better Live At Bones." The brewery fell to hard times, however, and closed in November.
Cosmic Roots
The Cosmic Roots opens for Flying Mammals at Bones Brewing on Friday, Mar. 1, 2013.
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Larceny and Old Lace (Mass Market Paperback)
Not currently shipping from publisher – Subject to future availability
For Whom The Bell Pulls Tolls
As owner of the Den of Antiquity, recently divorced(but never bitter!) Abigail Timberlake is accustomed to delving into the past, searching for losttreasures, and navigating the cutthroat world of rival dealers at flea marketsand auctions. Still, she never thought she'd be putting her expertise in mayhemand detection to other use -- until crotchety "junque" dealer, Abby's aunt Eulonia Wiggins, was found murdered!
Although Abigail is puzzled by the instrument of death -- an exquisite antiquebell pull that Aunt Eulonia never would have had the taste to aquire -- she's willing to let the authorities find the culprit. But now, Auntie's priceless lace is missing,and somebody's threatened Abby's most priceless possession: her son, Charlie.It's up to Abby to put the murderer "on the block."
About the Author
Tamar Myers is the author of The Headhunter's Daughter and The Witch Doctor's Wife, sixteen Den of Antiquity mysteries, and seventeen Pennsylvania-Dutch mysteries. Born and raised in the Congo, she lives in North Carolina.


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Is the future solid state for the next Xbox?
More rumours have emerged pointing to the next generation of Xbox ditching disc drives altogether and going with some kind of solid state media format.
According to MCV's anonymous sources in the know the new Xbox will not feature any kind of optical media drive, instead opting for some kind of interchangeable flash-ROM format instead.
It is unclear whether this will be a standard media format like SD cards or a proprietary format Microsoft has developed for the console. Given the laser-burning issues that the 360 has continued to have it would certainly be the most simple solution to move away from DVDs and back to solid state media.
Microsoft responded to the rumours stating, "Xbox 360 has found new ways to extend its lifecycle like introducing the world to controller-free experiences with Kinect and re-inventing the console with a new dashboard and new entertainment content partnerships. We are always thinking about what is next for our platform and how to continue to defy the lifecycle convention. Beyond that we do not comment on rumors or speculation."
Thanks MCV.
Latest News
- New Assassin's Creed: Unity patch is a bit on the large side
- Wonder what Zombie mode looks like for Call Of Duty: Advanced Warfare? Here's a trailer
- Xbox 360 Titanfall players getting a massive update next week
- Ubisoft pulls the Assassin's Creed: Unity Season Pass, offering free DLC and games to apologize for the problems with the game
- Dark Souls migration over to Steam delayed into next month now
- Sony to give partial refunds to PS Vita early adopters over misleading launch advertising
- And here's the goodies that Games With Gold will get you in December
- Nival announces beta access and a massive gun for pre-ordering Blitzkrieg 3
- Evolve developers promise that all map DLC will be free


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St. Augustine House Rental Photos and Description
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Research & Commentary: Student Loans
The credit crisis has had a significant impact on all aspects of the economy.
Health Savings Accounts
Myth Busting Ethanol Fuel Subsidies
Net Neutrality
How to Privatize Airports ... and Why
Research & Commentary: The Flat Tax - Will it Be Coming to Your State?
While millions of Americans wait for Congress to consider a national flat-rate income tax, an increasing number of proactive governors and legislators are "flattening" taxes at the state level.


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10 Quick Thoughts About The New Star Wars The Force Awakens Trailer
The force is strong
We Look At The Pros and Terrifying Cons of Black Friday
Shop at your own risk
We Got Jennifer Aniston To Say Mother F**ker Over And Over
NSFW and LOL
7 Totally Underrated Albums This Year That You Must Revisit ASAP
Headphones time!
May 3rd, 2012
How long have we been waiting for this video? We've been teased, teased some more, and been sent behind the scenes. Were you guys ready to mob his car like these Beliebers to feast your eyes on Boyfriend? We were! And now Justin Bieber's video for Boyfriend is finally here.
We know you're ready for this so Boyfriend needs no further introduction so watch it below. If it couldn't get any better than that, we have a gallery of all the best Bieber shots from the video. And you didn't have to jump in front of a car to get them.
Check out pics from the video!
Tags: justin bieber
Posted on Thursday, May 3rd, 2012 at 8:01 pm by Aimee and is filed under Blog, Music, News.Tweet


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The pilot was taking off from a sloping beach in his tailwheel-equipped airplane. The pilot stated that the tide had come in, narrowing his takeoff path. During the takeoff roll, the airplane's right main landing gear tire hit an object on the beach, the airplane pivoted to the left, and the left wing struck a group of alders. The airplane ground looped, sustaining substantial damage to the right wing and horizontal stabilizer. The pilot reported that there were no preaccident mechanical anomalies with the airplane that would have precluded normal operation.
The National Transportation Safety Board determines the probable cause(s) of this accident to be:
Index for Apr2014 | Index of months


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Artcraft Lighting CL1812 Milk Glass 12-Light Chandelier
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This Artcraft Lighting item is available in a white finish. Illuminated by 12 60-watt clear incandescent candelabra bulbs. Part of the Milk Glass collection.
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Cobi Ladner revives a classic design with a new twist.
