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Telephone & Addresses
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Akram M Baloch
95823 Sacramento CA
Akram Akran Baloch (Age: 51)
95823 Sacramento CA
Akram M Baloch (Age: 51)
95823 Sacramento CA
Akram Baloch, E Tioga St, Fl 2, Philadelphia, US
View Akram's social profiles and photos on Facebook, MySpace, and +40 Networks.
Yellow Page contacts
Network Profiles
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MySpace Profile: Akram Baloch (252936714)
Karachi, Sindh - South, Pakistan
Business Profiles
LinkedIn: Dr.M.Akram Baloch - Oman | LinkedIn
View Dr.M.Akram Baloch's (Oman) professional profile on LinkedIn. LinkedIn is the world's largest business network, helping professionals like Dr.M.Akram ...
LinkedIn: akram baloch - United Arab Emirates | LinkedIn
View akram baloch's (United Arab Emirates) professional profile on LinkedIn. LinkedIn is the world's largest business network, helping professionals like akram ...
Akram Baloch - Manager - Mehroo Overseas Employment Promoter Licence...
Have a look at the full profile of Akram Baloch. See who you and Akram Baloch know in common; Get introduced to Akram Baloch; Contact Akram Baloch; Make ...
Private Homepages
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MuNeEb AkraM BaLoCh - Male » Balochbook - Mai Waati ...
MuNeEb AkraM BaLoCh is now friends with. February 8, 2014 6:51 pm ... MuNeEb AkraM BaLoCh updated his profile photo. January 25, 2014 11:43 pm.
Akram Baloch - Male - Bahrain » Balochbook - Mai Waati ...
This page is loading or the item has privacy settings... Captcha Challenge. Reload Image. Type in the verification code above. Akram Baloch is now friends with.
asif akram baloch - Male - Balochistan - Kech (Turbat ...
Ao, shay umar to rasth gushe.... E yak sharen soch e k mah wati baloch qoom e wastha aga bolotan guda e waden bazen Institute um dege Balochistan e distt ...
Roll No Name Father Name Marks Remarks 1 ATTA ...
Ghazi Town Welfare Association - Water Supply
Secratory Mr. Meer Akram Baloch the project running smoothly. Village Development Association works independantly and it's office is located in Ghazi Town ...
Books & Literature
Karachi: Ordered Disorder and the Struggle for the City
In Gul Muham- mad Lane, for instance, violence escalated after 2009, following a tussle between Akram Baloch's and Uzair Baloch's groups for the leadership of ...
The Foreign Policy of Pakistan: Ethnic Impacts on ...
Mir Akram Baloch and Mir Kochkol Ali Baloch, the provincial ministers of information and coastal development respectively, argue that unless taxation powers ...
Pakistan Intelligence, Security Activities & Operations ...
Lt Gen Sajjad Akram, Baloch — Deputy Chairman Earthquake Reconstruction & Rehabilitation Authority (ERRA). due to retire on April 11, 2010. 9. Lt Gen ...
The Foreign Policy of Pakistan: Ethnic Impacts on Diplomacy 1971-1994...
Arguing that Pakistan's foreign policy is formulated and driven largely by domestic policies, and especially by ethnicity, this work looks at the multi-ethnic...
Related Documents
(1 - 4 from 6
Computer System Engineering - Quaid-e-Awam University ...
Mr. Muhammad Akram Baloch. Haji Sultan. 04. 14. 33. 51. 9. 59. Mr. Shuhab Ahmed Memon. Abdul Wahab. 07. 14. 28. 49. 10 62. Ms. Mussarat Lakho. Ghulam ...
List of Pakistani Graduates from Cuba - Pakistan Medical ...
Muhammad Akram Baloch. KG257244. 246.Maqsood ahmed .Muhammad Musa. KG 257230. 247. Sarang Siddiqui. Ahsanul Haq Siddiqui. KG257357. ----. 248.
The Global Intelligence Files - PAKISTAN/CT- Karachi gang ...
eas were a stronghold of PPP senior activist Akram Baloch and Lyari=E2=80= =99s gangsters or the defunct PAC former members believed ...
conflict dynamics in Karachi - United States Institute of Peace
In August 2011 Akram Baloch claimed to be Dakait's rightful successor, a contention that led gang warfare to flare within Lyari. Karachi-based investigative ...
Video & Audio
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Akram bAloch - YouTube
► 6:39► 6:39Akram bAloch ... Bezaan ( VSH NEWS ) With Akram Baloch , Missing Persons Gwadar Part 01 Of 05.flv by ...
akram baloch - Video Dailymotion
► 3:03► 3:03akram baloch. Akram Baloch. by Akram Baloch. Follow 0. 63 views ... More videos from Akram Baloch. 03:03 ...
BlinkX Video: VSH NEWS BEZAN PROGRAM
AKRAM BALOCH BEZAN PROGRAM - 02.26.2010, DailyMotion
Beza ( VSH NEWS ) With Akram Baloch - Baloch Fankaron Ki Halat K...
► 9:55► 9:55Beza ( VSH NEWS ) With Akram Baloch - Baloch Fankaron Ki Halat K Zimewar Kon 02 Uploded By ...
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Two more bodies found in gunny bags
14.10.2012 [DAWN.com] - Man shot dead. A middle-aged man was shot dead inside his house in the Napier area, police said. They said that 45-year-old Akram Baloch was found shot dead inside his house situated in Street 7 of Jinnahabad within the remit of the Napier police station.
Karachi violence claims five more lives
13.10.2012 [Pakistan Daily Times] - Police said that Akram Baloch, son of Dil Murad Baloch, committed suicide over a petty issue. The body was shifted to Civil Hospital Karachi (CHK) for an autopsy. He was father of four children.According to Medico Legal Officer (MLO) at CHK Aftab
Karachi violence claims six more lives
13.10.2012 [South Asian News Agency] - According to details, Akram Baloch was shot dead in Lyari Jahanabad area of the city. Baloch was the president of Timber market located on Mahmood Shah road. Two dead bodies were recovered from Musa Lane area of Lyari. One of the deceased was
In the gangs of Lyari, guns turn on brothers in arms
12.10.2012 [The Express Tribune] - For three years, while the Baba Ladla gang has faced several opponents, including Arshad Pappu, Akram Baloch, the Kutchi Rabita Committee and a political party, none of them have been able to push the group back or take over its turf. But the threshold
Reports & Statements
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Twitter Posts: A q Mirwani (AhmedAzAn7)
2012.04.30 @zeenazbaloch who is that Akram baloch helping forces to operate in Liyari?? And wot abt Mengals in Balochistan its really disgustinG
Wikipedia: Provincial Assembly of Balochistan - Wikipedia, the free ...
... 06-04-1985, 02-12-1988. Sardar Muhammad Khan Barozoi, 02-12-1988, 04-02-1989, PPP · Mehr Muhammad Akram Baloch, 05-02-1989, 24-04-1990, BNA.
Zardari's bambino cenima servant Owais Tappi is ...
After PAC, PPP will form another armed militia head by Akram Baloch and it operate in direct supervision of Tappi. Thus another series of turf ...
Zafar Baloch claims PPP provided them with weapons - Siasat.pk
After PAC, PPP will form another armed militia head by Akram Baloch & it will be directly operating In-supervision of Tappi & thus another series ...
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Akram Baloch 2 - SoundCloud
Akram Baloch 2 Akram Baloch. Follow Share. Facebook Twitter Tumblr Email WordPress StumbleUpon Blogger MySpace. Less. Did you know that you can ...
AMY AMY - Bezan ( VSH NEWS ) With Akram Baloch ...
Bezan ( VSH NEWS ) With Akram Baloch ( Uzaer Jan Baloch Interview ) Part 1 Of 5 · Bezan ( VSH NEWS ) With Akram Baloch ( Uzaer Jan Baloch Interview ) ...
Bezan ( VSH NEWS ) With Akram Baloch ( Uzaer Jan ...
Bezan ( VSH NEWS ) With Akram Baloch ( Uzaer Jan Baloch Interview ) Part 5 Of 5. Use the slider above to repeat the part of the video! Related Videos. 00:10: ...
ndependen - Mir Muhammad Akram Baloch 's Profile
Home. » Candidate Detail. Print | E-MAIL. Mir Muhammad Akram Baloch. Candidate's Party Affiliation. Independent. Contact Information. Candidate Address :.
Construction of CC Block along Village Akram Baloch UC ...
Tender value: PKR400000.00 Opening date of tender: 01/19/2012 00:00 Earnest Money Deposit: PKR8000.00 Document fees: PKR500.00 ...
Akram Dost
... life and suggesting that all are endangered species. In 2004, Akram Baloch received the President's Pride of Performance, the highest art award in Pakistan.
Backed by jiyalas and police, Amn Committee strikes ...
Blaming the PPP jiyalas, including Akram Baloch, Irfan Baloch, Ali Pathan and police constable Zubair, of supporting the anti-social elements, ...
Baloch Activists, Intellectuals Protest as Sharif meets Obama
"Balochistan is controlled by Pakistani army, its intelligence agencies and not by the puppet government of Balochistan." said Akram Baloch. "We are here to ...
Children Literature Festival » Ambassadors
His numerous group exhibitions, however, have given him international exposure as well. In 2004, Akram Baloch received the President's Pride of Performance, ...
Childrens Literature Festival » Posters CLF
In 2004, Akram Baloch received the President's Pride of Performance, the highest art award in Pakistan. Akram Dost Balochistan designed the ...
It's Just A Question by Conrad David Brillantes - page 1
In 2004, Akram Baloch received the President's Pride of Performance, the highest art award in Pakistan . His Ph. D. level research covers Traditional Motifs of ...
Karachi Violence .. Updates & Discussion .. | Page 12 - Pakistan ...
Sources told The Express Tribune that Salar Compound and its surrounding areas were a stronghold of PPP senior activist Akram Baloch and ...
Owais Muzzaffar Tappi is responsible for Lyari Operation ...
After PAC, PPP will form another armed militia head by Akram Baloch and it operate in direct supervision of Tappi. Thus another series of turf ...
Pīshūkān Pakistan - Stad.com
High School Pishukan by Muhammad Akram Baloch Govt. High School Pishukan © Muhammad Akram Baloch, Road To Moutain by Muhammad Akram Baloch
Result Notice History II - The Islamia University of ...
