text:
A storage system has integrated information security features adapted to interact with a host system. The storage system includes a storage media, controller firmware and a controller. The storage media is adapted to store data. Controller firmware stores a secret. The controller controls data transfers between the host system and the storage media, and is adapted encrypt and decrypt data written to or read from the storage media using an encryption key based on the secret.
1. A storage system with integrated information security features adapted to interact with a host system, the storage system comprising:
a storage media adapted to store data;
a controller adapted to control data transfers between the host system and the storage media, the controller adapted to encrypt and decrypt data written to or read from the storage media using an encryption key based on a secret.
2. The method of
3. The system of
a basic secret;
wherein the controller is adapted to retrieve the basic secret and to combine the basic secret and the secret to produce the encryption key.
4. The system of
a network adapted to issue the secret in a cryptographic envelope according to predetermined parameters.
5. The system of
6. The system of
7. The system of
an authority table defined in a hidden partition on the storage media, the authority table adapted to maintain a list of one or more users or user agents authorized to change the encryption key.
8. A storage device adapted to provide integrated encryption security, the storage device comprising:
a storage media adapted to store data received from a host system; and
a controller within the storage device adapted to control data transfers between the host system and the storage media, the controller adapted to encrypt and decrypt data written to or read from the storage media via a removable token.
9. The storage device of
10. The storage device of
a physical device token attached to the storage device during use; and
wherein removal of the physical device token renders the storage device inaccessible.
11. The storage device of
12. The storage device of
a certificate-type token provided to the storage device by a requesting device, the certificate-type token serves as a credential; and
wherein the certificate-type token is required to access data stored on the storage device.
13. The storage device of
14. The storage device of
a certificate authority in communication with a requesting device, the certificate authority adapted to maintain one or more certificate-type tokens securely and to distribute a certificate-type token upon authentication to each authenticated device.
15. The storage device of
a second storage device adapted to connect to a port of the storage device during use;
wherein the second storage device acts as a physical key to unlock data stored on the storage device.
16. A method for securing data on a storage device having a controller and a storage media, the method comprising:
configuring the controller to encrypt data written to the storage media with a symmetric key; and
wherein the symmetric key is known in plaintext to the controller.
17. The method of
configuring the controller to decrypt with the symmetric key all data read from the storage media.
18. The method of
dynamically loading an encrypted secret from a remote location upon powering on the storage device; and
deriving the symmetric key from the encrypted secret using a secret stored within the storage device.
19. The method of
20. The method of
combining a basic secret stored at a remote location with a secret stored in the storage device to form the symmetric key.
21. The method of
deleting the portion of the symmetric key from the predetermined location in order to render inaccessible all the data stored on the storage media.
22. The method of
removing the portion of the symmetric key from the predetermined location at predetermined intervals in order to render inaccessible all the data stored on the storage media; and
restoring the portion of the symmetric key from a key store upon authentication of an authorized user.
23. The method of
an encrypted key stored in a remote location and loaded at times of desired use;
a root key stored in the storage device; and
wherein the root key unlocks the encrypted key to derive the symmetric key.
24. A storage system comprising:
a storage media;
a data interface element disposed adjacent to the storage media; and
a controller which interacts with the data interface element to read or write data between the storage media and a host system using an encryption key based on a secret.
25. The storage system of
26. The storage system of
controller firmware coupled to the controller;
wherein the secret is stored in the controller firmware.
27. The storage system of
28. The storage system of
a basic secret;
wherein the encryption key comprises a combination of the basic secret and the secret.
29. A storage device comprising:
a storage media;
a data interface element disposed adjacent to the storage media; and
a controller which interacts with the data interface element to read or write data between the storage media and a host system using an encryption key based on a removable token.
30. The storage device of
31. The storage device of
32. The storage device of
33. The storage device of
34. The storage device of
35. A storage device comprising:
a storage media;
a data interface element coupled to the storage media; and
a controller coupled to the data interface element, the controller interacting with the data interface element to read or write data between the storage media and a host system using an encryption key.
36. The storage device of
37. The storage device of
38. The storage device of
The present invention relates to magnetic storage disposal. More particularly, the present invention relates to a method to enable safe disposal of magnetic storage media and/or safe re-purposing of the magnetic storage media.
Many discarded hard drives contain information that is both confidential and recoverable. While a fundamental goal of information security is to design computer systems that prevent unauthorized disclosure of confidential information while the drive is in use, few such information security systems are capable of protecting the data after the drive has been discarded or re-purposed. While industry estimates indicate that a typical hard drive has a life span of approximately five years, it is impossible to know how long any particular disc drive will remain in service.
As individuals and corporations upgrade their systems, hard discs are often retired. In some instances, the drives are destroyed. However, in many cases, the disc drives may be re-purposed. The term �re-purpose� refers to a process of recycling the hard disc which typically involves reformatting the hard disc and �wiping� the disc clean of data. Once the hard disc is recycled, in some instances, the entire computer system including the hard disc is sold for reuse. In other cases, the hard discs are removed from the computer and resold.
It is well-known that hard discs and other magnetic storage media can contain recoverable data even after they have been reformatted and supposedly �wiped� clean. Examples of some disc �cleaning� practices and their relative effectiveness are described in an article by Simon L. Garfinkel and Abhi Shelat (both graduate students at Massuchusetts Institute of Technology) entitled, �Remembrance of Data Passed: A Study of Disk Sanitization Practices�, published by the IEEE Computer Society, January/February 2003 (http://computer.org/security/) pages 17-27.
