text: Some logical features of feature integration myself to produce such a catalog. Instead I will focus on what I think is the biggest challenge: the biggest bump in the road ahead. It is so big, in fact, that it presents different aspects to practitioners of different Inaugural lecture for the Italian Institute for Philosophical Studies, disciplines, who look at it from different angles. I hope to convince you International School of Biophysics study program "From Neuronal Coding to Consciousness", Ischia, Italy, 12-17 October 1998. that these apparently different aspects are really just different faces of the same bump, and that if we all haul together we can get our buggy In Werner Backhaus, (ed), Neuronal Coding of Perceptual Systems. over it. New Jersey: World Scientific, Series on Biophysics and Biocybernetics, vol 9, 2001, ISBN 981-02-4164-X, pp 3-20. The bump in question is called "feature integration" by psychologists, "binding" by neuroscientists, and "synthesis" or "concretion" by philosophers. Here is a simple example. Suppose at Austen Clark lunch you pick an apple out of the fruit basket. You simultaneously see Department of Philosophy U-54 its colour and shape and feel its smooth skin, temperature, and weight. University of Connecticut It emerges that the different sensory systems involved in the episode Storrs, CT 06269-2054 employ distinctive neuronal codes, about which we all hope to learn more in the coming days. The various sensory features (or, to use the old word, "sensible qualities") of colour, shape, texture, and so on are ABSTRACT coded in different ways by different parts of the nervous system. How then do we manage to perceive the one apple as both red and smooth? What makes the problem particularly challenging is that even if we One of the biggest challenges in understanding perception is to had a thorough understanding of the neuronal coding for colour and of understand how the nervous system manages to integrate the multiple codes it uses to represent features in multiple sensory modalities. From the neuronal coding for texture, a solution could still elude us. To get to different cortical areas, which might separately register the sight of the perception of one apple as both red and smooth, one must somehow something red and the touch of something smooth, one effortlessly integrate the results from the separate modalities. Neither modality generates the perception of one thing that is both red and smooth. This alone can do this. There is a logical gap that the separate stories will process has been variously called "feature integration", "binding", or not enable us to cross. Schematically: we have in one modality the "synthesis". Citing some current models and some historical precursors, this paper makes some simple observations about the logic impression of something that has the sensible quality F, and in another of feature integration. I suggest that "feature conjunction" is not modality the impression of something having the quality G. From strictly speaking conjunction at all, but rather joint predication; and those, how do we generate the perception of one thing that is both F and that the critical task in "binding" is not simply grouping scattered G: one apple, that is both red and smooth? representations together, or providing them a common label, but rather identifying those that have a common subject matter—those that are about the same thing. If this is correct, it follows that the vocabulary of 1. Posing the binding problem sense includes not only features but something analogous to referring terms. Recently this question has become something of a lightning rod attracting considerable interest and excitement in psychology and neuroscience. It is the centerpiece of an influential article by Francis Initially I thought of providing you with a comprehensive survey of all Crick and Christof Koch entitled "Towards a neurobiological theory of the conceptual and logical problems, large and small, standing between consciousness", first published in 1990 in Seminars in the our understanding of the neuronal codes found in different sensory Neurosciences. I will discuss some of the features of that model. But systems and our goal of explaining perceptual consciousness. We the problem of "feature integration" is quite an old one, posed in a would scan all the bumps in the road, the pot-holes, the washed-out recognizably modern form in Locke's Essay Concerning Human bridges, the detours, and the swamps. But the prospect of that Understanding, published in 1690. Locke noticed that the some landscape was so dreary, the arguments so bleak, that I could not force "simple ideas" of sensation were modality specific, and depended on SOME LOGICAL FEATUES OF FEATURE INTEGRATION BACKHAUS (ED), NEURONAL CODING OF PERCEPTUAL SYSTEMS 2 specific sensory organs to be "conveyed" into the mind: and temperature, both sensed by touch. Thus light and colours, as white, red, yellow, blue ... come in only by Experimental psychologists today call Locke's compounding the eyes. All kinds of noises, sounds, and tones, only by the ears. The operation "feature integration". According to Anne Treisman's "feature several tastes and smells, by the nose and palate. (Locke 1690, II iii 1) integration theory of attention", features in the various modalities are extracted in bottom-up, automatic, and parallel fashion. The idea is These "uncompounded appearances" or simple ideas of sensible substantiated by data on search times in identification tasks. We qualities Locke thought of as the raw materials of the mind, the atoms, specify a target—find a green T, for example—flash a screen full of which it can neither create nor destroy, and out of which it must fashion differently coloured letters in front of the subject, and time how long it all the more complex ideas. If he were to use today's terminology, takes the subject to find the target. If a target can be identified by its Locke might call these "simple ideas of sensible qualities" features, and unique value in some feature family—if for example it is the only green define them as follows thing in a multicoloured field—it "pops out" from distractors, and In this target article, a feature will refer to any elementary property of a search times are basically constant. They do not increase significantly distal stimulus that is an element of cognition, an atom of psychological as more distractors are added. This is one reason why Treisman and processing. (Schyns, Goldstone, & Thibault 1998, 1) Gelade (1980) described feature extraction as automatic and parallel, Allow for three centuries of semantic drift, and this proposition could proceeding for many objects simultaneously. have come right out of Locke. Just as in Locke, different feature- What happens if we require a compounding operation across families are logically distinct and independent of one another, so that, different features? For example, we set up our experiment so that a for example, colours and tastes, as properties that can exist target can only be identified by its unique combination of different independently of one another, neither imply nor contradict one another. features—it is the one green T in an array which includes brown T's, Yet when we perceive particular objects, our ideas are compounds of green X's, and brown X's. It cannot be identified by colour alone many such qualities: (since there are other green letters) or by shape alone (since there are Though the qualities that affect our senses are, in the things themselves, other T's) but only by their conjunction. In these tasks, search times so united and blended, that there is no separation, no distance between increase linearly with the number of distractors. It is as if some serial them; yet it is plain, the ideas they produce in the mind enter by the process must examine each possible target in turn so as to accept or senses simple and unmixed. ... a man sees at once motion and colour; reject it. Treisman's hypothesis: that process is precisely focal the hand feels softness and warmth in the same piece of wax: yet the attention. "Objects characterized by conjunctions of separable features simple ideas thus united in the same subject, are as perfectly distinct as those that come in by different senses. The coldness and hardness are correctly perceived only through serial focusing of attention on each which a man feels in a piece of ice being as distinct ideas in the mind as item in turn" (Treisman 1988, 210). Attention focused on a location the smell and whiteness of a lily; or as the taste of sugar and smell of a allows the "integration" or "conjunction" of the various features that rose. (Locke 1690, II, ii, 1) characterize that location. It makes it possible to integrate the colour So how do we perceive both softness and warmth in the same piece of with the shape. wax, coldness and hardness in the ice, and smell and whiteness in a lily? One strong piece of evidence for the reality of feature integration is Locke's answer: these perceptions, as "complex ideas", must be the intriguing and otherwise unexpected phenomenon of "illusory created by mental operations of compounding or uniting simple ideas of conjunction". The compounding operations sometimes go awry. Under sense. All the bigger mental molecules, per hypothesis, are created by time pressure the processes needed to identify conjunctions of features repeating, comparing, and compounding simple ideas (Locke 1690, II, produce false positives. In a display of green T's, blue X's, and red ii, 2). To put it as precisely as possible, the operation Locke had in O's, for example, subjects sometimes report seeing a blue T or a green mind was the compounding of two ideas into one, generating from O. With brief displays and particular task demands, this can happen in impressions of two distinct sensible qualities the idea of one object that as many as one out of every three trials: has both. As the citation also shows, Locke was well aware that such The subjects made these conjunction errors much more often than they compounding operations applied not only across modalities, but also reported a color or shape that was not present in