21684, 2000-WBN-248, Salma Akram, Muhammad Akram Baloch, Absent. 21685, 03-WFA-53, Fakeha Chmen, Nazir Ahmad Bhatti, Fail, 0, VIII(vi) R/A till A/12.
SarDar Uzair JaN BaLoCh iS OpEniNg AmAn CoMMiTy iN ...
Bezan ( VSH NEWS ) With Akram Baloch ( Uzaer Ja... ... 2010-04-26 | uploaded by vshtvnews | 6853 views. 4:49. Khan Bhai ( SARDAR ABDUL REHMAN ...
akram baloch - Google-Profil
akram baloch - karachi - karachi
AKRAM BALOCH / Coolspotters
Discover and buy the products, brands, and fashions being used by your favorite celebrities – in their real lives, and in movies and television.
Akram Baloch (Akram_baloch)'s Profile - Pring!
Pring lets you stay in touch with people and stuff you care about. Get SMS updates from Akram Baloch via SMS by sending FOLLOW Akram_baloch to 9900.
Akram Baloch Say Aik Aur Mulaqat By Khalid Masood Khan | know.PK
Akram Baloch Say Aik Aur Mulaqat By Khalid Masood Khan. June 2, 2013 Khalid Masood Khanknow-pak. Khalid Masood Khan Akram Baloch Say Aik Aur ...
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Shanghai China
This project is for a 1512 bed hospital located in an outer district of the city of Shanghai, China. Canals interlace the site and divide it into two plots of land, one which will contain the hospital and another which will contain a future research park and housing which will be connected to the hospital by a bridge. The concept of the hospital is to emphasize energy flow and connection with nature as part of Chinese tradition and the healing process. The diagnostic base of the hospital contains clinics and treatment facilities and is conceived as a green hill growing out of the canal which is sculpted at its edges to engage the hospital. Light wells are carved into this hill form to provide courtyards and introduce natural daylight in to the treatment areas for both staff and outpatients. Thin bars containing south facing hospital beds float above this green base, following appropriate solar orientation for Chinese tradition. By floating the beds above the base, a zone of continuous green is created for patient use while also inducing airflow for cross ventilation.
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Afghan official: suicide attack toll at least 50
KABUL, Afghanistan (AP) -- An Afghan official says the death toll from a suicide bomb attack on a volleyball tournament has risen to at least 50, with more than 60 wounded.
The attack is the deadliest in Afghanistan this year. It happened in eastern Paktika province, bordering Pakistan, during the final of a three-day tournament with a huge crowd in attendance.
The spokesman for the provincial governor, Mokhlis Afghan, says that 42 people were killed immediately when the attacker detonated explosives as he mingled with the large crowd.
There is still some confusion about the exact number of dead and wounded, he says.
Afghanistan has been tackling insurgents for more than a decade, but attacks have been escalating this year. No claim of responsibility has been made for Sunday's attack.
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Kathleen Wynne's Liberals set to release platform Sunday
Liberal Leader Kathleen Wynne says she will release her party's campaign platform in Thunder Bay on Sunday.
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Liberal Leader Kathleen Wynne says the gas-plants scandal is behind her as she focuses on a new made-in-Ontario pension plan and derailing the Tories' "shocking" plan to cut 100,000 public servant jobs.
In a wide-ranging discussion with the Star's editorial board Thursday Wynne said the $1.1-billion dollar gas plants debacle was a "huge mistake" that she promises won't happen again, and decried Progressive Conservative Leader Tim Hudak's "cut and slash" plans that she say could delay the economic recovery.
She also announced the Liberals' budget-based campaign platform will be released Sunday in Thunder Bay where she will participate in a northern issues debate with NDP Leader Andrea Horwath the following day.
"It will articulate some of the details of the budget that people wouldn't necessarily be aware of," she said.
Wynne emphasized the campaign document will not feature increased spending.
However, the minority Liberals' May 1 budget, which was dead on arrival after the NDP and Tories said they could not support it, contained $130.4-billion in spending with a $12.5-billion deficit.
She said the Liberal platform will include a pledge to balance the books by 2017-18 and make investments in job creation and social programs.
On Monday in Thunder Bay, Wynne will debate only Horwath because Hudak has bowed out due to a scheduling problem. It is one of two leaders debates being held prior to the June 12 election.
More on the Ontario election
Wynne told the Star she is "truly sorry" gas plants in Oakville and Mississauga had to be scrapped and relocated by the former Dalton McGuinty government to help win five Liberal seats in the 2011 election.
"It was a huge mistake . . . I have apologized for those publicly. I have taken responsibility," said Wynne, who promised to reconstitute the legislative committee probing the gas plants scandal if she is re-elected.
"I am truly sorry that money was spent in that way. I will continue to make sure we do not make those mistakes again."
The auditor general has said the move could cost ratepayers and taxpayers up to $1.1 billion over 20 years.
Despite criticism of her proposed Ontario pension plan, Wynne said she is determined to go ahead with it in order to help those who have no retirement plan, other than the Canada Pension Plan and Old Age Security.
At the same time, she vowed to continue to "take on the federal government" for its refusal to increase CPP benefits.
"We know across the country there is a problem, that people aren't saving enough and that there needs to be . . . enhancements to the CPP. The federal government has chosen not to do that," she said.
Wynne refused to say whether she believed Hudak's public sector job cuts announcement was a defining moment in the campaign, but did say, "I think what he is putting forward is shocking, I think it is unworkable."
Wynne recalled that she got involved in provincial politics because of the "havoc" created by the former Conservative government led by Mike Harris, which is remembered for lengthy teacher strikes, hospital closures, nurse layoffs, welfare benefits cut by almost 22 per cent, and civil service jobs eliminated.
"There was a hostile ethos in this province that I think was absolutely the antithesis of the way Ontario should function," she said.
Hudak, who has promised during this campaign to create one million jobs, yet eliminate 100,000 others, was a member of the Harris government.
"If anything, there is a much clearer and starker choice than I might have expected by this point," she said, referring to the campaign.
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1964 Alfa Romeo Giulia 1600 101 Spider Many more photos available here – http://s1378.photobucket.com/user/alfabrunogtc/embed/slideshow/1964%20Giulia%20Spider Pictures from the body shell to the where it stands now. This Giulietta... More
1972 Alfa-Romeo Montreal. I imported the car in 1985 and have enjoyed the opportunity to be the proud owner for 29 years, but it... More
1967 Alfa Romeo Duetto - All Original, except the rebuilt 1600 CC engine and transmission - performance cams and rebuilt webers, sounds like a Lamborghini... More
This 1986 Alfa Romeo Spider Veloce is all original inside and out with only 4,700 miles. The meltallic paint is in remarkable original condition. I... More
1974 Alfa Romeo Spider, A California car, approx 140 000 miles on the car (odometer and speedometer assembly has been replaced), 55.000 on rebuilt engine.... More
1987 Alfa Romeo Milano Platinum, was an "airplane hangar" find brought back to life by an Alfa aficionado, bought from his estate in Oklahoma.... More
Alfa Romeo 1988 Spider, Quadrifoglio Edition, ps, a/c, new tires, brakes, fuel pumps, paint, top, 5-speed, new clutch/trans, excellent condition, 56,000 miles, black w/black... More
Beautiful Spider was purchased new in California,was well maintained by original records with original owner's card, manual and service books before being traded in... More
1984 Alfa Romeo GTV6, Superb, ultra-maintained original car: one of the best in America! Ferrari red paint looks like a showcar. Fabulous interior includes fitted... More
1984 GTV-6 in ORIGINAL & pristine condition. Only ~44k miles on this car … body and interior are completely original ... excellent black leather... More
Second owner. Garage kept. Beautiful condition. Wood steering wheel. Wheels, paint, ragtop and leather interior in perfect condition. New brakes, new muffler otherwise completely original. Factory AC... More
This is a Rare 1990 European ALFA ROMEO 33 IMOLA Edition. It was imported to the US from Holland by previous owner and is... More


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Presentation Summary : Day 4 PSYCHOLOGY 3351: LEARNING D. Rush McQueen, Ph.D. firstname.lastname@example.com 334.399.1028 QUIZ E.L. Thorndike's theories best fall under which school of thought?
Source : http://www.rushmcqueen.com/Theories%20of%20Learning/Psychology%203351%20-%20Learning%20-%20Day%2004%20-%20Chapter%2004%20-%20EL%20Thorndike.ppt
Thorndike, the puzzle box, and the "Law of Effect" PPT
Presentation Summary : Title: Thorndike, the puzzle box, and the "Law of Effect" Author: jsalamone Last modified by: jsalamone Created Date: 10/29/2007 4:00:09 PM Document presentation ...
Source : http://salamonepsyc132uconn.ws/sitebuildercontent/sitebuilderfiles/Psyc132SectionIIFigs2-5to2-72009.ppt
Presentation Summary : Thorndike Locke Transfer of Learning Background Transfer of learning is the effect that prior learning has on later learning. It is the fundamental goal of education ...
Source : http://psych.fullerton.edu/navarick/transfer.ppt
Introduction to Motivation and Emotion - UNCW Faculty and ... PPT
Presentation Summary : Edward Lee Thorndike Law of effect: ... The History of Motivation and Emotion Chapter 2 I. Brief History of Motivation A. Aristotle's Theory Causes of behavior: ...
Source : http://people.uncw.edu/dworkins/psy418s05ppt/Chapter02.ppt
Learning Theories - DIT School of Computing PPT
Presentation Summary : Cats in Puzzle Boxes Thorndike's instruments in answering this question were learning curves revealed by plotting the time it took for an animal to escape the box ...
Source : http://www.comp.dit.ie/dgordon/Courses/ILT/ILT0002.ppt
Behavioral Theories Of Learning - Winston-Salem State University PPT
Presentation Summary : Behavioral Theories Of Learning EDU 6303 Psychology of Teaching and Learning Overview Definition of learning Pavlov Thorndike Skinner Principles of Behavioral ...
Source : http://myweb.wssu.edu/belle/Courses/EDU6303/EDU%206303%20Spring%202008/PowerPoints/Behavioral%20Theories%20Of%20Learning.ppt
Edward L. Thorndike - DHS Home PPT
Presentation Summary : Edward L. Thorndike Animals placed in puzzle boxes String pulled, latch released, animal jumps out and receives food Learning by random trial and error
Source : http://dhs.dist113.org/Faculty/VoraJ/Homework/Operant%20Conditioing.ppt
B. F. Skinner - Home | Webster University PPT
Presentation Summary : B. F. Skinner Skinner's Theory ... opportunities for additional reinforcement Differs from Thorndike and Hull's positions Thorndike and Hull: explanatory ...
