text: THE LITERATURE ON THE CRYSTALLINE LENS 981 16. The same. "Syphilis." Zum Gebrauch fiir Studierende und praktische Aerzte. Deutsche autorisierte Ausgabe, bearbeitet und durch Erlauterungen und Zusatze vermehrt von Arthur Kollmann. 12mo., Leipzig. Arnold, 1888. 17. "The Life-Register" (being a scheme for recording the events of a lifetime of 71 years). 12mo., London, 1888. 18. "On urinary calculi; the lessons which they teach and the problems they suggest. " Being the essay appended to the tenth fasciculus of the New Sydenham Society's "Atlas of Pathology." Svo., London. West, Newman & Co., 1888. 19. "The leprosy problem." Reprinted from Friends' Quarterly Examiner, 1890. 8vo., London. West, Newman & Co., 1890. 20. "A descriptive catalogtie of the clinical museum and journal of proceedings." Part 1, Svo., London, 1894. 21 A smaller atlas of illustrations of clinical surgery. 8vo., London. West, Newman & Co., 1895. 22. "Discussion on the affections of the nervous system in the early (Secondary) stages of syphilis." 8vo., London. Reprinted from Proc. Roy. Med. Chir. Soc., 1895. 23. "The Centuries." A chronological synopsis of history on the "Space-for-time" method. Second edition (the first privately printed). West, Newman & Co., London; The Educational Museum, Haslemere, 1897. 24. "Syphilis." New and enlarged edition. 8vo., Cassell, 1909. 25. New Sydenham Society-retrospective memoranda. 8vo. (portrait). London. H. K. Lewis, 1911. 26. "On leprosy and fish-eating; a statement of facts and explanations." 8vo., London. Constable, 1906. Also Editor of 27. Ophthalmic Hospital Reports and Journal of the Royal London Ophthalmic Hospital. London, 1863-79. 28. "Archives of Surgery." London, 1889-1900. 29. "The Polyclinic." London, 1900-1901. A REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE ON THE CRYSTALLINE LENS BY DOROTHY ROSE ADAMS So many articles have already been written on the subject of the crystalline lens, that an attempt to add to th'eir number seems to demand an apology. So far, however, ophthalmologists and chemists have carried on their investigations independently, and it is hoped that this article will serve to correlate what is known of the biochemigtry of the lens with the changes observed in pathological, and more especially, in cataractous lenses. The first half of the paper is a summary of the facts which have been brought to light, merely by chemical analyses of normal and cataractous lenses. The latter half deals with the action of light on the lens, and enters more fully into a discussion of the probable causes of cataract. 282 22THE BRITISH JOURNAL OF OPHTHALAMOLOGY A. Chemical Analyses of the Crystalline Lens An analysis of the human lens was first made by Berzelius, who gave the name of krystallin to the lens protein. Further analyses of animal lenses were made by Laptschinsky, 1876, and Morner, 1894. The latter identified three proteins: (1) Albumoid, a proteinoid which is found especially in the nucleus of the lens, and which is insoluble in water and in acid. (2) Two water-soluble proteins, which like globulins, are completely precipitated by saturation with magnesium sulphate at 300C. One, 3-krystallin, is soluble in acetic acid solution. The krystallins were found to preponderate in the cortex, c-krystallin in the outer, and ,&-krystallin in the inner layrers. Coagulation temperatures on heating the proteins with 0.06- 0.1 per cent. KOH, were for a-krystallin 720, ,e-krvstallin 630, and for albumoid 50°. Morner also found slight traces of albumen, and identified the presence of cholesterol and lecithin. He estimated the nitrogen and sulphur contents of the proteins, and obtained figures which compared veryr favourably with those of Jess, who, at a later date, was able to use much better methods of purification and analvsis: TABLE I. NITROGEN. SULPHUR. (Morner, 1896) (Jess, 1921) (Morner, 1896) (Jess, 1921) 16.62 per cent. 16.34 per cent. Albumoid 0.70 per cent. 0.87 per' cent. 16.68 per cent. 16.46 per cent. a-Krystallin 0.56 per cent. 0.68 per cent. 17.04 per cent. 17.00 per cent. 8-Krystallin 1.27 per cent. 1.34 per cent. The protein content of the lens was found to vary with age, a decrease of protein in old age being noted by Cahns, Alichel, 1884, and Wagner, 1886. Wagner also observed that in a senile cataractous lens, no protein could be found in the nucleus of the lens, and onlyr a trace of globulin in the cortex; whereas in other forms of cataract, e.g., traumatic and lamellar, normal proteins were found. Morner had shown (1896), that the amount of insoluble protein increased in the senile lens, a process rather analogous to the formation of keratin in the skin. Jess (1920), proved that there was a simultaneous decrease in the amount of water-soluble proteins, especially of /3-krystallin, and he suggested that this might lead to the hardening of the nucleus and the sclerosis which cause a loss of the power of accommodation in old age. By, the use of Fischer's method for protein hydrolysis, and Abderhalden's method of amino-acid estimation, Jess was able to make a th-orough analysis of a large number of ox lenses. His figures (1921 and 1922) show interesting differences in the amino- acid contents of the three proteins. THE LITERATURE ON THE CRYSTALLINE LENS 283 TABLE II. In 100 gm. substance:- a.KRYSTALLIN 13-KRYSTALLIN ALBUMOID Glycocoll ... 0 0 0 Alanine ... 3.6 2.6 0.8 Valine ... 0.9 2.1 0.2 Leucine ... 5.7 2.8 5.3 Aspartic Acid 1.2 0.4 0.5 Glutamic Acid 3.6 2.7 4.6 Tyrosine .. 3.5 3.7 3.6 Proline 1.8 1.4 1.9 Phenyl Alanine 5.5 4.1 4.6 Serine ... + + + Tryptophane + SH. as Cystine 2.3 a (cystein 4+9 & cystine) 3.1 } (cystine (cystein cystine) only) Melanin ... 1.1 0.1 0.6 Histidin ... ... 3.635 2.63 2.74 Arginin ... ... 7.85 7.5 10.26 Lysin ... 3.75 4.6 3.8 Ammonia ... 7.1 11.4 6.0 Tyrosine and trv-ptophane are present in each of the proteins, while glycocoll is absent from them all. /3-krystallin gives a strong positive test for cystein, whereas a-krystallin contains only a little, and albumoid practically none. 18-krystallin is peculiar in its large content of valine, alanine, ammonia and cystein, while it is comparatively poor in melanin and leucine. Albumoid is markedly poor in valine, but richer in arginin than the other proteins. Because of its low content of glycocoll and alanine, it cannot be classed as a skeleton protein. The proportions of diamino- to mon-amino-acids in the krystallins make them resemble albumens rather than globulins. The most interesting fact arising from Jess's analyses, is the variation in the cvstein content of the proteins. As in other animal tissues, the presence of cystein (or of an SH-compound) in the lens, causes it to give a strong purple colouration with an alkaline solution of sodium nitroprusside (Arnold, 1910). The reaction is not diminished by drying the lens, nor by long storage of the lens in alcohol or formalin (Reis, 1912), and it is still given by the water-soluble proteins after precipitation. Albumoid has no nitro- prusside reaction. Heffter stated that the reaction is negative in proteins which will not reduce sulphur to H2S, such as fibrin, casein, and ovomucoid, i.e., those which do not contain cystein or any S.H. compound. This fact is confirmed by Jess's observa- tions that not only does albumoid lack cystein, but that in a senile 284 THE BRITISH JOURNAL OF OPHTHALMNOLOGY or cataractous lens from which the nitroprusside reaction is absent, or diminished, albumoid is present in increased amount. Jess thinks that this protein has actually replaced i3-krystallin, to which the nitroprusside reaction of the normal lens is chiefly due. In criticism of this view, it is probable that soluble protein diffuses out from the lens into the aqueous in the early stages of cataract, and is destroyed by ferments. Tests were made by Reis (1912), on the nitroprusside reaction of human cataractous lenses. The cortex and nucleus were separated and dried at 370 C., and then tested. Normally, the two parts of the lens give an equally intense reaction, but it can be seen that a pathological lens may lose the reaction from its cortex or its nucleus, or from both (see Table III). TABLE III (REIS). TYPE OF CATARACT. No. OF CASES. NITROPRUSSIDE REACTION. CORTEX. NUCLEUS. 1. C. Hypermature 8 Negative Negative 2. C. Mature 23 67 per cent. Neg. 98 per cent. Neg. ( 15 per cent. Neg. 85 per cent. Neg. 3. Unripe Cataract 20 10 percent.Pos. 15 percent. Trace k 75 per cent. Trace 4. C. Tumescens 1 Positive. Trace 5. C. Traumatica 1 Positive. Positive. In the case of other tissues, such as muscle, it was shown by Arnold (1912) that the presence of cystein is correlated with an active metabolism. It is highly probable from the work of Reis and Jess, that this is also true of the lens. The slightest interference with the circulation of the eye, leads to degenerative changes in the lens. These may be due to a lack of oxygen, yet. very little is known as to how the lens utilizes its supply of oxygen. Further, the peculiar mode of nutrition of the lens, prevents any excessive use of oxygen, or rapid elimination of waste products. Yet in order to maintain its transparency under all conditions, it is probably necessary for the lens to keep up an active metabolism. A consideration of the work of de Rey Pailhade, Thunberg, Heffter, etc., on autoxidation systems, led Goldschmidt (in 1917) to the idea that a similar balanced system-SH-SS-might exist in the lens, whereby the latter would be enabled to carry on a metabolism involving very little wear and tear. By using a modification of Heffter's method (based on the power of cystein- containing tissues to reduce sulphur to H S) Goldschmidt found that the cystein content of the ox lens decreased with increasing age. If cystein were used in the inner respiration processes, THE LITERATURE ON THE CRYSTALLINE LENS 285 cystine would be produced, and the latter might either be re-- converted into cystein by some intracellular mechanism, or simply be broken down and removed as a waste product. An estimation of the sulphur content of lenses of different ages, showed that the sulphur did not disappear from the lens simultaneously with the loss of cystein, but remained practically constant throughout life. It appears then, that the-SH-SS-system in the lens is reversible. The nitroprusside reaction of the lens may be some indication of the degree of autoxidation remaining in the lens. Further work on the autoxidation system of the lens, has been done in recent years (1922-24), probably as the result of the stimulating effect of the discovery of glutathione (Hopkins, 1921), and of the work which led up to that discovery. Abderhalden and Wertheimer, in the course of some experiments on autoxidation (1922), observed: (a) That the oxygen uptake of the lens is very small being 1/8-1/10 that of muscle (cf. Ahlgren). (b) That some of the SH-reacting compound of the lens is dialysable, i.e., it is not all bound up with the protein. (c) That the lens tissue will reduce m-dinitrobenzol (cf. Lipschitz). The lens becomes coloured gold in the process probably because cystine is formed. (d) That alcohol accelerates the disappearance of cystein from the lens. Gunnar Ahlgren (1923) and Goldschmidt (1924) have both made use of Thunberg's methylene blue technique to study the autoxida- tion of the lens. According to Ahlgren: (1) The lens reduces methylene blue five times as rapidly as nerve, and half as rapidly as muscle. (2) Cooling the tissue (cf. Thunberg's "cry-olability of certain dehydrogenases"), and the presence, of narcotics, hinder the reaction which occurs most rapidly at a certain optimum pH. (3)' Lens tissue will oxidize lactic, fumaric, malic and maleic acids, but not succinic acid. Ahlgren suggests that the reduction power of the lens is due to an enzyme, and that possibly the lens contains a donator substance which acts as a substrate to the enzyme. The activity of the latter depends on the presence of a small amount of oxygen. He also recalls the fact that Lo Cascio showed the presence of oxidases and catalases in the lens (1922). Goldschmidt's paper (1994) "'Ueber die Autoxidation der normalen und pathologischen Linse," is worthy of a full summary: (1) He recognizes the dialysable constituent of the lens, -which gives a nitroprusside reaction (cf. Abderhalden and Wertheimer) as being glutathione. 2)86 THE BIITISH JOURNAI OF OPHTHALMOLOGY (2) He finds that after exhaustive extraction of the lens with N/10 H,S04 the residue still gives a strong NPR. (3) By using the methylene blue technique, with proper precautions for buffering the lens tissue, and for obtaining the correct end-point, he finds that the unextracted tissue will decolourize the dye rapidly, whereas extracted tissue does so only after the addition of cystine (1 mgm. is sufficient). From this experiment it is clear that the lens protein has the power to reduce cystine to cystein, and the latter is then able to reduce methylene blue in the usual way. (4) After extraction of the lens with N/10 H2SO4 till the filtrate no longer gives a NPR, and then drying the residue with alcohol and in vacuo over H 2SO 4. (a) The power of the residue to reduce cystine remains unchanged, and it is not destroyed by heat nor by exposure to a stream of air. In these respects and in its insolubility in water, the residue entirely resembles the thermostable reducing system found by Hopkins in the muscle of the rat. (b) The system can be absolutely destroyed by treatment with 0.5 per cent. hydrogen peroxide, and subsequent washing will not restore the reduction power. In comparison, a whole encapsulated lens offers some resistance to the action of H202, and after treatment retains some power of reduction, though the reduction time is much prolonged. Probably the lens capsule hinders diffusion into the lens. Also the H,20 may attack the glutathione first and be able to oxidize only some of the cystein (or SH) of the thermostable system. -(5) By following Thunberg's data, Goldschmidt estimates that a whole ox lens can reduce 76.56 c.mm. of oxygen. He states, however, that this does not necessarily give accurate information as to the normal oxidation activity of the lens. (6) At the end of a primary reduction experiment, i.e., reduc- tion due simply to the glutathione, the blue colour of the methylene blue could be restored by re-admitting air to the tube. The tissue was able to reduce the dye again, for as many as six times, in approximately the same lengths of time, e.g., reduction times for: (a) Quarter of a fresh ox lens-20, 34, 27, 32, 47 mins. (b) Dried ox lens-21, 49, 48, 48, 45, 59 mins. This experiment also supports the idea that the oxidation reduction system of the lens is reversible. (7) Experiments on human lenses showed that the reduction time increased with increasing ages, and was much accelerated by the addition of cystine. Immediatelv reduction had ceased, the NPR was found to have vanished. This was not the case in the ox lens. The pathological human lens clearly contained a THE LITERATURE ON THE CRYSTALLINE LENS 287" thermostable reduction system, but it was not so easily isolated as from an ox lens. Also, in a pathological lens the reduction time seemed to depend on the state of maturity of the cataract. Lenses which had entirely lost their primary reduction power, regained it in the presence of cystine. (8) The effect of change in hydrogen-ion concentration. For an ox lens the reduction power is at an optimum at pH. 8.3, and it ceases at pH. 6.0. The human lens is more sensitive to a change in pH., and it ceases to reduce if the medium is more acid than pH. 7.0. In the discussion of his experiments, Goldschmidt remarks that it is still unknown how the lens activates the oxygen with which it is supplied. In the autoxidation system, glutatlhione most probably acts as a hydrogen donator, and is thus able to reduce such hydrogen acceptors as methylene blue (in vitro), or oxygen (in vivo). The thermostable system serves to reduce the glutathione after the latter has been oxidized. This- explanation is a more probable one than that offered by Ahlgren. The power of the lens to oxidize certain fatty acids, is however, most likely enzymatic in character. Some recent experiments by Adams (1924) on fresh animal lenses, confirm Goldschmidt's observations as to the presence of an autoxidation system in the lens. The oxygen uptake of the lens tisstue was measured directly in a Barcroft microrespirometer, and parallel results were obtained by using Thunberg's methylene blue technique. The results may be summarized as follows: (1) A whole ox lens was found to have a gradual oxygen uptake, e.g., in two hours an ox lens of 2 gm.wt. consumes 125-130 c.mm. of oxygen. The uptake is accelerated and increased in the presence of glutathione, and markedly increased if both linseed oil and glutathione be present. (2) The power of the lens to utilize oxygen is considerably decreased by drying the lens, and is entirely absent after dialysis of the lens. But addition of a few mgm. of glutathione to a suspension of dried or dialysed lens restores the oxidation powver to normal. (3) A thermostable residue can be prepared from the lens which has no oxygen uptake of its own, but with glutathione, it gives a typical oxygen uptake curve. It reacts also with linseed oil and -ltutathione together, and develops a large and rapid oxygen uptake. (4) One of the three proteins of the lens, viz., /8-krystallin, functions pre-eminently as a thermostable residue. (5) The average glutathione content of an ox lens, as estimated by Tunnicliffe's method is 0.305 gm. per cent.