the display, which across feature families found within a given modality, such as texture suggests that the errors reflect genuine exchanges of properties rather SOME LOGICAL FEATUES OF FEATURE INTEGRATION BACKHAUS (ED), NEURONAL CODING OF PERCEPTUAL SYSTEMS 3 than simply misperceptions of a single object. Many of these errors focus exclusively on it. appear to be real illusions, so convincing that subjects demand to see Unfortunately these days the term "binding" is applied to almost any the display again to convince themselves that the errors were indeed mistakes. (Treisman 1986, 117). kind of perceptual grouping process, and it is important not to confuse the various formulations. Here is one description from Crick and Koch: One or another feature is literally misplaced: blue and T are seen as Our experience of perceptual unity thus suggests that the brain in some characterizing the same place, when in fact no place in the array has way binds together, in a mutually coherent way, all those neurons both. Notice that this illusion is distinct from misperceiving the actively responding to different aspects of a perceived object. In other character of any feature in the scene (see Prinzmetal 1995). There are words, if you are currently paying attention to a friend discussing some indeed blue things and T's; the features present in the scene may all be point with you, neurons in area MT that respond to the motion of his correctly perceived. But some are mislocated or misplaced; there is face, neurons in V4 that respond to its hue, neurons in auditory cortex that respond to the words coming from his face and possibly the nothing that is both blue and T. memory traces associated with recognition all have to be "bound" In neuroscience Locke's problem has come to be known as the together, to carry a common label identifying them as neurons that "binding" problem. What gives the problem its own special flavour jointly generate the perception of that specific face. (Crick & Koch within neuroscience is the discovery that the neural mechanisms for 1997, 284) distinct sensory modalities are found in distinct regions of the central They make other references to the "unity" and "coherence" of the nervous system. Vision and touch depend on different bits. The percept. "Binding" is defined as what generates that unity or fractionation proceeds even further. Various of the different features coherence. How is it, they ask, that we "seem to have a single coherent one can detect by sight—colour, motion, local contour, shape, texture, visual picture of the scene before us?" (Crick & Koch 1997, 282). and so on—have been found similarly to be processed independently of Since spatial convergence will not work, the proposed mechanism for one another, in multiple, distinct "feature maps" localized in different achieving coherence is temporal: neurons in the implicated regions regions of cortex. So the same neuroanatomical problem that arises for come to fire in rough synchrony, at frequencies of around 40 hertz. As vision and touch arises as well for the perception of colour and of they say, these oscillations "join together some of the existing shape. As Crick and Koch put it information into a coherent percept" (Crick & Koch 1997, 288). The seeing any one object often involves neurons in many different visual hypothesis is summarized as follows: areas. The problem of how these neurons temporarily become active as a unit is often described as "the binding problem". As an object seen is The information about a single object is distributed about the brain. often also heard, smelled, or felt, this binding must also occur across There has, therefore, to be a way of imposing a temporary unity on the different modalities. (Crick & Koch 1997, 284). activities of all the neurons that are relevant at the moment. (Incidentally we see no reason at all why this global unity should Suppose activity in one cortical region represents the apple as red, require fancy quantum effects.) The achievement of this unity may be another as round, a third as smooth. How do we achieve the perception assisted by a fast attentional mechanism ... The required unity takes the form of the relevant neurons firing together. (Crick & Koch 1997, 290) of one apple, which is red, round, and smooth? One unrealistic solution is to posit "convergence": some place downstream from our three The proposed mechanism explains the "unity" of perceptual processes. processing regions, where neural processes from them converge, and But what, pray tell, is a "unified percept"? (Notice that this sounds generate a unified representation. It is widely agreed that such like a philosophical question!) It cannot mean simply having one convergence is neuroanatomically implausible, and that registering representation, since the problem starts from the fact that we have combinations of features in this fashion would tax even the large multiple representations of the object, distributed in different parts of number of neurons that we possess. sensory cortex. If we suppose that there must be one representation that The alternative is a "distributed" representation, one scattered over somehow gathers in the content of all those separate feature discrete regions of cortex. How is it that activity in the various disjoint registrations, we have again endorsed convergence. Nor can we rest the regions manages to represent one thing as both F and G? This is definition of "unified percept" on some notion of perceiving "just one" perhaps the simplest and clearest kind of binding problem. It is object. Criteria for what one might count as "one object" are sometimes called "property binding" (see Treisman 1996, 171); I shall notoriously elastic. Strolling across the piazza, one sees exactly one SOME LOGICAL FEATUES OF FEATURE INTEGRATION BACKHAUS (ED), NEURONAL CODING OF PERCEPTUAL SYSTEMS 4 flock of pigeons, clustered on the ground; but on the other hand one on the simplest instance of the mechanism in question. If I can show sees a multitude of individual pigeons, a greater multitude of beaks, that these implications follow from the central and simplest kind of wings, eyes, feathers, and claws; and an even greater multitude of binding, the subsequently added wrinkles are not too worrisome. coloured, iridescent, and textured surfaces in motion. If "binding" is Consider, then, the example of the apple plucked out of the fruit understood as that which generates a unified and coherent percept, and basket. One has an impression as of something red, and an impression a unified and coherent percept is understood as any perception of "one" as of something smooth. The challenge is to "integrate" these features, object, then the binding problem is as ill defined as the notion of "one" so as to yield an idea of one thing that is both red and smooth. The object. If the question we start with is that murky, the answers will be impressions to be integrated are found in distinct "feature maps", in worse! different portions of the nervous system. Think of binding, as Locke It is also risky to define "unity" or "coherence" in terms of what is did, as the compounding of ideas. One can then ask about the logical experienced to be unified or coherent. This maneuver shifts the burden operations required to secure such compounding. What ideas go into onto some definition of what it means to be experienced as coherent; the compounding, what ideas come out of it, and what operations are and any such definition is likely to be even more elastic than an account needed in between to secure the transition? If we list the contributions of what it is to perceive "one" object. Perhaps that one flock presents a of those feature maps as distinct premises, and the required output as a blooming buzzing confusion of disunified and incoherent percepts. conclusion, the logical challenge we face can be schematized as Certainly when the pigeons take flight one may be greeted with the follows: explosive impression of bits and pieces flying every which way. 1 Something is red Nevertheless some rapidly moving shapes are perceived as coloured, 2 Something is smooth and some flapping gray spots have feathery textures. The simplest kind ——————— of property binding can proceed even if one's percepts are less than 3 Something is both red and smooth fully coherent or unified. As any philosopher will quickly tell you, this inference is not valid. To make the inference truth-preserving, we must insure that the red thing is 2. The logic of feature integration the smooth thing, or at least that there is some overlap between red and smooth. Using 'a' and 'b' as names for whatever is sensed as red or My goal in what remains is to make some simple and I hope smooth respectively, we need to add a third premise: uncontroversial observations about the logical character of feature integration. If the mind worked as described by the models I have 1 a is red 2 b is smooth mentioned, then certain consequences follow. They have certain 3 a=b interesting logical implications about what is going on in feature ——————— integration. Notice that my claim is just a conditional, an if-then claim: 4 Something is both red and smooth if you accept these models, then certain things follow. I am confident Now we have an inference that is truth preserving—an inference of this those things do follow; the if-then claim is (I think) incontrovertible. form won't ever take us from true premises to a false conclusion—but But as a philosopher I am not competent to tell you whether or not you to get it some variant of the third premises is essential. Unless we can should actually accept either model. The current state of play in the identify the subject matter of the first premise with that of the second, experimental literature is beyond my ken. So perhaps the conditional, we cannot logically secure the conclusion. incontrovertible though it may be, is uninteresting (though I doubt it). Such identification may be partial. That is, we don't need the red Indeed, both models have become vastly more complicated than my portion and the smooth portion of the scene to be perfectly coincident, over-simplified sketch has revealed. There are