Source : http://www2.webster.edu/~woolflm/personalityskinner.ppt
Presentation Summary : Operant Conditioning B.F. Skinner (1904-1990) elaborated Thorndike's Law of Effect ... Thorndike's Law of Effect Rewarded behavior is likely to recur.
Source : http://www.gordonstate.edu/Faculty/p_terry/Franzoi%20PP/Franzoi_Chapter_06%20Operantl%20Conditioning.ppt
Behaviorism - Dr Matthew J Koehler - @msu.edu PPT
Presentation Summary : Behaviorism Ed Tech Masters Program Summer 2003 ... Thorndike focused much of his attention on education, especially learning and transfer.
Source : http://mkoehler.educ.msu.edu/OtherPages/Courses/Summer_2003/Powerpoints/behaviorism.ppt
Behaviorism - Bethel University PPT
Presentation Summary : ... (1849-1936) Edward Lee Thorndike (1874-1949) John ... Make the differentiation more and more refined so that the difference between tone1 and tone2 is ...
Source : http://people.bethel.edu/~johluc/PSY315FA06/Unit%2010/Earlybehaviorism.ppt
Presentation Summary : Steinberg, Ira S (1980), "Behaviorism and Schooling". (New York: St. Martin's Press Inc.) Pp.126 Thorndike, E. L. ... In Thorndike's words: ...
Source : http://www.math.wvu.edu/~matt.pascal/BehavioristTheoryPresentation.ppt
Classroom Learning Theories and Management PPT
Presentation Summary : ... Thorndike, Skinner Cognitive Bruner, Vygotsky, Piaget Constructivist Dewey, Knowles, Montessori Many, Many Others Behaviorism Learning Theory Pavlov, ...
Source : http://onlineeducator.info/EDEL429/LearningTheories1.ppt
Behaviorism - University of North Carolina at Wilmington PPT
Presentation Summary : Thorndike developed the "law of effect" in 1898, several years earlier than Ivan Pavlov proposed his law's of reinforcement. Although the theories are almost ...
Source : http://people.uncw.edu/clementsc/behaviorism.ppt
Behaviorism and Personality - Stanford University PPT
Presentation Summary : Behavioral Approaches to Personality What is behavior? Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936) Classical Conditioning Edward Thorndike (1874-1949) Law of Effect: "Of several ...
Source : http://www-psych.stanford.edu/~lcorinna/classes/lecture%20notes/8%20-%20August%205%20-%20Behaviorism.ppt
Defining Psychology - Rio Hondo College PPT
Presentation Summary : Psychology 112 Human ... existentialism, humanism, ecological, Erikson, Skinner, Pavlov, social-learning, Thorndike 1- My theory emphasizes the unconscious ...
Source : http://faculty.riohondo.edu/esamaan/Approaches%20to%20Understanding%20Human%20Development.ppt
Learning Theories - University of Texas at Brownsville PPT
Presentation Summary : Edward Thorndike Thordike's research consisted of experiments that required a voluntary behavioral reaction from subjects.
Source : http://orange.utb.edu/jchacon1/3320/project2/project2.ppt
Behaviorist and Humanist Theories - Intro To Psych - home PPT
Presentation Summary : Objectives. Review additional psychoanalytic theories. Indentify contributions of Thorndike, Skinner, Maslow and Rogers to study of personality. Compare and contrast ...
Source : http://fuspsych.wikispaces.com/file/view/Behaviorist+and+Humanist+Theories.pptx
Correcting for Indirect Range Restriction in Meta-Analysis ... PPT
Presentation Summary : NEW RANGE RESTRICTION CORRECTION METHODS Hunter, Schmidt, & Le (2006) ... + Correction for measurement error before RR correction + Applying Thorndike's Case ...
Source : http://mypages.iit.edu/~morriss/siop2009/Le09.ppt
Curriculum - University of Minnesota Duluth PPT
Presentation Summary : Curriculum Chapter 4 Definitions of Curriculum Curriculum is all of the experiences children have under the guidance of teachers. Curriculum encompasses all learning ...
Source : http://www.d.umn.edu/%7Efguldbra/PPTs/documents/Curriculum.ppt
Psychological Foundations - Jerry Galloway PPT
Presentation Summary : Psychological Foundations of Curriculum ... Thorndike's Influence Thorndike and other followers believed that rote memorization does not necessarily strengthen ...
Source : http://tech.jerrygalloway.com/UTA/stds/PsychFoundationsofCurr_1.ppt
Presentation Summary : ... Educational Psychology… Historical Background of Ed Psych William James (1842-1910) John Dewey (1859-1952) E. L. Thorndike (1874-1949) ...
Source : http://www2.fiu.edu/~pelaeznm/files/Home_files/santrock4_ppt_ch01.ppt
Learning Theories, Methods, and Models - University of Victoria PPT
Presentation Summary : Learning Theories, Models, and Methods A GILD ... Major Theorists Thorndike Pavlov Watson Skinner Principles Time/place pairings Biological basis of behaviour ...
Source : http://gild.cs.uvic.ca/docs/ltheory/learningtheory.ppt


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Dothan area residential sales totaled 69 units in January, an improvement in sales growth of 4.5 percent from last January and 4 units above our monthly forecast.
For other Alabama real estate resources & news, please visit our website and our ACRE blog. You can also follow ACRE from our facebook page and on twitter @uaacre.


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Attorney General Eric Holder: State AGs "Not Obligated" to Defend Marriage Bans
February 25, 2014 by Maureen McCarty, HRC Associate Director of Digital Media
United States Attorney General Eric Holder took another bold step as an LGBT ally yesterday, arguing in an interview with The New York Times that state attorneys general are under no obligation to defend marriage equality bans.
Instead, Holder said that state attorneys general should scrutinize state laws that call into question constitutional issues.
"Engaging in that process and making that determination is something that's appropriate for an attorney general to do," said Holder.
Attorney General Holder has been a leader for civil rights for LGBT Americans throughout his career in public life. From reaching the conclusion that the Defense of Marriage Act was indefensible in court to robust enforcement of the Matthew Shepard & James Byrd Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act, Attorney General Holder's leadership on LGBT issues is without comparison. Most recently, Holder announced from the stage of HRC's New York gala the landmark changes to the way the federal government treats married lesbian and gay couples .
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November 6, 2014
Seismic Shift in Rome: New Catholic Church Document Praises Committed Gay and Lesbian "Partnerships"
October 13, 2014
Marriage Equality Coming to Wyoming
October 17, 2014


text: 1 Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Overview of the thesis Passive expressions occurring in a wide range of languages have multiple diverse meanings and functions: personal or impersonal passive, transitive-based or intransitive-based passive, passives with the meaning of adversity or without any such meaning, etc. In previous research, such as Mikami (1953/1972: 98-112), Kuno (1973: 24), Shibatani (1978: 133-142) and Teramura (1982: 214-217), the assumption has been that the Japanese passive has dual semantic functions: adversative and neutral. Objecting to this view, Klaiman (1987: 429) maintains that all passive –rare expressions in Japanese convey a nuance of 'affect', and basically fall into a single semantic type. However, the present research takes a stance that differs from both of the views above. It considers the Japanese passive neither as having the semantic dichotomy of adversative and neutral nor as carrying a single semantic role, but, as with passives in many other languages, to be semantically multi-functioned. Amongst the diverse meanings and functions passive constructions hold, such as defocusing the 'actor', describing the subject's attribute, and so on, the primary one is related to the perspective from which the event is described. When you try to describe a scene, you have several options depending on the perspective you would take. This study considers that passives in Japanese portray an event or situation from the point of view of 2 an affected entity. Previous research, such as Kuno (1973: 24) and Teramura (1982: 214-217), has claimed a simplistic and apparently transparent correlation between syntactic and semantic distinctions of the Japanese passive. The present study rejects these direct correlations, but nevertheless maintains that a correlation between syntactic features and semantic types does exist. In fact, this study demonstrates complex and sophisticated correlations between syntax and semantics in the case of Japanese passive constructions. In examining authentic data, it becomes evident that the correlation is much more subtle than has generally been recognised, and that is a matter of degree or continuum, rather than a discrete, black and white issue. From the standpoint declared above, the current thesis recognises three types of affectedness in Japanese passive constructions: emotive affectedness, direct / physical affectedness, and objective affectedness. The special meaning of emotive affectedness associated with only some Japanese passives, often referred to as 'adversative' meaning, and has drawn attention from many researchers. This meaning is primarily syntactically motivated; however, several parameters of semantic transitivity also play an important role. Direct / physical affectedness is detected mainly in the construction here referred to as the direct sentient passive. This meaning is quite common in passives in many other languages, including English. The last type – objective affectedness – is primarily associated with 'non-sentient passives', more specifically with what is here called the plain passive. In this 3 type a non-sentient entity appears in the subject position. This meaning is also related to Aktionsart1. Boundaries between these three types of affectedness are not discrete: instead we can see these notions of affectedness as a matter of degree. The present study has three main aims. The first aim is to clarify and classify all the functions of passives in Japanese. The second aim is to tackle and solve the well-known issue of the 'adversative meaning', referred to in this thesis as the 'special meaning of emotive affectedness', which is associated with only some types of passive in Japanese. The final aim is the ultimate goal of this thesis. That is to reveal how the multi-functioned Japanese passives actually appear in real contexts. This research uses authentic written and spoken data for analysis, in order to portray how Japanese passives are actually used. Only a limited number of examples have been generated on the evidence of native-speaker intuition, for the sake of simplifying the explanation. Ways of simplifying include omission of adverbial clauses, noun-modifying clauses and sentence final particles that do not affect the interpretation of passive. Previous research on these constructions has had tendency to rely heavily on inauthentic data, made up by the researchers themselves. Once again, it is only by looking at authentic examples, in the context in which they originally occurred, that we can fully understand the real meanings and functions of these constructions. 1 The term Aktionsart is used here, following Klaiman (1987: 401 & 432), to refer to 'the inherent aspectual character of the verb', or 'the range of temporal characters which are ascribable to some verbally denoted action purely in virtue of the verb's lexical sense'. 