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Opportunities could abound for architects with Edinburgh proposal
The west end of Edinburgh's famous Princes Street could be transformed into a cultural quarter after plans were put forward by the local authority.The proposal, which is only in the very early stages, aims to inject some life into the ailing main artery of the city, and is being backed by Terry Farrell, who recently completed a three-year spell as the city's design tsar.Edinburgh City Council published the blueprint for the project, which could see boutique shops and high-quality eating and drinking places created alongside a new art centre opposite Edinburgh Castle.A new 'cultural venue' or arts centre could also be built opposite the Ross Bandstand as the council attempts to breathe new life into the street, which tends to shut down once the shops shut at 6pm.If pushed through, the plans could see a host of opportunities open up for architects, with a chance to work in an area which has so often been suffocated by heritage protection.Jonathan Guthrie, City Centre Partnership director said: 'While Princes Street is in a spectacular setting, recent research shows a gradual decline in the range and quality of shops.'Unless significant action is taken, it is predicted that it will slip further down the UK rankings.'Potential investors could include new shops, new leisure opportunities, new residential and an array of other city centre functions.'by Richard Vaughan
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December 30, 1899
Name of Program: North Carolina College Application WeekYear Program Started: 2005Program Website: CFNC.org/CAWProgram Coordinator: Tracey FordEmail Address: firstname.lastname@example.com
2014 ACAC Program Dates: November 10-14, 2014
2013 ACAC ProgramDates Hosted: November 17-21, 2013Number of Participating High Schools: 571Number of Participating Seniors: 28,426Number of College Applications Submitted: 73,269
2012 ACAC ProgramDates Hosted: November 12-16, 2012Number of Participating High Schools: 526Number of Participating Seniors: 28,069Number of College Applications Submitted: 68,096
November 21, 2014
President Obama's executive action on immigration leads the higher education news this morning—stories from Inside Higher Ed and The Chronicle of Higher Education are below. In other news, University of California regents have adopted a 5-year...
Global Higher Education
November 19, 2014
ACE's 2014 Leadership Network for International Education met to explore how to leverage resources and form effective global education partnerships in response to the increasing need for cross-border cooperation between colleges and universities.
Law and the Courts
A House Judiciary subcommittee today heard testimony on Copyright Issues in Education and for the Visually Impaired as Congress continues to consider whether to revise the Copyright Act, last overhauled in 1976.
Applying to College
November 17, 2014
As President Obama proclaims November National College Application Month, the only nationwide college application initiative is in the midst of a record-setting year.
ACE Annual Meeting 2015
Register by Dec. 13 to take advantage of the early bird registration discount for ACE's 97th Annual Meeting, scheduled for March 14-17, 2015, in Washington, DC.
Past ACE News


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Games on Demand -versio tukee seuraavia kieliä: englanti. The Games on Demand version supports English. In DEUS EX : HUMAN REVOLUTION, you play Adam Jensen, a security specialist, handpicked to oversee the defense of one of America's most experimental biotechnology firms. But when a black ops team uses a plan you designed to break in and kill the scientists you were hired to protect, everything you thought you knew about your job changes. At a time when scientific advancements are routinely turning athletes, soldiers and spies into super-enhanced beings, someone is working very hard to ensure mankind's evolution follows a particular path, and you need to discover why - the decisions you take and the choices you make, will be the only things that can change it. Featured in more than 50 "Best of 2011" videogame lists, Machinima.com- 95/100 "absolutely fantastic", Eurogamer.net- 9/10 "When you finish, you just want to play it again", Xbox World Magazine- 9.4/10 "It's a great shooter, a great stealth game, a great RPG", Edge-online.com– 9/10 "Remarkable and unique", Official Xbox Magazine- "Deliriously addictive", IGN.com- 9/10, 1UP.com- A.
Osta Xbox-sisältöä Xbox.com-sivustosta. Xbox 360 -konsolisi lataa sisällön automaattisesti, kun kytket siihen virran seuraavan kerran ja muodostat Xbox Live -yhteyden.Lisätietoja


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As a rapidly growing startup, Metacloud offers a unique opportunity for talented, passionate, and highly-creative software engineers to have a wide-ranging impact on our organization?s products, services, and architecture. As a member of our Platform Engineering team, you will be10/21/2014 Pasadena, CA Save This Job
As a rapidly growing startup, Metacloud offers a unique opportunity for talented, passionate, and highly-creative software engineers to have a wide-ranging impact on our organization?s products, services, and architecture. As a member of our Platform Engineering team, you will be10/21/2014 Austin, TX Save This Job
More information about this job: Overview: The Software Engineer - Team Lead will lead an Agile Development team of 5-7 engineers in full life-cycle projects. Responsibilities: Full lifecycle application development Designing, coding, and debugging applications in various10/18/2014 Wilmington, DE Save This Job
RESPONSIBILITIES INCLUDE: Designing, developing, and maintaining algorithms for computational/statistical analysis of mathematical models and clinical data Applying machine learning techniques to analyze multivariate time series data Contributing to general software engineering10/18/2014 Pittsburgh, PA Save This Job
Alteryx is the leader in data blending and advanced analytics software. Alteryx Analytics provides analysts with an intuitive workflow for data blending and advanced analytics that leads to deeper insights in hours, not the weeks typical of traditional approaches. Analysts love10/18/2014 Boulder, CO Save This Job
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Report to Title: Chief Technology Officer Department: Information Technology Job Type: Full Time Exempt/Non-Exempt: Exempt Date Open: Sep 26 2014 Office Location: Atlanta, GA Job Description: We are currently seeking a PHP/Drupal Developer. The ideal candidate will have 310/5/2014 Atlanta, GA Save This Job
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Computer Programmer posistion available with Dorado Software. Duties include: Network Service Modeling Scripting in support of service activation and de-activation Well versed in standard network protocols such as SNMP.CLI (telnet/SSH/SSHv2), HTTP(S), TL1, TR-069, etc., Ability9/30/2014 Folsom, CA Save This Job
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Highlight Serve in an entry-level programming position that is geared for someone who has strong technical aptitude but has acquired limited practical programming experience. Combine regular software patch deliveries with entry-level troubleshooting tasks ?- all with the focus on10/21/2014 Minnetonka, MN Save This Job
About us: Revionics delivers proven End-to-End Merchandise Optimization solutions, enabling retailers of all sizes to execute a fact-based omnichannel merchandising strategy utilizing the most comprehensive set of shopper demand signals to enhance financial performance with11/11/2014 Austin, TX Save This Job
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417 Third Avenue Albany, Georgia 31701(229) 312-1000
2000 Palmyra Rd. Albany, Georgia 31701(229) 434-2000
126 Hwy. 280 West Americus, Georgia 31719(229) 924-6011
807 S. Isabella St. Sylvester, Georgia 31791(229) 776-6961
361 Randolph St. Cuthbert, Georgia 39840(229) 732-2181
TUESDAY, Jan. 14 (HealthDay News) -- Baseball batters use a surprising amount of head movement to track pitches, according to a new study.