interesting new wrinkles or identical, as long as there is some overlap. If 'a' names the red about what does or does not "pop out", on what is or is not a feature, on portion, and 'b' the smooth, then it suffices that some part of a = a part feature hierarchies, and on the many different kinds of binding of b. This variant of the third premise suffices to get to the conclusion problems (see Treisman 1988, 1993, 1996). But since my goal is just to that something is both red and smooth. But notice that there is still an derive certain logical implications from the models, it is best to focus underlying identity required. We need something red such that the very SOME LOGICAL FEATUES OF FEATURE INTEGRATION BACKHAUS (ED), NEURONAL CODING OF PERCEPTUAL SYSTEMS 5 same thing is smooth. the respective feature maps employ to identify the places that are red or What makes it possible to bind colour and texture together? smooth respectively. To achieve the binding of colour and texture, to According to both feature integration and the "property binding" model, get to the perception of something that is both red and smooth, the same it is that they are both perceived to be features of the same place. As form of suppressed premise is necessary, namely Treisman and Gelade put it initially: 3 Here = there We assume that the visual scene is initially coded along a number of separable dimensions, such as color, orientation, spatial frequency, or at least a partial overlap of regions, yielding brightness, direction of movement. In order to recombine these 3 Some place here = a place there. separate representations and to ensure the correct synthesis of features for each object in a complex display, stimulus locations are processed Without one or another identity, feature integration fails. The premises serially with focal attention. Any features which are present in the would fail to show that something is both red and smooth. same central "fixation" of attention are combined to form a single So we identify the place of one feature with the place of another. object. Thus focal attention provides the "glue" which integrates the initially separable features into unitary objects. (Treisman and Gelade The reason this simple finding is significant to philosophers is that 1980, 98) identifications (or the requisite identity statements) are logically interesting animals. They are, for example, an order of magnitude more Or, in a more recent statement, Treisman (1996, 171) says property complex than simple conjunctions. By "an order of magnitude more binding is mediated by a serial scan of spatial areas, "conjoining the complex" I mean "cannot possibly be expressed by". Conjunction is a features that each contains and excluding features from adjacent areas." truth function, true if and only if both of the statements conjoined Features are bound together because they characterize the same together are true. But identity statements are of a different species location: what gets "bound" to the colour feature are whatever other altogether. Features provide us with what philosophers would call features are sensed to characterize the same place. The system must in "general terms", terms that can be predicated of multiple things. To get one way or another detect that coincidence of locations in order for to identity statements we need to add a new kind of term, with a distinct binding to proceed successfully. Treisman's model includes a "master function. These are singular terms, names or terms like names, that are map" of locations, whose job is to ensure that such coincidence can be used to identify things. So if feature integration works as these models detected readily. When it goes wrong, we get "false conjunctions". propose, then within sentience itself we find capacities that fill two Crick and Koch also assume that binding applies to just those distinct logical functions. One is predicative: the capacity to sense red features that are sensed to characterize what they call the "attended (or any other feature) both here and there. The other is referential: the location". Attention is directed at a distal location, a place in front of capacity to identify the place that is red as the place that is smooth. the eyes, where the stimulus is located. We must distinguish that Why is this important? Logically, once we have two kinds of terms, attended location from the various locations of the feature maps that we can formulate contents that cannot be expressed using just general represent it. There is one place, a distal place, on which attention is terms and conjunction. If feature integration requires contents of this focused; but focusing attention on that location somehow serves to order of complexity, then it is not simply conjunction. The activate the particular portions of the various feature maps that have "vocabulary of sense", to use an old phrase, must encompass more than information about it. The process sounds daunting, but Crick and Koch features. Here is one way to show this. In his book Perception, Frank explain how the proposed thalamo-cortical oscillations could do the Jackson (1977, 65) discussed what he called the "Many Properties" job. problem: the problem of discriminating between scenes that both With this we can make our schema a bit more realistic. A colour contain all the same features, but differently arranged. This is a variant map registers the locations of hue features, and similarly for a texture of what neuroscientists later came to call the binding problem. Consider map. The two premises might be rendered the problem of distinguishing between the following two fruit basket 1 Here it's red. scenes: 2 There it's smooth. Scene 1: smooth red next to hirsute green where the "here" and "there" are stand-ins for whatever characteristics Scene 2: hirsute red next to smooth green SOME LOGICAL FEATUES OF FEATURE INTEGRATION BACKHAUS (ED), NEURONAL CODING OF PERCEPTUAL SYSTEMS 6 A creature equipped merely with the capacity to discriminate smooth The conjunction is fulfilled so long as the stimulation shows each of from hirsute and red from green will fail the test, since both scenes the component observation sentences to be fulfilled somewhere in the scene—thus a white pebble here, a blue flower over there. On the other contain all four. Instead the creature must divvy up the features hand the predication focuses the two fulfillments, requiring them to appropriately, and perceive that scene one contains something that is coincide or amply overlap. The blue must encompass the pebble. It both red and smooth, while scene two does not. In this way Jackson's may also extend beyond; the construction is not symmetric. (Quine problem is a version of the binding problem. 1992, 4) The fact that we can distinguish between the two scenes shows that "Pebble" is not exactly a feature, but the logic is impeccable. To get our visual system can solve the Many Properties problem. Both scenes something that is both blue and a pebble, we must identify some blue involve two textures and two colours, and so the simple capacities to place as the same place occupied by the pebble. This cannot be done discriminate textures or colours separately would not render the scenes with general terms and conjunction. We require some capacity to discriminable from one another. Instead one must have the capacity to identify and discriminate the subject matters of the general terms: detect the coincidence or co-instantiation of features: that the first whether or not this one is the same as that one. scene contains something that is both red and smooth and something Binding can be characterized as a grouping process: its result else that is hirsute and green. The texture and colour features are somehow is to associate, focus, bind, or group together a collection of "integrated", are perceived as features of one thing. Only the particular features (see Sajda and Finkel 1995, 268). Faced with a conjunction combinations (or bindings) of features differentiate the two scenes from like one another. Now suppose we have only general terms and conjunction with (red & hirsute & hither & green & smooth & thither) which to discriminate the two scenes. Instead of spatial identifiers the overwhelming temptation is to leap into the mind directly, and stick "here" and "there", we must recast such putative names as spatial in some parentheses to indicate grouping: that (red & hirsute & hither) qualitative features: something like hitherness and thitherness. These go together, as do (green & smooth & thither). Or we might invent are simply conjoined to the other features found in the scene. So our nesting operations among our features, so that some can modify others. first fruit basket presents Perhaps we have (redly (hirsute)) and (smoothly (green)). While (red & smooth & hither & green & hirsute & thither) grouping is indeed the goal, it cannot be secured with such devices. The commutative and associative properties of conjunction assure that while the second presents such parentheses have no semantic significance. To get the desired (red & hirsute & hither & green & smooth & thither) grouping, a logical operation of a different order is required: not conjunction or nesting, but predication. What constitutes the needed Unfortunately, the two conjunctions are precisely equivalent. If we "group" is a common subject matter: that those features are all features treat the spatial character of experience in this way, we lose the capacity of one thing. The groups are groups of predicates true of the same to distinguish between the two fruit baskets. subject; boundaries between the groups are boundaries between the As Quine puts it (1992, 29), "conjunction is too loose". We must distinct things to which the features are attributed. somehow focus the attribution of qualities: we need smooth and red in If the reasoning thus far is correct, we have stumbled upon a one place, and green and hirsute in another, distinct place. If places are profound logical difference between features and bindings. While reduced to mere features that get added to the list, this focusing features are general terms, which can have multiple instances, binding