text: From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jason Voorhees Jason Voorhees Friday the 13th character Jason Voorhees Classification: Signature weapon: Primary location: Creators: Mass murderer[1] Machete[2] Crystal Lake Victor Miller Ron Kurz Sean S. Cunningham Tom Savini Ari Lehman (child) Warrington Gillette & Steve Daskewisz Richard Brooker Ted White Tom Morga C. J. Graham & Dan Bradley Kane Hodder Ken Kirzinger Derek Mears Portrayed by: Jason Voorhees is a fictional character from the Friday the 13th series of slasher films. He first appeared in Friday the 13th (1980), as the son of camp cook-turned-murderer Mrs. Voorhees, in which he was portrayed by Ari Lehman. Created in combination by Victor Miller, Ron Kurz, Sean S. Cunningham and Tom Savini, he was not originally intended to carry the series as the main villain. Jason Voorhees has also been represented in numerous novels, comic books, and a cross-over film with another horror legend, Freddy Krueger. The character has primarily been an antagonist in the films, whether by stalking and killing the characters, or acting as a psychological threat to the lead character, as is the case in Friday the 13th: A New Beginning. Since Lehman's portrayal, the character has been represented by numerous actors and stuntmen, sometimes by more than one at a time; this has caused some controversy as to who should receive credit for the portrayal. Kane Hodder is the most well known of the stuntmen to portray Jason Voorhees,[3][4] having played the character in four consecutive films. The character's physical appearance has gone through many transformations, with various special makeup effects artists making their mark on the character's design, including makeup artist Stan Winston. Tom Savini's initial design has been the basis for many of the later incarnations. The trademark hockey mask did not appear until Friday the 13th Part III. Since Friday the 13th Part VI: Jason Lives, filmmakers have given Jason superhuman strength, and near invulnerability. He has been seen as a sympathetic character, albeit one whose motivation for killing has been cited as driven by the immoral actions of his victims. Jason Voorhees has been featured in various humor magazines, referenced in feature films, parodied in television shows, and been the inspiration for a horror punk band. Several toy lines have been released based on various versions of the character from the Friday the 13th films. Jason Voorhees's hockey mask is one of the most recognizable images in popular culture.[5] Appearances Jason Voorhees is a fictional mass murderer who appears in the Friday the 13th series of films. He first appears as a hallucination of the main character Alice; he would go on to become the main antagonist of the series in the succeeding sequels. Only in Friday the 13th: A New Beginning does Jason reappear as a hallucination. The silver screen is not the only place Jason has appeared; there have been literary sources that have either expanded the universe of Jason, or been based on a minor aspect of him. 1 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jason Voorhees will return. Jason's body was supposedly cremated after Tommy killed him. Roy Burns (Dick Wieand) uses Jason's persona to become a copycat killer at the halfway home to which Tommy was moved. The only moments of Jason's appearance are through Tommy's dreams and hallucinations.[10] In Friday the 13th Part VI: Jason Lives (1986), Tommy (Thom Mathews), released from a mental institution, visits Jason's grave, and learns Jason's body was never actually cremated, but buried in Forest Green cemetery (formerly Crystal Lake cemetery). Tommy inadvertently resurrects Jason (C. J. Graham) via a piece of cemetery fence that acts as a lightning rod. Jason returns to Forest Green, still believing it is Crystal Lake. Tommy eventually lures Jason back to the lake that supposedly caused his death as a boy. Chained to a boulder on the lake floor, Jason is left to die.[11] Friday the 13th Part VII: The New Blood (1988) begins an undisclosed amount of time after Jason Lives. Jason (Kane Hodder) is resurrected again, this time by the telekinetic Tina Shepard (Lar Park Lincoln), who was attempting to resurrect her father. Jason begins killing those who occupy Crystal Lake (no longer named Forest Green), and after a battle with Tina, is again dispatched to the bottom of the lake.[12] Friday the 13th Part VIII: Jason Takes Manhattan (1989) sees Jason return from the grave, brought back to life via an underwater electrical cable. He follows a group of students on their senior class trip to Manhattan, boarding the Lazarus to wreak havoc. Upon reaching Manhattan, Jason kills all the survivors but Rennie and Sean; he chases them into the sewers, where he is caught and melted away by toxic waste.[13] Jason Goes to Hell: The Final Friday (1993) marked the second time Jason was officially killed according to studio canon. Through unexplained resurrection, he returns to Crystal Lake, where he is hunted by the FBI. The FBI sets up a sting to kill Jason, which proves successful. Through mystical possession, however, Jason survives by passing his demon-infested heart from one being to the next. Though Jason is hardly seen throughout the film, we learn he has a sister and a niece, and that he needs them to retrieve and reinhabit his body. After resurrecting it, Jason is finally killed by his niece and dragged to Hell.[14] Films Jason made his first appearance in the original Friday the 13th, not as the film's killer, but as a memory of his mother, Mrs. Voorhees (Betsy Palmer), and a hallucination of Alice's (Adrienne King). Though the character is never truly seen, he propels the film's plot, as Mrs. Voorhees, the cook at Camp Crystal Lake, seeks revenge for his death, for which she blames the camp counselors.[6] Jason's second appearance was in the sequel, Friday the 13th Part 2 (1981). Jason's death as a boy is retconned in this film, and he exacts revenge on the girl who decapitated his mother. Jason (Steve Daskewisz) returns to Crystal Lake, guarding it from all intruders. Five years later, a group of teenagers arrive to set up a new camp, only to be murdered one by one by Jason. Ginny Field (Amy Steel), the lone survivor, finds a cabin in the woods with a shrine built around the severed head of Mrs. Voorhees, and surrounded by mutilated corpses. Ginny fights back, and slams a machete through Jason's shoulder. Jason is left for dead as Ginny is taken away in an ambulance.[7] In Friday the 13th Part 3 (1982), Jason (Richard Brooker) escapes to a nearby lake resort, Higgins Haven, to rest from his wounds. At the same time, Chris Higgins (Dana Kimmell) returns to the property with some friends. An unmasked and reclusive Jason kills anyone who wanders into the barn where he is hiding. Taking a hockey mask from a victim to hide his face, he leaves the barn to kill the rest of the group. Chris fends off Jason by slamming an axe into his head, but the night's events drive her into hysteria as the police take her away.[8] Friday the 13th: The Final Chapter (1984) continues the story, with a presumed-dead Jason (Ted White) found by the police and taken to the morgue. Once delivered to the Wessex County morgue, Jason awakens and kills an attendant and a nurse, and makes his way back to Crystal Lake. A group of friends renting a house there fall victim to Jason's rampage. Jason then seeks out Trish and Tommy Jarvis (Corey Feldman) next door. While Trish distracts Jason, Tommy evidently kills him.[9] His appearance in Friday the 13th: A New Beginning (1985) was short lived. Tommy Jarvis (John Shepherd) was committed to a mental hospital after the events of The Final Chapter, and has grown up constantly afraid that Jason (Tom Morga) 2 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jason X (2002) marked Kane Hodder's last performance as Jason as of 2009. The film takes place in the future, where Jason has again been resurrected, without explanation. He is being held and experimented upon in a research facility, where it has been determined that he has regenerative capabilities and that cryonic suspension is the only possible solution to stop him, since he cannot be killed. Jason escapes, killing all but one of his captors, and slices through the cryo-chamber, spilling cryonics fluid into the room, freezing himself and the only other survivor, Rowan (Lexa Doig). A team of students 445 years later discover Jason's body. On the team's spacecraft, Jason thaws from his cryonic suspension and begins killing the crew. Along the way, he is enhanced by a regenerative nanotechnology process, which gives him an impenetrable metal body. He is eventually blown into space, landing on Earth 2.[15] Freddy vs. Jason (2003) is a crossover in which present-day Jason battles A Nightmare On Elm Street's villain Freddy Krueger (Robert Englund), a supernatural killer who murders people in their dreams. Krueger has grown weak, as people in Springwood, his home, have suppressed their fear of him. Freddy, who is impersonating Pamela Voorhees, sends Jason (Ken Kirzinger) to Springwood to cause panic and fear. Jason accomplishes this, but refuses to stop killing. A battle ensues in both the dream-world and Crystal Lake. The winner is left ambiguous, as Jason surfaces from the lake holding Freddy's severed head, which winks and laughs.[16] In the 2009 film, Jason witnesses his mother's beheading as a child and follows in her footsteps, killing anyone who comes to Crystal Lake. Jason kidnaps a girl who looks like his mother, and her brother comes to Crystal Lake searching for her. Eventually, Jason's devotion to his mother is used against him by the girl, who stabs him with his own machete while he is distracted.[17] Jason Voorhees and immediately rushes back to the house. When she opens the door, Jason is standing there with a machete, and he proceeds to decapitate her.[19] Jason would not appear in literature again, until the 1986 novelization of Jason Lives by Simon Hawke,[20] who also adapted the first three films in 1987 and 1988.[21][22][23] Jason Lives specifically introduced Elias Voorhees, Jason's father, who was slated to appear in the film but was cut by the studio. In the novel, instead of being cremated, Elias has Jason buried after his death.[24] Jason vs. Leatherface and Friday the 13th: Hate-Kill-Repeat released in 1995 and 2005 (respectively), expanded on Jason Voorhees. Jason made his comic book debut in the 1993 adaptation of Jason Goes to Hell, written by Andy Mangels. The three-issue series was a condensed version of the film, with a few added scenes that were never shot.[25] Jason also made his first appearance outside of the direct adaptations in Satan's Six #4, published in 1993, which is a continuation of the events of Jason Goes to Hell.[26] In 1995, Nancy A. Collins wrote a 3 issue, non-canonical miniseries involving a crossover between Jason and Leatherface. The story involves Jason stowing away aboard a train, after being released from Crystal Lake when the area is drained due to heavy toxic waste dumping. Jason meets Leatherface, who adopts him into his family after the two become friends. Eventually, they turn on each other.