4 For the written data for this study, we used the CD-Rom collection of Japanese novels, Shinchô Bunko no Hyakusatsu (One hundred Shinchô Paperbacks). For the spoken data, the collection of Josei no Kotoba - Shokubahen (Women's Language – Workplace section) and Dansei no Kotoba - Shokubahen (Men's Language – Workplace section), commercially available on CD-Rom, were used. The thesis consists of six chapters. The current chapter gives an overview of the background to the thesis. It has three main parts. After outlining the thesis statement and taking a general view of the thesis in this section, Section 1.2 deals with the data used in the study in detail, and Section 1.3, motivation for the use of authentic data. The rest of Chapter 1, Sections 1.4 – 1.7, is devoted to the theoretical background, including the notion of passive itself, and other basic and essential terms and concepts related to the study of Japanese passive constructions. As mentioned above, the passive –(r)are construction in Japanese has multiple semantic functions, from describing the subject's attribute to depicting a situation in which the subject is somehow affected by an event. In order to clarify these functions, in Chapter 2, the controversial issue of the classification of Japanese passives in previous research is reexamined. Chapter 3 then presents the new classification used in this thesis. The current research raises an objection to the previous claim of a direct correlation between the syntactic and semantic distinctions - more specifically the correspondence between the indirect passive and the adversative passive on the one hand, and that between the direct 5 passive and the neutral passive on the other. Instead we propose separate sets of categories for each syntactic and semantic distinction. This study then demonstrates that correlation between syntax and semantics in Japanese passives is much more subtle and complex than has generally been recognised. In dealing with real life data, it becomes apparent that this issue of correlation between syntax and semantics can never be seen as a simple, black and white matter. After presenting the classification of Japanese passives in Chapter 3, Chapter 4 investigates the type with the special emotive affectedness, widely known as the 'adversative passive' in previous research. The term 'adversative passive' has presumably been used because, in most cases, the emotive nuance is adversative. However, we note cases in which the emotive undertone cannot be considered 'adversative'. It is therefore referred to in this thesis as having a 'special meaning of emotive affectedness'. We will focus on examining under what circumstances the special nuance appears, and suggest why such a nuance occurs at all. Finally, in Chapter 5, the findings of the data analysis are discussed in detail. In Section 5.2, numerical findings on the syntactic and semantic categories of passive, the nature of the 'actor' and the subject, the occurrence in noun-modifying clauses, and the kind of propositional meanings that occur are fully discussed. Some findings confirm the claims made in previous research, such as the high frequency of passives without an overt 'actor', and of passives with a negative propositional meaning. 6 Other findings completely contradict previous claims, such as the large proportion of passives with a non-sentient subject. This research also finds that the frequency of the occurrence of the indirect passive, the major focus of previous studies of Japanese passives, seems, in fact, to be very low. The last section of Chapter 5 deals mainly with the issue of how central the role played by the referent of the subject is to the event: how important this is and how it affects the propositional meaning of the passive sentence. 1.2 About the data used in this thesis In this research we have primarily used authentic written and spoken data for analysis, in order to reveal how Japanese passives are actually used. 1.2.1 Written data For the written data of this study, we collected 679 passive examples from ten different novels. Using the CD-Rom collection of Japanese novels, Shinchô Bunko no Hyakusatsu (One hundred Shinchô Paperbacks), we first selected the fifteen most recent novels in the collection. The author's gender and age at the time s/he wrote the novel are then noted, and 7 ten were chosen from among the fifteen, aiming for the best balance possible with regard to these variables. Authors of the selected novels were all in their 20s to 50s at the time s/he wrote the novel. Although there are some other more recent novels written by male authors, Takano's novel was chosen in order to keep a good balance in the numbers of male and female authors. Details of the novels selected are given below: Author's Year Age Gender Title Type of novel Passive Name Nos Akagawa, 1984 36 Male Onna Shacho ni Kanpai! Narrative set in 31 Jiro 'Cheers to Madam 1980s Tokyo President!' Fujiwara, 1978 35 Male Wakaki Sugakusha no First person 85 Masahiko America 'A Young novel set in Mathematician in America' 1970s US Miyamoto, 1982 35 Male Kinshu 'Gold Brocade' Narrative set in 69 Teru 1970s Japan Murakami, 1985 36 Male Sekai no Owari to Narrative set in 69 Haruki Hadoboirudo Wandarando future Japan 'The End of the World and the Hard-boiled Wonderland' Sawaki, 1981 34 Male Isshun no Natsu 'Summer Narrative set in 74 Kotaro in a Split Second' 1970s Tokyo Shiina, 1991 47 Male Shinbashi First person 31 Makoto Karasumoriguchi novel set in Seishun-hen 'Shinbashi 1980s Tokyo Station, Karasumori Exit – In My Young Days Shiono, 1991 54 Female Konsutantinopuru no Historical 157 Nanami Kanraku 'Fall of novel set in Constantinople' 15th century Constantinople Sono, 1979 48 Female Taro Monogatari 'Taro's Narrative set in 51 Ayako Story' 1970s Japan Takano, 1971 22 Female Hatachi no Genten 'The First person 39 Etsuko Origin of Twenty Years of novel set in Age' 1960s Japan Tsutsui, 1981 47 Male Edipusu no Koibito Narrative set in 73 Yasutaka 'Oedipus's Lover' future Japan 8 We searched the middle 100 pages of each novel. However, note that this CD-Rom version of the novels contains 320 characters per page, half that of a normal Japanese paperback. The written corpus was thus equivalent in length to approximately 500 pages of a hard copy Japanese paperback. 1.2.2 Spoken data For the spoken data, the collections of Josei no Kotoba - Shokubahen (Women's Language – Workplace section) and Dansei no Kotoba - Shokubahen (Men's Language – Workplace section), commercially available on CD-Rom2, were used. 169 passive examples out of a total of 16921 utterances were found in these spoken data collections. The 'Women's Language' corpus was originally compiled for the study of the actual conditions of the spoken language of women by 'Gendai Nihongo Kenkyukai' (Society of Contemporary Japanese Language Studies). Recordings were made during the period September 1993 to November 1993 in the Tokyo Metropolitan area. The subjects are 19 working women in their 20s to 50s. A breakdown of the subjects by age group and occupation is shown below: 2 When the data analysis for this research was conducted, CD-Rom for 'Men's Language' corpus was not yet commercially available. I am indebted to one of the compilers, Dr Haruko Hayakawa, for the use of the pre-publication version of the CD-Rom. 9 Subject's Age group Occupation code 01 20s Company employee (office job) 02 20s Company employee (office job) 03 30s Company employee (editing) 04 50s University Lecturer 05 40s Company executive 06 40s Company employee (editing) 07 40s University assistant 08 50s Primary school teacher 09 30s Senior high school teacher 10 40s Public servant (office job) 11 20s Company employee (sales) 12 50s Public servant (office job) 13 20s Company employee (office job) 14 20s Public servant (University office) 15 30s Company employee (planning) 16 30s Company employee (editing) 17 30s Company employee (editing) 18 40s Public servant (research assistant) 19 40s Public servant (research assistant) In this collection 11421 utterances were searched, and 76 passive examples were found. The 'Men's Language' corpus was recorded during the period October 1999 to December 2000 in the Tokyo Metropolitan area, also by 'Gendai Nihongo Kenkyukai' 10 (Society of Contemporary Japanese Language Studies). The subjects are 21 working men in their 20s to 50s. Detailed information of the subjects' age group and occupation is presented below: Subject's Age group Occupation code 01 40s Pharmacy owner 02 50s University employee 03 30s Company employee (sales) 04 20s Company employee (sales) 05 50s Company employee (engineer) 06 40s University Lecturer 07 30s Company employee (sales) 08 40s Company employee (office job) 09 40s Car manufacturer/ mechanic 10 50s Company employee (technical) 11 40s Senior high school teacher 12 50s Company owner 13 20s Research institute employee – part-time 14 30s Hairdresser 15 20s Insurance company employee (sales) 16 40s Insurance company employee (sales) 17 30s Company employee (call centre) 18 20s University employee (library) 19 20s University employee (library) 20 50s Senior high school teacher 21 30s Musician 11 In this database, 5500 utterances were searched3, and 103 instances of the passive were found. If written and spoken data are combined, altogether 848 passive examples have been analysed in this study. Both the written and the spoken data are consistent in terms of writers'/ speakers' age group, as they are all in their 20s to 50s. Moreover, all the data were fairly contemporary; written or recorded during the period of 1971 to 2000. 1.2.3 Examples in the text of this thesis This research mainly uses authentic written and spoken data for analysis, described in detail in the sections above. Only a limited number of examples have been generated on the evidence of native-speaker intuition, for the sake of simplifying the explanation. With each example from the written data, the author and the page number are given in square brackets, as in the example (1) below: (1) Meimon to iw-are-ru kono si no Koowa-tyuugaku, … [Tsutsui 376] Prestigeous QUOT say-PASS-PRES this city GEN Kowa.Junior.High.School 'The Kowa junior high school in this city, which is said to be a prestigious school, …' 3 The pre-publication version used contains 5500 utterances. However, the commercially available version has a total of 11000 utterances. 12 For the spoken data, the following information is given in square brackets: the abbreviation of the source ('Josei' for Josei no Kotoba - Shokubahen (Women's Language – Workplace section) and 'Dansei' for Dansei no Kotoba - Shokubahen (Men's Language – Workplace section)), the utterance number, and the speaker's gender, age and occupation, as in example (2) below: (2) Ee, Nihonzin no kanari ooku no hito ga desu nee, Bukkyoo Well Japanese.people GEN fairly many GEN people NOM COP-PRES Buddhism sinzya tosite kazoer-are-te i-mas-u. [Dansei 2704: male, 45, University Lecturer] bliever as count-PASS-CONJ be-POL-PRES 'Well, quite a large number of Japanese people are, uh, counted as Buddhists.' In the few cases in which no source is noted, the example has been created by the current author on the evidence of native-speaker intuition, as in example (3) below: (3) Nobuko wa keisatu ni utagaw-are-te ir-u. Nobuko TOP police by suspect- PASS-CONJ be-PRES 'Nobuko is suspected by the police.' 13 1.3 Motivation for the use of authentic data Chomsky (1957) claimed that a fundamental goal of linguistic enquiry should be to develop a theory which mirrors a cognitively plausible model of language. What has to be observed is language competence – internalized knowledge of a language – rather than performance – external evidence of language competence (McEnery & Wilson 1996: 5). Chomsky, therefore, suggested that the observation of naturally occurring data could never be meaningful to linguistics enquiry. Gathering data by using introspection has a great advantage. You can gather data anytime you want, and gather only data that is relevant to your study. However, the process of a speaker's introspective judgement is unverifiable. In contrast, as McEnery & Wilson (1996: 12) suggest, authentic data is both more public and more objective. Anyone can observe the naturally occurring data. Observations of actual data are more objectively verifiable than observations based on introspective judgement. This is the reason why it is important to look at naturally occurring data. Furthermore, the ultimate goal of this thesis is to reveal how Japanese passives actually appear in real contexts. Authentic data, in the context in which they originally occurred, is the most reliable source that portrays the actual usage of these constructions. By observing natural examples in context, we can fully understand the real meanings and functions of Japanese passive constructions. 