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Systems and methods for sensing air includes at least one, and in some embodiments three, transceivers for projecting the laser energy as laser radiation to the air. The transceivers are scanned or aligned along several different axes. Each transceiver receives laser energy as it is backscattered from the air. A computer processes signals from the transceivers to distinguish molecular scattered laser radiation from aerosol scattered laser radiation and determines air temperatures, wind speeds, and wind directions based on the scattered laser radiation. Applications of the system to wind power site evaluation, wind turbine control, traffic safety, general meteorological monitoring and airport safety are presented.
1. A method for remotely sensing air, comprising:
generating laser radiation with a tunable laser;
splitting the laser radiation into a projected component and a control component;
converting the control component into one or more electronic control signals;
projecting the projected component into the air to induce scattered radiation;
receiving a portion of the scattered radiation as backscattered radiation;
converting the backscattered radiation into one or more electronic backscattered radiation signals, including converting a first portion of the backscattered radiation to an unfiltered backscattered electronic signal, filtering at least a second portion of the backscattered radiation using an optical notch filter to form a filtered portion, and
converting the filtered portion to a filtered backscattered electronic signal;
processing the one or more electronic control signals and the one or more electronic backscattered radiation signals to determine Doppler shift; and
processing the Doppler shift to determine wind speed.
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20. A system for optically sensing air data comprising: a tunable laser for generating laser radiation;
at least one beam splitter for splitting the laser radiation into a projected component and a control component;
at least one optical notch filter;
at least one control component detector coupled to receive at least a portion of the control component through the at least one optical notch filter and generate an electronic control signal therefrom;
apparatus for projecting the projected component into the air to induce scattered radiation and for receiving a portion of the scattered radiation as backscattered radiation;
at least one backscattered radiation detector coupled to receive at least a portion of the backscattered radiation through the at least one optical notch filter and generate an electronic backscatter signal therefrom;
control and computing apparatus for sweeping a wavelength of the tunable laser and for receiving the electronic backscatter signal and the electronic control signal and determining Doppler shift therefrom, and for processing the Doppler shift to determine wind speed.
21. The system of
a pseudorandom sequence generator for generating a pseudorandom sequence;
a modulator for modulating the laser radiation with the pseudorandom sequence; and
wherein the control and computing apparatus correlates the pseudorandom sequence with the electronic backscatter signal to determine the Doppler shift at a plurality of ranges from the system.
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33. A system for optically sensing air data comprising: a pseudorandom sequence generator for generating a pseudorandom sequence;
a tunable laser for generating laser radiation modulated by the pseudorandom sequence;
at least one beam splitter for splitting the laser radiation into a projected component and a control component;
at least one optical notch filter;
at least one control component detector coupled to receive at least a portion of the control component through the at least one optical notch filter and generate an electronic control signal therefrom;
apparatus for projecting the projected component into the air to induce scattered radiation and for receiving a portion of the scattered radiation as backscattered radiation;
at least one backscattered radiation detector coupled to receive at least a portion of the backscattered radiation through the at least one optical notch filter and generate an electronic backscatter signal therefrom; and
control and computing apparatus for sweeping a wavelength of the tunable laser, for receiving the electronic backscatter signal and the electronic control signal, for correlating the pseudorandom sequence with the electronic backscatter signal and determining Doppler shift at a plurality of ranges therefrom; and
wherein the control and computing apparatus analyzes the electronic backscatter signal to determine Rayleigh scattering, and to determine air temperature therefrom at a plurality of ranges from the system.
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This application claims benefit of priority to and is a continuation-in-part of commonly-owned and copending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/488,259. In turn, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/488,259 claims benefit of priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/699,630 filed Jul. 15, 2005. This application is also a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 11/103,020 filed 11 Apr. 2005, which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 10/632,735 filed Aug. 1, 2003, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,894,768, which claims benefit of priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/400,462 filed Aug. 2, 2002. All of the aforementioned applications are hereby incorporated by reference.
This invention was made in part with the support of the U.S. Government; the U.S. Government has certain rights in this invention as provided for by the terms of Grant #NAS4-02043 awarded by the NASA Dryden Flight Research Center.
An Air Data System (�ADS�) provides sensed telemetry informing pilots, navigators or Vehicle Management System computers of air parameter(s) affecting aircraft stability. These air parameters include, for example, air speed, air temperature and air pressure, each being useful for navigation and flight control. The ADS exists in many forms, for example, as mechanical, opto-mechanical or opto-electronic devices.
An Optical Air Data System (�OADS�) uses light to determine parameters of air speed. The OADS transmits light pulses into the atmosphere and receives light that aerosols reflect or �backscatter� towards the aircraft. Aerosols are fine solids and/or liquid particles suspended in air or other gases. The OADS may also measure the Doppler effect by receiving backscattered light and measuring its return frequency to determine speed. Certain prior art OADSs rely on scattered light that is unpredictable because of aerosol distributions that vary significantly with altitude and cloud content. In addition, some regions of the atmosphere contain too few aerosols to enable reliable air data measurements, and such an OADS cannot determine air temperature or air pressure.
Ground-based air data measurements can also be of interest in other applications such as wind measurements for weather monitoring, weather prediction and traffic alerts.
Wind conditions near airports and on approach paths to airports can be of great interest to pilots. In particular, improved detection and measurement of wind shear, updraft, downdraft, and microburst conditions has been of interest since a microburst was blamed for the demise of a Lockheed L-1011 trying to land at Dallas in 1985. Aircraft are particularly sensitive to such wind conditions during the critical flight phases of takeoff and landing; it is desirable to equip airports with devices for detecting such conditions so that destruction of aircraft and death of crew and passengers can be avoided.
Wind conditions are often measured at more than one point on an airport in an attempt to detect potentially harmful wind conditions. Since wind shear is characterized by a difference in wind speeds and directions with altitude, it is also desirable to measure wind conditions at several altitudes and not just near the surface.
Tax and other incentives enacted by the United States and several states have increased interest in obtaining electric power from renewable energy sources, including wind power systems. Detailed measurements of wind speed, air temperature, air turbulence, and similar information at the surface and at altitudes within a few hundred meters of the surface are of use in evaluating locations for wind power systems. Further, realtime measurements of wind conditions, turbulence, and temperature at the surface and at altitude may be of use in controlling wind power systems and in predicting updrafts and microbursts to help protect such systems from adverse conditions.
A method for sensing air includes using at least one, and at times three, transceivers for projecting laser energy as laser radiation to the air. When using three transceivers, the transceivers are aligned along several different axes, when using one transceiver the projected radiation may be scanned. Each transceiver receives laser energy as it is backscattered from the air. A computer processes signals from the one or more transceivers to distinguish molecular scattered laser radiation from aerosol scattered laser radiation and determines air temperatures, wind speeds, and wind directions based on the scattered laser radiation. Applications of the method to wind power site evaluation, wind turbine control, weather monitoring, aircraft air data sensing, and airport safety are presented. In some embodiments the laser energy is scanned to cover a region of interest.
A system for optically sensing air data has a tunable laser for generating laser radiation and a beam splitter for splitting the laser radiation into a projected component and a control component. A control component detector receives at least a portion of the control component through an optical notch filter and generates an electronic control signal. The projected component is emitted into the air and a portion of scattered radiation is received as backscattered radiation, a portion of which is received through an optical notch filter into a backscattered radiation detector to generate an electronic backscatter signal therefrom. The wavelength of the tunable laser is swept and the control signal and backscatter signal are compared to determine Doppler shift, this is used to determine wind speed. In an embodiment, a pseudorandom sequence generator modulates the laser radiation and the electronic backscatter signal is correlated with the random sequence to determine the Doppler shift at several ranges from the system.
Return laser radiation 107 typically contains molecular scattered (e.g., Rayleigh) components 107A and/or aerosol scattered (e.g., Mie) components 107B. OADS 101 distinguishes the molecular scattered components 107A from the aerosol scattered components 107B and correspondingly determines one or more air parameters based on backscattered laser radiation 107. Examples of such air parameters include air speed, air pressure, air temperature and/or aircraft orientation angles relative to the local wind. OADS 101 may be configured with other aircraft as well, including unmanned air vehicles (UAVs), helicopters, missiles, gliders and space shuttles. Although illustrated within a �nose� 108 of aircraft 102, OADS 101 may be configured in any other part of aircraft 102.
As shown in
Computer 113 communicatively couples with transceiver 110 and processes signals from transceiver 110 to distinguish a molecular-scattered component 107A from an aerosol-scattered component 107B. Computer 113 determines the air parameters based on laser radiation 107 backscattered from molecules and/or aerosols in air 104. Accordingly, as described below, computer 113 may employ one or more digital signal processing algorithms to determine such parameters.