In general, most techniques that people use to insure information privacy fail when the data storage equipment is sold on the secondary market. For example, the benefits of any operating system-based protections are typically lost when the hard disc is removed from the original computer. When such a disc is installed in another system capable of reading the disc formatting, there is no guarantee that the system will honor any stored access control lists. This particular vulnerability of protected data has been recognized since the 1960s.
While the best way to assure that a drive's data is protected is to physically destroy the drive, such practices are tremendously wasteful. Many companies that are upgrading their systems may wish to extract some value from used machines that are taken out of service. Destroying the machines or the drives eliminates such a possibility.
Conventionally, unless retired drives are physically destroyed, poor information security practices can jeopardize information privacy. Hard discs that have been handled with poor information security practices can pose special and significant problems in maintaining long-term data confidentiality.
Many individuals attempt to sanitize their hard discs by deleting files. However, depending on the particular file system used, the notion of the term �delete� or �erase� may vary. In many cases, deleting files does not remove the data. Instead, the deletion process merely re-writes the metadata that pointed to the file, leaving the disc block that contains the file's contents intact. There are programs such as Norton GoBack�, for example, that was created by Symantec Corporation of Cupertino, Calif., and that can be used to recover erased files.
When a disc drive fails, sometimes the drive is simply removed from the system and discarded. In this instance, the user may not be able to erase the drive prior to discarding the drive. However, a determined individual could recover the discarded drive and send it to a professional data recovery company to retrieve the data from the failed drive. In this instance, even a crashed hard disc may not be safe from a determined individual.
Conventionally, the most common techniques for sanitizing hard discs include degaussing the drive to randomize the magnetic domains, writing over the drives' data with null data, or physically destroying the drive. These three techniques have been adopted by the United States Department of Defense for outside contractors with respect to non-classified information.
�Degaussing� refers to a technique by which the magnetic media is returned to its initial state. Degaussing requires exposing the magnetic medium to an external magnetic field sufficient to change the magnetization direction of all of the domains of the disc. The switching depends both on the magnitude of the magnetic field and on the length of time for which the field is applied. For a typical disc drive media, even small magnetic fields are sufficient to upset the normal operation of the magnetic medium (typically a few gauss at DC, dropping to a few milligauss at 1 MHz).
Coercivity is a property of magnetic material relating to the amount of magnetic field required to reduce the magnetic induction in the material to zero. However, disc media typically have a fairly high coercivity (Coercivity is measured in Oersteds �Oe�, and disc drives typically have a coercivity in excess of 750 Oe), making them difficult to erase. A magnetic force sufficient to fully erase a disc drive, which will generally be successful in randomizing the magnetic domains, may also render drives unusable in the process.
Overwriting the data by filling every addressable block with ASCII Null bytes (zeroes) may not successfully protect the information either. Researchers have asserted that simple overwriting of data without a changing pattern is insufficient to protect data from a determined attacker. Peter Gutmann, for example, in an article entitled �Secure Deletion of Data from Magnetic and Solid-State Memory�, which was first published in the Sixth USENIX Security Symposium Proceedings, San Jose, Calif., Jul. 22-25, 1996, suggests that data overwritten once or twice may be recoverable. According to Gutmann, the write head sets the polarity of most, but not all of the magnetic domains, in part because the write head is unable to write to exactly the same location each time and because the media sensitivity and field strength vary over time and among devices. Thus, when a zero is overwritten with a one, the actual measured value may be about 0.95. When a one is overwritten with a one, the actual value may be about 1.05. While normal disc circuitry will read both values as ones, specialized circuitry may be used to detect such variances and to uncover the underlying layers of data.
Another technique for securing data on a hard disc involves cryptography. Specifically, users can encrypt data that is sent or decrypt it at an intended destination using, for example, a decryption and/or encryption key. A key is a string of bits used widely in cryptography to encrypt and decrypt data, and to perform other mathematical operations as well. Various encryption and corresponding decryption algorithms are commonly used today. The combination of an encryption algorithm and a corresponding decryption algorithm is known as a �cipher�. Given a cipher, a key determines the mapping of the plaintext string (data string to be encrypted) of bits to the ciphertext.
One popular category of ciphers involves �public key� ciphers. In public-key cryptography, the public key is primarily used for encryption but is also used for verification of digital signatures. Public-key cryptography is based on methods involving a public key (a key that is made public to all) and a private key (a key that is not made public).
Using public key ciphers, the functionality of the encrypting and decrypting algorithm is publicly known, but the secret �private key� is used to decrypt or sign data using the known algorithm. The private key is a data value that is factored into operation of the algorithm in such a way that the resulting encrypted data is a function of the key value. The private key may also be used to decrypt the data using the decryption algorithm. When the same key is used to encrypt and to decrypt the data, the key is a �symmetric� cipher.
Conventional techniques for encrypting stored data are typically application specific, meaning that each particular application may store data created by that application in an encrypted format. However, such encryption techniques typically store the key in a file somewhere on the computer, making the key recoverable.
Another conventional technique utilizes data specific to the computer system on which the software is running, combined with information identifying the authorized user, in order to form a key used by the encryption and decryption facilities. An example of such a conventional technique is described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,173,402, which is incorporated herein by reference. Since the system assembles the key dynamically, the data is accessible only if the drive remains in the original computer system. However, such a system theoretically does not allow for users to share a computer without sharing the key and also does not allow for specific components to be replaced. For example, if the data that is specific to the computer system is a characteristic of the hardware, that piece of hardware cannot be replaced without losing access to the data. Conventionally, this deficiency is overcome by allowing the key to be exposed to the user via the display screen. However, the user has to record the key, and subsequent use of the data requires the key to be entered by the user. If the key is entered by the user, a �trojan horse� type virus (a software virus that masquerades as a useful application, but that performs a destructive function instead of or in addition to the function the user expects) designed to record keystrokes and forward the keystrokes to an �intruder� via the Internet may cause the key to be compromised.