14 1.4 Definition of passive The definition of passive has been a centre of controversy for quite some time. Many attempts have been made to characterise the passive from a number of different points of view: morphological, syntactic, semantic, functional/pragmatic, and so forth. In this research, Shibatani's (1985) prototype approach is adopted, which begins by defining the passive prototype, and then considers how close various constructions are to that prototype. However, in order to view this approach in a broader context, first let us take a general look at some of the other main positions. Transformational Grammarians describe passives in relation to changes brought about in the structural characteristics of the clause, such as linear ordering and relative dominance (Chomsky 1965, Lakoff 1971, Hasegawa 1968, and Langacker & Munro 1975). Linear order is related to the position of a NP relative to the verb. Keenan (1975: 343) points out that this characterisation must be highly language specific. Under the transformational characterisation, English passive applies to any structure that requires 'an NP immediately followed by a verb, followed by another NP'. It would clearly not be applicable in many other languages, such as SOV and VSO languages. In terms of relative dominance, Keenan (1975: 343) also suggests that, although subject is usually 'the highest' NP, the distinction between subject and direct object in terms of dominance is not clear in 'free word order' languages, such as Tagalog (Schachter and Otanes 1972) and Walbiri 15 (Hale 1967). Relational Grammarians, such as Perlmutter and Postal (1974, 1977: 399) have also argued against the Transformational approach. They stress the change in grammatical relations in characterising the passive. Their emphasis is on the direct object nominal at a transitive level becoming a subject nominal at the next level, passive. As a result, 'the active SUBJECT case ceases to bear any grammatical relation to its verb'. This approach, however, does not accommodate cases where a non-direct object can be passivised. In criticising the Transformational Grammarians' view, discussed above, and modifying the theory of Perlmutter and Postal (1974), Keenan (1975: 340) regards passivisation primarily as a process of the demotion of the agent from the subject position, with the promotion of a non-agent to subject status viewed as a consequence. In this approach the emphasis is on the demotion of agent. However, Keenan's view still can not be adapted to instances that do not involve promotion of any participant to the subject position, such as impersonal passives, as indicated by Comrie (1977: 47-48). Comrie suggests the idea of spontaneous demotion, or removal, of a subject in the impersonal passive. In this construction, the 'underlying subject' has been demoted spontaneously, not related to the promotion of some other participant to subject, and appears as an oblique object. Consider the following examples from Welsh (Comrie 1977: 55): 16 (4) a. Fe'i lladdod ddraig. him killed dragon 'A dragon killed him.' b. Fe'i lladdwyd (gan ddraig). him was-killed by dragon 'He was killed by a dragon.' A direct object in the corresponding active sentence (4a), fe'i 'him', stays as a direct object in the impersonal passive sentence (4b). No other participant is promoted to the subject position, therefore (4b) does not have a subject. Nevertheless the 'underlying subject', draig 'a dragon', is removed from the subject position in (4a), and appears as an oblique object in (4b). Comrie (1977: 55) claims that this is a lucid illustration of spontaneous demotion of the 'underlying subject'. Givon (1979:186), who takes an explicitly functional stance in his discussion of passive, also criticises Keenan's (1975: 340) theory since it 'disregards the function of passives'. Givon (1979:186) defines the passive as follows, focusing on its functional characteristics: Passivization is the process by which a nonagent is promoted into the role of main topic of the sentence. And to the extent that the language possesses coding 17 properties which identify main topics as subjects and distinguishes them from topics, then this promotion may also involve subjectivalization. (Emphasis in the original.) In the definition above, Givon (1979:186) manages to portray the functional properties of passive to a certain extent. However, his approach meets opposition from Shibatani (1985: 830), since it still prioritises the promotion of a non-agent. As opposed to Givon's argument (1979:186), and further developing the line of Comrie (1977: 48) and Keenan's (1975: 340) approaches, Shibatani (1985: 830) claims that the primary pragmatic function of the passive is 'agent-defocusing'. His argument is that, first of all, there are some passives that do not involve the promotion of any non-agent participant to subject, as Comrie (1977: 47-48) suggests regarding impersonal passives. Shibatani (1985: 831) also claims that the fact that passive sentences do not usually involve an overt 'agent' in the clause shows that 'their fundamental function has to do with the defocusing of agents'. Following Shibatani (1985: 830), Givon (2001: 125) later revises his earlier view, and claims that the primary function of the prototypical passive voice is to demote or defocus the agent. Givon (2001: 126) also mentions the high frequency of the passive without an overt agent in four languages. This is illustrated in the table below (Givon 2001: 126): 18 Percent of non-anaphoric zero agents in active and passive clauses in narrative text Voice construction Language Active Passive Chamorro (Cooreman 1987) 0% 93.5% Modern Greek (Roland 1994) 0% 93.0% Karao (Brainard 1994) 0% 90.5% English (Givon 1979a) / 80.0% As will be seen in Section 5.2.2, in our Japanese data search also, nearly 80% of the passive clauses do not involve an overt 'agent' in the clause. Along with Shibatani (1985: 831), Givon (2001: 126) also suggests that the fact that a large proportion of passives do not involve an overt 'agent' demonstrates that 'agent' suppression is the foremost function of the passive voice. In analysing the correlations of passives to other related constructions, Shibatani (1985: 821-822) also proposes a prototype approach to characterise the passive. He claims that it is meaningless to discuss whether or not a given construction should come under the passive domain. Rather, since various constructions are lined up along a continuum, the real question is how much the construction is related to or differs from the prototype. Shibatani (1985: 837) characterises the passive prototype as follows: 19 Characterization of the passive prototype a. Primary pragmatic function: Defocusing of agent. b. Semantic properties: (i) Semantic valence: Predicate (agent, patient). (ii) Subject is affected. c. Syntactic properties: (i) Syntactic encoding: agent 0 (not encoded). patient subject. (ii) Valence of P[redicate]: Active = P/n; Passive = P/n-1. d. Morphological property: Active = P; Passive = P [+passive]. This prototype is advocated with a view to the universal characterisation of the passive prototype. This study, however, deals principally with Japanese passives. It is therefore necessary, in this thesis, to modify Shibatani's characterisation of passive slightly in order to accommodate the features of Japanese passive constructions. Japanese passives do not include impersonal passives (like those Comrie exemplifies in Welsh), and all the passives in Japanese involve a subject from whose perspective the event is described, although this subject is often elided in the clause. In this research, therefore, the fundamental function of Japanese passives is considered as bringing the focus to the subject, regardless of whether it is promoted from non-agent or not. The defocusing of the agent is regarded as the second important function of passives in this language. In the case of Japanese passives, then, 20 criterion (a) above is revised as follows: Characterisation of the passive prototype (in Japanese) a. Primary pragmatic function: Bringing focus to subject. Secondary pragmatic function: Defocusing of agent. As an example of the prototypical passive, consider the following example from the data used from this study: (5) a. Teki wa ooku no hito o totunyuu tyokugo.ni korosi-ta. Enemy TOP many GEN people ACC break-in right.after kill-PAST 'The enemy killed many people right after the break-in.' b. Ooku no hito wa totunyuu tyokugo.ni (teki ni) koros-are-ta. Many GEN people TOP break-in right.after (enemy by) kill-PASS-PAST 'Many people were killed right after the enemy's break-in.' [Shiono 409, modified] Example (5b) satisfies all the criteria for the prototypical passive of Japanese passive: its subject (many people) is focused, even topicalised; its 'agent' (the enemy) is defocused and is not encoded; its active counterpart (5a) involves an 'agent' (the enemy) and a patient (many people); and the patient becomes the passive subject which is affected by the event; its valence is decreased by 1 compared to its active counterpart (5a); its verb involves the passive morpheme, -(r)are. 21 Next, let us consider a non-prototypical case. The indirect passive in Japanese differs from the passive prototype above in several respects. Consider the example below: (6) a. Kodomo ga bonnetto no ue ni not-te tatioozyoos-ita koto nado Children NOM bonnet GEN top on get.on-CONJ be.stuck-PAST case etc. mo at-ta. even there.is-PAST b. (Watasi wa) (kodomo ni) bonnetto no ue ni nor-are-te tatioozyoos-ita (I TOP) (children by) bonnet GEN top on get.on-PASS-CONJ be.stuck-PAST koto nado mo at-ta. [Fujiwara 340] case etc. even there.is-PAST 'Furthermore there even was a time when I was stuck because (the kids) got on the bonnet (of my car).' Since an indirect passive like example (6b) is an intransitive-based passive, it does not involve a patient. It also differs from the prototype in that it increases rather than decreases the valence of the verb root by 1, compared to the closest active equivalent (6a). Despite these facts, in this thesis, this kind of passive is regarded as passive, as it fulfils the most important factors of the passive prototype: the focus is brought to the subject, I, (although elided in the sentence (6b)); the event is described from the point of view of the subject. Moreover, the 'agent' ('the kids' in example (6b)) is defocused and is not encoded. This kind of passive also satisfies the last criterion of passive prototype: its verb includes the 22 passive morpheme, -(r)are. Grounded on the discussion above, this research considers the subject focusing and the 'agent' defocusing to be the key functional criteria of the passive. The indirect passive in Japanese (as in example (6b)), along with the direct passive (as in example (5b)), therefore, is regarded as passive to the extent that it involves these primary and secondary functions of passive, bringing focus to the subject and defocusing an 'agent', and it shares the passive morpheme, -(r)are. 1.5 –(r)are