While OADS 101 illustrates one transceiver 110 in an exemplary embodiment, a plurality of transceivers may be used, depending on an application. For example, a missile employing OADS 101 may use two transceivers 110 to determine air parameters such as a forward velocity (e.g., air speed) and a vertical plane, or angle of attack, of the missile. An airplane may use three transceivers 110 positioned in a particular manner to determine various aircraft geometries, such as angle of attack and sideslip, in addition to the air parameters of air speed, air pressure and air temperature. In addition, air vehicles (fixed wing and rotary) may employ three or more transceivers and/or lasers to increase Optical Air Data System reliability through redundant system architecture. Using three OADS transceivers mounted on three non-coplanar axes may fully resolve a total airspeed vector by providing three independent measurements for the air speed vector. The transceivers are for example located in uncommon planes and their geometry known respective of an aircraft centerline. Vector algebra may then be used to determine the full airspeed vector, including forward air speed, angle-of-sideslip and angle-of-attack.
In particular, component 143A of laser radiation 142 directed to air 144 is scattered into scatter field 146. Scattering of component 143A is illustrated by scattering vectors 147 in scatter field 146, whereas return scattering is illustrated by backscattered laser radiation 148. Component 143B of the laser radiation 142 is used as a reference for comparison to backscattered laser radiation 148. Such a comparison is for example useful in determining air parameters such as air speed, since transmitted and received frequencies of the laser radiation may be ascertained for use in a Doppler equation; such a process is explained in greater detail herein below.
In the illustrated embodiment, backscattered laser radiation 148 is received through optics 149. In one example, optics 149 is a telescope that gathers backscattered laser radiation 148 into a beam 150. Optics 149 also directs beam 150 to beam splitter 151, to split beam 150 into two components 150A/150B. Component 150B of beam 150 passes through vapor filter 152 to detector 153 to produce electronic signal 158 representative of the component 150B impinging detector 153; whereas component 150A is directed by beam splitter 151 to detector 154.
In one embodiment, detector 154 is a photodetector that receives radiation 150A and converts it into an electronic signal 155. Detector 154 connects to a central computer 156 to process electronic signal 155. Similarly, detector 153 is a photodetector configured for detecting component 150B, which is filtered by vapor filter 152 as filtered component 157. Detector 153 converts component 157 to an electronic signal 158 for processing by central computer 156.
Accordingly, electronic signal 158 corresponds to backscattered laser radiation 148 as filtered by vapor filter 152; and electronic signal 155 corresponds to unfiltered backscattered laser radiation 150A. Electronic signal 155 is thus used to nullify certain anomalies as computer 156 processes electronic signal 158. For example, when processed with electronic signal 158, signal 155 may be used to remove, from signal 158, certain laser transmission power fluctuations in filtered component 157 caused by atmospheric changes in air 144. Such a process is explained in more detail in connection with
Computer 156 includes lookup tables 170 and 172 that may be utilized to determine temperature and/or pressure as discussed below.
Reference component 143B of the laser radiation 142 is split into two components 159 and 160 by beam splitter 145. Component 160 is directed by beam splitter 145 to vapor filter 152 via mirrored surface 161, to measure filter characteristics, whereas component 159 is directed by beam splitter 145 to detector 162, to generate electronic signal 163. Electronic signal 163 is for example used to normalize power fluctuations in the return of backscattered laser radiation 148 caused by power fluctuations in the generation of laser radiation 142 by laser 141. Such a process is explained in more detail in
Vapor filter 152 filters component 160 to produce filtered component 164. Filtered component 164 is directed to detector 165, via mirrored surface 166, and then converted to an electronic signal 167. Central computer 156 processes electronic signal 167 to determine filter characteristics, such as frequencies and suppression features of the band stop region of vapor filter 152. One such process is also explained in more detail in context of
It will also be appreciated that although the embodiment shown in OADS 140 of
Filters other than atomic vapor filters may provide certain advantages. For example, while the absorption frequencies of atomic vapor filters are reliably tied to properties of an atomic vapor used, their use may constrain an OADS to include a tunable laser having output at such frequencies. However, certain tunable lasers may have improved performance and/or stability at frequencies that do not conveniently match atomic vapor filter absorption frequencies. In particular, Bragg grating filters are a low cost, optical notch filter effective for airspeed measurement at longer wavelengths such as 1550 nm. Certain filters such as interference filters, dichroic filters, fiber Bragg grating filters, volume holographic grating filters, and/or Rugate filters may be designed to have absorption features tuned to a preferred frequency output range of a tunable laser, rather than tuning the laser to the filter. The use of a tunable laser, and a matching notch filter in an OADS may thus (1) enable use of higher laser output power for improved return signal strength, (2) make the OADS more robust with respect to thermal stability, vibration and shock, (3) eliminate hazardous materials (e.g., mercury) from the OADS, and/or (4) reduce size, weight and/or cost of the OADS.
Laser radiation 142 generated by laser 141 passes through filter 152 to provide filtered component 164. Once filtered component 164 is converted to electronic signal 167 by detector 165, computer 156 analyzes and stores features of vapor filter 152 through digital signal processing of signal 167 (e.g., computer 156 stores reference features, obtained under controlled conditions, for use in future calculations). As shown in this example, features of vapor filter 152 have approximately 10% normalized absorption at approximately +/−5 GHz (i.e., 0.9 normalized transmission factor at approximately +/−5 GHz according to axis 205) about the peak absorption frequency. Other types of suitable filters may include different absorption/transmission features.
Curve 201 exemplifies filtered backscattered laser radiation such as that of filtered component 157 of
To determine air speed in one embodiment, computer 156 determines how far in frequency the peak absorption frequency of filtered component 157 has shifted from the initial laser frequency by comparing curve 202 to curve 201 (e.g., comparing peak absorption frequencies of filtered components 157 and 164). Frequency shift 203 substantially equates to a radial wind velocity through the Doppler velocity equation:
In one embodiment, wind velocity component VR may be measured by determining the frequency shift from curve 202 of graph 200 as compared to curve 201 of graph 200. This is accomplished by calculating a symmetry point of each curve 201 and 202 and determining a difference in symmetry points between the two curves.
Vapor filter 152 may have a plurality of absorption features. Consequently, OADS may have a plurality of absorption maxima, such as those illustrated by curves 201 and 202 of
Next, computer 156 may determine other air parameters, utilizing the result obtained for the measured intensity of the returned laser energy. Such a process, for example, may begin by determining characteristics of vapor filter 152 by transmitting of reference laser radiation 160 through vapor filter 152. For example, measuring band stop characteristics of vapor filter 152 with laser 141 (e.g., via component 143B to electronic signal 167) during experimentation yields a convolution of the laser wavelength and the filter according to the following equation:
Note that all optical efficiencies EF and ES capture signal losses that are optical in nature. For example, EF, the optical efficiency for detector 165, includes the optical beam splitting ratios for beam splitters 143 and 145, the optical transmission and coupling across filter 152 and the optical delivery efficiency onto detector 165. Es, the optical collection efficiency for detector 153, includes the collection efficiency of telescope 149, the optical coupling efficiency into path 150, the beam splitter ratio of beam splitter 151, the transmission efficiency across filter 152 and the delivery efficiency onto detector 153. Detector efficiencies DF and DS include the detector conversion efficiencies for detectors 165 and 153, respectively. Thus, DF is the conversion efficiency whereby detector 165 converts laser radiation along path 164 into an electrical signal 167. Likewise, DS is the conversion efficiency whereby detector 153 converts laser radiation along path 157 into an electrical signal 158.
Backscattered laser radiation 148 may include power fluctuations that are caused by laser 141 while generating laser radiation 142. Accordingly, laser radiation detected by detector 162 (e.g., via component 159) may be utilized to normalize power fluctuations attributable to laser 141. In one embodiment, detector 162 converts component 159 into electronic signal 163. In turn, computer 156 processes and normalizes according to the following equation:
Curve 221 of graph 220 of
In one embodiment, absorption/transmission characteristics of vapor filter 152 are normalized using Eq. 3 and Eq. 4. Eq. 3 yields stop band characteristics of filter 152 and Eq. 4 accounts for power fluctuations in the generation of laser radiation 142. With the power fluctuations of Eq. 4 substantially removed, a �normalization channel� is created, and power fluctuations attributable to atmospheric changes may be accounted for.
In one embodiment, additional power fluctuations caused by atmospheric changes in air 144 are also removed. For example, laser radiation detected by detector 154 (e.g., via component 150A) assists in removing laser power fluctuations caused by atmospheric changes in air 144. Accordingly, detector 154 converts received laser radiation into electronic signal 155. Computer 156, in turn, processes electronic signal 155 to determine the normalized laser radiation magnitude according to the following equation:
In one embodiment, it is advantageous to normalize the various characteristic functions to enable a closed-loop solution to the process of determining temperature and pressure. In one example, therefore, computer 156 calculates the normalized laser line shape according to the following equation:
In one embodiment, dividing the signal 167 collected from detector 165 (and represented by Eq. 3, above) by the signal 163 collected from detector 162 (and represented by Eq. 4, above) removes laser 141 power fluctuations, as follows:
In one embodiment, tuning the laser 141 to a reference frequency νref far enough removed from the effects of the vapor filter 152 enables the measurement of the ratio of the optical and detector efficiencies of the signal channels 167 (SF, represented by Eq. 3 above) and 163 (SL, represented by Eq. 4 above). This, in turn, enables the normalization of the signal 167 measurement to one, for simultaneously checking for laser, detector and filter abnormalities on a scan-by-scan basis:
In one embodiment, LF(ν) are determined to generate a look up table of the convolution of theoretical Rayleigh functions (calculated in terms of temperature and pressure) with the measured filter function. Since the measured filter function is already the convolution of the laser and filter spectra, convolving the Rayleigh function with the measured filter signal 167 yields the expected return signal from an atmosphere of pure Rayleigh scatterers.