[27] In 1994, four young adult novels were released under the title of Friday the 13th. They did not feature Jason explicitly, but revolve around people becoming possessed by Jason once they put on his mask.[28][29][30][31] Literature Jason first appeared outside of film in the 1982 novelization of Friday the 13th Part 3 by Michael Avallone.[18] Avallone chose to use an alternate ending, which was filmed for Part 3 but never used, as the ending for his 1982 adaptation. In the alternate film ending, Chris, who is in the canoe, hears Rick's voice 3 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia In 2003 and 2005, Black Flame published novelizations of Freddy vs. Jason and Jason X respectively.[32][33] In 2005, they began publishing a new series of novels; one set was published under the Jason X title, while the second set utilized the Friday the 13th title. The Jason X series consisted of four sequels to the novelization of the film. Jason X: The Experiment was the first published. In this novel, Jason is being used by the government, who are trying to use his indestructibility to create their own army of "super soldiers".[34] Planet of the Beast follows the efforts of Dr. Bardox and his crew as they try to clone the body of a comatose Jason, and their efforts to stay alive when Jason wakes from his coma.[35] Death Moon revolves around Jason crash-landing at Moon Camp Americana.[36] A clone of Jason is discovered below a prison site, and unknowingly awakened in To The Third Power. Jason also has a son in this book, conceived through a form of artificial insemination.[37] On May 13, 2005, Avatar Press began releasing new Friday the 13th comics. The first, titled Friday the 13th, was written by Brian Pulido and illustrated by Mike Wolfer and Greg Waller. The story takes place after the events of Freddy vs. Jason, where siblings Miles and Laura Upland have inherited Camp Crystal Lake. Knowing that Jason caused the recent destruction, Laura, unknown to her brother, sets out to kill Jason using a paramilitary group, so that she and her brother can sell the property.[38] A three-issue mini series titled Friday the 13th: Bloodbath was released in September 2005. Written by Brian Pulido and illustrated by Mike Wolfer and Andrew Dalhouse. the story involves a group of teenagers who come from Camp Tomorrow, a camp that sits on Crystal Lake, for work and a "party-filled weekend". The teenagers begin to discover they share common family backgrounds, and soon awaken Jason who proceeds to hunt them.[39] Brian Pulido returned for a third time in October 2005 to write Jason X. Picking up after the events of the Jason X film, Über-Jason is now on Earth II where a biological-engineer, Kristen, attempts to subdue Jason, in hopes that she can use his regenerative tissue to save her own life and the life of those she loves.[40] In February 2006, Avatar published Friday the 13th: Jason vs. Jason X. Written and illustrated by Mike Wolfer, the story takes place after the events of the film Jason X, where a Jason Voorhees salvage team discovers the spaceship Grendel and awakens a regenerated Jason Voorhees. The "original" Jason and ÜberJason are drawn to each other resulting in a battle to the death.[41] In June 2006, a oneshot comic entitled Friday the 13th: Fearbook was released, written by Mike Wolfer with art by Sebastian Fiumara. The comic has Jason being captured and experimented upon by the Trent Organization; Jason escapes and seeks out Violet, the survivor of Friday the 13th: Bloodbath, who is being contained by the Trent Organization in their Crystal Lake headquarters.[42] The Friday the 13th novella storyline was not connected to the Jason X series, and did not continue the stories set forth by the films, but furthered the character of Jason in its own way. Friday the 13th: Church of the Divine Psychopath has Jason resurrected by a religious cult.[43] Jason is stuck in Hell, when recently executed serial killer Wayne Sanchez persuades Jason to help him return to Earth in Friday the 13th: Hell Lake.[44] In Hate-Kill-Repeat, two religious serial killers attempt to find Jason at Crystal Lake, believing that the three of them share the same contempt for those that break the moral code.[45] The Jason Strain puts Jason on an island with a group of convicts, placed there by television executives running a reality game show.[46] The character of Pamela Voorhees returns from the grave in Carnival of Maniacs. Pamela is in search of Jason, who is now part of a traveling sideshow and about to be auctioned off to the highest bidder.[47] In December 2006, DC Comics imprint Wildstorm began publishing new comic books about Jason Voorhees under the Friday the 13th moniker. The first set was a six-issue miniseries. The miniseries involves Jason's return to Camp Crystal Lake, which is being renovated by a group teenagers in preparation for its reopening as a tourist attraction. The series depicts various paranormal phenomena occurring at Crystal Lake, and also states that Jason's actions are driven by the vengeful spirits of a Native American tribe wiped out on the lake by fur traders sometime in the 1800s.[48][49] On July 11 and August 15, 2007, Wildstorm published a two part special entitled Friday the 13th: Pamela's Tale. The two issue comic book covers Pamela Voorhees' journey to Camp Crystal Lake and the story of her pregnancy with Jason as she recounts it to hitchhiker Annie, 4 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia a camp counselor who was killed in the original film.[50] Wildstorm released another two-part special, entitled Friday the 13th: How I Spent My Summer Vacation, that were released on September 12 and October 10, 2007. The comic book provides new insight into the psychology of Jason Voorhees, as he befriends a boy born with a skull deformity.[51] Wildstorm has planned a six issue series called Freddy vs. Jason vs. Ash, starring the two killers and Ash from the Evil Dead series. The story focuses on Freddy using the Necronomicon, which is in the Voorhees' basement, to escape from Jason's subconscious and "gain powers unlike anything he's had before". Freddy attempts to use Jason to retrieve the book, stating it will make him a real boy. Ash, who is working at the local S-Mart in Crystal Lake, learns of the books existence and sets out to destroy it once and for all.[52] Wildstorm released another two-issue miniseries on January 9 and February 13, 2008, titled Friday the 13th: Bad Land, written and illustrated by Ron Marz and Mike Huddleston respectively. The miniseries features Jason stalking a trio of teenaged hikers taking shelter from a blizzard in Camp Crystal Lake. [53] Jason Voorhees was a "creepy-sounding name", which was perfect for his character.[54] Miller initially wrote Jason as a normal looking child, but the crew behind the film decided he needed to be deformed. Victor Miller explained Jason wasn't meant to be a creature from the "Black Lagoon" in his script, and scripted Jason as a mentally disabled young boy; it was Savini who made Jason deformed.[55] Ron Kurz confirmed that Miller's version of Jason was that of a normal child, but claims that it was his idea to turn Jason into a "mongoloid creature", and have him "jump out of the lake at the end of the film".[54] Miller later agreed the ending would not have been as good if he looked like "Betsy Palmer at eight years old".[56] Miller wrote a scene where Alice is attacked in a canoe by Jason, and then she wakes up in a hospital bed. Miller's intention was to get as close to Carrie's ending as possible.[55] Savini believed having Jason pop out of the lake would be psychologically disturbing to the audience, and since Alice is supposed to be dreaming, the crew could get away with adding anything they wanted.[55] When it came time to cast the role of Jason, Ari Lehman, who had received a part in Sean Cunningham's Manny's Orphans,[57] arrived to read for the character of Jack. Before he could get started, Cunningham walked in and handed him a new part. Without having read a single word, Cunningham just looked at Ari and said, "You're the right size, you've got it."[55] In the original Friday the 13th, Ari Lehman is seen only in a brief flashback as the surprise ending.[58] He is not the only actor to portray a young Jason, Timothy Burr Mirkovich played the same part in Jason Takes Manhattan, and Spencer Stump in Freddy vs. Jason, but Lehman was the first. The adult role of Jason Voorhees has been played by various actors, some not credited, others taking great pride in their parts. Due to the physical demands the adult character requires, and the lack of emotional depth depicted, many of the actors since have been stuntmen. The most well known among them is Kane Hodder, who is cited as the best to take up the role.[3][4] Many ideas were suggested for the sequel to Friday the 13th, including making the title part of a serialized franchise, where each succeeding film would be its own story and not related to any previous film under the Friday the 13th moniker.[58] It was Phil Concept and creation Creating a monster Tom Savini applies make-up to Ari Lehman, creating his vision of Jason Voorhees. Initially created by Victor Miller, Jason's final design was a combined effort by Miller, Ron Kurz, and Tom Savini.[54] The name "Jason" is a combination of "Josh" and "Ian", Miller's two sons, and "Voorhees" was inspired by a girl that Miller knew at high school, whose last name was Van Voorhees. Miller felt it 5 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Scuderi, one of the producers for the original film, which suggested bringing Jason back for the sequel. The director Steve Miner felt it was the obvious direction to take the series, as he felt the audience wanted to know more about the child who attacked Alice in the lake. Miner decided to pretend as if Alice did not see the "real Jason" in her dream, and Jason had survived his drowning as a boy and grown up.[58] After killing Jason in The Final Chapter, it was the director Joseph Zito's intention to leave the door open for the studio to make more films with Tommy Jarvis as the main antagonist. Screenwriter Barney Cohen felt Jarvis would become a substitute for Jason, but the idea was never fully developed in A New Beginning.[59] Director and coscreenwriter Danny Steinmann disliked the idea of Jason not being the killer, but decided to use Tommy's fear of Jason as the primary story.[59] This idea was immediately abandoned in Jason Lives, when A New Beginning did not spark the "creative success" the studio was looking for. Executive producer Frank Mancuso, Jr. wanted to bring Jason back, and he did not care how it was achieved.[60] Since A New Beginning, no sequel has attempted to replace Jason as the main antagonist. Miller, who has not seen any of the sequels, took issue with all of them because they made Jason the villain. Miller believes the best part of his screenplay was that it was about a mother avenging the senseless death of her son. Miller stated, "Jason was dead from the very beginning; he was a victim, not a villain."