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Method is provided for testing electrically heated subsea pipelines that are "electrical-ready," that is, equipped for applying electrical power when it is needed for heating the pipeline at any time during the life of the pipeline. Time domain reflectometer apparatus in a water-tight enclosure can be deployed subsea. Electrical connections are made with the pipeline using wet-mateable connectors. Reflected signals from the segment of the pipeline being tested are transmitted to an interface at the surface, where the time domain reflectometer is controlled to send a selected pulse. Reflected signals may be interpreted by observing pulse form and time of receipt or by comparison of pulse forms received at different times during the life of a pipeline. Apparatus for electrically connecting a time domain reflectometer to an electrical-ready pipeline is provided.
1. A method for testing for an electrical defect in a segment of an electrical-ready pipe-in-pipe subsea pipeline, the segment having an inner pipe and a concentric outer pipe electrically connected by conducting bulkheads at each end of the segment, comprising:
placing a time domain reflectometer in proximity to a mid-line electrical connector in the segment, the reflectometer being located in a water-tight enclosure capable of withstanding a selected external pressure;
electrically connecting a wet-mateable connector between the time domain reflectometer and the mid-line electrical connector in the segment, the mid-line electrical connector being separately electrically connected to the inner pipe and to the outer pipe;
supplying electrical power to the reflectometer to initiate the reflectometer so as to send an electrical pulse of a selected amplitude and width through the wet-mateable connector to the inner pipe and collecting at the reflectometer a reflected electrical signal through the wet-mateable connector;
transmitting the reflected electrical signal from the reflectometer to an interface; and
interpreting the reflected electrical signal to test for the electrical defect.
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10. A method for observing changes in the electrical integrity in a segment of an electrical-ready pipe-in-pipe subsea pipeline, the segment having an inner pipe and a concentric outer pipe electrically connected by conducting bulkheads at each end of the segment, comprising:
applying a pulse having a selected amplitude and pulse width from a time domain reflectometer after the pipeline is installed subsea and before a first application of power to the pipeline and receiving a first returning signal having a first pulse form from at least a portion of the segment;
before a second or subsequent application of power to the pipeline, applying a pulse having a selected amplitude and pulse width from a time domain reflectometer and receiving a second or subsequent returning signal having a second or subsequent pulse form from at least a portion of the segment; and
comparing the first and second or subsequent pulse forms to observe changes in the electrical integrity in the segment.
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12. Apparatus for testing for an electrical defect in a segment of an electrical-ready pipe-in-pipe subsea pipeline, comprising:
a time domain reflectometer, the reflectometer being located in a water-tight enclosure capable of withstanding a selected external pressure and being adapted for attachment to a remotely operated vehicle;
a first component of a wet-mateable connector adapted to mate with a second component of the wet-mateable connector, the first component being electrically and mechanically connected to a cable from the water-tight enclosure to the first component; and
control, power supply and interface apparatus for powering and operating the time domain reflectometer.
13. The apparatus of
14. The apparatus of
[0001] 1. Field of the Invention
[0002] The present invention relates to electrically heated subsea pipelines. More particularly, method and apparatus are provided for determining the electrical integrity of subsea pipelines that are equipped with wet-mateable subsea connectors for electrical heating of the pipeline.
[0003] 2. Description of Related Art
[0004] Companies seeking to recover hydrocarbons offshore must often drill wells in water several thousands of feet deep. In many cases, groups of these deep wells feed recovered hydrocarbon fluids into remote platforms via lengthy underwater pipelines resting on the ocean floor. Because these subsea pipelines lay at great depths, the seawater that surrounds them has a temperature in the range of 40° F. The hydrocarbon fluids, however, usually reach the ocean floor from the wells at much greater temperatures. That is, the hydrocarbons arrive at the high temperatures near those typical of depths of thousands of feet below the ocean floor. Thus, the hydrocarbon fluids cool dramatically once they reach the ocean floor. The hydrocarbons are produced with at least small amounts of water. As this water and hydrocarbon fluid mix cools, it can undergo changes that decrease its flow rate through the subsea pipelines. The viscosity of some crude oils increases severely when the oil cools. Other crude oils deposit paraffin on the pipeline walls as they cool. Light hydrocarbon gases under pressure can form crystals called "hydrates" when mixed with water. If these hydrates or paraffin deposits plug pipelines, they can be quite difficult to remove. Hydrate removal methods that work in shallow waters are often ineffective in deep waters. High pressure in the pipeline and uneven ocean floor topography only compound the problem. Any of the problems caused by low seawater temperatures can result in expensive losses in production.
[0005] Usually, hydrocarbon fluids move rapidly enough through the pipeline to prevent plug formation. However, if well production stops or slows, plugs may develop. Pipeline operators sometimes heat subsea pipelines to warm recovered hydrocarbon fluids if they reach problematically low temperatures. Bundling pipelines with a separate line of circulating heating fluid has long been practiced in the industry. Heating via electrical methods has also become possible. One such electrical heating method utilizes a pipe-in-pipe pipeline design. An inner pipe carries the recovered hydrocarbons. An outer "casing" pipe concentrically surrounds this inner pipe. The two pipes are electrically connected at one or both ends. Voltage is applied at the opposite end or at the midpoint. Alternating current runs on the exterior surface of the inner pipe and along the interior surface of the casing pipe. The annulus between the pipes contains electrically insulative centralizers and panels. This pipe-in-pipe method of heating is disclosed, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 6,142,707, issued Nov. 7, 2000, which is incorporated by reference herein. Another configuration for electrical heating is the Single Heated Insulated Pipe ("SHIP") method. In this configuration, power flows along the electrically insulated pipeline and returns through sea water around the line. This method is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,049,657, which is also incorporated by reference.
[0006] Power is only supplied to electrical heating systems for pipelines as necessary to ease hydrocarbon flow. Heating may not be needed until years after initial pipeline construction. Furthermore, once a plug loosens or melts, heat is no longer necessary. Only a segment of a pipeline may require attention. Therefore, apparatus and methods have been developed for deploying pipelines in a configuration called "electrical-ready." Apparatus is provided when the pipeline is deployed to allow a source of electrical power to be applied to a selected segment of the line when heating is needed at that location. This allows considerably lower investment costs and adds flexibility to the operation of pipelines. The apparatus and methods for making subsea pipelines ready for electrical heating (i.e., "electrical-ready") are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,371,693, which is commonly assigned and incorporated by reference herein. This patent teaches that various configurations of electrically heated pipelines can be made electrical-ready.
[0007] Before high voltage (thousands of volts) from a high current source (in excess of 1000 amperes) is applied to heat an electrical-ready subsea pipeline, however, it is preferable that the electrical integrity of the pipeline be known. Any number of events may cause a short circuit in the pipeline. For example, water may leak through the casing (outside) pipe into the space between the casing and the carrier pipe. Short circuits may even result from gross damage to the pipeline that does not actually cause a water leak, such as dents or bends in the casing pipe that cause it to touch the inner pipe or become close enough to allow breakdown when high voltage is applied. Electrical integrity may be compromised from the very beginning of the pipeline's lifetime, during construction because of entrapment of moisture in the annulus. For example, water may enter the segments of the pipeline as they travel to the ocean floor, or as they are welded together. Electrical short circuits may also arise from metallic contamination incurred during the welding process that shorts the two pipes. A contamination event may be sufficient to cause an electrical breakdown when high voltage is applied even if contaminants do not physically bridge the gap between the inner and casing pipelines. Therefore, a reliable electrical integrity check is preferred before any voltage is applied. This may be as the pipeline is installed, to be sure that it is operable at that time, or after a period of operation of the pipeline when heating becomes needed.
[0008] A method called "Time Domain Reflectometry," or "TDR," is generally used to locate electrical faults within transmission lines such as cables. Equipment operators apply electrical pulses to the transmission line. The operators then measure how long it takes before reflections of the pulses caused by different structures in the line to return to the input source. Defects in the transmission line cause reflections. The reflection return time directly relates to the location of the structure or defect that caused the reflection. TDR techniques are known in industry and are used to locate defects in cables with a reasonable degree of accuracy (+/−20 feet).
[0009] Known electrical integrity checks for pipelines often rely on electrical cables running through the length of the pipeline. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,305,798, issued Apr. 26, 1994, uses an encapsulated conductor cable attached to the inner surface of a casing pipe to detect leakage defects. This method only indirectly measures the physical integrity of the pipeline because it actually measures the physical integrity of the cable. Supplying such a cable may be prohibitively expensive for lengthy pipelines and may prevent the line from routine cleaning using gauge or foam pigs. Furthermore, if the pipeline is damaged, the cable may also require repair. Transmission line repair only further increases costs. Also, this system detects leaks, but not various other problems that affect subsea pipelines. At very deep water depths, a repair is deemed almost technically impossible without complete recovery of the flowline to the surface.
[0010] U.S. Pat. No. 5,905,194, issued May 18, 1999, discloses a fault detection system that does not require a separate transmission line. This system uses the pipes themselves as electrical conductors. This system, however, requires multiple electrical connections throughout the length of the pipeline. Furthermore, these connections-and the fault detection system in general-are not designed for underwater use. Deepwater pipelines require components specifically constructed to withstand the harsh conditions of the ocean floor environment, especially the large hydrostatic pressure. Furthermore, because this system is not for underwater applications, it detects leaks from inside the pipeline, rather than leaks from outside the pipeline. Therefore, there is a need for an electrical integrity check system fully adapted for use with electrical-ready subsea pipelines. This system should not require a separate signal transmission line or multiple connections along the pipeline.