In one embodiment, the measured signal 158, which is the backscatter return from the atmosphere 144 that passes through the vapor filter 152 (and is represented by Eq. 2 above), is divided by the signal 155, which is the backscatter return from the atmosphere 144 that does not pass through vapor filter 152 (and is represented by Eq. 5 above). This calculation removes changes in signal transmission that are independent of the factors to be measured:
In one embodiment, tuning laser 141 to reference frequency νref far enough removed from the effects of the vapor filter 152 enables the measurement of the ratio of the optical and detector efficiencies of the signal channels 158 (SS as represented by Eq. 2 above) and 155 (SN as represented by Eq. 5 above). This enables a check for abnormalities in the filter on a scan-by-scan basis:
In one embodiment, a variable Kref may be defined as:
Once both data sets (i.e., SS and SN) are symmetric about the same data point, computer 156 calculates temperature and pressure from the return signal. Initially, computer 156 uses theoretical Rayleigh functions that are functions of temperature and pressure in conjunction with the measured filter transmission to generate a lookup table 170 that stores laser, Rayleigh, and filter (LFR(ν)) convolutions that are dependent on atmospheric temperature and pressure. Computer 156 may then compare a normalized return signal to a value stored in lookup table 170 to determine atmospheric temperature and pressure. In order to compare the return signal with the lookup table 170, computer 156 accounts for the magnitude of Mie scatterers as well as any changes in air density that may change the magnitude of the Rayleigh signal.
A vapor filter may be used as a bandstop filter; such filters typically provide frequency stability, optical depth, and optimal filter shape. For the purposes of separating the Rayleigh and Mie scattering, an optical depth of approximately 60 dB provides excellent absorption of Mie scattering within a small frequency variance around ν0(i.e., where ν� is a normalized frequency of 0 GHz). For example, an atomic vapor filter may provide 60 dB of absorption in a frequency region that is not contaminated by Mie scattering. This region may be used in acquiring initial estimates of pressure and temperature (explained below in
Accounting for power fluctuations, optical efficiencies and detector efficiencies as described herein allows for an independent check on vapor filter 152 while OADS 140 operates. With variable characteristics of detector channels and power fluctuations accounted for, computer 156 may determine, for example, the substantially constant characteristics of vapor filter 152, such that more accurate measurements of received backscattered laser radiation (e.g., laser radiation 148) are obtained.
In one embodiment, the normalization channel depicted in
To measure Rayleigh components and Mie components, in one embodiments OADS 140 tunes the frequency of the laser radiation 142 transmitted by laser 141. For example, laser 141 transmits the laser radiation 142 at distal frequencies from the peak absorption frequency of filter 152 (illustrated by ν� in
In one embodiment, measured intensity of the detected backscattered laser radiation (e.g., as determined by electronic signal 158) is functionally compared to normalized atmospheric factors. The measured intensity often depends upon Mie scatterers (e.g., aerosols) and air density changes due to altitude changes and temperature changes. The air density changes and the temperature changes are not, however, removed through the normalization processes described herein. For computer 156 to accurately determine air parameters such as temperature and pressure of air 144, air density changes are removed from the detected backscattered laser radiation so that computer 156 may accurately determine the air parameters.
In one embodiment, to determine the air temperature and air pressure, computer 156 processes the data from curves 241, 242 and 243 to substantially isolate and remove the Mie scattering effects, such as those found in curve 241. In processing the data from curves 241, 242 and 243, computer 156 calculates lookup table 170 in substantially real time using a measured laser/filter profile (i.e., as measured at detector 165 of
Computer 156 calculates theoretical Rayleigh return assuming an initial temperature estimate and performs a Least Square Error (LSE) calculation to determine the accuracy of the temperature with respect to the theoretical Rayleigh function. Computer 156 repeats the process with incremental changes to temperature and/or pressure until an optimal fit (i.e., an LSE calculation that corresponds to design specifications) is achieved. Although discussed in detail with respect to LSE, other approximation methods, such as Newton-Raphson and Monte Carlo, may be used in alternative embodiments. Accordingly, this disclosure teaches by way of example and not by limitation.
Temperature affects air density in a manner that is reciprocal to pressure; increasing pressure increases density, while increasing temperature decreases density. Additionally, increasing temperature increases the Rayleigh lineshape width while increasing pressure increases the Rayleigh lineshape height. Accordingly, for each incremental value of temperature and/or pressure, the Rayleigh lineshape is unique. Such scattering theory is discussed in �On The Kinetic Model Description Of Rayleigh-Brillouin Scattering From Molecular Gases�, G. C. Tenti, D. Boley and R. C. Desai, Canadian Journal of Physics, vol. 52, pg. 285-290 (1974).
In one example, computer 156 determines air density changes by aligning peak absorption frequencies of curves 241, 242 and 243, illustrated at frequency ν�. Since curve 243 represents detected backscattered laser radiation containing substantially no Mie scattering, curve 243 may be used as a reference where Mie scattering has been eliminated. In one example, computer 156, therefore, uses curve 243 to remove the effects of Mie scattering by aligning curves 241, 242 and 243 and by calculating a ratio of the detected backscattered laser radiation to theoretically pure Rayleigh scattering (the ratio of curves 241 and 242) which may be utilized to determine air density. Mie scattering effects are then removed by subtracting curve 243 from the calculated ratio of curves 241 and 242. With Mie scattering essentially removed from the measurement, computer 156 more accurately determines air temperatures and air pressures.
From signals 163 and 167, computer 156 may for example determine a normalized filter transmission, by dividing discrete points of electronic signal 167 by corresponding discrete points of signal 163. Similarly, computer 156 may determine a normalized atmospheric return though vapor filter 152 by dividing discrete points of signal 158 by corresponding discrete points of signal 155. These discrete points, described herein, correspond to individual pulses of laser radiation 142.
Using normalized calculations of filter transmission (e.g., from graph 260) and the normalized calculations of atmospheric return (e.g., from graph 280), computer 156 determines relative optical efficiencies in the vapor filter 152.
In one embodiment, computer 156 determines optical transmission for vapor filter 152 using the frequency independent components of data from graph 260,
Similarly, computer 156 determines a magnitude of intensity of atmospheric-returned laser radiation received through vapor filter 152 using the frequency independent parts of the data from graph 280,
In one embodiment, computer 156 calculates a ratio of signal 158 to signal 155 for frequencies between �0.5 GHz (illustrated at points 288 and 289). Such a frequency range includes substantially no Mie scattering of laser radiation 142 for air 144; it thus corresponds to substantially pure Rayleigh scattering. Computer 156 thus compares a Rayleigh to Mie scattering strength based upon the ratio of signal 158 to signal 155. Computer 156 determines Rayleigh to Mie scattering strength by comparing a ratio of signal 158 to signal 155 at frequencies between �0.5 GHz to the ratio of signal 158 to signal 155 at frequencies greater than �18 GHz from 0 GHz. In one embodiment, computer 156 performs similar calculations for �non-scattered� laser radiation 142 (e.g., component 143B of
Ratios determined for the non-scattered laser radiation 142 and for the scattered laser radiation 148 may be used in tandem to numerically calculate Laser-Rayleigh-Filter convolution (e.g., LRF(ν)) from data. The Laser-Rayleigh-Filter convolution is in turn compared to a look up table of theoretical Laser-Rayleigh-Filter convolution values to determine temperature and pressure.
Laser radiation is typically split into four distinct paths such that the laser radiation may be detected as four different inputs, in step 402. These four paths of laser radiation correspond to: 1) laser radiation transmitted by the laser (e.g., component 159 of
After detecting the four components of laser radiation, a computer (e.g., computer 156,
The computer also determines, in one embodiment, a normalized atmospheric return of the laser radiation, in step 404. For example, the computer may process the filtered backscattered laser radiation and unfiltered backscattered laser radiation by dividing the magnitude of the filtered backscattered laser radiation by the magnitude of the unfiltered backscattered laser radiation. Again, in one embodiment, division is performed on a pulse-by-pulse basis, where divided magnitudes of the pulses have corresponding frequencies.
Once normalized filter transmission and normalized atmospheric return of the laser radiation are determined, the computer determines signal strengths for each of the filter transmission and the atmospheric return. For example, the computer determines the optical transmission through the filter by calculating a ratio of the filtered laser radiation to the unfiltered laser radiation at particular frequency ranges, in steps 405 and 407. The computer similarly determines the atmospheric return (scattering) signal strength through the filter by calculating a ratio of the filtered backscattered laser radiation to the unfiltered laser radiation at particular frequency ranges, in steps 406 and 408.
