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From the first amateur hackers in the 80s till 2011 when international cyber sabotage is a reality, viruses have illustrated the frightening potential of human ingenuity. Here's a brief look back how computer viruses have evolved through the most important outbreaks of the last 25 years.
The first PC virus
1. Brain, 1986
More than a decade before anyone had ever heard of Napster, the first PC virus was designed to fight piracy. The author who came up with the word "cyber," William Gibson called Brain "basically a wheel-clamp for PCs."
Basit and Amjad Alvi created and marketed medical software in Lahore, Pakistan. They were interested in two things. First, they wanted to check the multi-tasking functionality in the new DOS operating system (so-called "TSR" systems). Secondly, they wanted to see if there are security vulnerabilities in DOS compared to other operating systems such as Unix.
When they realized that DOS was quite vulnerable, they had the idea to write a snippet of software that would monitor how the software and the floppy disks move around. Brain spread virally via 3 1/4-inch disks, and within weeks, the Alvi's had to change their phone numbers.
25 years after the creation of first PC virus, in early 2011, F-Secure's Mikko Hypponen went to Lahore, Pakistan to visit the address in the code. He found the Alvi brothers still there, running a successful business. The following video includes the first video interview Amjad and Farooq have given about Brain ever.
Some early fun
Most of the early viruses were variations of the same theme: "Gotcha!" Users knew they'd been infected because that was exactly the point. Like a digital pie in the face.
2. Stoned, 1987
Created by a high school student in New Zealand, Stoned was supposed to be harmless. It simply displayed the message "Your PC is now Stoned!" on your screen. However, as the first virus that infected a PC's boot sector, Stoned established that viruses could control a computer's function from the moment it turned on. Bob Dylan should be proud.
3. Form, 1990
Form became one of the most widespread viruses ever. On the 18th of each month, it produced a clicking sound from the PC's speaker whenever a key was pressed. Annoying, but harmless.
Other variations on this early innocent sort of "gotcha" virus included V-Sign, which displayed a V on your screen. The Walker virus showed an elderly man walking across your screen. Elvira scrolled text in the "A long time ago, in a galaxy far, far away" style a la Star Wars. And then there was Joshi. Every year, on the Joshi's birthday, this eponymous virus displayed a birthday message. The machine refused to boot up until the user typed "Happy Birthday Joshi."
4. Michelangelo, 1992
Michelangelo would override everything on a hard drive on specified dates. A variation of Stoned with much crueler intentions, Michelangelo was probably the first computer virus that made international news.
Virus Creation Laboratory made it easy to whip up a malicious little program by automating virus creation using a simple graphical interface.
Getting Destructive
Early MS-DOS and PC-DOS viruses did some damage to PCs, usually intentionally, but virus writers soon began to actively seek to wreak havoc by actively disabling computers.
6. Happy99, 1999
Happy99 was the first email virus. It greeted you with "Happy New Year 1999" and emailed itself to all contacts in your address book. Like the very first PC viruses, Happy99 did not cause any real damage, though it did spread to millions of PCs around the world.
7. Monkey, 1993
A distant relative of Stoned, Monkey secretly integrated itself into data files and spread seamlessly. It was the early ancestor of a rootkit, a self-concealing program, and it prevented booting from a floppy disk. When it was removed improperly, Monkey prevented any sort of booting at all.
Upgrading to Windows
In the early 90s, viruses became macro viruses and took on Microsoft's new OS, Windows. Written in the same languages as applications like Microsoft Word, macro viruses appeared in late 1995. In just three months, they became the most common virus type in the world.
8. Concept, 1995
The first virus that infected Microsoft Word files, Concept became one of the most common viruses in the world because it could infect any OS that could run Word. Share the file, share the virus.
9. Melissa, 1999
Allegedly named after a female exotic dancer familiar to the virus writer, Melissa combined a virus and an email virus. It infected a Word file then emailed itself to all contacts in the user's address book and became the first virus to span the globe in only hours. Melissa combined the jokey motivations of the early virus writers with the destructiveness of the era. This virus inserted comments from "The Simpsons" into users' documents. Not so bad. But Melissa could also send out confidential information without the users' notice. D'oh!
Not long after Melissa, Microsoft virtually eliminated macro viruses by changing how its Visual Basic macro language works within Office applications.
Crashing the network
Before firewalls, computer worms generated huge amounts of network traffic, disrupting systems by pure volume. These worms generally did not affect individual users but they could rock the infrastructure of both private businesses and governments.
10. Code Red, 2001
The first worm that spread without requiring any user interaction at all and thus spread around the world in minutes, Code Red hid from detection and carried out various functions on a cycle. On Days 1-19, it spread itself. From the 20th to the 27th, it launched Denial of Service attacks on various addresses including the White House. And from the 28th day till the end of the month, it rested.
10. Loveletter, 2000
The computer worm that broke millions of hearts, Loveletter is still one of the biggest outbreaks of all time. It spread via email attachment and overwrote many of the crucial files on the PCs it infected. This outbreak was an incredible successful attempt at social engineering. Using the promise of love, it convinced millions to open the attachment, causing an estimated $5.5 billion in damage worldwide. Guess there are a lot of people out there looking for a little love.
12. Slammer, 2003
Network worms require just a few lines of code and vulnerability to spark real world trouble. Slammer took down Bank of America's ATM network and 911 services in Seattle. Even the air traffic control system was not immune.
13. Sobig, 2003
Sobig was a quick improvement on Fizzer (see below). Some versions waited for a couple of days after infecting a machine before turning affected machines into e-mail proxy servers. The result? Massive spam. AOL alone reported stopping more than 20 million infected messages on one day.
14. Mydoom, 2004
Mydoom spread over email and the Kazaa Peer-to-Peer (P2P) network. It set new records but was old school in the sense that the motive wasn't monetary. Mydoom executed Distributed Denial-of-Service attack on one particular website and opened a backdoor on infected computers, which left the machine open to remote access.
15. Sasser, 2004
Sasser came in through a vulnerable network ports and slowed or crashed networks from Australia to Hong Kong to the UK.
Money. Money. Money.
In the last decade, the motive for virus writing has become obvious: Money. The technology still tends to be variations on a theme, but modern virus writers utilize advanced user psychology and social engineering to draw users into traps that they'd probably been warned about several times.
16. Fizzer, 2003
Fizzer was the first virus designed to make money. It arrived as an infected attachment. Once opened, it took over infected computers and forced them to send spam.
Ever-evolving threats
As the real-world impact of viruses was felt in the early 90s, business, government, software makers and the Internet security industry put fires out and collaborated to minimize threats. Virus writers, too, evolved to avoid detection, creating advanced malware that could even be programmed to be patient.
17. Cabir, 2003
The first mobile phone virus in history, Cabir targeted Nokia smartphones running the Symbian operating system. It was spread via Bluetooth and proved that whatever shape PCs evolve into, they will be targeted.
18. SDBot, 2003
SDBot was a Trojan horse that bypassed normal security to secretly control a computer. It created a backdoor that allowed the user to do several things including sniff for passwords and the reg codes of games like Half-Life and Need for Speed 2.
19. Haxdoor, 2005
Haxdoor was another Trojan horse that sniffed for passwords and other private data. Later variants had rootkit capabilities. Even Brain used techniques to cloak itself, but Haxdoor employed far more sophisticated methods. A modern rootkit can turn a computer into a zombie computer that can be controlled without the user's knowledge, sometimes for years.
20. Sony BMI, 2005
In 2005, one of the biggest record companies in the world had the same idea that the Alvi brothers had in 1986: Use a virus to prevent piracy. On its audio CDs, it included a music player program and a rootkit that controlled how the owner could access the audio tracks. The result was a media firestorm and a class-action lawsuit that ended with Sony offering users money and free downloads.
Cyber Sabotage
Computer viruses have had real world effects for decades, but in 2010 a computer virus may have changed the course of history.
In November of 2010, Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad confirmed that a cyber attack had indeed caused problems with their nuclear centrifuges. And in January of 2011, Russia's ambassador to NATO said that Stuxnet could cause a "new Chernobyl."
21. Stuxnet, 2010
An unusually large Windows worm—about a 1000% larger than the typical computer worm, Stuxnet most likely spread through USB device. It infects a system, hides itself with a rootkit and sees if the infected computer is connected to a Siemens Simatic factory system. If the worm finds a connection, it then changes the commands sent from the Windows computer to the PLC Programmable Logic Controllers, i.e., the boxes that actually control the machinery. Once running on the PLC, it looks for a specific factory environment. If this is not found, it does nothing.
F-Secure Labs estimates that it would take more than 10 man-years of work to complete Stuxnet. This complexity and the fact that it could be used to impair the ability of a centrifuge to enrich uranium while providing no monetary gain suggest that Stuxnet was probably developed by a government—though which government is unclear.
22. Storm Worm, 2007
Machiavelli said it's better to be feared than loved. Seven years after Loveletter, Storm Worm capitalized on our collective fear of bad weather and first spread generally via an email message with the subject line "230 dead as storm batters Europe." Once the attachment was open, a Trojan backdoor and a rootkit forced the PC to join a botnet. Botnets are armies of zombie computers that can be used to, among other thing, send out tons of spam. And this one sucked in ten million computers.