-a high value in comparison with other tissues. A decrease in the amount of 288 THE BRITISH JOURNAL OF OPHTHALMIOLOGY glutathione was observed after the lens had been exposed to hieat rays. The decrease was more marked after exposure to ultra-violet light. Experiments on the degenerated lens prove that it is poor either in cystein or in glutathione or in both. That it suffers especially from a lack of glutathione, is shown by the fact that the cortex of a lens may have lost its reduction power, but will still give a NPR, i.e., it still contains some bound cystein. Morgagnian cataract and c. traumatica, are forms of cataract in which both the primary (glutathione) system, and the thermostable reduction system are absent. In c. brunescens,'however, only the primary system is lost. Goldschmidt suggests that the most probable cause of all cataract which is not definitely traumatic in origin, is a gradual rise in the hydrogen-ion concentration in the lens. The-SH-SS- equilibrium is known to be very sensitive to such a change, and its upset would involve a decrease in oxidation. This added to the condition of increased acidity, might probably lead to precipitation of the lens proteins. Further, whereas normally the oxygen brought to the lens may be supposed to be used at once by the glutathione, in a disordered state of metabolism the oxygen might cause the oxidation of the cystein in the thermostable system. In criticism of Goldschmidt's view, it must be remembered that Burdon-Cooper has stated that in all cases of cataract which he examined clinically the aqueous humour was alkaline. It is difficult to believe that the lens would be acid if the aqueous were alkaline. Adams' observations suggest another way in which the autoxidation system of the lens may become disordered, viz.: That since ultra-violet and heat rays are both present in ordinary sunlight they may cause an appreciable destruction of the glutathione in the len's. This could occur in an alkaline aqueous humour. Other theories as to the possible causes of cataract will be- discussed more fully in the section of the paper which deals with the action of light on the lens. A review of the analytical work which has been done on the lens, would not be complete without a short summary of the facts known concerning its content of lipoids. Apart from the proteins these seem to be the only remaining constituents of any importance in the lens. Jacobsen, Kuhn, Cahns, and others noted that the lipoids seemed to increase in the senile lens. Leber (1905), suggested that they might play some part in the onset of cataract by providing a solvent for such lharmful substances as acetone and butyric acid. The micro. chemical and pathological tests made by Toufesco (1906), also bore witness to an increase of lipoids in the senile lens. Valentin (1919), identified glycerin ester, cholesterin ester, free THE LITERATURE ON THE CRYSTALLINE LENS 289 cholesterol, and a cholin-containing phosphatid, in the normal lens. He found from his experiments that some or all of these lipoid substances, which normally are in solution, might become deposited in crystalline or amorphous particles, which varied in composition and amount in different forms of cataract. Goldschmidt (1922), made an analysis of human lenses of known ages, and found an interesting variation of the lipoids with age, e.g.: (a) Cholesterin: Was at a maximum in the first year; at a minimum in the years 10-20; and rose again in the years 70-80. (b) Phosphatid: Was very low (only 0.4 per cent.) in the first year; at a maximum (4.8 per cent.) in years 10-20; then under- went a fall 60-70; and finally rose. (c) An acetone-soluble substance: Was at a maximum of 1.0-2.0 per cent. in the years 10-20, and fell steadily to 0.6 per cent. at 80. (d) A benzol-soluble substance: Was at a maximum of 0.4 per cent. in the years 1-10, then fell to a steady level of 0.1 pe'r cent. Goldschmidt notes that in senile cataract, cholesterin crystals are often macroscopically evident in the lens. He suggests that the lipoids may act as oxygen fixators in the process of respiration-. Further work is undoubtedly needed to elucidate the part which lipoids play in the normal lens metabolism, especially in view of the results recently obtained by Meyerhof (1924) and others, show- ing the remarkable acceleration of oxidation which occurs after the additions of lecithin to a balanced SH-SS--system. Note on- the Organ-Specificity of Lens Proteins Uhlenhuth and others discovered that lenses of different species gave the same immune reactions, as proved by precipitin, anaphylaxis, and complement-fixation tests. Thus the specificitv of the reactioni is determined not by the species, as in immunity towards serum proteins, blood, bacteria, etc., but by the organ from which the antigen is derived. This organ-specificity of the lens is so pronounced that a lens anti-serum reacts with a lens of the same species, even of the animal which provided the serum. It has been discussed whether this property is relative or absolute (Ro6mer, and Gebb, land von Szily). Krusius suggested that the nucleus of the lens is responsible for organ-specificity, while the cortex proteins retain a certain degree of species- specificity. Hektoen (1923), failed to find any species-specific antigens in the lens. The experiments of Schoeppe, and of Guyer and Smith, suggest that injection of lens protein into an animal may cause the 290 THE BRITISH JOURNAL OF OPHTHALMOLOGY appearance in the blood of ferments which have a specific power of destroying all other lens proteins, e.g., in the lens of the foetus. The evidence for and against this is, however, very conflicting. For the purpose of this present article the importance of this immunilogical work on the lens is that it seems to denote a similarity in the chemical constitution of the proteins, and possibly therefore, a similarity in the metabolic processes which occur in the lenses of different vertebrates. The Action of Light on the Crystalline Lens In dealing with the chemistry of the lens, we have regarded it merely as an object for analysis, but in-considering the effect of light upon it, it is a significant fact that we are dealing with an actively living tissue. From an early date the injurious effects of light, and especially of the invisible rays, have been known, and it has become impossible to regard the normal passage of light through the lens as an uneventful process. Instead, it is possible that light plays an important part in the chemical processes of the lens. Quite early in the history of biology, it was discovered that ultra-violet light, in comparison with infra-red and visible rays, has a unique power of influencing living matter. It was not surprising therefore that in the early years of investigation on the effect of light on the lens, ultra-violet was considered the most likely cause of cataract. It was shown by various workers, Brucke (1845), Donders (1853), de Chardonnet (1883), and Helmholtz (1896), that the media of an ox eye, viz., the aqueous and vitreous humours, the cornea and especially the lens, are able to absorb ultra-violet light. de Chardonnet also noted that the degree of absorption seemed to vary with the age of the lens. Although the methods used in these experiments were rather primitive, for they consisted usually in allowing ultra-violet light to pass through the eye medium on to a fluorescent screen, and the only measure of the power of absorp- tion was the decrease in fluorescence, yet the results have been fully confirmed by later experimenters, e.g., Widmark, Mascart, who worked on human as well as on animal lenses. Hertel in 1903, was able to show that the lens of a live rabbit absorbs ultra-violet light. The work of Schulek, and Birch-Hirschfeld showed the significance of this function of the lens, viz., that by absorbing ultra-violet light, the lens protects the retina from injury. Merely half an hour's exposure to ultra-violet rays, in vivo, of a rabbit's eve, from which the lens had been removed, caused vacuoles to THE LITERATURE ON THE CRYSTALLINE LENS 291 appear in the nerve cells of the retina, and a disappearance of chromatin from the inner granular layer. No such changes were found in the retina of the normal eye, which was exposed in the same way, and its lens remained transparent. Further, in order to injure the retina of a normal eye at all, such a powerful source of ultra-violet light had to be used that the anterior structures were injured The following classification given by Schanz and Stockhausen (1909), and confirmed later (1912) by E. K. Martin, shows to what degree the various rays of the spectrum are able to pass through the media of the human eye: (a) Rays X760-400,u are visible rays, and pass to the retina unchanged. (b) Rays X400-350,up produce fluorescence in the lens. They pass to the retina and become visible if the lens is removed. (c) Rays X350-300pppenetrate the eye, but are absorbed by the lens. (d) Rays X300-0/,up do not penetrate the eye, but are absorbed by the cornea. Record has often been made by de Chardonnet, Schulek, Wid- mark, Birch-Hirschfeld and others, that after removal of the lens for cataract, the eye has increased visibility in the ultra-violet end of the spectrum, and is superior to the normal eye in this respect. It was suggested by Schulek, that the continual passage of light, and especially of ultra-violet rays, through the lens during life, must have some effect on that organ, especially if it absorbed them. It was only reasonable to suppose that it might lead to degenerative changes in which the lenis became clouded, and which often seemed to terminate in cataract. This theory was supported by Handmann (1909), who noted that senile cataract began in the inner lower quadrant of the lens, i.e., in the area most exposed to direct sunlight; and further, that in cases of cataract occurring in one eye only, it could be generally associated with the habitual position of the patient during work, whereby the affected eye was exposed to stronger light than its fellow. Also Chalupecky, who *exposed lenses to the light of a quartz mercury vapour lamp, stated that he was able to produce in them changes similar to those which occurred in a senile lens. He differed from the popular theory, by denying that ordinary daylight was sufficiently strong in ultra- vriolet radiations, to be able to cause cataract in a lens. The theory was, however, further supported by the observations of von Hirschberg, and of Grosz. The former noted that cases of cataract were extremely numerous in hot climates, where the sun- light is very rich in ultra-violet light. Grosz reported that in Hungary, cataract occurred frequently among agricultural labourers, who worked all day, exposed to the suin. 292 THE BRITISH JOURNAL OF OPHTHALMOLOGY From 1907 onward, special study was made of the peculiar type of cataract which occurs among glassworkers, and in addition to an improvement in our knowledge of the action of ultra-violet light, we learned that infra-red rays were almost certainly a co- factor in the p;roduction of cataract. Indeed, some observers, e.g., Meyhofer and Birch-Hirschfeld, considered that the cataract in glassworkers was entirely due to heat. Their theory was supported by Crookes, who in the course of investigations made for the Royal Society Committee in 1913, found that the light which came from the tanks of molten glass abounded in infra-red rays. In criticism of the view that cataract could be due to the direct action of heat on the lens, Hess pointed out that the lens first became clouded in its hinder pole, whereas heat would exert its maximum effect on its anterior surface. Also, Vogt maintained that only a white heat would produce an infra-red radiation sufficiently penetrating to cause a harmful effect in the lens. Further, it would be difficult to explain the localization of the cataract in the centre of the lens, in view of the fact that the iris is a good conductor of heat. Other investigators, e.g., Leber, Hartridge and Hill, favour the view that heat might bring about cataract indirectly, by affecting the secretion of aqueous humour, or by causing the latter to become concentrated. The experiments of Hartridge and Hill (1915), and of Luckeish (1915), on the power of the eye media to absorb infra- red rays, showed that each separate medium, cornea, aqueous humour, lens or vitreous humour, gave absorption bands in the infra-red which closely resembled those given by equal thicknesses of water. Further, Hartridge and HIill demonstrated that heat radiations between X 11,900 and 7,000 t pass into the eye un- checked, and a great deal reaches the retina. The power of the iris to absorb heat is very marked, and is four times that of the lens, which absorbs only 12 per cent. of the light which reaches it through the pupil. They suggested that although the continual small . absorption of heat might lead to a coagulation of lens proteins, yet this effect was more likely to be due to some interference with the nutrition of the lens. In support of a suggestion made by Parsons, viz., that the heat absorbed by the iris may affect the secretion of aqueous humour by the ciliary body, and hence may also disturb the nutrition of the lens, are the facts that: (1) The greater part of the heat is absorbed by the posterior pigmentary layer of the iris, i.e., the part which is in close contact with the ciliary processes, and with the posterior chamber of the eye. Any rise in temperature of the pigmentary layer, following THE LITIERArU1RE ON 'rHE CRYSTALLINE LENS 293 the absorption of infra-red rays, nmight be expected to affect the neighbouring ciliary processes and their glandular elements. (2) A close relationship exists between the arterial supplies of the iris and of the ciliary body. It is possible therefore that both structures are supplied by intimately related lymphatic vessels, and vasomotor nerves. The latter may send some glandulo- motor nerves to the ciliary processes. (3) In glassworkers' cataract especially, the slow development of the pathological condition cannot be due to any process of inflammation, particularly as other structures in the eye remain unaffected. Hartridge and Hill suggest the possible hypothesis, tha-t secretion of aqueous humour is stimulated when heat rays fall on the iris. Since the stimulus occurs regularly and for long periods, the process of secretion may come to depend more and more on the external stimulus, and itself may become periodic. As a result of its interrupted nutrition, the lens may develop cataract, especially in its least well nourished part, i.e., its hinder pole. E. K. AMartin (1912) observed some interesting physiological effects following the exposure of rabbits' eyes, in vivo, to ultra- violet light, viz.: (a) After moderate exposure, the central cells of the anterior capsule of the lens became swollen and were obviously stimulated to active proliferation. It is possible that such a change precedes the formation of an anterior capsular cataract in the human eye. (b) More severe exposure produced opacity in the cornea, while the capsule and lens remained undamaged. (c) In rabbits previously sensitized to washed cats' corpuscles, the specific haemolysins could only be detected in the aqueous humour after the eye had been exposed to ultra-violet light, and not before. According to Ro6mer's theory, the transmission of haemolysins from blood to aqueous humour only occurs after a simple paracentesis or following an inflammatory lesion of the iris or ciliary body. The latter condition may have been caused in these experiments by the exposure to ultra-violet light. Although it is highly probable that cataract is a secondary heat effect, it cannot be denied that ultra-violet light is absorbed by the lens, and it probably assists in the precipitation of the lens proteins. The power of the human lens to absorb light of short wave-length, is known to increase steadily during the life of the individual, until at the age of 50 years, it absorbs the whole of the ultra-violet rays, the violet, and part of the blue rays. Yoshiharu (1922) has recently shown that absorption seems to vary with the protein content of the lens, a fact wlhich