[0011] A commonly assigned application for "Apparatus and Method for Electrical Testing of Electrically Heated Pipe-in-Pipe Pipeline," filed Jul. 20, 2001, Ser. No. 09/910,295, discloses method and apparatus for testing a pipeline before, during and after subsea installation. In one embodiment, a time domain reflectometer (TDR) is electrically connected to the inner pipe of a pipe-in-pipe pipeline and a voltage pulse of less than about 100 volts is applied to the pipeline.
[0012] There is a need for an apparatus for making electrical integrity tests of electrically heated subsea pipelines that are "electrical-ready," that is, that are installed and equipped for applying electrical power to a selected segment of the pipeline when it is needed. The electrical integrity apparatus should be operable from a surface location and should provide an indication of the location of a defect in the pipeline. Methods for employing the apparatus are needed to increase the reliability of such pipelines.
[0013] In one embodiment of the present invention, testing for an electrical defect in a segment of an electrical-ready subsea pipeline is conducted by lowering a time-domain reflectometer (TDR) in a water-tight enclosure to near a mid-line connector on the pipeline. A wet-mateable connector makes an electrical connection between the TDR and the mid-line electrical connector. Electrical pulses from the time domain reflectometer (TDR) pass through the mid-line connector and are applied to the inner pipe of the pipeline. The pulses travel in both directions along the segment. Reflected pulses return to the TDR unit, are collected and transmitted to an interface for interpretation. A remotely operated vehicle may be used to place the wet-mateable connector for making electrical contact. A ship may be used to deploy the ROV and water-tight enclosure. In another embodiment, changes in electrical integrity of a segment of an electrical-ready subsea pipeline are observed by applying pulses and observing changes in reflected pulse forms at selected times after the pipeline is installed. In yet another embodiment, apparatus is provided for testing for an electrical defect in an electrical-ready subsea pipeline.
[0014]FIG. 1 illustrates a group of wellheads and electrically heated flowlines with control lines on the seafloor connected into a host platform.
[0015]FIG. 2A depicts a configuration of the invention directed to segments of an electrically-ready subsea pipe-in-pipe pipeline with a ship-based electrical integrity check system utilizing a time domain reflectometer (TDR) connected to one segment through a remotely operated vehicle (ROV); FIG. 2B depicts an example of a bulkhead between the inner and outer pipe of a pipe-in-pipe pipeline; FIG. 2C depicts an example of apparatus on board the ship for lowering and operating the ROV and TDR apparatus.
[0016]FIG. 3 depicts one embodiment of a one-atmosphere chamber containing a TDR unit and other apparatus.
[0017]FIG. 4 illustrates a configuration of the invention directed to an ROV with one-atmosphere chamber attached and an electrical connection for TDR to a mid-line electrical connector (MLEC) on a flowline.
[0018]FIG. 5 illustrates a configuration of the invention directed to a mid-line electrical connector (MLEC).
[0019]FIG. 6 illustrates an example pulse form resulting from a test run with a 20 ns pulse width in a bundle of coaxial cables.
[0020]FIG. 7 illustrates an example pulse form resulting from a test run with a 20 ns pulse width in a bundle of coaxial cables and with an open circuit and a short circuit at the end of the cables.
[0021]FIG. 8 illustrates an example pulse form resulting from a test run with a 200 ns pulse width in a bundle of coaxial cables and with an open circuit and a short circuit at the end of the cables.
[0022]FIG. 1 illustrates subsea equipment in an oil or gas field with subsea wells producing to an offshore platform. Wellheads 10 of producing wells are connected to a segment 11 of a pipeline or flowline. Each segment 11 is terminated at each end at sled 12, where a bulkhead is present between the inner and outer pipe. Approximately mid-way along each segment 11 is Mid-Line Electrical Connector (MLEC) 14, which is described below. Segments of a pipeline join and transport fluid from wellheads 10 to platform 15. Control lines 16 from platform 15 are connected to controllers 17 for each well. Fluids from platform 15 are transported to shore or other facilities through oil export line 18 and gas export line 19.
[0023]FIG. 2A illustrates a configuration of the present invention directed to subsea pipe-in-pipe pipeline 20 having segments 20A and 20B. Ship 22 has been moved in place to lower ROV 24 on umbilical 23 to the proximity of mid-line electrical connector (MLEC) 25. Canister 26, which is a water-tight enclosure described in more detail below, has been electrically connected to MLEC 25 through cable 27. In FIG. 2B, details of one end of segment 20A are shown, with an inner pipe and an outer pipe joined by bulkhead 28. The inner pipe serves as the hydrocarbon conduit and electrical conductor, while the outer pipe acts as a protective barrier and electrical conductor. The alternating current is confined to the inner surface of the outer pipe and the outer surface of the inner pipe through the proximity and skin effect phenomena, which are well known in the art. Bulkheads 28 cap the ends of the segment of the pipeline that is to be heated. Bulkheads 28 possess a high electrical conductivity. In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, bulkheads 28 are made of steel joined to the inner and outer pipes. Non-conducting centralizers maintain the inner pipe concentric to the outer pipe. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 6,142,707, issued Nov. 7, 2000, which is incorporated by reference, discloses non-conducting centralizers for use in pipe-in-pipe pipelines. The inner pipe must remain electrically isolated from the outer pipe along the length of pipeline 20, except at bulkheads 28. Direct contact may be prevented by using a plurality of these non-conducting centralizers. U.S. Pat. No. 6,292,627 B1, issued Sep. 18, 2001, which is also incorporated by reference, discloses such bulkheads for use in a pipe-in-pipe pipeline. Non-conducting "water stops" are normally placed at selected intervals in the annulus. The pipe surfaces that form the annulus will also carry the electrical integrity check signal, as detailed below. Any other suitable pipeline analogous to a transmission line may also utilize the electrical integrity check system of the present invention. The electrical integrity check system functions in subsea applications in any depths where the equipment is constructed to withstand external pressures of the water column. Thus, it may be used in conjunction with hydrocarbon pipelines resting on a seabed within the depth rating of the equipment.
[0024]FIG. 2C shows details of an example of shipboard equipment used for controlling and monitoring the subsea equipment used for testing electrical integrity of an electrical-ready subsea pipeline. Winch 22V with umbilical line 23 supports an ROV, which may be an ROV-of-opportunity. Panel 22W is normally used for controlling and monitoring the ROV. Computer 22X may be programmed with software to monitor, control and/or receive data from a TDR unit in canister 26. Computer 22X may be connected to monitor 22Y, which may serve as the user interface for TDR measurements, and keyboard 22Z.
[0025] Referring to FIG. 3, an exploded view of one-atmosphere canister 30, which is a water-tight enclosure, and its contents is shown. Shell 31 and end caps 32 and 33 are designed to withstand hydrostatic pressure at the water depths of the pipelines to be tested. Pipelines are presently placed in water depths of 6000 feet or more, so working external pressure ratings of 3000 psi or more may be needed for some applications. Shell 31 encapsulates the components necessary to send a signal along the annulus of a pipe-in-pipe pipeline and receive any reflected signal. Elastomeric O-rings 32A and 33A ensure a waterproof seal to protect the chamber contents. In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, pressure chamber 30 may be mounted on an ROV via mounting brackets 34. TDR unit 35 is electrically connected through end cap 33 by two plugs. Plug 36 is a Burton plug used to bring electrical power to the unit. Plug 37 is a 12-pin Digitron plug used for transmitting signals to and from the TDR unit. All electrical leads and connections to canister 30 may be designed for underwater usage. Also, these leads and connections may be suitable for operating with an ROV or diver. That is, they may be equipped with a protective jacket and bend-restrictors. They may also be designed such that a robotic arm on an ROV can successfully engage and disengage them.
[0026] In an embodiment of the present invention, the contents of the pressure canister 30 may also include TDR power supply 38, power filter 39 and impedance matching unit 35I. A replaceable desiccant pack may also be placed in the canister to absorb moisture. HDW Electronics of Bethlehem, Pa. sells TDR units suitable for use in the present invention. In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the controlling software (firmware) of the TDR unit is modified to allow the unit to be controlled via its RS232 communications port. This allows settings of the TDR to be altered remotely. This modification may be performed by reprogramming the EEPROM of the unit, as is well known in the art. The internal components of canister 30 may be rigidly attached to mounting brackets that can withstand both drop and vibration damage.
[0027] A pipe-in-pipe pipeline may act as a transmission line just as a coaxial cable or twisted pair of wires. A transmission line is characterized by its characteristic impedance, propagation velocity and attenuation. As a pulse propagates along a transmission line it is subjected to attenuation and dispersion that reduces the amplitude and broadens the width of the pulse. Any abrupt change in the characteristic impedance of the transmission line results in the generation of a reflected signal. The shape, amplitude and sign of that reflected signal are dependent on the properties of the change in impedance, its location with respect to the transmitting device and the properties of the transmission line.
[0028] The amplitude and sign of a reflected signal arising because of a change in characteristic impedance, expressed as a reflection coefficient, R, are defined as follows
[0029] where Z1 and Z2 are the characteristic impedances of the transmission line at the discontinuity producing the reflected signal. According to this convention, an increase in characteristic impedance then produces a positive reflected signal and a decrease in characteristic impedance as the incident signal moves along the transmission line produces a negative reflected signal. The time between the initial pulse leaving the source and the time the reflected pulse is received is dependent on the location of the change in characteristic impedance and the speed with which the pulse propagates within the pipeline.