23. Mebroot, 2008
Mebroot was a rootkit built to hide from the rootkit detectors that quickly became part of many Internet security suites. It is so advanced that if it crashes a PC, Mebroot will send a diagnostic report to the virus writer.
24. Conficker, 2008
Conficker quickly took millions of computers all over the globe. It exploits both flaws along with Windows and weak passwords along with several advanced techniques. Once a system is infected, further malware can be installed and the user is even prevented from visiting the website of most Internet security vendors. More than two years after it was first spotted, more computers are infected by the worm every day. F-Secure's Chief Research Office Mikko Hypponen has said that in many ways Conficker is still "a great mystery."
25. 3D Anti Terrorist
This trojanized "game" targets Windows Mobile phones and was spread via freeware sites. Once installed, it starts making calls to expensive numbers leaving you with large charges. This strategy of hijacking a mobile app or cloaking a malicious app is still new, but it's likely to one of the main ways the virus writers will attack mobile devices.
Where are we 25 years after Brain?
In 2011, a PC running an updated version of Windows 7 is quite secure, especially when running updated security software. Now that we know more about viruses, we know how to fight them, and ideally prevent them. So, hopefully, in 25 years viruses will have gone the way of macro viruses and we won't have to make a new list.
Many techie terms in the headlines lately. Supercookies, supertrackers, HTTP headers and X-UIDH. If you just skim the news you will learn that this is some kind of new threat against our privacy. But what is it really? Let's dig a bit deeper. We will discover that this is an issue of surprisingly big importance. Cookies are already familiar to most of us. These are small pieces of information that a web server can ask our browser to store. They are very useful for identifying users and managing sessions. They are designed with security and privacy in mind, and users can control how these cookies are used. In short, they are essential, they can be a privacy problem but we have tools to manage that threat. What's said above is good for us ordinary folks, but not so good for advertisers. Users get more and more privacy-aware and execute their ability to opt out from too excessive tracking. The mobile device revolution has also changed the game. More and more of our Internet access is done through apps instead of the browser. This is like using a separate "browser" for all the services we use, and this makes it a lot harder to get an overall picture of our surfing habits. And that's exactly what advertisers want, advertising is like a lottery with bad odds unless they know who's watching the ad. A new generation of supercookies (* were developed to fight this trend. It is a piece of information that is inserted in your web traffic by your broadband provider. Its purpose is to identify the user from whom the traffic comes. And to generate revenue for the broadband provider by selling information about who you really are to the advertisers. These supercookies are typically used on mobile broadband connections where the subscription is personal, meaning that all traffic on it comes from a single person. So why are supercookies bad? They are inserted in the traffic without your consent and you have no way to opt out. They are not visible at all on your device so there is no way to control them by using browser settings or special tools. They are designed to support advertisers and generate revenue for the mobile broadband provider. Your need for privacy has not been a design goal. They are not domain-specific like ordinary cookies. They are broadcasted to any site you communicate with. They were designed to remain secret. They are hidden in an obscure part of the header information that very few web administrators need to touch. There are two ways to pay for Internet services, with money or by letting someone profile you for marketing purposes. This system combines both. You are utilized for marketing profit by someone you pay money to. But what can and should I do as an ordinary user? Despite the name, this kind of supercookies are technically totally different from ordinary cookies. The privacy challenges related with ordinary cookies are still there and need to be managed. Supercookies have not replaced them. Whatever you do to manage ordinary cookies, keep doing it. Supercookies are only used by some mobile broadband providers. Verizon and AT&T have been most in the headlines, but at least AT&T seems to be ramping down as a result of the bad press. Some other operators are affected as well. If you use a device with a mobile broadband connection, you can test if your provider inserts them. Go to this page while connected over the device's own data connection, not WiFi. Check what comes after "Broadcast UID:". This field should be empty. If not, then your broadband provider uses supercookies. Changing provider is one way to get rid of them. Another way is to use a VPN-service. This will encapsulate all your traffic in an encrypted connection, which is impossible to tamper with. We happen to have a great offering for you, F-secure Freedome. Needless to say, using Freedome on your mobile device is a good idea even if you are not affected by these supercookies. Check the site for more details. Last but not least. Even if you're unaffected, as most of you probably are, this is a great reminder of how important net neutrality is. It means that any carrier that deliver your network traffic should do that only, and not manipulate it for their own profit. This kind of tampering is one evil trick, throttling to extort money from other businesses is another. We take neutrality and equal handling for granted on many other common resources in our society. The road network, the postal service, delivery of electricity, etc. Internet is already a backbone in society and will grow even more important in the future. Maintaining neutrality and fair rules in this network is of paramount importance for our future society. Safe surfing, Micke PS. The bad press has already made AT&T drop the supercookies, which is great. All others involved mobile broadband providers may have done the same by the time you are reading this. But this is still an excellent example of why net neutrality is important and need to be guaranteed by legislation. (* This article uses the simplified term supercookie for the X-UIDH -based tracker values used by Verizon, AT&T and others in November 2014. Supercookie may in other contexts refer to other types of cookie-like objects. The common factor is that a supercookie is more persistent and harder to get rid of than an ordinary cookie. Image by Jer Thorp
It's like a press conference anyone can join from anywhere. And even if you don't have a question, you can upvote the ones you don't like and downvote the ones you do. President Obama did one. Snoop Dogg/Snoop Lion did one. An astronaut did one from outer space. And our Mikko Hypponen will sit down for his second Reddit AMA on December 2 at 9 AM ET. If you have something you've wanted to ask him about online security, great. If not, here are five resources that document some of Mikko's more than two decades in the security industry to prod you or prepare you. 1. Check out this 2004 profile of his work from Vanity Fair. 2. Watch his 3 talks that have been featured on TED.com. [protected-iframe id="7579bbf790267cc081ac7d92d951262c-10874323-9129869" info="https://embed-ssl.ted.com/talks/mikko_hypponen_fighting_viruses_defending_the_net.html" width="640" height="360" frameborder="0" scrolling="no" webkitallowfullscreen="" mozallowfullscreen="" allowfullscreen=""] [protected-iframe id="fdf818f4afa2f7dcb179c5516c44918c-10874323-9129869" info="https://embed-ssl.ted.com/talks/mikko_hypponen_three_types_of_online_attack.html" width="640" height="360" frameborder="0" scrolling="no" webkitallowfullscreen="" mozallowfullscreen="" allowfullscreen=""] [protected-iframe id="54be2fe9bce28ae991becbe3d4291e56-10874323-9129869" info="https://embed-ssl.ted.com/talks/mikko_hypponen_how_the_nsa_betrayed_the_world_s_trust_time_to_act.html" width="640" height="360" frameborder="0" scrolling="no" webkitallowfullscreen="" mozallowfullscreen="" allowfullscreen=""] 3. Check out his first AMA, which took place just after his first talk at TEDglobal was published. 4. Take a trip to Pakistan with Mikko to meet the creators of the first PC virus. [protected-iframe id="8c0605f62076aa901ed165dbd3f4fcd7-10874323-9129869" info="//www.youtube-nocookie.com/v/lnedOWfPKT0?version=3&hl=en_US&rel=0" width="640" height="360"] 5. To get a sense of what he's been thinking about recently, watch his most recent talk at Black Hat "Governments as Malware Creators". [protected-iframe id="54b24406f022e81b15ad6dadf2adfc93-10874323-9129869" info="//www.youtube-nocookie.com/v/txknsq5Z5-8?hl=en_US&version=3&rel=0" width="640" height="360"] BONUS: Make sure you follow him on Twitter to get a constant stream of insight about online security, privacy and classic arcade games. Cheers, Sandra
If you like sailing and tall ships, I can recommend this podcast about Pam Bitterman's book Sailing to the far horizon. It's a great story about the last years of the community-operated ship Sofia, covering both a lot of happy sailing and the ship's sad end in the early eighties. But this is not about hippies on a ship, it's about how we record and remember our lives. In the podcast Pam tells us how the book was made possible by her parents saving her letters home. Perhaps they had a hunch that this story will be written down one day. Going on to state that e-mails and phone calls wouldn't have been saved that way. That's a very interesting point that should make us think. At least it made me think about what we will remember about our lives in, say, twenty years? We collect more info about what we are doing than ever before. We shoot digital pictures all the time and post status updates on Facebook. We are telling the world where we are, what we are doing and what we feel. Maybe in a way that is shallower than letters home, but we sample our lives at a very granular rate. The real question is however how persistent this data is? If we later realize we have experienced something unique enough to write a book about, have our digital life left enough traces to support us? Pam wrote the book about Sofia some twenty years later. A twenty year old paper is still young, but that's an eternity in the digital world. Will you still be on the same social media service? Do you still have the same account or have you lost it. Does the service even exist? And what about your e-mails, have you saved them? How are your digital photos archived? You may even have cleaned up yourself to fit everything into a cheaper cloud account. Here's something to keep in mind about retaining your digital life. Realize the value of your personal records. You may fail to see the value in single Facebook posts, but they may still form a valuable wholeness. If you save it you can choose to use it or not in the future. If you lose it you have no choice. Make sure you don't lose access to your mail, social media and cloud storage accounts. That would force you to start fresh, which usually means data loss. Always register a secondary mail address in the services. That will help you recover if you forget the password. Use a password manager to avoid losing the password in the first place. Redundancy is your friend. Do not store important data in a single location. The ideal strategy is to store your files both on a local computer and in a cloud account. It provides redundancy and also stores data in several geographically separated locations. This is easy with younited because you can set it to automatically back up selected folders. Mail accounts have limited capacity and you can't keep stuff forever. Don't delete your correspondence. Check your mail client instead for a function that archives your mail to local storage. Check your social media service for a way to download a copy of your stuff. In Facebook you can currently find this function under Settings / General. It's good to do this regularly, and you should at least do it if you plan to close your account and go elsewhere. Migrate your data when switching to a new computer or another cloud service. It might be tricky and take some time, but it is worth it. Do not see it as a great opportunity to start fresh and get rid of "old junk". If you are somewhat serious about digital photography, you should get familiar with DAM. That means Digital Asset Management. This book is a good start. Pam did not have a book in mind when she crossed the Pacific. But she was lucky and her parents helped her retain the memories. You will not be that lucky. Don't expect your friends on Facebook to archive posts for you, you have to do it yourself. You may not think you'll ever need the stuff, just like Pam couldn't see the book coming when onboard Sofia. But you never know what plans the future has for you. When you least expect it, you might find yourself in a developing adventure. Make yourself a favor and don't lose any digital memories. Safe surfing, Micke


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Contact Us
Haub School of Environment and Natural Resources
Bim Kendall House
804 E Fremont St
Laramie, WY 82072
Phone: (307) 766-5080
Fax: (307) 766-5099
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
Bim Kendall House
804 E Fremont St
Laramie, WY 82072
Phone: (307) 766-5080
Fax: (307) 766-5099
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
Browse ENR jobs and internships | Read our newsletter | See news clips about the Haub School
- 2015 Haub School Field Courses application deadline Friday, November 14
- Sustainability Minor Celebration Tuesday, December 2
- Haub School Photo Contest reception TBD, 2015
- Recent events
Haub School Field Course Application Now Open
The Haub School is now accepting applications for 2015 field courses. To apply for one of the field courses listed here, please complete the Field Course Application.