leads one to speculate as to whether the increased absorption in old age, is due to the loss of soluble protein, and to the apparent replacement of it by 294 THE BRITISH JOURNAL OF OPHTHALMOLOGY insoluble albumoid. Soret (1883) was able to show that yolk and serum proteins, as well as lens proteins, were precipitated as the result of the absorption of ultra-violet light. Dreyer and Hanssen (1907), stated that such precipitation involved a change from soluble, into insoluble protein. Schanz (1916) made some interesting observations on the precipitation of yolk protein by ultra-violet light. He found that: (1) Whereas a visible precipitate was formed in an acid protein solution, an alkaline solution merely developed a gold colouration. Addition of ammonium sulphate to the alkaline solution would bring down a precipitate, but the latter decreased with increased time of exposure. It appears that ultra-violet light had a more drastic effect on the alkaline solution, and caused actual destruction of 'the protein. The gold colour may have been due to cystine. (2) That a temperature of 450 C. had the same effect as light on alkaline and acid protein solutions. This was confirmed by Young (1921). Schanz considered that the precipitation was a reversible floccula- tion, and not denaturation. (3) Addition of alkali to a solution of dialysed protein, rendered its absorption power superior to that of a neutral or acid protein solution. Experiments made by Burge (1915) at about this time, may be compared with those of Schanz. In contradiction to the latter worker, Burge found that whereas light from a quartz mercury vapour lamp would coagulate solutions of egg-albumen, globulin, and vitellin, it would not coagulate in the same length of time, the protein of a normal lens, neither was. the latter coagulated after 100 hours exposure. If, however, N/100 solutions of CaCl2, MgCl2, magnesium silicate, or of dextrose, were added to the lens, it rapidly became opaque when exposed to light from the same source. In a further study of the importance of salts to the metabolism of the lens, Burge made some remarkable discoveries: (1) That sodium and potassium salts, acting alone on the lens, can cause nuclear opacity. (2) That calcium, magnesium, and silicates, occur in increased amounts in senile cataractous lenses, e.g., calcium in a normal lens is less than 0.08 per cent., but in a cataractous lens may be 15 per cent. Cataractous lenses from India showed an enormous increase in their content of sodium and silicates as compared with the normal, e.g.: SODIUM PER CENT. SILICATES PER CENT. Normal Lens ? 0 Cataractous Lens 25.06 3.63 THE LITERATUR E ON THE CRYSTALLINE LENS 295 (3) Salts and substances, such as dextrose, which aid the action of ultra-violet light, also decrease the fluorescence of the lens (cf. Schanz showed that in the human lens, its power to fluorescence is decreased in old age, while its absorption of ultra- violet light increases). (4) By exposing the eye of a living fish to ultra-violet radiation, Burge was unable to cause any opacity in the lens, when the fish had been previously kept in tap water. In fish which had lived for ten days in water containing 0.1 per cent. sodium silicate, 0.1 per cent. dextrose, 0.8 per cent. calcium nitrate, and 0.8 per cent. calcium chloride, he obtained a distinct opacity of the cornea after an exposure of six hours, and an opacity in the lens after a second exposure. Similar results were obtained from experiments on frogs. As a result of his experiments, Burge considers that the lens normally has the power of converting the light of short-wave length which it absorbs into light of long-wave length, which it passes on to the retina. Thus, it disposes of the surplus energy which might otherwise disturb its chemical system, and cause precipitation of its proteins. Salts destroy this power if they are present in hypernormal concentration, and they modify the proteins so as to render them more easily precipitable by light. This theory raises the question again, as to whether an increase of salts in the aqueous humour of the eye, might not be another important factor in the origin of such a condition as glassworkers' cataract (as Leber suggested), or of the cataract which occurs in tetany (Stoeltzner). Nelson (1923) has shown, however, by experiments on the surviving lens, that a solution of a calcium salt wrill not produce any appreciable clouding in the lens, unless it exceeds a concentration of 2.25 per cent. It is very improbable that the calcium in the aqueous humour would reach such a concentration in any pathological condition. Somewhat in advance of the theory held by Burge is that of Neuberg (1917), viz.: That without the accompanying presence of salts, the lens proteins would be unable to absorb any light at all. He further maintains that no pure organic compound has the power of light absorption. His theory received some support in the observations of Bovie (1913), and Young (1921), that denaturation of a protein can only occur if electrolytes are present, but it is contradicted by Schanz. The latter worker found: (1) That protein which has been dialysed till it is chloride- free, still gives an absorption spectrum. (2) That after the addition of salts to a solution of pure protein, the latter shows an increase in its power of absorption of light, which cannot be attributed to the mere presence of such salts. 296 THE BRITISH JOURNAL OF OPHTHALMOLOGY It is probable that both proteins and salts are photosensitive; in any case, perfectly pure proteins are not found under natural conditions. (3) That chemically pure organic substances such as acetone, most certainly are sensitive to light. Acetone and dextrose, in particular, increase the effect of sunlight on solutions of lens proteins. From this last observation, and from a study of the Hallwachs, or photo-electric effect of organic substances, Schanz believes that a process of photosensitization may be continually taking place in the lens. Thus, it is probable that the protein molecules are continually absorbing electrons which are thrown off by some organic sensitizer in the lens. Precipitation of the proteins might be the reasonable outcome of such absorption. In support of his theory, Schanz found that the addition of a protein to a solution of an organic dye, caused an actual diminution in the photo- electric effect of the dye. It is interesting to compare this hypothesis with an observation made by Schulek, as early as 1896: "Alles was das freie Aiuschwingen der Elementarteile behindert, kann frilher oder spater zu Aenderungen des Aufbaues fiihren." In conclusion, in spite of the numerous theories which have been brought forward, it is impossible to say that any one of them is an adequate explanation of the cause of cataract; each is probably a part of the truth. It certainly reveals how little is known of the chemical processes which constitute the normal metabolism of the lens, and how they are deranged in the onset of cataract. The phenomenon of the precipitation of the lens proteins has been studied too far apart from other chemical changes in the lens. Goldschmidt, and Jess and Koschella, have recently made an advance in the right direction in an attempt to explain the remarkable disappearance of the nitroprusside reaction from the cataractous lens. Jess and Koschella in 1923, repeated Chalupecky's experiments on whole lenses, but could find no diminution in the nitroprusside reaction of the lens, even after 36 hours exposure to the light of a quartz mercury vapour lamp. Removal of the capsule of the lens before exposure, or suspension of the lens in Ringer, made no difference in the result. They also repeated Burge's experiments and found that ultra-violet light acting on a lens suspended in 0.02 per cent. CaCo, solution, did not produce any trace of cloudiness. Adams (1924) observed a decrease in the glutathione content of the lens after exposure to ultra-violet light. It must be remembered that Goldschmidt has given definite evidence that though the cataractous lens isoften poor in glutathione the SH- of its protein may still remain. In lenses where there THE LITERATURE ON THE CRYSTALLINE LENS 297 is no trace of a nitroprusside reaction, and the autoxidation system is completely absent, there is a possibility that the loss of B3-krystallin is the cause of both defects. Again, the observation of Abderhalden and Wertheimer, that ultra-violet light does not accelerate the oxidation of cystein, raises the question as to whether the loss of soluble SIW- (chiefly glutathione), is a cause or result of cataract. It is almost certain that some degree of hydrolysis of the lens protein occurs in cataract. The process of denaturation is according to the latest views, a first stage in hydrolysis (cf. the work of Harris (1923) on precipitation of egg albumen). Burdon-Cooper also states that he has constantly found deposits of tyrosine in cataractous lenses, and in the aqueous humour after the operation of needling. This suggests that hydrolysis may occur to a considerable extent. The most suitable ending to a review on the crystalline lens is, not a summary of our imperfect knowledge of the subject, but a reiteration of the need for further investigation, especially from the biochemical standpoint. REFERATA Abderhalden.-Arch. Niel. d. Physiol., Bd. 7, S. 234, 1922. Abderhalden u. Weil.-Zeitschr. f. Physiol. Chemie.-, Bd. 74, S. 7, 445, 1911; Bd. 77, S. 59, 1912. Abderhalden und Wertheimer.-Arch. f. d. ges. Physiol., Bd 197, S. 191, 1922. *Adams.-Proc. Roy. Soc. B., 1925. Ahlgren.-Skand. Arch. f. Physiol., Bd. 44, Nr. 5/6, 1923. Arlt.-Augenkrank., Prague, Bd. 2, S. 235, 1853. Arnold.-Zeitschr. f. Physiol. Chemie., Bd. 70, S. 300-314, 1910 Aschkinass.-Wied. Annalen, Bd. 55, S. 401, 1895. Balling.-Zettschr. f. Physiol. Chemie., Bd. 108, S. 186, 1920. Birch-THirschfeld.-Arch. f. Ophthal., Bd. 58, S. 469, 1904. Bovie.-Science, Vol. XXXVII, pp. 24 and 373, 1917. Brucke.-Arch. f. Anat. u. Physiol., S. 262 1845. Burdon-Cooper.-Ophthal. Rev., Vol. XXXIII, No. 391, 1914. Idem.-Brit. JI. of Ophthal., Vol. VI, p. 386, 1922. Burge.-Arch. of O/hthal., Vol. XLVI, p. 12; Vol. XXXVIII, p. 47, 1909; Vol. XLIV, No. 5, 1915. Idem.-Amer. JI. of Physiol.. Vol. XXXVI p. 21, 1914; Vol. XXXIX, p. 335, 1916; Vol. XLIII, p. 429, 1917. Chalupecky.-Wien. med. Wochenschr., Nr. 31, S. 1901: Vol. XXXII, S. 1986, 1913. Idem.-Wien. klin. Wochenschr., Nr. 27, S. 1513, 1914. Idem.-Strahlenthera,ie, Bd. 8, Heft. 1. de Chardonnet.-Comptes Rend,us, 1883. Idem -Seance de l'Academie des Sciences, Vol. XCVI, p. 441, 1883. Ciaccio.-Bioch. Zeitschr., Bd. LXIX, S. 313, 1915. Cramer.-Klin. Monatsb!. f Augenheilk., Bd. 45, (1) 47, 1907. Crookes.-Philos. Trans. Roy. Soc., p. 1, 1913. Dreyer und Hanssen.-Comptes Rendus, Vol. CXLV, p. 234, 1907. Donders.-Arch. f. Anat. u. Physiol., (1845), p. 459, 1853. Fischer.-Zeitschr. f. Physiol. Chemie., Vol. XXXIII, p. 151, 1901. Gola.-MaKpigia, Vol. XVI, 1913. *To be published. 298 THE BRITISH JOURNAL OF OPHTHALMOLOGY Goldschmidt, M.-Miinch. med. IVochenschr., Nr. 12, S. 657, 1914. Idem.-Arch. f. Ophthal., Bd. 88, S. 405, 1914; Bd. 93, S. 447, 1917; Bd 113, S. 160, 1924. Idem.-Wien. Ophthal. Gesellsch., 1921. Idem.-Bioch. Zeitschr., Bd. 127, S. 210, 1922. Grosz.-Arch. f. Augenheilk., Bd. 57, S. 40, 1907. Guyer and Smith.-Jl. Exper. Zool., Vol. XXVI, p. 65, 1918; Vol. XXXI, p. 171, 1921. A Handmann.-Klin. Monatsbl. f. Augenheilk., Bd. 8, p. 962, 1909. Harris.-Proc. Roy. Soc. B., Vol. XCIV, p. 426, 1922. Hartridge and Hill.-Proc. Roy. Soc. B., Vol. LXXXIX, p. 58, 1915. Hayana.-Tokyo Igak. Zasshi, 31, No. 21 1917. Idem.-Jap. med. Lit., Vol. III, p. 60, 1918. Heffter.-Beitr. z. chem. Physiol. u. Pathol., Nr. 5, S. 213, 1904. Idem.-Med. Naturwiss Arch., Nr. I, S. 81, 1908. Hektoen.-Jl. Amer. Med. Assoc., Vol. LXXVII, p. 32, 1921. Hertel.-Berichte d. Ohthal. Gesellsch., Heidelberg, 1903. Hess.-Graefe-Saemisch Handbuch, d. ges. Augenheilk., 3 Aufl., 2 T., Kap. 9, S. 249. Idem.-Arch. f. Augenheilk., Bd. 57, S, 185, 1907. von Hirschberg.-Berl. klin. Wochenschr., Bd. 35, Nr. 6, S. 113, 1898. Hiroishi.-Arch.f. Ophthal., Bd. 113, 3/4, p. 381, 1924. Hopkins.-Bioch. Ji., Vol. XV. p. 286, 1921. Idem.-Jl. Biol. Chem., Vol. LIV, p. 527, 1922. Jess.-Zeitschr. f. Biol., Bd. 61, S. 93, 1913. Idem.-Habilitationschr. Munchen, 1913. Idem.-Arch. f. Augenheilk.. Vol. LXXI, p. 266. 1911. Idem.-Zeitschr. f. Physiol. Chemie, Bd. 110, S. 1920. Idem.-Arch. f. Ophthal., Bd. 105, S. 428, 1921; Bd. 109, S. 463, 1922. Jess und Koschella.-Arch. f. Of'hthal., Bd. 111, S. 370, 1923. Krusius.-Zeitschr. f. Immunitdtsforschung, Vol. V., p 669, 1910. Leber.-Arch. f. Ophthal., Bd. 62, S. 85, 1905. Legge.-Report of the Medical Inspector in Factories and Workshops: Annual Report, 1907. Lipschitz.-Zeitschr. f. Physiol. Chemie., Bd. 109, S. 189, 1920. Lipschitz u. Gottschalk.-Pfliger's Arch. f. d. ges. Physiol., Bd. 191, S. 1, 1921. Loeb Cascio.-Ann. di Ottal. e. clin. Oculist., 1922. Luckiesh.-Electric World, Vol. LXII, p. 884, 1913; Vol. LXVI, p. 576, 1915. Idem.-Report of Nela Laboratory, Vol. I, No. 2, 1917. Martin, E. K.-Proc. Roy. Soc. B., Vol. LXXXV, p. 319, 1912. Mascart.-Comptes Rendus, Vol. IXVII1, p. 402, 1869. Matthews and Walker.-Jl. Biol. Chem., Vol. VI. p. 21, 1909. Meyerhof.-Arch. f. d. ges. Physiol. (Pfluiger), Vol. CXCIX, 1923. Meyhofer.-Klin. Monatsbil. f. Augenheilk., Bd. 24, S. 49, 1886. Meyhofer und Michel -Berichte d. Ophthal. Gesellsch., Heidelberg, 1900. Michel.-Cong Intern. d. Scien. Med., Copenhagen, 1885. Michel und Wagner.-Arch. f. Ophthal., Bd. 32, S. 155, 1886. Morner.-Zeitschr. f. Physiol. Chemie, Bd. 18, S. 213, 1894; Bd. 93, 175, 1915. Nelson.-Klin. Monatsbl. f. Augenheilk., Bd. 70, 1923. Neuberg.-Berl. klin. Wochenschr., Nr. 4, 1917. Reis.-Arch. f. Augenheilk., Bd. 72. S. 156, 1912. Idem.-Arch. f. Obhthal., Bd. 80, S. 558, 1912. de Rey Pailhade.-Comptes Rendus (Academie d. Science), Vol. CVI, p. 1683, 1888; Vol. CVII, p. 43. Romer.-Arch. f. Ophthal., Bd. 60, S. 159, 1905. Idem.-Arch. f. Augenheilk., Bd. 76/77, S. 120, 1914. Romer und Gebb.-Arch. f. Augenheilk., Bd. 56 (Egb.), 1906; Bd. 78, S. 51, 1915. Idem.-Arch. f. Ophthai., Bd. 83, S. 504, 1912; Bd. 84, S. 186, 1913. Schanz.-Arch. f. d. ges. Physiol. (Pfluiger), Bd. 161, S. 384, 1915; Bd 164, S. 445, 1916; Bd. 169, S. 82, 1917; Bd. 170, S. 646, 1918. HAEMATOMA OF THE CORNEA 299 Schanz.-Deutsch. Optische Wochenschr.. Nr. 297, 1917. Idem.-Muinchener ned. Wochenschr., Nr. 19, 29, 30, 1915; Nr 68, S. 19, 1921 Idem.-Bioch. Zeitschr., Bd. 71, S. 406, 1915. Idem.-Arch. f. Ophthal., Bd. 86, S. 549 and 568, 1913; Bd. 88, S. 437, 1915; Bd. 89, S. 556, 1916; Bd. 91, S. 238, 1916; Bd. 96, S. 172, 1918; Bd. 106, S. 171, 1921; Bd. 107, S. 190, 1922. Schanz und Stockhausen.-Arch. f. Ophthal., Bd. 65, S. 49 and 152, 1908; Bd. 73, S. 184 and 553, 1909. Schulek.-Ungar. Beitr. z. Augenheilk., Bd. 1, S. 106, 1895. Setschenow.-Arch. f. OJhthal., Bd. 5, S. 205, 1859. Soret.-Comptes Rendus, Vol. XCVII, pp. 314, 572, 642, 1883. von Szily.-Klin. Monatsbl. f. Augenheilk., Bd. 49, S. 150, 1911; Bd. 51, -S. 164, 1913. von Szily und Arisawa.-Berichte d. Oihthal. Gesellsch., Heidelberg, S. 253, 1912. Thunberg.-Ergeb. d. Physiol., Bd. 11, S. 328,1911. Idem.-Skand. Arch. f. Physiol., Bd. 35, S. 163, 1918; Bd. 40, S. 1, 1920. Tiffany--Indian med. Gaz., Vol. XLIX, p. 326, 1914. Toufesco.-Annal. d'Ocul., T. 136, p. 1, 1906. Uhlenhuth.-Deutsch. med. Wochenschr., 1906. Uhlenhuth und Handel.-Zeitschr. f, Immunitdtsforschung, Bd. 4, H. 6,1910. Valentin.-Zeitschr. f. Physiol. Chemie, Bd. 105, S. 33, 1919. Wick.-Arch. f. Ophthal , Bd. 109, S. 224, 1922. Widmark.-Skand. Arch. f. Physiol., Bd. 1, S. 264, 1889; Bd. 4, S. 288, 1892. Wieland.-Berl. f. d. chem. Gesellsch., Bd. 45, 46, 47, and 54, 1921. Idem.-Ergebn. d. Physiol., Bd. 20, S. 481, 1922. Yoshiharu.-Mit. a. d. med. fak. d. kais. Univ., Bd. 29, H. 1, 1922. Young.-Proc. Roy. Soc. B, Vol. XCIV, p. 235, 1922. HAEMATOMA OF THE CORNEA. A CLINICAL NOTE BY GEOR(GE YOUNG and ARTHUR W. D'OMBRAIN COLCHESTER WHILE preparing to perform a double sclerectomy on a female patient, aged 72 years, we observed a strange phenomenon which neither of us had ever seen before. The patient had absolute glaucoma in the right eye and a far advanced glaucoma in the left, the tension being nearly 90 and over 90 Schiotz in the two eyes respectively. We saw on the cornea of the right eye (absolute glaucoma) a couple of streaks of blood, about 1.5 mm. long, just below the upper part of the limbus. They seemed to be on the surface, but would neither flush nor brush away and did not stain the swab. As we watched, new streaks appeared on either side, spreading laterally further and further, and finally appearing as small bleb-like haematomata, protruding above the corneal level and occupying about 2/5ths of the circumference of the cornea. They exactly corresponded to the position of the most intense