[61] Jason Voorhees Gillette could not perform the stunts necessary, so the stunt coordinator Cliff Cudney brought in Steve Daskawisz.[64] Daskawisz filmed all of the scenes except the opening sequence, and the unmasking shot at the end; Gillette returned for the unmasking scenes. Gillette received the credit for playing Jason, while Daskawisz was given credit as the stunt double. When Part 3 was released the following year, Daskawisz was credited as Jason for the reused footage from the climax of the film.[8] Initially, Daskawisz was asked to return to the role for Part 3, but it would have required him to pay for his own transportation and housing during filming. Having secured a part on Guiding Light, Daskawisz passed on the role.[64] Now wanting a "bigger and stronger-looking" Jason, one that was also "more athletic and powerful", Steve Miner hired former trapeze artist Richard Brooker. After a simple conversation, Miner decided he was the right person for the job. Being new to the country, Brooker believed that "playing a psychopathic killer" was the best way into the movie business. Brooker became the first actor to wear Jason's now signature hockey mask. According to Brooker, "It felt great with the mask on. It just felt like I really was Jason because I didn't have anything to wear before that."[65] For The Final Chapter, Joseph Zito brought his own spin to the character, one that required a "real hardcore stuntman"; Ted White was hired to perform the role.[66] White, who only took the job for the money, did "get into the Jason psychology" when he arrived on the set. White went so far as to not speak to any of the other actors for long stretches.[66] As filming continued, White's experience was not pleasant, and in one instance, he went to battle for co-star Judie Aronson, who played Samantha, when the director kept her naked in the lake for extended periods of time. Displeased with his experience from filming, White removed his name from the credits.[67] As with Friday the 13th Part 2, there was confusion over who performed the role in A New Beginning, partly due to the fact that Jason is not the literal antagonist in the film. When Ted White turned down the opportunity to return, Dick Wieand was cast.[68] Wieand is credited as Roy Burns, the film's actual murderer, but it was stuntman Tom Morga who performed in the few flashes of Men behind the mask "... So I go from lead role to no role. Needless to say, I was disappointed. But I said, 'What the hell?'" ——Steve Daskawisz on losing screen credit[62] Jason Voorhees went from deceased child to full grown man for Friday the 13th Part 2, and Warrington Gillette was hired to play the role. Gillette auditioned for the role of Paul; the role eventually went to John Furey. Under the belief that he had attended the Hollywood Stuntman's School, Gillette was offered the role of Jason Voorhees.[62] Initially Gillette was unsure about the character, but the idea of starring in his first movie grew on Gillette,[63] and he also thought the role was amusing.[62] It became apparent 6 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jason, as well as portraying Roy in almost all of the masked scenes.[69] Wieand has been outspoken about his lack of enthusiasm over his role in the film. Feeling alienated during the shoot, Wieand spent most of his time in his trailer.[69] By comparison, Morga enjoyed his time as Jason, making sure he "really got into the character".[68] "It's like all of a sudden you get to put a baseball uniform on, and you're the pitcher in the ninth inning of the World Series. It's an incredible feeling." ——C.J. Graham on his experience as Jason[70] A nightclub manager in Glendale, C.J. Graham went into interview for the role of Jason in Jason Lives, but was initially passed over because he had no experience as a stuntman.[70] Dan Bradley was hired, but Paramount executives felt Bradley did not have the right physique to play the role, and Graham was hired to replace him.[71] Although Bradley was replaced early during filming, he can still be seen in the paintball sequence of the film.[24] Graham opted to perform most of his own stunts, including the scene where Jason is caught on fire while battling Tommy in the lake.[71] The rest of the cast spoke highly of Graham, remarking that he never complained during all the uncomfortable situations he was placed in.[70] Graham had no intention of being an actor, or a stuntman, but the idea of playing the "bad guy", who gets to wear prosthetics, intrigued him. Graham was not brought back to reprise the role, but has often been cited as speaking highly of his time in the part. Kane Hodder took over the role in The New Blood which he carried consecutively for a total of four films. He previously worked alongside John Carl Buechler, the director, on a film called Prison. Based on his experience working with Hodder, Buechler petitioned Frank Mancuso Jr. to hire him, but Mancuso was apprehensive about Hodder's limited size. Knowing he planned to use full body prosthetics, Buechler scheduled a test screening, the first in Friday the 13th history for the character, and Mancuso immediately gave Hodder approval upon seeing him.[72] It is Buechler's contention that Hodder gave Jason his first true personality, based on the emotions, namely the rage, that Hodder would emit while acting the part.[72] According to Hodder, he wanted to "get in touch Jason Voorhees with Jason's thirst for revenge", and try to better understand his motivation to kill.[73] For the character's movements, Hodder decided, after viewing the previous films, that he would approach Jason as a more "quick and agile" individual than he had seen in the previous sequels.[73] John Carl Buechler felt that Kane had "natural affinity for the role", so much that Kane's appearance, when wearing the mask, would often terrify the cast, crew, and in one incident a lone stranger that he came across on his walk back to his trailer.[73] Initially, Frank Mancuso Jr. and Barbara Sachs planned to use a Canadian stuntperson for Jason Takes Manhattan. Hodder acted as his own voice, calling and requesting that he be allowed to reprise the role; the ultimate decision was left to director Rob Hedden, who intended to use Hodder, because he felt Hodder knew the lore of the series.[74] With Sean Cunningham's return as producer for Jason Goes to Hell, Hodder felt his chances of reprising the role were even better. Hodder had worked as Cunningham's stunt coordinator for years, not to mention having already played the character in the previous two films.[75] Regardless, Adam Marcus, the director for Jason Goes to Hell, always had the intention of hiring Hodder for the role.[75] Jason X would mark Hodder's last performance as Jason, to date. Todd Farmer, who wrote the screenplay for Jason X, knew Hodder would play Jason from the beginning. Jim Isaac was a fan of Hodder's work on the previous films, so hiring him came easy.[76] New Line believed Freddy vs. Jason needed a fresh start, and choose a new actor for Jason. Cunningham disagreed with their decision, believing Hodder was the best choice for the role.[77] Hodder did receive the script for Freddy vs. Jason, and had a meeting with director Ronny Yu and New Line executives, but Matthew Barry and Yu felt the role should be recast to fit Yu's image of Jason.[77] According to Hodder, New Line failed to provide him with a reason for the recasting, but Yu has explained he wanted a slower, more deliberate Jason, and less of the aggressive movements that Hodder had used in the previous films.[78] Yu and development executive Jeff Katz recognized the outcry among fans over the replacement of Hodder as Jason, but stood by their choice in recasting.[77] The role eventually went to Ken Kirzinger, a Canadian stuntperson who 7 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia worked on Jason Takes Manhattan. There are conflicting reports over the reason Kirzinger was cast. According to Yu, Kirzinger was hired because he was taller than Robert Englund, the actor who portrays Freddy Krueger. Kirzinger stands 6' 5", compared to the 6' 3" of Kane Hodder, and Yu wanted a much larger actor to tower over the 5' 10" Englund. Kirzinger believes his experience on Part VIII helped him land the part, as Kirzinger doubled for Hodder on two scenes for the film,[77] but also believes he was simply sized up and handed the job.[78] Although he was hired by the crew, New Line did not officially cast Kirzinger until first seeing him on film. Kirzinger's first scene was Jason walking down Elm Street. New Line wanted a specific movement in Jason's walk; Kirzinger met their expectations and signed a contract with the studio.[77] Stuntman Derek Mears was hired to portray Jason Voorhees at the recommendation of makeup special effects supervisor Scott Stoddard.[79] Mears's pleasant demeanor had the studio worried about his ability to portray such a menacing character on screen, but Mears assured them that he was up to the role.[80] When Mears went in to audition for the role he was asked why they should hire an actor over just another guy in a mask. As Mears explained, portraying Jason is similar to Greek Mask Work, where the mask and the actor are two separate entities, and, based on the scene, you will get variate combinations of mask and actor in the performance.[81] Jason Voorhees For Part 2, Steve Miner asked Carl Fullerton, the make-up effects supervisor, to stick to Savini's original design, but Fullerton only had a day to design and sculpt a new head. Fullerton drew a rough sketch of what he believed Jason should look like, and had it approved by Miner.[62] Fullerton added long hair to the character. Gillette had to spend hours in a chair as they applied rubber forms all over his face, keeping one eye closed while the "droopy eye" application was in place. Gillette's eye was closed for twelve hours at a time while he was filming the final scenes of the film. False teeth, created by a local dentist, were used to distort Gillette's face.[62] Much of the basic concept of Fullerton's design went away with Part 3. Miner wanted to use a combination of the designs from Tom Savini and Carl Fullerton, but as work progressed it began to lean more and more toward Savini's concept.[82] Stan Winston was hired to create a design for Jason's head, but the eyes were level and Doug White, the make-up artist for Part 3, needed a droopy right eye. White did keep Winston's design for the back of the head, because the crew did not have the time to design an entirely new head for Jason.[82] The process of creating Jason's look was hard work for White, who had to constantly make alterations to Richard Brooker's face, even up to the last day of filming.[82] Design The physical design of Jason Voorhees has gone through many subtle or radical changes. For Friday the 13th, the task of coming up with Jason's appearance was the responsibility of Tom Savini, whose design for Jason was inspired by someone Savini knew as a child, whose eyes and ears did not line up straight.[55] The original design called for Jason to have hair, but Savini and his crew opted to make him bald,[54] so he would look like a "hydrocephalic, mongoloid pinhead", with a dome-shaped head.