- ENR 4890 Winter Ecology Grand Teton National Park, WY - January 5-15, 2015
- ENR 3900 Sustainability Seminar: Energy & Living Systems Grand Teton National Park, WY - January 5-18, 2015
For more information, contact Maggie Bourque - firstname.lastname@example.com
- RNEW 4990/5990 Environmental Quality in the Himalayas Nepal - TBD May 2015
For more information, contact Pete Stahl - firstname.lastname@example.com
The application deadline for Haub School Field Courses is Friday, November 14 at 11:59 p.m.
For more information about 2015 field courses, call (307) 766-5080 or email www.uwyo.edu/haub.
Sustainability Minor Celebration
Join the Haub School in celebrating more than one year of our sustainability minor. Build community, enjoy light refreshments, learn more about Haub School programs, tour the LEED gold Kendall House, and meet current sustainability students, faculty, and staff.
Tuesday, December 2, 5 p.m.
Bim Kendall House, 804 E. Fremont St.
Please RSVP by Nov 24 to email@example.com.
For more information about this event, call (307) 766-5080 or email www.uwyo.edu/haub.
Haub School Photo Contest
Share your best photos that highlight our environment and natural resources
The Haub School of Environment & Natural Resources Photo Contest is open to all University of Wyoming students. Submitted photos should illustrate an environment and/or natural resource story or highlight a related issue or challenge. Winning photos will be printed and displayed in the Bim Kendall House during the academic year. Contest winners will be announced at a reception to be held Wednesday, December 3.
• Best Overall
• People's Choice
• 1st place, 2nd place, and 3rd place within each category
• Haub School Field or International Course Experience
• Wyoming
• Wild Places
• Open
We are no longer accepting submissions.
Reception, TBD, 2015
See submission requirements and deadlines.
- Browse environment and natural resources jobs, internships, and other opportunities
- Read about us in the news
- View our annual reports and newsletters
Recent events
Wyoming Outdoor Council event in Laramie
U.S. Green Building Council Wyoming Chapter Biennial ConferenceOctober 16-18, 2014
Hotel Terra, Teton Village, Wyoming
The US Green Building Council Wyoming Chapter (USGBC WY) invites all who are interested to join building professionals, educators, elected leaders, and interested members of the public for a green building conference in Jackson, WY. Participants will learn how sustainable building practices can advance sustainable communities. The Haub School is one of the sponsors of this event.
Mountainfilm on Tour
For the third year in a row, the Haub School of Environment and Natural Resources and the Telluride Mountainfilm on Tour presented two nights of free environmental, cultural and adventure films.
The screenings are free and open to the public, and additionally, a set of films selected to appeal to children age 12 and under was shown free during a Kidz Kino.
The Mountainfilm Festival is held for four days each Memorial Day weekend in Telluride, Colo. The event is part film festival, part ideas summit and part jamboree. For 35 years, Mountainfilm has attracted leading independent documentary filmmakers, artists and photographers, conservationists, mountaineers, scientists, journalists and explorers from around the world to engage in the festival's motto of "Celebrating Indomitable Spirit."
The films:
|Friday, October 10
|Saturday, October 11
|El Sendero Luminoso
|Duke & the Buffalo
|Off-Width Outlaw
|Desert Ice
|The Guardians
|Love in the Tetons
|Catch It
|Marshland Dreams
|The Record Beaker
|Tyler Howell
|The Balloon Highline
|Winter Light
|Who Owns Water
|Bryan & Kaia
|Kelly McGarry
|Tashi & the Monk
|Light Goes On
Wyoming Collaboration Conference
Place-based collaboration: Connecting communities with natural resources and the environment
September 29: Pre-conference workshop
Skills and techniques in place-based collaboration.
September 30: Conference
Keynote speakers and concurrent sessions on the theme of place-based collaboration, with an emphasis on using collaboration to address natural resource challenges related to forests, wildlife, and oil-and-gas development.
Visit the 2014 Wyoming Collaboration Conference page.
The Wyoming Wilderness Act in 1984 and 2014
History, Politics, and Perceptions
Wednesday, September 10, 2014
Watch a video of the Wyoming Wilderness panel discussion here. Streaming provided via WyoCast.
Speakers explored the past, present, and future of wilderness designations in Wyoming. Read an article about the wilderness panel.
The event was hosted by the Medicine Bow-Routt National Forests, the University of Wyoming Ruckelshaus Institute, The Wilderness Society, the Sierra Club, and the Wyoming Wilderness Association.
Big Horn River General Stream Adjudication SymposiumSeptember 10-12
Wind River Hotel and Casino, Riverton, Wyoming
Hosted by the University of Wyoming (UW) College of Law with support from the Haub School of Environment and Natural Resources and others.
For more information, visit the College of Law website.
The Big Horn River general stream adjudication was initiated by the Wyoming legislature in January 1977 in response to an assertion of water rights in the Wind-Big Horn River system by the Eastern Shoshone and Northern Arapaho tribes. The adjudication is currently poised to reach its conclusion later this year, a landmark in the fields of western water law and American Indian law.
The Wyoming District Court is expected to enter a final decree in the adjudication, which reviewed water claims held by over 20,000 parties within the Big Horn Basin. This complex and often contentious proceeding has now spanned thirty-seven years. It has been visible regionally and nationally, prompting two seminal opinions by the Wyoming Supreme Court as well as one closely watched decision by the U.S. Supreme Court, all of which involved water rights held by the two tribes located on the Wind River Reservation in the southwest corner of the basin.
Wyoming Voices
Reflections on wildness, the natural world, and our place in it.
Thursday, September 18
UW Berry Center, Laramie
Readers at the Laramie event included WyoFile reporter Greg Nickerson, coyote researcher Marjie MacGregor, American Indian Studies and English professor Caskey Russell, Haub School student Alin Badillo-Carillo, and Mad Dog and the Pilgrim Bookstore owners Lynda German and Polly Hinds. UW professor and poet Harvey Hix served as emcee.
Saturday, September 20
Ucross Foundation, Ucross
Attendees of the Ucross event heard from Sheridan-based poet Jane Wohl, WyoFile reporter and Big Horn native Greg Nickerson, past Ucross resident and Wyoming Outdoor Council staff member Stefani Farris, and American Indian Studies and English professor Caskey Russell. Susie Cannon of Big Horn was the emcee.
Hosted by the Wyoming Outdoor Council, the UW Haub School of Environment and Natural Resources, and the UW MFA Program in Creative Writing.
Friends & Family Pancake Breakfast
Friday, September 19th
Bim Kendall House
804 E. Fremont Street
Current and prospective Haub School Students, Wyoming Conservation Corps members, and UW staff and faculty are invited to a pancake breakfast in the Bergman Gardens. Tour the sustainably designed Bim Kendall House and enjoy a hearty breakfast. Join us for this fall tradition!