becomes impossible, and feature integration disintegrates. requires identification, reference, the picking out of places. The work Furthermore, although our conclusion describes a conjunction of of feature integration or binding is the work of identifying the subject features, the logic that gets us there is not conjunction. It is predication. matters of the various feature maps. This map and that map map the The critical finding is that both features are features of the same place. same territory. If such identification relies on spatial discrimination, it Consider the difference between pronouncing both "Lo, a pebble" and is not a process of attributing additional features, or of adding more "Lo, blue", and saying simply "Lo, a blue pebble". Quine says qualifications, qualities, or descriptive clauses to the already fulsome list. Even if we postulate a "master map" of locations, that map clearly SOME LOGICAL FEATUES OF FEATURE INTEGRATION BACKHAUS (ED), NEURONAL CODING OF PERCEPTUAL SYSTEMS 7 is not just another feature map like all the others. Instead its role is to green from smooth green next to hirsute red. Nor could such an animal help identify the subject matter of one feature map with that of another. experience two distinct simultaneous instances of the same quality. Some place occupied by feature F = a place occupied by feature G. To pass even these simple tests it must be endowed with more than Such identities drive the bindings. So these models endow sentience just "raw feels", more than a pure flux of qualities; it needs some with capacities of two distinct logical kinds: capacities not only to capacity to discriminate their distribution in space, to identify the nasty discriminate features or sensible qualities, but also to identify that places, and to use such identifications to help it wiggle towards the which the qualities qualify. better ones. Qualia arrayed in such identifiable spatial distributions, serving as goads and guides, are no longer quite so simple, "raw", or 3. Some implications uninterpretable. They certainly are not so to the animal in question. One can even begin to explain why it might be advantageous for an Now for some mollifying ways to put the conclusion (see also Clark, animal to acquire some new sensory capacity. If that sensory system forthcoming). While the logical schemata are useful, I certainly do not participates in property binding of the sort I have discussed, then it mean to suggest that there are literally little names running around provides for the discrimination of a spatial distribution of features, so inside sensory systems, or that those systems indulge in the sotto voce that the host can identify places that those features characterize. At the enunciation of propositions containing both predicates and referring very least this allows more efficient approach and avoidance of terms. These systems after all are non-linguistic and (in some sense) contingencies good and bad. It thereby affords more intelligent non-conceptual. Any account of what goes on inside them needs to be movement through a space structured by those contingencies. Whereas interpreted in terms of primitives that we would be willing to grant to on the old picture adding a new modality simply clutters the mind with any creature that can sense something. We are willing to grant sensory another modality of junk: qualities whose only significance lies in their features and feature-dimensions to such creatures; they can sense values correlations to other stuff that already was significant. along ranges of contraries such as hot-warm-cold, dark-dusky-bright, Here is another implication. If we think of these various modalities red-gray-green. My argument is that if feature integration works as as proceeding with more or less distinct and differently organized these models propose, then we must also endow such creatures with neuronal codes, it becomes very difficult to imagine how, from such a capacities to identify the places that are characterized by such features. babel of codes, one might construct a unified or coherent percept. Such Otherwise, no binding. And this second capacity to discriminate and unity or coherence would seem to require a super-code, into which all identify that which the qualities qualify is as distinct from the others can be translated, or in which their results could be discrimination among features as names are from predicates. Capacities expressed. Creation of such a super-code would require processes not to identify are analogous to those granted by the use of referring terms, found in any one of the particular modalities. So if the binding problem but they do not require the literal use of such terms. is cast in terms of forming a unified or coherent percept, both the end In effect this conclusion puts more structure, more smarts, into result and the processes by which it is achieved become deeply sensory systems than has been classically allowed. In an ancient but mysterious. unfortunate philosophical picture of how sentience proceeds, a mind But suppose we allow that a sensory system includes not only that stops at mere sensation is thought to be nothing more a flux of capacities to discriminate among the different sensory features, but also simple and uninterpretable sensory qualities. These "raw feels" or a capacity to discriminate and identify the places characterized by those "qualia" are unanalyzable units, atoms of pure sensation, which per features. We can then demystify the binding problem. It is nothing hypothesis are meaningless. They gain significance only insofar as they more or less than establishing that various of one's sensory "neuronal signal or correlate with other events that are significant. A mental life codes" are codes about the same things. The problem is to determine of pure sensation would be nothing but a stream, a flux, a flow of such whether or not this neuronal code and that neuronal code have the same stuff. But this picture, ancient as it is, radically underestimates the subject matter. To bind A and B is to establish that A and B are codes sophistication needed by even the simplest animal. An animal whose (perhaps in different modalities) that are both about the same subject; it mental life is a pure flux of qualities could not solve the Many is to identify the subject matter of A with that of B. In the core case of Properties problem. It could not distinguish smooth red next to hirsute property binding, which I have discussed, they characterize the same SOME LOGICAL FEATUES OF FEATURE INTEGRATION BACKHAUS (ED), NEURONAL CODING OF PERCEPTUAL SYSTEMS 8 place; the two features are coinstantiated. that there can be no such thing; that the very notion of "material The problem of property binding is thus what philosophers call a substance" is self contradictory. He heaves it out of his ontology, problem of identification: of determining whether this representation leaving just spirits and ideas, or minds and sensible qualities. The and that one are both about the same subject matter. This problem is result is Berkeleyan immaterialism. The only substances—the only neither trivial nor confused. How the nervous system manages to things that can exist independently—are spirits. Ideas are accidents, identify that this portion of this feature map and that portion of that modifications of spirits: states of mind. They are mind-dependent; their feature map are maps of the same territory is a fascinating and difficult essence is to be perceived. empirical problem. The tender mercies of philosophers will neither For my purposes it is not important to examine the rather interesting solve nor dissolve this problem. In fact if the reasoning about logical arguments that led Berkeley to these conclusions. But it is interesting features of feature integration is correct, then "binding problems" are to consider their consequences. What would happen if a mind actually inevitable once we invoke the terminology of neuronal codes. Binding worked this way? First, Berkeley is obliged to provide some is not some additional mysterious problem that we face only when we replacement for Locke's account of perceiving a material object. If a try to get to consciousness, but instead is intrinsic to any model in die is white and hard, then according to Locke there is some self same which different codes are used to represent different features of the something, I know not what, that has both the colour and the texture; same place. The only "unity" or "coherence" required of those and that something is distinct from either the colour or the texture. The scattered and sundry representations is that they are all about the same very same thing that is white is also hard. Berkeley thought this subject matter. We do not need to collect all those representations into account was incoherent (Berkeley 1710, §49). A thing, on Berkeley's one place. We do not need to form one unified super-code that includes account, can be nothing more than the collection of its sensible all their contributions. We do not need mysterious processes creating qualities. In a famous passage he says some coherent percept into which they can all be neatly slotted. The I see this cherry, I feel it, I taste it: and I am sure nothing cannot be only unity required is the unity of that to which they refer: that they all seen, or felt, or tasted: it is therefore red. Take away the sensations of have the same subject matter. softness, moisture, redness, tartness, and you take away the cherry, since it is not a being distinct from sensations. A cherry, I say, is 4. Binding and Bishop Berkeley nothing but a congeries of sensible impressions, or ideas perceived by various senses: which ideas are united into one thing (or have one name given them) by the mind, because they are observed to attend each It is interesting to speculate on what happens if we lack the machinery other. (Berkeley, 1979 [1713], 81) of binding that has just been described: if we lack the capacity to attribute two distinct sensible qualities to one thing, and find our A cherry is just a collection or bundle of ideas. The cherry is "not a abilities downgraded and reduced from predication to