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A sharknose goby (Elacatinus evelynae) propped up on brain coral in the U.S. Virgin Islands.
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20 Ways to Incorporate Lavender Into Your Wedding
With summer fast approaching, it's time to start thinking about summer blooms, and one of my absolute favourites is lavender. This pretty, fragrant (and yay, relatively inexpensive) bloom is a regular feature in wedding design, and it never fails to hit the pretty buttons for me! So today I thought I would round up 20 gorgeous lavender wedding ideas – pick your favourites and adapt or reproduce to add some lavender loveliness to your own big day. Read more


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My great grandfather is rumored to have come from Temesvar, Rumania to Budapest Hungary in the early 1900's. This was all word of mouth, as his daughter's death certificate does not mention him, and we've found no paper to prove him in any way yet. Does anyone know if there are any online records from Temesvar, Rumania on the net? Also, if anyone knows of anyone researching the surname Sztojkovics, that would also be most helpful.
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In all honestly, this was supposed to post on Wednesday, which is typically our SHOP days here at The Haute Muslimah. Because we had to make some edits though, the post goes out tonight, on the Thursday before Black Friday. This is not on purpose, and even though I do sometimes shop on Black Friday, I usually just browse online instead of in-store. I really enjoy perusing my favorite sites for a great deal on something I actually need or have been on the lookout for. That said, don't take away from precious family time to shop if that's not what you want. On the other hand if you're looking for a way to get away from "precious family time," then ha! go for it!
I often shop for Eid gifts (or other events that require gifts) when there's a sale, and cyber weekend is definitely that time. So feel free to start here for some gifts for yourself or your gal pals! And as per usual, you can also click on the images to shop them.
What are your thoughts on Black Friday and Cyber Weekend/Cyber Monday?
Edgy, bohemian, or elegant- ear cuffs are one of my favorite trends in jewelry right now. They're always stylish and statement-making, and we've picked a few of our favorites for you to look through below (just click on it to see the price or buy). Cara Delevigne just rocks that piece of jewelry above! Peruse through for more ways to wear it! How do you feel about this look? Would you wear an ear cuff?
Perfect for traveling, running errands, for moms (or anyone) needing a bag that leaves your hands free to wipe snotty noses (your kids, or maybe your own, hey, it's cold outside!), and hold your coffee, all while still looking chic. Yes, this is possible with these new, gorgeous and ridiculously stylish backpacks. Generally thought of as a way to lug your school books around, this new iteration is used in place of a purse. Arguably a crossbody bag worn across your shoulder will also leave you hands-free, but the backpack will equalize the pressure on your shoulders and back by distributing it more evenly… unless you wear it slung across one shoulder like I used to do in high school. Because I thought it looked cool. Well, guess what, it still works as you can see in the image above.
My absolute favorite right now is this one, although below are a few more options with more affordable price tags. Keep reading for more ways to style a backpack!
It's always a great day when modest fashion is on trend. Muslimah's have been sporting this look for years, and now we are finally getting some credit for it. Here is fashionista Sarah Jessica Parker donning one of our favorite looks. I mean, c'mon, it's the perfect modest, put together, yet completely stylin' outfit!
We put together two different outfit stylings to fit your level of comfort. Take advantage of the trend while you can ladies! Or if you're like me, buck the trend and where what works all the time! You can click on the photo to shop the item.
Asos Pant // Asos Dress // DV Bootie
Piperlime Dress // ModCloth Laced Bootie // Asos Flare Pant
I'm really loving the athletic, minimal vibe going on right now. Lucy from Fashion Me Now is one of my fashion crushes. Loving what she's doing right here- it's comfy, but still stylish. Dressing down is the new dressing up. Below are a few similar selections if you're interested. The Rebecca Minkoff backpack is the perfect compliment.