constructions in Japanese In Japanese, the verbal morpheme –(r)are is used in spontaneous, potential and honorific constructions, as well as in the passive construction. However, the main focus of discussion in previous research has been the passive use of –(r)are, and the non-passive uses of –(r)are have not attracted much attention. In this section, we will briefly examine the relationship between the passive use and the non-passive uses of –(r)are. Examples of these four uses of the –(r)are construction – passive, spontaneous, potential and honorific – follows: (7) passive use Otoko wa keibiin ni mise kara hooridas-are-ta. Man TOP security.guard by shop from throw.out-RARE-PAST 23 'The man was thrown out from the shop by a security guard.' (8) spontaneous use Syoogatu ni naru to (watasi ni wa) hurusato ga omoidas-are-ru. New.year DAT become when (I DAT TOP) home.town NOM recall-RARE-PRES 'When the New Year comes, I (always) remember my home town.' (9) potential use Watasi (ni) wa niku ryoori ga tabe-rare-nai. I (DAT) TOP meat dish NOM eat-RARE-NEG 'I cannot eat meat dishes.' (10) honorific use Takada sensei wa sensyuu Doitu ni tat-are-ta. Takada teacher TOP last.week Germany to leave-RARE-PAST 'Professor Takada left for Germany last week (honorific).' In terms of the historical development of –(r)are morphology, in the Nara period (7th century) the antecedent of –(r)are, –yu / rayu, was mainly used, and later –ru / raru became dominant. Shibatani (2000: 163) mentions that because –yu / rayu did not have an honorific use at all, and that the honorific use of –ru / raru was not acquired until after the 8th century. For these reasons the honorific use is thought to have developed later than the spontaneous, potential and passive uses. Shibatani also observes that before the Heian period (9th century), the potential 24 use of –ru/raru only occurred in a negative context. This is the reason why he infers that the potential use developed later than the spontaneous and passive uses. Before the 7th century, therefore, Shibatani suggests that –yu/rayu was primarily used for the spontaneous and the passive. For the period for which there are no surviving records, Hosoe (1928) maintains that, in Japanese, the spontaneous and the passive formed the middle voice, and were represented by the same morpheme, -yu/rayu. Shibatani (2000: 166) further develops Hosoe's view and takes a stance that even before that period, the opposition between active and spontaneous was held, and the passive use was derived from the spontaneous use. To sum up the historical development of the –(r)are constructions, the primary use of –(r)are, or its antecedents –yu / rayu and ru / raru, in classical Japanese was for the spontaneous, and all other uses were developed later. First, the passive was derived from the spontaneous, then the potential and finally the honorific. In this sense, the passive, potential and honorific are all connected to the spontaneous in some way. However, as Shibatani (2000: 161) points out, this is a historical matter, and it has not yet been determined whether or not the common basis or core meaning of –(r)are constructions can be accepted as a synchronic grammatical knowledge. Shibatani (2000: 162) states that, in general, morphological or syntactic similarities between constructions are due to the fact that one construction was historically 25 developed from the other. In this case, however, the similarities may be merely historical inheritance, and the connection between the constructions might not have any synchronic meaning. Ambiguity between independent constructions can be due to morphological polysemy. Therefore, Shibatani (2000: 162) claims that the fact that one sentence can be interpreted as passive or honorific, does not prove that these two constructions share a common basis today. He suggests that we need to examine how these constructions coexist in the modern Japanese language (the synchronic aspect) as well as the historical development of these constructions (the diachronic aspect). Next, let us examine the differences and similarities of the four uses of –(r)are constructions in contemporary Japanese, in order to clarify the connection between the constructions, more specifically to elucidate the relationship between the passive use and other uses of –(r)are in the modern Japanese language (the synchronic aspect). Consider the examples (7) – (10), cited again below: (7) passive use Otoko wa keibiin ni mise kara hooridas-are-ta. Man TOP security.guard by shop from throw.out-RARE-PAST 'The man was thrown out from the shop by a security guard.' (8) spontaneous use Syoogatu ni naru to (watasi ni wa) hurusato ga omoidas-are-ru. New.year DAT become when (I DAT TOP) home.town NOM recall-RARE-PRES 26 'When the New Year comes, I (always) remember my home town.' (9) potential use Watasi (ni) wa niku ryoori ga tabe-rare-nai. I (DAT) TOP meat dish NOM eat-RARE-NEG 'I cannot eat meat dishes.' (10) honorific use Takada sensei ga sensyuu Doitu ni tat-are-ta. Takada teacher NOM last.week Germany to leave-RARE-PAST 'Professor Takada left for Germany last week (honorific).' The honorific use seems totally different from other three in that it has the same perspective as that of a non-honorific active clause. In the honorific example (10), the agent is marked by ga, in the same way as in an unmarked active clause without –(r)are. In fact, it does not involve any change in case marking compared to the corresponding active clause without –(r)are. The spontaneous example (8) and the potential example (9) are almost identical in terms of case marking. They both have the agent (watasi 'I' in both sentences) marked by dative particle ni when it appears, this ni often being complemented or replaced by the topic marker wa. The passive example (7), in fact, also has the agent (keibiin 'security guard') marked by dative ni. However, unlike the agent in the spontaneous or the potential clause, it is very rare for the dative ni marked agent in the passive clause to be topicalised. 27 This is clearly related to the fact that the passive serves to defocus this participant. Another noticeable point is that the passive clause, the spontaneous clause and the potential clause all have an Undergoer marked by nominative particle ga. In the case of the passive use, this ga is often replaced by topic marker wa. The Undergoer in the potential use (niku ryoori 'meat dishes' in (9)) can also be topicalised, whereas the Undergoer in the spontaneous use (hurusato 'home town' in (8)) rarely can. We, therefore, conclude that these three uses – the passive, the spontaneous and the potential – are fundamentally different in terms of the perspective from which the event is described. The passive clause usually describes the situation from the point of view of the Undergoer, whereas in the spontaneous clause the event is portrayed from the agent's perspective. The potential clause can portray the dual perspective of the agent and the Undergoer. Moreover, in modern Japanese (synchronically), Shibatani (2000: 173) claims that the passive and the spontaneous are closely related in terms of forming a voice opposition with the active. However, he considers the potential and the honorific as existing on another level as they were developed through pragmatic motivation. Shibatani also states that the potential construction describes a state, and it belongs to the domain of modality rather than that of voice, although it is close to the spontaneous semantically. In contrast, it is hard to find synchronic affinity in the development from spontaneous to honorific. In considering the discussion above, in this research, we recognise the way each 28 of the four functions of –(r)are developed historically, and the similarities and differences among the four. We also acknowledge that there probably is some core meaning common to all four uses of –(r)are, but we regard each of the four uses of –(r)are as an independent construction. Therefore, we will only deal with the passive use of –(r)are in this thesis. 1.6 Basic terms and concepts In this section, we will define and illustrate the basic terms and concepts used in this research. First, Section 1.6.1 deals with clarifying the difference in verb types in Japanese: the transitive verb and the intransitive verb, and the unaccusative verb and the unergative verb. In Section 1.6.2, we will discuss the concepts of 'Actor' and 'Undergoer', introduced in Foley and Van Valin (1984: 28-29), in comparison with thematic roles defined in previous research. Section 1.6.3 describes how sentience constrains certain constructions in Japanese, especially passive, and considers the concepts of 'sentient' and 'non-sentient'. 1.6.1 Verb types in Japanese One way of classifying Japanese verbs is to divide them into three groups: the transitive verb, the unaccusative intransitive verb and the unergative intransitive verb. First, we will divide verbs into two groups using the traditional distinction of transitive and intransitive 29 verbs. I will then introduce the notion of unaccusative and unergative verbs, following Kageyama (1995: 43) which roughly corresponds to Mikami's distinction of inactive and active verbs (in Mikami 1953, 1972). It is the intransitive verbs that are subdivided into these two groups: unaccusative verbs and unergative verbs. Finally, we lay down a definition of these two subcategories of intransitive verb used in this thesis, applying Dixon's (1994: 6-8) concepts of S, A, and O. 184.108.40.206 Transitive and intransitive verbs There are several theories with regard to the distinction between syntactically transitive verbs and intransitive verbs in Japanese. I will define syntactically transitive verbs here simply as those which have an object marked by particle o (excluding deictic motion verbs for which the o-marked NP signals the ground covered, such as (miti o) iku 'go along the street' and (heya o) deru 'leave the room'), and those which have a single dative object marked by particle ni, such as hoeru 'to bark', tobituku 'jump at', horeru 'fall in love', etc. Nomura (1995) calls this second group ni-transitive verbs. There are also quite a large number of verbs which have both an accusative object marked by o and a dative object marked by ni, such as susumeru 'to recommend', osieru 'to teach', tanomu 'to ask (a favour)'. They are often called ditransitive verbs and are grouped here in the broad category of transitive verbs. If the verb is not identified as a syntactically transitive verb by these criteria, then it would be considered as an intransitive verb. 30 22.214.171.124 Unaccusative and unergative verbs The subgroups of syntactically intransitive verbs – unaccusative verbs and unergative verbs – are widely recognised by GB theorists, Relational Grammarians and Lexical Functional Grammarians. Among Japanese linguists, these categories have also been widely discussed. Motoori Haruniwa noted the distinction in the early 19th century, of 'onozukara sikaru' (something happens by itself, something comes about naturally) and 'mizukara sika suru' (do something by oneself) (Motoori 1828). Mikami (1972) also classified Japanese verbs into 'inactive', which correspond to the unaccusative verbs, 'active', which correspond to the unergative verbs together with the transitive verbs. More recently, Miyagawa (1989), Sagawa (1991), Kageyama (1995: 43) and some other linguists have begun to look again at these two basic types of verbs in Japanese. Although Dixon does not utilize the terms unaccusative verbs and unergative verbs, he, too, mentions the distinction between these two basic types of intransitive verb (Dixon 1994: 53). Since his definition is very clear and useful in comprehending the concept as it relates to Japanese passives, we will consider it below. First, Dixon (1994: 6-8) states the premise that all languages work in terms of three primitive relations: 31 S – intransitive subject A – transitive subject O – transitive object Dixon (1994: 7) maintains that in an intransitive clause, the single core argument is mapped onto S. In terms of the two core arguments in a transitive clause, one is mapped onto A and the other onto O. In investigating verb classes, Dixon (1994: 7) recognises a number of 'semantic roles' associated with predicates – different 'semantic roles' with different 'semantic types' of predicates. 