subset: commoncrawl


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JOBSJobs rss
Software Engineer developer
- Company: Tangazoletu Ltd, Nairobi
- Deadline: Saturday 30th June 2012 Expired
- Vacancies: 3
The Software Engineer shall maintaining existing as well as come up with software solutions / products for the company's consumption as well as that of the company's clients. The ability to deliver top quality software working solutions within set deadline limits and specifications shall be the benchmark of performance.
The Post holder will report to the Project manager with the progress of both his and the team's activities and the situation on the ground with relat
Software Project Manager developer
- Company: Tangazoletu Ltd, Nairobi
- Deadline: Saturday 30th June 2012 Expired
- Vacancies: 1
The Project Manager shall be responsible for management of projects, their execution and workflow within the organization. The project manager shall also, in his personal capacity as a software engineer, maintain existing as well as come up with (develop) software solutions / products for the company's consumption as well as that of the company's clients. The ability to ensure smooth project workflow from inception to completion and hence performance of project team shall form the
Senior IT Developer developer
- Company: People Insights Limited, Nairobi
- Deadline: Friday 15th June 2012 Expired
- Vacancies: 2
Our client has more than 10 years experience and knowledge in providing mobile technology and content to operators and media companies worldwide, with the core competence of providing a stable and secure backend system and precise delivery of content and services.
Their platform is a centralized server farm, with a range of distributed regional and local servers, synchronizing directly, thereby securing fast and effective delivery of content and services - even in low bandwidth areas.
Ruby on Rails Developer developer
- Company: Fashion Sprout, Nairobi
- Deadline: Wednesday 4th July 2012 Expired
- Vacancies: 1
We are an american based company offering a challenging, innovative and friendly environment where you will work to extend and improve the capabilities of our e-commerce platforms and help bring forward new e-business opportunities.
Our ideal candidate is an Ruby on Rails developer with back-end developer skills. We offer an environment where highly motivated, self-learners will grow their knowledge and capabilities in all tiers of Rails application development and deployment. You
PHP Programmer / Developer developer
- Company: Synergy Informatics Ltd, Nairobi
- Deadline: Saturday 30th June 2012 Expired
- Vacancies: 2
We are looking for someone that can design and program web-based applications. The successful candidate will be able to work well in a team environment, enjoy challenges, and be a creative asset for the company.
- BS in Computer Science, Engineering or Business related field and/or equivalent work experience.
- Strong skills in Java, OOP PHP and MySQL
- Proficiency with
Mobile Developer developer
- Company: Synergy Informatics Ltd, Nairobi
- Deadline: Saturday 30th June 2012 Expired
- Vacancies: 1
The developer in this role will have a solid background in Android development and Java Enterprise Edition (Java EE); experience with IOS highly desired. The successful candidate will be able to work well in a team environment, enjoy challenges, and be a creative asset for the company.
Ruby/Python and Javascript Developers with a touch of CSS and HTML5 developer
We're a small Nairobi Area web application development company with a growing local and international clientele.
We're looking for individual web application developers on the open source spectrum of technology who would like to work with us on an ongoing basis. We have a few open gigs/projects on which we need help.
If you like to get things done, create beautiful code, and work in a fast paced environment, while leveraging the latest and greates
Freelance Graphic Designer creative
Sandstorm Kenya is looking for a freelance graphic designer. Projects will include but are not limited to: print, web and new media materials, portfolios, marketing materials, presentations, proposals, ads, products, and packaging.
Graphics & Marketing Coordinator creative
Looking for a young, enthusiastic marketing professional with creative and graphic skills as well. Opportunity to take on a challenging role within an expanding industry.Develop innovative marketing campaigns, identify new sales and marketing channels as well as oversee the graphic elements for advertising and packaging.
Lead Software Engineer - Android developer
Kopo Kopo is using technology to change the way consumers interact with merchants in emerging markets. From mobile money payments to SMS marketing to new CRM models, Kopo Kopo is building a platform that transforms the merchant-consumer experience.
Kopo Kopo is seeking a Lead Software Engineer – Android. The Lead Software Engineer will lead the company in creating a market-appropriate mobile service for consumers and merchants.&
Linux and Mesh Network Hacker developer
PAYU Computing is a start-up founded by three East African MIT Alumni and is looking to bring on-board a proficient hacker onto the team to further develop the product in Kenya. check out our website for more (but limited) details: http://www.payucomputing.com/
We have raised $50,000 to date from a well known Angel Investor in the United States.
We will brief all candidates on the vision of the company and where we expect to be in the next 5-10 ye
Software Development and Technical Support - Zcore-DAR developer
HIV/AIDS is one of Kenya's most pressing health concerns and offering Antiretroviral Treatment ART is a key component of the government's strategy to reduce HIV/AIDS-related morbidity and mortality. However, health care workers in resource limited settings face serious challenges in the management of pharmaceutical and patient records. The Nairobi Provincial Medical Office (PMO), in collaboration with Qualcomm's Wireless Reach™ initiative, Telkom Kenya, Communications
Social Media Strategist creative
Overall Job Summary
To create, develop and manage campaigns for customers and increase traffic, interaction and revenue via social media. To develop specific community mapping documents based on individual client's needs, setting up the technical aspects of each campaign where needed, or on an ad-hoc basis, and tracking of each of the campaigns, from reputation management to engagement metrics.
To assess strategies currently in place for existing clients
Developer Team developer
Shadow Election is a service for promoting democratic participation in election debates.
It was initially trialed in Finland and is about to be soft launched in the US. We are now also preparing a Kenyan version in time for next year's elections.
The application helps voters get a better understanding of who the candidates are and what they represent. Users rate the opinions of candidates on topical issues, and the system uses these to make candid
Software Developer ( mainly Python, Django, SQL Lite ) developer
The United Nations World Food Programme (WFP) is the world's largest humanitarian agency fighting hunger worldwide.
WFP Kenya is looking to hire software developers for a three-month project, starting immediately, based in Nairobi. The project ("FoodNet") aims to develop a beneficiary and transfer management system for transferring cash and voucher-based benefits to WFP's beneficiaries.
Main Duties and Responsibilities:
PHP Developer developer
Mamamikes is seeking a passionate web developer to join our team.
Graphic Designer - Web creative
Farwell Consultants Limited is a young dynamic website and ICT consultancy company. Owing to our rapidly increasing portfolio we are looking for a web graphic designer to assist our software developers in creating eyecatching, creative and innovative web templates.
Technical Competence
The successful applicant should be able to display technical competence in the following packages:
Web Editor other
The BBC Swahili Service is part of BBC Africa and we broadcast to around 20 million listeners in Eastern and Central Africa. BBC Swahili is producing a series of TV and radio debates around the Kenyan elections complimented by an integrated Web / social media platform and training to our broadcast partners. We seek to fill the following positions with qualified Kenyans, to be based in Nairobi, with frequent travel to various locations in Kenya.
(Full time, fixed term
ICT Manager other
Kenya Sugar Board whose mandate is to regulate, develop and promote the Kenyan Sugar Industry is seeking to fill the position of ICT MANAGER.
This is a senior position in the Board's establishment and reports to the Chief Executive Officer.
PA to MD / ICT Specialist other
Ref: ISCS/1001 – PA TO MD / ICT SPECIALIST
ISCS, a well established and an ISO 9001:2008 certified consulting & Training organization seeks to recruit a Dynamic, result and career driven individual to the position of Personal Assistant to the MD/ICT Specialist.
IT / IS Assistant other
ActionAid International Kenya (AAIK) is a member of ActionAid Federation; ActionAid works in more than 40 countries all over the world, in the places where we can make the biggest impact. We tackle poverty and denial of human rights at the local level, and we challenge the causes behind them locally, nationally and globally. In Kenya AAIK works in solidarity with women and people living in poverty and exclusion; connecting their voices, sharing ideas, spreading inspiration, campaigning, advoc
Data Centre Network Operations Lead other
Are you ready to build a smarter planet? IBM Kenya is hiring.
IBM has been delivering the innovative solutions and excellent service our clients expect across the African continent for more than half a century.
Since 2009 IBM Kenya has been operating in Nairobi and now the city has become a central part of the IBM business in Africa. IBM's East Africa Headquarters, the hub for Central, East and West Africa and IBM Airtel Africa are well established in Nairobi and in
Multimedia Developer developer
The BBC Swahili Service is part of BBC Africa and we broadcast to around 20 million listeners in Eastern and Central Africa. BBC Swahili is producing a series of TV and radio debates around the Kenyan elections complimented by an integrated Web / social media platform and training to our broadcast partners. We seek to fill the following positions with qualified Kenyans, to be based in Nairobi, with frequent travel to various locations in Kenya.