[55] Savini created a plaster mold of Ari Lehman's head, and used that to create prosthetics for his face.[54] Lehman personally added mud, from the bottom of the lake, all over his body to make himself appear "really slimy."[54] Jason's original hockey mask was molded from a 1950s Detroit Red Wings hockey mask, and would become a staple for the character for the rest of the series. The script for Part 3 called for Jason to wear a mask to cover his face, having worn a bag over his head in Part 2; what no one knew at the time was that the mask chosen 8 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia would become a trademark for the character, and one instantly recognizable in popular culture in the years to come.[5] During production, Steve Miner called for a lighting check, but none of the effects crew wanted to apply any make-up for the light check, so they decided to just throw a mask on Brooker. Martin Jay Sadoff, the film's 3D effects supervisor, kept a bag with him full of hockey gear, as he was a hockey fan, and he pulled out a Detroit Red Wings goaltender mask for the test.[83] Miner loved the mask, but during test shots it was too small. Using a substance called VacuForm, Doug White enlarged the mask and created a new mold to work with. After White finished the molds, Terry Ballard placed the new red triangles on the mask to give it a unique appearance. Holes would be punched into the mask, and the markings were altered, making it different from Sadoff's mask.[83] There were two prosthetic face masks created for Richard Brooker to wear underneath the hockey mask. One mask was composed of approximately 11 different appliances, and took about 6 hours to apply to Brooker's face; this mask was used for scenes where the hockey mask was removed. In the scenes where the hockey mask is over the face, a simple head mask was created. This once piece mask would simply slip on over Brooker's head, exposing his face but not the rest of his head.[83] Tom Savini returned to make-up duties for The Final Chapter. He agreed to return because he felt he should be the one to bring Jason full circle in terms of his look from child to man.[84] Savini used his design from the original Friday the 13th, with the same practice of application as before, just molded from Ted White's face. Since Jason is not the actual killer in A New Beginning, it wasn't necessary to do any major designing for Jason's look. Only a head mask to cover the top and back of the head, like the one Brooker wore while wearing the hockey mask, was needed for the film. Make-up artist Louis Lazzara, who cites A New Beginning as almost a direct sequel to The Final Chapter, did base his head-mask on Tom Savini's design for The Final Chapter.[85] Friday the 13th Part VII: The New Blood sought to make Jason more of a "classic monster along the lines of Frankenstein."[86] From the beginning, Buechler tried to tie the previous films together by having Jason's appearance reflect that of the damage he Jason Voorhees received in the previous installments. Buechler wanted the motor boat damage from Jason Lives, and the axe and machete cuts Jason received in Part 3 and Part 4 to part of the design for The New Blood.[72] Since Jason had been submerged under water in the previous entry, the effects team wanted Jason to appear "rotted", with bones and ribs showing, and for Jason's features to have a more defined feel to them.[86] Howard Berger was inspired by Carl Fullerton's design in The New Blood, and wanted to incorporate the exposed flesh concept more into his model for Jason Goes to Hell. Berger designed Jason's skin to overlap with the mask, to make it appear as if they had fused and he could no longer remove his mask.[75] Gregory Nicotero and Berger sculpted a fullbody, foam latex suit to be worn under the costume by Kane Hodder. The idea was to reveal as much of Jason's skin as possible, because Nicotero and Berger knew the physical character would not be seen for most of the film.[75] Original concept drawings for "Über-Jason", by makeup effects supervisor Stephan Dupuis, took months to plan. Dupuis sculpted a small-scale version of the new design to show off to the filmmakers, before finally taking mold castings of Kane Hodder.[76]. Stephen Dupuis was given the task of redesigning Jason for the tenth Friday the 13th film. One concept brought into the film was Jason's regenerative abilities.[15] Dupuis gave the character more hair, and more of a natural flesh appearance, to illustrate the constant regeneration the character goes through; Dupuis wanted a more "gothic" design for Jason, so he added chains and shackles, and made the hockey mask more angular.[76] Jim Isaac, and the rest of his 9 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia crew, wanted to create an entirely new Jason at some point in the film. The idea was for the teens to completely destroy Jason's body, allowing the futuristic technology to bring him back to life.[76] What was referred to as Über-Jason was designed to have chunks of metal growing from his body, bonded by tendrils that grew into the metal, all pushing through a leather suit. The metal was created from VacuForm, the same material used to increase the size of the original hockey mask, and was attached by Velcro. The tendrils were made from silicone. All of the pieces were crafted onto one suit, including an entire head piece, which Hodder wore. The make-up effects team added zippers along the side of the suit, which allowed Hodder to enter and exit the suit within 15 minutes.[76] By the time Freddy vs. Jason entered production there had been ten previous Friday the 13th films. Make-up effects artist Terezakis wanted his own mark on Jason's look. Terezakis wanted Jason to be less rotted and decomposed, and more defined so that the audience would see a new Jason, but still recognized the face. Terezakis tried to keep continuity with the previous films, but recognized that had he followed them too literally, then "Jason would have been reduced to a pile of goo."[77] Ronny Yu wanted everything surrounding the hockey mask to act as a frame, making the mask the focal point of each shot. To achieve this, Terezakis created a "pooled-blood look" for the character, by painting the skin black, based on the idea the blood had pooled in the back of his head, because he had been lying on his back for a long time. As with other make-up artists before him, Terezakis followed Savini's original skull design, and aged it appropriately.[77] For the 2009 Friday the 13th, effects artist Scott Stoddard took inspiration from Carl Fullerton's design in Friday the 13th Part 2 and Tom Savini's work in Friday the 13th: The Final Chapter. Stoddard wanted to make sure that Jason still appeared human, and not some monster. Stoddard's vision of Jason includes hair loss, skin rashes, and the traditional deformities in his face, but he attempted to craft Jason's look in a way that would allow for a more human side to be seen.[80] Stoddard took inspiration from the third and fourth films when designing Jason's hockey mask. The make-up artist managed to get his hands on an original set piece, which he studied and later sculpted. Although he Jason Voorhees had a sculpt of one of the original masks, Stoddard did not want to replicate the entire thing one hundred percent. As Stoddard explains, "Because I didn't want to take something that already existed, there were things I thought were great, but there were things I wanted to change a bit. Make it custom, but keep all the fundamental designs. Especially the markings on the forehead and cheeks. Age them down a bit, break them up." In the end, Stoddard crafted six versions of the mask, each with varying degrees of wear.[80] Characteristics In his original appearance, Jason was scripted as a mentally disabled young boy.[55] Since Friday the 13th, Jason Voorhees has been depicted as a non-verbal, indestructible, machete-wielding mass murderer.[87][88] With the exception of flashbacks of Jason drowning as a child, and a brief scene in Jason Goes To Hell where his spirit is possessing another body, the character has never spoken in any of the sequels to the original Friday the 13th. Online magazine Salon's Andrew O'Hehir describes Jason as a "silent, expressionless...blank slate."[89] When discussing Jason psychologically, Sean S. Cunningham stated, "...he doesn't have any personality. He's like a great white shark. You can't really defeat him. All you can hope for is to survive."[90] Since Friday the 13th Part VI: Jason Lives, Jason has been a "virtually indestructible" being. Tom McLoughlin, the film's director, felt it was silly that Jason had previously been just another guy in a mask, who would kill people left and right, but get "beaten up and knocked down by the heroine at the end." McLoughlin wanted Jason to be more of a "formidable, unstoppable monster."[24] Many have given suggestions as Jason's motivation for killing. Ken Kirzinger refers to Jason as a "psychotic mama's boy gone horribly awry...Very resilient. You can't kill him, but he feels pain, just not like everyone else."[91] Kirzinger goes on to say to Jason is a "psycho-savant", and believes his actions are based on pleasing his mother, and not anything personal.[77] Andrew O'Hehir has stated, "Coursing hormones act, of course, as smelling salts to prudish Jason, that ever-vigilant enforcer of William Bennett-style values."[89] Todd Farmer, writer for Jason X, 10 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia wrote the scene where Jason wakes from cryonic hibernation just as two of the teenagers are having sex. Farmer liked the idea that sex acts triggered Jason back to life.[76] Whatever his motivations, Kane Hodder believes there is a limit to what he will do. According to Hodder, Jason might violently murder any person he comes across, but when Jason Takes Manhattan called for Hodder to kick the lead character's dog, Hodder refused. When it comes to hurting a dog, Hodder believes Jason would not act with disregard.[92] In an early draft of Freddy vs. Jason, it was decided that one of the villains needed a redeemable factor. Ronald D. Moore, cowriter of the first draft, explained that Jason was the easiest to make redeemable, because no one had ventured into the psychology surrounding the character prior. Moore saw the character as a "blank slate", and felt he was a character the audience could really root for.[93] Another draft, penned by Mark Protosevich, followed Moore's idea of Jason having a redeemable quality. In the draft, Jason protects a student named Rachel Daniels and her unborn child. Protosevich explained, "It gets into this whole idea of there being two kinds of monsters. Freddy is a figure of actual pure evil and Jason is more like a figure of vengeance who punishes people he feels don't deserve to live. Ultimately, the two of them clash and Jason becomes an honorable monster."