File and disc encryption software products exist that run within the host computer. Such disc encryption solutions tend to be low security because the encryption key can be read.
File and disc encryption hardware products also exist. In some cases, the encryption hardware is in the electronics attached to the disc drive, and in others it is in the Advanced Technology Attachment (ATA) interface or the Small Computer System Interface (SCSI) to the drive. However, these solutions provide a singular, inflexible method for key management, and may be dissociated from the drive leaving the drive unusable for normal read/write operations.
In one embodiment, a storage system has integrated information security features adapted to interact with a host system. The storage system includes a storage media, controller firmware and a controller. The storage media is adapted to store data. Controller firmware stores a secret. The controller controls data transfers between the host system and the storage media, and is adapted encrypt and decrypt data written to or read from the storage media using an encryption key based on the secret.
In another embodiment, the storage device is adapted to provide integrated encryption security. The storage device includes a storage media and a controller. The storage media is adapted to store data received from a host system. The controller within the storage device is adapted to control data transfers between the host system and the storage media, and to encrypt and decrypt all data written to or read from the storage media using a removable token.
In another embodiment, a method is used to secure data on a storage device, which has a controller and a storage media. The controller is configured to encrypt with a symmetric key all data written to the storage media. The symmetric key is known in plaintext to the controller.
In another embodiment, a storage system has a storage media, a data interface element, and a controller. The data interface element is disposed adjacent to the storage media. The controller interacts with the data interface element to read or write data between the storage media and a host system using an encryption key based on a secret.
In another embodiment, a storage device has a storage media, a data interface element and a controller. The data interface element is disposed adjacent to the storage media. The controller interacts with the data interface element to read or write data between the storage media and a host system using an encryption key based on a removable token.
In another embodiment, a storage device has a storage media, a data interface element and a controller. The data interface element coupled to the storage media. The controller is coupled to the data interface element and interacts with the data interface element to read or write data between the storage media and a host system using an encryption key.
The system and method of the present invention utilizes disc encryption as a method to enable safe disposal and/or repurposing of a storage device. For the purpose of this disclosure, the storage device may be fixed or removable, including hard disc drives, stand-alone storage media accessible via a network (wired or wireless), flash memory, tape media, or any other data storage media. Alternatively, the storage device may be a virtual storage system. The phrase �virtual storage system� refers to a defined set of locations or addresses where data can be stored. The locations or addresses may be distributed over portions of one or more storage devices in one or more servers or host systems, such that the virtual storage system appears to the user to be a local storage subsystem (such as a hard disc), but is actually a plurality of distributed memory locations.
According to an embodiment of the present invention, the encryption/decryption algorithm is executed by a controller of the storage media, such that the storage device provides its own security. For example, in a personal computer, the encryption/decryption algorithm is embedded in the controller firmware of the hard disc, and the controller encrypts/decrypts all data written to or read from the disc drive by the file system of the Operating system (hereinafter referred to as the �OS file system�), using an encryption key. Generally, the controller is understood to be contained within the storage device (or peripheral device). In the case of a virtual storage system, a virtual controller application may be required to effect the encryption algorithms.
In general, the present invention can be implemented in a variety of different ways and on different devices to encrypt data as it is written to the storage media. In one embodiment, the present invention utilizes a �secret� or private key stored in a non-volatile store to encrypt and to decrypt data written to and read from the storage media. As used herein, the term �secret� refers to a string of information that is hidden or otherwise protected from exposure to users. A secret may be known to a file system, a controller or other device authorized to access protected information. Generally, a secret is concealed and utilized to validate data, to unlock a key, or in some instances may be used as a key to encrypt and to decrypt data. The key may be employed directly as a symmetric encrypting/decrypting key or indirectly as a key to unlock the actual encrypting/decrypting key. Upon removal or replacement of the key, the data is rendered unreadable.
In second embodiment, the secret is removed to a remote location. In this embodiment, the secret is loaded dynamically by the drive during times of desired use and is used to encrypt and to decrypt the data. In a third embodiment, the basic secret is removed to a remote location. During times of desired use or as needed, the basic secret is loaded from the remote location and cryptographically combined with a secret kept on the media in order to derive the necessary symmetric key. In another embodiment, a user may know a secret password, which is combined with a stored key to create the encrypting/decrypting key. Conceptually, this can be generalized to a plurality of secrets that are combined to derive the encrypting/decrypting key. If these secrets are stored in different places, all such places must be present for the drive to yield its data.
In a fourth embodiment, the secret is removable token attached to the storage controller. Replacement or removal of the token allows for immediate, safe re-purposing of the storage media. In this embodiment, a removable token may be a physical hard token such as a smart card, a universal serial bus (USB) dongle, and the like. Alternatively, the removable token may be a certificate-type token, or even a cryptographic envelope that can act as an electronic key distribution vehicle.
In a fifth embodiment, the secret is stored in the firmware of the storage media. In this embodiment, the secret may be encrypted with a key stored remotely and accessed during power up or at times of desired use.