The computer also determines a signal strength ratio for the normalized filter transmission by dividing filtered laser radiation by unfiltered laser radiation, again on a pulse-by-pulse basis, at frequencies greater in magnitude than about +/−18 GHz about the peak absorption frequency, in step 407. The computer further determines a signal strength ratio for the normalized filter transmission by dividing filtered laser radiation by unfiltered laser radiation on a pulse-by-pulse basis at frequencies between about +/−0.5 GHz, in step 405. These signal strength determinations correspond to frequency ranges where Mie scattering (e.g., +/−18 GHz) and Rayleigh scattering (e.g., +/−0.5 GHz) are most prevalent, and are thus useful when combined with similar signal strength determinations for the normalized atmospheric return. The computer determines a Mie scattering signal strength ratio for the normalized atmospheric return of the laser radiation by dividing filtered backscattered laser radiation by unfiltered backscattered laser radiation, again on a pulse by pulse basis, at frequencies greater in magnitude than about +/−18 GHz about the peak absorption frequency, in step 408. The computer also determines a Rayleigh scattering signal strength ratio for the normalized atmospheric return of the laser radiation by dividing filtered scattered laser radiation by unfiltered backscattered laser radiation on a pulse-by-pulse basis at frequencies between about +/−0.5 GHz in step 406.
With signal optical transmission for the filter and signal strengths for both Rayleigh scattering and Mie scattering determined, the computer determines a Rayleigh laser filter convolution in step 409. For example, the computer, in one embodiment, performs a convolution of the optical transmission with the Rayleigh and Mie scattering signal strengths corresponding to the frequency ranges for Rayleigh and Mie scattering of +/−0.5 GHz and +/−18 GHz, respectively. The computer then accesses a lookup table, such as lookup table 170 of
It is also possible to calculate a convolution of a measured filter function with a theoretical Rayleigh-Brillouin return (Rayleigh line shape), and directly compare the convolution with filtered scattered laser radiation. This allows calculation of atmospheric parameters without calculating a deconvolution of the Rayleigh-Brillouin signal, reducing the complexity of real-time calculations required to determine the atmospheric parameters. In particular, ratios of measured signals may be compared directly to theoretical ratios of a Rayleigh line shape convolved with measured filter functions to allow self calibrating measurements. For example, signal strength variations across data gathering channels and power of scattered laser radiation may be inherently normalized when such ratios are used. Certain ratios of measured data at laser frequencies that lie within filtered bands of optical notch filters (e.g., absorption features of an atomic vapor cell, or equivalent features of other filters, as discussed above) may be useful for determining temperature and pressure, since Mie scattering is eliminated firm the measured data. Calculation of convolutions may represent a lower computational burden on a computer (e.g., computer 156 of OADS 140) as compared to calculating deconvolutions of measured data into and out of a Rayleigh-Brillouin representation.
For example, filtered scattered laser radiation data in a signal channel may be characterized by the equation:
If frequency 1 is located in a filter absorption band, the Mie scattering term is effectively eliminated, yielding:
In one embodiment, a lookup table stores temperature and pressure pairs that correspond with two of the measurement ratios defined in Eq. 28. The two ratios essentially define two equations with two unknowns (i.e., a single such ratio may not determine both pressure and temperature). Data may also be taken in more than three filtered bands, yielding more than two of the Eq. 28 ratios; when more than two such ratios are available, multiple values of temperature and pressure may be determined that may be averaged or used in �best fit� methods to improve temperature and pressure determination in a noisy measurement environment.
In an embodiment, theoretical Rayleigh line shapes corresponding to temperature and pressure combinations are stored in a lookup table. A reference curve is calculated by obtaining a Rayleigh line shape corresponding to an estimated temperature and pressure from the lookup table and convolving the Rayleigh line shape with a normalized atmospheric return curve. Values of LFR(ν) at absorption feature maxima may then be determined from the reference curve and used to determine one or more air parameters (e.g. temperature and/or pressure) using Eq. 28.
Calculating convolution of the measured filter function with the theoretical Rayleigh line shape also enables utilization of curve fitting routines to map the convolved curves to true temperature and pressure conditions, such that the deconvolution calculations suggested by the Tenti, Boley and Desai paper above are not required. An OADS may store a pre-compiled table of stored curve shapes that are generated by modeling large databases of known temperature and pressure values (e.g., the table may be stored in computer 156 of OADS 140). As measurements are taken, data curves may be generated from measured data, and curve-fitting routines may be used to compare the data curves to the stored curve shapes to derive true temperature and pressure. The utilization of curve-fitting routines may also have less sensitivity to noisy data, as compared to deconvolution calculations, making the determination of true temperature and pressure more robust.
In an embodiment of step 460, a laser (e.g., laser 141 of
Step 462 detects laser radiation corresponding to filtered scattered laser radiation (e.g. component 157 of
Step 464 determines a normalized filter transmission curve by dividing a magnitude of filtered laser radiation by a magnitude of unfiltered laser radiation for each pulse in the swept frequency range; step 466 determines a normalized atmospheric return curve by dividing a magnitude of filtered scattered laser radiation by a magnitude of unfiltered laser radiation for each pulse in the swept frequency range. It will be appreciated that since the data required for the calculations in steps 464 and 466 are collected by the operation of steps 460 and 462, steps 464 and 466 may be done in any order or in parallel.
Step 468 calculates a Doppler shift ΔνD that is a frequency shift between the normalized filter transmission curve (calculated in step 464) and the normalized atmospheric return curve (calculated in step 466), then calculates a local radial wind velocity νR using Eq. 1 above. As was stated above, a band stop filter may have a plurality of absorption features; consequently, a plurality of Doppler shift ΔνD and radial wind velocity νR calculations may be calculated in step 468.
Step 470 utilizes only normalized atmospheric return curve magnitude values (calculated in step 466) within three or more specific filter absorption bands to form two or more normalized atmospheric return ratios (actual ratios). For example, if atmospheric return data is derived for frequencies 1, 2, and 3 (at times that are close enough together, as discussed with reference to Eq. 28 above), then two ratios may be formed using one of the frequencies as a baseline (denominator), such as
Step 472 obtains theoretical temperature and pressure data from a lookup table of normalized filter transmission convolved with theoretically derived Rayleigh line shapes, at the frequencies utilized in step 470. One or more air parameters (e.g. temperature and/or pressure) are then estimated. A Rayleigh line shape corresponding to the estimated one or more air parameters is for example obtained from a lookup table. A reference curve is then calculated by convolving the Rayleigh line shape with the normalized filter transmission curve from step 464.
In step 474, ratios corresponding to the ratios formed in step 470 are formed from magnitude values of the reference curve calculated in step 472. The ratios formed in step 474 may be referred to as reference ratios.
In step 476, one or more air parameters (e.g. temperature and pressure) are determined. An error corresponding to the differences between the one or more actual ratios and the corresponding one or more reference ratios may be calculated: if the error is within an acceptable range, the estimated one or more air parameters (corresponding to the Rayleigh line shape) are published as the actual one or more air parameters; but if the error is not within an acceptable range, steps 472, 474, and 476 are repeated with one or more different estimated air parameters until the error is within an acceptable range.
The error of step 476 may be calculated using a least mean square error algorithm. Steps 470, 474, and 476 may be optional; the normalized atmospheric return curve calculated in step 466 is for example correlated to the reference curve calculated in step 472 using curve fitting routines.
Certain advantages of embodiments described above may include:
It can be desirable to measure air parameters, such as velocity and temperature, at selected distances (or ranges) from an Outside Air Data System. In an aircraft, discrepancies between air velocity near the aircraft and air velocity in a more distant zone ahead of the aircraft can provide warning of wind shear or microburst activity. In ground-based applications, it is known that wind speed, wind direction, and air temperature can vary with altitude, and altitude above an air data system corresponds to range above the system.
An OADS of the type discussed herein with reference to
An alternative embodiment of the OADS that provides for range resolution and permits use of lower cost lasers by allowing the OADS to operate at a lower peak laser output power is the �Random Modulated Continuous Wave� (RMCW) approach illustrated in
Meanwhile, the pseudorandom code from sequence generator 550 is passed to a digital signal processor 554 to be used in interpreting the output from detector 562. The output from detector 562 is first converted to a digital representation using the analog-to-digital converter 563. For each of the pseudorandom code generated by sequence generator 550, the output from the analog-to-digital converter 563 is added into a unique memory location. These �n� unique memory locations are collectively termed a Histogramming Memory 555. Likewise, the Histogramming Memory 555 returns to the first unique memory location and begins summing each new output from the analog-to-digital converter 563 to accumulated value contained in each unique memory location, starting with the first unique location and proceeding in sequence. This continuous process is repeated once, or as many times as desired.
One embodiment repeatedly transmits and collects sufficient iterations through the pseudorandom sequence into the Histogramming Memory 555 until a sufficient lidar Signal-to-Noise Ratio (or similar lidar system performance metric) is achieved. Once sufficient data is collected in the Histogramming Memory 555, the �n� values accumulated into the �n� unique memory locations are passed to the digital signal processor 554. The digital signal processor 554 performs a mathematical cross-correlation on the two �n� valued sequences: one arriving from the pseudorandom code generator 550 and one arriving from the Histogramming Memory 555. The resultant output is termed the correlated signal 570 and provides the range-resolved return signal. The correlated signal 570 is then used to determine air parameters at all specific distances from the OADS.