(Full time,
ICT Systems Administrator other
Base Titanium Limited, the Kenyan subsidiary of the Australian company, Base Resources Limited, is developing the globally significant Kwale Mineral Sands Project about 50km south of Mombasa. The project is now funded and construction commenced in the 3rd quarter of 2011. Production is scheduled to start during the second half of 2013. Base is a creative resource company that places a strong emphasis on being part of the community in which it operates and on attracting and developing good peo
Network & Security Administrator other
Job Skills:
Strong Leadership Skills, Excellent Communication Skills, Problem Solving Skills, Highly Innovative, Team Player, Strong Analytical Skills, Decisive, Self Starter, Pleasant, Highly motivated, Decision Making skills
Reporting to the Group IT Manager, the key responsibilities for this position will be:
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Part of European Sculpture and Decorative Arts
Vincennes Manufactory (French, ca. 1740–1756)
Date: 1753Accession Number: 1970.230.4
Attributed to Martin Carlin (French, near Freiburg im Breisgau ca. 1730–1785 Paris)
Date: ca. 1776Accession Number: 1976.155.110
Sèvres Manufactory (French, 1740–present)
Date: 1756–57Accession Number: 58.75.88a–c
Attributed to Adam Weisweiler (French, 1744–1820, master cabinetmaker 1778–after 1810)
Date: ca. 1787Accession Number: 58.75.57
Date: 1757–58Accession Number: 58.75.89a, b
Martin Carlin (French, near Freiburg im Breisgau ca. 1730–1785 Paris)
Date: ca. 1768Accession Number: 58.75.48
Browse current and upcoming exhibitions and events.
Devoted to the decorative arts of seventeenth- and especially eighteenth-century France, The Wrightsman Galleries (522–529, 531–533, and 545–547) display the Museum's holdings of furniture, Savonnerie carpets, gilt bronze, Sèvres porcelain, silver, and gold boxes. Since the 1963 acquisition of the paneling from the Hôtel de Varengeville and the Palais Paar with funds given by Mr. and Mrs. Charles Wrightsman, these rooms have borne the Wrightsmans' name.
Furniture embellished with variously shaped, hand-painted plaques from the royal porcelain manufactory at Sèvres is among the most distinctive of French eighteenth-century decorative arts. Intended for the private use of their elite owners, many of the pieces reflect the growing popularity of letter writing—even the jewelry coffers displayed here feature retractable writing surfaces and storage for related implements.
Creating such luxurious furniture required the participation of many craftsmen, including cabinetmakers, metalworkers, locksmiths, and porcelain painters, whose contributions were coordinated by dealers in luxury goods known as marchands merciers. The idea for porcelain-mounted furniture is thought to have originated in the 1750s with these entrepreneurs, who were skilled at shaping the tastes of their wealthy clientele.
In 1958 the Samuel H. Kress Foundation donated to the Museum seventeen pieces of Sèvres-mounted furniture that were originally part of the Hillingdon Collection, amassed by the London banker Sir Charles Mills (1792–1880). Additional pieces given by Mr. and Mrs. Charles Wrightsman have made the Metropolitan the world's largest repository of such work.
The French royal porcelain manufactory outgrew its original quarters at Vincennes and moved in 1756 to Sèvres, where it continued to experiment with daring new forms and colors. The rich palette of enamel colors developed at Sèvres was enhanced by elaborate gilding, achieved by working the gold with fine tools to create detailed patterns. As soft-paste porcelain is difficult to manipulate and fire, the medium presents numerous challenges, rendering the manufactory's achievements all the more impressive.
Bold, innovative models, such as the elephant vases displayed in this gallery, were regularly introduced in the realm of decorative objects. In contrast, the forms employed for Sèvres dining services remained consistent from their introduction in the 1750s until the late eighteenth century. Novel decorations steadily appeared, however, on both ornamental objects and useful wares, reflecting the manufactory's reliance on leading artists to provide designs for the factory's painters.
Extraordinarily costly and fragile, objects produced at Sèvres were prized as status symbols and exchanged as diplomatic gifts by their royal and aristocratic owners. Although some possess seemingly functional forms, many were intended solely for display.
Read more about this gallery
© 2000–2014 The Metropolitan Museum of Art. All rights reserved.


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Electronic Music + Progressive Soul. From WDET Detroit.
Fresh Air
Intimate conversations on contemporary arts and issues.
Oscar-winning musician and composer Luis Resto swung by our studios this week with his trio to show us what he's been working on lately. This most recent project of his explores his Puerto Rican heritage. Check out this video below of the group performing a few songs in our studios.
Resto has also worked with acts like Was Not Was and Eminem. He's a prolific composer and he consistently works with high caliber musicians to make music that moves people. His trio is rounded out by bassist Eduardo Cabarallo and percussionist Pepe Espinosa, featured on the cajon.
Also check out our interview with Resto:
Can't Stand Still: Luis Resto's Puerto Rican Roots Music - The Craig Fahle Show by The Craig Fahle Show
They play on Saturday, March 1, 2014 at the N'Namdi Gallery for Contemporary Art in Detroit's Midtown.


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Saturday, December 17, 2011
Digital Digest: Growing Pains: The Movie and Growing Pains: Return of the Seavers DVD Review
Welcome back to one of the last editions of Digital Digest for 2011! Don't worry, we still have two more for this year, and we'll be back every Saturday next year, so we aren't going anywhere! In these last few weeks of the year, news and releases are really starting to drop off, but we do have some news for you, as well as a review of the separate releases Growing Pains: The Movie and Growing Pains: Return of the Seavers from Warner Archive. Let's get going!
MPI is pushing forward with another release of Here's Lucy, as was speculated a few weeks ago. Now, the release date of February 28 for Here's Lucy - Season Five. The set comes at a $29.98 MSRP and can be ordered now.
In Growing Pains: The Movie, we begin as Jason Seaver begins to catch fans up with what has happened in the past eight years while he is writing his latest book. At the same time, he is also preparing a big surprise for his 30th wedding anniversary, by reuniting the entire Seaver family, which doesn't seem to happen as often as the family has grown up. But in the midst of all of this, Maggie gets a very nasty surprise as she is fired as a staffer for the Congressman in the Seaver's district in Long Island. Unsure of where to head in life now, one of Mike and Kate's kids (they are now married, by the way) makes a suggestion that she run for Congress against the man who just fired her. The entire family works together for nearly a year to put together a campaign and see that she becomes Congresswoman Maggie Malone (using her maiden name, as she often did in the series). The runtime of this movie is 1:27:00.
Growing Pains: Return of the Seavers picks up four years after the original reunion movie, and is set in 2004. In this movie, everybody has gotten older, but in particular, Jason and Maggie have aged and are ready to retire. Part of the problem is trying to decide exactly what to do with their retirement, as Jason and Maggie have completely opposite ideas as to what they want. The situation only gets further complicated with the fact that they plan to sell their home, something that Mike and Carol are completely against. On top of all of that, all of the kids seem to be having problems that they can only turn to their parents to solve. The runtime of this movie is 1:29:00.
Both DVDs come in very standard packaging, but the artwork on the packaging is very professional, and even matches up with the artwork used on the season sets that Warner has released in the past. On the cover of each case, we have the title and a cast snapshot, along with a brief description of the movie and another cast snapshot on the back. Inside, all you will find is the disc, which has artwork similar to the cover artwork.
Both DVDs have incredibly bland and generic menus. The menus have nothing at all to do with the movies, and all we have is a picture of the Warner Bros. Studios water tower and an option of Play. There is nothing else, at all. As for chapters, they are placed every ten minutes throughout each DVD, which means that they do not necessarily correspond with the scene changes.
While neither of the movies were remastered for these DVDs, it really wasn't necessary to begin with. Both of them looked fine when they originally aired, and still look great now. It seems, though, that these were both done JUST BEFORE the beginning of the high-definition era, so they are in full-screen as opposed to widescreen. I'm pretty sure that is how they both originally aired on ABC. The audio is presented in Dolby Digital Stereo. And, while these were originally closed-captioned on ABC, they are not on these DVDs, which is unfortunate. The process for closed-captioning something for broadcast is different than it is for doing it for a DVD release, but those broadcast closed-captions would have in fact been available, and it is a shame that they couldn't find a way to use those.
There aren't any special features on the DVDs at all. What would have been nice to see would have been some behind-the-scenes footage about the production of the movies. I recall seeing plenty of this material on entertainment tabloid series such as Entertainment Tonight and Extra while they were producing the movies in Vancouver.
It is great to see both of these movies on DVD, particularly considering that I didn't think either one would ever make it to DVD. Aside from the fact that the DVDs were obviously very rushed and not a whole lot of effort was placed into them, both of these DVDs are perfectly adequate for fans. It would have been nicer if they had put both movies into one single set instead of creating two separate DVDs, though. While these reunion movies are not nearly as great as the original series was, it is still great to see them on DVD. Hopefully, these releases will spark more interest in the original series and we'll see more seasons of that released... in other words, hopefully, the "best is ready to begin!"