mere being distinct from sensations", says Berkeley, so oddly enough our conjunction. Fortunately these speculations were completed for us, in ideas of its various qualities do not refer to anything other than 1713, by George Berkeley, and we can simply view the sad results. themselves. There is no extra-mental "object" of sensation, nothing Berkeley accepted many of the tenets of the "way of ideas", which outside the mind to which sensory ideas refer; the only such objects are he had learned from Locke, but he famously took issue with the notion bundles or collections of the sensible qualities themselves (see Berkeley that those ideas refer to some mind-independent "material substance", 1710, §99). in which the various sensible qualities inhere. Locke's handling of the The argument I gave earlier would imply that if this were so, we notion was, admittedly, somewhat obscure: "material substance" is that would lose our capacity to "bind" features across modalities. If we to which the various sensible qualities are attributed, and in which they cannot identify that which the various sensible qualities qualify, then we inhere, but as a substance it exists independently of all our ideas about could not establish that this sensory idea and that one are both ideas of it, and it is something distinct from all the qualities we perceive it to the same thing. And sure enough, in Berkeley's system, such feature have. What is it other than those qualities? All Locke can say is that it integration disappears. Strictly speaking, it is an illegitimate operation. is something, I know not what (Locke 1690, II, xxiii, 3). As he put in the New Theory of Vision, Berkeley argued that not only is there is no such thing as matter, but SOME LOGICAL FEATUES OF FEATURE INTEGRATION BACKHAUS (ED), NEURONAL CODING OF PERCEPTUAL SYSTEMS 9 we never see and feel one and the same object. That which is seen is only as a matter of convenience: it is to avoid the "endless confusion of one thing, and that which is felt is another. If the visible figure and names" that would otherwise result. But strictly speaking there is no extension be not the same with the tangible figure and extension, we are not to infer that one and the same thing has divers extensions. The one thing that has both a tart taste and a red colour. While common true consequence is that the objects of sight and touch are two distinct sense might insist that we taste and see the same cherry, what this things. (Berkeley 1709, §49) means, according to Berkeley, is that we have a gustatory idea and a visual idea, and both ideas are members of the same bundle. The same moral is applied across different modalities. As Philonous Predication is replaced by membership in a bundle. explains to Hylas in the third of the Three Dialogues: While I am no psychologist, I believe that a mind constructed on Strictly speaking, Hylas, we do not see the same object that we feel; such principles and set loose would run into some problems. The most neither is the same object perceived by the microscope which was by dramatic one arises with identifications across modalities. Suppose a the naked eye. ... it follows that when I examine, by my other senses, a thing I have seen, it is not in order to understand better the same object wood stove in the kitchen sometimes glows red with heat; but other which I had perceived by sight, the object of one sense not being times some non-red things in the kitchen are hot, and some red things in perceived by the other senses. (Berkeley, 1979 [1713], 78). it are not. Let us say a mind is built on "true Berkeleyan principles" if it is built on only such principles and ideas as Berkeley thinks are It also follows that for Berkeley there is no one self-same place that two strictly speaking true. Could such a mind distinguish between the sensory modalities can both characterize. Berkeley denies that space or following two kitchen scenes? extension has any existence outside the mind. Our sensory ideas are not ideas of objects that exist outside the mind; and space—extension Scene 1: one patch, both red and hot itself—must be included among those objects. Since, furthermore, Scene 2: one red patch; a distinct hot patch ideas of touch and ideas of vision are qualitatively distinct, it follows The problem is that for Berkeley tactual qualities have only tactual that in Berkeley's system it is not possible to see the same place that locations, and visible qualities have only visual ones. Tactual and one touches: visual ideas are distinct. Perhaps we interpret a tactual location as a there is no one self-same numerical extension, perceived both by sight bundle of tactual coordinates: whatever tactual features we use to judge and touch ... the particular figures and extensions perceived by sight, the spatial relations of things we touch. Similarly a visual location however they may be called by the same names, and reputed the same would be a bundle of visual qualities. But that is all that location comes things with those perceived by touch, are nevertheless different, and to: there is no mind-independent place to which these appearances have an existence very distinct and separate from them. (Berkeley 1709, §121). correspond. How then do we distinguish a scene in which something is both red So all varieties of binding that proceed by coincidence of spatial and hot from one containing something that is red and something else location—this visual quality and that tactual one occupying the same that is hot? Both would present place—are forsworn. (red & visual coordinates for red & hot & tactual coordinates for hot). If we were to form a language that clearly reflected the underlying reality, according to Berkeley, we could note associations and Ordinarily we would say simply that in one scene there is one place that conjunctions of qualities, but we would have no terms referring to is both red and hot, while in the other the qualities occupy two distinct extra-mental objects that those qualities qualify. In a mind run on places. In one scene the visual coordinates refer to the same place as Berkeleyan principles, identification is not an operation proper to the tactual ones, and in the other scene they do not. But Berkeley sensory ideas. They do not refer to objects other than themselves. The cannot avail himself of this solution. The bundles of tactual and visual only such operation is association: collecting them into "congeries" or coordinates are qualitatively distinct ideas. As noted, he denies that bundles, to which we then (confusingly) apply just one name. What they have a common object: ideas of vision and ideas of touch are never seems to be predication gets recast as membership in a collection: the ideas of the same thing. So in truth we cannot claim that visual ideas tart taste and red colour are both properties of a cherry only in the sense and tactual ideas, though qualitatively distinct, might both be ideas of that they are both members of the congeries we call "cherry". Even the the same place. Without an object of sensation—without a place, use of just one name for all the members of that bundle is justifiable distinct from ideas, which those ideas represent—it is difficult to make SOME LOGICAL FEATUES OF FEATURE INTEGRATION BACKHAUS (ED), NEURONAL CODING OF PERCEPTUAL SYSTEMS 10 sense of the notion that numerically the same place might be wend its way through our kitchen. Bundling requires not only a represented by qualitatively distinct ideas. capacity to discriminate among the fearsome flux of sensible qualities, Does his system provide any resources that could be used to but also to identify that which they qualify. To bundle two ideas is to distinguish the two scenes? Somehow Berkeley must in one scene identify their subject matters. Binding, I submit, is found in that same bundle together red and hot, and in the other scene place them in bundle. distinct bundles; but the resources he allows us for forming such bundles are skimpy indeed. Spatial coincidence or overlap is barred. 12 October 1998 As far as I can see, the only principles of association by which we can Other reprints available at: http://www.ucc.uconn.edu/~wwwphil/aclark.html form such bundles are temporal: what Berkeley calls the "co-existence email: firstname.lastname@example.com or succession" of ideas. We form bundles or congeries of sensible qualities not because they characterize the same place—that suggestion, he says, is incoherent—but only because they occur at the same (or Acknowledgments successive) times. But these resources seem clearly inadequate. Purely temporal I thank Don Baxter, Tom Bontly, Claudia Carello, Crawford Elder, Len associations cannot always secure the discrimination between our two Krimerman, Keya Maitra, Ruth Millikan, Jerry Shaffer, Bob Shaw, Karl scenes. We might do an experiment in which one scene always Stocker, John Troyer, Michael Turvey, Sam Wheeler, and Virgil contains something both red and hot, and the other scene always Whitmyer for their comments on an earlier version of this paper. Errors contains something red and something else that is hot. A mind built on that remain are all my own. true Berkeleyan principles—which represents only that which is strictly speaking true—would find the two scenes to be indistinguishable. Our References minds could discriminate between the two scenes. Ergo our minds are not built on true Berkeleyan principles. At the very least, they contain Berkeley, George (1709) An Essay towards a New Theory of Vision. representations that according to Berkeley are not strictly speaking true. Reprinted in Calkins 1957. (References in the text are by paragraph The idea that ordinary physical things are in reality bundles of number.) ideas—congeries of sensory impressions—is a very old one, and indeed it is part of the classic image of sentience that I mentioned earlier. It Berkeley, George (1710) A Treatise Concerning the Principles of faces a fundamental problem. On what principles do we form such Understanding. Reprinted in Calkins 1957. (References in the text bundles? How does the mind conjure up these congeries? I said earlier are by paragraph number.) that the binding problem can