text:
December 7, 2012
March 4, 2012
January 16, 2012
January 16, 2012
February 16, 2011
October 12, 2010
October 12, 2010
Today's top stories
- Video: Is this man the luckiest unlucky cyclist in the world?
- Fine and ban for Australian driver videoed hitting cyclist
- Fuelling against the clock – nutrition for time trials
- Police identify driver who unleashed torrent of abuse on Sussex cyclist (+ video)
- Met issue appeal after hit-and-run incident leaves Brixton cyclist with serious injuries
- 11-year-old son of late Andrei Kivilev asks TDF boss Prudhomme to award his father the 2001 victory
- Darlington man reunited with bike stolen 12 years ago
- Belkin's Bauke Mollema thwarts would-be bike thief at Tirreno TT
- Camden to get London's first left hook preventing separated junction
- Video: Fabian Cancellara interview: 2014 goals and the Hour Record
Latest comments
I genuinely don't know how i would react to that, my natural reaction would be to smack the silly ...
Thanks KiwiMike. Really helpful.
Hi there. The Defy is a great bike. I love it and its well rated by magazines and on the forums....
That makes sense, thanks Jason!
Are you really saying you can't see the difference between a terrible driver knocking someone ...
There is a full startlist on the official race website, although I often find PCS or Cycling Fever ...
A roast beef dinner followed by two tubes of pringles and a mcflurry immediately before you turn...
It is just a pleasure to be working with the most current start lists. Thanks, G! :)
I picked up some Conti 4000s in the sales are they're cracking. I'm easy regarding brands so the...
Re: "Internal routing and chainstay brakes. Light years ahead of its time" - or....There ain't ...
Latest blogs
themartincox, March 17, 2014
jimmythecuckoo, March 7, 2014
Liam Glen, March 6, 2014
SamShaw, March 6, 2014
David Arthur, March 1, 2014
On the Forum
- Asking for advice on a new bike
- Advice on what price to sell a bike for
- WTD: Giant Defy Medium/Large, Edinburgh
- Turbo session at night. Nutrition help appreciated
- Volta Ciclista a Catalunya
- Milan San Remo
- Best Value 700 x 23 tyres
- Fantasy Cycling: the automatic roster changes forum thread
- Pothole related Crash claim
- Why are cyclocross bikes so much more expensive than similar hybrids?
- No! It's not too late! (Frome Bike Jumble content)
- The 3.0 rider competition.
- Sergio Henao suspended by sky
- Cheshire Cat
- budget £200m for filling potholes
- Kask Mojito or MET Sine Thesis
- Womens World Cup
- Jerseys with a specific pocket for a pump
- 2014 Cervelo R3 105 and the 2013 Ceervelo R3 Dark 105... what's the difference?
- Alternative To Cyclocross Tires
Events coming up
- BW300 for Sport Relief 2014March 21, 2014 - 08:00
- Evans Cycles Off Road RideIt! ScotlandMarch 22, 2014 - 08:00
- The Spring Cotton Spinners Crit - Presented by Horwich CCMarch 22, 2014 - 09:00
- Evans Cycles Sportive RideIt! ScotlandMarch 23, 2014 - 08:00
- The Horse Rangers Charity CycleMarch 30, 2014 - 08:00


text:
Lynnfield News
Local news for Lynnfield, MA continually updated from thousands of sources on the web.
Will Lynnfield Get a White Thanksgiving?
Monday | Patch.com | Comment?
Globe Possible Locating Here
Friday Nov 21 | Charlestown Patriot-Bridge | Comment?
Springfield gets 4 bids, including $100,000 offer, for tax-foreclosed ...
Thursday Nov 20 | MassLive.com | Comment?
Touchdowns for Hunger Collection at Thankgsgiving Football Game
Wednesday Nov 19 | Patch.com | Comment?
Kings Holds Evening of Charitable Giving for Local Non-profits.
Wednesday Nov 19 | Patch.com | Comment?
How Did Lynnfield's Educators Perform In The State Evaluation?
Sunday Nov 16 | Patch.com | Comment?
Boston Globe narrows headquarters search to Fenway, Charlestown properties
Friday Nov 14 | Business Journal | Comment?
Polar Vortex to Hit Lynnfield
Polar Vortex to Hit Lynnfield
North Reading Girls' Soccer Play for North Division 3 Title
Car becomes trapped under Toys R' Us truck in Lynnfield
Wednesday Nov 5 | WHDH | Comment?
Hotly Contested Race for Congress to Pick Tierney's Successor Tuesday
Monday Nov 3 | Patch.com | Comment?
Winter Storm Warning for Essex County was issued at November 25 at 11:11PM EST
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ICQ takes over Brazil
ICQ, the messenger service owned by Russia's Mail.ru, topped Brazil's app-store downloads.
Anton Yakovlev
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I study Russian, German and French at Sheffield University in the UK, and I love travelling, reading and singing.
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I study Russian, Czech and Business Management at the University of Sheffield and am spending this year in Russia split between Petrozavodsk and St. Petersburg.
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text:
That underground sword fight in Chile's making some of the miners rush to the alter. We're not judging.
Five of Chile's 33 rescued miners are to have church weddings after surviving for more than two months trapped underground.
On bended knee, the miners proposed to their girlfriends — and wives — at a party in the seaside town of Caldera in far northern Chile late on Tuesday.
It was the group's first public reunion since their dramatic rescue last week after 69 days below ground.
"After these 10 years we've spent together, now it's time for us to get married," miner Claudio Yanez told his girlfriend, Cristina Nunez, during the gathering, which was held in a converted railway station.
After 10 years, she had to sleep in a tent in the desert for two months for you to put a ring on it? We might've left.
One of the miners isn't letting this little ordeal change his player ways. Not only is Yonni "Two Time" Barrios thinking about keeping both his estranged wife and mistress around for some dough, his bottom b*tch popped up on a radio show in Columbia last week joking about his second sidepiece.
Barrios…became the butt of jokes among the miners because he had more than one woman in his life: an estranged wife and a girlfriend with whom he has lived for more than a decade, along with her children.
At one point during the ordeal, both women appeared near the mouth of the mine, apparently to claim some of the money they thought would be paid out after the accident.
Britain's Telegraph newspaper reported that Barrios romanced a third woman, citing an interview with Barrios's girlfriend, Susana Valenzuela, on Colombian radio.
She told the station that she had to stop the third woman, 25, from visiting the hospital where Barrios stayed after his rescue.
"He is my Yonni Barrios — mine and no one else's," Valenzuela said, according to the report.
Barrios's complicated love life might even earn him a paycheck, with Fox News reporting that an online dating service for people seeking to have an extramarital affair — AshleyMadison.com — offered Barrios $100,000 to be the site's Spanish-language spokesman.
The Fox report said a stipulation of the contract is that Barrios stays married to his wife — but Valenzuela hasn't seemed to bat an eye at his marital status.
Valenzuela has taken to calling him Tarzan, regarding him as courageous and valiant, a man who has survived extraordinary odds.
"How great that my Tarzan is returning home, I am waiting for him in a thong," reads a sign taped the fence in front of his house.
G'on and brush your shoulders off Yonni.
More On Bossip!
Awkward Thanksgivings: Celebrities Who Got Alienated From Their Families
This Guy: A Look Back At Don Lemon's Biggest Ferguson Coverage Fails
Busted: A Gallery Of Celebs Caught Stealing Pics On Instagram
This Is America: Chilling, Gripping And Powerful Images From Ferguson After The Grand Jury Decision
Cornball Alert: Nick Cannon Gets Dragged To Hell Over Corny Ferguson Tweets


text:
This invention presents a single-stage power converter for driving many number of Light-Emitting-Diode (LED). The power converter converts an AC input voltage into DC current source and regulates the current flowing into the LED. In addition, the AC input current is controlled to have a sinusoidal waveform synchronized with the AC input voltage so that AC input Power Factor is corrected. Hence, both of Power Factor Correction (PFC) and LED current regulation are obtained simultaneously by using a single power conversion stage. So higher efficiency with low cost can be obtained.
1. A power converter for driving at least one light-emitting diode (LED), the power converter comprising a single stage operable to provide both power factor correction (PFC) for input power and control of current delivered to the at least one LED.
2. The power converter of
3. The power converter of
4. The power converter of
5. The power converter of
6. The power converter of
7. The power converter of
8. The power converter of
a switch through which a current flows according to a duty cycle; and
a controller coupled to the switch for controlling the duty cycle of the switch.
9. The power converter of
when the switch is turned off, more current is delivered to the at least one LED, thus causing the at least one LED to be brighter; and
when the switch is turned on, less current is delivered to the at least one LED, thus causing the at least one LED to be dimmer.
10. A single-stage power converter for driving at least one light-emitting diode (LED) using an input power, the converter comprising:
means for providing power factor correction (PFC) for the input power; and
means for controlling current delivered to the at least one LED.
11. The single-stage power converter of
a resistor and a diode for identifying a synchronization condition for the input power; and
a sine table module for synchronizing a current component and a voltage component of the input power.
12. The single-stage power converter of
13. The single-stage power converter of
14. The single-stage power converter of
when the switch is turned off, more current is delivered to the at least one LED, thus causing the at least one LED to be brighter; and
when the switch is turned on, less current is delivered to the at least one LED, thus causing the at least one LED to be dimmer.
15. The single-stage power converter of
16. The single-stage power converter of
17. A power converter for driving a plurality of groups of light-emitting diodes (LEDs) using an input power, wherein the diodes in each group are the same color, the converter comprising:
means for providing power factor correction (PFC) for the input power; and
means for controlling current delivered to the at least one LED.