[0030] Open and short circuits are extreme cases of changes in characteristic impedance of a transmission line. Short circuits are generally present at the ends of a pipe-in-pipe pipeline, where the inner and outer pipes are electrically connected together using steel bulkheads, as shown in FIG. 2B. In the case of a short circuit, Z2 is zero and the reflected signal is 100% of the original with the opposite sign. Therefore, a negative signal should be expected from a pipe-in-pipe pipeline at a time required for a pulse to move to the end of the pipeline and return. Because of attenuation, the reflected signal from the bulkhead of a pipe-in-pipe pipeline segment will be much smaller than the initial signal. It will also be broader, because of dispersion.
[0031] The annulus of a pipe-in-pipe pipeline may contain "shear stops" or "water stops" within the annulus. The shear stops are commonly plastic material having a characteristic impedance different from that of the gas-filled or foam-filled portion of the annulus. If the pulse width input to the annulus is much larger than the length of the shear stop, then the amplitude of the reflected signal is negligible. However, the longer the shear stop the greater the effect on the transmitted pulse and the larger the reflection. For a pulse width of 500 ns, for example, a pipeline characteristic impedance of 17.5 ohms and a shear stop having a characteristic impedance of 10 ohms and a length of 15 meters, the reflection coefficient expected is about 27%. This amplitude will be decreased to a value closer to 15% by multiple reflections from each end of the shear stop. There are normally two extended length shear stops in each flowline segment—one located on each side of the mid-line electrical connector.
[0032] If the casing or outside pipe is breached, then sea water will flood the annulus space creating a short circuit that will spread from the point of entry to fill the annulus between the water stops. These bulkheads may be spaced a selected number of quads (a quad is four joints of the pipe joined together) apart, such as four quads in some sections of the pipeline and two quads in other sections. The nearest water-tight bulkhead to the TDR end of the pipeline will then produce the reflected signal and no steel bulkhead signal will be obtained because of the attenuation of the signal in the flooded section of the pipeline.
[0033] If the casing or outside pipe or if the carrier pipe buckles, then there is a possibility that the two pipes make electrical contact and this will also show up as a short circuit. The short circuit would normally not be located at a water-tight bulkhead.
[0034] When a pulse signal is input to a pipeline through a MLEC, the midline connector will normally not be evenly spaced from the ends of the segment. Therefore, the returning pulses from the bulkheads will be separated. There may be a significant broadening of the signals, and consequently wave forms from reflections may be smooth and appear as a flattened sinusoid. Amplitude will depend of course on the mismatch and characteristic impedance between the pipeline and the TDR connection assembly. For asymmetric pipeline sections, the pulse responses from each direction may be completely separate.
[0035] Referring to FIG. 4, in one embodiment of the invention ROV 24, supported by umbilical 23, has been lowered to a location in proximity to mid-line electrical connector (MLEC) 25 on pipeline 20. This location may be 6000 feet or more below the water surface. Canister 30, attached to ROV 24, contains TDR unit 35 and other apparatus described above. Cable 27 is connected to canister 30 as described above and terminates in one-half of wet-connector component 40A, which has been removed from a holster on ROV 24 and inserted in matching component 40B of the wet-connector. The design of the wet-mateable assembly allows component 40A to attach to connector receptacle 40B while submerged in seawater with high hydrostatic pressure. Suitable wet-mateable connectors may be purchased from Tronic UK Ltd. of Cumbria, England. Their use is known. However, preferably a standard Tronic plug is slightly modified for use in this invention. Shielded conductor elements in cable 27 may be a bundle of four coaxial cables suitable for underwater use, each with a characteristic impedance of 50 ohms and all four shields of the coaxial cables may be joined together and connected to the casing of plug component 40A. The shields then directly contact the outer pipe (FIG. 2B) because the casing of plug component 40B is in contact with MLEC 25, which attaches to the outside or casing pipe of pipe-in-pipe pipeline 20. The four cores of the coaxial cables join together and connect to the center pin of plug 40A. The resulting cable bundle has a characteristic impedance of 12.5 ohms, which approaches the design characteristic impedance at the MLEC of 8.75 ohms. The flowline has a characteristic impedance of about 17.5 ohms, but is effectively two flowlines in parallel at the MLEC; hence the characteristic impedance at the MLEC is about 8.75 ohms. Alternatively, two 25-ohm coaxial cables joined in the same fashion may be substituted. Because the pipeline may be located on the seabed, all electrical connections—as well as the pipeline itself—must be serviced by either divers or remotely-operated vehicles (ROVs). Divers and ROV units can maneuver and install wet-mateable connector assemblies. The Tronic UK Ltd. plug is suitable for installation and retrieval by ROVs.
[0036] To run a check, TDR unit 35 sends pulses through cable 27 to MLEC 25. At the inner pipe, the pulse signal current divides equally and the input voltage pulse propagates in both directions towards electrically-conducting bulkheads 28 (FIG. 2B). The annulus formed between the inner pipe and outer or casing pipe behaves as a transmission line for the pulse signal. Like any component of a transmission line, the annulus has a characteristic impedance. The bulkheads' 28 impedance differs from that of the annulus. Therefore, the pulse reflects once it reaches bulkheads 28. The reflected pulse then travels along the annulus back to the MLEC. TDR unit 35 collects the reflected pulse signal from the MLEC via shielded conductor elements in cable 27.
[0037] The characteristic impedances of TDR unit 35 and any connections between the unit and the pipeline preferably match, so as to prevent excess reflections. Canister 30 therefore preferably contains impedance adapter 35I to match the 100-ohm TDR circuitry to the characteristic impedance of the pipe system. Thus, the preferred embodiment of the present invention matches the characteristic impedance of the TDR unit 35 directly to the annulus between inner and casing pipes of the pipeline. The electrical pulse may be optimized to minimize the effects of mismatch between the various non-pipeline components, while maintaining sufficient resolution to locate changes in the pipeline, as discussed below. The longer the pulse width, generally, the greater distance over which problems can be detected. Thus, a range of pulse widths may be used for each section of tested pipeline. Longer pulses generally locate changes close to bulkheads 28, and shorter pulses generally locate defects near the MLEC. Pulse widths and amplitudes may range from about 5 ns to about 5000 ns and about 1 V to about 10 KV, respectively. A preferred range of pulse width is in the range from about 150 ns to about 3000 ns and an amplitude from about 1 V to about 5 V. It is possible to obtain measurements for pipeline segment lengths from short lengths to lengths ranging up to at least 43,000 feet. Thus, once the pulse divides at the inner pipe, a pulse can travel up to at least 21,500 feet to reach a bulkhead. The preferred embodiment of the present example uses pulse widths greater than 50 ns.
[0038] TDR unit 35 may also store the reflected pulses. It may send the stored pulse forms to an underwater signal encoder, which may then send the pulse through umbilical 23 to a surface signal decoder for display on graphical user interface monitor 22Y (FIG. 2C). Any form of interface may be used for observing or storing the signals. Graphical user interface 22Y and 22Z may only display the pulse form, but also may allow equipment operators at the surface to control TDR unit 35. In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the encoder/decoder digital communication protocol may be RS 232 or similar. The software controlling the surface unit may use standard RS 232 communication protocol as well. The communications link on the standard TDR unit made by HDW is designed for downloading pulse forms only. The software to perform this activity is available from the manufacturer of the TDR, HDW Electronics, Inc. Thus, in a preferred embodiment of the present invention, TDR unit 35 and accompanying graphical user interface software have been modified to allow data signals from the surface to travel down to TDR unit 35 at the ocean floor. In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the pulse forms travel to the surface via umbilical 23, which also powers the TDR unit. Fiber optic communication channels may be used.
[0039] The time delay between the emitted pulse and reflected pulse relates to the distances the pulse traveled to the bulkheads and the velocity at which the pulse propagated through the pipeline. If the MLEC is offset from the middle of the pipeline, the pulse form will likely be offset in time in direct relation to this asymmetrical distance to the conducting bulkheads. The characteristics of the pulse path through the pipeline influence the pulse form of the returning signal. Defects in the pipeline leave different "signatures" in the pulse forms. To determine if the pulse path has deteriorated in electrical integrity, the operator may compare a measured pulse form with a baseline pulse form. Thus, operators should make a calibrating reading of the pulse path upon initial construction of the pipeline. This calibrating reading reveals the characteristic impedances of the inner and casing pipes and the bulkheads, as well as the characteristic impedances of the non-conducting, non-ferrous centralizers in the annulus. Measurements taken thereafter will reveal any changes in the impedance of the pulse path. Specifically, defect "signatures" in the pulse form will be apparent when operators compare a current pulse form with the calibrating reading.
[0040] Changes in pulse form may arise, for example, from debris or water entering the casing pipe and causing a short circuit. Dents or damage to the casing pipe may also cause short circuits if the casing pipe touches the inner pipe. If water breaches the casing pipe, a short circuit may develop over a section of the pipeline between the adjacent non-conducting centralizers. The pulse reflects when it reaches a water-filled section of the annulus. The reflected signal from this water-filled section arrives earlier than it would had bulkheads generated it. From the current pulse form, the operator can determine that water has breached casing pipe at a particular location. Pulse forms obtained when pipelines contain short circuits exhibit a signature shape, indicating the presence of the short circuit.