The findings offer information about how batters keep their eyes on the ball and could lead to new ways to help improve their ability to track pitches, wrote the researchers at the Ohio State University College of Optometry.
The researchers monitored the eye and head movements of 15 Division 1 collegiate baseball players as they tracked balls hurled by a pitching machine. The players' eye and head movements were synchronized with the trajectory of the pitches.
"On average, eye-gaze position matched the target position well throughout the trajectory," the researchers wrote.
For most of the time the ball was in the air, however, the players tracked it with their head. They moved their eyes very little until late in the pitch trajectory. The pitches took about 400 milliseconds (two-fifths of a second) to travel from the pitching machine to the batter, and the players did not move their eyes until between 340 and 380 milliseconds, the researchers found.
Head movements varied between players, but all of them seemed to use a strategy of "neural coupling" between eye and head movements in order to track the ball, according to the study, which was published online Jan. 3 in the journal Optometry and Vision Science.
"It will be interesting in the future to compare tracking strategies to hitting success, and tracking strategies of elite players to those of novice players," the researchers said in a journal news release.
They also said this type of research could lead to improved vision-training strategies to help baseball players of all levels.
More information
The American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons offers baseball injury prevention tips.
SOURCE: Optometry and Vision Science, news release, Jan. 7, 2014
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Bulleit 95 Straight Rye Whiskey
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750ml Bottle $341.89
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Size: 750ml
Type: Whiskey
Varietal: Rye
Country: United States
Region: Kentucky
Proof: 90
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January 04, 2014
Reviewed by: UnlimitedTruth
First of all I'm not exactly a "Whiskey Connoisseur" but I've had, what I feel to be, my fair share of whiskey's. Out of the ones I've had this may be my favorite.
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This is by far the best rye whiskey I have had to date. great complex taste with a true to rye flavor finish.
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Presynaptic Ca2+ entry is unchanged during hippocampal mossy fiber long-term potentiation.
ABSTRACT The hippocampal mossy fiber (MF)-CA3 synapse exhibits NMDA receptor-independent long-term potentiation (LTP), which is expressed by presynaptic mechanisms leading to persistent enhancement of transmitter release. Recent studies have identified several molecules that may play an important role in MF-LTP. These include Rab3A, RIM1alpha, kainate autoreceptor, and hyperpolarization-activated cation channel (I(h)). However, the precise cellular expression mechanism remains to be determined because some studies noticed essential roles of release machinery molecules, whereas others suggested modulation of the ionotropic processes affecting Ca2+ entry into the presynaptic terminals. Using fluorescence recordings of presynaptic Ca2+ in hippocampal slices, here we demonstrated that MF-LTP is not accompanied by an increase in presynaptic Ca2+ influx during an action potential. Whole-cell recordings from CA3 neurons revealed long-lasting increases in mean frequency, but not mean amplitude, of miniature EPSCs after the high-frequency stimulation of MFs. These data indicate that the presynaptic expression mechanisms responsible for enhanced transmitter release during MF-LTP involve persistent modification of presynaptic molecular targets residing downstream of Ca2+ entry.
Article: Presynaptic kainate receptor-mediated facilitation of glutamate release involves PKA and Ca(2+) -calmodulin at thalamocortical synapses.[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: We have investigated the mechanisms underlying the facilitatory modulation mediated by kainate receptor (KAR) activation in the cortex, using isolated nerve terminals (synaptosomes) and slice preparations. In cortical nerve terminals, kainate (KA, 100 μM) produced an increase in 4-aminopyridine (4-AP)-evoked glutamate release. In thalamocortical slices, KA (1 μM) produced an increase in the amplitude of evoked excitatory postsynaptic currents (eEPSCs) at synapses established between thalamic axon terminals from the ventrobasal nucleus onto stellate neurons of L4 of the somatosensory cortex. In both, synaptosomes and slices, the effect of KA was antagonized by CNQX, and persisted after pretreatment with a cocktail of antagonists of other receptors whose activation could potentially have produced facilitation of release indirectly. Mechanistically, the observed effects of KA appear to be congruent in synaptosomal and slice preparations. Thus, the facilitation by KA of synaptosomal glutamate release and thalamocortical synaptic transmission were suppressed by the inhibition of protein kinase A (PKA) and occluded by the stimulation of adenylyl cyclase (AC). Dissecting this G-protein-independent regulation further in thalamocortical slices, the KAR-mediated facilitation of synaptic transmission was found to be sensitive to the block of Ca(2+) permeant KARs by philanthotoxin. Intriguingly, the synaptic facilitation was abrogated by depletion of intracellular Ca(2+) stores by thapsigargin, or inhibition of Ca(2+) -induced Ca(2+) -release by ryanodine. Thus the KA-mediated modulation was contingent on both Ca(2+) entry through Ca(2+) -permeable KARs and liberation of intracellular Ca(2+) stores. Finally, sensitivity to W-7 indicated that the increased cytosolic [Ca(2+) ] underpinning KAR-mediated regulation of synaptic transmission at thalamocortical synapses requires downstream activation of calmodulin. We conclude that neocortical presynaptic KARs mediate the facilitation of glutamate release and synaptic transmission by a Ca(2+) -calmodulin dependent activation of an AC/cAMP/PKA signalling cascade, independent of G-protein involvement. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.Journal of Neurochemistry 05/2013; · 3.97 Impact Factor