18. A single-stage power converter for driving at least one light-emitting diode (LED) comprising:
an input terminal for receiving a rectified alternating current (AC) input power;
an output terminal at which a driving current is provided to the at least one LED;
a switch operable to be controlled according to a duty cycle for increasing and decreasing the driving current provided to the at least one LED;
means for providing power factor correction (PFC) for input power, said means comprising means for identifying a synchronization condition in the input power;
means for controlling current provided to the at least one LED by adjusting the duty cycle of the switch, said means comprising a current sensing device coupled to the switch for developing a signal indicative of the amount of current flowing to the at least one LED;
a transistor coupled to the primary winding of the transformer for controlling the current flowing through the primary winding;
a current sensing device coupled to the transistor for developing a signal indicative of the amount of current flowing through the power converter, the current sensing device forming part of a current control loop for the power converter;
a controller operable to provide analog control of the current control loop and digital control of the voltage control loop of the power converter.
This invention relates to power conversion, and more particularly, a single-stage digital power converter for driving light-emitting diode (LEDs).
LEDs have become increasingly popular as a lighting choice and, for many applications, have begun to replace conventional lamps having filament. For example, LEDs are now widely used in traffic signal lights and for the back lighting of liquid crystal display (LCD) panels.
In many applications, it is it desirable to vary the lighting output (i.e., brightness) of an LED. Generally, it is difficult to use voltage control for controlling LED brightness. Instead, the brightness of an LED is proportional to its current. Therefore, LED current should be controlled to control LED brightness (e.g., for dimming an LED). With the increased popularity of LEDs in numerous applications which require varying degrees of brightness, there is an increasing need for a suitable power converter for controlling LED current.
In some applications, the power for driving LEDs is in the form of an alternating current (AC) input. In this case, the AC line current needs to be synchronized to the line voltage, thus minimizing line current distortion so that the transferred energy from the power source is maximized. If there is a phase delay between the incoming voltage and current, the transferred energy is circulated from source to load. This reduces the power transferred from the source to the load in relation to the cosine of its phase difference. If the voltage and line current are made to be in phase, the phase difference is zero and its cosine becomes unity. This technique is known as power factor correction (PFC). Sometimes, the line current may be distorted and harmonics are involved in the line current by power conversion processing.
According to some previous designs, power converters for LEDs require at least two power stages in order to provide both control of LED current as well as power factor correction (PFC). Each power stage performs some form of power conversion. Typically, the first stage is referred to as a pre-regulator and provides PFC control. The second stage is a DC-to-DC converter and provides LED current control. Because any given power stage is not 100% efficient, there is a loss of power across each stage for such power converters. This results in lower overall efficiency for the power converter. For example, assuming that the each of two power stages in a previous design power converter is 90% efficient, then the overall system efficiency will be 81% efficient (0.90�0.90=0.81).
According to embodiments of the present invention, a power converter with a single power stage provides PFC control as well as LED current regulation. The power converter may have a hybrid control technique, which can use a digital control method for controlling LED current or an analog control method for highly dynamic, cycle-by-cycle current protection.
According to an embodiment of the present invention,
According to another embodiment of the present invention,
Important technical advantages of the present invention are readily apparent to one skilled in the art from the following figures, descriptions, and claims.
For a more complete understanding of the present invention and for further features and advantages, reference is now made to the following description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:
The embodiments of the present invention and their advantages are best understood by referring to
EMI filter 14 functions to filter higher harmonic terms which may be caused by a switching operation in power block 18 so that the AC input current can be a fundamental frequency (e.g., a 60/50 Hz) sinusoidal waveform. By using a modified digital pulse width modulation (PWM) method, low frequencies (specifically the third harmonic) can be inherently eliminated. The harmonic frequencies generated by the PWM method are relatively high terms. Thus, a low cut-off frequency filter can be utilized for EMI filter 14. Therefore, the EMI filter 14 can be relatively small and inexpensive. EMI filter 14 can be implemented using one or more capacitors, transformers, or inductors, as is understood to those of ordinary skill. Rectifier 16 functions to rectify the AC input voltage to produce the DC voltage Vdc. As shown, rectifier 16 can be implemented with a plurality of diodes arranged in a full-wave rectifier configuration.
Power block 18 is a single power stage for power converter 10. The power block 18 receives a rippled DC voltage because there is no bulky capacitor across the rectified DC voltage terminal C. Hence, the input voltage of power block 18 becomes a rectified AC input voltage as shown in
In one embodiment, power block 18 implements a control method which is a hybrid of digital and analog control. That is, power block 18 uses digital control for low dynamic control of the current Ic flowing to the LEDs 12 and analog control for cycle-by-cycle protection against over-current conditions.
The rectified input voltage Vdc, along with the associated current Idc, is received by power block 18 at its input terminal C. Resistor 20 and diode 22 sense a synchronization condition for the rectified voltage Vdc. That is, resistor 20 and diode 22 may be used to determine or identify each instance that AC input voltage crosses the zero point. This signal is provided to controller 30. A main power conversion circuit includes inductor 24, capacitor 26, diode 28, and power device 34 with current sensing resistor 36.
In one embodiment, power switch 34 may be implemented with a MOSFET or a bipolar transistor and Insulated-Gate Bipolar Transistor (IGBT). Gate driver 32 drives the gate of power switch 34. Controller 30 functions to control the driving of power switch 34 by gate driver 32. Resistor 36 senses the low-side current, which can be used for estimating the current delivered to LEDs 12. The current sensing is provided as feedback to controller 30 in the form of a first feedback current sensing signal IFB1. The first feedback current sensing signal IFB1 provides relatively fast and sensitive feedback and may be used for protection against over-current or short conditions, or other conditions that could damage power block 18. A second feedback current sensing signal IFB2 is generated with resistor 38 and capacitor 40 (which acts as a filter for stabilizing the signal). The second feedback current sensing signal IFB2 provides slower, but more stable feedback relative to the first feedback current sensing signal IFB1. The second feedback current sensing signal IFB2 is also provided to controller 30 and can be used for determining, developing, or estimating an average value of the current delivered to LEDs 12. As such, the second feedback current sensing signal IFB2 may be used controlling the driving of switch 34 for regulating the current delivered to LEDs 12. The first and second feedback current sensing signals IFB1 and IFB2 may be analog.
Controller 30 receives the crossing point signal developed by diode 22 at an input terminal G3. Controller 30 receives the first and second feedback current sensing signals IFB1 and IFB2 at input terminal G4 and G2. Controller 30 provides a control signal to gate driver 32 at a terminal G0. Controller 30 may comprise circuitry implemented on a single IC device. In one embodiment, for example, controller 30 may be implemented with a FMS7401 power controller, which is commercially available from Fairchild Semiconductor Corporation. An internal block diagram for a FMS7401 power controller is shown
As shown in
In operation, power converter receives the AC input voltage Vac at its input terminal. The waveform for the AC input voltage Vac can be described with the following formula: vac(t)=√{square root over (2V)}rms sin ωt, where
If switch 34 is turned on with a rippled DC voltage Vdc, the inductor current iL flows from terminal C (Vdc) through inductor 24, switch 34, and sense resistor 36, to ground (GND) at terminal E as shown in
The current flowing through switch 34 is sensed using current sensing resistor 36 to generate the first feedback current sensing signal IFB1. The first feedback current sensing signal IFB1 is provided to the non-inverting input of comparator 76 of power block 18 without any time delay. If an adjustable reference voltage Vref for comparator 76 is set to a over-current protection (OCP) level, the power converter 10 can be safely protected from any failure of one or more LEDs 12 or any short circuit between terminals A and B of power block 18. In particular, if the voltage level of the first feedback current sensing signal IFB1 is larger than the adjustable reference voltage Vref, the output of comparator 76 becomes high, which in turn resets the digital PWM control module 72. Since there is a capacitor (not explicitly shown) between the gate and source of power switch 34, a gate-charging current is sensed when a high level gate voltage is issued from gate driver 32 to the gate of switch 34. Since this charging current is not indicative of the drain current of switch 34, it should be ignored so that the sensed current represents a real drain current of switch 34. This operation is referred to as a Leading-Edge-Blanking (LEB) operation. The delay counter 74 implements a LEB operation for ignoring a sensed current for a setting time by the delay counter 74 when switch 34 is turned on. If the counting time set by the delay counter 74 expires after switch 34 is turned on, the delay counter 74 relays the output signal of comparator 76 to digital PWM control module 72 without any delay time. Hence, an output signal for the comparison of the sensed current signal with a reference voltage Vref is directly sent to digital PWM control module 72 so that its PWM output goes to low whenever the sensed current signal IFB1 is larger than the reference voltage Vref.
A/D converter 66 is part of a feedback loop for controlling the current provided to LEDs 12. To protect power block 18 against over-current condition or any fault conditions, a current-sensing signal should be processed without any delay time so that switch 34 is effectively turned off immediately. This fast protection is carried out by comparator 76 and digital PWM control module 72 through gate driver 32 without any delay loop as mentioned above. Typically, an analog-to-digital (A/D) converter needs a conversion time; it is undesirable to use it as a protection controller. Hence, a fast-protection operation is provided using an analog control loop. The current Ic to LEDs 12 is regulated or controlled based on a digital control block including A/D converter 66, digital PID module 70, and adder 64 as shown in
Power block 18 may have fixed duty control or modified duty control. With fixed duty control, the value of the duty cycle signal for turning on switch 34 is fixed, as shown in
In the embodiment depicted in
To solve this problem, sine table module 60 may store, implement, or execute an internal sine table for PFC. The sine table is addressed in a timer routine. Whenever AC input voltage becomes zero level or crosses the zero point (as sensed or determined by resistor 20 and diode 22), the address of sine table module 60 is initialized and synchronized with the AC input voltage. Sine table module 60 can thus be synchronized with the line frequency of AC input voltage. The internal sine table is used to modify an input current command signal Icom. Therefore, the duty command is modified as shown in
The inductor current iL becomes small when DC input voltage Vdc is low around zero crossing point. If the DC input voltage Vdc is zero, then inductor current iL also becomes zero. As DC input voltage increases, inductor current iL is also increased. Therefore, if the switching frequency is relatively high, then the inductor current iL may have high harmonic terms. If these high harmonic terms are eliminated, then the fundamental frequency is synchronized with DC input voltage as well as AC input voltage, as can be seen in
In an implementation of controller 30 using a FMS7401 power controller, sine table module 60 may be implemented with programming which is stored in EEPROM or masked ROM and executed by the CPU Core (see
The output of sine table module 60 is provided to multiplication module 62. Multiplication module 62 receives a current command signal Icom, which is modified according to the sine table of module 60. The current command signal Icom is provided to control the LED current Ic. In one embodiment, if a higher value for the current command signal Icom is given, more LED current is provided for brighter LEDs 12. Multiplication module 62 modifies the current command signal Icom (for duty cycle) according to the output of sine table module 60 in order to reduce or eliminate the third harmonic component of the input current idc.