During hot summer days in large parts of the United States, air 604 is heated near the surface, as for example a runway 602 (
Rising hot air may carry moisture with it, and may rise to high altitudes where the moisture condenses into rain. Falling rain may drag an air column downwards 608, sometimes quite quickly. Since the ground impedes airflow, air from the down-moving air column 608 may blast outwards in one or more directions from a center of the column in a phenomenon known as a microburst. Aircraft typically land along a glideslope 610 of between three and six degrees from the horizontal, and typically maintain a predetermined approach airspeed along an approach path aligned with the runway while doing so. According to investigators, a Lockheed L-1011 attempted landing at Dallas while a microburst intersected the approach path. As it descended along the glideslope, it first met with headwinds, then a downdraft, and finally a tailwind. The L-1011 slowed to maintain airspeed while in the headwind, and by the time it passed through the downdraft into the tailwind zone it had insufficient airspeed to continue flying�and sank into the ground short of the runway. This accident led to great interest in detecting microbursts and other low-level wind shear near airports so that similar events can be avoided.
Wind power systems, such as illustrated in
Wind power systems may also be damaged by high winds or turbulence. Wind turbines typically have maximum allowable wind conditions for operation determined by these wind turbine parameters as well as other wind-turbine specific parameters such as tower height and strength, blade strength, and hub bearing design�when wind velocity or turbulence exceeds this maximum, the wind turbine generally must furl and when furled generates no power. Since wind may vary with season, as well as with terrain, it is desirable to record wind conditions at brief intervals over an extended time�extending over at least several months to a year�to determine suitable locations and optimum wind-turbine specifications for construction of wind power systems or wind farms. It is desirable to obtain wind speed and direction data at multiple altitudes at each proposed site, including at the surface, at hub altitude, and at blade minimum and maximum altitudes; obtaining this data is part of a site survey for a wind power system. The accumulated data may be used to determine optimum wind-turbine specifications for, and predict expected power output of the wind-power system from, a wind power system or wind farm.
Typically, wind power systems have an array of one or more wind turbines 702. Large wind power systems, known as wind farms, may include dozens or even hundreds of individual wind turbines near each other and located in favorable locations having favorable wind, such as the Altamont Pass near Livermore, Calif. Each wind turbine 702 of the system has one, two, or more blades 704 attached to a hub 706 that directly, or indirectly through a transmission, drives a generator that is typically located in a nacelle 708.
Most wind turbines are of the horizontal axis type, and require an orientation subsystem to ensure the wind turbine and its blades are maintained at a proper angle to the wind despite changes in wind direction. The orientation subsystem may take the form of a tail 710 as commonly used with smaller wind turbines having blades upwind of tower 712. In some other wind turbines 713, the orientation system has a pivot (not shown) under the nacelle 715 with blades 717 placed on a downwind side of tower 712 such that wind drag on the blades tends to orient the wind turbine at a correct angle to the wind. The orientation subsystem typically includes a pivotable attachment (not shown) of nacelle 708, 715 to tower 712. Other forms of active and passive orientation systems are known.
Many wind turbines have a furling system which coarsens or feathers blade pitch, or directs the blades away from the wind, to protect the turbine from potentially damaging winds such as wind gusts or high winds and storm conditions; the furling system may interact with the orientation system or with a blade pitch system. Other variations are known including air brakes, mechanical brakes, and retractable mountings.
Many wind turbines have a pitch system for controlling blade pitch, where an angle of attack of blade 704 to wind is varied from a fine pitch in low winds through a coarse pitch in higher winds to a feathered pitch in potentially damaging wind conditions�blade pitch control can serve as a furling system. Some larger wind turbines have independent blade pitch control where the angle of attack of the blades can be adjusted independently, and in some systems blade pitches can be independently adjusted cyclically through a revolution.
Electrical energy is collected from generators of all wind turbines 702 of a system by energy collection and processing apparatus 720; once collected the energy may be fed to the power grid, stored for later use, or used locally.
Wind turbines are available in a wide variety of types and sizes ranging from small turbines of a few watts capacity, such as have been used to provide a small amount of electrical power to a glider or airplane, through turbines of a few hundred or a few thousand watts capacity such as are often used for off-grid residences, to large turbines having over 2 megawatts of peak output capacity and which typically feed a large power grid. Wind systems may include more than one type of wind turbine, and may be supplemented or collocated with other types of renewable and/or non-renewable energy generation apparatus.
Wind turbines 702 and associated towers 712, including blades 704, are subject to variable, and occasionally large, wind loads. Since blades 704 are often quite long, their rapidly rotating mass combined with high and possibly imbalanced wind loads can cause substantial vibration and stress at nacelle and tower. Excess wind loads have caused damage to turbines and towers, up to and including collapse.
Wind shear is a local weather condition where wind velocity and/or direction varies with altitude, this can result from turbulence from hills, trees, other wind turbines, and ridgelines as well as from convective phenomena like microbursts and dust-devils. In addition to wind shear posing a hazard to aircraft near an airport, it also poses a hazard to wind turbines as blades may be exposed to wind forces that vary substantially through a revolution, in turn aggravating vibration and load stress. A standard solution to this problem is to increase tower height so that the wind turbine is exposed to more uniform wind than available at lower altitude�this can greatly increase tower expense and strength requirements and other solutions are desirable. Vibration over extended periods has caused damage to turbines and towers, including metal fatigue of towers. If wind speed and direction versus altitude are known, vibration induced by wind shear can also be reduced by adjusting blade pitch as a blade swings from one altitude to another, such that stress on high blades is more evenly balanced by stress on lower blades.
It is known that thunderstorms, microburst, and dust-devil conditions, as well as other weather conditions, can cause gusty conditions that may result in a wind load on a blade 704 of a wind turbine changing dramatically in a matter of seconds; these conditions can therefore change from good power-generation conditions to conditions requiring altered blade pitch or even rapid furling to avoid excessive wind load and damage to the turbine or tower.
Many wind turbines sense changed wind conditions by monitoring power output and/or rotational rate of blades 704, these wind turbines can only respond alter changes have occurred.
A ground-mounted air data system 714 may be located near one or more wind turbines of a system to provide additional and early real-time wind information, and information regarding unstable air conditions, with which to optimize blade pitch, or to furl, before those conditions reach the wind turbine. Similarly, an air-data system 722 may be located in a hub or nacelle of a wind turbine to provide information on approaching winds�including warning of oncoming gusts.
U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,342,323, 7,281,891, and 6,320,272 describe wind turbines that include laser wind velocity measurement systems mounted on the nacelle or on a hub of a wind turbine, to determine the air velocities in front of the wind turbine. The systems change blade pitch dependent on measured on-coming wind velocities. All of these systems use a coherent, pulsed or continuous wave, lidar. Such systems can only use Mie scattering and cannot utilize Rayleigh scattering, decreasing their measurement robustness in clear atmospheric air and precluding their ability to measure atmospheric temperature or pressure. Such systems measure velocities but assume that wind direction is constant with altitude and aligned with the wind turbine's axis. Some of these systems measure windspeed variation with altitude; the system of U.S. Pat. No. 7,281,891 in particular has an off-axis hub-mounted lidar that scans a conical region ahead of the turbine as the turbine rotates. The system of U.S. Pat. No. 7,281,891 discloses detection of windspeed by Doppler lidar techniques over a conical scanned region, but does not disclose detection of temperature or details of lidar operation and range determination.
We therefore offer a ground-based wind mapping system for site survey and/or system control that is capable of mapping and recording wind direction and velocity, along with air temperature, at a variety of altitudes and ranges of interest to a wind power system, even when the atmosphere is very clean of aerosols. We also offer a hub mounted system capable of mapping wind direction and velocity at a range of altitudes and ranges in a zone upwind of a wind turbine.
A ground-based air-data system 800 may be assembled as shown in
Computer 812 uses each of transceivers 802, 804, 806 to measure a Doppler-shift at a first distance from the system 800. These Doppler-shifts are used, together with a known orientation of the system, by computer 812 to compute a windspeed and direction at that distance or altitude. Similarly, computer 812 uses at least one of transceivers 802, 804, 806, to sense temperature at the same altitude. In an embodiment, windspeed, wind direction, and air temperature are sensed and recorded at several altitudes ranging from zero to two thousand feet, or higher, at periodic time intervals.
The embodiment of
The embodiment of
Similarly, embodiments of
In an alternative embodiment of the ground-based air-data system 900, as illustrated in
Similarly, a receiver assembly 920 has three (or more) photodetector-telescope assemblies 922, 924, 926 each aligned on an axis 928, 930, 932. Each of these receiver axes 928, 930, 932 is aligned parallel to, and slightly converging with, a transmitter axis 910, 912, 914. Receiver electronics 940, 942, 944 receives signals from an associated photodetector-telescope assembly 922, 924, 926 and correlates the received signal with modulation as sampled from the modulator 903 to provide distance-resolved measurements of Doppler shift of Mie and Rayleigh-scattered radiation received by the associated photodetector-telescope assembly.
Computer 950 receives information from all three (or more) receiver electronics 940, 942, 944 and calculates windspeed and wind direction at various ranges from the apparatus 900 from the received Rayleigh and Mie-scattering data; updating detected windspeed and wind direction measurements every tenth of a second, or faster, as required.