- [Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: The distance between Ca(2+) channels and release sensors determines the speed and efficacy of synaptic transmission. Tight "nanodomain" channel-sensor coupling initiates transmitter release at synapses in the mature brain, whereas loose "microdomain" coupling appears restricted to early developmental stages. To probe the coupling configuration at a plastic synapse in the mature central nervous system, we performed paired recordings between mossy fiber terminals and CA3 pyramidal neurons in rat hippocampus. Millimolar concentrations of both the fast Ca(2+) chelator BAPTA [1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid] and the slow chelator EGTA efficiently suppressed transmitter release, indicating loose coupling between Ca(2+) channels and release sensors. Loose coupling enabled the control of initial release probability by fast endogenous Ca(2+) buffers and the generation of facilitation by buffer saturation. Thus, loose coupling provides the molecular framework for presynaptic plasticity.Science 02/2014; 343(6171):665-70. · 31.20 Impact Factor
Article: Membrane Lipids Tune Synaptic Transmission by Direct Modulation of Presynaptic Potassium Channels.[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Voltage-gated potassium (Kv) channels are involved in action potential (AP) repolarization in excitable cells. Exogenous application of membrane-derived lipids, such as arachidonic acid (AA), regulates the gating of Kv channels. Whether membrane-derived lipids released under physiological conditions have an impact on neuronal coding through this mechanism is unknown. We show that AA released in an activity-dependent manner from postsynaptic hippocampal CA3 pyramidal cells acts as retrograde messenger, inducing a robust facilitation of mossy fiber (Mf) synaptic transmission over several minutes. AA acts by broadening presynaptic APs through the direct modulation of Kv channels. This form of short-term plasticity can be triggered when postsynaptic cell fires with physiologically relevant patterns and sets the threshold for the induction of the presynaptic form of long-term potentiation (LTP) at hippocampal Mf synapses. Hence, direct modulation of presynaptic Kv channels by activity-dependent release of lipids serves as a physiological mechanism for tuning synaptic transmission.Neuron 01/2014; · 15.77 Impact Factor
Page 1
Brief Communication
Presynaptic Ca2?Entry Is Unchanged during Hippocampal Mossy
Fiber Long-Term Potentiation
Haruyuki Kamiya,1,2Kazumasa Umeda,1,3Seiji Ozawa,2,4and Toshiya Manabe1,5
1Division of Cell Biology and Neurophysiology, Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe,
Hyogo 650-0017, Japan,2Department of Physiology, Gunma University School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma
371-8511, Japan,3Department of Applied Biology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan,4Core
Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Corporation, Kawaguchi, Saitama
332-0012, Japan, and5Division of Neuronal Network, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Institute of Medical
Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
The hippocampal mossy fiber (MF)–CA3 synapse exhibits
NMDA receptor-independent long-term potentiation (LTP),
which is expressed by presynaptic mechanisms leading to
persistent enhancement of transmitter release. Recent studies
have identified several molecules that may play an important
role in MF-LTP. These include Rab3A, RIM1?, kainate autore-
ceptor, and hyperpolarization-activated cation channel (Ih).
However, the precise cellular expression mechanism remains to
be determined because some studies noticed essential roles of
release machinery molecules, whereas others suggested mod-
ulation of the ionotropic processes affecting Ca2?entry into the
presynaptic terminals. Using fluorescence recordings of pre-
synaptic Ca2?in hippocampal slices, here we demonstrated
that MF-LTP is not accompanied by an increase in presynaptic
Ca2?influx during an action potential. Whole-cell recordings
from CA3 neurons revealed long-lasting increases in mean
frequency, but not mean amplitude, of miniature EPSCs after
the high-frequency stimulation of MFs. These data indicate that
the presynaptic expression mechanisms responsible for en-
hanced transmitter release during MF-LTP involve persistent
modification of presynaptic molecular targets residing down-
stream of Ca2?entry.
Key words: cAMP; hippocampus; long-term potentiation;
mossy fiber; presynaptic Ca2?influx; transmitter release
The hippocampal mossy fiber (MF) synapse provides major ex-
citatory input onto CA3 pyramidal neurons and exhibits robust
short- and long-term presynaptic plasticity (Zalutsky and Nicoll,
1990; Weisskopf and Nicoll, 1995; Kobayashi et al., 1996; Henze
et al., 2000) independent of activation of NMDA receptors
(Nicoll and Malenka, 1995). Because long-term potentiation
(LTP) at this synapse can be induced without postsynaptic acti-
vation (Castillo et al., 1994; Mellor and Nicoll, 2001) (but see
Yeckel et al., 1999) and is blocked by the inhibitors of protein
kinase A (PKA), it has been proposed that a rise in cAMP
concentration within the presynaptic terminals and subsequent
activation of PKA are essential for induction of MF-LTP (Weiss-
kopf and Nicoll, 1994). Recently, several studies have revealed the
molecular targets of the cAMP signaling pathway. The studies of
mice lacking Rab3A (Castillo et al., 1997) and RIM1? (Castillo
et al., 2002) suggested essential roles of these two proteins in
MF-LTP. Because RIM1? is an active zone protein that interacts
with the synaptic vesicle protein Rab3A, changes in vesicular
mobilization rather than modification of ion entry processes
would be expected. However, this notion was challenged by the
recent report by Mellor et al. (2002) showing that blockers of the
hyperpolarization-activated cation channel (Ih), whose activity is
modulated directly by cAMP, reversed already established MF-
LTP. The authors proposed a hypothesis that cAMP-dependent
modification of Ihresults in long-lasting depolarization of MF
terminals. Depolarization of the terminals would enhance trans-
mitter release by either increasing Ca2?entry via broadening of
action potentials (Geiger and Jonas, 2000) or activating Ca2?
channels to elevate intraterminal basal Ca2?levels (Turecek and
Trussell, 2001). It must be noted that Chevaleyre and Castillo
(2002) put through the new paper reporting strong evidence
against involvement of Ihin the expression of MF-LTP (see
Discussion). Other lines of evidence suggesting involvement of
presynaptic kainate receptors in MF-LTP (Contractor et al.,
2001; Lauri et al., 2001) (but see Nicoll et al., 2000) also imply
modulation of the presynaptic Ca2?dynamics, because kainate
autoreceptors at this particular synapse was demonstrated to
operate by an ionotropic mechanism (Kamiya and Ozawa, 2000;
Schmitz et al., 2001).