be considered a problem of grouping—it Berkeley, George (1979 [1713]) Three Dialogues between Hylas and could be solved if you could somehow get inside the mind directly, and Philonous. Edited by Robert M. Adams. Indianapolis, Indiana: group together these features and not those. Now we can see that Hackett Publishing. bundling is the same problem, expressed in an older terminology. On what principles does the mind bundle together some ideas and not Block, Ned, Flanagan, Owen, and Güzeldere, Güven (1997) (eds.) The others? It is a process logically distinct from simply associating one Nature of Consciousness: Philosophical Debates. Cambridge, idea with another; it is more powerful than mere conjunction. It is Massachusetts: MIT Press. rather a process of joint predication: of identifying both sensible Calkins, Mary (1957) (ed.) Berkeley: Essay, Principles, Dialogues. qualities as qualities of one thing. I do not see how we can make sense New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. of it unless, contra Berkeley, we can make sense of the distinction between ideas and the objects that those ideas represent. A mind Clark, Austen (forthcoming) A Theory of Sentience. Oxford: Oxford without the capacity to grasp that two qualitatively distinct ideas are University Press. ideas of numerically the same thing could not solve the Many Crick, Francis and Koch, Christof (1997) Towards a neurobiological Properties problem. Such a creature would not last long if it had to theory of consciousness. In Block, Flanagan, and Güzeldere (1997), SOME LOGICAL FEATUES OF FEATURE INTEGRATION BACKHAUS (ED), NEURONAL CODING OF PERCEPTUAL SYSTEMS 11 277-292. (Originally published in Seminars in the Neurosciences (1990) 2: 263-75.) Jackson, Frank (1977) Perception: A Representative Theory. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Locke, John (1690) An Essay Concerning Human Understanding. Edited by Peter Nidditch. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1975. (References in the text are by book, chapter, and section number.) Prinzmetal, W. (1995) Visual feature integration in a world of objects. Current Directions in Psychological Science 4(3): 90-94. Quine, W. V. O. (1992) Pursuit of Truth. Revised Edition. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. Sajda, Paul and Finkel, Leif H. (1995) Intermediate-level visual representations and the construction of surface perception. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 7(2): 267-91. Schyns, Philippe G., Goldstone, Robert L., and Thibaut, Jean-Pierre (1998) The development of features in object concepts. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 21: 1-54. Treisman, Anne and Gelade, Garry (1980) A feature-integration theory of attention. Cognitive Psychology 12: 97-136. Treisman, Anne (1986) Features and objects in visual processing. Scientific American. 255 (5): 114B-125. Treisman, Anne (1988) Features and objects: The fourteenth annual Bartlett Memorial Lecture. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology [A] 40: 201-37. Treisman, Anne (1993) The perception of features and objects. In Attention: Selection, Awareness, and Control: A Tribute to Donald Broadbent. Edited by A. Baddeley and L. Weiskrantz. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 5-35. Treisman, Anne (1996) The binding problem. Current Opinion in Neurobiology 6: 171-78. SOME LOGICAL FEATUES OF FEATURE INTEGRATION (ED BACKHAUS12 ), NEURONAL CODING


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Ile-de-France office market Q4 - 2011
Although the economic climate appears bleak, business activity in 2012 will be driven by more opportunistic strategies. The supply and demand situation is expected to become even more balanced this year with higher take-up of second hand properties. ...
Author: verschiedene
Source: Savills
software developer
FlowFact AG
Industriestr. 161
50999 Köln
real estate agent
STRABAG Property and
Facility Services GmbH
Bleichstr. 52
60313 Frankfurt am Main
goValue GmbH - die
Lindenstr. 2
53489 Sinzig
Immopro24 - developed by property experts for the European real estate sector.
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subset: commoncrawl


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- Visit
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At this time there are no open positions at the Fort Collins Museum of Discovery. Check back on this page to stay updated on future openings and opportunities!
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The Advantages of Lanyards as Promotional Items
Lanyards can be used as one of the successful marketing strategies for a business or company. These attractive cords can be used by a lot of people especially the working professionals. These consist of engineers, medical professionals, business executives, company … Continue reading
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Silicon Bracelets are commonly used as promotional tools. The rubber wristband is a popular choice by marketers because of its low acquisition cost per unit and good returns in terms of brand visibility. Beyond price and quantity, buyers ought to … Continue reading
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Celebrate Milestones with Embroidered Patches
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Truths and Myths about Long Island Loan Modification
Long Island Loan modification is a simple and straightforward process. The problem is, most consumers have this stigma about applying for one. It is either they think it is unnecessary, may actually make matters worse, or is just not worth … Continue reading
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The Different Uses of Custom military coins
Custom military coins, similar to challenge coins are traced way back World War I. Such coins are given to members of the military force and signify the branch of the Armed Forces the owner belongs to. During the Nazi occupation … Continue reading
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How to Care for Cheap Golf Clubs?
Cheap golf clubs are called as such not because they are literally cheap but because they are discounted from the original price since they are already used. However, the care that they need is basically the same care you would … Continue reading
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BID discusses outdoor seating issues on Circle
May 9, 2012
Business Improvement District board members want city staff to crack down on excess outdoor seating and the hodgepodge of restaurant furniture on St. Armands.
May 8: Daily Headlines Video
May 8, 2012
Join us as we observe and report today's stories from Longboat Key, East County, Sarasota and Siesta Key.
Sarasota Chamber announces Small Business Awards finalists
May 8, 2012
Frank G. Berlin, Sr. Small Business Awards ceremony will be held June 5.
Sylint focusing on computer security
May 8, 2012
Sylint Group President John Jorgensen believes his company must focus on upgrading the city's computer security system.
May 7: Daily Headlines Video
May 7, 2012
Join us as we observe and report today's stories from Longboat Key, East County, Sarasota and Siesta Key.
PHOTO GALLERY: Taste of Latin America Celebration
May 7, 2012
The Gulf Coast Latin Chamber of Commerce presented its Taste of Latin America celebration Saturday, May 5, in downtown Sarasota. The festival brought live entertainment and Latin American food and culture, where people danced and celebrated Cinco de Mayo.
PHOTO GALLERY: NewGate Elementary Chess Tournament
May 7, 2012
Newgate School sponsored its first elementary chess tournament Saturday, May 5, at the Selby Public Library. Students went head to head in five 30-minute rounds to compete for trophies and practice their skills in a tournament setting.
PHOTO GALLERY: Sarasota Orchestra Association Flash Mob
May 7, 2012
Members of the Sarasota Orchestra Association gathered in Island Park Saturday, May 5, for a surprise, flash-mob performance. Participants wore matching SOA shirts and sang, "Ain't We Sweet."
PHOTO GALLERY: Sarasota Chamber Derby Day Breakfast
May 7, 2012
Members of the Sarasota Chamber of Commerce gathered Friday, May 4, to enjoy a Kentucky-Derby themed breakfast. Members donned fancy hats and enjoyed a buffet breakfast before mingling at the second annual Derby Day celebration.
Sarasota teachers, School Board reach agreement
May 7, 2012
The Sarasota Classified/Teachers Association and the School Board of Sarasota County came agreed on a contract for the next school year.
- Nov
29 Light Up Siesta Village and Holiday Parade
5:00 pm - 9:00 pm
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30 Advent Procession
6:00 pm
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3 Rachel's Challenge Anti-Bullying Event hosted by The Cal Ripken, Sr. Foundation
6:30 pm - 8:30 pm
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4 Ringling Holiday Splendor
5:00 pm - 9:00 pm
The gift of music
Riverview High School received a donation of $5,000 during a break in the Kiltie Band Fall concert on Nov. 20.
Coming together for the community
All Faiths Food Bank called on volunteers to help distribute 7,000 Thanksgiving dinners Saturday.
Observer on the hunt for displays
We're making our list of the best holiday lights displays in Sarasota and checking it twice.


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- For Some Fans, Accusations of Rape Crumble Bill Cosby's Wholesome Image
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- ArtsBeat: Netflix Snags New Series Created by Tina Fey and Robert Carlock
- ArtsBeat: Injury to Bono Pulls Plug on U2 'Tonight Show' Residency
Last Wish
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Executive Producers: Jack Grossbart, Joan Barnett
Genres: Adaptation, Drama
Genres: Adaptation, Drama
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Telefilm based on the true story of journalist Betty Rollin's 76-year-old mother, who suffered from cancer and asked Rollin to help her commit suicide.
What's On Tonight
- Roll Over, Mahler: U.S. Orchestras Are Shrinking
- For Some Fans, Accusations of Rape Crumble Bill Cosby's Wholesome Image
- Take My Wife. S'il Vous Plaît.