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Carrero and Sons Construction
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The stamp concrete specialist. We take pride in our work. We are here to make your dream yard come true from start to finish We have a large selection of patterns and colors, complete packaged deals from back yard to front yard. Mike Carrero 241 Astion Rd. Medford, NJ 08055 (856) 297-0303 Office...
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With over 35 years of experience, Fully Lic & ins GDL CONCRETE LLC proudly serves the South Jersey area, with all of their concrete needs. It is our reliability, emphasis on customer service and devotion to a quick turn around time that has helped make Gdl Concrete LLC your best choice in creating c...
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Serving Oceanville, NJ License: 13VH02198500
We are a concrete solutions contractor that specializes in the revitalization and customization of existing concrete surfaces to achieve appearances that can transform the look and feel of your home or business. Additionally, we have been providing New and Replacement concrete, stone or paver Sol...
When you have a concrete problem in your Oceanville home or business, choose a concrete contractor located in Oceanville, NJ.
By reading reviews posted by your neighbors, you can hire the Oceanville New Jersey concrete contractor you want, and be assured of their professionalism.
By reading reviews posted by your neighbors, you can hire the Oceanville New Jersey concrete contractor you want, and be assured of their professionalism.
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http://marvel.com/universe3zx/index.php?title=Akhenaten&feed=atom&action=history Akhenaten - Revision history 2014-11-26T13:24:48Z Revision history for this page on the wiki MediaWiki 1.15.1 http://marvel.com/universe3zx/index.php?title=Akhenaten&diff=38572&oldid=prev S05bf0d4: Fixed link so it doesn't lead to a disambiguation page 2007-02-11T18:08:01Z
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{{Powerbox|
 universe = [[Marvel Universe]]
 | real_name = Amenhotep IV
 | identity = Known only as historic figure to general public of Earth
 | occupation = Former conqueror, Pharaoh
 | place_of_birth = Thebes, Egypt
 | groups = Former agent of the Celestial Order
 | citizenship = Egypt, circa 1350 B.C.
 | education = Royal tutors
 | aliases = unrevealed
 | relatives = Amenhotep III (father), Tiy (mother), Nefertiti (wife), Tutankhaten/Tutankhamen (son or step-son)
 | height = 6' (variable)
 | weight = 200 lbs.
 | eyes = Yellow (formerly Brown)
 | hair = Black
 | powers = Akhenaten possessed vast cosmic power to manipulate energy, restructure matter, pierce dimensional barriers, and sense other beings.
 | debut = Incredible Hulk #457 (1997)
 }}{{Headshot|
 |main_image=akhenaten.jpg
 }}
 {{bio|
 bio_text= Pharaoh during Egypt's 18th Dynasty, Amenhotep established a monotheistic religion worshipping the sun god Aten, alleged creator of the universe. Some historians regard this as a predecessor of current monotheisms. Changing his name to Akhenaten, he established Aten-devoted cities in Egypt, Nubia, and Syria, attempting to obliterate all worship of the Egyptian Gods [[Helopolitans]] and Ennead. He moved Egypt's capital city from Thebes to the newly built Akhenaten. His priests secretly continued their polytheistic worship. At one point the mutant [[Apocalypse (En Sabah Nur)|Apocalypse]] posed as Aten during a meeting with Akhenaten.