Two possibilities suggested by these studies (i.e., modification
of downstream steps involving vesicular mobilization as suggested
by the studies of Rab3A and RIM1? knockout mice, or modula-
tion of presynaptic Ca2?dynamics as suggested by involvement
of Ihor kainate autoreceptors) are apparently contradictory, and
it has been difficult to propose the unifying model at this time. To
directly determine whether Ca2?entry is modified, we adopted
fluorescence measurement of presynaptic Ca2?at MF terminals
(Kamiya and Ozawa, 1999) and found that action potential-
driven presynaptic Ca2?influx is unchanged during the expres-
Received Aug. 16, 2002; revised Sept. 17, 2002; accepted Oct. 7, 2002.
This work was supported by Grants-in-Aid for Science Research (H.K., S.O., and
T.M.), by Special Coordination Funds for Promoting Science and Technology
(T.M.) from the Ministry of Education, Science, Sports, Culture and Technology of
Japan, and by grants from the Ichiro Kanehara Foundation and the Novartis
Foundation (Japan) for the Promotion of Science (T.M.). We thank Prof. Atsu Aiba
for reading this manuscript.
Correspondence should be addressed to Haruyuki Kamiya, Division of Cell
Biology and Neurophysiology, Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine,
Kobe University, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0017, Japan. E-mail: email@example.com.
Copyright © 2002 Society for Neuroscience 0270-6474/02/2210524-05$15.00/0
The Journal of Neuroscience, December 15, 2002, 22(24):10524–10528
Page 2
sion of MF-LTP. Our results strongly support the hypothesis that
the presynaptic expression mechanism responsible for MF-LTP is
persistent modification of the release machinery downstream of
Simultaneous recordings of field EPSPs and presynaptic Ca2?. Transverse
hippocampal slices (?400 ?m thick) were prepared from BALB/c mice
(14–20 d of age). All experiments were performed according to the
guidelines established by the Animal Care and Experimentation Com-
mittees of Gunma University and Kobe University. Slices were contin-
uously superfused with a solution composed of the following (in mM):
127 NaCl, 1.5 KCl, 1.2 KH2PO4, 2.4 CaCl2, 1.3 MgSO4, 26 NaHCO3, and
10 glucose. The solution was equilibrated with 95% O2and 5% CO2.
Electrical stimuli (100 ?sec duration, ?500 ?A intensity) were delivered
through a tungsten concentric bipolar electrode inserted into the stratum
granulosum of the dentate gyrus, and the resultant field EPSPs were
recorded from the stratum lucidum in the CA3 region with glass micro-
electrodes of ?10 ?m tip diameter filled with the standard extracellular
solution (Kamiya et al., 1996). All recordings were made at room tem-
perature (24–28°C).
Fluorescence recordings of presynaptic Ca2?within the mossy fiber
terminals were made as described previously (Kamiya and Ozawa, 1999).
Briefly, rhod-2 AM (Dojindo Laboratory, Kumamoto, Japan), a
membrane-permeable Ca2?indicator, was loaded into the MF terminals
without severing the axons. The dye was injected locally into the stratum
lucidum, resulting in selective labeling of the mossy fibers. The fluores-
cence (excitation at 510–560 nm and monitoring above 580 nm) from the
area (?100 ?m diameter) containing the labeled terminals was measured
with a single photodiode (S2281–01; Hamamatsu Photonics, Hamamatsu,
Japan), while the field EPSPs were monitored simultaneously from the
area. The ?F/F value evoked by a single electrical stimulus was used as
a measure of [Ca2?]iincrease during an action potential. Subtraction of
the background fluorescence was not performed, because the fluores-
cence of unlabeled region of the slices at this wavelength was almost
negligible. No attempt was made to relate the ?F/F value to peak [Ca2?]i,
because our methods detect the fluorescence signals from the terminals
as well as the axons, and we could not estimate the relative contribution
to the total signals. The output of the photodiode was I–V converted,
amplified, and filtered at 500 Hz with an eight-pole Bessel filter (FLA-1;
Cygnus Technology, Delaware Water Gap, PA). The signal was then
digitized with a 12 bit analog-to-digital converter (Digidata 1200A; Axon
instruments, Foster City, CA) and acquired at 10 kHz using pClamp8
software (Axon Instruments). Data in the text and figures are expressed
as mean ? SEM (the number of experiments). Statistical analysis was
performed using the paired t test unless otherwise noted, and p ? 0.05
was accepted for statistical significance.
Measurement of fiber volley. The presynaptic fiber volley (FV) was
recorded in the presence of 10 ?M CNQX to avoid contamination of the
field EPSPs. The amplitude of FV was measured as a difference between
the initial positive and the following negative peaks. Field potential was
filtered at 2 kHz and digitized at 20–40 kHz for FV measurement. To
confirm that the responses surely reflect FV, 1 ?M TTX was applied at
the end of all experiments (see Figs. 1C, 2C).