While a number of embodiments are described in detail below, it will be understood by a worker skilled in the art that if data written to and read from the drive is encrypted, protection of the encryption/decryption key is tantamount to protection of the data. Thus, using techniques described herein, data stored on a computer can be protected during use, and those protections can remain in force even if the disc drive is stolen, resold or discarded.
In the example shown in
During operation, as discs 107 rotate, the discs drag air under the respective sliders 110 and along their bearing surfaces in a direction approximately parallel to the tangential velocity of the discs. As the air passes beneath the bearing surfaces, air compression along the air flow path causes the air pressure between the discs and the bearing surfaces to increase, which creates a hydrodynamic lifting force that counteracts the load force provided by suspensions 112 and causes the sliders 110 to lift and fly above or in close proximity to the disc surfaces.
In general, a host system 101 interacts with the disc drive 100 via the internal circuitry 128 of the disc drive 100. The circuitry 128 and associated firmware controls access to the storage media 107 and is sometimes referred to as a �controller� or a �controller interface�.
The host system 202 may be any device that transfers data to and from a memory storage media 204 (fixed, removable, and/or virtual) via a controller 206. Generally, the host system 202 is a device that is connected to a private network and/or a public network, whether directly or indirectly. For example, the host system 202 may include, but is not limited to, desktop computer systems, laptop computer systems, networked computer systems, wireless systems such as cellular phones and PDA's, digital cameras including self-contained web-cams, and/or any reasonable combination of these systems and devices.
The storage media 204 may be a hard disc, a floppy diskette, a flash memory card, an external or removable storage device, a stand-alone storage device, or any other data storage media. In an alternative embodiment, the storage media 204 may be a virtual storage device, which is defined by one or more address locations adapted to store data from the host. The terms �storage device� and �disc drive� or �disc� are used interchangeably, except where otherwise noted. The term �storage media� refers to the media in the storage device on which the data is stored. Generally, the storage media 204 may include any device for storage of data in a system in accordance with the encryption methods and systems discussed herein. Notwithstanding the use of the term �disc�, the storage media need not necessarily incorporate a physical �disc�, but preferably incorporates a place for storage managed by a controller with firmware.
As used herein, the controller 206 refers to a device that controls the transfer of data between the host system 202 and a peripheral device, such as a disc drive. Typically, the controller 206 is a part of the peripheral device. In a personal computer, for example, the computer can be a host system 202, and the controller 206 refers to the circuitry and associated firmware within the disc drive that controls the transfer of data and commands between the host system 202 and the disc drive (storage media 206). Alternatively, the controller 206 may refer to the circuitry and associated firmware that controls the transfer of data and commands between the host system 202 and a floppy disc drive, a read/write CD ROM drive, a read/write DVD Drive, other removable memory media, or other storage devices. Typically, the controller 206 is designed to communicate with an expansion bus of the host system 202. The controller 206 controls read and write operations to and from the storage media 204. In one embodiment, the controller 206 may be conceptualized as an �encrypting controller�, since in the present invention, the controller is generally responsible for encrypting and decrypting all communications between OS file system of the host system 202 and the storage media 204.
In this embodiment, the secret 208 is held in a non-volatile store (not shown), such as a ROM memory, a non-writable firmware, EPROM, EEPROM, or the like. The term �non-volatile store� refers to any type of memory that does not lose its contents when its power is removed. Such non-volatile memory can be useful in microcomputer circuits because it can provide instructions for a Central Processing Unit (CPU) as soon as power is applied, and before secondary devices such as the disc drive can even be accessed. The secret 208 need only be as small as a few bytes long, but can be many bytes in length.
In an alternative embodiment, the secret 208 is stored in a separate, non-volatile storage device (not shown) that is connected directly to the drive electronics, such as by a serial port. In this embodiment, the drive electronics can load the secret 208 directly from the separate storage device on power up, as needed, or at times of desired use.
In general, the controller 206 utilizes the secret 208 to encrypt and to decrypt all data that is written to or read from the storage media 204 by the OS file system. A single key is used to encrypt the entire storage media 204. In this embodiment, the data on the storage media 204 becomes unreadable when the secret 208 is deleted or replaced.
In this embodiment, the secret 208 is employed directly as a symmetric encrypting/decrypting key for substantially all of the data that is written to or read from the magnetic storage by the OS file system. In another embodiment, the secret 208 can be utilized as a key to unlock the encrypting/decrypting key. In still another embodiment, the secret 208 may be combined with a password or another secret stored in a different location to form the encryption/decryption key.
Authorization to remove or change the secret 208 can be protected by employing various techniques. For example, authorization can be protected using an authority table stored in a hidden partition on the storage media such as that disclosed in copending application Ser. No. 09/912,931, which is incorporated herein by reference. In another embodiment, the secret 208 can be protected using a public key cryptographic system wherein the secret 208 itself is encrypted and can only be unlocked with a key acquired through an authentication process.
The symmetric encrypting algorithm may be based on a triple data encryption standard (triple DES in which Data is encrypted with a first key, decrypted with a second key, and finally encrypted again with a third key), an Advanced Encryption Standard (AES), or another standard suitable to the circumstances and to the disposal safety level required. In this embodiment, coding with tweaks, such as logical block numbers, may also be employed to enhance the inherent security of the chosen cipher.
It will be understood by a worker skilled in the art that if the controller 206 is configured to encrypt the data as it is written to the storage media 204 and if all the data written or read by the OS file system is encrypted, then protecting the secret 208 is the same as protecting the data. In other words, by protecting the key and by exercising appropriate key management techniques, the data can be kept secure even if the drive is removed.