 In 1334 B.C., after a 17 year reign, Akhenaten was abducted by the alien [[Cosmic Order]], who had two millennia before discovered and accessed the vast power of the [[Heart of the Infinite]]. The Cosmic Order used their ultimate might to force peace onto the universe. They sought local humans to guide each space sector through this transition, and Akhenaten's ruthless leadership history and vision for the future made him an ideal candidate. For nearly two millennia, Akhenaten danced with insanity. His son succeeded him as Pharaoh, only to be murdered by General Horemheb, who eradicated all traces of Akhenaten and restored worship of the gods of old. Eventually acclimating to his cosmic role, Akhenaten earned the Cosmic Order's full trust and mastered the Heart's power over two millennia more.

 Plotting to betray and conquer the Cosmic Order, Akhenaten returned to Earth in recent years, proclaiming himself its ruler and slaying opposition, including many superheroes and Godheads of Earthly pantheons. Even the cosmic [[Eternity]] and [[Infinity]] were blinded to Akhenaten's existence. [[Doctor Doom (Victor von Doom)|Dr. Doom]] learned Akhenaten's origins, and traveled back in time to slay him before he gained power, but Akhenaten anticipated this and foiled him. The mad Titan [[Thanos]], seeking the Heart of the Infinite's power for his own ends, teamed with the [[Defenders]] ([[Doctor Strange (Stephen Strange)|Doctor Strange]], [[Hulk (Bruce Banner)|Hulk]], [[Sub-Mariner|Namor the Sub-Mariner]], and [[Silver Surfer]]) and [[Photon (Genis-Vell)|Captain Marvel (Genis-Vell)]] to infiltrate the Cosmic Order's space station. Their secret revealed by the Hulk's rampage, they nonetheless located the Heart and severed the Order's instrumentation. Accessing and becoming one with the Heart of the Infinite, Thanos easily overpowered Akhenaten, leaving him to a vengeful Doom. Thanos then eradicated the Celestial Order's race in a past time period before they first accessed the Heart and pronounced him God, effectively preventing Akhenaten's assault on Earth and erasing his actions since encountering the Order. Thanos ultimately relinquished his new power to repair a terminal defect in the fabric of reality.

 Note: Akhenaten is distinguished from the earlier [[Amenhotep]], later a vampire in the [[Legion of the Unliving]].
 }}
 {{person}}
 [[category:Villains]]
 [[category:International]]
 [[category:Cosmic]]
 S05bf0d4


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Carmen Natural, Panama
Finca Carmen is found in the region of Volcan, Panama, named after the towering Volcan Baru that rises just to the east. Carmen was original owner and the grandmother of Carlos Aguilera Franceschi, who now runs the family farm. This is a natural-processed lot, which produces vibrant cup that is with notes of strawberry, chocolate and spice.
Altitude: 1750 meters
Varietal: Caturra, Catuai, Typica
Process: Natural
Varietal: Caturra, Catuai, Typica
Process: Natural
Pour Over / Drip
French Press
French Press


text:
Rugby Union
Select a team
Six Nations
- England
- France
- Ireland
- Italy
- Scotland
- Wales
Aviva Premiership
- Bath
- Exeter
- Gloucester
- Harlequins
- Leicester
- London Irish
- London Welsh
- Newcastle
- Northampton
- Sale
- Saracens
- Wasps
The Rugby Championship
- Australia
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- South Africa
Guinness PRO12
- Cardiff Blues
- Connacht
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- Edinburgh
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- Leinster
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Top 14
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- Racing Metro
- Stade Francais
- Toulon
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|Home team
|Away Team
|30 - 23
Match Links
- Aviva Premiership
- 1st Dec 2012
- Ground: Sandy Park
- Att: 7,557
Aviva Premiership: Exeter Chiefs beat Wasps at their Sandy fortress
Related links
Also see
Exeter remain unbeaten at Sandy Park this season and are up to fifth place in the Aviva Premiership after a 30-23 victory over London Wasps.
Gareth Steenson and Luke Thomas exchanged early penalties before Steenson knocked over a 45-metre effort to edge the Chiefs ahead again.
The visitors continued to look dangerous as fly-half Nick Robinson put a grubber kick through but Tom Varndell was unable to collect. But the pressure continued as centre Elliot Daly burst through to squeeze in at the corner.
Thomas added the extras and then added his second penalty from 22 metres as the Chiefs strayed offside as they defended their line.
The home side then mounted an attack from inside their own 22 through Steenson, who raced away with centre Phil Dollman up in support to take on the charge - but was stopped 10 metres short. London Wasps scrum-half Joe Simpson was yellow carded for a professional foul at the tackle.
Exeter took advantage of the extra man and the scrum drove over the line with hooker Chris Whitehead getting the touchdown and Steenson added the extras to again draw the scores level.
Christian Wade put Varndell clear with a clear forward pass but with no TMO the try was awarded, to the disgust of the Sandy Park crowd and Thomas again converted.
Varndell was then forced to take the ball back over his own line as Arscott was chasing a kick ahead from centre Jason Shoemark. At the scrum Haydn Thomas picked up at the base and the scrum half went over under the sticks with Steenson converting.
With the scores level at 20-20 at the break, the Chiefs started the second period strongly but missed a chance to take the lead when Steenson's penalty from out on the right hit the far upright.
Wing Jack Nowell broke and then chipped ahead but was taken out by Daly and referee Andrew Small showed the outside centre a yellow card, Steenson's penalty putting the Chiefs back in front.
Still with the extra man the Chiefs kept battering the Wasps line, working the ball into the middle where Arscott perfectly kicked ahead for Phil Dollman to dive in at the corner. Steenson converted from the touchline before Wasps secured a losing bonus point with Bell's late penalty.
Sky Bet Odds:Click Here for Your Free Bet
|Aviva Premiership
|Saturday 29th November
|Aviva Premiership
|Leicester Tigers vs Wasps
|Exeter vs Saracens
|Sunday 30th November
|London Irish vs Gloucester
|London Welsh vs Northampton
|Newcastle Falcons vs Sale Sharks
|Saturday 20th December
|Sale vs Exeter
|Gloucester vs Bath
|Saracens vs London Welsh
|Harlequins vs Newcastle
|Northampton vs Leicester
|Sunday 21st December
|Wasps vs London Irish
|Friday 26th December
|London Irish vs London Welsh
|Saturday 27th December
|Sale vs Leicester
|Bath vs Exeter
|Newcastle vs Saracens
|Gloucester vs Wasps
|Harlequins vs Northampton
|Saturday 3rd January
|Exeter vs Gloucester
|Saracens vs London Irish
|Leicester vs Bath
|Northampton vs Newcastle
|Sunday 4th January
|Wasps vs Sale
|London Welsh vs Harlequins
|Saturday 10th January
|Sale vs Northampton
|Gloucester vs Saracens
|Aviva Premiership
|Friday 28th November
|Aviva Premiership
|Bath 25 - 6 Harlequins
|Sunday 23rd November
|London Welsh 5 - 26 Leicester Tigers
|Saracens 24 - 31 Northampton
|Saturday 22nd November
|London Irish 23 - 33 Bath
|Exeter 31 - 15 Wasps
|Friday 21st November
|Newcastle Falcons 20 - 10 Gloucester
|Harlequins 12 - 16 Sale Sharks
|Sunday 16th November
|Wasps 71 - 7 London Welsh
|Leicester Tigers 21 - 21 Saracens
|Saturday 15th November
|Bath 23 - 14 Newcastle Falcons
|Sale Sharks 36 - 8 London Irish
|Friday 14th November
|Gloucester 15 - 22 Harlequins
|Northampton 18 - 24 Exeter
|Sunday 12th October
|Wasps 29 - 22 Bath
|Saturday 11th October
|Northampton 43 - 10 Sale Sharks
|Saracens 28 - 21 Gloucester
|Exeter 44 - 24 London Irish
|London Welsh 3 - 23 Newcastle
|Friday 10th October
|Leicester 22 - 16 Harlequins
Experts & Blogs
Phil Edwards
Read the thoughts and opinions of Phil Edwards with skysports.com


text:
Cookies, Ready for the Oven
by Wendy Tienken
Canvas Print
Fine art print on bright white, fine poly-cotton blend, matte canvas using latest generation Epson archival inks. Individually trimmed and hand stretched museum wrap over 1-1/2" deep wood stretcher bars. Includes wall hanging hardware.
Star Wars cookies featuring Darth Vader, Yoda and Boba Fett...for Santa, of course.
- 7Promote