Measurement of miniature EPSCs. Whole-cell recordings were made
from CA3 pyramidal neurons, and miniature EPSCs (mEPSCs) were
recorded at ?70 mV in the presence of 0.5 ?M tetrodotoxin and 100 ?M
picrotoxin (Kamiya and Ozawa, 1999). Patch pipettes were filled with an
internal solution (pH 7.2) containing the following (in mM): 150 Cs
gluconate, 0.2 EGTA, 8 NaCl, 10 HEPES, 2 Mg2?ATP, and 5 QX-314
(lidocaine N-ethyl bromide quaternary salt). The membrane currents
were filtered at 1 kHz and collected for 60 sec in each data point. The
mEPSCs (6 pA amplitude threshold) was analyzed off-line using Mini
Analysis Program 5.1 (Synaptosoft, Decatur, GA). No attempt was made
to group the events by the rise time. The Kolmogorov–Smirnov test was
used to assess the effects on amplitude and interevent interval.
Presynaptic Ca2?entry is unchanged by
MF-LTP expression
First, we examined whether stimulus-evoked presynaptic Ca2?
influx is modified during expression of MF-LTP. High-frequency
stimulation of MF (100 Hz for 1 sec) elicited sustained potenti-
ation of field EPSP amplitudes (195 ? 14% of control at 20 min
after tetanus; n ? 8) (Fig. 1A). In contrast, fluorescent signals
(FCa) recorded simultaneously did not change significantly (94 ?
2% of control) (Fig. 1B). Background fluorescence (F), reflecting
resting Ca2?level, was also not affected (97 ? 3% of control).
The lack of effect on FCamight not be attributable to saturation
of indicator, because raising external Ca2?to 3 mM (125% of 2.4
mM standard solution) enhanced FCasubstantially (119 ? 2% of
control; n ? 5). In separate experiments, we monitored presyn-
aptic FV in the presence of the AMPA receptor antagonist
CNQX (10 ?M), because a previous study demonstrated that
tetanic stimulation produces long-lasting change in presynaptic
excitability by assessing latency of FV (Mellor et al., 2002).
Changes in the FV amplitude are rather small (105 ? 1% of
control) at 20 min after tetanus (n ? 6) (Fig. 1C). These results
suggest that MF-LTP is not accompanied by a change in presyn-
aptic Ca2?dynamics within each terminal but is instead attrib-
utable to enhanced efficacy of exocytotic machinery downstream
from Ca2?influx. Then, we examined the mechanism responsible
for forskolin (FSK)-induced potentiation at this synapse, which
has been proposed to share common expression mechanisms with
tetanus-induced LTP (Weisskopf et al., 1994). Application of
FSK (50 ?M for 20 min) resulted in a gradual increase in field
EPSP amplitudes (480 ? 42% of the control value; n ? 6) (Fig.
2A). Simultaneously recorded FCawas increased by FSK (121 ?
Figure 1.
in presynaptic Ca2?entry. A, Amplitudes of field EPSP ( fEPSP) were
plotted against time. Tetanic stimulation (Tet; 100 Hz, 1 sec) was applied
at the time shown by the arrow. Representative traces are those recorded
before (control, thin trace) and 20 min after (LTP, thick trace) tetanic
stimulation. B, Presynaptic Ca2?transients recorded simultaneously
(FCa) were unchanged, whereas clear LTP was observed as in A. Appli-
cation of CNQX (10 ?M) did not decrease FCa, confirming that fluores-
cence signals were originated exclusively from presynaptic structures. C,
Time course of the presynaptic FV amplitude recorded in the presence of
10 ?M CNQX. The FV amplitude was decreased soon after the tetanus,
although it recovered afterward.
LTP at the MF–CA3 synapse is not accompanied by a change
Kamiya et al. • Ca2?-Independent Presynaptic Expression of MF-LTPJ. Neurosci., December 15, 2002, 22(24):10524–10528 10525
Page 3
4% of control) (Fig. 2B), whereas F value was not affected
significantly (96 ? 2% of control). FV recorded in the presence of
CNQX increased in amplitude by almost the same degree as FCa
(115 ? 3% of control; n ? 7; p ? 0.24) (Fig. 2C). Application of
50 ?M 1,9-dideoxyforskolin, an inactive analog of FSK, affected
neither field EPSP amplitude (103 ? 7% of control) nor FCa
(94 ? 5% of control; n ? 3). These results suggest that the
FSK-induced potentiation is accompanied by the increase in the
number of firing axons that explains the increase in FCaduring
application of FSK but is unlikely attributable to an increase in
action potential-driven Ca2?influx into the individual presynap-
tic terminals.
Enhancement of frequency, but not amplitude, of
miniature EPSCs during MF-LTP
To investigate changes in transmitter releasing machinery more
directly, we also examined the effect of tetanic stimulation of MF
on mEPSCs recorded from CA3 neurons (Jonas et al., 1993;
Kamiya and Ozawa, 1999). Some events displayed relatively slow
decay time course (Fig. 3A1, A2), possibly reflecting that kainate
as well as AMPA receptors partly contribute to mEPSCs in CA3
neurons (Cossart et al., 2002). After recording control data in the
presence of TTX, the TTX was removed from the perfusing
solution for 10 min, and then a high-frequency stimulation (100
Hz for 1 sec) was given (Fig. 3B). Substantial evoked MF re-
sponses were replenished at this time (data not shown). Soon
after the tetanus, TTX was added again, and 1 min records were
taken every 5 min thereafter. The increase in mEPSC frequency
was noted even 30 min after the tetanic stimulation (Fig. 3A1)
without significant changes in the distribution of the amplitudes
(Fig. 3A3). The cumulative amplitude histogram was not signifi-
cantly affected, whereas the cumulative plot of interevent intervals
showed a significant difference ( p ? 0.05; Kolmogorov–Smirnov
test) (Fig. 3A4). On average, mean frequency of mEPSCs increased
to 212 ? 50% of the control value, whereas mean amplitude was
little affected (104 ? 9% of control; n ? 14) (Fig. 3B).
The frequency of mEPSCs was also increased during the ap-
plication of 50 ?M FSK (Fig. 3C1) without significant changes in
the amplitude distribution (Fig. 3C2). The cumulative plot of
interevent intervals, but not of amplitude, was affected by FSK
( p ? 0.05; Kolmogorov–Smirnov test) (Fig. 3C3). On average,
mean frequency of mEPSCs increased to 211 ? 25% of the
control value, whereas mean amplitude was little affected (97 ?