(4/5 stars)
To purchase Growing Pains: The Movie, click below and help support SitcomsOnline.com:
To purchase Growing Pains: Return of the Seavers, click below and help support SitcomsOnline.com:
Warner Archive
Related links:
SitcomsOnline.com DVD Reviews Page
The website isn't necessarily an all-inclusive website, and definitely needs more additions to the database, but that is part of the reason why we have included this as the Click of the Week. The website is not created and run by one person or a small few, but this is a website much like Wikipedia where fans can update the database to make the website better and more detailed. The basic information that is provided on the site is very good, but the open interface allows it to infinitely expand to a greater website. As an example of what the website could be with more complete information, check out the page for The Office. It certainly isn't an all-inclusive page like individual websites dedicated to a series would have, but it provides a lot of the good "essentials" in a simple, elegant, and not over-bloated fashion. Hopefully, this site will become even more complete as time goes on, and become an excellent resource for TV fans needing to find basic information quickly.
That's all for this week. Until next time, keep it digital!
New on DVD/Blu-ray (October/November/December)
10/07 - The Dick Van Dyke Show - Classic Christmas Episodes
10/07 - The Flying Nun - The Complete First and Second Seasons (Mill Creek)
10/07 - The Middle - The Complete Fifth Season (Warner Archive)
10/07 - The Office - The Complete Series
10/07 - The Wonders Years - Season One
10/10 - The Wonder Years - The Complete Series - Read Our Review / The Signature Edition / Seasons 1-3
10/14 - 2 Broke Girls - The Complete Third Season
10/14 - Two and a Half Men - The Complete Eleventh Season
10/21 - Married with Children - Seasons 5 and 6 (Mill Crek)
10/21 - The Soul Man - The Complete Second Season
10/21 - Square Pegs - The Complete Series (Mill Creek)
10/28 - WKRP in Cincinnati - The Complete Series / Read Our Review
11/04 - Hot in Cleveland - Season Five
11/04 - Napoleon Dynamite - The Complete Animated Series
11/04 - Sgt. Bilko (The Phil Silvers Show) - The Complete Series
11/11 - Dads - The Complete Series
11/11 - Family Ties - The Complete Series
11/11 - My Favorite Martian - Best of Collection
11/11 - Taxi - The Complete Series
11/11 - Wings - The Complete Series (Mill Creek)
11/18 - King of the Hill - The Complete Seventh Season / The Complete Eighth Season
11/25 - Better Off Ted - The Complete Second Season
12/02 - Happy Days - The Sixth Season
12/09 - Barney Miller - The Complete Sixth Season
12/09 - The Jeffersons - The Complete Series
12/09 - Mister Ed - The Complete Series
12/09 - Mork & Mindy - The Fourth Season / The Complete Series
12/16 - The Many Loves of Dobie Gillis - The Final (Fourth) Season
12/23 - My Favorite Martian - Season Two - Collector's Edition
More TV DVD Releases / DVD Reviews Archive / SitcomsOnline Digest
Sitcoms Airing Tonight
Thursday, November 27
The Big Bang Theory - "The Thanksgiving Coupling" (CBS, 8:00PM ET/PT) (Repeat)
Sheldon protests when the gang drags him to Mrs. Wolowitz's house for Thanksgiving. Meanwhile, Penny and Leonard must deal with a mistake from her past.
Mom - "Kimchi and a Monkey Playing Harmonica" (CBS, 8:30PM ET/PT)
Christy has mixed feelings about Baxter's new relationship with Candace. Meanwhile, things between Bonnie and Alvin heat up. Sara Rue guest stars as Candace; Edward Asner guest stars as Christy and Bonnie's neighbor, Jack. Kevin Pollak returns as Alvin.
Two and a Half Men - "Oontz Oontz Oontz" (CBS, 9:00PM ET/PT)
Walden decides to foster a 6-year-old boy, but begins to doubt himself when they don't bond like he expected. Edan Alexander joins the cast as Louis, the foster child.
The McCarthys - "Thanks a Lot, Ronny" (CBS, 9:30PM ET/PT)
During Thanksgiving dinner, the McCarthy family works together to manipulate Gerard into breaking up with his offensive girlfriend. Jessica St. Clair guest stars as Gerard's girlfriend, Katrina.
Sitcom Stars on Talk Shows (Week of November 24) (All times ET unless noted)
Thursday, November 27
- Ted Danson (Cheers/Becker) - Catch Ted on a repeat of The Late Show with David Letterman at 11:35pm on CBS.
- Rashida Jones (Parks and Recreation/The Office) - Rashida visits The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon at 11:34pm on NBC.
- Jamie Foxx (The Jamie Foxx Show) - Jamie appears on a repeat of Jimmy Kimmel Live! at 11:35pm on ABC. He will also be on LIVE! with Kelly and Michael, so check your listings.
- Tracee Ellis Ross (black-ish/Reed Between the Lines/Girlfriends) - Tracee is a guest on a repeat of Jimmy Kimmel Live! at 11:35pm on ABC.
- Bob Newhart (The Bob Newhart Show/Newhart/Bob) - Bob is a guest on a repeat of The Late Late Show with Craig Ferguson at 12:37am on CBS.
- Melissa Rauch (The Big Bang Theory) - Melissa appears on a repeat The Late Late Show with Craig Ferguson at 12:37am on CBS.
- Kristin Chenoweth (Kristin) - Kristin chats on Tavis Smiley, so check your local listings.
- Jennie Garth (Mystery Girls/What I Like About You) and Tori Spelling (Mystery Girls) - Jennie and Tori are guests on a repeat of the Better Show, so check your local listings.
- Kat Dennings (2 Broke Girls) - Watch Kat on The Late Late Show with Craig Ferguson at 12:37am on CBS.
- Martin Short (Mulaney/The Martin Short Show) - Martin appears on a repeat of Late Night with Seth Meyers at 12:36am on NBC.
- Craig Ferguson (The Drew Carey Show) - Craig visits LIVE! with Kelly and Michael, so check your local listings.
- Shia LaBeouf (Even Stevens) - Shia is a guest on a repeat of The Ellen DeGeneres Show, so check your local listings.
- Kim Cattrall (Sex and the City) - Kim shares why she's having the best sex of her life now and being happily single in the city on a repeat of The Meredith Vieira Show, so check your local listings.
- Laurence Fisbburne (black-ish) - Laurence is a guest on a repeat of The Queen Latifah Show on your local station or at 2am on BET.
- Jenny McCarthy (Two and a Half Men/Jenny) - Jenny appears on a repeat of the Better Show, so check your local listings.
- Emeril Lagasse (Emeril) - Emeril gives great ideas for your Thanksgiving leftovers on ABC's Good Morning America sometime between 7-9am.
- Norman Lear (Producer of All in the Family/Sanford and Son/The Jeffersons/Good Times) - Norman chats with the ladies of The View on ABC at 11am ET/10am CT-PT.
- Marlo Thomas (That Girl) - Marlo is a guest on NBC's Today sometime between 7-9am.
- John Ratzenberger (Cheers) - John will be on Fox & Friends on Fox News Channel.


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Check out the video here of another rising Dominican star, Louis Peralta, as he trains to attempt his 4x handlepass….Read More »
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Project Cloud Snowkiting Trailer
Kitesurfing in West Oz
Speed Kiting Can Be Dangerous…
Epic Maui Sessions Video Clip
The Western Shore – Ruben Lenten
Waddell Creek Kitesurfing 9/17
Best Nemesis HP Video
Best Kiteboarding just released a rocking new video of their 2008 Best Nemesis HP. The clip is full of colossal jumps and powered kiteloops. Check out the video here.Read More »
Real kiteboarding Smith Limo Session
Surf Expo Video Interviews: 2008 Kiteboarding Gear
(Sept 14 – 16, 2007) Live from Surf Expo, check out 22 in-depth interviews as editor Ryan Riccitelli talks with designers, industry leaders and pros about the 2008 gear. Videos uploaded to www.thekiteboarder.com, www.asnews.net and www.kiteforum.tv. Click on an interview ...Read More »


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2015 Buick Verano
Base Sedan
Lease From ±
$112/bi-weekly 0.5% for 48 mos.
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Verano offers the pleasures of Buick refinement in a nimble sedan sized for city driving. From its sculpted contours and graceful design cues, to its exquisite craftsmanship and exceptionally quiet ride, the Verano small luxury sedan is your kind of luxury.
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From running errands to road trips, Buick Encore is ready when you are. This nimble and modern crossover combines efficient size and surprising cargo space with advanced technologies and luxury touches you'll appreciate and enjoy. The quest is over...you've found your kind of luxury.
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Regal rivals European design elegance, while its performance, technology and safety enhance the personalized approach to luxury embodied by Buick.
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The LaCrosse luxury sedan exudes confidence with advanced performance, and innovative safety features. Plus, a higher level of comfort and refinement with next-generation infotainment.
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The Enclave is the finest luxury crossover SUV you can buy with smarts—protecting you with a range of advanced high-tech safety features.
11.1 L/100km city 7.4 L/100km hwy≠
The 2012 Buick Verano is more than just a pretty face. In fact, there's a lot of power living under the hood, with a 2.4-litre ECOTEC® engine, plus a host of standard performance and safety features to deliver maximum performance and reliability for your ride.
Safety comes first, with the Verano's class-leading ten standard airbags.* It's another bold innovation for driver and passenger safety, courtesy of Buick.