It should be understood by a worker skilled in the art that whole disc encryption or whole partition encryption does not necessarily imply that the full contents of every instruction are encrypted to or decrypted from the storage device. In general, the payload of any read or write operation to the storage media is encrypted. However, certain commands may contain data that communicate control data to the controller. Such control data may need to be unencrypted. An example is a key retrieved from the drive that will become the encryption key for the drive. Similarly, a key, which is sent in a payload and which will become the encryption key for the drive, may need to be unencrypted.
The remote storage 310 may be a server or any other system that is physically separate from the storage device. In one embodiment, the remote storage 310 is a server connected to the storage device via a network. In another embodiment, the remote storage 310 is a storage device that is directly connected to the storage media 304 via the controller 306. In a preferred embodiment, the remote storage 310 includes security features designed to prevent unauthorized disclosure of the stored secret 308.
When the system 300 is powered up, the secret 308 is loaded on the drive dynamically from the remote storage 310. Once the secret 308 is loaded, data stored on the storage media 304 is accessible to the host system 302 via the controller 306, which encrypts and decrypts the data using the secret 308. It will be understood by a worker skilled in the art that to permit network use of passing keys and/or retrieval of a key or secret from a remote location, some data stored on the storage device (such as in a boot block) will not be encrypted. Specifically, the storage device must have access to sufficient information that it can communicate and respond with the remote storage 310.
In this embodiment, the secret 308 is removed from the controller 306 when the storage device is powered down or placed into a sleep mode. When the storage device is powered up, the controller 306 requests the secret 308 from the remote storage 310. Depending on the implementation, the secret 308 may be provided. Alternatively, the remote storage 310 may require a correct user password (or a correct physical or electronic token) before granting the secret 308 to the requesting controller 306.
If the storage device is removed from the host system or moved from the network to which it is attached, the controller 306 cannot access the remote storage 310 to load the secret 308 on startup, and the data stored in the data storage 304 becomes inaccessible. Alternatively, if a user or device attempts to access the stored data without the correct password or token, the remote storage 310 will refuse to grant the secret 308, and the data remains secure.
In one embodiment, the removable token 508 is a physical hard token, such as a smart card, a USB dongle, and the like. A USB dongle is small device that is supplied with software and that plugs into a USB port. Typically, the software of the USB dongle integrates with a port of the storage device during execution in order to verify its physical presence. If the USB dongle is not present, the software won't work. In this embodiment, the USB dongle is a hardware key that is used to unlock the drive. Other physical tokens may also be used.
In this embodiment, the physical token 508 is required to access the encrypted data stored on the storage media 504. If the storage device is stolen, the data remains inaccessible unless the physical token 508 is also stolen.
In another embodiment, the removable token 508 is a certificate-type token (such as an ISO X.509v3 certificate). For example, the token may be a digital certificate, which serves as a credential where a third-party authority certifies that the requesting entity can be trusted. In this embodiment, the data is �transmitted� from the host 502 to the storage media 504 via the controller 506.
In general, absent a certificate-type removable token 508, the data on the storage media 504 is inaccessible. If an identifier or other element of the certificate-type token 508 is combined with a secret or with other data stored separately from the storage media 504, not only the token 508 but other secrets must be available on power-up and combined to form the encryption/decryption key in order to unlock the data.
In this embodiment, if the token 508 is a certificate-type token that is verified by the remote server 510, replacement of the removable token 508 with a different certificate-type token in an authority table of the remote server 510 allows for immediate, safe repurposing of the storage media 504. The remote server 510 can be authorized and configured to maintain an authority table in order to control access to the data stored on the storage media 504.
In an alternative embodiment, access permissions associated with the removable token 508 and stored in an authority table (either on the storage media 504 or on the remote server 510) may be deleted or revoked, allowing for immediate, safe re-purposing of the storage media 504. The remote server 510 can be authorized and configured to delete (remove or revoke) the access permissions associated with the token 508 in order to render the data stored on the storage media 504 unusable (inaccessible) using that particular token 508.
This embodiment may be particularly useful for high security environments in which the network is secured after normal working hours. For example, at 6:00 pm each day, access permissions for the removable token 508 can be removed or replaced so as to render the encrypted data stored on the device unusable. The access permissions for the removable token 508 could then be restored, for example, at a pre-determined time or when the user logs back into the system 500. This technique can be used to secure storage devices during non-standard working hours.
In an alternative embodiment, the storage media 504 may be partitioned and each partition may be associated with a particular user or use. The disc controller may be made aware of these partitions by through an access-controlled table that it hides on behalf of a partition manager. In this embodiment, each partition may be encrypted with a different secret or key that is associated with the particular user or use. When a user (or a device) logs in, via a success authentication process, a removable token associated with the user or with the use can be provided to the controller by an authentication server (such as remote server 510) for unlocking the portion of the storage media associated with that user or that use. In this manner, people from different shifts at a company could use the same computer while maintaining the integrity of each user's data. Alternatively, an authorized system may have access to a particular partition for a particular use.
In this embodiment, authentication is a process of determining the identity of a user, a device, or an information source attempting to access the storage device. For example, access to each partition can be restricted such that only an authorized user can access a partition, and a device may be authenticated to access such a partition. Typically, the process of authentication involves establishing, such as by challenge and response, that a transmission attempt is authorized and valid; that a user, a device, or information source is who or what he/she or it claims to be; or that data (that has been stored, transmitted or otherwise exposed to possible unauthorized modification) remains uncompromised (meaning that the data's integrity has been maintained).