The output from multiplication module 62 is added to the output from A/D converter 66 at adder 64. Digital PID module 70 receives the output from adder 64. Digital PID module 70 can be implemented by software and executes the routine for calculating a desired output duty value so that the output of adder 64 is zero. This can be done, for example, by comparing the average LED current level with an internal desired current level. The digital PID module 70 implements a digital PID control routine, which is understood by those of ordinary skill in the art. The digital PID routine calculates or generates a duty control signal so that the LED current Ic is regulated to a desired level.
Digital PWM control module 72 generally functions to regulate or control, in part, the current Ic delivered to LEDs 12 by power block 18. The digital PWM control module 72 receives the output from the digital PID module 70 and a clock signal from clock generation module 68. The digital PWM control module 72 provides an output signal (at a terminal G0) for controlling the gate of switch 34, as shown in
As described herein, the power block 18 may implement a hybrid control technique which uses both digital and analog control. Digital control�which is implemented with A/D converter 66, sine table module 60, multiplication module 62, clock generation module 68, digital PID module 70, and digital PWM control module 72�is used for controlling the current delivered to the LEDs 12. Analog control�which is implemented with comparator 76 and delay counter 74�may be used for over-current protection (OCP). One reason for the hybrid control technique (using both digital and analog control) is that while it is difficult to provide over-current protection using a slower A/D converter, a faster A/D converter and high-speed CPU core having a very fast instruction execution capability are more expensive. The hybrid control technique allows for A/D converter 66 to be implemented as a slower speed A/D converter, thus reducing cost. But relatively fast performance for over-current protection is provided by using analog comparator 76 for cycle by cycle over-current protection.
Controller 30 may receive other input/output signals (e.g., for commands, data, or addresses) at terminals G6 and G7. These terminals can be serial communication ports or any other suitable port, using any suitable protocol or technique (e.g., I2C).
The internal oscillator 100 generates an oscillation signal Fclk which can have a frequency of, for example, 2 MHz. The clock trimming module INIT2 102 can be an initialization register for setting the frequency of the oscillation signal Fclk. Divider 106 receives the oscillation signal Fclk and may divide the frequency of the same. That is, divider 106 generates a clock signal which has a frequency that is a fraction (e.g., one-half) of the frequency of the oscillation signal Fclk. Thus, if oscillation signal Fclk has a frequency of 2 MHz, divider 106 may generate a signal with a frequency of 1 MHz. The oscillation signal output from divider 106 is provided to an A input terminal of each of multiplexers 108 and 110.
Digital clock multiplier 104 receives the oscillation signal Fclk along with an enable PLLEN signal. In one embodiment, the digital clock multiplier 104 may be implemented using one or more phase-locked-loop (PLL) circuits. The digital clock multiplier 104 may generate one or more clock signals having respective frequencies which are multiples (e.g., 2�, 4�, 8�, 16�) of the frequency of the oscillation signal Fclk (e.g., 4 MHz, 8 MHz, 16 MHz, or 32 MHz). The multiplication factor of the digital clock multiplier 104 can be adjusted using a 2-bit FS[1:0] register, where FS[1:0]=PSCALE[6:5] and the enable signal PLLEN=PSCALE[7]. PSCALE can be, for example, an 8-bit value (PSCALE[8:0]) which is stored in a suitable register (see
The multiplexer 110 receives a control signal FSEL, where FSEL is bit-4 of PSCALE register. In one embodiment, if control signal FSEL=0, then multiplexer 110 outputs the signal appearing at its A input terminal; and if control signal FSEL=1, then multiplexer 110 outputs the signal appearing at its B input terminal. The output of multiplexer 110 is a signal Fpwm, which can be used as a base clock signal for the digital PWM control module 72. The output of digital clock multiplier 104 goes to the digital multiplexer 110 input B as shown in
Divider 112 receives the signal Fpwm from multiplexer 110 and may generate a clock signal which has a frequency that is a fraction (e.g., one-eighth) of the frequency of the signal Fpwm. Thus, if oscillation signal Fpwm has a frequency of 8 MHz, divider 112 may generate a signal with a frequency of 1 MHz. The oscillation signal output from divider 106 is provided to a B input terminal of multiplexer 110.
Multiplexer 108 receives a control signal FM. In one embodiment, if control signal FM=0, then multiplexer 110 outputs the signal appearing at its A input terminal; and if control signal FM=1, then multiplexer 110 outputs the signal appearing at its B input terminal. The output of multiplexer 108 is a signal Coreclk, which can be used as a base clock signal for executing software instructions in power block 18.
Referring now to
The digital PWM module 72 may receive the clock signal Fpwm from the clock generation module 68 at divider 80. Divider 80 divides the frequency of the clock signal Fpwm by 2N. The divider 80 can be implemented as a 3-bit PS[2:0] register, where PS[2:0]=PSCALE[2:0]. PSCALE register 81 may be a register for storing a PSCALE value, which can be an 8-bit value (e.g., PSCALE [7:0]). The output of the divider 80 is used as the input clock signal for counter TIMER1 82. Counter TIMER1 82 may be implemented as a free-running 12-bit up-counter, with a value which increases over time, is reset, and then repeats (see
The digital driving frequency of digital PWM module 72 can be controlled by changing a value in pre-load register T1RA 83, depending on control modes. In particular, the pre-load register T1RA 83 provides a value to counter TIMER1 82 for resetting the counter TIMER1 82. Referring to
Registers T1CMPA 86 and T1CMPB 84 and two digital comparators 88, 90 support pulse width modulation (PWM). Each of registers T1CMPA 86 and T1CMPB 84 can be implemented as 12-bit registers. Digital comparator 88 compares the value of TIMER1 against the value of register T1CMPB 84. Digital comparator 90 compares the value of TIMER1 against the value of register T1CMPA 86. For a digital power conversion, the register T1CMPA 86 can be programmed by loading the register so that the driving ON or OFF time of switch 34 can be controlled.
With reference to
OR-gate 92 has an output signal OL for a low-side and AND-gate 94 has an output signal OH for a high-side. There is a delay between output signals OH and OL (see
For analog control, power controller 200 has, among other things, analog-based operational amplifiers 202, 204, multiplexer 206, and comparator 208. Comparator 208 may implement the comparator 76 of controller 30 (see
For digital control, power controller has, among other things, a digital hardware block 210. The digital hardware block 210 includes analog-to-digital converter (ADC) 212, central processing unit (CPU) core 214, various memories SRAM 216, flash ROM 218, and EEPROM 220, counters 222 and 224, digital pulse width modulation (PWM) component 226, and input/output (I/O) ports 228. ADC 212 and digital PWM component 226 may implement the A/D converter 66 and digital PWM module 72 of controller 30 (see
One exemplary application for such a digital single-stage power converter 300 is a back-lighting of large screen LCD CTV (e.g., over 40 inches in size), which requires relatively high brightness. To provide this brightness, a white color is desirable. Although white-colored LEDs have been recently released, these white-colored LEDs do not have not sufficient brightness for use in a large screen CTV. Therefore, it is possible to combine or mix groups of LEDs in different colors (e.g., blue, green, red) to generate the desired high-brightness white color. LEDs of different colors, however, have different respective forward voltage drops and current flow ratings. It is therefore necessary to drive each color LED group separately so that the output strength for the different colors can be matched.
Referring to
The digital single-stage power converter 300 is operable to drive each different color LED group 312 a, 312 b, 312 c, and 312 d independently while controlling the currents delivered to all of the different LED groups. In this embodiment, power converter 300 comprises a separate power block 318 (separately labeled 318 a, 318 b, 318 c, and 318 d) for each LED group 312 a, 312 b, 312 c, and 312 d. Power converter 300 also has a EMI filter 314 and a rectifier 316. In some embodiments, a single current command can be used for controlling the currents delivered to all of the different LED groups 312 a, 312 b, 312 c, and 312 d.
The implementation for each power block 318 can be substantially similar to that of power block 18 described herein. Since the controller 30 of each power block 318 operates digitally at least in part, input commands or driving conditions of power converter 300 can be transferred to or received from external circuitry through suitable ports using suitable techniques (e.g., serial communication, I2C). The green, red, blue LEDs groups 312 a, 312 b, 312 c, and 312 d are controlled with external current commands, while AC input current is controlled so that input power factor is corrected with low total-harmonic-distortion (THD).
As described herein, a single-stage power converter according to various embodiments of the present invention provide numerous technical advantages. These include, for example, the ability to drive any number of LEDs, either singularly or in groups. The single-stage power converter may have a low-side current sensing method to estimate high-side current flowing into LEDs. Furthermore, the single-stage power converter can control LED current as well as shape AC input current for power factor correction (PFC). The single-stage power converter can implement a hybrid control technique which has both analog and digital control. The single-stage power converter can also reduce or lower total-harmonic-distortion (THD), for example, using a sine table.
Although the present invention and its advantages have been described in detail, it should be understood that various changes, substitutions, and alterations can be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims. That is, the discussion included in this application is intended to serve as a basic description. It should be understood that the specific discussion may not explicitly describe all embodiments possible; many alternatives are implicit. It also may not fully explain the generic nature of the invention and may not explicitly show how each feature or element can actually be representative of a broader function or of a great variety of alternative or equivalent elements. Again, these are implicitly included in this disclosure. Where the invention is described in device-oriented terminology, each element of the device implicitly performs a function. Neither the description nor the terminology is intended to limit the scope of the claims.