Power comes standard with the 2.4-litre ECOTEC® engine, featuring Direct Injection, Variable Valve Timing (VVT), and other cutting-edge technologies. All in all, the Verano delivers a generous 180 horsepower and 171 pound-feet of torque for a thoroughly enjoyable ride.
The Verano's standard, electronically-controlled six-speed automatic transmission pairs with your 2.4-litre ECOTEC® engine to maximize fuel efficiency – delivering a 6.2L/100km highway fuel consumption rating.**
◊Manufacturer's Suggested Retail Price, includes $1,700 freight and $100 air conditioning tax if applicable. License, insurance, registration, fees associated with filing at movable property registry/PPSA, administration fees, duties and taxes extra. Dealers are free to set individual prices. See dealer for details.
^ Available manufacturer to dealer delivery credit (tax exclusive). This credit is available to cash customers only; customers who choose to finance or lease their vehicles will forego some or all of these credits which will result in a higher effective cost of credit on their transaction.
≠ Fuel consumption ratings based on GM testing in accordance with approved Transport Canada test methods. Your actual fuel consumption may vary.


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Administration's Open Government Initiative spurs increase in satisfaction, ForeSee Report says
ForeSee Results applies the methodology of the American Customer Satisfaction Index (ACSI) to help organizations better understand how improvements to specific aspects of the online experience such as navigation or site performance positively affect overall satisfaction.
The ACSI E-Government Satisfaction Index registered a 75.1 on a 100-point scale in the first quarter of 2010, 1.5 points higher than Q1 2009 and just shy of the highest level of people's satisfaction with online government (75.2), set in the third quarter of 2009, according to ForeSee Results.
User feedback is important, but only part of developing a Web site
Great dot-gov Web Sites 2009
"The administration's focus on technology, open government and transparency is helping agencies get more focused on their Web properties," Freed said.
ForeSee Results surveyed more than 250,000 visitors to 106 federal Web sites in the first quarter of 2010. The full study reports individual scores for each of the 106 Web sites on the ACSI's 100-point scale.
Twenty-nine of the 106 measured e-gov sites — 27 percent of the sites in the Index — in this quarter are in the "top performers" category with average satisfaction scores of 80 or higher, generally considered the threshold of excellence on the ACSI's 100-point scale.
The Social Security Administration's Retirement Estimator and iClaim remain in the top spots, each with a score of 90. The SSA's Help with Medicare Prescription Drug Plan Costs website (87) and Health and Human Service's MedlinePlus, each with a score of 87 round out the top four.
High citizen satisfaction with federal Web sites is a key driver of desired future behaviors, saving taxpayers money and improving the government's relationship with its citizens, the ForeSee report states. When compared to less satisfied site visitors (below 70), highly satisfied Web-site visitors (80 and higher) are:
According to the report, federal Web sites achieved the most improvement in Web-site satisfaction by improving search functionality and perceptions of agency or department transparency. Transparency was recently added as a measured element contributing to satisfaction, joining search, navigation, functionality, look and feel, content, site performance, privacy and transactions.
"The more we focus on customer satisfaction, the better our government Web sites become," said Ron Oberbillig, chief operating officer of the Federal Consulting Group.
"I expect to see as many as 30 percent of government Web sites achieving an ACSI score of 80 or higher in the near future," he said.
The Federal Consulting Group operates as a pay-for-service franchise within the Department of Interior's National Business Center and serves as the executive agent in the government for the American Customer Satisfaction Index. Agencies can assess and improve programs, call centers and Web sites using the ACSI methodology through an Interagency Agreement with the Federal Consulting Group.
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In case you don't know me already, I'm Jarrod Nettles, a Senior Developer at Apple Inc. I also go by the Twitter handle @hayvok, and blackshawk on Github (don't ask me why they're different). I have no real, formal blog since, well, I work at Apple. I'm posting this because I confused a good many people and I feel honor-bound to explain.
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A flat, annular-shaped, seal member (50) comprised of a closed-cell elastomeric foam material is bonded to a radial collar (46) of a tubular adapter (43) mounted to an end portion (24) of a plug shell (20) carrying a slidable sleeve (40) and fixed retainer housing (34) coaxially therearound, an annular air space (S) between end portion (24) and sleeve (40) being sealed against the entry of moisture by a forward face of the seal member (50) and an outer annular margin (D) of the seal member (50) being deformably compressed, respectively, against the retainer housing (34) and the interior wall (41) of sleeve (40).
1. An electrical connector assembly having a moisture seal, the assembly comprising: a pair of mated electrical connector members with one of said connector members including a rearward end portion; and coupling means mounted on one of said connectors for releasably coupling the connector members together, said relesable coupling means including a spring retainer mounted to the one connector, a tubular sleeve having its interior wall circumposed about and mounted for longitudinal movement rearwardly of said spring retainer, and a spring disposed in said retainer for resisting rearward movement of said sleeve, said moisture seal sealing said coupling means against the entry of moisture, said moisture seal being characterized by:
an adaptor mounted to the rearward end portion of said one connector member, said adaptor including a radial collar defining a planar forward face spaced longitudinally rearward from said spring retainer and an outer circumferential face spaced radially inward from the interior wall of said sleeve to define an annular air space (S) therebetween; and
a one-piece, substantially flat and annular shaped seal member bonded to the forward face of said collar, said seal member being comprised of a spongy elastic foam and having a forward surface deformably compressed against the spring retainer and its outer periphery deformably compressed against the interior wall of said sleeve.
2. The connector assembly as recited in claim 1 wherein said annular-shaped seal member includes a central opening the inner periphery of which is interference fit around the adaptor.
3. The connector assembly as recited in claim 1 wherein said seal member is comprised of a closed-cell silicone elastomer having a durometer in the range between 10 and 25.
4. The connector assembly as recited in claim 1 wherein said seal member is comprised of a closed-cell silicone elastomer having a durometer of approximately 20.
5. The connector assembly as recited in claim 1 wherein said seal member has an extension (D) in its undeformed state that extends radially outward relative to the circumferential face by an amount greater than the dimension defining said annular air space (S), a ratio of said extension (D) to said annular air space (S) being approximately 21.0.
6. The connector assembly as recited in claim 1 wherein said seal member is comprised of a closed-seal foam elastomeric material such as polymethyl silane.
7. The connector assembly as recited in claim 1 wherein said seal member is cut from a closed-foam material such that air pockets on the outer circumferential face are exposed and provided with a silicone lubricant.
8. The connector assembly as recited in claim 1 wherein the density of the elastomer foam is chosen to be in the range of approximately 35%-55% of the density of a solid piece of the same material.
9. The connector assembly as recited in claim 8 wherein the density of the elastomer foam is approximately 45% of the density of a solid piece of the same material.
10. In a releasing connector for mating to a compatible connector and exposed to unwanted moisture entry, said releasing connector comprising a first shell including a rearward tubular extension having a transverse rear face and a collar extending radially outward therefrom, a tubular sleeve having its inner wall circumposing the outer circumference of said collar and mounted for longitudinal movement relative to said collar, means connected to said first shell for resisting rearward movement of said sleeve, and means for sealing against moisture entry between said collar and said tubular extension, said sealing means characterized by an annular, one-piece, planar seal member comprised of a spongy elastic foam being bonded to said collar so that a portion of a planar forward surface of the annular seal member is deformably compressed against the transverse rear face of said tubular extension and the outer periphery of said seal member is deformably compressed against the inner wall of said tubular sleeve.
This invention relates to an electrical connector having a moisture seal.
A "Releasing Electrical Connector" shown in U.S. Pat. No. 4,279,458 issuing July 21, 1981 to Knapp comprises mateable plug and receptacle connectors and means for threadably coupling the connectors together, the specification and drawings of which are specifically incorporated herein by reference. Briefly, the coupling means comprises a segmented forward and rearward housings circumposed around the plug connector, a lanyard operated sleeve circumposed around the housings and several coil springs for biasing the operating sleeve forwardly. In operation, an external "releasing" force on the lanyard causes the operating sleeve to be drawn axially rearward relative to the plug connector and away from the receptacle connector, the springs to be compressed in the rearward housing segments and the forward housing segments to "blossom" radially outward whereupon the assembly is released. While suitable for most uses, the connector must operate in environments where moisture, cold temperatures and ice has a tendency to form.
A current test required by a United States Military specification (viz. MIL-C-38999H) imposes a requirement that this connector operate when immersed in water and then exposed to a temperature of -55� C. Should moisture be received in cavities retaining the springs, a solid column of ice could form around the spring coils and resist rearward compression of the springs. The ice column, being relatively incompressible, could adversely affect the releasing operation by increasing the external force needed on the lanyard to simultaneously crush the frozen ice and compress the springs and, in the worst case, cause the lanyard to break without achieving desired plug and receptacle connector release.