In a particular embodiment, one of the transceivers 904/926, or an additional laser transceiver 952 as previously described with reference to
Temperature versus altitude measurements may be combined with a humidity measurement from other apparatus to give a measure of instability of air. Since unstable air can lead to and powers convective activity, ranging from simple dust-devils to tornadoes all of which may produce gusty conditions; furling thresholds may be reduced by a wind turbine controller when unstable air conditions exist.
An alternative embodiment of the OADS 1000 is illustrated in
In an embodiment, the air data laser transmitter 1002, receiver 1004, mirror 1006, and motorized mount 1008 are mounted within a rotatable turret 1010. Rotatable turret 1010 is arranged such that the field of view of the OADS is scanned horizontally over a 360-degree region around the OADS. In an alternative embodiment, the laser transmitter 1002 and receiver 1004 are stationary, but scanning wedge 1006 is rotated by motorized mount 1008 to scan. In this way, the field of view of the OADS is scanned over a hemispherical volume of air centered on the location of the OADS and of radius up to two or more kilometers.
An additional embodiment the OADS resembling that of
An embodiment of the OADS of
An alternative embodiment of the OADS of
The OADS of
In another embodiment the RMCW OADS of
Similarly, the OADS of
Similarly, the OADS of
In an alternative embodiment, an RMCW OADS as described with reference to
Since this OADS can sense wind direction, and wind direction variation with range and altitude, as well as wind speed, it detects direction as well as velocity components of wind shear. The OADS therefore provides information for wind turbine 702 to furl or otherwise compensate for such wind shear.
In an alternative embodiment (not illustrated), the OADS is mounted in a blade of a wind power system, and provides both angle-of-attack and relative speed information of wind to blade. This information is used to control blade pitch. The information may also be stored at multiple points during a rotation and used to adjust blade pitch through each rotation of the blade.
Since certain changes may be made in the above methods and systems without departing from the scope of the disclosure herein, it is intended that all matter contained in the above description or shown in the accompanying drawings be interpreted as illustrative and not in a limiting sense. By way of example, those skilled in the art should appreciate that the OADS and the OADS transceivers, as described herein, may be constructed, connected, arranged, and/or combined in ways that are equivalent to what is shown.
Patent Citations
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text:
Lindsay Lohan Topless Selfie
Lindsay Lohan lets the huge boobs out for a selfie
Lindsay Lohan Topless Selfie
Lindsay goes topless to take a selfie
Lindsay Lohan Big Tits Bikini Selfie
Lindsay teasing her big boobs in bikini.
Lindsay Lohan Braless Selfie
Lindsay posing braless in her bedroom
Lindsay Lohan Leaked Topless
Lindsay tits in leaked pix.
Lindsay Lohan Topless Private Picture
Lindsay leaked topless picture.
Lindsay Lohan Braless Jiggle GIF
Lindsay braless on her reality show
Lindsay Lohan Braless Tits Bent Over
Lindsay braless huge tits. Wow wow wow. Here's a screenshot from her reality show from last night on the Oprah channel. To answer your question, Yeah I jerked it to the Oprah channel. That wasn't your question?
Lindsay Lohan Braless Flashing
Lindsay braless teasing her DD's. Click here to see Lindsay and Paris Hilton making out in private pix.
Lindsay Lohan Bikini Selfie
Lindsay takes a picture of herself in a bikini.
Lindsay Lohan Showing Nipple On Instagram
Lindsay takes a picture in bed with her nipple showing.
Lindsay Lohan Topless
Lindsay goes topless
Lindsay Lohan Topless Covering Showing Ass
Lindsay covering her big boobs teasing ass.
Lindsay Lohan Very See Through Top
Lindsay posted a braless picture on her Instagram. This makes me wonder why Lindsay doesn't go the Rihanna & Miley route and post hot pictures on her instagram, she has 34D's for Christ sake.
Lindsay Lohan Rubbing Her Pussy Backstage
Lindsay backstage at a photoshoot opening her legs rubbing her pussy
Lindsay Lohan Boob Shot On Chelsea Lately
Lindsay hosted Chelsea Lately and gave a quick boob shot
Lindsay Lohan Topless In Shower
Lindsay huge boobs exposed in the shower in the movie The Canyons
Lindsay huge boobs exposed in the shower in the movie The Canyons
Lindsay big tits out getting her pussy licked in the movie The Canyons
Lindsay big tits out getting her pussy licked in the movie The Canyons

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Looking for help finding any information about Mary Harriet Terhune from Romulus, NY who married William Arnold in 1840 and the had sons; Lewi/Louis & Abram Arnold. Mary Terhune Arnold died in 1848 after birth of her last child. William Arnold remarried Jane Neal and had several more children one who is my Great Great Grandmother Hannah Jane Arnold who married Dewitt Havens of Steuben County, NY
Thanks for any help...Lorraine
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Private school tuition seems to go nowhere but up. We look at some of the reasons why and offer the opinion that a private school education is still good value.
No doubt about it, private school tuition costs are rising. Some schools seem to be rising at a faster rate than others. Why? What's behind those tuition increases? Unfortunately for many private schools costs of basic goods and services have risen dramatically. Energy costs alone chew up a major part of any school's budget. Faculty and staff salaries and benefits are a substantial part of budgets as well. In order to attract and retain qualified, skilled and experience personnel, you need to offer a decent compensation package with annual increases. Most schools also offer free or substantially reduced tuition for children of faculty and staff.
The Foundation Center keeps Forms 990 for every non-profit organization which files with the IRS. It is fairly easy to see how much the school reported as income and expenses as well as a wealth of other data. Note that it is frankly impossible to compare apples to apples when it comes to private schools. Even their accounting and reporting varies from school to school. But a review of the data paints the same picture: costs are rising.
Another fact to consider is that tuition charged by a school does not completely offset expenses. That is why you will see your tuition bill filled with additional charges for technology, communications, laundry, athletics, uniforms and so on. These sundries, as the more bespoke schools style them, vary from school to school.
Is it worth it? Private schools have to spend their income wisely. They have no public funding to bail them out if they get into financial trouble. They must provide a consistently high quality service or their clients, the parents, will withdraw their children. Consequently you will find that most schools, not all of them, mind you, but most private schools are efficiently run. They economize wherever they can. Many of them are making substantial investments in what they call sustainable education in which buildings and services are made as environmentally sensitive and friendly as they can be. Despite steady tuition increase private schools remain dollar for dollar one of your better values in today's market.
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Updated October 26, 2014
What do you do when you are dissatisfied with your local public schools? Homeschool your children? Send them to private school? Let's look at your options.
Your religion matters to you. You want your child to attend a school which will combine academics and religious education. Here is an overview of what is available together with some links to denominational web sites.
Add things up and you'll quickly find the answer- math is crucial both in academics and the real world. By following these strategies and following personal training programs, students can uncover their weaknesses and conquer math.


text:
"We're applying what we've learned from the previous earthquake, so that we can be prepared to be responsive quickly and in a meaningful way."
Related quotes
"Whether it's a chemical attack or a nuclear attack or an earthquake in San Francisco, it's largely the same response. And this is proof that we still haven't got it right."
"It's something you can't prepare for. It's like in California when you get an earthquake, all you can do is try to take cover."
"My previous director used to say he would immediately file two forms in the event of a major earthquake. The first would be the request to FEMA for a disaster declaration, the second his retirement papers."
"(We're) as prepared as we should be given the lack of frequency of earthquakes and the lack of intensity of earthquakes."
"Then said he unto them, Nation shall rise against nation, and kingdom against kingdom: / And great earthquakes shall be in divers places, and famines, and pestilences; and fearful sights and great signs shall there be from heaven."


text:
Val's halla Records to celebrate legacy at this weekend's hallaPalooza in Oak Park
40 years: it's di-vinyl
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By Anna Lothson
There's one place in Oak Park the music hasn't died, all thanks to one woman.
Local music aficionado Val Camilletti, longtime owner of Val's Halla Records has offered a haven for enthusiasts of nearly every genre who want to share in her one true love.
"It's all about the music," Camilletti said.
That will be the center of this year's hallaPalooza, a tradition dating back decades where patrons flock to the store and listen to live music, enjoy food and drinks, and browse through the eclectic mix of records and CDs Camilletti has made her pride and joy. The celebration, as much for the community as it is for her, marks a memento for more than just the store itself.
Camilletti, who is soon to turn 72, said it's been 50 years since she joined the record retail industry. Shayne Blakeley, the store's sole employee, is celebrating his first decade at the store.
Oh, and there's that other mark — Val Halla's 40th anniversary.
"We wanted to celebrate in a way that more than ever was about the music," she said. This includes looking back on the countless acts that have made the small window-front stage at the store a concert venue. "It's become pretty special."
Eleven bands will hit the stage starting at noon this Saturday, July 28 and running through Sunday. The event isn't geared toward just customers, Camilletti said, as she wants anyone who loves music to drop by. Customers though, will get 40 percent off merchandise in honor of the anniversary.
A variety of music memorabilia will be auctioned off throughout the day and profits will be donated to Oak Park's Animal Care League — Camilletti's second love.