[0041] This electrical integrity check system can detect various changes along the pipeline. Metallic or water contamination from the welding process may cause short circuits after a time. Uncured polyurethane in the annulus may change the characteristic impedance of the pipeline components. Short circuits may develop even when contamination does not bridge the annular cavity but may be sufficient to cause a breakdown upon the application of an electrical pulse. Pulse forms of contaminated pipelines obtained during construction may exhibit erratic behavior, producing a short circuit signature. Once the pipeline is complete, operators can take a calibrating reading to use for later analyses. Taking measurements throughout the operational life of the pipeline—even when no problem is suspected—may provide an integrity condition record of the pipeline. These additional measurements may also ensure that when a pipeline defect occurs, operators can determine the location of the defect to within a few feet.
[0042]FIG. 5 shows a cutaway section of an embodiment of mid-line electrical connector (MLEC) 25 on pipeline 20. Wet-connect component 40A is shown inserted into mating component 40B. Conductor bar 50 is attached to the inner pipe. The shield on coaxial cables is connected to the body of wet-connect 40, which is directly in contact with the outer or casing pipe. Only one wet-connector may be necessary for pulse testing using the method and apparatus disclosed herein. Since relatively small currents may be used, these can be carried by shielding and cores of the coaxial cables. Before power is applied for heating the pipeline, wet-connector 40A may be removed by an ROV and the ROV retrieved. When power is applied for heating the pipeline, preferably after electrical integrity has been assured by TDR testing, two wet-connectors may be employed (not shown). A first wet-connector may be connected directly to the outside pipe from one side of MLEC 25 and a second wet-connector may be connected to the opposite side of MLEC 25 in place of component 40A. These are also placed by an ROV at great water depth.
[0043] The ROV TDR described above may have ten defined measurement ranges over which it splits each trace into 1,000 data points. Therefore, the resolution of a signal is limited to one thousandth of the range selected. The longer the pulse width the greater distance over which problems can be detected, so for each section a range of pulse widths will be used. The shorter pulse widths will be used for problems that may occur nearer the midline connector and the longer pulses will be used for problems that may exist closer to the steel bulkheads at the end of each segment. For example, the following table specifies the ranges for each of the pulse widths available from a ROV TDR:
[0044] The normal ranges listed above are calculated assuming a relative propagation velocity of one, i.e., a propagation velocity equal to the velocity of light in a vacuum. Pulse signals travel slower in transmission lines, and a TDR unit works with units of time, so the smaller velocity in a transmission line must be used to proportionately reduce the nominal range indicated by a TDR unit for that transmission line. Using a measured time for receiving a reflected pulse from a known distance from a mid-line electrical connector, the propagation velocity of pulses in a pipeline segment of interest can be measured. Using this propagation velocity, the distance to an event of interest, such as a change in pulse form occurring at a measured time, can be calculated.
[0045] Open circuit tests of the cable assembly may be performed prior to the ROV leaving the vessel and again once the ROV has reached the sea floor. In this way, it is possible to asses any changes to the TDR cable assembly. A pulse width of about 50 ns may be used when testing the cable assembly. If the cable assembly is shown not to be damaged then the plug may be reconnected to the correct socket on the MLEC and the segment retested.
[0046] Problems with a MLEC could result from a poor electrical connection through the wet-mate receptacles, water ingress into the annulus space or damage to the inner pipe connection either becoming detached or shorting to the MLEC casing. Saltwater breach near one of the steel bulkheads, although unlikely, will be one of the more difficult problems to detect as the signal strength from the bulkhead may be low for many applications and the reflected pulses may be subjected to considerable broadening. A saltwater breach at any location along the pipeline would be observed as a short circuit. The farther away from the steel bulkhead the better the chance of pinpointing a location. The steel bulkhead may still be observed from the reflected signal from the undamaged side of the pipeline segment. The ability to locate which side of the midline connector the pipeline is damaged is improved as the pipeline on each side of the MLEC becomes more asymmetric.
[0047]FIGS. 6, 7 and 8 represent sample pulse forms taken during testing of the present invention. FIG. 6 displays the resulting form from a sample pulse sent through a shielded connector coaxial cable bundle of four cables. Each time the impedance of the coaxial cable bundle changes slightly, a fraction of the pulse reflects back to the TDR unit. The TDR unit stores the pulse forms and returns the resulting pulse form display. Each small bump in wave form 60 represents a reflection from the tested system. TDR unit 35 sent a 20 ns pulse having an amplitude of 7 V through the coaxial cable bundle. The scale at the bottom of FIG. 6 shows the number of feet the pulse has traveled at a given point in the reflected pulse form. The form prior to point C1 represents the pulse signature of the Tronic wet-mateable assembly. Point C1 on the wave form shows the beginning of the coaxial cable bundle. Point C2 marks the end of the coaxial cable bundle. By subtracting C1 from C2, TDR operators can determine the length of the coaxial cable (assuming the correct propagation velocity has been used). In this case, the length is indicated to be 129 feet. The distance to any defects in the pipeline can be determined in the same manner, assuming the propagation velocity is set correctly.
[0048]FIG. 7 illustrates two superimposed pulse forms taken from a 20 ns initial pulse sent down the same coaxial cables as in FIG. 6. However, pulse form 70 was taken from a coaxial cable bundle that terminates at C2 in an open circuit condition. Pulse form 71 results from a coaxial cable bundle with a short circuit at the terminating end. As shown by FIG. 7, open circuit conditions return pulse forms with positive amplitude reflections, while closed circuit conditions return pulse forms with negative amplitude reflections. Again, the locations of the short circuit and open circuits can be determined by subtracting the location of the start of the cable from the location of the reflected pulse forms, accounting for the various propagation velocities of the bundle of coaxial cables and the cable from the TDR. The locations of defects such as short circuits in the pipeline can be determined in the same manner. Short circuits in the pipeline will display negative amplitude reflections similar to those of pulse form 71. FIG. 8 illustrates the pulse form that results from an initial 200 ns pulse sent down the same coaxial cable configuration of FIG. 7. Pulse form 80 shows an open circuit condition; pulse form 81 shows a closed circuit condition. The greater pulse width broadens the reflected pulses and would decrease the spatial resolution for finding a defect in a pipeline.
[0049] While particular embodiments of the present invention have been described, it is not intended that these details should be regarded as limitations on the present invention, except to the extent that they are included in the appended claims. It should be understood that various changes, substitutions and alterations can be made hereto without departing from the spirit and the scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.
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Reggie Bush doesn't think much of Buffalo women
There may not be many viewers who are looking forward to a matchup between the Miami Dolphins and Buffalo Bills on Thursday night, but Reggie Bush gave the game a spark on Tuesday without even realizing it. Say what you will about us, but don't insult our women. During an appearance on the "Paul and…Read More

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The biggest shopping day of the year is gearing up to be a madhouse at the stores, but with the right apps you can map out your shopping strategy and get the best deals before they're gone.
If you like your slow cooking on the go, this Crock-Pot is worth its weight in features gold.
Before the Samsung Galaxy Note had its S-Pen holster, designers and engineers had other ideas about the stylus' shape and size. CNET sat down with a Samsung innovation VP for a peek into the past.
At CES in Las Vegas, Dish refreshes the Hopper with the ability to record eight shows simultaneously, new Joey set-top boxes that help extend TV functionality anywhere, voice-enabled recommendation, and a Google Glass app.
Garmin's navigation head-up display loses its reliance on the Navigon app, shedding about $20 from the cost of entry in the process.
Normally $70, this popular speaker comes in your choice of cheerful colors. Plus: a free Imagine Dragons album!
Just in time for for Thanksgiving, Old Spice shows what happens when both parents stalk their sons. Can this ad achieve the fragrant heights of its predecessor?
The festive episode will be titled "Last Christmas". And when season 9 returns, it'll include an episode written by only the fifth female writer in the show's history.
The app will let PS4 gamers use their mobile device as a game controller or a second screen, says Polygon.
Originally $129.99, this popular wrist-companion monitors your movements and sleep, then supplies you with a wealth of analytic data.


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G20 should press Europe for a plan to ease debt crisis
The European Union needs a better plan to resolve the debt and banking crisis that threatens the eurozone.
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Prime Minister Stephen Harper and other Group of 20 leaders in Los Cabos, Mexico, have been spared a Eurocrisis now that Greeks have voted for a government that is willing to put its books in order. But that doesn't mean tucking into the margaritas and canapés just yet.
Europe's fractious leaders need a sharp political prod to get their house in order and the G20, comprising 85 per cent of the global economy, is the forum to provide it. At a time when the American and Chinese economies are weak or slowing the threat of a European meltdown isn't a risk the world needs.
Yet experience suggests that "European politicians tend to take their foot off the gas when the pressure is off," as banker Nick Kounis put it. That's the last thing needed now.
At best, the Greek vote for Antonis Samaras and his conservative New Democracy party provides a brief respite for the Europeans to contain sovereign debt and banking crises that threaten not only Greece but also Spain and Italy. Two years of German-driven austerity has hobbled growth, sent joblessness soaring and strained the eurozone. It's time to rethink, and reinvest.
Voters in France, Greece and elsewhere have made it clear they want a more balanced approach combining stimulus with deficit reduction. That makes sense. As Harper will remind the summit, it has worked well here – though he should spare Europeans the self-satisfied tone that has irritated some of them so much. No one in trouble appreciates lectures from those more fortunate.
Europe's recovery hinges on promoting growth, as well as imposing fiscal prudence. With a $13-trillion economy, the euro zone has the resources to cope. And there are plenty of ideas on the table. What's been in short supply is the will to act.