Potting boots are known for their utility in providing strain relief and moisture control. However, although self-contained, the boot is comprised of a solid elastomer and the region around a connection once "potted" is not releasable.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,509,515 issuing Apr. 28, 1972 to Acord for an "Electrical Connector" moisture sealed an air annulus between a pair of slidable sleeves by providing a tightly dimensioned undercut on one sleeve and mounting an O-ring in the undercut of a size sufficient to extend therefrom and contact the inner wall of the other sleeve. While possibly suitable for the connector shown, such an undercut is expensive to manufacture. An O-ring is expensive and typically is comprised of a tough non-porous elastic material having durometer 50 or greater. The ability of such an O-ring to fit tightly into the undercut and provide sustained moisture sealing protection during operation is questionable first because the O-ring must be expanded radially outward about the sleeve before it is snapped into the undercut (which could increase the ring inner diameter) and second because the O-ring could roll or curl during relative sliding contact (which could cause loss of elasticity). During uncoupling rotation of the operating sleeve, the O-ring could increase in diameter and/or bind up to produce erratic torques. MIL-C-38999H requires that a moisture seal produce no erratic torque.
Accordingly, this invention provides a moisture sealed arrangement for an electrical connector assembly which remedies the above defects by preventing moisture from entering and/or freezing in an otherwise exposed portion surrounding sliding sleeves of a releasing electrical connector. The electrical connector includes plug and receptacle connectors and a coupling arrangement carried on the plug for connecting to the receptacle, the coupling arrangement including a spring retainer housing, an operating sleeve having its interior wall circumposed around the housing and a spring (or springs) received in the housing for biasing the sleeve forwardly.
The moisture seal is characterized by a tubular adaptor including a collar extending radially outward therearound and an annular-shaped, surface-contact type seal member bonded to the collar. The tubular adapter is mounted to the plug connector and the collar has its outer periphery spaced from the interior wall of the operating sleeve to define an annular air space therebetween. The seal member has a forward face axially compressed against the spring retainer housing and its outer circumference compressed in a snug fit against and around the interior wall of the operating sleeve. In its undeformed state the seal member is defined by a diameter slightly greater than a diameter defining the interior wall, the seal member thereby having an annular margin extending radially outward from the outer periphery of the collar which is compressibly deformed, the compressed annular margin being adapted to wipe against the interior wall during rotational and longitudinal movement of the operating sleeve during release and in a manner so as to not impede movement during normal coupling and/or uncoupling operations.
Advantages of the moisture seal is provision of a low cost seal, ability to allow for loose manufacturing tolerances, high wearability, positive sealing and elimination of adverse frictional forces on the seal resulting from operation on and by the connector.
One way of carrying out the invention as described below with reference to the drawings which illustrate one specific embodiment of this invention, in which:
FIG. 1 shows, in partial longitudinal section, a releasing electrical connector having a moisture seal according to the present invention.
FIG. 2 shows partially in section an adapter having a moisture seal disposed thereon.
FIG. 3 shows an enlarged view in section of the moisture sealed electrical connector.
Referring now to the drawings, FIG. 1 shows a releasing electrical connector assembly 100 including a first connector member 10 (i.e., a receptacle shell) having a socket-type electrical contact mounted within a dielectric insert 12, a second connector member 20 (i.e., a plug shell) having a pin-type electrical contact 21 mounted in a dielectric insert 22 and a coupling arrangement 30 mounted to plug shell 20 for releasably coupling to receptacle shell 10 whereby the respective pin and socket-type contacts 11, 21 are mated. Of course, the pin and/or socket-type contacts could be other than shown.
Receptacle connector 10 includes a generally cylindrical forward portion 13 having its outer periphery thereof provided with external thread 14. Plug connector 20 includes a generally cylindrical forward and rearward end portion 23, 24, an annular flange 25 disposed medially of its end portions and an annular groove 26 circumjacent the annular flange, the forward end portion 23 thereof being sized to telescope within forward end portion 13 of receptacle connector 10.
The coupling arrangement 30 for releasable coupling the plug and receptacle connector members 10, 20 is shown and described in the aforementioned U.S. Pat. No. 4,279,458 and, briefly, comprises: several arcuate segments 31 and a pair of spring retainer housings 34 arranged annularly with each segment 31 having a radial flange 32 seated within annular groove 26 and a forward end 33 circumposed about forward end portion 23 of plug shell 20 and each retainer housing 34 having a rearward end portion 35 circumposed about rearward end portion 24 of plug shell 20 and a radial flange 36 seated within annular groove 26 rearwardly of the arcuate segments, each retainer housing having a plurality of cavities 37 extending longitudinally; a helical spring 38 disposed in each cavity 37; a retainer ring 39 mounted to the retainer housings; and an operating sleeve 40 having its interior wall 41 circumposed around the above assembly, each helical spring 38 having its forward end abutting a shoulder of operating sleeve 40 and its rearward end abutting retaining ring 39 to normally bias operating sleeve 40 forwardly. A lanyard 42 is mounted to operating sleeve 40 such that an external force applied directly thereto causes operating sleeve 40 to move rearward and arcuate segments 31 to be cammed radially outward (i.e., "blossom") from engagement with external thread 14 formed on receptacle shell 10, this radial "blossoming" of the arcuate segments allowing the plug connector to release from the receptacle connector.
Preferably and in accord with this invention, rearward end portion 24 of plug shell 20 is provided with external thread 27; a tubular adapter 43 is threadably connected to rearward end portion 24 of plug shell 20 and a seal member 50 is disposed on tubular adaptor 43 for sealing the spring cavities 37 against water penetration and ice formation.
Adapter 43 is generally cylindrical in shape and includes forward and rearward end sections 44, 45, a radial collar 46 disposed medially of the end sections, a forward face 48 abutting the end face of plug shell and thread 49 for engaging plug shell 20, the radial collar extending outwardly from the adapter and having a circumferential face 47 disposed in close proximity to interior wall 41 of operating sleeve 40 to define an annular air space designated by "S" therearound.
Seal member 50 is generally planar, annular shaped and molded into one piece from a resilient acelluar silicone-type foam material. The seal member includes an inner operating of a size adapted to snugly-fit about forward end section 44 of adapter 43 and an outer circumferential face 51 of a diameter greater than that of either circumferential face 47 or of interior wall 41 to define a compressible annular margin adapted to be deformably compressed against interior wall 41 of operating sleeve 40.
FIG. 2 shows radial collar 46 having forward and rearward faces 46a, 46b and outer circumferential face 47 and seal member 50 bonded to forward face 46a of radial collar 46, seal member 50 being in its undeformed state and having outer circumferential face 51 thereof extending radially outward from the collar by an amount shown by "D" to define the compressible annular margin therearound.
FIG. 3 is an enlarged view of seal member 50 and tubular adapter 43 with seal member 50 having its annular margin defined by outward annular extension "D" deformably compressed against interior wall 41 of operating sleeve 40 and its forward face deformably compressed by the end portion of the spring retainer housings 34 such that water entry, such as shown by droplets "A" is resisted upon axial movement of operating sleeve 40 and shown by the arrow "B". Interior wall 41 would not affect the compressed portion of seal 50 upon rotation of operating sleeve 40 (into plane or out from plane of paper) during manual coupling and/or uncoupling rotation.
A ratio of undeformed annular extension "D" to annular air space "S" (i.e. the amount of seal compressed) in the range of 13 to 28 would be sufficient to provide adequate compressibility without introducing adverse rotational/sliding friction with 21.0 providing a good balance. In one particular use, annular air space "S" (i.e. the amount of seal compressed) and extension "D" (i.e. the undeformed seal) were in the range, respectively, of 0.005 in. to 0.013 in. (0.012 cm. to 0.033 cm.) and 0.036 in. to 0.046 in. (0.091 cm. to 0.016 cm.). Preferably the D/S ratio of about 21.0 would be used.
Although many materials could be used, this invention contemplates that seal member 50 be comprised of a closed-cell, spongy, elastic foam material such as silicone rubber. One preferred silicone rubber (polymethyl silane) used has a non-foam (i.e. solid) density of approximately 1.12 grams per cubic centimeters and the preferred foam density being approximately 45% the density of the material when solid, with a preferred range of the material density when foam being 35%-55% of the solid weight. If the foam is chosen of a lesser density, the material has too much of a sponge nature, such that the moisture-proof qualities are reduced or eliminated. If the foam is chosen of a density greater than or approximately 55%, the compressibility of the material is reduced, such that relatively large and undesired frictional forces act between contacted surfaces. The material would preferably have a durometer between 10 and 25 and preferably of 20 or less.
When the seal member is cut into its desired annular shape, the closed-cell, foam exposes many air pockets about its outer circumferential face 51. To enhance resistance to moisture entry, silicone lubricant is applied around circumferential face 51 such that these air pockets trap the lubrication and maintain the desired lubricated condition as well as increase the effectiveness of sealing against moisture entry in the connector releasing mode. One advantage of seal 50 being formed from such a soft silicone material allows for greater seal surface contact without introduction of adverse frictional forces and greater compensation for eccentricity in metal parts which normally exist during manufacturing. During motion of operating sleeve 40, the soft accellular elastomeric material will gently wipe against the moving surface (i.e., interior wall 41) to resist droplets "A" from entering the connector assembly.
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