"I've always welcomed animals as much as people [into the store]," she said. "Life is all about music and animals as far as I'm concerned."
But of course, it's also about the people, those who've joined Camilletti by walking the colorfully decorated rows of records — divided by genres marking the cultural eras and tales of historical changes in America — that together share the story of Val's.
Anyone like Camilletti who knows music, an expert by every definition, knows the quaint store at 239 Harrison is in a category of its own. The industry has shifted drastically in the shop's history, but the same vibe remains constant at Val's.
This includes the decked out Elvis shrine that's found a permanent home in the store's bathroom, and the life-size Beatles poster near the entryway that was bought in its prime for $1.99.
Like any store owner it's been a whirlwind the past 40 years, full of ups and downs, but for Camilletti, she isn't slowing down anytime soon.
"Sometimes I can't believe it," she said. "Sometimes it feels like 140 years — depending on the day."
Camilletti knows, despite a changing industry, the essence of what brings people together for music remains the same. Only the mode of delivery has changed, a factor she thinks won't ever diminish people's love for the art. For her, it's talking about it, sharing it, loving it and living it.
That's a philosophy that will be heard at this weekend's festivities. The event commemorates a time spent with the "Val's halla family," with a number of people who've supported Camilletti from before the store opened. It's a group that loves everybody, she said, and one that deserves a party.
"Anyone who makes 40 years of anything these days — just of life itself — should be celebrated."
Email: email@example.com Twitter: @AnnaLothson
Reader Comments
6 Comments - Add Your Comment
mario camilletti from civitavecchia (Roma)
Posted: October 1st, 2012 9:49 AM
Dear mrs Val, I'm a Camilletti too! I live in Italia, and I'm a musician. I hope to meet you, one day. Love from Italy Ciao Mario
Q from Oak Park
Posted: August 27th, 2012 10:45 AM
Diane Kristy, yes, I have been to Val's on Harrison street. When Val was being kicked out of her place on South Blvd., she said she wasn't even sure if she would re-open, but I'm glad she changed her mind. She does not have the traffic she had on South Blvd., but she is fortunate to have very loyal customers.
Diane Kristy from Oak Park
Posted: August 27th, 2012 7:03 AM
Q, have you been to her new store? It's ever better! Not QUITE as close to the el as the last one, it's still within easy walking distance. AND there's a STAGE - indoors, not dependent on whether or not it's raining or snowing or freezing outside. Check it out!
Lori M
Posted: July 25th, 2012 10:33 AM
Yeah, Val! Proud to kinda know you, proud your shop is in our town!
Posted: July 25th, 2012 12:32 AM
I use to love to go to Jamie's Restaurant for breakfast on Saturday mornings and then over to Val's Halla to buy an album or two back in the 80's,
Q from Oak Park
Posted: July 25th, 2012 12:12 AM
I'm glad Val decided to open up again after she was kicked out on South Blvd., and the building has been sitting empty for years, and I'm sure that effected sales to Val's Halla. Why did they kick her out, and who was that because that place was a perfect location and was really part of Oak Park.
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constance bag
by CLAREVIVIER
Women's Size Chart
Product Details
Square pebbled leather bag featuring a foldover front flap closure, single top handle and removable shoulder strap. Single compartment with interior card slot.
• magnetic snap closure
• 20" strap drop
• 9"W x 7.5"H x 3.5"D
• cotton lining
• made in USA


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From Belle Badgley Mischka, the Daisy convertible satchel features: shine leather signature bow and logo plate front and back snap pockets 3 large zipper compartments 3 interior pockets removable shoulder strap with approx. 6.5" center handle drop approx. 13(L) x 10(H) x 5(D) Imported.
From Belle Badgley Mischka, the Arielle haircalf convertible satchel features: leather and real dyed haircalf (Bos taurus: China) 3 pockets inside back slip pocket outside approx. 12(L) x 9.5(H) x 4(D)"; 5" approx. handle drop Imported.
From Belle Badgley Mischka, the Arielle haircalf domed convertible satchel features: leather and real dyed haircalf (Bos taurus; China) 3 pockets inside back slip pocket outside approx. 12(L) x 9.5(H) x 4(D)"; 5" handle drop Imported.
black and cognac leather 'Lena' convertible satchel In resplendent colorblocked leather, Badgley Mischka's roomy 'Lena' satchel has high-fashion style in spades. Crosshatched leather with goldtone hardware Rear panel pocket; front patch pocket Front flap with snap closure 81⁄2" top handle with 21⁄2" drop; removable, adjustable 351⁄4" shoulder strap with 19"drop; leather logo tassel Logo fabric lining; two interior compartments; two flat patch pockets and single zip pocket, both with glossy leather piping Measures approximately 111⁄2'' at widest x 91⁄4'' tall at center x 53⁄4'' deep; weighs 21⁄2 pounds
cognac leather 'Jillian' convertible satchel This leather satchel from Badgley Mischka offers a luxe, fashion-forward accent to your daily look. Crosshatched leather with goldtone hardware Colorblock accent at front; rear panel pocket Magnetic clasp Removable, adjustable 411⁄4" strap with 20" drop Fabric logo lining; two flat patch pockets and single zip pocket, both with leather trim Measures approximately 101⁄2'' at widest x 71⁄2 '' tall at center x 2'' deep
Badgley Mischka cognac leather 'Jillian' convertible satchel $182.49 $145.99
Badgley Mischka bicolor saffiano leather satchel. Golden hardware; tonal topstitching. Flat top handle, 3" drop. Removable adjustable shoulder strap, 20" drop. Flap top; faceted hinge clasp secures layered strap. Front open pocket beneath flap. Exterior back magnetic pocket. Removable hanging logo tag. Divided interior with jacquard logo lining. Inside, one zip and two open pockets. 9"H x 11 1/2"W x 6"D. Bag weighs 1.7lbs. Imported.
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Entertainment | Celebrity
Blake Fielder-Civil 'was driven to overdose'
An old text message from the late Amy Winehouse tipped her ex-husband over the edge say family members
- Image Credit:
- Amy Winehouse and her estranged husband Blake Fielder-Civil have been divorced
He's still said to be fighting for his life in hospital after slipping into a coma following an alleged drug overdose last week.
And now Blake Fielder-Civil's mum has spoken out to reveal she thinks he was driven to the downfall after reading a text from late wife Amy Winehouse.
Fielder-Civil had been serving time in jail on a 32-month sentence for burglary and possession of an imitation firearm.
But he was released a fortnight ago after serving 12 months of it.
His mother, Georgette, has now explained that he hadn't been able to have his phone behind bars and stumbled across an old handset when he arrived back home.
And she claims it is one where Winehouse stated she'd like to be godmother to his son, Jack, who is now 15 months old, which tipped him over the edge.
Georgette told The Sun: "He didn't have the phone in prison and he picked up messages from her when he was released.
"She said she wanted to be Jack's godmother."
She then explained that the "grief for Amy started again" and added that she fears "he may have been trying to take his own life."
Blake Fielder-Civil, 30, was found choking in bed by partner Sarah Aspin last Friday before being rushed to hospital with multiple organ failure.
Fielder-Civil, a recovering drug addict, had gone out drinking with a friend the previous day and Aspin, mother of his 15-month-old son, said she believed he might have taken an illicit substance.
It has now been claimed he told her earlier that night that he was "missing Amy deeply".
He was put into an induced coma and on a life support machine in hospital in Dewsbury, West Yorkshire.
It is thought Blake will be kept on his life support machine and it's hoped he will survive. Although Georgette claims he may not be discharged for a couple of months yet.
Winehouse's father Mitch Winehouse has said his daughter's ex-husband "is going to get through this" and wrote on Twitter lending his support to his daughter's troubled ex.
Writing on Twitter, Mr Winehouse said: "It looks like Blake is going to get through this. That's good news."
He later added on Twitter: "I am not supporting Blake but I am praying for his recovery."
Earlier in the week, he had asked fans to pray for Fielder-Civil saying: "Remember Amy loved him".
Meanwhile, his current partner, Aspin, 34, who met Winehouse's former husband in rehab three years ago, told The Sun in the week: "The doctors said they put him in a coma to help him and due to infection.
"I'm praying he'll survive, but I'm having to prepare myself that he may never wake up."
Fielder-Civil has long battled heroin addiction and spent time in prison in 2007.
He was jailed again in June last year for burglary and possession of an imitation firearm before being freed with a tag two weeks ago in preparation for his full release.
The former music video assistant married pop star Winehouse in 2007 and they divorced two years later.
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text:
Vinnie Paul Reflects on Dimebag Darrell's Final Days, Says He's 'Found Peace'
Vinnie Paul, understandably, may never get over his brother's death, but in a new interview, the drummer claims to have "found peace."
Vinnie Paul, understandably, may never get over his brother's death, but in a new interview, the drummer claims to have "found peace."
Legendary Pantera / Damageplan / Hellyeah drummer Vinnie Paul has carved out a remarkable career since forming Pantera in 1981. Paul will add yet another album to his resume when Hellyeah release 'Blood for Blood' on June 10, but as evidenced in a new interview, the drummer is only feeling pressure from two sources: himself and his late brother 'Dimebag' Darrell Abbott.