- Tiptoeing (on Point) Through the Tulips
- Raleigh Trevelyan, Chronicler of a Notable Family, Dies at 91
- Sometimes, Old-Fashioned Pays Off
- At Sotheby's Interiors Auction, an Intimate Portrait of an Heiress
- Art Review: When Three Into One Equals More
- Put Me on TV. I'll Change. I Swear.
- Toward a Truth That Defies Precision


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Saturday Night's storm system has moved well east now making for a beautiful Sunday with southwest winds. Surface Low over Oklahoma will move east dragging a cold front into the area overnight. Much cooler on Monday and Tuesday. Upper trough remains ...
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Detectives seek gunman in overnight homicide
BEAUMONT - PRESS RELEASE - At about 6:16 this morning, Patrol Division officers responded to a report of a man lying on the ground in a parking lot in the 900 block of Woodrow Avenue. When officers arrived, they found a thirty-year-old Beaumont man suffering from multiple gunshot wounds.
Beaumont EMS transported the gunshot victim to St. Elizabeth Hospital. Emergency room doctors pronounced the man dead at bout 6:47 AM. We cannot release the victim's name until we are able to notify his next of kin.
Detectives are in the process of interviewing potential witnesses and we ask that anyone who may have information about this homicide, call our 911 Communications center at 832-1234. If you would prefer to remain anonymous, you may call Beaumont Crime Stoppers at 833-TIPS. Your information, no matter how seemingly small, may lead to the break that helps us provide answers for the family of this young man.


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I Wtk Your Song Of The Day And Why
so tell me your song of the day or one track that just keeps looping in your head 20,895 People
Sleeping Satellite. Tasmin Archer.I'm still not over that impressive comet landing and it's been a week.
desopaws 46-50, M 1 Response 1 2 days ago
Something ~by~ The Beatles (george Harrison)I think this is George Harrison's best song. I think it is as good as anything John or Paul wrote and proved that he is in the same league as the other two "more famous" Beatles as a song writer.
deleted 26-30 6 Responses 5 Jan 23, 2012
~With Arms Wide Open~Most people areeither in the Creed camp or not. I like them, and this one is my fave. : )
Sungirl3 46-50, F 10 Responses 10 Jan 2
I Wanna Dance ;)Yes, I think it's time to "dance with somebody who loves me"..... I wanna feel the heat!!!!!!!
AutumnFrost77 31-35, F 20 Responses 5 Oct 14, 2011
Ok it's not what in listening to right nowbut I do love this song http://youtu.be/C2FGy5h3KpE
soapdodger 31-35, F 0 Nov 6
I sit here unable to sleep at the moment,rather anxious about the first official step towards freedom. Every time I mention divorce, I get the "I love you" speech. It always stops me in my tracks, but now I can clearly see what's going on. This is my message for him.
greeneyedlady72 41-45, F 5 Responses 6 Sep 16
More Libera, the beautiful music of this choirhas just spoken to me lately... Song: Time Soloists: Josh Madine (age 13) Benedict Phillip (age 11)
bijouxbroussard 46-50, F 5 Responses 4 Nov 6
Will You, Daddy?I've seen a change in my 8 year old daughter over the summer (she will soon be 9). I can sense a maturing of her personality as well as her physically looking less like a little girl. I understand that she must grow up and yet, I dread that it is happening so quickly. Almost...
deleted 26-30 13 Responses 11 Sep 10, 2012
Mumford & Sons - Where Are YouNow The chorus says it all for me. "Where Are You Now?"It came to the end it seems you had heardAs we walked the city streetsYou never said a wordWhen we finally sat downYour eyes were full of spiteI was desperate, I was weakI could not put up a fightBut where...
S74rxed 31-35, F 0 Nov 11
TodayPearl Jam. I almost picked a different song. But this one . . .I've posted it before. But today, it seems . . . apropos.It haunts me . . .
laynemeyer 36-40, M 4 Responses 6 Feb 14, 2012
Princess Cinny Buns Is My CaviarWe belong together....don't you think? This plain potato chip policeman loves his Beautiful Caviar Princess ;)
BigRedMachine 41-45, M 9 Responses 6 Feb 9, 2012
Wake Me Up Inside (Bring Me To Life) (By Evanescence)"How can you see into my eyes, Like open doors? Lading you down into my core, Where I've become so numb. Without a soul, My spirit's sleeping somewhere cold, Until you find it there and lead it back, Home. (Wake me up), Wake me up inside.(I can't wake up), Wake me up inside...
Floydess 18-21, F 30 Responses 11 Mar 6, 2011
Let Her Go ~ PassengerWell you only need the light when it's burning low Only miss the sun when it starts to snow Only know you love her when you let her go Only know you've been high when you're feeling low Only hate the road when you're missing home Only know you love her when you let her go And you...
deleted 26-30 6 Dec 3, 2013
Fort Wilson Riot – Meaningless (MagneticFields Cover)https://soundcloud.com/fort-wilson-riot/meaninglessNo YouTube this time, you can find The Magnetic Fields version, but I like it way less.Not my original SotD choice, but this came on the radio and it was so poetically timed to the conversation and thoughts I was...
S74rxed 31-35, F 0 Nov 13
For Someone That Meant Something...And is gone nowYes, the pronouns need to be reversed. , and no, he wasn't a singer, rather he made *me* sing... But boy, does it fit... ------------------ She was a friend to me when I needed one Wasn't for her I don't know what I'd done She gave me back something that was missing in me She...
msdamgoode 41-45, F 6 Responses 7 Sep 1, 2012
"Breakeven" The ScriptIm still alive, but Im barely breathing. Just prayed to a God that I dont believe in. Cause I got time while she got freedom. Cause when a heart breaks, no it dont break even. Her best days will be some of my worst. She finally met a man thats supposed to put her first. While im...
deleted 26-30 6 Responses 6 Feb 23, 2010
Looking For LoveThis song reminds me of EP...everyone is seeking someone..
moondancelady 46-50, F 5 Responses 6 Oct 15, 2012
I heard this song, very early this morning,and thought it was apropos considering all of the changes currently happening. Just a new chapter in my book of life...."Bittersweet Symphony" - The Verve
Pinky65 46-50, F 4 Responses 3 5 days ago
Paranoia by Max Frost https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ITUhINgcW2o great song, super catchy, might be my new favorite!
Zeurosis 16-17, F 1 3 days ago
Hypnotia 51-55, M 1 Response 1 Nov 3
Foo Fighters - Something FromNothing Been on the radio a lot. I like it. :-) "Something From Nothing"Give me the flammable lifeI'm cold as a matchReady to strikeSo here I go...Here lies a city on fireSinging alongThe arsonist choirNow here I go...It started with a sparkAnd burned into...
S74rxed 31-35, F 1 Response 0 Nov 6
Something Good In This WorldI've only just discovered this song, but it's quickly become a favourite and seems rather appropriate this week.Between what happened in Boston, things in the news around the world and several of my friends going through difficult times sometimes it feels like this world is such...
Hongruilin 31-35, F 2 Responses 5 Apr 18, 2013
Check Yes Or NoAs most of my friends already know, I do not observe/celebrate Valentines day. Mostly it's a religious beliefs thing. However, even if that were not the case I probably still wouldn't choose to participate in the holiday. As I told a good friend recently: "I would much rather...
Hongruilin 31-35, F 8 Responses 12 Feb 14, 2013
Addicted (By Kelly Clarkson)"It's like you're a drug, It's like you're a demon I can't face down, It's like I'm stuck, It's like I'm running from you all the time. And I know I let you have all the power, It's like the only company I seek is misery all around. It's like you're a leech, Sucking the life from...