'Some of the semantic types of verbs which appear' in all languages are summarised below (with Dixon's examples from English): SEMANTIC TYPES Semantic Roles AFFECT, e.g. hit, cut, burn Agent, Manip (thing manipulated), Target GIVING, e.g. give, lend, pay Donor, Gift, Recipient SPEAKING, e.g. talk, tell, order Speaker, Addressee, Message ATTENTION, e.g. see, hear, watch Perceiver, Impression Dixon (1994: 8) claims that it is 'the Agent for an AFFECT verb, Donor for a GIVING verb, Speaker for a SPEAKING verb, Perceiver for an ATTENTION verb and so on, that is placed in the A function. If there are just two core roles, then the one not identified as A 32 will be mapped onto O. Regarding intransitives, Dixon (1994: 53) states that 'for some intransitive verbs the referent of the S NP would be likely to be the controller of the activity, e.g. "jump", "speak"; this subtype of S can be called Sa. For other verbs the referent of the S NP is not likely to control the event but may be affected by it, e.g. "break", "die", "yawn" – this can be called So'. In the light of Dixon's definition, we will define the two types of intransitive verbs as follows: Unergative verb: is one that has Sa, which performs the action described by the verb intentionally, and could "initiate or control" the event in the same way as A, the subject of an archetypal transitive clause. e.g. okiru 'to get up', nigeru 'to run away', yasumu 'to rest', etc. Unaccusative verb: is one that has So, which is semantically more like O, the object of a transitive clause, in that is not thought of as controlling the event but is involved in the event described by the verb unintentionally. e.g. kimaru 'to be decided', sakeru 'to tear', tokeru 'to melt', etc. Note that there are some intransitive verbs, such as agaru 'to go up/rise' and uturu 'to 33 move / permeate', which can hold both unergative and unaccusative interpretations, generally depending on the animacy of S. Mikami's (1972) notion of inactive and active verbs is based on the applicability of passivisation. He classifies verbs that cannot appear in passive clauses as 'inactive' verbs, and ones that can occur in passives as 'active' verbs. Kageyama (1995: 59) also mentions that unaccusative verbs cannot occur in passive constructions, especially in indirect passives. In Chapter 4, we will argue against this claim, showing evidence of such use in Japanese novels. We also examine the context in which such verbs are used and the implications of their use in such context. 1.6.2 Actor and Undergoer In adopting Dowty's (1979) scheme of lexical decomposition based on Vendler's (1967) verb classification system, Foley and Van Valin (1984: 27-32) introduce the notion of the semantic macroroles, 'Actor' and 'Undergoer'. They mention that 'actor and undergoer are the two arguments in a transitive predication, either one of which may be the single argument of an intransitive verb' (Foley and Van Valin 1984: 27). If one assumes, in classifying verbs, that there are several semantic types, as Dowty does, each type of verb assigns a different thematic role to the subject and to the object. (This is similar to Dixon's view as seen in Section 188.8.131.52.) For instance, the basic thematic role of the subject of a 34 type I verb might be 'Agent', and that of its object, 'Patient'. A type II verb might have different thematic role for the subject and for the object, and so forth. Foley and Van Valin (1984: 28-32) propose the macroroles 'Actor' and 'Undergoer' to represent all the roles basic to the two core arguments in all types of transitive clause proposed by Dowty (1979). Either 'Actor' or 'Undergoer' may denote 'the single argument of an intransitive verb. Foley and Van Valin (1984: 30) list the examples in (11) to illustrate types of the Actor, and those in (12) to illustrate types of the Undergoer: (11) a. Colin killed the taipan. (Agent) b. The rock shattered the mirror. (Instrument) c. The lawyer received a telegram. (Recipient/ Goal) d. The dog sensed the earthquake. (Experiencer) e. The sun emits radiation. (Source) (12) a. Phil threw the ball to the umpire. (Theme) b. The avalanche crushed the cottage. (Patient) c. The arrow hit the target. (Locative) d. The mugger robbed Fred of $50.00. (Source) e. The announcer presented Mary with the award. (Recipient/ Goal) In terms of the case role/ thematic relation, Colin in (11a) is an agent, the rock in (11b) is an instrument, the lawyer in (11c) is a recipient/ goal, the dog in (11d) is an experiencer, the sun in (11e) is a source, and yet they are all Actors. In the same way, the ball in (12a) is a 35 theme, the cottage in (12b) is a patient, the target in (12c) is a locative, Fred in (12d) is a source, Mary in (12e) is a recipient/ goal, nevertheless they are all Undergoers. Foley and Van Valin (1984: 29) state that, on one hand, the Actor is 'the argument of a predicate which expresses the participant which performs, effects, instigates, or controls the situation denoted by the predicate'. On the other hand, the Undergoer is 'the argument which expresses the participant which does not perform, initiate, or control any situation but rather is affected by it in some way'. In the case of the intransitive clause, the unergative4 verb is now characterised as one that has Actor as subject (or Sa), and the unaccusative verb is one that has Undergoer as subject (or So). Some Japanese examples follow: (13) Kodomo.tati wa kuruma no bonnetto no ue ni not -ta. Children TOP car GEN bonnet GEN top on get-PAST 'The kids got on the bonnet of my car.' (14) Obaatyan no yo-nin no musuko wa sensoo de sin-da. Granny GEN four-CLF GEN son TOP war in die-PAST 'Four of granny's sons died in the war.' The verb in example (13), noru 'to get on', is an unergative verb. The Sa, kodomo tati 'children', is an Actor, and it intentionally initiates the activity of getting on the bonnet of 4 See Section 126.96.36.199 for the definition of the unergative verb and the unaccusative verb, and that of Sa and So. 36 the speaker's car. In example (14), the verb, sinu 'to die', is regarded as an unaccusative verb. It has an Undergoer So, yonin no musuko 'four sons', which does not initiate or control the event of dying, but is affected by it. Foley and Van Valin (1984: 31) also suggest that one can simplify the characterisation of passivisation, using the notions of Actor and Undergoer. They portray the English passive as 'the undergoer occurring as syntactic subject and the actor as the object of by, if it occurs at all'. However, as seen in Section 1.4, there are some passives in Japanese that do not involve promotion of any participant to the subject position, such as example (16b) below. Therefore, Foley and Van Valin's (1984: 31) characterisation of English passive works with examples of the direct passive in Japanese, like (15b), but not with examples of the indirect passive, like (16b). (15) a. Keiko ga Hitosi o nagut-ta. Keiko NOM Hitoshi ACC hit-PAST 'Keiko hit Hitoshi.' b. Hitosi ga Keiko ni nagura-re-ta. Hitoshi NOM Keiko by hit-PASS-PAST 'Hitoshi was hit by Keiko.' (16) a. Kinoo ame ga hut-ta. Yesterday rain NOM fall-PAST 'It rained yesterday.' 37 b. Takasi ga kinoo ame ni hur-are-ta. Takashi NOM yesterday rain by fall-PASS-PAST 'Takashi was adversely affected by the rain falling yesterday.' In example (15b), the Undergoer, Hitoshi, occurs as passive subject, and the Actor, Keiko, as the object of the particle ni, which corresponds to English 'by'. In the case of example (16b), however, it is not so straightforward. The corresponding active sentence, example (16a), involves an unaccusative verb, huru 'to fall', and the So is the Undergoer. The object of ni in (16b) (ame 'rain') is, therefore, the Undergoer. The passive subject, Takashi, does not correspond to any participant in (16a); it is neither the Undergoer nor the Actor. We will discuss various issues of this type of passive, the indirect passive, in detail in Sections 3.1.4 and 4.1. 1.7 Sentience and passive constructions in Japanese The issue of the animacy or sentience of the subject and animacy or sentience of the 'actor' 5 in passive constructions has been widely discussed amongst researchers of Japanese passives. The sentience of the subject of the passive, especially, has been an issue not only in recent times but also for traditional Japanese linguists. Yamada (1908: 374) 5 The term 'actor' (with the lower-case) is used in this thesis in a general way to refer to the participant marked by ni or niyotte in a passive sentence. They are mostly Actors (in Foley and Van-Valin's terms), except those with an unaccusative verb. (See Section 1.6.2.) 38 claims that 'the Japanese passive is very closely related to sentience, and in most cases, if a non-sentient NP (in his words seisin naki mono 'a NP without mind') takes the subject position, the passive cannot be constructed'. More recently, Song (1993: 85) also states clearly that 'the Japanese passive is strongly constrained by animacy. The passive with an inanimate subject is very restricted.' Among traditional Japanese linguists, the passive with an inanimate, or to be more precise, non-sentient, subject is called the hijô no ukemi 'non-sentient passive'. The term 'sentient' is defined in this research as having character, intuition or perception, and being able to see or feel things through the senses. The sentient being differs from the animate being as it includes mainly human beings, and only some animals and personified inanimates that are perceived as having senses, such as those described above. It is sentience rather than animacy that has close connection with Japanese passive constructions. Therefore, the relationship between sentience and Japanese passives is considered in this section. The traditional analysis deals mainly with sentience of the subject of the direct passive. In this section, we will cover the sentience of the subject and the 'actor' (the participant marked by ni) in the intransitive-based passive, as well as in the direct passive. This is because, in these cases, the sentience is particularly relevant. In this section, however, intransitive-based passives are mentioned only briefly (Section 1.7.1), since they are dealt with in detail in Section 4.1. We will then focus (Section 1.7.2) on the direct passive and thus on transitive verb clauses. 39 1.7.1 Sentience of the participants in intransitive-based passives As will be seen in Section 4.1, the sentience of the 'actor' of an intransitive verb has been widely acknowledged to have a great influence on the acceptability of a passive clause in Japanese. The sentience of the subject of the intransitive-based passive, however, does not seem to have received much attention in the literature, compared to that of the 'actor' of the passive. The primary characteristic of the intransitive-based passive in Japanese is that 'the speaker describes an event in terms of the concerns of a participant denoted by the subject NP' (Song, 1993: 98). The subject therefore is most often sentient. This may be the reason why the subject of the indirect passive seems less likely to be mentioned in the sentence at all. We will discuss these issues further in Section 4.1 in relation to the issue of adversative meaning. 