[93] Writers Damian Shannon and Mark Swift, who wrote the final draft of the film, disagreed about making Jason a hero; although they drew comparisons between the fact that Freddy was a victimizer and Jason was a victim. They stated, "We did not want to make Jason any less scary. He's still a brutal killer... We never wanted to put them in a situation where Jason is a hero... They're both villains to be equally feared."[93] Brenna O'Brien, co-founder of Fridaythe13thfilms.com, saw the character as having sympathetic qualities. She stated, "[Jason] was a deformed child who almost drowned and then spent the rest of his childhood growing up alone in the woods. He saw his mother get murdered by a camp counselor in the first Friday the 13th, and so now he exacts his revenge on anyone who returns to Camp Crystal Lake. Teenage fans can identify with that sense of rejection and isolation, which you can't really get from other killers like Freddy Krueger and Michael Myers."[5] Jason Voorhees As Jason went through some characterization changes in the 2009 film, Derek Mears likens him more to a combination of John Rambo, Tarzan and the Abominable Snowman from Looney Tunes. To him, this Jason is similar to Rambo because he sets up the other characters to fall into his traps. Like Rambo, he is more calculated because he feels that he has been wronged and he is fighting back, and is meant to be more sympathetic in this film.[94] That being said, Fuller and Form contend that they did not want to make Jason too sympathetic to the audience. As Brad Fuller explains, "We do not want him to be sympathetic. Jason is not a comedic character, he is not sympathetic. He's a killing machine. Plain and simple."[95] California State University's Media Psychology Lab surveyed 1,166 people Americans aged from 16 to 91 on the psychological appeal of movie monsters. Many of the characteristics associated with Jason Voorhees were appealing to the participants. In the survey, Jason was considered to be an "unstoppable killing machine." Participants were impressed by the "cornicopic feats of slicing and dicing a seemingly endless number of adolescents and the occasional adult." Out of the ten monsters used in the survey—which included Vampires, Freddy Krueger, Frankenstein's monster, Michael Myers, Godzilla, Chucky, Hannibal Lecter, King Kong, and the Alien—Jason scored the highest in all the categories involving killing variables. Further characteristics that appealed to the participants included Jason's "immortality, his apparent enjoyment of killing [and] his superhuman strength."[96] In popular culture Jason Voorhees has been established as one of the leading cultural icons of American popular culture.[96][97][98] In 1992, Jason was awarded the MTV Lifetime Achievement Award.[99] He was the first of only three completely fictional characters to be given the award. Godzilla, in 1996, and Chewbacca, in 1997, are the other two.[100][101] Jason was named #26 in Wizard magazine's 100 greatest villains of all time.[102] Universal Studios theme parks, in collaboration with New Line Cinema, used the character for their Halloween Horror Nights event.[103] The character has been produced and marketed under various merchandizes over 11 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jason Voorhees battling various enemies throughout the game.[109] On October 13, 2006, a Friday the 13th game was released for mobile phones. The game puts the user in the persona of Jason as he battles the undead.[110] The character has been referenced, or made cameo appearances in various entertainment mediums. Outside of literature sources based on the character, Jason has been featured in a variety of magazines and comic strips. Cracked magazine has released several issues featuring parodies of Jason, as well as being featured on two of their covers.[102] Mad magazine has featured the character in almost a dozen stories. He's appeared twice in the comic strip Mother Goose and Grimm.[102] Inspired by his own experience, Ari Lehman founded a band called FIRSTJASON. Lehman's band is classified as horror punk, being influenced by the sounds of the Dead Kennedys and The Misfits.[111] The band's name pays homage to Lehman's portrayal of Jason Voorhees in the original Friday the 13th. One of the band's songs is entitled, "Jason is watching".[112] "...Shit, half the shit I say, I just make it up To make you mad, so kiss my white naked ass And if it's not a rapper that I'll make it as I'mma be a fuckin' rapist in a Jason mask." ——Final verse to Eminem's "Criminal"[113] In 1986, coinciding with the release of Jason Lives, Alice Cooper released "He's Back (The Man Behind the Mask)" from his album Constrictor. The song was written to "signal Jason's big return" to the cinema, having been almost entirely absent in the previous film.[114] Rapper Eminem has referenced Jason in several of his songs. The song "Criminal", from the album The Marshall Mathers LP, mentions Jason specifically, while songs "Amityville" and "Off the Wall"—the latter featured fellow rapper Redman—contain Harry Manfredini's music "ki,ki,ki...ma,ma,ma" from the film series.[115] Eminem will sometimes wear a hockey mask during concerts.[116] Other rap artists that have referenced Jason include Tupac Shakur, Dr. Dre, and LL Cool J.[115] VH1 issued an advertisement for their Vogue Fashion Awards which was labeled "Friday the 20th", and featured Jason's mask created out of rhinestone.[117] Jason has been referenced or parodied in films and television shows.[118][119] In the In 1988, Screamin' toys introduced the buildit yourself Jason figure. the years. In 1988, Screamin' toys produced a model kit where you could build your own Jason statuette. The kit required the owner to cut and paint various parts in order to assemble the figure.[104] Six years later, Screamin' toys issued a new model kit for Jason Goes to Hell. Both kits are now out of production.[105] McFarlane Toys released two toy lines, one in 1998 and the other in 2002. The first was a figure of Jason from Jason Goes to Hell,[106] and the other was of Über-Jason from Jason X.[107] Since McFarlane's last line in 2002, there has been a steady production of action figures, dolls, and statuettes. These include tie-ins with the film Freddy vs. Jason (2003).[108] Jason has made an appearance in two video games. His first appearance was in 1989, when LJN, an American game company known for its games based on popular movies in the 80s and early 90s, released Friday the 13th on the Nintendo Entertainment System. The premise involved the gamer, who picks one of six camp counselors as their player, trying to save the campers from Jason, while 12 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia film Scream, directed by Freddy Krueger creator Wes Craven, actress Drew Barrymore's character is being stalked by a killer, who calls her on her home phone. In order to survive, she must answer the man's trivia questions. One question is, "name the killer in Friday the 13th." She incorrectly guesses Jason, who did not become the killer for the franchise until Part 2. Writer Kevin Williamson claimed his inspiration for this scene came when he asked this question in a bar while a group was playing a movie trivia quiz game. He received a free drink, because nobody could get the answer right.[120] In another Wes Craven film, Cursed, a wax sculpture of Jason, from Jason Goes to Hell, can be seen in a wax museum.[121] The stop motion animated television show Robot Chicken features Jason in three of its comedy sketches. In episode seventeen, "Operation: Rich in Spirit", the mystery-solving teenagers from Scooby-Doo arrive at Camp Crystal Lake to investigate the Jason Voorhees murders, and are killed off one-byone. Velma is the only survivor, and in typical Scooby-Doo fashion, rips off Jason's mask to reveal his true identity: Old Man Phillips.[122] In episode nineteen, "That Hurts Me", Jason reappears, this time a housemate of "Horror Movie Big Brother", alongside other famous slasher movie killers such as Michael Myers, Freddy Krueger, Leatherface, Pinhead and Ghostface.[123] Three years later, in episode sixty-two, Jason is shown on the days before and after a typical Friday the 13th.[124] Jason is spoofed in the season five episode of Family Guy entitled "It Takes a Village Idiot, and I Married One". The so-called "Mr. Voorhees" explains to Asian reporter Trisha Takanawa how happy he is to see local wildlife return following the cleanup and rejuvenation of Lake Quahog. He reappears later in the episode as the manager of the "Britches and Hose" clothing store. As opposed to his monstrous personality in the films, Jason is depicted here as polite and articulate, albeit still a psychopath; he murders random swimmers and threatens to kill his employee if she screws up.[125] In an episode of The Simpsons, Jason appears in a Halloween episode sitting on the couch with Freddy Krueger waiting for the family to arrive. After being asked where they are by Freddy, Jason responds, "Ehh, whaddya gonna do?" and turns the TV on.[126] He also appears in The Simpsons episode "Stop, or My Dog Will Jason Voorhees Shoot!", alongside Pinhead, menacing Bart in a fantasy sequence.[127] The South Park episodes "Imaginationland Episode II" and "III" feature Jason among an assortment of other villains and monsters as an inhabitant of the "bad side" of Imaginationland, a world populated by fictional characters. This version of Jason has an effeminate voice and describes the removal of Strawberry Shortcake's eyeball as "super hardcore".[128][129][130] References [1] Stuart Fischoff, Alexandra Dimopoulos, FranÇois Nguyen, Leslie Hurry, and Rachel Gordon (2003). "The psychological appeal of your favorite movie monsters (abstract)". ISCPubs. Archived from the original on 2007-09-28. http://web.archive.org/web/ 20070928121324/ http://www.iscpubs.com/clinlab/0303/ article02.php. Retrieved on 2007-07-24. [2] Claudia Puig (2002-04-25). "'X' marks Jason's return to theaters". USA Today. http://www.usatoday.com/life/movies/ 2002/2002-04-25-jason.htm. Retrieved on 2007-07-24. [3] ^ Chris Carle (2002-09-27). "Jason X (review)". IGN. http://dvd.ign.com/ articles/372/372345p1.html. Retrieved on 2007-07-12. [4] ^ Robert Berry. "100 Greatest Horror Movie Performances". RetroCrush.com. http://retrocrush.buzznet.com/horror/ index.html. Retrieved on 2007-07-12. [5] ^ Gary Kemble (2006-01-13). "Movie Minutiae: the Friday the 13th series (1980-?)". ABC. http://www.abc.net.au/ news/arts/articulate/200601/ s1546063.htm. Retrieved on 2007-05-21. [6] Sean S. Cunningham (Director). (1980). Friday the 13th [DVD]. United States: Paramount Pictures. [7] Steve Miner (Director). (1981). Friday the 13th Part 2 [DVD]. United States: Paramount Pictures. [8] ^ Steve Miner (Director). (1982). Friday the 13th Part 3 [DVD]. United States: Paramount Pictures. [9] Joseph Zito (Director). (1984). Friday the 13th: The Final Chapter [DVD]. United States: Paramount Pictures. [10] Danny Steinmann (Director). (1985). Friday the 13th: A New Beginning [DVD]. United States: Paramount Pictures. 13 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia [11] Tom McLoughlin (Director). (1986). Friday the 13th Part VI: Jason Lives [DVD]. United States: Paramount Pictures. [12] John Carl Buechler (Director). (1988). Friday the 13th Part VII: The New Blood [DVD]. United States: Paramount Pictures. [13] Rob Hedden (Director). 