5% of control; n ? 11) (Fig. 3D). Application of 50 ?M 1,9-
dideoxyforskolin affected neither mean frequency (104 ? 9% of
control) nor mean amplitude (101 ? 7% of control; n ? 6) of
mEPSCs. Because sustained elevation of basal Ca2?level within
the MF terminals was not accompanied by LTP expression (Re-
gehr and Tank, 1991) and we also did not observe significant
change in F value in this study, the enhancement of frequency of
mEPSCs strongly supports the notion that LTP and FSK-induced
potentiation was accompanied by enhancement of the release
machinery downstream from Ca2?entry. Taking all results to-
gether, we conclude that the expression mechanism of MF-LTP
does not involve an increase in stimulation-dependent Ca2?
influx into the terminals but is instead attributable to an increase
in the efficacy of downstream exocytotic processes.
Using fluorescence measurement of presynaptic Ca2?in mouse
hippocampal slices, we demonstrated here that MF-LTP is not
accompanied by a change in the presynaptic Ca2?transients, as
shown for LTP at the CA1 synapses (Wu and Saggau, 1994).
Instead, sustained increase in the efficacy of release machinery
was suggested by the findings that mean frequency, but not mean
amplitude, of mEPSCs was increased during MF-LTP.
Our results ruled out the possibility that activity-dependent
broadening of the presynaptic action potential and the subsequent
increase in presynaptic Ca2?influx (Geiger and Jonas, 2000) may
underlie the expression of MF-LTP. A previous study revealed
that sustained elevation of the basal Ca2?level within the termi-
nals does not occur during LTP at this synapse (Regehr and
Tank, 1991). Thus, MF-LTP does not involve any change in
presynaptic Ca2?dynamics. Rather, exocytotic machinery down-
stream from Ca2?influx is selectively upregulated, as suggested
by the mEPSC experiments in cultured hippocampal granule cells
(Tong et al., 1996) and by the neurochemical study using MF
synaptosomes (Lonart et al., 1998). Ca2?-independent expres-
sion mechanism of MF-LTP, as demonstrated in this study, is
rather unexpected in light of the recent findings showing that
presynaptic Ih(Mellor et al., 2002) or kainate autoreceptor (Con-
tractor et al., 2001; Lauri et al., 2001) (but see Nicoll et al., 2000)
is essential for MF-LTP, because activation of these channels
would depolarize MF terminals and affect action potential-driven
Ca2?entry processes by modulating voltage-dependent K?chan-
nels and/or Ca2?channels.
It should be mentioned that the very recent paper by Cheva-
leyre and Castillo (2002) reported strong evidence against the
hypothetical roles of Ihin MF-LTP. They found that organic Ih
blockers (ZD7288 and DK-AH269), which had been supposed to
Figure 2.
in Ca2?dynamics within MF terminals. A, Enhancement of fEPSPs
during application of 50 ?M FSK. B, Time course of FCain the same
experiments as in A. Representative traces are those recorded before
(control, thin trace) and 20 min after (FSK, thick trace) FSK application. C,
Time course of FV amplitudes. FV was increased in size by almost the
same degree as that of FCa, suggesting that FSK enhanced presynaptic
excitability but is not accompanied by an increase in Ca2?influx into the
individual terminals.
FSK-induced synaptic enhancement is independent of changes
10526 J. Neurosci., December 15, 2002, 22(24):10524–10528Kamiya et al. • Ca2?-Independent Presynaptic Expression of MF-LTP
Page 4
be selective for Ihchannels, exert a nonspecific action to suppress
MF synaptic transmission. They also performed "two-pathway"
experiments to get around this masking effect of the blockers and
clearly demonstrated that these blockers do not affect MF-LTP.
From these results, the authors also put forward their hypothesis
that MF-LTP results from a direct modification of the release
machinery (Castillo et al., 1997, 2002).
Because of the negative nature of the results in this study, one
may argue that saturation of the Ca2?indicator would mask the
changes in the Ca2?transients. However, we tried to minimize
this possible artifact by using the relatively low-affinity Ca2?
indicator rhod-2 (Minta et al., 1989) instead of the higher-affinity
dye fura-2. In fact, the signals increased substantially by several
conditions, e.g., application of phorbol ester (Honda et al., 2000),
paired stimuli at short intervals (Kamiya et al., 2002), or elevated
external Ca2?concentration (this study). We also paid attention
to load the dye at room temperature to reduce the compartmen-
talization into the mitochondria. As a result, the signal displays
monotonic decay after the peak (Kamiya and Ozawa, 1999; Ka-
miya et al., 2002), suggesting minimal contribution of the signal
originated from mitochondria or other organelles.
To examine the changes in the efficacy of release machinery, we
examined the mEPSCs recorded from CA3 neurons. Because we
cannot distinguish the origin of the observed minis (MF termi-
nals or the other presynaptic terminals making contact on CA3
neurons), contamination of those originated from non-MF inputs
might distort the present results in an unevaluated way. There-
fore, it must be emphasized that the effects of tetanic stimulation
or FSK might be somewhat underestimated, because these ma-
nipulations are expected to selectively affect minis originated
from MF terminals (Weisskopf et al., 1994). More importantly,
however, it certainly supports the notion that MF-LTP and FSK
potentiation are accompanied by enhanced efficacy of release
machinery at the MF terminals.
FV amplitude was increased by application of FSK but not by
LTP-inducing tetanic stimulation. These findings might be inter-
preted as follows. The excitability of MF axons is enhanced by
both manipulations via cAMP elevation in the MF terminals
(Mellor et al., 2002). Bath application of FSK would raise cAMP
levels in the whole population of MF terminals and thus increased
fiber volley amplitude by recruitment of surrounding subthreshold
fibers. In contrast, tetanic stimulation might elevate cAMP con-
centration only within the stimulated MF terminals and therefore
does not lead to increase in the number of stimulated axons.