Key lenders such as Germany and France could agree to restructure the debt loads of poorer members such as Greece, Portugal and Spain, giving them better terms and more time to repay. They could also pump more money into a European fund earmarked to boost productive economic activity.
What the G20 and the markets want to hear in Los Cabos is that the Europeans are prepared to invest boldly in their own success, to restore confidence and stem the threat of wider contagion. Greece needs to be cut some slack. And Europe needs a plan.
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CLAP 3 - Pictograms
Put down your hog dog burrito, it time to learn the Chinese.4.58 / 5.00 5,785 Views
Hoenn Confirmed
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Nites Episode 2
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you lie Mtvsucks
your a liar you just didnt like it and iddnt want anyone to see such a cool movie and if you did make it how come it doesnt say you did
God dammit thats my grandpa
Shit this is mad funny.
I don't know what that other dude was talking about this does not look like it was "stolen" from anyone.
Anyway I think this is the best shockcomics short so far. I can't wait to see what those crack heads submit next.
the last poster is a dick
what a dick that last poster is..look at the credits at the end of the movie it has the authors name on it and it match the author in the author profile and the "shockcomics" logo is all over it to how could this be stolen u F'in tool!
anyway great post!! shockcomics never dispoints!
as fer "MtVsUx" cant wait to see yer posts...ya tool!


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View From The Sphere
Arsenal host Dortmund at the Emirates tomorrow night, a game the Gunners must bag all three points if they are to stand any chance of topping the group. So here are the 10 match facts and stats you sh... [Read More]
Arsenal have enquired about the availability of HNK Rijeka striker Andrej Kramaric. The 23-year-old Croat has been in superb form for Rijeka this season, netting an impressive 27 goals in 25 appearanc... [Read More]
Well it just was one of those days again wasn't it? Arsenal failed to put their opposition to the sword and came out of yesterday's game against Manchester United with nul points. I don't know how we ... [Read More]
Arsenal host Manchester United at the Emirates this evening, and it promises to be full of goal with both sides leaking goals this season So here are 11 match facts and stats about both sides you ough... [Read More]
Vinnie Jones eat your heart out. It looks as if there may be a few more Premier League football's on their way to Hollywood. Starring in Europcar's latest video, Per Mertesacker, Alex Oxla... [Read More]
The Daily Mirror claims Arsenal have joined the race to sign Newcastle starlet Rolando Aarons. It is thought the Gunners are keeping tabs on the highly-rated 19-year-old, who has been impressive for A... [Read More]
Something gives us the feeling that Kenny Wilshere and Darren 'The Shrub' Oxlade-Chamberlain will be proud as punch of their lads' performances for England last night. Hold on, not sure who those two ... [Read More]
Dennis Praet is willing to leave Anderlecht in order to seal a move to Arsenal according to the player's agent. The 20-year-old had a trial at the Gunners four years ago but ended up joining Anderlech... [Read More]
In the past few days, Arsenal have been rumoured with a move for Mattia Destro, who in turn was flattered to be linked with Arsene Wenger's side. However, Roma's director of sport Walter Sabatini has ... [Read More]
Pep Guardiola has decided to sanction the sale of Xherdan Shaqiri in January, which may alert Arsene Wenger as the Frenchman looks to bolster his squad over the Christmas period. Liverpool and Manches... [Read More]


text:
All Schools
(9) All Schools
(9) High Schools
(2) High Schools
(2) Elementary Schools
(9) Elementary Schools
(9) Preschools
(5) Preschools
(9) All Schools
(9) High Schools
(2) High Schools
(2) Elementary Schools
(9) Elementary Schools
(9) Preschools
(5) Preschools
There are 9 private schools in Illinois belonging to the General Conference of the Seventh-Day Adventist Church (GCSDAC), serving 602 students.
General Conference of the Seventh-Day Adventist Church (GCSDAC) Private Schools
- School Location Students Grades
RockfordAlpine Christian School
325 North Alpine Road
Rockford, IL, 61107
(815)399-0880(Seventh-Day Adventist)33 students | Gr. PK-8
Downers GroveDowners Grove Adventist School
5524 Lee Ave
Downers Grove, IL, 60515
(630)968-8848(Seventh-Day Adventist)27 students | Gr. K-9
GurneeGurnee Christian School
2190 Fuller Rd
Gurnee, IL, 60031
(847)623-7773(Seventh-Day Adventist)83 students | Gr. PK-8
HinsdaleHinsdale Adventist Academy
631 E Hickory St
Hinsdale, IL, 60521
(630)323-9211(Seventh-Day Adventist)290 students | Gr. PK-12
North AuroraNorth Aurora Seventh-day Adventist School
940 W Mooseheart Rd
North Aurora, IL, 60542
(630)896-5188(Seventh-Day Adventist)25 students | Gr. KG-8
ChicagoNorthshore Adventist Academy
5220 N California Ave
Chicago, IL, 60625
(773)769-0733(Seventh-Day Adventist)93 students | Gr. PK-10
SheridanSheridan Sda Elementary School
3904 E 2603rd Rd
Sheridan, IL, 60551
(815)496-2947(Seventh-Day Adventist)4 students | Gr. 3-5
Park ForestSouth Suburban Sda Christian School
119 Chestnut St
Park Forest, IL, 60466
(708)481-8909(Seventh-Day Adventist)40 students | Gr. PK-7
SpringfieldSpringfield Sda Christian School
3168 W Jefferson St
Springfield, IL, 62707
(217)726-8636(Seventh-Day Adventist)7 students | Gr. 3-9
State Statistics
|About This State (IL)
|(IL) State Statistics
|Nationwide Statistics
|Population (Approximate)
|12,309,604 people
|304,788,332 people
|Age 25+ w/College Degree
|Median Household Income
Recent Articles
Updated October 26, 2014
What do you do when you are dissatisfied with your local public schools? Homeschool your children? Send them to private school? Let's look at your options.
Your religion matters to you. You want your child to attend a school which will combine academics and religious education. Here is an overview of what is available together with some links to denominational web sites.
Add things up and you'll quickly find the answer- math is crucial both in academics and the real world. By following these strategies and following personal training programs, students can uncover their weaknesses and conquer math.


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Dolman sleeves accentuate the cozy cocoon silhouette of a bouclé-knit Cut25 by Yigal Azrouel coat. The pullover piece is styled with a cowl neckline and partially open placket. On-seam pockets. Unlined. Fabric: Bouclé knit. 56% wool/24% acrylic/16% nylon/4% other fibers. Dry clean. Made in the USA. Measurements Length: 38.25in / 97cm, from shoulder Measurements from size XS/S
A collared, notched lapel plaid coat with a snap buttons at the placket is such a classic piece to own. However, the design twist is what makes it a must have. A functional zipper at the elbow length of the sleeve leads into a sweater knit. Quilted lining. In white/grey. Fabric: 45% virgin wool/44% mohair/11% nylon Combo: 41% wool/18% alpaca/15% polyamide/11% cotton/10% acrylic/5% kid mohair Length from shoulder to hem: 34 inches for size 2 Made in USA.
Embroidered eyelet cutouts lend an alluring accent to a classic moto inspired shape. Shearling at the collar and at both sides of the off center zipper closure. Three zip pockets and two mini flap pockets. Semi sheer. Lined. In black/beige. Fabric: 50% cotton/40% silk/10% polyester Combo: 100% lambskin leather/100% lamb shearlingModel Measurements: Height 5'10; Waist 25 inches; Bust 33B inches wearing size 2 Length from shoulder to hem: 19 inches Made in USA.
A bouclé-knit sweater-coat features a clean-lined, oversized shape that's perfectly on trend. A horizontal zipper allows you to remove the contrasting solid-hued hem, converting the coat into a shorter, hip-length style. Smooth leather trim provides a sleek, urban finish. 42 1/2" length (size 10). Off-center zip closure. Jewel neckline. Front slant pockets. Lined. 48% virgin wool, 25% mohair, 22% alpaca, 5% polyamide with lambskin leather trim. Professional leather clean. By Yigal Azrouël; made in the USA. Collectors.
A platinum-hued plaid patterns a lengthy A-line coat woven from a warm and fuzzy mohair blend. Zippers allow you to remove the striped loose-knit sleeves for an alternate look. 41" length. Front snap closure. Semi-notched collar. Side-seam pockets. 45% wool, 44% mohair, 11% nylon. Dry clean. By Yigal Azrouël; made in the USA. Collectors.
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Dude knew his buddy's GF Nikki Lima was fucking around, and the only way to prove it was to record that amateur slut taking his big dick. She came over horny, gave him a lapdance, and then opened up her lips and legs to take that fat cock deep!
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Obviously guy's best friend was willing to hold the camera while Julia jumped the fuck out of her man's cock. Thirsty girl stripped her clothes off and gave dude a sloppy blowjob before bouncing her big ass on that cock and getting it doggystyle.
81 %
21770 views - 3 weeks ago
Giving your girl a foot massage and painting her toe-nails to get her horny enough to shoot an amateur sex tape? Good call, bro! Take notes on this smooth operator's homemade porn video as he films himself nailing this teen slut's tight latina pussy.
87 %
20451 views - 4 weeks ago
After Ariana Grand did the ice bucket challenge, seeing her tight natural body all dripping wet made her boyfriend horny as hell. He started rubbing her pussy until it was just as wet as the rest of her, and then he fucked that teen slut hard!