UFC fighter Matt Brown was in attendance the night Dimebag Darrell was murdered on stage and he recently spoke to Fox Sports about the tragic events on the night of December 8, 2004.
For music fans looking for a good cause to get behind, the annual 'Ride for Dime' event is just around the corner scheduled for Aug. 16 and 17 in Texas. With events scheduled in both Fort Worth and Dallas, friends, fans and family members will all join forces to remember Pantera guitarist "Dimebag" Darrell Abbott with a motorcycle ride followed by two nights of great music.
Pro skater Mike Vallely's company Elephant Brand Skateboards is putting out a Dimebag Darrell Tribute skateboard in collaboration with Dimebag Hardware.
Just a week after the unreleased Pantera song 'Piss' hit radio stations, another unheard piece of the late Dimebag Darrell's legacy arrives in the form of 'Twisted' — a song the legendary guitarist wrote and recorded that is helping to launch a new line of Dimebag Darrell tribute skateboards.
The lineup for the second annual DimeBash has been announced. The show is a tribute to the late, great guitarist Dimebag Darrell Abbott, who tragically was gunned down seven years ago today, Dec. 8, in Ohio while doing what he loved most: playing guitar. He was performing with his post-Pantera band Damageplan when a disturbed fan opened fire at close range and shot him.
Ride For Dime is now in its 6th year, and I cant believe that I did not hear/make it down to DFW for this kick ass event sooner! The whole experience was something I never expected to turn out as, well as totally a neck wrecking, bug swallowing, hot as hell, full of metal loving rockers, good ass time! I could have took a picture every second of that day and even then they still would not do this "rally' proper justice. Ive included a slew of my favs from the ride and I hope you enjoy them as much as I did taking them!
One of the most talented and gifted musicians of the century, screw that, of all time was taken from us WAYYY to young and early in life. With the "metaliscious " history of jams Dimebag left us with, and shindigs like this, he may be gone but he will NEVER be forgotten. LONG LIVE DIME!!!


text:
First Round of Social Media Buttons for a dark theme.
Download is impossible.
I would like to use a beautiful button.
It is regrettable.
chika -
I don't know if your difficulty with download has been solved, however this is what I encountered when downloading:
I use a macbook pro for starters. Clicking the download button sent me to an html page so I hit ctrl+click and selected "download linked file." After it downloaded, there were two "types" associated with the file: .psd and .html, so if you didn't change the filename, it would have looked like: bw0003.psd.html .
In order to use the buttons, then, what you can do is download the file the way I did and then go to the location where it downloaded to modify the file. This can be done by selecting the filename so that you can manually edit it, and then just delete the ".html" portion of the filename.
Even reading this back to myself, it sounds a little confusing, so if you need any help, please feel free to let me know!
You must sign in to post a comment.
All content copyright their respective owners. Designmoo copyright 2014 Marc Davis


text:
- Acquisitions
- 2 Acquisitions
- IPO / Stock
- Went Public on May 19, 2009 / NXT
- Headquarters:
- Red Bank, NJ
- Description:
- Natcore Technology enables room temperature growth of various silicon oxides on silicon wafers from a chemical bath in a LPD process.
- Founders:
- Dennis Flood, John Calhoun, Brien Lundin
- Categories:
- Clean Technology
- Website:
- http://www.natcoresolar.com
Company DetailsUpdate
Natcore Technology is the exclusive licensee, from Rice University, of a thin-film growth technology enabling room-temperature growth of various silicon oxides on silicon wafers in a liquid phase deposition (LPD) process. Although the implications of this discovery for semiconductors and fiber optics are significant and wide-ranging, the technology has immediate and compelling applications in the solar sector. Specifically, Natcore's LPD process could enable silicon solar cell manufacturers to significantly reduce manufacturing costs and increase throughput, and has the potential to allow mass manufacturing of super-efficient solar devices that will make stand-alone solar energy cost-competitive with conventional power generation.
Current Team (5)Update
John Calhoun
Co-Founder & Board of Directors
Dennis Flood
Co-Founder & Chief Technology Officer
Brien Lundin
Co-Founder & Chairman & Board of Director
Charles Provini
President & CEO
Funding Rounds (3) - $7.9MUpdate
$2.5M / Undisclosed
Jul 20, 2012
$262.5k / Venture
Dec 15, 2009
$5.2M / Venture
May 20, 2009
Board Members and Advisors (1)Update
John Meekison
Financier @ Pacific International
Board of Directors
Acquisitions (2)Update
Vanguard Solar
Vanguard Solar, Inc. develops solar energy...Apr 2, 2010 -price and terms unknown
Manufactures silica coated bimolecular materials.Dec 3, 2009 -price and terms unknown
Offices/Locations (1)Update
87 Maple Avenue
Red Bank, NJ 07701
News (5)Update
Natcore Technology Acquires Vanguard Solar04/02/10 -renewableenergyworld.com
SEC FORM Dsec.gov
SEC FORM D/Asec.gov
Natcore Technology raises 2475046 in unknown roundfreshnews.com


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Kitzhaber vs. Bradbury vs. That Republican Guy Tonite!
Sarah Mirk
March 30, 2010
Source:The Portland Mercury
PORTLAND- The house was packed Wednesday night at Portland State University for the gubernatorial debate hosted by five of Oregon's largest environmental organizations.
Three candidates for the office of Governor appeared at the event: Democrats John Kitzhaber and Bill Bradbury and Republican Allen Alley.
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The solemn expression on her young face, gazing out over the vast ocean before her, speaks volumes to me. This experience must be protected and provided for all generations to come.
Karen Erickson, Chayse's grandmother


text:
Mountain Ash Annexe
Cottage | 1 bedrooms | sleeps 2
|Key Info
Enjoy this immaculately presented annexe with its modern kitchen, welcoming living area and Mediterranean-style courtyard. The bright and airy interior was furnished by a locally acclaimed design team and includes many distinctive touches. Relax with a book in the corner spa bath, watch a favourite film on the home cinema system or enjoy a lie-in and a bit of telly in the king size bed. However you decide to spend your days, Mountain Ash Annexe has everything you need for a cosy and restful break.
|Sleeps up to 2, 1 bedrooms
|Nearest beach
|Croyde 1.7 km
|Will consider
|Corporate bookings, Short breaks (1-4 days)
|Car advised
|Nearest Amenities
|300 m
|Pets welcome, No smoking at this property
Features and Facilities
|DVD player
|Central heating, TV, Satellite TV, Wi-Fi available
|Kettle, Toaster
|Dishwasher, Cooker, Microwave, Fridge, Freezer, Washing machine
|1 bedroom, 1 bathrooms of which 1 En suites
|Double beds (1), Dining seats for 2, Lounge seats for 4
|Linen provided, Towels provided
|Balcony or terrace
|Further details outdoors
There is a secure outside board store for boards and wetsuits.
|Further details
One dog is allowed per party but we ask people to restrict them to the downstairs of the house.
The West Country region
There are lots of places to visit for some family entertainment in the area. You can step back in time at Watermouth Castle, visit the Wildlife and Dinosaur Park at Combe Martin or have a cracking family day out at The Milky Way Adventure Park.
If it's something educational you're after then why not watch the intriguing process of honey production at Quine Honey Farm, have fun whilst gaining an insight into farm life at The Big Sheep or visit one of the regions nature reserves.
For visiting golfers, Saunton Golf Club was established over 100 years ago and has two magnificent 18-hole championship courses, surrounded by sand hills and are home to over 300 varieties of wild flower. The area is also home to Portmore, Highbullen and Holsworthy golf clubs.
Within easy reach of Mountain Ash are four of North Devon's best beaches in Saunton, Croyde Bay, Putsborough and Woolacombe. These offer a variety of picturesque settings for families and surfers to enjoy the perfect beach holiday or a couple to enjoy a romantic out-of-season beach walk.
Croyde and Braunton offer a wide range of great places to eat out, whether you're after a café, restaurant or just a fantastic pub!
Should you need a break from the beach, within easy reach of Mountain Ash there is a countryside centre, a paint-a-pot studio, a riding stable and a tropical adventure pool. For the more active visitor there are plenty of places to hire bikes along the famous Tarka Trail, a multitude of local surf schools or if you fancy something different, you could try your hand at sea kayaking.
Walkers can experience the spectacular views at Baggy Point, the famed animal and plant life at Braunton Burrows or simply enjoy the fabulous coastal scenery and wildlife along the South West Coast Path
Availability Your dates are available
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14 Sep 2014
We have just had a very enjoyable 3 night stay and loved it. Accommodation superb, location perfect and hot tub great. Last stayed in croyde 20 years ago and it is still perfect. Cottage had everythin… More
18 Oct 2012
"Great little cottage in beautiful Croyde"
This annex to the main Mountain Ash Cottage is a great place to stay for two people - we stayed for a week in September 2012 and had a wonderful time.The cottage annex is big enough for two people, wi… More
This advert is created and maintained by the advertiser; we can only publish adverts in good faith as we don't own, manage or inspect any of the properties. We advise you to familiarise yourself with our terms of use.
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Martin M.
- 3 Years listed
95% Response rate
Calendar last updated:25 Nov 2014
Based in United Kingdom
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