Referenced by
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text:
Efficacy and Safety of Lixisenatide Versus Placebo on Top of Basal Insulin and/or Oral Antidiabetic Treatment in Older Type 2 Diabetic Patients (GetGoal-O)
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Primary objective:
- To evaluate the effect of lixisenatide versus placebo over a period of 24 weeks on glycemic control, as evaluated by HbA1c reduction, in older type 2 diabetes patients (T2DM) who are inadequately controlled with their current anti-diabetic treatment regimen.
Main secondary objective:
- To assess the safety and tolerability of lixisenatide compared to placebo in older T2DM patients (including occurrence of documented (Plasma Glucose PG < 60 mg/dL) symptomatic hypoglycemia and gastrointestinal side effects).
Other secondary objectives:
To assess the effect of lixisenatide compared to placebo after 24-week treatment on:
- Fasting plasma glucose (FPG)
- During liquid standardized breakfast meal challenge test : 2 hour- PPG and Plasma Glucose Excursion
- 7-point Self-monitored plasma glucose (SMPG) profile
- Body weight
- Change in total daily dose of basal insulin (if taken)
- Percentage of patients requiring rescue therapy
- Safety and tolerability
- To assess lixisenatide pharmacokinetic profile
- To assess anti-lixisenatide antibody development.
Type 2 Diabetes
Drug: lixisenatide (AVE0010)
Drug: placebo
Phase 3
|Study Type:
|Study Design:
|Allocation: Randomized
Endpoint Classification: Safety/Efficacy Study
Intervention Model: Parallel Assignment
Masking: Double Blind (Subject, Caregiver, Investigator, Outcomes Assessor)
Primary Purpose: Treatment
|Official Title:
|A Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled, 2-arm Parallel-group, Multicenter, 24 Week Study Assessing the Safety and Efficacy of Lixisenatide in Older Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Inadequately Controlled on Their Current Diabetes Treatment Regimen
- Change from baseline in HbA1c [ Time Frame: week 24 ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
- Change from baseline in fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG) [ Time Frame: week 24 ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
- Change in 2-hour PPG and plasma glucose excursions (2-hour postprandial plasma glucose - FPG) during the liquid standardized breakfast meal test from baseline [ Time Frame: week 24 ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
- Change in 7-point Self-Monitored plasma glucose (SMPG) profile (i.e, the average and each time point of the 7 points) from baseline [ Time Frame: week 24 ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
- Change in body weight from baseline [ Time Frame: week 24 ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
- Change in total daily basal insulin dose from baseline for patients taking basal insulin [ Time Frame: week 24 ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
- Percentage of patients requiring rescue therapy during the 24-week double-blind treatment period [ Time Frame: week 24 ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
- Documented (PG <60 mg/dl) symptomatic hypoglycemia (percentage of subjects with at least one episode, number of events per patient-year) [ Time Frame: week 24 ] [ Designated as safety issue: Yes ]
- Severe hypoglycemia [ Time Frame: week 24 ] [ Designated as safety issue: Yes ]
- Gastrointestinal side effects [ Time Frame: week 24 ] [ Designated as safety issue: Yes ]
|Estimated Enrollment:
|Study Start Date:
|June 2013
|Estimated Study Completion Date:
|February 2015
|Estimated Primary Completion Date:
|February 2015 (Final data collection date for primary outcome measure)
|Assigned Interventions
Experimental: lixisenatide
lixisenatide selfinjected subcutaneously once a day before breakfast on top of basal insulin and/or other allowed oral antidiabetic therapy. Starting dose will be 10μg, then increased to the 20μg maintenance dose after 2 weeks.
Drug: lixisenatide (AVE0010)
Pharmaceutical form:solution for injection (disposable self injector)
Route of administration: subcutaneous injection
Placebo Comparator: placebo
Placebo of lixisenatide selfinjected subcutaneously once a day before breakfast on top of basal insulin and/or other allowed oral antidiabetic therapy.
Drug: placebo
Pharmaceutical form:solution for injection (disposable self injector)
Route of administration: subcutaneous injection
Detailed Description:
Approximately 31 weeks including 24 week treatment period
|Ages Eligible for Study:
|70 Years and older
|Genders Eligible for Study:
|Accepts Healthy Volunteers:
Inclusion criteria :
- Older patients, aged 70 years and above, with T2DM inadequately controlled on their current anti-diabetic pharmaceutical treatment regimen
- Signed written informed consent
Exclusion criteria:
- At screening HbA1c ≤7.0% or >10% (Acknowledging that the threshold of 7% may not be appropriate for all older patients and that this is the responsibility of the investigator to include the patient based on an individual evaluation of the expected benefits of better glycemic control versus risk of hypoglycemia)
- At screening patients on both basal insulin and sulfonylurea or basal insulin and meglitinides
- At screening FPG >250 mg/dL (>13.9 mmol/L)
- Type 1 diabetes mellitus or history of ketoacidosis within one year prior to the screening visit.
- Type 2 diabetes mellitus diagnosed less than 1 year prior to screening
- Anti-diabetic treatment not at a stable regimen or initiated within the last 3 months prior to screening
- Treatment within the 3 months preceding the screening with other antidiabetic agent than allowed background therapy. Allowed therapy includes metformin, sulfonylurea [except glibenclamide >10mg, glicazide >160mg], meglitinides [except repaglinide >6mg], pioglitazone and basal insulin and should follow local product circulars and labeling restrictions for the study population. .
- Patients who have been on an approved or an investigational GLP-1 medication (exenatide, liraglutide, lixisenatide or others)
- History of severe hypoglycemia associated with symptoms unawareness or results in unconsciousness/coma/seizure in the 6 months prior to screening
- BMI <22 or >40 kg/m²
- Malnutrition assessed clinically by the investigator or any sub-investigator and by MNA-SF score <12 in countries (the judgment of the investigator prevails on questionnaires scores)
- Cognitive disorder and dementia assessed clinically by the investigator or any sub investigator and by MMSE score <24 (the judgment of the investigator prevails on questionnaires scores), or any neurologic disorder that will affect the patient's ability to participate in the study
- Patient who have an eGFR (using the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease {MDRD} formula <30ml/min/1.73m2
- Patients with severe or uncontrolled disease, or any clinically significant abnormality identified on physical examination or investigational clinical procedure that, in the judgment of the investigator or any sub-investigator, would preclude safe completion of the study or constrains efficacy assessment
Laboratory findings at the time of screening:
- Amylase and/or lipase: >3 times the upper limit of the normal (ULN) laboratory range
- ALT or AST >3 times ULN
- Calcitonin >20 pg/mL (5.9 pmol/L)
- Clinically relevant history of gastrointestinal disease associated with prolonged nausea and vomiting, including (but not limited to): gastroparesis, unstable (ie, worsening) and not controlled (ie, prolonged nausea and vomiting) gastroesophageal reflux disease within 6 months prior to screening
- History of unexplained pancreatitis, chronic pancreatitis, pancreatectomy, stomach/gastric surgery, inflammatory bowel disease
- Personal or immediate family history of medullary thyroid cancer or genetic conditions that predisposes to medullary thyroid cancer (eg, multiple endocrine neoplasia syndromes)
The above information is not intended to contain all considerations relevant to a patient's potential participation in a clinical trial.