text:
Category: Energy & Renewables ×
Employees number: 11-100 ×
Industry: Oil, Gas & Refineries ×
Location: Australasia ×
Location: Australia ×
F.F.P. Systems Inc.
based in Mississauga, ONTARIO (CANADA)
FFP systems incorporated designs and manufactures dewatering equipment internationally, Committed to quaility, we provide reliable products, service and support to our Customers and their dewatering requirements. Our products include filter presses, precoat systems, membrane squeeze filters, steam application filters,hydrometallurgy applications, SAGD applications, ...
DeskCenter USA Inc.
based in Long Beach, NEW YORK (USA)
Our company is an independent software producer that operates globally in the area of IT Lifecycle Management solutions. This includes the inventory of hard and software data, effective access to management functions to solve system problems, asset management to show the lifecycle of IT systems from purchase to disposal, the central management of work orders and user ...
based in Ashkelon, ISRAEL
YWCT has been planning and manufacturing cooling towers and degasifiers for more than 44 years. During this period, YWCT has established its reputation as a credible professional supplier for the industrial market. At YWCT, one will find a combination of theoretical engineering and practical know-how. YWCT's flexibility and credibility made it the perfect supplier for ...
Tulsa Combustion
based in Sand Springs, OKLAHOMA (USA)
Tulsa Combustion provides engineering and manufacturing of Flares, Thermal Oxidizers, Heaters, Vapor Recovery units, Midstream Processing equipment, Separators, Rotary Kilns, Pressure Vessels and more.
SAFER Systems LLC
based in Camarillo, CALIFORNIA (USA)
SAFER Systems is the global leader in Chemical Risk Management software, having installed systems worldwide over the past 30 years. Since the company`s launch in 1981, SAFER Systems has been a pioneer in chemical dispersion modeling and emergency management and response solutions. Major corporations that manufacture, process, store and/or transport hazardous materials ...
Fluxana GmbH Co. KG
based in Bedburg-Hau, GERMANY
We are dedicated to serve and support the x-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopist. We supply users of XRF a wide selection of accessories such as sample cups, sample support films, chemicals and certified reference materials. Furthermore we offer a spectrum of different XRF sample preparation machines like fusion machines VULCAN,mills and presses VANEOX. We provide a full ...
atg UV Technology
based in Wigan, UNITED KINGDOM
atg UV Technology are leaders in the design and manufacture of UV (ultraviolet) disinfection / treatment systems for municipal drinking water and waste water, oil and gas applications, industrial process water and aquatics. Our applications include: -Municipal Drinking Water (validated) Waste Water Storm Water Advanced Oxidation Waste Water Re-useOil & Gas Drinking ...
Ionicon Analytik Ges.m.b.H.
based in Innsbruck, AUSTRIA
IONICON is the world's leading producer of trace gas analyzers with market-leading, real-time, single-digit pptv-level detection limits for VOCs using the unique Proton Transfer Reaction – Mass Spectrometry (PTR-MS) and Selective Reagent Ionization – Mass Spectrometry (SRI-MS) technology. IONICON also produces trace calibration devices for analytical instruments and ...
based in Dour, BELGIUM
Since 1961 the MENART company has been developing and building innovative machines, equipment and installations for professionals working in the environment field: recycling, composting and so on. MENART produces highly efficient and reliable machines: hammer shredders for wood and green waste, windrow turners for compost, earth, etc. rotary turners, sorting units, ...
RLC Technologies, Inc.
based in Glen Allen, VIRGINIA (USA)
With over twenty years of experience RLC Technologies has become the world leader in the design of indirect thermal desorption systems for the treatment of hazardous and organic waste streams. Our Anaerobic Thermal Desorption Unit (ATDU) has been involved in projects worldwide treating oily sludge, drill cuttings, tanker bottoms, bio-solids, filter cake, soil contaminated ...


text:
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text:
Results tagged ' Miller Park '
Winner Announced in Brewers Team Store's Back-to-School Contest
Recently, students 16 and under had the chance to enter a contest that would help them go back to school in style from the Brewers Team Store at Miller Park by submitting a photo of themselves wearing Brewers gear along with a 100-word-or-less essay on "Why I Am the Most Passionate Brewers Fan."
We received many great entries, but after much deliberation, five finalists will be chosen and Scooter Gennett was called in to help choose the Grand Prize Winner: Drew Kallie from Brookfield, Wisconsin.
Drew is in the second grade and submitted the following essay, drawing and photograph:
As Grand Prize winner, Drew received a $250 shopping spree to the Brewers Team Store, Brewers school supplies and six tickets to today's game, where he took part in a special pregame presentation on the field:
The four runners-up were as follows:
Adam Bruss from Brown Deer, WI
Natalie Jentz from Platteville, WI
Siarah Ortiz from Waukesha, WI
Isie Woodford from Pewaukee, WI
Take a look at those entries here:
They will each receive a $100 shopping spree to the Brewers Team Store and Brewers school supplies.
Congratulations and good luck at school this year!
2014 Brewers Walk-Up & Entrance Music: September Call-Up Edition
It's been awhile since we've updated the walk-up/at-bat and entrance songs of the 2014 Brewers. We've had quite a few September Call-Ups recently, so we thought we'd send out an updated list.
A player can change his song day to day, but here is the most current list:
Walk-Up/At-Bat Music
Braun – "We Dem Boyz" by Wiz Khalifa
Clark – "Check Yo Self" Remix by Ice Cube
Davis – "Clint Eastwood" by Gorillaz
Estrada – "Bodies" by Drowning Pool
Fiers – "Og Bobby Johnson" by Que
Figaro – "Work hard play hard" by Wiz Khalifa
Gallardo – "My Time" by Fabolous
Garza – "Toss it Up" by Tupac
Gennett – "Tell the World" by Lecrae
Gomez – "Creeme A Mi" by Jay the Prince ft. Jose Reyes
"Billie Jean" by Michael Jackson
Gorzelanny –"When the Levee Breaks" by Led Zeppelin
Herrera – "Las Ausipas" and "Solado" by Juan Luis Guerra
Lohse – "Next Episode" by Dr. Dre
Lucroy – "With Me Now" by the Blacklite District
Maldonado – "Watch Out for this" by Major Lazer
"Odio (Remix)" by Baby Rasta
Nelson – "Fix Me" by 10 Years
Overbay – "Given to Fly" by Pearl Jam
"Break Away" by CFO$
Parra – "Como Yo" by Juan Magan
Peralta – "Ponteme Melia" by Chimbala
Ramirez – None (at his request)
Reynolds – Barefoot Blue Jean Night" by Jake Owen
Rogers – "Let it Rock" by Kevin Rudolf
Schafer – "Return of the Mack" by Mark Morrison
Segura – "Llevate De Mi" by El Alfa
Weeks – "Trophies" by Drake
Pitching Entrance Music
Duke – "Outsiders" by Eric Church
Estrada – "Bodies" by Drowning Pool
Fiers – The Saw Theme Song
Figaro – "Work hard play hard" by Wiz Khalifa
Gallardo – "My Time" by Fabolous
Garza – "Ambitionz Az A Ridah" by Tupac
Gorzelanny –"When the Levee Breaks" by Led Zeppelin
Lohse – "Wake Up" by Rage Against the Machine
Nelson – "Hell and Back" by Kid Ink
Peralta – "Ponteme Melia" by Chimbala
F. Rodriguez – "Sandunqueoso" by Tego Cableron
Smith – "Hell Yeah" by Rev Theory
Wang – "Everybody Have Fun Tonight" by Wang Chung
Wooten – "Raise Up" by Petey Pablo
DID YOU KNOW? Make sure you download the free MLB At The Ballpark App! In addition to check-in offers, ballpark maps, game updates and more, one of the really cool features is "Ballpark Music." Like a song you hear? Check it out on At The Ballpark–and you can even download it right there! No Shazam necessary!
In case you weren't aware, in addition to At The Ballpark, we do keep a list of these songs on brewers.com and try our best to update it accordingly, so you might want to bookmark this page for future reference.
So now, what about you? What's your favorite, or most memorable Brewers at-bat song? And, if you were a player, what song might you choose as yours?
What Cait Ate: Buckeye Custard from AJ Bombers
"When you come to a fork in the road, take it."
-Yogi Berra
"When you come to a fork in the road, take it…and try these concessions!"
- Cait
"Buckeye Concrete Mixer" from
AJ Bombers
During each homestand, I'll sample some of the latest and greatest Miller Park fare and review it here, for you.
Tonight, to kick off this three-game series against the Cincinnati Reds, AJ Bombers is serving up the Buckeye Concrete Mixer at Miller Park.
Who doesn't love honey peanut butter chocolate chunk?
Want something extra sweet? Be sure to "check-in" via the free MLB.com At The Ballpark App for a special 2-for-1 custard offer this homestand!
Where To Satisfy Your Craving: Fans can find AJ Bombers on the Field Level, in the outside space formerly known as the Plaza Pavilion, along the west side of Miller Park near the right-field gate.
What about you? Do you have a favorite ballpark snack? A question about concessions? Something you'd like to see featured here? Post your comments below!
Bon Appetit!
RBI Athlete of the Month: Dylan Mercer
Reviving Baseball in the Inner Cities, or the RBI Program, is a MLB youth baseball initiative and partnership with the Boys & Girls Clubs. The RBI program was developed by former scout and Major Leaguer John Young in Los Angeles in 1989 to provide youth ages 9 to 17 the opportunity to learn and enjoy the game of baseball. Each month, we honor RBI student athletes on the diamond that portray dedication to academics, community involvement, leadership, reliability and monthly performance.
This month's honoree is Dylan Mercer.
Dylan plays many positions, catcher, third base and outfield. He is an overall outstanding athlete. Dylan is coachable, respectful, hardworking and humble. He understands the importance of teamwork and interacts positively with his teammates as well as players on the opposing team. Not only is Dylan an incredible baseball player, he prides himself on excelling academically. He maintains a 3.6 GPA at Milwaukee School of Languages.
Thanks, Dylan, for your passion for baseball!
Want to help support the RBI Program? It's as simple as sending a tweet!
When a Brewers pitcher strikes out an opposing batter, make sure to jump on Twitter and tweet: #WHIFF and include our handle, @Brewers.
That's all you have to do! Each month, if we're in the top 7 teams, we can win anywhere from $2,500 to $10,000 for our local RBI program. AND the team with the most #Whiff tweets for the season will receive an additional $20,000 donation!
We won $7500 the first four months of the season, so keep tweeting as our chances to help the local program are looking good! View the current standings at mlb.com/whiff.
What Cait Ate: Key Lime Pie Custard from AJ Bombers
"When you come to a fork in the road, take it."
-Yogi Berra
"When you come to a fork in the road, take it…and try these concessions!"
- Cait
"Key Lime Pie Concrete Mixer "from
AJ Bombers
During each homestand, I'll sample some of the latest and greatest Miller Park fare and review it here, for you.
Tonight, to kick off a four-game series against the Miami Marlins & AJ Bombers is serving up the Key Lime Pie Concrete Mixer at Miller Park.
Fall is upon us, but take one spoonful of this sweet and tangy key lime pie custard mixed with shortbread cookies and you'll be transported to a beach in Florida, listening to Kenny Chesney in the background singing "my my my my key lime pie."
Want something extra sweet? Be sure to "check-in" via the free MLB.com At The Ballpark App for a special 2-for-1 custard offer this homestand!
Where To Satisfy Your Craving: Fans can find AJ Bombers on the Field Level, in the outside space formerly known as the Plaza Pavilion, along the west side of Miller Park near the right-field gate.
What about you? Do you have a favorite ballpark snack? A question about concessions? Something you'd like to see featured here? Post your comments below!
Bon Appetit!
Double Clutch Menu Item for the Marlins Series: Miami Cubano Sandwich
The Brewers kick off a four-game series tonight at Miller Park against the Miami Marlins and we've got a Miami Cubano Sandwich at the Double Clutch.
Roasted pork, ham and swiss with dijonaise and pickles and as side of homemade chips….delicious! This meal is $10.50.
In addition, the Spaghetti-in-a-Meatball will also be available for $9.50.
As always, the Double Clutch is located outside section 215 on the Loge Level at Miller Park.
Fans Come Together to "Pink Out Miller Park"
To raise awareness and funding for breast cancer research and prevention, last night, the Milwaukee Brewers, Milwaukee Journal Sentinel and thousands of Brewers fans joined forces to "Pink Out Miller Park."
Each fan attending the game had a specially-designed card affixed to their seat, and at the end of the 4th inning, they held them up to form this image, turning the ballpark into a sea of pink and white, including ribbons that have become synonymous with efforts related to breast cancer research and awareness.
"The Journal Sentinel approached us with this concept recently, and we recognized immediately that it would be a great way to cap our many efforts related to breast cancer research, prevention and treatment," said Milwaukee Brewers Chief Operating Officer Rick Schlesinger. "Nearly everyone has been impacted by this disease, and we are grateful to be involved in what we know will be a memorable and impactful event."
"Pink Out Miller Park" was presented by Boston Store. Froedtert and Medical College of Wisconsin was the supporting sponsor.
Prior to the game, there were many other related events occurring, including the following:
- Brewers President – Baseball Operations and General Manager Doug Melvin and his wife, Ellen, did a check presentation for $57,500, funds that were raised through their donations and a personal campaign. Over the past 9 seasons, the Melvins have raised $520,000 for breast cancer. Proceeds benefit After Breast Cancer Diagnosis – ABCD, Wisconsin Breast Cancer Showhouse, and the Susan G. Komen Race for the Cure.
- There was an on-field presentation recognizing Froedtert and Medical College of Wisconsin for their efforts to defeat breast cancer.
- The Ceremonial 1st Pitch was tossed by Milwaukee Journal Sentinel Publisher Betsy Brenner, a breast cancer survivor.
- Eleven breast cancer survivors took the field with our starting lineup and stood with the players for the national anthem.
In addition, fans could contribute to the cause through several on-site fundraising opportunities. Proceeds from the following initiatives will all go toward After Breast Cancer Diagnosis – ABCD and the Medical College of Wisconsin Cancer Center:
- A raffle was held on the Field Level Concourse. Prizes featured a ceremonial first pitch before a 2015 Brewers game, a spot in a Mini Famous Racing Sausages race, an opportunity to watch batting practice from the field, and more.
- Pink hankies were sold outside of Miller Park.
Fans were also encouraged to help raise awareness through social media, using the hashtag #PinkOutMillerPark. Here are a few moments captured by fans last night:
Thank you to those who participated in this very special night at Miller Park.
Brewers Honor the Late Bruce Seid with Jersey Patch, Outfield Wall Sign
Beginning tonight, the Brewers will wear a patch honoring Bruce Seid, Director of Amateur Scouting and member of the organization for 17 years, who passed away unexpectedly earlier this week while visiting his family in Las Vegas. He was 53.