1.7.2 Sentience of the participants in direct passives It seems that in direct passives the sentience of the subject of the passive has more influence upon the acceptability of passivisation than the sentience of the 'actor'. We will begin, however, by briefly discussing the issue of the sentience of the 'actor', and then go on to address that of the sentience of the subject in more detail. 40 184.108.40.206 Sentience of the 'actor' in the direct passive The 'actor' in a direct passive clause would be the subject of a transitive verb in the corresponding active clause. As seen in Section 188.8.131.52, Dixon (1994: 6-8) uses the term A to refer to the subject of a transitive verb: the participant that is 'most relevant to the success of the activity' and thus 'could initiate or control the activity'. He notes that 'this can be something inanimate (as in The wind wrecked the house, The midday sun melted the butter); most often the role mapped onto A will be human'. It is interesting that Dixon's examples of inanimate As are both so-called 'weather words' (the wind, the midday sun). As will be seen in Section 4.1, in Japanese, weather words are sometimes treated like animate NPs. They are quite easily personified. For example, they can be the addressee in imperative sentences. Dixon's (1994: 8) claim that 'most often the role mapped onto A will be human' is certainly true for Japanese. For this language at least it would also be reasonable to add that those that are not human are 'animate' in a broad sense (including weather words and personified inanimate NPs). If most of the subjects of transitive clauses are at least animate, if not human, there is no need to argue the animacy of the 'actor' of their passive counterparts. 41 18.104.22.168 Sentience of the subject in the direct passive As mentioned above, the sentience of the subject of the passive has been a major point of discussion for many researchers of Japanese passives. Traditional Japanese grammarians argued that the passive with a non-sentient subject is not inherent to the Japanese language, but began to occur under the influence of seiyô-go 'Western languages'. (See Yamada 1908: 374 and Hashimoto 1931: 276). Recently Okutsu (1992: 7) argued against this theory, showing evidence of some use of passives with non-sentient subject in Japanese classical literature. It is true, however, that the subject of the passive in Japanese is most likely to be sentient. This is not only because of the fact that the Japanese passive with an non-sentient subject is very restricted, but also because of the Empathy Hierarchy (Kuno 1977: 646 & 652, Silverstein 1986, and Okutsu 1992). (See also Section 5.2.3). Generally speaking, the speaker is more likely to adopt the viewpoint of a sentient NP over that of a non-sentient NP. The NP whose viewpoint is adopted, in turn, is most often identified as the subject NP. It is also true, however, that quite a number of passive sentences in Japanese do have a non-sentient subject. We will make introductory remarks on the context in which such sentences are used in the next section. However, detailed examination will be made in Section 3.2.1. We will also discuss the actual distribution of this type of passive in our data 42 in Section 5.2.3. 188.8.131.52 Direct passive with a non-sentient subject Song (1993: 103) classifies passives with a non-sentient subject into two groups, 'anticausative passive' and 'attributive passive'. Kinsui (1992: 14) divides Japanese passives first into two categories, koyû no ukemi 'inherent passive' and hi-koyû no ukemi 'non-inherent/ imported passive'. He then divides both of these categories into two further subcategories, yûjô no ukemi 'sentient passive' and hijô no ukemi 'non-sentient passive' resulting in four subcategories. Song's anticausative passive seems to correspond to Kinsui's hi-koyû-hijô no ukemi 'non-inherent, non-sentient passive', or the so-called 'ni-yotte' passive.1 We use the term 'demotional passive' for this type of passive. Song's other category, attributive passive seems to correspond to Kinsui's koyû-hijô no ukemi 'inherent, non-sentient passive'. We will adopt Song's term 'attributive passive' for this type of passive, since the name reflects the function of this type of passive very well. In Section 3.2.1, we define each of these two types of passives with non-sentient subject and discuss their function.


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"They say the Force can do terrible things to a mind. It can wipe away your memories and destroy your very identity."
—Carth Onasi
Jolee Bindo: I did it all for the Wookiees.
Revan: (deadpan) The Wookiees?
Jolee: (exuberant) The Wookiees!
"What greater weapon is there than to turn an enemy to you cause? To use their own knowledge against them?"
—Bastila Shan
"And, in the end, as the darkness takes me... I am nothing."
—Darth Malak


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- Total Time:
- 10 min
- Prep:
- 10 min
- Yield:
- 2 servings
- Level:
- Easy
Combine the rum, pama liqueur, mint leaves, goji berries, lime juice and sugar cubes in a cocktail shaker and muddle. Strain into rocks glasses and top with club soda and goji juice. Garnish with lime wedges and mint sprigs.
A viewer, who may not be a professional cook, provided this recipe. The Food Network Kitchens chefs have not tested this recipe and therefore, we cannot make representation as to the results.
Recipe courtesy Jesse Roenbeck
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Gina's Brown Sugar Mojito
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Bliskość w samym centrum Pragi,wyposażenie i standart oraz promocyjna cena - Anonymous
No noise in the room from outside, the windows and doors are brand new and of a good quality. This is important in the centre of Prague. Several little bars and pubs in the neighborhood. Few minutes walk to the Carl's Bridge and main square. The fit out in the room is new and the beds are comfortable. - Anonymous
Przestronne, jasne i czyste pokoje. Świetna lokalizacja - dotarcie pieszo do najpiękniejszych miejsc Pragi nie zajmowało wiele czasu (jeśli ktoś nie lubi spacerów, w pobliżu znajduje się stacja metra i przystanki tramwajowe). Dużo swobody dla gości - dzięki kluczom do wejścia głównego powrót w późnych godzinach nie stanowił problemu./ Spacious and clean rooms. Not very far from Charles Bridge. - Anonymous
location, cleanliness, space, washing machine, bath tub! - Simone
We had an excellent experience on the Florentina Boat. The staff was extremely friendly and helpful and our room faced the river and we had a wonderful view - definitely request a room on the river side. The view and location couldn't be better. The rooms are small since you're on a boat, but they were very comfortable were cleaned everyday. The shower and bathroom is larger than you'd expect and everything seems to have been recently updated. The breakfasts were good with a hot item every day. - Anonymous
Excellent location - two minutes from Charles Bridge.
Tram stop right outside, close to metro so it's easy to get from airport - DO NOT GET A TAXI.
Free wifi.
Lovely wc/shower.
Doubleapartment had a a nice kitchenette with hob fridge and kettle, with cooking equipment.
Quiet enough - there weren't hordes of tourists outside. - Anonymous
Fantastic, luxury and spacious apartment, close to public transport.
Centre is walking distance. Although the street is noisy, you hear
nothing inside. The bedroom is at the backside, where you can open the
window (without streetnoise). I can recommend it for sure. - Anonymous
standard hotelu - Anonymous
lokalizacja, parking, obsługa hotelowa, aneks kuchenny - Anonymous
We thoroughly enjoyed our time in Prague (despite some poor weather) and in particular here in U Lilie. The accomodation has been first class and the staff/owners have been superb. By the way the breakfast is second to none. We also had a meal one night and it was excellent too. If we return to Prague we would certainly come to U Lilie. - Anonymous


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"What I've learned is that if you don't have the foundation of self-love first, you really have nowhere to pull love from to give it away," she says. "I had to learn about taking care of myself before I could take care of others." Therapy has also changed what Katy is looking for in a man. "As I'm heading into my 30s I have less time for bullshit," the 29-year-old admits. "A lot of times I've ended up with people who have been intimidated by me, unfortunately. They say they're not, but it comes out in the long run." More »
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Beyonce's 'CR Fashion Book' Photo Shoot Is Typically ***Flawless: 9 Gorgeous Pics
The issue arrives on September 4 (a date which also happens to be Queen Bey's 33rd birthday), so the shoot chronicles her life and career. There are references to her self-titled album, music videos and even past photo shoots. As for the commentary? Well, Beyonce writes about Blue Ivy and the inspiration she gets from children in general.
"There's someone, we all find out soon, more important than ourselves to lose," she muses. "I feel a deep bond with young children — all those photos in my dressing room — especially those who've been stricken. Children I've met across the years — they uplift me like pieces of moon and guide me, whispering in my ear." How lovely. Peruse all the pics up top. More »
The 2014 MTV Video Music Awards, Where Everybody Took Photos With Taylor Swift: 10 Pics
While the 1989 country pop-turned-regular pop diva tore it up on stage to the sound of her breezy new single "Shake It Off" on stage, she was equally busy off-stage courting her shaking and crying Swifties from all over — from Jessie J to Jennifer Lopez to Ed Sheeran to Fifth Harmony's Camila Cabello. She's got her fair share of haters, sure…but it seems like there's way, way more love for Miss Swift.
Check out our gallery of celebs fangirling for Tay Tay at the 2014 VMAs above. Are you excited for 1989? Let us know in the comments below. More »
MTV VMAs 2014: Jennifer Lopez Is A Vision Of Timeless Perfection
The striking 45-year-old (how is this possible?) released some amazing visuals over the past 12 months but somehow failed to get any nominations. Obviously, they missed the camp brilliance of "I Luh Ya Papi" and the gorgeous black-and-white "First Love" video. Whatever. Jennifer still gets to wake up every morning looking like that. She wins. More »
MTV VMAs 2014: Miley Cyrus Clowns Around On The Red Carpet
The twerkin' maverick stole the show last year with her raunchy on-stage antics and giant foam finger but she seemed happy to take a back seat this time around. Instead, she clowned around on the red carpet — love the extreme tongue action — and looked like she was having a great old time. Miley for the win, wouldn't you say? More »
MTV VMAs 2014: 5 Seconds Of Summer Rocked The Red Carpet
The guys are having one hell of a year. They have consistently topped the iTunes sales chart with each new single and reached number one on the Billboard 200 with their self-titled debut album. It also had one of the biggest first week sales tallies of 2014. 5 Seconds Of Summer is a massive hit or two away from being the biggest band in the world. More »
MTV VMAs 2014: Beyonce Is The One True Queen
It kind of goes without saying that the 32-year-old looked amazing. Like Iggy Azalea, she opted for a glamorous look over a skimpy rag or plunging neckline. Bey's beyond those games and knows she can still scalp bitches by simply flashing a smile. Mrs. Carter is rumored to be performing a medley of her entire visual album. Stay tuned. More »