Please refer to this study by its ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT01798706
|Contact: For site information, send an email with site number to
Hide Study Locations
|United States, California
|Investigational Site Number 840010
|La Jolla, California, United States, 92037
|Investigational Site Number 840015
|Norwalk, California, United States, 90650
|United States, Florida
|Investigational Site Number 840003
|Miami, Florida, United States, 33156
|Investigational Site Number 840012
|Miami, Florida, United States, 33156
|United States, Iowa
|Investigational Site Number 840002
|Des Moines, Iowa, United States, 50314
|United States, Maryland
|Investigational Site Number 840008
|Oxon Hill, Maryland, United States, 20745
|Investigational Site Number 840004
|Rockville, Maryland, United States, 20852
|United States, Mississippi
|Investigational Site Number 840017
|Active, not recruiting
|Biloxi, Mississippi, United States, 39531
|United States, Nebraska
|Investigational Site Number 840009
|Omaha, Nebraska, United States, 68131
|United States, North Carolina
|Investigational Site Number 840016
|Salisbury, North Carolina, United States, 28144
|United States, North Dakota
|Investigational Site Number 840006
|Fargo, North Dakota, United States, 58103
|United States, Ohio
|Investigational Site Number 840014
|Canal Fulton, Ohio, United States, 44614
|United States, Utah
|Investigational Site Number 840011
|St. George, Utah, United States, 84790
|United States, Wisconsin
|Investigational Site Number 840007
|Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States, 53209
|Investigational Site Number 036002
|Active, not recruiting
|Box Hill, Australia, 3128
|Investigational Site Number 036006
|Active, not recruiting
|Brookvale, Australia, 2100
|Investigational Site Number 036004
|Camperdown, Australia, 2050
|Investigational Site Number 036005
|Gosford, Australia, 2250
|Investigational Site Number 036001
|Heidelberg, Australia, 3081
|Investigational Site Number 036003
|Active, not recruiting
|Parkville, Australia, 3050
|Investigational Site Number 100002
|Active, not recruiting
|Plovdiv, Bulgaria, 4002
|Investigational Site Number 100005
|Active, not recruiting
|Plovdiv, Bulgaria, 4002
|Investigational Site Number 100003
|Sofia, Bulgaria, 1632
|Investigational Site Number 100004
|Stara Zagora, Bulgaria, 6000
|Investigational Site Number 100001
|Varna, Bulgaria, 9000
|Investigational Site Number 124003
|Active, not recruiting
|Hamilton, Canada, L8L 5G8
|Investigational Site Number 124007
|London, Canada, N6B 2E3
|Investigational Site Number 124008
|Montreal, Canada, H3Z 1E5
|Investigational Site Number 124002
|Active, not recruiting
|Sherbrooke, Canada, J1H 5N4
|Investigational Site Number 124001
|Active, not recruiting
|St-Romuald, Canada, G6W 5M6
|Investigational Site Number 124005
|Active, not recruiting
|Vancouver, Canada, V5Z 1M9
|Investigational Site Number 124006
|Vancouver, Canada, V5Z 1M9
|Investigational Site Number 124004
|Winnipeg, Canada, R3E 3P4
|Investigational Site Number 208005
|Active, not recruiting
|Esbjerg, Denmark, 6700
|Investigational Site Number 208001
|Active, not recruiting
|København Nv, Denmark, 2400
|Investigational Site Number 208004
|København S, Denmark, 2300
|Investigational Site Number 208002
|Active, not recruiting
|Slagelse, Denmark, 4200
|Investigational Site Number 208003
|Active, not recruiting
|Svendborg, Denmark, 5700
|Investigational Site Number 276005
|Dresden, Germany, 01307
|Investigational Site Number 276004
|Essen, Germany, 45359
|Investigational Site Number 276002
|München, Germany, 80639
|Investigational Site Number 276001
|Active, not recruiting
|Münster, Germany, 48145
|Investigational Site Number 276006
|Active, not recruiting
|Pirna, Germany, 01796
|Investigational Site Number 276007
|Pohlheim, Germany, 35415
|Investigational Site Number 276008
|Active, not recruiting
|Potsdam, Germany, 14469
|Investigational Site Number 276003
|Active, not recruiting
|Saarlouis, Germany, 66740
|Investigational Site Number 578001
|Active, not recruiting
|Hønefoss, Norway, 3515
|Investigational Site Number 578005
|Kongsvinger, Norway, 2212
|Investigational Site Number 578003
|Active, not recruiting
|Oslo, Norway
|Investigational Site Number 578006
|Active, not recruiting
|Stavanger, Norway, 4095
|Investigational Site Number 578004
|Active, not recruiting
|Trondheim, Norway, 7012
|Investigational Site Number 604001
|Active, not recruiting
|Arequipa, Peru
|Investigational Site Number 604006
|Active, not recruiting
|Lima, Peru, LIMA 31
|Investigational Site Number 604003
|Active, not recruiting
|Lima, Peru, LIMA 14
|Investigational Site Number 604005
|Active, not recruiting
|Lima, Peru, Lima 27
|Investigational Site Number 604007
|Active, not recruiting
|Lima, Peru
|Investigational Site Number 604011
|Active, not recruiting
|Lima, Peru, 27
|Investigational Site Number 604002
|Active, not recruiting
|Lima, Peru
|Investigational Site Number 604008
|Active, not recruiting
|Piura, Peru
|Investigational Site Number 616004
|Active, not recruiting
|Gdansk, Poland, 80-858
|Investigational Site Number 616003
|Krakow, Poland, 31-024
|Investigational Site Number 616001
|Poznan, Poland, 61-665
|Investigational Site Number 616002
|Ruda Slaska, Poland, 41-709
|Investigational Site Number 616006
|Szczecin, Poland, 70-506
|South Africa
|Investigational Site Number 710002
|Active, not recruiting
|Cape Town, South Africa, 7530
|Investigational Site Number 710003
|Active, not recruiting
|Cape Town, South Africa, 7500
|Investigational Site Number 710004
|Somerset West, South Africa, 7130
|Investigational Site Number 724001
|Active, not recruiting
|Alcira, Spain, 46600
|Investigational Site Number 724005
|Active, not recruiting
|Barcelona, Spain, 08035
|Investigational Site Number 724006
|Hostalets De Balenyà, Spain, 08550
|Investigational Site Number 724003
|Madrid, Spain, 28046
|Investigational Site Number 724002
|Sanlúcar De Barrameda, Spain, 11540
|Investigational Site Number 724004
|Active, not recruiting
|Santiago De Compostela, Spain, 15706
|Investigational Site Number 752006
|Active, not recruiting
|Göteborg, Sweden, 405 45
|Investigational Site Number 752007
|Active, not recruiting
|Härnösand, Sweden, 871 82
|Investigational Site Number 752002
|Active, not recruiting
|Lund, Sweden, 22221
|Investigational Site Number 752004
|Active, not recruiting
|Malmö, Sweden, 211 52
|Investigational Site Number 752001
|Stockholm, Sweden, 171 76
|Investigational Site Number 752003
|Stockholm, Sweden, 111 57
|United Kingdom
|Investigational Site Number 826003
|Active, not recruiting
|Bexhill-On-Sea, United Kingdom, TN39 4SP
|Investigational Site Number 826001
|Glasgow, United Kingdom
|Investigational Site Number 826002
|Active, not recruiting
|Irvine, United Kingdom, KA12 0AY
|Investigational Site Number 826004
|Active, not recruiting
|Trowbridge, United Kingdom, BA14 8QA
|Study Director:
|Clinical Sciences & Operations
No publications provided
|Responsible Party:
|ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier:
|NCT01798706 History of Changes
|Other Study ID Numbers:
|Study First Received:
|February 22, 2013
|Last Updated:
|November 25, 2014
|Health Authority:
|United States: Food and Drug Administration
Additional relevant MeSH terms:
Diabetes Mellitus
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
Endocrine System Diseases
Glucose Metabolism Disorders
Metabolic Diseases
Hypoglycemic Agents
Pharmacologic Actions
Physiological Effects of Drugs
ClinicalTrials.gov processed this record on November 27, 2014


text:
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Featured in RB Explore Photography Page
Views 3304 at May – 18 – 2013
Favorited by 36 people
17 Features
HDR processed in Photomatix Pro 3.1.3 from a single RAW image, then processed using CS4 – no tripod used
Nikon D300 Sigma 15/30
Challenge Winner in The Weekend Photographer Group – Gorgeous Interiors Challenge May – 01 – 2011
After the devastating fire of 1865 William Bücher reconstructed the abbey and parish church St. Blasius on the Romanesque and Gothic foundations of the old church. It is Austria's first neo-Gothic sacred building and was consecrated in 1869. The church fascinates with artful furnishing and design, its two dominant towers, both 70 meters high, make it an impressive landmark. Architect Bücher also proved his sense of humor: the gothic gargoyles on the outside of the building caricature the German emperor Willhelm I and Bismarck.
The church's neo-Gothic interior invites the visitor to go on a treasure hunt for pieces of art that had been created for the church throughout the centuries. The white marbled neo-Gothic high altar is framed by four embroidered baroque tapestries. They were all artfully fabricated in the monastery's own school for embroidery. The tapestries show the abbots' coats of arms, depict saints and portray a colorful variety of flowers and animals.Above the chancel the visitor will see a larger than life gothic cross, made by Andreas Lackner in 1518. A replica of Admont's famous Madonna is placed beside the side altar, the original statue (dating back to 1310) can be found in the province museum Joanneum in Graz.
The altar dedicated to the Virgin Mary is decorated with a baroque painting of Maria Immaculate, done by Martino Altomonte in 1726. The painting is framed with 15 rosary medallions by Joseph Stammel, the abbey's sculptor in the Baroque. Around 1755 and 1756 Stammel also carved the variety of figures for Admont's Christmas manger in the manger altar. The manger, which is traditionally only opened around Christmas (24.12. – 02.02.) and remains closed throughout the rest of the year, is one of the most beautiful and renowned ones in Austria.
Since its foundation in 1074, i.e. since almost one thousand years, Admont Benedictine Monastery has collected and preserved cultural goods. In this respect the library has a special position. This library is one of the most important cultural properties of our country and is one of the largest late Baroque works of art in Europe. Perhaps a little overenthusiastically but at the same quite justifiably, since the early 19th century the Admont library has been called the "eighth wonder of the world". It represents a repository of knowledge containing examples of the artistic and historical development of books over the centuries – from the manuscripts of the medieval Admont writing school over the collection of incunabula (early printed books) to the fully developed printing process. As a work of art, the library should be viewed as a whole in which the various genres (architecture, frescoes, sculptures, written and printed matter) blend into one work – in the final analysis, the central place of books in the history of the development of the Benedictine Order. The late Baroque library, completed in 1776, was commissioned by Abbot Matthäus Offner (reigned 1751-1779) and built by the Graz Master Builder Josef Hueber (1715-1787). Hueber was imbued with the ideas of the Enlightenment: "As with the mind, light should also fill the room". With a length of 70 m, a width of 14 m and 11 m in height (12.7 m in the central cupola) and divided into three, this room is the largest monastery library room in the world. The Austrian National Library in Vienna served Hueber as a pattern. The seven ceiling frescoes created by the 80-year-old Bartolomeo Altomonte (1694-1783) in the summer months of the years 1775 and 1776 also breathe the spirit of the Enlightenment. They show the steps in man's exploration of thinking and speaking from the sciences to Divine Revelation in the central cupola. The bookcases under this cupola alone contain editions of the Bible and the Church Fathers, those in the North side room theological literature and those in the South room all the other subjects. The monastery sculptor Josef Stammel (1695-1765), one of the most important Baroque sculptors, created the extensive carvings in the room. Particularly famous is "The Four Last Things", a group of four over-lifesize presentations of Death, the Last Judgement, Heaven and Hell. The Admont library is a historical monument to book culture with an importance far beyond the region. At the same time it offers equally valuable and exhaustive source material of the surrounding country. The total collection of books comprises some 200,000 volumes. The most valuable treasures are the more than 1,400 manuscripts (the earliest from the 8th century) and the 530 incunabula (early printed books before 1500).
Please consider entering this amazing image into the Euro challenge EUROPEAN INTERIORS and good luck!
Ciao Alateia.Thanks for your suggestion,I have add another immage at that contest,but I'll think about this.
– paolo1955
Beautiful Paolo,wonderful shot.
Hello Linda.I'm happy that you enjoy this photo.
– paolo1955
WoW! Love it ~ I wanna go hang out in there. Superb image Paolo and very interesting text too.
Thanks for popping by ,and leaving your comments, much appreciated..Did you read all the story? :-))
– paolo1955
Wow – what a glorious place !! I love librarys but this is amazing – wonderful shot XX
Hi Sheila.Thanks for popping by ,and leaving your comments, much appreciated.