text:
Comments from P.O.I.
|Story title
|2014-04-13 07:59:40
|Road Trip part 2
|Attention my faithful readers: I was asked in a piece of mail on here if I could give a full run down of descriptions for the main cast in the story so that they could get a better reference of what all the characters look like. Now while I can do it for one person I'm asking my fans if they would like me to run down the list in the beginning of the third chapter. I will do so if my readers request it by the time I get chapter 3 done (which has already been started writing). Go ahead and let me know.
|2014-10-12 21:25:20
|Path to Our Future part 8
|Part Nine, last chapter of this series posting today, Sunday.
|2014-08-21 00:49:12
|Path to Our Future part 2
|When I say it I'm being sarcastic, but I love how you all jumped on the good feels bandwagon in the comments. I think the person was trying to talk me out of doing something without knowing whether or not I was actually doing it. I'm down to the 'am I sure about this' for the next chapter, no ominous intent it's just the editing.
|2014-08-20 08:03:39
|Path to Our Future part 2
|So according to a reader I'm predictable. I'm going to kill off important people and turn Guy into a sullen and brooding asshole. I'm going to alienate my readers in the process and pretty much make sure that everyone avoids my work in the future. Here's my question to my readers since this was put in front of me. Does what waits in the dark for Guy and his crew frighten you? Does it make you worried about the next chapter even though you're in desperate to see what happens next? Calm down and just enjoy the work I put out, no decision by me is made in haste when it comes to these characters. IF and this is my IF, I decide to 'end' a character or a relationship I will have labored over it immensly and spoken on the topic to a few people who understand my work, you know who you are. Enjoy the chapter and 3 will be out soon.
|2014-09-18 07:30:29
|The Ten of Them. Chapter 30
|Did someone call for me?


text:
It's a little embarrassing to call out Fox News on the Douchebag Decree, because that channel is basically a love letter to this column: "Dear Douchebag Decree, I will always be here for you. You will never be lonely as long as I'm around. Love always, Fox News." But it's also embarrassing to let the outrageously offensive commentary go without reminding the Internet that we DON'T just shake our heads and sigh every time Bill O' Reilly et al. run their fool mouths. We get mad as hell, and we tell people about it. On the Douche slab this week are Dana Perino and the rest of the commentators on "The Five," for their responses to the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) requirement that insurance cover the cost of birth control.
What Would Your Mother Do? Conversation Underwear sells panties and t-shirts in stereotypically girly colors such as white, "pale mint" and "lavender pink," adorned with the phrases "Not tonight," "Zip it!" and "Dream on!"
Audio Smut
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There was a mutual understanding between Turlock and Pitman High that Thursday's Central California Conference dual meet would be determined by the team who secured the most bonus points. Coaches and wrestlers on both sides expected a hard-fought and close contest and for more than half of the dual meet, they were right.
It is never an easy task to overcome when your team loses 18-consecutive games, let alone 57 days of not winning a game, but things changed on Thursday night for the hosts, Turlock High.
In the much anticipated Central California Conference cross town games, the crowds are a little bigger, louder and that usually leads to an exciting matchup every time.
It was pin or be pinned Wednesday night when Denair High hosted Southern League rival Delhi High in the third dual meet of the season. All 11 of the night's matches were determined via pin with Denair claiming six individual wins and Delhi claiming five individual wins, a practical even split.
Merced High had a large number of their top wrestlers back on Wednesday night as they squared off against Pitman in a Central California Conference showdown in what resulted in a win by the Pride with a score of 36-24.
The very young, yet talented Hilmar High wrestling squad had their hands full on Wednesday night as they traveled to take on the senior-heavy Escalon High in a tight Trans Valley League matchup.
Turlock High is still undefeated in the Central California Conference with Wednesday's defeat of Buhach Colony High in the third dual meet of the season. But while the Bulldogs walked away with the team victory, it was anything but easy as the Thunder played it close in a 41-30 final.
After falling to Central Catholic High this past weekend, the Turlock High Bulldogs boys' basketball team bounced back on Wednesday night in a Central California Conference showdown.
A second half outpour bolstered the Hilmar High girls' basketball squad over Ripon in a Trans Valley League bout on Tuesday night.
The girls of Delhi High played the role of the Washington Generals to Ripon Christian's Harlem Globetrotters Tuesday night as the Hawks (0-6 SL, 1-13 Overall) and Knights (6-0 SL, 12-4 Overall) competed in the sixth Southern League game of the season.
Pitman High claimed its second consecutive team championship at the Jim Root Classic on Saturday, besting a field of 41 teams with 228 points.
Turlock Christian and Denair High's girls' basketball teams met for a Southern Athletic League showdown on Thursday night.
California State University, Stanislaus' Men's Basketball team heads into tonight's home game against Cal State Monterey Bay with a 5-3 record in the California Collegiate Athletic Association, but with a 6-0 record at home, the Warriors are aiming to remain perfect inside the Ed & Bertha Fitzpatrick Arena.
Pitman High followed up last week's thrilling, one-point victory over Golden Valley High in the Central California Conference opener with a dominating performance over Atwater High on Wednesday in a contest that saw the Pride win all 10 of the night's matches.
The Central California Conference is known for many sports, but on Wednesday night, Turlock and Merced High battled it out on the mat as both wrestling squads proved why they are some of the top competitors in the state.
Close to 100 water polo athletes gathered in the waters of the Steve Feaver Aquatics Center last year for the first annual North vs. South High School Senior All-Star Game. The inaugural event featured eight teams and four matches and turned longtime opponents into teammates for one final high school competition.
The 2014 season is underway for Turlock's professional indoor soccer team and along with a new year, the Major Arena Soccer League has been implemented.
For the first time in school history, the California State University, Stanislaus women's soccer team is in the Sweet Sixteen of the NCAA Division II Championship after toppling Western Washington, 1-0, this past Saturday.
Pitman High softball prodigy, Alexis Mettler is one of the rare gifted young talents from the area who have proven extraordinary qualities for a student-athlete that everyone wishes to inquire over their career.
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- Order Status | Contact Us: 1-800-892-3622
DescriptionSentry Series™ Heavy Duty Natural Gas Range with Modular Top - 4 Open Burners
Sentry Series™ Heavy Duty Natural Gas Range with Modular Top - 4 Open Burners
Call or chat online with us during business hours for your priceMon-Fri 9am-6pm Eastern 1-866-217-2530
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- $4,275.84
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List Price: $8,908.00
Heavy-duty gas range with oven, Model M44R. Four (4) 35,000 BTU, (10.25 kW), two-piece Starfire burners. Heavy-duty cast iron top grates and ring grates. 34" (864mm) wide x 38" (965mm) deep, including 7 1/2" (191 mm) deep stainless steel front rail. Porcelain enamel oven interior measuring 26 1/4" (667mm) wide x 13 1/2" (343mm) high x 29" (737mm) deep. 40,000 BTU (11.72 kW) cast iron oven burner. Stainless steel front with black powder coat epoxy sides. 180,000 BTU total. (52.7-1 kW). Natural gas. AGA, CGA certified and NSF listed. MST prefix - models carry CE mark for Europe.
Standard Features:
• Stainless steel front; black powder coat epoxy sides
• 6" (152mm) chrome steel adjustable legs
• 7 1/2" (191 mm) stainless steel front rail
• Four (4) 35,000 BTU, (10.25 kW), (natural gas), two piece Starfire burners with removable heads
• Removable ring grate bowl over each burner
• Cast iron top grates• One-piece Stainless Steel drip tray
• Piezo spark ignition for oven
• Fully porcelainized oven interior
• 40,000 BTU, (1 1.72 kW), cast iron oven burner
• Storage base interior of aluminized steel
Single PhaseWatts: 4102
Overall DimensionsHeight: 6-7/8"Width: 34"Depth: 38"
Garland products are not approved or authorized for home or residential use, but are intended for commercial applications only.
One year limited parts and labor warranty (USA and Canada only)
Shown with backguard and casters (not included).Specifications
Name Sentry Series™ Heavy Duty Natural Gas Range with Modular Top - 4 Open Burners Brand Master Manufacturer Garland Range Co. Product ID GAR-MST44TE Manufacturer ID MST44T-E Equivalents MST44TE, MST44T-E, MST44T E Material Range, Gas, Heavy-Duty, 34" Dimensions (LxWxH) 38 x 34 x 6.88 Product Cube 5.14 Product Weight 250 lbs Shipping Weight 275 lbs Spec Sheet
Sentry Series™ Heavy Duty Natural Gas Range with Modular Top - 4 Open Burners


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Originally Posted by macandal
So, now that I've learned to process my own B&W film, I wanted to learn how to process color. So, where could I go for instructions on how to do it? Since the link posted by Mainecoonmaniac does not appear to be the right way to do color, where can one learn the proper way? Is the link posted by polyglot it? Is that better? Thanks so much.
If you can do B&W your already more then half way there, you just use a different set of chemicals at a different temperature. You have a developer, a bleach, a fixer and a stabilizer or final rinse. This isn't really any different then your B&W where there are also 4 chemicals, developer, stop, fix, photo-flow. The place to start, process at the temperature in the kit, for the time indicated in the kit.
Paul Schmidt
See my Blog at http://clickandspin.blogspot.com
The greatest advance in photography in the last 100 years is not digital, it's odourless stop bath....


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