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"Casting of new 'Friday the 13th' villain splits fans down the middle". IFMagazine. http://www.ifmagazine.com/ new.asp?article=5995. Retrieved on 2008-04-05. [80] ^ Ryan Rotten (2008-10-30). "On the Set of Friday the 13th". Shock Till You Drop. http://www.shocktillyoudrop.com/news/ topnews.php?id=8261. Retrieved on 2008-12-01. [81] "Friday the 13th: Derek Mears". SuicideGirls.com. February 3, 2009. http://suicidegirls.com/interviews/ Friday+the+13th%3A+Derek+Mears/. Retrieved on 2009-02-13. [82] ^ Grove, David, p. 103 [83] ^ Bracke, Peter, pp. 84, 86 [84] Grove, David, p. 124 [85] Grove, David, p. 137 [86] ^ Grove, David, p. 157 [87] Richard Harrington (1993-08-14). "'Jason Goes to Hell: The Final Friday' (R)". Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/ style/longterm/movies/videos/ jasongoestohellthefinalfridayrharrington_a0ab74.htm Retrieved on 2007-07-24. [88] "USF Oracle". USF Oracle. 2003-10-30. http://media.www.usforacle.com/media/ storage/paper880/news/2003/10/30/ UndefinedSection/ 10.Of.The.Cheesiest-1676952.shtml?sourcedomain=w Retrieved on 2007-07-24. [89] ^ Andrew O'Hehir (2002-05-01). "Jason X: review". Salon.com. 15 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jason Voorhees http://dir.salon.com/story/ent/movies/ [101]Chewbacca win's MTV's Lifetime " review/2002/05/01/jason_x/index.html. Achievement Award". AOL.com. Retrieved on 2007-07-17. http://members.aol.com/reedyb/oscar/ [90] Grove, David, p. 211 awards/mtv97.htm. Retrieved on [91] Grove, David, pp. 221–22 2007-01-10. [92] Grove, David, p. 185 [102] "Magazine/Comic references". Friday ^ [93] ^ Brannon Braga and Ronald D. Moore. the 13th films. (2003). "Freddy & Jason Go to http://www.fridaythe13thfilms.com/ Development Hell/Slicing Towards media/references/other.html. Retrieved Production" Fangoria Magazine Articles on 2007-07-16. in September/October 2003 issues [103]Universal Theme Parks and New Line " (Freddy vs. Jason DVD Special Features) Cinema Present Jason, Leatherface and [DVD (Region 2)]. United States: New Freddy Krueger". universalorlando.com. Line Cinema. 2007-06-28. [94] Paulington James Christensen III http://media.universalorlando.com/ (2008-06-09). "SET VISIT: Jason newsreleases/ Voorhees Returns to Camp Crystal Lake detail.aspx?id=104&categoryID=0. for Friday the 13th!". Movieweb.com. Retrieved on 2007-11-09. http://www.movieweb.com/news/07/ [104]Jason model kit". Friday the 13th films. " 29207.php. Retrieved on 2008-06-28. http://www.fridaythe13thfilms.com/ [95] Ryan Stewart (2008-11-28). "Friday the media/figures/jasonkit.html. Retrieved on 13th: The Producers". SuicideGirls.com. 2007-07-16. http://suicidegirls.com/interviews/ [105]Jason Goes to Hell model kit". Friday " Friday+the+13th%3A+The+Producers/. the 13th films. Retrieved on 2008-12-01. http://www.fridaythe13thfilms.com/ [96] ^ Stuart Fischoff, Alexandra media/figures/jasongthkit.html. Dimopoulos, François Nguyen, and Retrieved on 2007-07-16. Rachel Gordon (2005-08-25). "The [106]McFarlane Toys: Jason Goes to Hell". " Psychological Appeal of Movie Monsters" Friday the 13th films. http://www.fridaythe13thfilms.com/ (PDF). Journal of Media Psychology 10 media/figures/mmbloodyjason.html. (3). http://www.calstatela.edu/faculty/ Retrieved on 2007-07-16. sfischo/ [107] psychological_appeal_of_movie_monsters1.pdf. "McFarlane Toys: Jason X". McFarLane.com. Retrieved on 2007-07-11. http://www.mcfarlane.com/toys/ [97] Matthew Muehlberger (2003-08-29). product.aspx?division=toys&category=movies&serie "Freddy vs. Jason is an evil treat full of Retrieved on 2007-07-16. blood, gore that is sure to satisfy". The [108]Jason Voorhees Toys". Friday the 13th " Pacer. http://pacer.utm.edu/985.htm. films. Retrieved on 2007-07-24. http://www.fridaythe13thfilms.com/ [98] "Cinematic Icon Jason Voorhees Slashes media/figures.html. Retrieved on His Way into Bookstores With Crystal 2007-07-16. Lake Memories: The Complete History of [109]Friday the 13th (NES game)". " Friday the 13th". PRWEB. GameSpot. http://www.gamespot.com/ http://www.prweb.com/releases/2005/10/ nes/action/fridaythe13th/ prweb297514.htm. Retrieved on index.html?tag=result;img;0. Retrieved 2007-07-24. on 2007-07-14. [99] "Jason's Lifetime Achievement Award". [110]Friday the 13th (mobile phone game)". " AOL.com. http://members.aol.com/ GameSpot. http://www.gamespot.com/ reedyb/oscar/awards/mtv92.htm. mobile/action/fridaythe13th/index.html. Retrieved on 2007-02-07. Retrieved on 2007-07-14. [100]Godzilla win's MTV's Lifetime " [111]FIRSTJASON Bio". FirstJason.com. " Achievement Award". AOL.com. http://www.firstjason.com/bio.html. http://members.aol.com/reedyb/oscar/ Retrieved on 2007-07-16. awards/mtv96.htm. Retrieved on 2007-01-10. 16 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia [112]FIRSTJASON song list". FirstJason.com. " http://www.firstjason.com/music.html. Retrieved on 2007-07-16. [113]"Criminal" lyrics". Eminem24-7.net. " http://www.eminem24-7.net/cgi-bin/ lyrics.pl?album3/18.txt. Retrieved on 2007-07-16. [114]Alice Cooper's "He's Back (The Man " Behind the Mask)"". X-Entertainment. 2004-10-05. http://www.xentertainment.com/halloween/2004/ october5/. Retrieved on 2007-10-15. [115] "Music references". Friday the 13th ^ films. http://www.fridaythe13thfilms.com/ media/references/music.html. Retrieved on 2007-07-16. [116]Eminem in a hockey mask". Friday the " 13th films. http://www.fridaythe13thfilms.com/ media/references/music/eminem.html. Retrieved on 2007-07-16. [117]A Night of Killer Music and Fashion". " Friday the 13th films. http://www.fridaythe13thfilms.com/ media/references/tv/vh1.html. Retrieved on 2007-07-16. [118]Movie references". Friday the 13th " films. http://www.fridaythe13thfilms.com/ media/references/movies.html. Retrieved on 2007-07-16. [119]Movie references". Friday the 13th " films. http://www.fridaythe13thfilms.com/ media/references/tv.html. Retrieved on 2007-07-16. [120] es Craven (Director) and Kevin W Williamson. (1996). Feature film commentary for Scream [DVD]. United States: Dimension Films. [121] es Craven (Director) and Kevin W Williamson. (2005). Cursed [DVD]. United States: Dimension Films. [122]Operation: Rich in Spirit". Seth Green, " Matthew Senreich. Robot Chicken. Adult Swim. 2005-06-26. No. 17, season 1. Jason Voorhees [123]That Hurts Me". Seth Green, Matthew " Senreich. Robot Chicken. Adult Swim. 2005-07-10. No. 19, season 1. [124]They Took My Thumbs". Seth Green, " Matthew Senreich. Robot Chicken. Adult Swim. 2008-12-14. No. 2, season 4. [125]It Takes a Village Idiot, and I Married " One". Seth MacFarlane, A.bo., Zac Moncreif. Family Guy. FOX. 2007-05-13. No. 17, season 5. [126]Treehouse of Horror IX". BBC. " http://www.bbc.co.uk/cult/simpsons/ episodeguide/season10/page3.shtml. Retrieved on 2007-07-14. [127]Stop, or My Dog Will Shoot!". John " Frink (writer) and Matthew Faughnan (director). The Simpsons. FOX. 2007-05-13. No. 20, season 18. [128]Imaginationland Episode II". Trey " Parker (writer and director) and Matthew Faughnan (director). South Park. Comedy Central. 2007-10-24. No. 11, season 11. [129]Imaginationland Episode III". Trey " Parker (writer and director). South Park. Comedy Central. 2007-10-31. No. 12, season 11. [130]GN Staff (2007-10-31). "South Park: I "Imaginationland Part III" Preview". IGN. http://uk.tv.ign.com/articles/831/ 831700p1.html. Retrieved on 2007-12-18. External links • Jason Voorhees at the Internet Movie Database • Jason Voorhees at the Horror Film Wiki • Jason Voorhees at the Friday the 13th Wiki • The Many Faces of Jason - a look at the various shots of Jason behind the mask Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Voorhees" Categories: Fictional characters with accelerated healing, Fictional characters with superhuman strength, Fictional cryonically preserved characters, Fictional cyborgs, Fictional immortals, Fictional undead, Fictional mass murderers, Fictional mute characters, Friday the 13th characters, Zombies and revenants in fiction, 1980 introductions 17 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jason Voorhees This page was last modified on 18 May 2009, at 06:33 (UTC). All text is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License. (See Copyrights for details.) Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a U.S. registered 501(c)(3) taxdeductible nonprofit charity. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers 18


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Abigail Breslin Disses Boybander in a Music Video and Boy Are Teens Mad
Former child star Abigail Breslin, who is now 18 and still here guys!! released a music video this week insulting one of the 5 Seconds of Summer guys, angering the all-powerful Teen Twitter with her off-brand-Taylor-Swift opus. »

subset: commoncrawl


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Boulder ICO provides safe and fun nature outings and wilderness adventures for Colorado youth in Boulder County and Denver who would not otherwise have these opportunities. It is a 100% volunteer-run outreach program of the Sierra Club.
We take participants backpacking, hiking, camping, mountain biking, fishing, birding, and snowshoeing. A few of our unique trips have included wildlife camera trapping in open space, meeting wolves at a wolf sanctuary, and off-season service visits to 10th Mountain huts.
Upcoming Trips & Volunteer Opportunities
Current Volunteers: Click the title of the trip to go to the trip's homepage. Log in to the website so that you can view more details and sign up for the trip.
Agencies: To add youth to a trip, select the trip from the list below, log in, and add the youth info in the fields provided towards the bottom of the trip's homepage.
Wildlife Camera Trapping 3 (middle schools)
Saturday, December 13 2014 at 2:30 PM
Youth from Casey Middle School, Family Resource Center, Manhattan Middle School.
2 volunteers going.
Description: Mountain lions, coyotes, and bears, oh my! Boulder Valley ICO will lead a, easy, half-day outing to retrieve, identify, and post photos of wildlife from our motion-sensing camera. To see the critters we've photographed in the past, click here... Read More>>


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Easy-to-follow video tutorials help you learn software, creative, and business skills.Become a member
Once you come up with an effect that you like, it's very tempting to go ahead and click on the OK button, but I don't want you to do that. Here is the reason why, if you later, working inside a Photoshop, you later decide that you don't like the modifications that you applied, you come across some little problem with your Liquefy effect and you go ahead and undo that modification and you revisit the Liquefy dialog box, you will not be presented with your last applied settings. There is no way know how to make that happen automatically that is to say, instead you will have to reapply your settings from scratch and that is a big pain in the neck, because after all you are probably spending 15-20 minutes inside the Liquefy dialog box maybe even longer.