– paolo1955
Fabulous capture, Paolo!
Thanks for your nice comment in my photo.
– paolo1955
great shot!!
I'm happy that you enjoy this photo.
– paolo1955
Stunning capture Paolo
Thanks for your kind remarks in my photo.Regards Paolo
– paolo1955
Spectacular capture!!!
Hi gal…I'm happy that you enjoy this photo.
– paolo1955
wow spellbinding!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Thanks for visiting and adding your kind comment :)
– paolo1955
– paolo1955


text:
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AWEurope: ITV first major UK broadcaster to sign up for Twitter Amplify
ITV has become the first major UK broadcaster to sign up for Twitter Amplify, the social network's video partnership tool.
Twitter: ITV signs up for Twitter Amplify
Advertisers will be able to advertise alongside ITV video content on the social network, including pre and post-roll ads within video in ITV tweets, customised hashtags, in-video banner ads and promotional video tweets.
ITV is already talking to brands about how it can use the Twitter Amplify services to expand their ad campaigns on the broadcaster's other platforms.
Stephen Poole, the group sales controller at ITV, said: "ITV's partnership with Twitter provides a fantastic platform for brands to coordinate marketing activities across TV, digital and mobile in order to reach their target audiences.
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MTV signed a pan-European Twitter Amplify deal around the European Music Awards last year and VO5 delivered some activity through the service around the Brit Awards as part of a deal with BPI, which owns the rights to the awards.
Follow live coverage of Advertising Week Europe on LIVE@AdvertisingWeek
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text:
You are hereIndore
Burning issue - Present status of Pharmaceutical Industries
"Recent acquisition of Indian generic drug companies by MNCs has increased fears that the price of low-cost generic drugs will rise in India. The buy-outs will reduce domestic availability of many essential medicines; point out an internal assessment of the health ministry, Government of India. It is ironic that despite India supplying quality generic drugs around the world, the country has concerns about sufficient domestic drug supply and vaccines security. With the increasing acquisition of Indian companies by overseas drug corporations, there is a pressing need to rethink India's drug strategy". This statement was released by government of India before few months. Now what global honchos think about India?
Formulation and Evaluation of Oral Soft Jelly Containing Metformin Hydrochloride and Glimepiride
About Authors:
D.K Jain*, G.N Darwhekar, Vikas Gupta
College of Pharmacy, IPS Academy
Indore (M.P)-452012, India
Convenience of administration and patient compliance are gaining significant importance in the design of dosage forms. Metformin hydrochloride and Glimepiride are orally administered antihyperglycemic agent, used in the management of non-insulin-dependent (type-2) diabetes mellitus. Difficulty in swallowing (dysphagia) is common among all age groups, especially in elderly and pediatrics. Unfortunately, a high percentage of patients suffering from type-2 diabetes are elderly people showing dysphagia. Persons suffering from dysphagia may get choked when they consume liquid formulation, thus to alleviate such problem liquid formulation of high viscosity was prepared. Formulation of oral soft jellies was carried out using combination of hydrophilic polymers guar gum and pectin. 3 different concentrations of guar gum (0.3 to 0.5% w/v) and 2 concentration of pectin were used (0.2 to 0.3% w/v) respectively. The prepared batches were evaluated for appearance, viscosity, pH, drug content, syneresis, in vitro drug release, and taste masking. The batch with 0.5% w/v guar gum and 0.2% pectin not only showed 80% drug release at 60 min, but all the desired organoleptic properties. The taste masking was carried out using non nutritive sugar and flavors. The optimized batch showed substantial stability when subjected to short term stability study (0-8°C and Room temperature). The problem of dose measurement by patients was outweighed as oral medicated gels are to be packed in unit dose container.
Candidates invited for WALK IN INTERVIEW by ZYDUS CADILA | Require Supervisors/ Officers in Production, Packing, Chemists/ Officers in QA and QC
Job as QA Executive / Officers in Parenteral Drugs (India) - 4 posts
Parenteral Drugs (India) Limited is one of the leading and fastest growing healthcare company, that has constantly followed a path created by its own will, hard work and determination. PDPL is involved in research, production and manufacturing of pharmaceutical products viz. intravenous infusion, tablets, capsules, liquids syrups, injections etc. Established in the year 1983, PDPL has dedicated itself to the manufacturing of the best quality vital life saving drugs at the lowest possible cost.
Work as Sr. Executive-Process Development in Lupin Pharmaceuticals
Lupin Pharmaceuticals, Inc. is the U.S. wholly owned subsidiary of Lupin Limited, which is among the top six pharmaceutical companies in India. Through our sales and marketing headquarters in Baltimore, MD, Lupin Pharmaceuticals, Inc. is dedicated to delivering high-quality, branded and generic medications trusted by healthcare professionals and patients across geographies.
About Authors:
Dinesh Kumar Jain*, Gajanan Darwhekar, Kapil Mahesh Dutt Swami
College of Pharmacy,
IPS Academy, Rajendra Nagar,
AB Road, Indore.
M.P. India.
Dandruff and seborrheic dermatitis are the common clinical conditions caused by increased growth of fungi and bacteria on the scalp which results in abnormal proliferation, scaling and flaking of scalp epidermis. In present study an attempt was made to develop hair styling gel of Fluconazole, zinc pyrithione and their combination using different concentration of carbopol 940. The formulations were evaluated and compare for rheology, pH, active content, in vitro drug release, ex vivo drug release, in vitro antidandruff activity and in vivo antidandruff activity. All the formulation are homogenous, transparent and stable but formulation HG1, HG7 and HG11 shows high clarity, optimum rheology, high drug content and drug release, so these three formulations were evaluated for in vitro antidandruff activity. HG11 shows higher zone of inhibition then HG1 and HG7 therefore HG11 was selected for skin irritation test, in vivo study and stability study. HG11 does not show any skin irritation hence it could be an effective formulation for treatment of dandruff and seborrheic dermatitis as compare to other.
Walk in interview for QC (Formulation) in CIPLA - Indore
Symbiotec Pharmalab invites for Executive - Quality Assurance
Symbiotec Pharmalab Ltd., a cortico-steroids API manufacturing company based at Indore in Central India is in the business of development, production and marketing of research-based cortico steroids.
Symbiotec is manufacturing cortico steroids since the year 1995 and is a WHO –GMP and ISO 9000 : 2000 certified company with a vision to cater to steroids requirement of our pharmaceuticals world.
Naming of Drug Molecules and Pharmaceutical Brands
About Authors:
Dr. Amit Gangwal,
Smriti College of Pharmaceutical Education,
For running any business or organization their products or services should be of utmost quality keeping other things aside. These products or services are known in commerce by their names. These names are called brand names and these are assigned by the owner or innovator or researcher or sponsor of that product or service depending on the type of produce and various parameters. Though company introduces the brand in commerce but after its (brand's) establishment, brand becomes the identity of company. Brand names are most important attribute of a product after its quality and packing from end user's (customer) point of view. Successful brand names never escape from the memory of consumer. Few such brand names are Bislery, Maggi, Vicks, Surf Excel, Coca-Cola, Google etc. Few reputed and well known pharmaceutical brands are Corex, Lipitor, Gleevac, Viagra etc. In present article various process to name a drug and a pharmaceutical formulations' name (brand name) have been described. Article throws light on generic, chemical and brand names of a drug or formulations besides few case studies and guidelines.
Opening for Regional Sales Manager in Leading Pharma company - Nextus Solution
NEXTUS SOLUTIONS is a professionally managed organization engaged in offering highly acclaimed consulting, Training and Placement. With our in- depth expertise and rich experience in the field of domestic as well as international level, we have been serving aspiring candidatesand organizations in the most professional way. We have excellent support of varied resources for meeting the needs of the clients and candidates as per their exact requirements.


text:
Originally published Tuesday, April 16, 2013 at 5:56 AM
Tsonga, Gasquet reach 3rd round; Tipsarevic out
Jo-Wilfried Tsonga and Richard Gasquet advanced to the third round of the Monte Carlo Masters on Tuesday.
AP Sports Writer
Jo-Wilfried Tsonga and Richard Gasquet advanced to the third round of the Monte Carlo Masters on Tuesday.
Tsonga beat Russian veteran Nikolay Davydenko 7-6 (3), 6-2, while Gasquet had trouble overcoming Benoit Paire 6-1, 3-6, 6-1. Janko Tipsarevic lost to Grigor Dimitrov of Bulgaria 7-6 (3), 6-1.
Gasquet will face either Marin Cilic of Croatia or big-serving Kevin Anderson of South Africa. Gasquet is still bothered by a sore ankle, which forced him to skip France's Davis Cup quarterfinal loss to Argentina.
Philipp Kohlschreiber also advanced to the third round, while Stanislas Wawrinka, Marinko Matosevic and qualifier Albert Ramos advanced to the second round.
Top-ranked Novak Djokovic, who drew a crowd for a practice session on an outside court, will announce if he'll play after recently twisting his ankle.
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But, as per JI, we better spend all our picks on the O
LINDEN, N.J. -- At first, Muhammad Wilkerson thought the text from Sione Po'uha was a joke.
"You serious?" Wilkerson shot back.
Po'uha wasn't kidding. The emotional leader of the New York Jets' defensive line, a locker-room mentor to Wilkerson, had just been released.
"It hit me hard," Wilkerson said, recalling that day early last month.
There have been quite a few "you serious?" moments this offseason for the emerging star. Wilkerson has watched as the Jets' defense, three seasons removed from its No. 1 ranking, has crumbled around him.
Seven starters gone. The most famous of them all, cornerback Darrelle Revis, could be traded in the coming days. Upheaval is as much a part of the NFL as helmets and shoulder pads, but this has been extreme even by the league's standards.
It'll be a different Jets team that reports Monday for the start of the offseason program -- so many familiar faces gone, scattered across the league. A few remain unemployed.
Fortunately for the Jets, Wilkerson is still in the room. On a team that needs so many things, he's The Next Big Thing.