94 %
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This guy sent us a tape of him and his gf getting it on down by the water. That amateur slut rubbed her tight Latina pussy for him and then gave him an outdoor blowjob. He fucked her until she came hard and then gave her a big facial cumshot!
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This dude was trying to make an exercise video for his blog, but his girlfriend Sophia Torres was horny and needed some dick. She pulled his shorts off and gave him a nice blowjob while he was working out and then he fucked her tight Latina pussy!
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Damn this girl's got a big plush booty and she's down to share it with y'all! When Jessica's man rolled his camera she put on a sexy show, stripping down and opening her mouth wide for sloppy blowjob. This Dominican babe really knows how to fuck!
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How could this latina GF focus on fishing when all she wanted was to get some dick? Coco's man kept the camera on her big juicy butt the whole time she cast the line, and caught her giving him a sloppy blowjob under the bridge, before they fucked.
With her folks away, Esmi wanted to be a bad girl. Her man came over and fucked her on the piano, tapping that juicy ass and making her squeal for his cock. Nasty gal even let him film their hot sex, but too bad dude posted it here for y'all. Oops!
78 %
29078 views - 4 months ago
Dude had to promise he wouldn't show anyone the amateur porn he filmed of his two sluttiest ladyfriends. They made out on the stairs and flashed their bubble butts. Then they took turns sucking him off before Bianca filmed Aidra getting that dick.
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55585 views - 4 months ago
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Jade should be used to her BF filming everything by now. He tested out his cam in their bedroom, catching a sexy upskirt angle of Jade's juicy latina ass. Then he recorded her POV, as she sucked off his cock and then rolled over to get fucked hard.
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It's a matter of pride for Barton County Landfill Director Mark Witt that his facility north of Great Bend continues to be self sufficient, supported only by user fees.
Following the adjournment of a public hearing, the Great Bend City Council Monday night approved the creation of a Community Improvement District for Golden Belt Cinema 6.
It is difficult enough to figure out the Kansas Legislature, let alone interpret the proposed Senate Bill 109 designed to ban public entities from using tax money to pay for their lobbying efforts.
Great Bend City Administrator Howard Partington stood before the Kansas Senate's Ethics, Elections and Local Government Committee Monday morning. He told the members his very appearance in Topeka could be construed as a violation of the bill he came to testify against.
The Barton County Road and Bridge Department wasn't feeling the love Valentines Day after employees discovered several pieces of their equipment vandalized at a remote job site south of Ellinwood Thursday morning.
As the Kansas Avenue resurfacing project nears the end of week two, Kansas Avenue may find orange cones and signage greeting them this week, Great Bend City Engineer Rob Winiecke said the second installment of the work may cause some inconvenience for motorists.
Kansas Wetlands Education Center Site Manager Curtis Wolf had one word to summarize this past year at Cheyenne Bottoms – dry.
"I love it when a plan comes together," the fictional television soldier of fortune Hannibal Smith would say when his "A-Team" had managed to survive yet another adventure. He saw the organization amid the chaos around him.
On average nationally, gasoline prices jumped 17 cents in one week, marking one of the largest jumps on record, the American Automobile Association reported this week.
There is a hang-up with the current telephone system at the Barton County Courthouse.
The Great Bend City Council Monday night learned that the massive, gleaming metal sculpture planned to adorn the Sports Complex entrance is nearly ready for placement.
You could almost feel the sense of relief fill the Great Bend City Council chambers Monday night as the council approved entering into a partnership with Barton Community College taking the development of the embattled Convention Center in a new direction.
The Barton County Commission Monday morning approved the county's application for at grant to enhance the Cheyenne Bottoms Scenic Overlook between Hoisington and Claflin just off K-4.
An economic analysis released Friday by the law firm Polsinelli Shughart in partnership with the Kansas Energy Information Network analysis estimated that Kansas wind energy projects have created nearly 13,500 jobs in the state.
Motorists taking Kansas Avenue may find orange cones and signage greeting them this week as construction work begins to replace the concrete pavement from the 1600 block north to 24th Street, Great Bend City Engineer Rob Winiecke said.
The Barton County Appraiser's Office is starting the 2015 final review process. This is a process where appraisals for the Jan. 1, 2015 values are set, said County Appraiser Barb Estes.
MANHATTAN – Kansans aren't talkin' turkey like they used to.
There is Thanksgiving to give thanks.
There were a lot of factors to weigh when it came to the tons of sand Barton County uses for road maintenance, the decision to purchase a new dredge or the continued buying of sand from a private vendor.
We have a lot of blessings to be thankful for this Thanksgiving. There are gas prices that are among the lowest in the country and an economy that is showing signs of recovery.
For years now, Barton County has benefited from state dollars that have helped keep the county's infrastructure in tip-top shape. A big part of that success can be attributed to County Engineer Clark Rusco, County Administrator Richard Boeckman said Monday morning.
The possibility that the State of Kansas could rob highway project funds to solve the state's fiscal crisis has come up at recent Barton County Commission meetings. Local officials are worried about work that is promised to the area but that now may be delayed if not cancelled.
Encouraged by the lowest gas prices in recent memory and a brighter economic outlook, the number of those going over the river and through the woods this Thanksgiving weekend will be the highest in several years.
It is a sign of the times.
Great Bend motorists and bicycle enthusiasts will begin to notice some new traffic signs and markings around Great Bend. The installation of bicycle awareness signs started Friday afternoon and the painting of sharrows started Tuesday, all of which should be done by today.
It's been a busy year at the historic Great Bend Drag Strip said Hank Denning, president of the Sunflower Rod and Custom Association. He gave his annual report on the activities at the track during the City Council meeting Monday night.
Barton County commissioners who attended the Kansas Association of Counties annual meeting in Wichita last week came away with two overall impressions. First, the State of Kansas is in dismal financial straits, and second, Barton County is in good shape compared to most of its 105 peers counties.
On Friday, Great Bend Street Department personnel began installing bicycle awareness signs along what will become the city's first bike route. It follows 19th Street west to McKinley and McKinley south to the Sports Complex.
Page 1 of 1


text:
The Swamp
The Everglades, Florida, and the Politics of Paradise
By Michael Grunwald
(Simon & Schuster, Paperback, 9780743251075, 480pp.)
Publication Date: March 27, 2007
Other Editions of This Title: Hardcover
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The Everglades was once reviled as a liquid wasteland, and Americans dreamed of draining it. Now it is revered as a national treasure, and Americans have launched the largest environmental project in history to try to save it. The Swamp is the stunning story of the destruction and possible resurrection of the Everglades, the saga of man's abuse of nature in southern Florida and his unprecedented efforts to make amends. Michael Grunwald, a prize-winning national reporter for The Washington Post, takes readers on a riveting journey from the Ice Ages to the present, illuminating the natural, social and political history of one of America's most beguiling but least understood patches of land.
The Everglades was America's last frontier, a wild country long after the West was won. Grunwald chronicles how a series of visionaries tried to drain and "reclaim" it, and how Mother Nature refused to bend to their will; in the most harrowing tale, a 1928 hurricane drowned 2,500 people in the Everglades. But the Army Corps of Engineers finally tamed the beast with levees and canals, converting half the Everglades into sprawling suburbs and sugar plantations. And though the southern Everglades was preserved as a national park, it soon deteriorated into an ecological mess. The River of Grass stopped flowing, and 90 percent of its wading birds vanished.
Now America wants its swamp back. Grunwald shows how a new breed of visionaries transformed Everglades politics, producing the $8 billion rescue plan. That plan is already the blueprint for a new worldwide era of ecosystem restoration. And this book is a cautionary tale for that era. Through gripping narrative and dogged reporting, Grunwald shows how the Everglades is still threatened by the same hubris, greed and well-intentioned folly that led to its decline.
Michael Grunwald is a reporter at The Washington Post. He has won the George Polk Award for national reporting, the Worth Bingham Prize for investigative reporting, and many other awards. He lives in Miami with his wife, Cristina Dominguez.
Visit his website at www.michaelgrunwald.com.
Michael Grunwald, a Time senior correspondent, has won the George Polk Award for national reporting, the Worth Bingham Award for investigative reporting, and many other prizes. The Washington Post called the first book, The Swamp, "a brilliant work of research and reportage." He lives in Florida.
"This is a wonderfully written, provocative and important book. It combines history and investigative journalism to explore not only the Everglades but the larger tensions of a society's relationship with the environment. It's also a riveting story, the definitive account of south Florida's incredible journey from natural marshland to man-made megalopolis. There are many lessons here, and in the wake of Katrina it's time we learned them." -- John Barry, author of Rising Tide and The Great Influenza
"In The Swamp, Michael Grunwald has produced a masterly narrative, a story of ambition and greed in the Everglades that is rich with character, entertainment and revelation. This is a quintessential chapter of American history and also an urgently important work of contemporary journalism." -- Steve Coll, author of Ghost Wars
"Michael Grunwald is tough and clear-eyed and writes like a dream. Here, in The Swamp, he has found the perfect story -- man's long struggle between destruction and salvation, played out in the Everglades of Florida. With its interwoven threads of history, science, politics and biography, Grunwald's work has brought a beautiful, dying place to life as never before." -- David Maraniss, author of They Marched into Sunlight and When Pride Still Mattered
"Michael Grunwald digs deep and writes smart. The dying Everglades hasn't had a livelier or more compelling witness since Marjory Stoneman Douglas. The Swamp will sit cover to cover with her classic The Everglades: River of Grass on history's bookshelf." -- John Rothchild, author of Up for Grabs: A Trip Through Time and Space in the Sunshine State and A Fool and His Money


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Elkhart Lake , Wis. – Aug. 20, 2011 Although a third consecutive GT victory at Road America was not to be, BMW Team RLL ended today's American Le Mans Series Road Race Showcase with a double podium finish.