So you want to go ahead and take the time, make the effort to save your Mesh settings before leaving this dialog box. So before you ever click OK, make sure you click on this button right here Save Mesh and I want you to do that right now. It brings up this little dialog box right here. I am going to click on Browse Folders, so that I can see the folders on my hard drive and I am working here inside the Exercise Files folder inside 16 Warp and Liquify, you can save your settings anywhere you like. I can see this file right here MadelinaSettings1.msh.
Those are the settings that I saved earlier when I applied some other settings inside the Liquefy dialog box. This time around I am going to save my settings as MadelinaSettings2.msh. Both of these files will be available to your inside the 16 Warp Liquify folder. Okay so go ahead and click on the Save button in order to save those settings out and that's all it takes. It's that quick, it's that painless as long as you get in habit of doing it. Now if you want to, you could click on Load Mesh and load my other settings, for example in order to see how they look by comparison, so those were the settings I applied before, pretty good I would say actually.
Now I am going to click on Load Mesh and load my newer settings MadelinaSettings2 and I will click open and these are the settings that I applied this time around, a little more subtle, a little less skinny in places probably better settings all the way around. And now I will click on OK in order to apply those settings to the image, so this is the before version of the image this is after version of the image. Thanks to the Liquify command, an extremely powerful retouching command available to us thankfully here inside the mighty Photoshop.
Get unlimited access to all courses for just $25/month.Become a member
120 Video lessons · 54282 Viewers
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Access exercise files from a button right under the course name.
Search within course videos and transcripts, and jump right to the results.
Remove icons showing you already watched videos if you want to start over.
Make the video wide, narrow, full-screen, or pop the player out of the page into its own window.
Click on text in the transcript to jump to that spot in the video. As the video plays, the relevant spot in the transcript will be highlighted.


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County road improvements and a park in downtown Dawsonville top the wish lists of potential projects to be funded if voters approve a 1-cent sales tax extension in November.
The last six months have been hard on the employees at Impulse Manufacturing in Dawsonville.
The two convenience stores involved in an alleged illegal gambling operation can no longer sell beer and wine.
Community & Southern Bank announced May 16 that it will merge with Alliance National Bank.
Impulse Manufacturing recently announced the acquisition of MSM Holding Company, a move that could more than double the Dawsonville-based steel fabricator's work force within the next year.
The local business community last week paid tribute to the county's top teachers.
A local steel fabricator received clearance last week to move forward with an expansion that will bring new jobs to Dawson County.
A local steel fabricator has applied for a building variance in anticipation of expanding its manufacturing operations.
The Georgia Department of Labor announced last week that the unemployment rate in the Georgia Mountains region, which Dawson is a part of, is on the rise.
Dawsonville continues to be a hotbed for NASCAR activity with the recent announcement that J.J. Yeley's race team has decided to bring its operations to town.
The Governor's Office of Consumer Protection announced Monday that the agency has entered into a $600,000 settlement with Internet service provider Windstream Communications over allegations of false advertising.
The office claims that Windstream advertised speeds it could not provide, mislead customers as to the nature of their infrastructure, misrepresented minimum connection speeds and failed to completely clarify subscription-based promotions.
Rising lake levels have played a role in the area's economic upturn, according to a local real estate expert.
Dawson County may soon be getting not one but two locations geared toward senior citizens.
Both Whitley Engineering Inc. and TBG Residential are looking at locations, one in the city and the other in the county.
Unemployment rates continue to hold firm in the northeastern part of Georgia, according to recent numbers.
Officials confirmed last week that representatives with Publix Super Markets want to open a store in Dawson County.
Commissioners last week approved a rezoning that will make way for a new grocery store and retail center at the intersection of Ga. 400 and Dawson Forest Road.
An estimated 140 million shoppers will take advantage of holiday sales, some opting to forego the traditional Thanksgiving dinner and hitting the stores early in hopes of getting one of those advertised pre-Black Friday super deals.
The unemployment rate for Dawson and neighboring counties in the region continues to fall.
The job search has changed dramatically over the years. Advances in technology and the decline in the economy have changed the way people get hired.
A local charity clinic has opened the doors on its new dental clinic.
Advance voting begins Monday for the Nov. 4 election, which includes a referendum asking voters to extend Dawson County's 1-cent sales tax.
While the weather Monday morning was gloomy and overcast, that didn't stop Dawson County Chamber of Commerce members and friends from showing up to golf.
Unemployment continues to improve across the north Georgia region and officials believe the busy holiday shopping season will bring even lower rates in the coming months.
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- Northern Illinois to get $8.3 million for state construction projects
- Tree-lighting festival kicks off holiday season in Machesney Park
- Roscoe Boy Scout Troop's tree stand at new location
- Tips for selecting safe toys for kids this holiday season
- Prayer service for World AIDS Day Nov. 30
- Food Bank joins national #GivingTuesday movement
- Lee Hamilton: What lies ahead for Congress
- Rockford Public Schools faces $8.8 deficit, board OKs flat tax, HR chief
- Literary Hook: A holiday tradition: 'This Thanksgiving, Remember'
- Cold snap does not negate global warming
Get trained with Red Cross in September
From press release
The American Red Cross has several upcoming classes in September. It is a great time for residents throughout the Rock River Valley to familiarize themselves with programs and services offered by our local chapter.
Classes available in September
Adult CPR/AED: Tuesday, Sept. 21 from 5-10 p.m. (Belvidere)
First Aid: Wednesday, Sept. 15 from 6-10 p.m. (Rockford)
First Aid and Adult CPR/AED: Wednesday/Thursday, Sept. 8 & 9 from 6-10 p.m. (Rockford)
First Aid and Infant/Child CPR/AED: Saturday, Sept. 11 from 9 a.m.-5 p.m. (Rockford)
CPR/AED for the Professional Rescuer: Saturday, Sept. 25 from 8 a.m.-5 p.m. (Rockford)
Babysitter's Training: Saturday, Sept. 18 from 9 a.m.-4 p.m. (Belvidere)
Lay Responder First Aid/CPR/AED Instructor Course (Includes full basic course and FIT): Wednesday/Thursday, Sept. 29 & 30 from 6-10 p.m.
Pre-registration and pre-payment are required. Individuals can register online, by phone, or by visiting the office at 727 N. Church St., Rockford, IL 61103.
For more information about course offerings, call the Rock River Chapter at (815) 963-8471 or visit: rockriver.redcross.org.
From the Sept. 1-7, 2010 issue


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Articles Tagged 'LHR'
Tarom expands in Iași with three international destinations
Tarom launches flights from Iasi to Bologna and Turin in Italy; adds services to London Heathrow.
Award-winning ADAC, Aberdeen International Airport, BSCA and Virgin Atlantic; Monarch launches Leeds Bradford base; new routes from DAE and CityJet
Awards a-plenty. This week's collection of Network Planning Community News includes the proud owners of Route of the Week certificates – Virgin Atlantic and Aberdeen International Airport. Also winning accolades are Abu Dhabi Airport, the "Best Airport in the Middle East", and Brussels South Charleroi Airport the "World's Fourth Best Low Cost Airport" both according […]
Last Virgin Atlantic domestic route to Aberdeen gets up and running
Virgin Atlantic links Heathrow with Aberdeen thrice-daily
Virgin Atlantic's Little Red launches second route
Virgin Atlantic launches second domestic route under the Little Red brand; connects London Heathrow and Edinburgh.
British Airways launches four Spanish routes from London Gatwick and Heathrow airports
British Airways connects London Gatwick with Alicante, Lanzarote and Tenerife Sur; adds services from London Heathrow to Palma de Mallorca.
US Airways adds second route to London Heathrow
US Airways launches services from Charlotte, NC, to London Heathrow
Virgin Atlantic's Little Red launches with flights from London Heathrow to Manchester
Virgin Atlantic launches Little Red with services from London Heathrow to Manchester.
Vueling adds seven new routes from Barcelona, four to Germany
Vueling adds seven new routes from its Barcelona base and links Florence to London Heathrow.
30 seconds with Heathrow Airport and Gatwick Airport
anna.aero had the opportunity to spend 30 seconds with Heathrow Airport's Executive Commercial Director Fidel Lopez as well as CCO, Guy Stephenson from competing hub London Gatwick – just 55km across town. Both want more runway capacity for their respective airports, but seemingly only one will get it.
Vueling grows in Florence; adds London Heathrow to its Palma de Mallorca network
Vueling connects Florence with Berlin Tegel, Copenhagen and Hamburg; launches London Heathrow as new destination from Palma de Mallorca.
Stavanger, the 'oil capital' of Norway; traffic up 6.8% in 2012
Largely sheltered from economic volatility by a flourishing oil industry in the area, Stavanger Airport fares better than most European airports. As the airport welcomes Wizz Air's new service from Szczecin, anna.aero investigates its operation.
easyJet launches London-Moscow route as it joins FTSE 100
easyJet has launched its historic London Gatwick Airport-Moscow Domodedovo route. This is our on-site report from the launch from Gatwick and Moscow featuring a special anna.aero route launch cake – and a detailed anna.aero analysis of the London-Moscow air travel market which has seen passenger numbers double in the last decade.


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Pennsylvania sells new license plates to honor veterans
HARRISBURG — Pennsylvanians can display their support for military veterans with a new specialized license plate authorized by a state law enacted last year.
The "Honoring Our Veterans" plate costs $35, and nearly half that amount will go to a trust fund run by the state Department of Military and Veterans Affairs.
The money will fund grants to service organizations for veterans and other charities.
The new plates are illustrated with a bald eagle and an American flag.
The Pennsylvania Department of Transportation began selling them last month.