Floydess 18-21, F 6 Responses 6 Mar 27, 2011
deleted 26-30 6 Nov 30, 2012
I love this choir; their voices are like angels.I get chills listening to them. Song: Lachrymosa Composer: Camille Saint-Saens Choir: Libera Soloist: Benedict Phillip (age 11)
bijouxbroussard 46-50, F 4 Responses 3 Nov 3
I have a friend who is really struggling rightnow, who is feeling kind of lost and alone. This is for you.
greeneyedlady72 41-45, F 1 Response 6 Apr 15
Lovely DayIt's gray, gloomy and overcast. All that doesn't matter. Listening to this song always brings a smile to my face and lifts my spirits.
Mahal1023 46-50, F 7 Responses 6 Aug 30, 2013
Mark Ronson - Uptown Funk (Audio) ft.Bruno MarsBecause holy schnikes this is awesomesauce ... TRY not to dance X-DHappy FRIDAY my EePs! This hitThat ice coldMichelle PfeifferThat white goldThis one, for them hood girlsThem good girlsStraight masterpiecesStylin', while inLivin' it up in the cityGot Chucks on...
S74rxed 31-35, F 0 Nov 14
Love tightsOne day a friend told me if I could help her bring chairs to her ballet class, arriving to class i stay to see how they practiced. My friend approached and spend one of their pantis, sliper and leotard, so I put them and go with it. At the beginning I didn't want, but could not...
Fherrera 26-30, F 7 Apr 12, 2012
Justin Townes Earle - Time Shows FoolsI wish Icould find the lyrics online, but the song is pretty new. Hit me quite right this afternoon.
S74rxed 31-35, F 0 Oct 29
My song of the day as been what its beenfor three days.Covered by Roses - Within TemptationI just love the part where she sings, "covered by roses" part. It just oddly enough makes me happy. :) Covered by rosesWhen this dance is overWe all know our beauty will die.The choirs have awokenLeft no words unspokenRemember...
PsychedelicSmile 18-21, F 0 Nov 5
("Mad World" ~ Tears For Fears) Everybodylikes the Gary Jules arrangement better. I get it. It was a mood piece, part of the soundtrack for Donnie Darko. But THIS was the original, the one in my head late at night when I was feeling manic and wandering along the streets of SoMa with my friends, looking for places to...
bijouxbroussard 46-50, F 1 Nov 11
Aqueous Transmission by Incubus.I've had a kinda wild ride in my life thus far and its finally kicked my *** and landed me back at my crazy parents house... they're either really nice to me or ..... the other extreme... So Im really worn out.. they keep telling me I have bipolar disorder and I dont... so...
Peanut300 22-25, F 1 4 days ago
Papaoutai http://m.youtube.com/watch?v=oiKj0Z_Xnjc I don't understand the lyrics (it's in French) but the music video says it all. Seriously watch it, total ear candy
Zeurosis 16-17, F 0 Oct 20
First Snowfall - twofer todayToday,on the first weekday of our trial separation, of COURSE there's a blizzard, expecting over a foot of snow in my area. Of COURSE I can't get the snowblower started. Of COURSE my kid is sick, and I have to drive her to my dad's covered in the sticky medication I had to pour down...
S74rxed 31-35, F 0 Nov 10
What Becomes Of A Broken HeartedJust heard this recorded by some one other than the original and I keep singing it " as i walk this land of broken dreams I have visions of many things,happiness is just an illusion filled with sadness and confusion...."
Bornabrit 41-45, F 26 Responses 14 Aug 3, 2012
Hippo Campus - Sophie So Heard this onefor the first time last night when doing some dishes. I quite like it. I'm so lucky to have such a great local music scene! Their album is coming out Tuesday - :-D https://soundcloud.com/thehalocline/01-sophie-so
S74rxed 31-35, F 0 6 days ago
For Bangbang ;)....lolYou are my kind......and you KNOW I luvs me a bit of Santana!
AutumnFrost77 31-35, F 24 Responses 8 Jan 22, 2012
Shakey Graves - Big Time Nashville StarIfinally am giving this honor of SotD. Heard it a few times a day this week and last, it's purdy, I likes it.
S74rxed 31-35, F 0 3 days ago
In memory of Jack Bruce (14 May 1943 –25 October 2014). Singer, songwriter, and considered by many to be one of the greatest bass players of all time.
Rutterman 36-40, M 2 Responses 2 Oct 25
For The Broken Hearts.....This song is what came to mind as I held a sweet soul-friend watching her cry and simply crumble in my arms last night. So many are broken hearted and I see their spirits literally crushed. I'm at a loss for words and feel quite helpless when I look into the eyes of such...
giggles4488 56-60, F 18 Responses 8 Mar 13, 2011
(funny Video) I'm Sexy And I Know It ~by~ LmfaoI found this video today and it literally cracked me up! If you like funny vids, give it a chance.
deleted 26-30 5 Responses 5 Nov 16, 2011
jacee1960 51-55, F 4 Responses 6 Nov 10, 2012
Moon RiverNot a clue why- Breakfast at Tiffany's popped into my head at 5am this morning. Yes, I was up at 5am..... you ever feel a huge change coming? Feel it in your bones? And an updated version
EdieQuinnz 31-35, F 10 Responses 10 Sep 3, 2012
When I Was Your Man Bruno MarsI was driving down the road today, when this song came on. My thoughts scrambled as fast as I could look in the rearview mirror. Before I knew it, I was being pulled over for speeding. Now I have to go to court over this violation. The memory almost feels the same way looking...
EMinnovation 41-45, M 2 Responses 7 Feb 13, 2013
Never Fade When PaganPoet changed his name toto that of a gallant warrior, SleeplessKnight, I don't think he knew how well his new name actually suited him. He is a nobleman with many admirable traits: polite, courteous, gracious, considerate, dignified, generous, intelligent, bold, and determined. If you read either...
Unjusted 36-40, F 2 Responses 6 Feb 11
For you my magical friend :)HEARTMagic ManCold,late night so long agowhen I was not so strong you knowA pretty man came to meI never seen eyes so blueYou know, I could not run away it seemedwe'd seen each other in a dreamSeemed like he knew me... he looked right through me... yeah"Come on home, girl" he said with a smile"you...
hippiechick333 46-50, F 5 Responses 5 6 days ago
"Like A Virgin" – SisterChristina ScucciaWhen I heard on the news that a talent contest-winning nun had released a recording of the 1980's hit, "Like A Virgin", I said "WTF?!" and I knew I'd have to check this out for myself. I found the video and was prepared to be...
Rutterman 36-40, M 1 Response 2 Oct 21
This song has always reminded me of myrelationship and long friendship with my father, since I first heard it. It sounds much like something he would say to me when I was a child. "Lullabye (Goodnight, My Angel)" ~ Billy Joel
bijouxbroussard 46-50, F 3 Responses 6 Nov 8
If only we could still have a theme song!In the land of Gods and Monsters I was an Angel Living in the garden of evil Screwed up, scared, doing anything that I needed Shining like a fiery beacon You've got that medicine I need Fame, liquor, love give it to me slowly Put your hands on my waist do it softly ... No one...
AngelofPink 18-21, F 3 Responses 6 Apr 18


text:
Nicely decorated room. Good bed and clean room. Not very creative breakfast options. Breakfast was average, but okay. Personally, I don't like having the owner sitting and talking to you in the same room as where I'm having my breakfast. I like a bit of privacy.
- Also Known As:
- Churchill Guest House Dover, England, UK


text:
Top Spin 2 Game Boy Advance
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You wouldn't believe hitting a ball could be so annoying. Go out and get "Mario Tennis" instead. [May 2006, p.40]
User score distribution:
Positive: 0 out of 1
Mixed: 1 out of 1
Negative: 0 out of 1
JasonH.May 25, 2006Overall, it's an okay game. I bought it because I'm such a big fan of tennis. Players and the courts are realistic but their shots are pretty fast and pretty hard to control their shots. If one-handed player like Federer & Mauresmo, he should only use a one-handed backhand not two back-handed and a two back-handed players such as Coria & Myskina they should only have two-handed backhand not one. There are still some improvements to be done.… Full Review »