In what was a very exciting race both M3 GTs took their turn leading the four hour contest. At the end, the No. 55 of Bill Auberlen and Dirk Werner finished second for the duos third consecutive podium finish. The No. 56 of Joey Hand and Dirk Muller came … CONTINUED
Despite a stop-and-go penalty for contact served by each BMW Team RLL M3 GT during today's American Le Mans Series Grand Prix of Mosport the team still finished the two-hour-and-forty-five-minute race third and fourth in the 14-car GT class to retain the lead in manufacturer, driver and team championship standings.
Starting from the class pole for a third consecutive time the No. 56 M3 GT of Joey Hand led the first 30 laps of the race with the No. 55 M3 GT of Bill Auberlen running third, … CONTINUED
The Number 56 BMW M3 GT with Dirk Muller at the wheel picked up right where it left off two weeks ago – at the front of the American Le Mans Series GT field after qualifying on the class pole for tomorrow's Grand Prix of Mosport outside of Toronto, Canada. With a 1:17. 08 second lap of the 2.459-mile, 10-turn Mosport International Raceway circuit, Müller will lead the 14-car GT class to the green flag for the start of the two-hour-and-forty-five-minute race tomorrow.
The No. 55 M3 … CONTINUED
Here is BMW's official introduction video of the BMW M3 DTM Concept Car (official press release and info) which will make its appearance in race form for the first time during the 2012 DTM season next year.
The video shows scenes from last week's unveiling at The Welt. It also traces BMW's DTM roots – 11 successful years (which ended in 1992) during which BMW was champion 3 times, had 49 victories, and went to the podium over 150 times. Three models were in use, 635csi, 323i, … CONTINUED
This weekend BMW Team RLL will bring its M3 GT win streak north of the border to the venerable Mosport International Raceway for the Grand Prix of Mosport. The only American Le Mans Series event in Canada, the historic road course has only given up only one podium finish to the team in two previous seasons – a third place finish last year by Bill Auberlen and Tommy Milner.
Following a dominating performance at Lime Rock Park and a third consecutive victory for Joey Hand and Dirk … CONTINUED
Here is a great set of photos from this past weekend's DTM mega event at the Munich Olympic Stadium, as well as BMW's reveal of the M3 DTM Concept Car at the BMW Welt.
Our member Dackelone got up close and personal with the BMW M3 DTM Concept Car at The Welt just a day after its official reveal. Inside are a great set of photos showing lots of the M3 DTM car's large and finer deatils.
Video from the BMW M3 DTM concept car reveal at The Welt yesterday, featuring interviews with its two drivers – Andy Priaulx and Augusto Farfus, as well as BMW Motorsports' new director – Jens Marquardt.
Cool video from Fastlanedaily's Leo Parente, who traveled to the ALMS race at Lime Rock (which the BMW team won) to speak with the ALMS team, engineers, and driver about how the production M3 compares to the M3 GT race car.
We've updated our BMW M3 DTM photos with a slew of new looks from its reveal today at the press event at The Welt. See inside.
Just two weeks after the official roll-out of the new racing car for the 2012 DTM season, BMW presented the BMW M3 DTM Concept Car. Dr. Klaus Draeger, Member of the Board of Management of BMW AG responsible for development, and BMW Motorsport Director Jens Marquardt unveiled the car on Friday evening in the Double Cone building at Munich's BMW Welt. As part of the DTM event in the Olympic Stadium, the BMW M3 DTM Concept Car will be on show to motorsport fans and visitors … CONTINUED
BMW Team RLL's official photographer happens to be a M3POST member and M3 owner, which means we get to see some great photos from ALMS events this season from him. Check out this thread where he shares some great candids, live race footage, and pics from the race paddock.


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Frogg Recruitment SA jobslisted in South Africa
Frogg Recruitment SA
Address: Table View, Cape Town, Table View, Western Cape
Industry: Recruitment Consultancy Jobs, Sales Jobs, Accountancy (Qualified) Jobs, Manufacturing Jobs, Retail Jobs, Management & Executive Jobs, Finance Jobs, Accountancy Jobs, Admin Secretarial & PA Jobs, Leisure & Tourism Jobs, IT & Telecoms Jobs, Marketing & PR Jobs, Transport & Logistics Jobs, Banking Jobs, Human Resources Jobs, Disabled Staff Jobs, Customer Service Jobs, Purchasing Jobs, Hospitality & Catering Jobs, Graduate Jobs, Engineering Jobs, FMCG Jobs
Welcome to FROGG Recruitment SA - Recruitment Agency in Cape Town About Frogg Recruitment SA - Cape Town's Leading Recruitment Agency Frogg Recruitment SA strives to provide cutting edge service to our clients and applicants though Executive Recruitment in all different industries. We specialise in Permanent, Contract and Disability Placements in various fields. We also offer the Candidate professional guidance, CV and interview services. We are based in Cape Town and Gauteng. Commitment from Frogg Recruitment SA Our Fees are "Affordable" and "Tailored" to suit the crux of your Recruitment needs. Frogg Recruitment SA strives to offer professional recruitment throughout "After all we are the best Recruitment Agency in Cape Town", you name it and we do it". We commit ourselves to serve a wide client base from SME's to corporate businesses, we generalise in the following industries to name a few: Frogg Recruitment SA - Industries •Financial Services/ Banking/ Investment •Warehousing/ Logistics/ Transportation •Manufacturing/ Production •Engineering/ IT/ Technical •FMCG/ Retail/ Sales •Administration/ Office Support/ Managerial •Hospitality/ Tourism/ Travel Thank you for using Frogg Recruitment SA - Cape Town's leading Recruitment Agency The Frogg Team
Sale Executive - Hydraulics Durban - DurbanSalary Negotiable Durban, Kwazulu-Natal
Sale Executive – Engineering / Hydraulic – Durban Well established Engineering / Manufacturing of Transportation Cylinder Hydraulic, Parts and Accessories in Durban are looking for a Sales Executive with at least 3+ years of Experience in Sales in [view in new tab]
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Select () or exclude () categories to narrow your recipe search.
As you select categories, the number of matching recipes will update.
Find exactly what you're looking for with the web's most powerful recipe filtering tool.
1/1 Photo of Fearless "fried" Chicken
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This is taken from Chatelaine's "Quickies Chicken" recipe book. We make this fairly regularly, and I have to say this has all of the flavour of traditional fried chicken with a fraction of the calories.
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Enter F***ing Shikari Wristband
(approx. $7.98 or €5.89)
- Product Type: Wristband
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This officially licensed Enter Shikari wristband features the red triangle which is thought to represent a hierarchy. Around the band reads 'ENTERFUCKINGSHIKARI' in bold and sharp white lettering. Made from 100% silicone.
Related Products
- Enter Shikari Boom Box T-Shirt £13.99
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- 3pm (GMT), Wednesday 3rd Dec 2014


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Get in gear for gameday with Northwestern Apparel from the ultimate sports store. We carry the best up-to-the-minute Northwestern University Gear, with the finest selection of Northwestern Clothing for men, women and kids. Our Northwestern Fan Shop is the only place you'll want to shop for the best Northwestern Merchandise. Stock up on Wildcats Gifts like the latest Northwestern Jerseys, T-Shirts, Hats and Sweatshirts from our Northwestern Wildcats Store.Shop: Northwestern T-Shirts | Northwestern Jerseys | Northwestern Sweatshirts | Northwestern Hats
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Articles tagged "run defense"
Rob Ryan, New Orleans Saints Patch Up Porous Run Defense
The 2012 New Orleans Saints fielded one of the worst defenses in NFL history, especially against the run. New defensive coordinator Rob Ryan is charged with stitching together a much tougher unit.
Sieves: The Worst Run Defenses In NFL History
It's never been easier to run the ball in the NFL. Conversely, it's never been tougher to play run defense. The list of worst run defenses in NFL history is littered with recent teams, including the 2012 Saints and Colts.
The 5.0 Club: run defense in '11 lit up like hippies in '69
You already know that pass defenses in 2011 were lit up like hippies at Woodstock. Turns out things were not much better for run defenses: three teams in 2011 joined the exclusive and ignominious 5.0 club of worst run defenses ever: the Lions, Raiders and Bucs. So sad.
Quick Outs
- The Berger-Bowl Becomes the Bell Show For the Steeler's Win
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- J.J. Watt And Demaryius Thomas Dominating The Competition
- NFC Rookies Making Big Impact In 2014 Season
- Keep The Faith: 20 Teams Since 1990 With Losing Record After Nine Games Have Made Playoffs
- Tony Romo Now 25-5 All Time In November
- Pro Football's Battlefield Heroes
- No Surprise: NFL Teams On Pace To Score Most Points In History
- 2014 NFL Season Player Props
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Tristram ShandyPaperback Penguin English Library
List price $12.52
You save $2.63 21% off
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Dispatched in 2 business days
When will my order arrive?