He's still only 23, his career rising like a helium-filled balloon. His talent is obvious, and now there's added motivation. He's determined to right a perceived wrong.
Wilkerson kept his feelings quiet at the time, but he felt he deserved to make the Pro Bowl last season. The hulking defensive end doesn't say a whole lot, but that admission reveals the amount of pride, confidence and determination churning inside.
And it makes his coaches almost giddy with anticipation.
"Just sit back and, like [Terrell Owens] said, get your popcorn ready," defensive coordinator Dennis Thurman said.
Wilkerson is ready.
In February, he started training five days a week at the Lifetime Fitness facility in Columbia, Md., working out with a group of NFL players that includes Vontae Davis, D'Qwell Jackson and Arrelious Benn. On Monday, Wednesday and Friday, it's weightlifting and cardio. On Tuesday and Thursday, it's just cardio.
On Monday, Wilkerson will report to the Jets in the best shape of his life. He dropped a few pounds after tweaking his diet -- less cheese and red meat, more veggies, chicken and fish. Listed at 315 in his first two seasons, he's down to 305.
"We call him 'Sugar Bear,' because he's a small man in a big man's body," Myron Flowers, who has trained Wilkerson in Maryland the past three offseasons, said.
Flowers said the other NFL players in the group marvel when Wilkerson performs agility drills because he moves so well for a man his size. When it's his turn, the others watch and whisper. We're talking about a 6-foot-4 lineman who, in a pick-up basketball game, can perform a one-step dunk.
Wilkerson wasn't satisfied with the way he started last season, so his goal is to come out strong and sustain his performance for 16 games.
On Monday, Wilkerson, 23, will report to the Jets in the best shape of his life.
"I want to put my foot to the pedal in Week 1 and full force from there," he said last week at the Linden PAL complex, an old basketball haunt from his Jersey youth.
Wilkerson was a force by last midseason, and he finished with five sacks, a team-high 37 quarterback hits, two forced fumbles and a fumble recovery for a touchdown. Pro Football Focus, a stats-based web site, graded him the second-best 3-4 defensive end, behind the Houston Texans' J.J. Watt, the NFL Defensive Player of the Year.
No doubt, the Jets' struggles against the run hurt Wilkerson's Pro Bowl candidacy, but he still felt he deserved the trip.
"I felt like I was playing well enough to make the Pro Bowl," he said in a rare moment of braggadocio. "No problem. I just have more motivation for this offseason, just to go into next season and prove myself. That's definitely one of my goals this year -- to make it to Hawaii."
Only two Jets made the Pro Bowl, cornerback Antonio Cromartie and safety LaRon Landry, who is one of the recent defections. They also lost safety Yeremiah Bell and tackle Mike DeVito, and they cut linebackers Bart Scott and Calvin Pace.
By training camp, the only returning starters could be Wilkerson, Cromartie, cornerback Kyle Wilson and linebacker David Harris. Entering his third season, Wilkerson will be expected to be "The Man." And a leader.
During their end-of-the-season sitdown, line coach Karl Dunbar encouraged Wilkerson to assume a greater leadership role, basically telling him, "At some point, it will be your defensive line."
That point is now.
"Us young guys will have to step up and mature faster than maybe we were expected," Wilkerson said. "I learned a lot from [Po'uha and DeVito]. That will help me become the leader of the defensive line."
For two seasons, Wilkerson was surrounded by an experienced cast of characters, deferring to his elders, but those players are pretty much gone. It's the cold side of the business. That the Jets are considering a Revis trade shows that anything is possible and no one is safe.
Wilkerson said he was "shocked" by reports of a possible trade. Who deals their best player, right?
"He's a great teammate, on and off the field, so, of course, I want him to stay," Wilkerson said. "But this is a business, and that's something I can't control. I pray and hope he stays with us. If not, I wish him the best wherever he ends up, but I'd still love to have him as a teammate."
The Jets didn't have Revis for 14 games last season because of his knee surgery, and "everybody had to add a little Revis to their game and play that much better," Wilkerson said.
They still managed to finish eighth in total defense, but there were glaring weaknesses. The front seven got old and slow, looking dinosaurish at times. New general manager John Idzik tore it down, and he wants to build around Wilkerson.
Thurman expects Wilkerson to continue his ascent because he will have a better understanding of blocking schemes, which should allow him to play faster. It's the old adage: The closer you're positioned to the ball, the longer it takes to adjust to the speed of the game.
"It's almost like, you're out on the field and you have an epiphany," Thurman said. "Your brain opens up, and you say, 'Hey, I can do this.' Around the middle of last season, it opened up for Mo. It was like, 'I can do this. I've arrived.'"
And he's only 23.
"That's scary -- and good, because he's on our side," Thurman said with a laugh. "His ceiling is as high as he wants to take it. If he does what he's supposed to do, one day his name could be mentioned with the best."
New York loves menacing defensive stars, especially if they're homegrown.
Wilkerson grew up in Linden, a quick drive from the Goethals Bridge. He stops by the old neighborhood every week to visit his mother and friends. He's a rock star at the Linden PAL, which displays newspaper clippings of him in the lobby showcase.
"Every day here," he said, "brings back a memory."
The Jets are counting on him to create memories at MetLife Stadium, about 20 miles up the New Jersey Turnpike. Asked if he can be as good as Watt, a fellow first-rounder in the 2011 draft class, Wilkerson got really serious.
"I can be any guy I want to be," he said. "I can be the guy that gets everybody up, making plays day-in, day-out -- sacks, knocking down balls like J.J. Watt. It's all up to me, and I feel like I've got something to prove. I can be a dominant player."
But, as per JI, we better spend all our picks on the O
Love this guy
Easily the best draft pick of the Rex er(ror)a.
Aren't him and Coples from the same school or something? Hopefully Wilk's work-ethic rubs off an Coples. The guys we lost on the DL are replaceable. Especially if our first-rounders step it up.
Awesome player, really enjoying watching him develop.
Losing Pouha and Devito is going to hurt the defense, and losing Revis is just brutal
"Defections". Is Dick too stupid to realize that word doesn't define players who were cut or those who the Jets didnt want to re-sign?
It's scary how good this guy is going to be. Nobody expected that in year 2. I don't even know what we might expect in year 3. Good luck to opposing Os dealing with him and Coples
not crazy about Mo. Didn't like it when we picked him, still dont like him. I just dont think he's that good
Step 1 dig holeQuote:
Originally Posted by sash1
not crazy about Mo. Didn't like it when we picked him, still dont like him. I just dont think he's that good
Step 2 insert head
Step 3 insert sand
Wilkerson was not worthy of a pro bowl bid last season. The second half he was as good as any DL player. But the first half he was getting run on and consistently pushed around. So, all in all, he didn't deserve the pro bowl.
However, as Wilk said it's all up to him. If puts together one full (because that's what it's going to take) season like the second half of this last season? He'll make the pro bowl with no questions asked.
He'll likely be playing on a defense that won't be very good either. After losing many starters on defense and replacing them with oft injured, on the cheap, players, it's easy to think a couple of injuries could make this defense horrible in 2013.
Overall, I believe the defense will be ranked the lowest it's been since Rex came to town. And it's a shame, because we suddenly have a pass rush building and no one else.
We should start long term extension talks with him


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Comedians Geoff Keith and Brad Williams at the Ontario Improv
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The last date listed for Comedians Geoff Keith and Brad Williams was Tuesday August 7, 2007 / 8:00pm.
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Comic Tony Baker (Last Comic Standing) at the Ontario Improv
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Food was pretty good! Drinks were great as well.Filipino Kingz of Comedy Featuring Kevin Camia, Nico Santos and Vince Royale dining • Oct 14 2014 star this tip starred
The weather was Nice Fall night. I wore Dressy shirt & pants.Filipino Kingz of Comedy Featuring Kevin Camia, Nico Santos and Vince Royale dress • Oct 14 2014 star this tip starred
Geoff Keith and Brad Williams are two young up and coming comedians. Keith spent last year touring the country with Pablo Francisco and Williams currently tours with Carlos Mencia. You may have caught Keith on Pablo's Comedy Central Special "Ouch!" or Williams in his various roles on the "Mind of Mencia."
In 2005, Geoff Keith was voted Orange County's Funniest Person. He has been seen on Playboy TV, Comedy Central, National Lampoon's Comedy ExpressTV, and the Oxygen network. You can catch him on season 2 of "Live at Gotham" on Comedy Central later this year. Besides his friend Pablo Francisco, you may have seen him open for Tommy Davidson, Paul Mooney, or Damon Wayans.
Comedian Brad Williams has lived a true comic Cinderella story. Born with Achondroplastic dwarfism, Brad would endure countless taunts and gawks from classmates and random people on the street. Instead of crying about it, Brad turned to humor. He discovered that by making jokes about his condition, he could make other people comfortable and get laughs in the process. Stand-up was a logical step for Brad and he began hitting the local open mic nights. One night at a Carlos Mencia show, Carlos asked Brad if he wanted to do time. After his set, Mencia decided to bring Brad on the road with him as his opening act. Brad has been touring with Carlos ever since, and making appearances on The Mind of Mencia on Comedy Central. Brads ability to make humorous observations that make everyone comfortable with difference is winning over audiences and proving that anyone can overcome their shortcomings.


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Posted on I have to click "Back" more times...
#1 posted 02-01-2012 03:49 AM
Just started happening to me. I get a whole mess of "share this"es, too. Here's a screen shot I took as I type this post. You can see it in the dropdown menu at the upper left.
-- "Sometimes even now, when I'm feeling lonely and beat, I drift back in time, and I find my feet...Down on Main Street." - Bob Seger


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So who made it to the semis ?<quoted text>pak lost to india by 8 wkts. ha ha ha ha ha.
did u c dat match
No Muslim can think of profaning holy Prophet (PBUH): Altaf
#28705 Oct 3, 2012
Since: May 12
#28706 Oct 3, 2012
..you've been in Saudi Arabia....TOO LONG..!!!