An authentication server is simply a phrase used to describe a networked or other secured device or device component such as a trusted drive or a trusted execution environment processor that performs authentication processes with respect to the storage subsystem. In one embodiment, authentication and authorization may be handled by a trusted drive feature within the drive. In an other embodiment, the authentication may be handled by an authentication server or device (such as remote server 510, while authorization may be controlled by encrypted authority tables stored in a hidden partition on the disc drive.
The encryption processor 608 may be software, hardware or a combination of software and hardware, depending on the specific implementation. In an alternative embodiment, a secret 610 and a basic secret may be stored in different locations and combined to form a key that is used by the encryption processor 610 to encrypt and decrypt data written to and read from the storage media 604.
In general, the present invention uses �whole� disc encryption where there is a single encryption/decryption key for each disc or for each partition on the disc. When whole disc encryption is provided with a single encryption/decryption key, the task of securing or repurposing the storage device is extremely convenient and nearly instantaneous. By simply removing the encryption/decryption key from the encryption machinery, the storage device is secured. Furthermore, well-known encryption algorithms, such as three-DES and AES, ensure that without the key the data cannot be read.
Whole disc encryption has the additional advantage of providing a tamper evident environment. Since the files and the file structure strongly resist exposure, the attacker is left having to delete the entire disc, which exposes a malicious action and opens the attacker to discovery.
While the present invention has been largely discussed with respect to whole disc encryption, it may also apply to whole partition encryption, or whole volume encryption that may span many disc drives. Additionally, the present invention may be applied to solid state storage or other types of non-volatile storage. The present invention may also be applied to volatile storage devices that require constant power to maintain data.
An appropriate model for securing the whole disc is to regard the encryption/decryption key as the entirety of the data. In a preferred embodiment, this key is a three-DES key or an AES 128-bit (16-byte) key. The protection and management of the key is equivalent to the protection and management of the data on the entire storage volume.
The hidden security partition 710 is hidden at the level of the low-level formatting on the drive and can be protected from whole volume encryption because no user command can write (or read) this space. Exactly one security partition 710 may be utilized to manage one or more keys for one or more storage volumes. Data in the security partition 710, including the one or more keys, optionally can be encrypted using a different key.
In a preferred embodiment, the encryption machinery is in the drive electronics. The encryption machinery has access to the encryption key during encryption and decryption. Suitable electronics blinding techniques can be utilized to reduce the possibility of direct electromagnetic discovery of the key. Additionally, the encryption machinery may be protected with a physical tamper evident wrapping or other technique that may readily reveal if a key may have been exposed by a physical attack.
In general, the key may be stored in one or more of five basic places: in a non-volatile solid state storage security partition in the drive electronics, in a security partition on the storage media, in a secure container in the host system, in a secure host system or another security partition in another host system on a network, or in a separate non-volatile storage device security partition directly connected to the drive electronics such as by a serial port.
In one embodiment, the root key is produced by permanent fusing. In another embodiment, the root key is generated randomly by the manufacturer. Alternatively, other techniques for producing the root key may be used. Since the root key 810 unlocks the encrypted key 808, the key 808 can be stored in any number of the above-identified locations without fear of exposure.
To secure the volume, it is necessary to remove the encrypted key 808 and the encryption/decryption key 812 from the drive electronics. Removing the encrypted key 808 may be as simple as replacing the encrypted key 808 with the encryption/decryption key 812, since the encryption/decryption key 812 is recovered using the hidden root key 810. However, all locations where the encrypted key 808 exists must be examined, and the encrypted key 808 must be denied to the drive electronics. In the case of permanent disc disposal, all copies of the encrypted key 808 are deleted. If the encrypted keys 808 are stored in a security partition, these can be easily determined. In a preferred embodiment, the key 812 is generated as a random number in the drive electronics and read out only as an encrypted key 808.
If a user desires to use the same key over a plurality of devices, then the user can utilize a secure partition (such as that discussed in
Security partitions may be used to provide a method for tracking all copies of the encrypted key. In a preferred embodiment, this is done with public key cryptography. In this case, the security partition keeps a list of all public keys of all authorities permitted to read the encrypted key or to write the encrypted key. Each authority must cryptographically prove that it is requesting to read or write the encrypted key using well-known signing and verification techniques. The encrypted key may then be securely sent to the target security partition using well-known public key encryption and decryption techniques. Each security partition can have a table of all security partitions permitted to hold the encrypted key, and thereby maintain a means of tracking down all copies of the encrypted key for deletion and removal. More generally, this same table may hold different encrypted keys for various different volumes, and thereby permit redundancy while assuring that all encrypted keys can be tracked and eliminated or held in abeyance as specified by host system commands.
A security partition on a target volume may also have this table. In such a case, it may be sufficient to delete the security partition with the encrypted key. By deleting the security partition, the encrypted key cannot later be written back to the security partition from a copy stored in another security partition.
In another embodiment, since a goal of the present invention is to physically eliminate the encrypted key from the target volume security partition, a globally unique identifier may be used which may be used to encrypt the key. A list of valid identifiers on the target security partition can be examined to determine if a key has been permanently disposed of, and thereby deny writing of a copy of the voided encrypted key to the target security partition. This technique provides a positive feature that it would be possible with the right knowledge of the electronics and the right equipment to bypass this protection and re-insert an encrypted key that had previously been made invalid. If a user does not desire this feature, then the user must take active steps to be certain that all copies of the encrypted key have been destroyed. To do this, the user would make use of the security partitions to maintain a record of where all encrypted keys are stored.