Additional formats available
- Format
- Hardback $17.73
- Publisher: PENGUIN CLASSICS
- Format: Paperback | 656 pages
- Dimensions: 128mm x 196mm x 30mm | 340g
- Publication date: 29 November 2012
- Publication City/Country: London
- Sales rank: 73,475
Product description
This is the "Penguin English Library Edition" of "Tristram Shandy" by Laurence Sterne. 'I am got, I know not how, into a cold unmetaphorical vein of infamous writing, and cannot take a plumb-lift out of it for my soul; so must be obliged to go on writing like a Dutch commentator to the end of the chapter, unless something be done...' Laurence Sterne's great masterpiece of bawdy humour and rich satire defies any attempt to categorize it. Part novel, part digression, its gloriously disordered narrative interweaves the birth and life of the unfortunate 'hero' Tristram Shandy, the eccentric philosophy of his father Walter, the amours and military obsessions of Uncle Toby, and a host of other characters, including Dr Slop, Corporal Trim and the parson Yorick. A joyful celebration of the endless possibilities of the art of fiction, "Tristram Shandy" is also a wry demonstration of its limitations. "The Penguin English Library" - 100 editions of the best fiction in English, from the eighteenth century and the very first novels to the beginning of the First World War.
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Author information
Born in Clonmel, Ireland, in 1713, Laurence Sterne spent the first ten years of his life moving from place to place within Ireland and also Yorkshire, as his father, an army ensign, was assigned and reassigned constantly. Educated at a grammar school near Halifax, Sterne took a place at Jesus College, Cambridge in 1733, two years after his father died of a fever in Jamaica. Going on to become a clergyman, he published four sermons during his lifetime - but it was for his literary works that he earned great acclaim, particularly The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, his nine-volume masterpiece, which made him a celebrity. Dogged by ill-health for much of his life, he took various recuperative trips to the continent, the experience of which formed the experience behind his final work, A Sentimental Journey, published barely three weeks before his death in London in 1768 at the age of fifty-four.


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10,000,000 - 50,000,000 downloads
- Reading life feature
- eBooks database
- Social features
- Nothing special
+ By Kobo
"The social reading experience"
Reviewed by Emmanuel Lund / Jun 15, 2012
Kobo eBooks is both a virtual library and eBook reader from a social approach
No matter if you're a e-reading newbie or veteran, Kobo eBooks provides a platform for all readers types from where you can find books, download or purchase them and read them from your Android device. However, its added-value feature is "Reading life" feature, what makes reading more social and challenging.
Although you can use the app without signing up, we recommend you to register to have full access ("Reading life" is an only-registered users features, for example). You can "Discover" new ebooks seeking them by category (featured, what's new, most popular, cheap reads, biography, contemporary fiction....) or browse by keyword, title, author. Likewise there's a matching engine that highlight ebooks that you may be interested.
You can download previews from ebooks, access your personal library (downloaded books) and read them, wherever, whenever. You can add books to your library from e-mail, the web or your Dropbox accounts.
You can also rate books and read reviews from other users. Reading layout is great: just swipe forward or back to turn page. From settings you can change font size, select text and post to Facebook wall the "book you're reading" or specific notes. One of the feature we like most is that users can comment in any page of the book (watch out spoilers) and reply other users.
Let's talk about "Reading Life" feature: it tracks your reading activity (total read time, books in progress, % completed, page turned, books completed, pages on average, page per session, minutes per session...). What's more, you can win awards by reading (they're badges actually) like "the Twain award", "Scout leader" or "Fully loaded"... there are up to 20.
Join the eBooks community where everything is readable and shareable.
Download the Kobo app and browse from over 3.5 million free and affordable eBooks, magazines, comics and children's books.
With Kobo's reading app, you're able to:
•Pick up right where you left off. We'll sync your bookmarks, notes, and highlights, so you can keep reading across all your devices.
•Experience the rich, colourful environment of the world's best magazines.* Our exclusive Guided Reading feature lets you breeze through articles for an uninterrupted read. You can seamlessly navigate through the article all with a simple tap.
•Customize your reading experience. Enjoy crisp, clear text in the size and style you prefer; try Night Mode for easier nighttime reading; and lock the screen in portrait or landscape mode to read how you like.
•Enjoy first chapter previews for thousands of select books.
•Make your reading a social experience with Reading Life™. You can track how long it takes to read a book, earn fun and surprising awards, and much more.
•Add books to your Library from email, the web, or your Dropbox account. You can even read books from your local public library.
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•Read in English, French, Spanish, Italian, German, Dutch, Portuguese, Brazilian Portuguese, or Japanese.
* Magazines available in US and Canada countries only
**For users upgrading and are not able to open their books, please uninstall and reinstall the app. Sorry for this inconvenience as we are working with Google to solve this problem that is affecting the Kobo app and other apps.
This update features content and stability fixes, and support for Android L.
With this version, you can now:
• Jump from the end of your current book to your next.
• See your downloads, recommendations, and events in our redesigned notification bar.
• Sort your Library by Author or Series name.
• Read Fixed-Layout EPUBs with improved speed and display accuracy.
Some lists where this application appears: Reviewed by Emmanuel Lund, Segedprogi, Reviewed by Anna Grace.
Absolutely love the simplicity and numerous options to add books.
A must have app for any devices. Very user friendly.
Can't even read a book without lagging
I used to love kobo till there was an updated and now I cant read any books! U owe me money kobo!!
More expensive than second hand, cheaper than the real book.
Love this app
No PDF support


text:
Whos Paying For Chinese Buffet
Nobody wants to pay for the chinese buffet at the City Quay in Dundee so we all do a runner
By: stevanhogg | Comments: 45 | Views: 1519 | Votes: 0 | Shared: 0
Location: United Kingdom (UK/GB) | Leaked: 3 days ago in Other
Isis member bullies american marine in houston texas
Doesnt matter how many guns you have, if youre a pussy whos not willing to do anything with it, like most americans, you might as well not have any guns at all.
By: Darius20190 | Comments: 82 | Views: 6283 | Votes: 0 | Shared: 0
Location: Houston, Texas, United States | Leaked: 8 days ago in Politics, WTF
Who's Who? Obama Decoy Snapped At G20
http://news.sky.com/story/1373838/whos-who-obama-decoy-snapped-at-g20 The leader of the free world and his decoy are photographed in separate Beasts as the US president rolls into town for the su
By: ManoftheWorld | Comments: 29 | Views: 1757 | Votes: 2 | Shared: 0
Location: Australia | Leaked: Nov-15-2014 in Other News
Putin demonized for thwarting neocon plan for global domination
The continuing attacks on Vladimir Putin and Russia by members of the western political, military and journalistic elite tell us one thing – the Russian President is doing a good job both for
By: heroic SAA | Comments: 114 | Views: 1127 | Votes: 8 | Shared: 0
Location: United States | Leaked: Nov-10-2014 in Politics
NEWS: Iraqi Falcon Intelligence cell behind operation against Al-Bagdadi and 40 IS leaders
Iraqi interior minstery revelead sensetive and higly detaild data about the gathering of the IS-terrorist meeting, the names of the participants, safe houses visisted, time table, when the food where
By: Jeffrey007 | Comments: 15 | Views: 1725 | Votes: 4 | Shared: 0
Location: Al Qa'im, Al Anbar, Iraq | Leaked: Nov-10-2014 in Iraq
A Cat Fight @ Via Via Pizza Place in Newport Rhode Island
Anyone whos ever been to Newport RI during the summer months on a weekend. You know this to be the regular scene. I've never gone to get a slice and not seen a fight or brawl at this place. It's run b
By: AngelDeathCamp | Comments: 24 | Views: 1597 | Votes: 0 | Shared: 0
Location: Rhode Island, United States | Leaked: Oct-30-2014 in WTF
Facist turks mark Kurdish homes
The facist Turks in Turkey have started to mark the houses of Kurdish population. They do this to later come back and burn them up. Where have we seen this before? In Germany during the 1940's where t
By: Sirwann | Comments: 131 | Views: 1387 | Votes: 6 | Shared: 2
Location: Turkey | Leaked: Oct-15-2014 in Other Middle East
Crackpots At MSNBC Blame Dallas Ebola Outbreak On… The NRA?
There are days that I'm convinced that MSNBC is directed by Chuck Jones . Today is one of those days, as MSNBC's liberal sycophants Krystal Ball and Anne Thompson decided that the C
By: Molon_Labe | Comments: 24 | Views: 1128 | Votes: 2 | Shared: 2
Location: United States | Leaked: Oct-3-2014 in Other News
Ukraine as a test for a new world war
Few days ago media has broadcated a statement by Jackues Attali in which he criticizes western attitude towards Russia and warns that humiliation caused by sanctions could lead towards a world war. At
By: Haemus | Comments: 32 | Views: 6396 | Votes: 6 | Shared: 0
Location: Kiev, Kyiv, Ukraine | Leaked: Sep-25-2014 in Ukraine
FIGHT, Austin Street Fight - 8-5-12
Walked up to 2 girls fighting after the bars & clubs let out, while their boyfriends watched. Then one of the guys insists the other break up the fight and threatens to fight and follows through b
By: Gabrielsmit | Comments: 61 | Views: 4082 | Votes: 0 | Shared: 0
Leaked: Sep-17-2014 in WTF
****Syria**** Who's Paying the Pro-War Pundits?
http://www.thenation.com/article/181601/whos-paying-pro-war-pundits Lee Fang September 12, 2014 Talking heads like former General Jack Keane are all over the news media fa
By: omniradar | Comments: 21 | Views: 10874 | Votes: 7 | Shared: 0
Location: Syria | Leaked: Sep-13-2014 in Politics, Iraq
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