Since: May 12
#28707 Oct 3, 2012
..IT IS SIN ...THAT ENSLAVES ...not..religion .
the catholic aged 91...mind your elders ...frenchy..!!
Since: May 12
#28708 Oct 3, 2012
...GOOD QUESTION...to...fraud "Dak-original".. "MUQ".."Pak Jatt Soorma"...canines are awesome pets .....What's the deal..???
Since: May 12
#28709 Oct 3, 2012
Did Lord Krishna know he was going to be put to death..???..Hindus..
(Jesus knew , it was his destiny..)
Since: May 12
#28711 Oct 3, 2012
..AND...Mohammad brought monotheism to the Pagan tribes of Arabia...thank ..Jesus
Since: Aug 08
#28712 Oct 3, 2012
O ji Europe ki tou gaand hi gaand haey. Affter Spain , Greece,......France is in line of fire...soon nangapaan will be a neccessity and as much as eating frogs or smearing perfume on dirty , unbathed body in bankcrupt France.
He....he ....cheapest slts will be availbale there, one Euro for one night.....soap,wash, cndom, medcins to be paid by clients......!
O kaun si bardi baat ho gai.....mein tou abhi sey tel laga kaar baitha hoon !
Since: May 12
#28714 Oct 3, 2012
..never..doubt the courage of the French..they, discovered ..SNAILS WERE EDIBLE...!!
Since: May 12
#28715 Oct 3, 2012
..okay...I agree...GOD bring subjugation..to those who oppose HIM...this is well documented ...
..NEVER..HAVE I SEEN , YOU SAY .."ISLAM , MUST REFORM..." ....Are you turning gay ...??..I thought we were supposed to kill them off ...???...
as.for ....2037...I must ask "Neville Thompson"...
Since: May 12
#28716 Oct 3, 2012
...."HAJI KAJI"...How did Colonial Americans drink ..rum.......w/water ..??..it sucks .it smells gross ..!!!
2)I did not find "old monk" ..but, I got some (Jamaican Rum)..and, now , I'm feeling sorry for myself .....how,??....me.!!..a beer lover ...HOW..CAN I ENJOY THIS DARK (and,too sweet) URINE..???..as an olden day fronttiers-man..?
United States
#28717 Oct 4, 2012
Muhammad was above god. He was free to do whatever he wanted. He could keep as many wives as he wanted to keep. He was free to kill anybody who do not follow him. His allah had even given him permission to rape a captured woman. Muhammad's allah did not like non muslims. Do not follow Muhammad and allah will punish yu
Saudi Arabia
#28718 Oct 4, 2012
I think I answered it Deedat Sahib
Saudi Arabia
#28719 Oct 4, 2012
Some of the Millions of Benefits of Idol Worship (TARK or KUTARK? You decide) Part-12A
Stage-3 When Films are fully Matured:
87. The time is coming when our audience are mature and we will make films on sexual life of our gods. Right now we fear as to how our childish audiences might react (and feel disgusted enough and shun Idol Worship- MUQ).
88. We will show courtship (and even copulation scene- MUQ) between Shankar and Parvati, between Vishnu and Lakshami, between Brahma and SARASWATI, between Amitabh and Jaya (Oops, another Mistake- MUQ). We have our SHIELA, KATRINA AND RAKHI eager to perform as gods lovers and our Heroes are also anxious to do the roles of gods.
Our Only worry is these cursed censor people, as to how to get U certificate for these XXX rated films. We will wait, till we can buy them or when XXX films are treated as U stuff and U stuff as XXX (Time is not far off MUQ.
89. Our aim is also to wean away those formless God worshippers as to how much fun and frolic our idol based god provide and can their God match ours?(No He cannot- MUQ). Many of the weak minded of these idiots will then join us (why you need Idiots? MUQ, Oh, to feed your coffers-)
90. Future is very bright for our gods based films with advances like HD, 3D and Hologram. We feel very excited about it and how much additional wealth we will siphon off from the National Economy (and make it Non Productive- MUQ)
Stage-4 Creating new gods:
As we mentioned, thru films we can create new gods and make some gods go out of circulation and some stage comeback.
Sometime back we created one such female god with the name of SANTOSHI MATA, we created her thru a film of the same name. When the film was successful, she became a household name and we made many temples in her name. We started celebrating her birthday (the day of film release actually- MUQ) and made a hefty collection!!
And we have many more such gods and goddesses in our story and future marketing departments and looking for appropriate time to launch their career.
This is what makes idol and god business so exciting and demanding. We never take rest and always are on lookout for new ideas and angles to make money. Now think have those formless God worshippers got any New Idea in past 1400 years? They worship exactly in the same way as they were doing 1400 years back, is their any fun in their religion, stupid people if you ask me (again you started your Anti Muslim rant, what is problem with you?- MUQ)
Cartoon Films and Endless Future Opportunities:
91. To tell the truth, this was an unexpected development for us also (how come, you believe in so many miracles already -MUQ). It was like a bolt from above. We Indians were so lacking in cartoon films, that we could never see that we will catch up with Hollywood. Our drawing were so poor animation so clumsy and no special effects (like daily life of most Indians- MUQ).
92. However it was invention of Computer and Software Revolution and Computer Aided Animation that made India and Indians as World leader in animation. When we saw that, we said why not, why not cash it one and increase our consumer base (and catch them young- MUQ)
93. While west had selected animals (Micky Mouse, Donald Duck, Tom and Jerry, Woody Woodpecker, Pink Panther and others MUQ) and insects (Spider man, Bat man, crow man, Super man (Superman is not insect- you idiot) MUQ) they had very inferior outlook of life and never look for perpetual type of business
94. We went for jugular!! We straight selected our Hanuman as our carton character (may be he is actually a cartoon character, an imaginary figure- MUQ), but we made his a child and christened him as CHOTA HANUMAN. He was an instant hit with our Children. Now we know they are hooked and when grow up, they would be devout Hanuman Bhakt and cough up regularly at our temples!! What a customer base oh what a luck of genius.
Saudi Arabia
#28720 Oct 4, 2012
Some of the Millions of Benefits of Idol Worship (TARK or KUTARK? You decide) Part-12B
95. After success of Hanuman, we will try the same model on our other gods also. We will design juvenile version of Ram, Krishna, Brahma, Vishnu, Shankar and female gods and write new stories and what fun will we have. All our children will spend after school time (school time too- MUQ) in playing with our cartoon gods (?) . And will become permanent believers of older (Full scale models- MUQ) when they grow up.
96 And we have one more cunning idea (Devilish idea really-MUQ) behind our sleeves. We will catch children of Formless God people to play and enjoy our cartoon gods. Many will join and when they grow up, they might leave their outdated and formless religion and see what fun and freedom our simple and easy to understand(what an understatement- MUQ) religion gives to its followers.
M. Sci-Fi Films:
97. With Cartoon and Non Cartoon (sometime it is difficult to distinguish which is which- MUQ) god based films, and with endless gossips and angles and permutations and combinations, we are happy to know that there is no need for any other SCI-FI films for our children and youths in near future.
98. While those DUMBOS in west have to think about new idea and make so much research and spend so much money on sets and special effects to earn a few bucks we can earn more bucks by simply hanging casts of new cartoon and full scale model films. We earn much more quick bucks by spending so less. That is the benefit of this whole idol business, your investment and overheads are less and payback is unlimited.
99. And there is no dearth of plans and complications, with so many gods available, we can create any fun situation and multi-angles love and hate affairs that any one can think.
100. And we are sure that when west is tired of their SCI-FI idea and turn to us to loan our characters then we will make our kill in Foreign Exchange too and get world wide audience!!
So our future, future of our children and our childrens children is safe in hands of our gods and our idols and we have nothing to worry that at any future date, India would have a misfortune to go back to the formless god type on nonsense.
What you think about this Episode? Is it TARK or KUTARK?
Since: Sep 12
Location hidden
#28721 Oct 4, 2012
Bear paw,bird nest,freshly slit snake blood,worms from pig's stomach ( tape worms?)...Chinese beat the French HOLLOW!:):):)
Since: Sep 12
Location hidden
#28722 Oct 4, 2012
Not to mention tiger testicles!:):):)
And Pakistan-China friendship is HALAL or so says the "rules" of politics!:):))
Saudi Arabia
#28723 Oct 4, 2012
Our prophet was not God, he was only a prophet and a prophet knows only what God tells him.
So God did not tell the prophet that the meat was poisoned, but when he took the first bite, he was told by God that the meat was poisoned.
That is why no Muslim worships prophet Mohammad. We love him, we follow him, we respect him, we revere him, but we do not worship him.
And on the day he died, Abu Bakr his closest friend and the First Caliph of Islam announced from the pulpit "Let those who worshipped Mohammad know that Mohammad is dead and those who worship Allah should know that Allah is always living. Allah said in Quran"
"Mohammad is (nothing but) a prophet, many prophets came before him, if he dies or killed (in battle field) will you turn back?....."
That was the BEST speech in the recorded history of prophets. It saved Islamic nation from going to extremes.
All the miracles which prophet showed all the prophesies that he made, was told to him by Allah All Mighty.
Our prophet did not know who to read or write, he had no earthly teacher. Allah taught him every thing that he needed to know to carry out his prophetic duties. And we do believe that he was most knowledgeable in these matters than all other humans combined.
But he did not know every thing and we cannot say that his knowledge was in every field. But whatever he spoke from the knowledge given to him by Allah was 100 % accurate and whatever prophesies he made shall be fulfilled.
It has nothing like winning Lotto . In Islam Lotto and all other forms of lotteries and gambling and chance games are prohibited.
Allah Knows Best and His Mercy and Blessings be to His Servant and Messenger and Seal of Prophets, Prophet Mohammad.
Since: May 12
#28724 Oct 4, 2012
..."MUQ"..Is pretty entertaining today...He has his scimitars out..!!
"Free Speech in a Free World "
Since: May 10
#28725 Oct 4, 2012
Morsi of Eygpt is the key to Islams turn around .
Since: May 12
#28726 Oct 4, 2012
....Mmmmm...tape worms...they go with everything ..!!
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