The root key technique provides a convenient and effective mechanism for masking the private key, and optionally for associating it with an index to the key. However, the root key does not ensure that security partitions cannot be impersonated and thereby provide a means by which an encrypted key copy can be kept by an impersonator.
In a preferred embodiment, the whole disc may have a public/private keychain (the signing and exchange key pair on the administrative security partition) with certificates signed by the drive manufacturer that can attest to the fact that the volume contains legitimate security partitions. In a preferred embodiment, no table entry for an encrypted key can contain a public verification and exchange key unless those keys are proven to be associated with legitimate manufacturer security partitions. The root key on a drive can additionally be employed to encrypt the private keys of these key pairs and thereby deny their use off the disc or storage media. However, this technique makes sense only if the root key is hidden in the drive electronics.
Using security partitions, an administrative security partition can use a signing and exchange keypair on the administrative Security Partition with certificates signed by the drive manufacturer. In this embodiment, the encrypted key may be stored in a table, such that if an encrypted key is voided, it is also erased from the table.
Table 1 (below) is a simple table of encrypted keys, such as may be stored in a security partition.
In another embodiment, the, table is extended to mark the master copy of the encrypted key. The drive firmware can then reinforce the security measures by preventing copying of the encrypted key, unless it is made from the master. In this manner, copies can only be made of the master, and may only be deleted by the master. This technique provides a simple means for tracking all copies of the encrypted key and of assuring that all tables are current and synchronized.
Although the present invention has been described with reference to preferred embodiments, workers skilled in the art will recognize that changes may be made in form and detail without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.
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williams lk potholes ► Closed364-654 North Williams Lake Road Waterford Township, Michigan
large potholes on williams lk in SB lane between pontiac lk and elizabeth lk· Reported by williams lk potholes (Guest) · Share · Flag Flagged
Poorly timed traffic lights ► Open2209 Scott Lake Road Waterford Township, Michigan
From Waterford to Farmington Hills, I'm hitting every traffic light to and from work. It never used to be this way. They keep changing the lights every year. Streets affected are Scott Lake, Cass Lake, Orchard Lake, Walnut Lake, 13 Mile, and Halsted. Why keep changing this?· Reported by ziggrl · Share · Flag Flagged
Pot holes ► OpenWaterford Township MI 48329, USA
Maceday Drive is virtually all pot holes. So is Lotus Lake Rd. The two roads need to be resurfaced.· Reported by Historysgirl (Guest) · Share · Flag Flagged
Street light out ► Open1430 Dundee Drive Oakland County waterford, MI
Street light right in front of 1430 Dundee drive out. With Halloween coming. Please get fixed· Reported by M. Seabrook (Guest) · Share · Flag Flagged
Road debris filling my driveway b/c drainpipe under my driveway and Anderson... ► Open6064 Andersonville Rd Waterford Township, MI 48329, USA
10+ year Ongoing issue. Debris flows over Andersonville and not through the drain under Andersonville. All drainage stops at my driveway. At one time the Road Commission verbally agreed to trench both sides of my driveway; improving drainage all the way to Barnard Street. I would have to fix my driveway at my expense. I can afford it now! Please Please contact me.· Reported by Julie Groh (Guest) · Share · Flag Flagged
Julie Groh (Registered User)
Some very young Road commission guys dug the ditch 4 feet deep without reinforcement- they thoroughly enjoyed playing with their full size toys, but it was obvious that no civil engineer was consulted.
Now the shoulder of the road has collapsed into the ditch. There is no drainage and no shoulder of the road now. ALL runoff flows over Andersonville and Washes debris into my driveway and filled ditch.
Water is supposed to flow UNDER Andersonville and drain appropriately
Julie Groh (Registered User)
Some very young Road commission guys dug the ditch 4 feet deep without reinforcement- they thoroughly enjoyed playing with their full size toys, but it was obvious that no civil engineer was consulted.
Now the shoulder of the road has collapsed into the ditch. There is no drainage and no shoulder of the road now. ALL runoff flows over Andersonville and Washes debris into my driveway and filled ditch.
Water is supposed to flow UNDER Andersonville and drain appropriately
5 VotesFix it! Voted!
Speeding Cars & Cars parking on/damaging lawns,sidewalks buckling ► Open4000-4038 Beechgrove Dr Waterford, MI 48328, USA
Speeding Cars /c stereos so loud the vibrations have broken windows on our home. People waiting on school buses parking on and damaging our lawns. Sidewalks buckling and causing safety hazard on beechgrove side of corner beech grove & Riviera.· Reported by S. Nolte (Guest) · Share · Flag Flagged
zedman (Guest)
I have no idea what you are talking about
S.Nolte (Guest)
There has been no improvement on either of these issues. Most of the sidewalks in this neighborhood are unsafe and buckling, breaking up or full of potholes.
There continues to be very fast traffic on this street well over the speed limti of 25 mph. Unsafe for all.
Wish the Waterford police would parole, and deal with this before someone is hit or hurt.
Still have the excessively loud "boomers" cruising by and rattling everyones windows. If I wanted to live in the hood I'd live in Detroit. Come on Waterford Police-deal with it!