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See The Berenstain Bears 'Family Matters the Musical' Live at The Strand
Get ready for some great family entertainment with The Berenstain Bears "Family Matters the Musical", coming to the Strand Theater in Lakewood.
Get ready for some great family entertainment with The Berenstain Bears "Family Matters the Musical", coming to the Strand Theater in Lakewood.
[Celluloid Hero] checks out the late Philip Seymour Hoffman in "The Master".
This was being called one of the closest Oscar races in recent history, so our colleagues at Screencrush tracked the 2014 nominees and compiled their predictions. See how many they nailed.
With the Massive Wedding happening tomorrow, is getting into the marital spirit with the best movie weddings!
No seriously...this is astounding.
Today would have been Kurt Cobain's 47th birthday, and for that [Celluloid Hero] brings you the "fictional biopic" from Gus Van Sant, "Last Days".
It's Valentine's Day, the perfect day to watch a movie with the one you love, and [Celluloid Hero] is here to give you some ideas.
Shirley Temple, the dimpled, curly-haired child star who sang, danced, sobbed and grinned her way into the hearts of Depression-era moviegoers, has died, according to publicist Cheryl Kagan. She was 85.
This week's [Celluloid Hero] focuses on what I believe to be Philip Seymour Hoffman's greatest work "Synecdoche, New York".
Bye weeks are intolerably long, and the anticipation leading up to the Super Bowl leaves us starving for some action. Rugby doesn't quite cut it, so here are my [Top5] football movies to feed your addiction!
On Jan. 30, 1973, fewer than 10 people witnessed the first live performances by Kiss at the Popcorn Club (soon to be renamed the Coventry) in Queens, N.Y. According to bassist Gene Simmons, the group was paid $50 for performing two sets that evening.


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The most kickass building server on Half-Life 2: Deathmatch.
Hey, have you been on Phoneburnia lately?
by physics September 23, 2007
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text: Strict Standards: Redefining already defined constructor for class XML_Parser in /home/sites/www.americanpoems.com/web/store/aom/includes/os.php on line 1188 Strict Standards: Declaration of XML_Parser::raiseError() should be compatible with PEAR::raiseError($message = NULL, $code = NULL, $mode = NULL, $options = NULL, $userinfo = NULL, $error_class = NULL, $skipmsg = false) in /home/sites/www.americanpoems.com/web/store/aom/includes/os.php on line 1604 Strict Standards: Declaration of XML_Unserializer::startHandler() should be compatible with XML_Parser::startHandler($xp, $elem, &$attribs) in /home/sites/www.americanpoems.com/web/store/aom/includes/os.php on line 3503 Strict Standards: Declaration of Cache_Lite_File::get() should be compatible with Cache_Lite::get($id, $group = 'default', $doNotTestCacheValidity = false) in /home/sites/www.americanpoems.com/web/store/aom/includes/cache.php on line 1020 American Poems: Thieves of Baghdad - Marketplace Offers (Page 1) Home Apparel Appliances Books DVD Electronics Home & Garden Kindle eBooks Magazines Music Outdoor Living Software Tools & Hardware PC & Video Games Search All Products Apparel Appliances Arts & Crafts Automotive Baby Beauty Books Computers DVD Electronics Gourmet Food Grocery Health Home & Garden Industrial & Science Jewelry Kindle eBooks Kitchen Magazines Miscellaneous Mobile Apps MP3 Downloads Music Musical Instruments Office Products Outdoor Living Pet Supplies Photo & Camera Shoes Software Sporting Goods Tools & Hardware Toys VHS Video On Demand PC & Video Games Watches Wireless Wireless Accessories Advanced Search Sitemap View Cart Checkout Location: Home » Books » Thieves of Baghdad Thieves of Baghdad enlarge Author:Matthew Bogdanos Creator:William Patrick Publisher:Bloomsbury USA Category:Book Sales Rank:710,531 Languages:English (Unknown), English (Original Language), English (Published) Media:Hardcover Number Of Items:1 Edition:First Edition Pages:320 Shipping Weight (lbs):1.5 Dimensions (in):6.8 x 1.1 x 9.5 Publication Date:October 26, 2005 ISBN:1582346453 EAN:9781582346458 ASIN:1582346453 Price Condition Buy Seller $1.15 as of 11/26/2014 12:59 EST details New In Stock Books For All! Availability: Usually ships in 1-2 business days $0.01 as of 11/26/2014 12:59 EST details Used In Stock Quality Bargain Mall Availability: Usually ships in 1-2 business days $6.50 as of 11/26/2014 12:59 EST details Collectible In Stock friends-library Availability: Usually ships in 1-2 business days View All Item Offers CERTAIN CONTENT THAT APPEARS ON THIS SITE COMES FROM AMAZON SERVICES LLC. THIS CONTENT IS PROVIDED 'AS IS' AND IS SUBJECT TO CHANGE OR REMOVAL AT ANY TIME. Brought to you by American Poems Categories •Apparel •Appliances •Arts & Crafts •Automotive •Baby •Beauty •Books •Computers •DVD •Electronics •Gourmet Food •Grocery •Health •Home & Garden •Industrial & Science •Jewelry •Kindle eBooks •Kitchen •Magazines •Miscellaneous •Mobile Apps •MP3 Downloads •Music •Musical Instruments •Office Products •Outdoor Living •Pet Supplies •Photo & Camera •Shoes •Software •Sporting Goods •Tools & Hardware •Toys •VHS •Video On Demand •PC & Video Games •Watches •Wireless •Wireless Accessories Subcategories Military •Afghan War •Aviation •Canada •Intelligence & Espionage •Iraq War •Korean War •Life & Institutions •Napoleonic Wars •Naval •Pictorials •Prisoners of War •Regiments •Strategy •Uniforms •United States •Vietnam War •War of 1812 •Weapons & Warfare •World War I •World War II World •Civilization & Culture •Expeditions & Discoveries •Jewish •Religious •Slavery & Emancipation •Women in History Specialties •Air & Space •Construction •Disability •Educational Law & Legislation •Labor Law •Maritime •Military •Personal Injury •Sports International & World Politics •Arms Control •Diplomacy •Security •Trades & Tariffs •Treaties •African •Asian •Australian & Oceanian •Canadian •Caribbean & Latin American •European •Middle Eastern •Russian & Former Soviet Union Related Categories •Iraq War Afghan & Iraq Wars Military Leaders & Notable People Biographies & Memoirs •Memoirs Biographies & Memoirs Subjects Books •Iraq Middle East History Subjects Books •Military History Subjects Books •World History Subjects Books •Specialties Law Subjects Books •International & World Politics Politics & Government Politics & Social Sciences Subjects Books


text:
In Their Own Words
What All Crises Have in Common
Crises are fundamentally psychological phenomena, they're not driven by rational decision-making necessarily, they are driven by fear and somewhat driven by greed.
We live in a time of information abundance, which far too many of us see as information overload. With the sum total of human knowledge, past and present, at our fingertips, we're faced with a crisis of attention: which ideas should we engage with, and why? Big Think is an evolving roadmap to the best thinking on the planet — the ideas that can help you think flexibly and act decisively in a multivariate world.
A word about Big Ideas and Themes — The architecture of Big Think
Big ideas are lenses for envisioning the future. Every article and video on bigthink.com and on our learning platforms is based on an emerging "big idea" that is significant, widely relevant, and actionable. We're sifting the noise for the questions and insights that have the power to change all of our lives, for decades to come. For example, reverse-engineering is a big idea in that the concept is increasingly useful across multiple disciplines, from education to nanotechnology.
Themes are the seven broad umbrellas under which we organize the hundreds of big ideas that populate Big Think. They include New World Order, Earth and Beyond, 21st Century Living, Going Mental, Extreme Biology, Power and Influence, and Inventing the Future.
Browse videos featuring experts across a wide range of disciplines, from personal health to business leadership to neuroscience.
Big Think's contributors offer expert analysis of the big ideas behind the news.
Big Think's Edge learning platform for career mentorship and professional development provides engaging and actionable courses delivered by the people who are shaping our future.
Dean of the Darden School of Buiness, University of Virginia
Crises are fundamentally psychological phenomena, they're not driven by rational decision-making necessarily, they are driven by fear and somewhat driven by greed.
The best thing you can do is to try to lock in place the resources necessary to sustain you through the startup phase, which is an extraordinarily risky moment.
Robert Bruner: This third wave that I am witnessing is stemming out of computing power and digital communication technology combined with globalization, liberalization of trade and big demographic shifts, immigration and the like.


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The Dodgers, from Brooklyn to LA: A Mirror on America
Submitted by TimDaly on Thu, 08/01/2013 - 2:53pm
The Dodgers broke a city's heart moving to sunny California in 1958-and dramatized the vast social changes occurring in 20th c. America. Here's a teaching unit that shows how.
Sat, 11/23/2013 - 4:00pm - 5:00pm
Ting-Yi Oei, Loudoun County Public Schools, Ashburn, VA, US
session id:


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John CenaJohn Felix Anthony Cena
- Birthdate: 04/23/1977 (age 37)
- Height: 6'1"
- Weight: 251 Ib
Cena is known as "the face of the WWE for a lon...
"The problem I have with Dwayne is the problem I've always had — you say you dig the gig, then f'n show up. That's the animosity I think a lot of our guys have.
Showing up for the important (dates) is fine, but when you show up for the important ones don't act like you were never gone. Here's a guy who's been gone for seven years, comes back and the first thing he says a year ago is, 'I'm never leaving again and I love this place.' Dude, you just got back off a seven-year hiatus."


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Health care costs to surpass total income?
CNN, March 15, 2012
Some experts say the doom and gloom is overblown. J.D. Kleinke, who last month wrote a Wall Street Journal op-ed titled "The Myth of Runaway Spending," points out that growth in health spending has been moving closer to the overall inflation rate, for the past decade. He says the slowdown came because insurers and private companies introduced plans with higher deductibles and bigger co-pays at the same time the government introduced health savings accounts, where individuals can get a tax break to help pay for medical expenses.
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