Differential effects of tetanic stimulation and FSK on FV ampli-
tude would be important for answering the question of why FSK
caused robust enhancement of MF responses in knock-out mice
of Rab3A (Castillo et al., 1997), RIM1? (Castillo et al., 2002),
RI? and C?1isoforms of protein kinase A (Huang et al., 1995),
and type 1 adenylyl cyclase (Villacres et al., 1998) in which
tetanus-induced MF-LTP is absent. Our results highlight differ-
ential mechanisms responsible for FSK-induced enhancement
and tetanus LTP, and this difference may explain, at least in part,
why FSK potentiated MF synaptic transmission in those mutant
mice. It should be noted that FSK enhanced both FV and pre-
synaptic Ca2?transient to the same degree in the similar multi-
fiber recordings at the parallel fiber synapses in the cerebellum
Figure 3.
frequency of mEPSCs during MF-LTP
(A, B) and FSK-induced enhancement (C,
D). A1, Representative traces recorded
before (control) and 30 min after tetanic
(top) and averaged (bottom) traces of 10
consecutive mEPSCs. A3, Amplitude his-
tograms of miniature EPSCs recorded un-
der control conditions ( filled bars) and 30
min after tetanus (open bars). A4, Cumu-
lative probability plots of amplitudes (left)
and interevent intervals (right) of minia-
ture EPSCs for control (continuous line)
and LTP (dotted line) data. B, Averaged
time course of the mean frequency ( filled
circles) or amplitude (open circles) of
mEPSCs. Tetanic stimulation (Tet; 100
Hz, 1 sec) was applied at the time shown
by the arrow. TTX (0.5 ?M) was perfused
during the periods as indicated. C1, Rep-
resentative traces recorded before (con-
trol) and 20 min after FSK application
(FSK). C2, Amplitude histograms of min-
iature EPSCs in the absence ( filled bars)
and presence (open bars) of 50 ?M FSK.
C3, Cumulative probability plots of ampli-
tudes (left) and interevent intervals (right)
of miniature EPSCs for control (continu-
ous line) and FSK (dotted line) data. D,
Time course of the FSK effect on the
mean frequency ( filled circles) or ampli-
tude (open circles).
Long-lasting enhancement of
A2, Superimposed
Kamiya et al. • Ca2?-Independent Presynaptic Expression of MF-LTPJ. Neurosci., December 15, 2002, 22(24):10524–10528 10527
Page 5
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10528 J. Neurosci., December 15, 2002, 22(24):10524–10528 Kamiya et al. • Ca2?-Independent Presynaptic Expression of MF-LTP


text:
10 Steps to Pick the Right Doctor
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Board Certifications
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text:
Alana came running out of the building, she was all dirty and worried, most of the people she had help get out of the building were almost dead!
She was relieved to see Jax and Palpatine alright.
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Alana felt miserable when she saw him fall, she felt like a bad guy right then.
But 4 other clones were about to attack her from each side.Alana thought fast.She Force jumped into the air and back flipped behind them. She used the force to make 2 of them bump heads together and the other 2 had run to get their own shock guns, this was Alana's only chance to escape. ********************************TO BE CONTINUED*********
This is EMAF. first pic is them in a LAAT. second is their leader Commando Speed, second is Commando San Skydancer, third is Commando Nitro Daxx, fourth is Commando Deen Superfighter. They are a gro …
This is Kale Soris's custom built speederbike. It's got twin canons on both sides and has THREE thrusters!!! It's pretty cool, so I hope you like it!!!
This is jek-23's arsenal! As his primary weapon he uses a blaster. For hand to hand combat he uses an electro-staff and a shield he uses a flamethrower four mowing down waves of droids. All of his …
This is something I made awhile ago... Dark lord Kalvon, a damaged sith who now needs a metal jaw and a life support system on is back. He also has a custom double saber that I made, the blades are f …
The damino squad is protecting the rebellion trooper from the old version of the first movie.
This is my custom clone his name is jek-23! I will post pics of all the weapons in his arsenal soon!
This is a mini star destroyer I hope you like it!
Yoda goes into jail! It's the first time he meats a human. Can he come back to his home planet.............
Go ESFM. Hope you like it.
This is the last update to Flare until I get a red mando helmate.
Yoda is going earth!
The greats
A group of skilled clones who rely on quick and fast fighting techniques
The Clones took all the resources they could find in the escape pod and moved their camp to their current location. They found one or two weapons in the pod and that was it so they used the pod as an …
hope you like it
The Jedi were captured. They were taken to Droidiky. They met a "Monsturn". They were trying to escape him and his minions.
Commander Fox and two of his best troopers waiting for the right time to attack the droid patrol
Elite Swamp Scouts on a dangerous mission to kill a menacing Bounty Hunter
A once skilled clone who retired from the army and is now a skilled hunter and a master of war
as Escaped the ship in the escape pod I realized that the pod had no power I said to myself it must of been damaged as it escaped the burning ship. hey guys this is a seen we an escape pod lands on t …
top 12
Name: Ace. Number: CT-32A98. Weapon: basic DC-17. Class: scout. Hope you like it! The last pic is commando gear.
Hey guys! Small MOC of some ERST elites taking out a droid patrol in the ruins of a base. Hope you like it!!!!! I tried to make it look jungle like. Thanks for wacthing comments help thanks.bye!
Hey guys im back after a VERY long time im back sorry havnt been here for a while just my brother hogs the computer. And i got good news my birthday was yesterday! I got the advent clander with vader …
This is a custom decal i made of a recon trooper.
Hey guys i made this outside!! Trying to flee from a battle and barley escaped the rocket trusters got shot and started speeding down into a unknown planet that has NOT been discover, but they are no …
Hon solo gos back in time
C3PO running from R2D2
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