81chains (Guest)
Sidewalks are the responsibility of the home owner...
overgrown lawn at street ► Open6350 Pontiac Lake Road Waterford Township, MI 48327, USA
in back yard on the road. they let their weeds grow to high, we have deer that cross the road and now we can't see them coming which will cause a serious accident· Reported by An anonymous SeeClickFix user · Share · Flag Flagged
Paved or Dirt ► Open395 South Winding Drive Waterford Township, Michigan
I'm sick of paying taxes to live in a paved road when the condition is worse that a dirt road.· Reported by Sue (Guest) · Share · Flag Flagged
Lonestar09 (Registered User)
I agree. This road has been in terrible condition for years. There has been enough patch work done in the last ten years to rebuild the road twice. Please repair this road correctly. Numerous guests to the hues have had tire and rim damage.
4 VotesFix it! Voted!
Speeding and Blowing Off Stop Signs ► OpenWaterford Township MI 48327, USA
Can we please have some police presence on Civic Center Drive? Now that a lot of Pierce parents are using this road for access to the middle school, it has become a race track.· Reported by Waterford 48329 (Guest) · Share · Flag Flagged
al (Registered User)
south blvd between opdyke and crookd road is like a war zone with so many potholes
also Midland east of Dixie hy. is destroyed by semis going in and out of ollies and post office where kmart shopping center.
also just pass shopping center entrance a school sets with large potholes going toward sashabaw
al (Registered User)
Walton blvd between floradel and Sashabaw is full of pot holes.
al (Registered User)
Who is going to help replace all the tires and rims destroyed by the potholes.
I know file a claim to your insurance company.
no claim with PLPD
files a claim against the city or township to get a claim form?
I filed one 10 years on US12 and I-94 blowout due to a pot holes.
It was a waste of my time.
They have a clause that makes them immune to this type of claim.
Poorly timed traffic light ► OpenNorth Telegraph Drive Waterford Township, Michigan
Heading South on Telegraph the light at Dixie is poorly timed causing a consistent traffic backup at all times during the day. Only about 2-3 cars can make it through the light. Has been some near accidents with with impatient drivers running the lights. All other directions seem to be timed at 60 seconds plus. But the south bound timing is just ridiculous and a hazard. Please fix.· Reported by Jay (Guest) · Share · Flag Flagged
Jay (Registered User)
This is our county ignoring its residents... This issue still hasn't been addressed nor fixed.


text:
Friday, October 17, 2014
Chinese Internet users were divided Thursday after leader Xi Jinping reportedly called for an end to "weird architecture" in a country that has seen a huge construction boom.
The U.S. Treasury said Wednesday that China does not manipulate its currency, but pushed Beijing to do more to focus on domestic demand — not exports — to drive economic growth.
Thursday, October 16, 2014
Tugging ropes and bellowing chants, five men hoist from the water a huge spidery frame gripping a web of fishing net — a centuries-old custom on the southern Indian coast.
Wednesday, October 15, 2014
A Chinese painter's son who sued his 95-year-old mother over the estimated US$300 million artistic treasure trove left by his father has lost the case, state-run media reported Tuesday.
The son of China's former premier Zhu Rongji has resigned as head of the country's top investment bank China International Capital Corp (CICC), the company said Tuesday, but gave no reason for his departure.
Tuesday, October 14, 2014
Chinese police have detained two Beijing activists who took part in a Hong Kong pro-democracy march, a friend said Monday, the latest of dozens of arrests over the protests.
By 2024, more than half of summers in eastern China will be as hot as in 2013, when the region was hit by a record-busting heat wave and devastating drought, a study said Sunday.
Monday, October 13, 2014
Chinese Prime Minister Li Keqiang on Sunday arrived in Moscow for talks with President Vladimir Putin as Russia is struggling with its most pronounced isolation since the end of the Cold War.
Sunday, October 12, 2014
Chinese authorities are urging officials who have fled abroad to avoid corruption charges to turn themselves in before Dec. 1 in exchange for leniency or face stiffer punishment.
Saturday, October 11, 2014
China's Premier Li Keqiang met German Chancellor Angela Merkel Friday for the year's third top-level talks between the Asian and European export powers despite growing disquiet over human rights and business rules.


text:
Farrah's Large Original Harrogate Toffee Tin, 350g
Product informationFarrah's Original Harrogate Toffee has a unique flavour similar to butterscotch and barley sugar and is handmade to a secret recipe.
In a traditional keepsake tin.
Refund policyWe can't offer refunds or exchanges on perishable goods such as flowers and food, unless faulty or not as described. Find out more
This does not affect your statutory rights
- Brand
- Chocolate Type
- Toffee
- Contains alcohol
- false
- Eligible for International Delivery
Click & collectFree Click & collect from John Lewis or Waitrose shops for collection tomorrow from 2pm
355 participating John Lewis and Waitrose shops
- Free
Standard delivery within 5 working days
- £3.00
Next, named or Saturday UK delivery
- £6.95
Next/named day UK delivery pre-10.30am
- £9.95
Collect+ from a local shop from Monday - postcode exclusions apply for Collect+ deliveries5000+ participating Collect+ shops
- £3.00
International delivery not available
We want you to be happy with your purchase. If you're not, depending on the type of product, you can make free returns in the UK via John Lewis shops, Royal Mail, Collect+, or MyHermes. If you need to arrange collection of large or heavy items, call us on 03456 049 049. For international returns queries, call us on +44 1698 545 454. Find out more about returns.
You'll find returns information on your delivery note. Unless faulty, we'd like you to make your return within 90 days of purchase. Exceptions apply to certain products - find out more about our refund policy.
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Free Click & collect from John Lewis or Waitrose shops for collection tomorrow from 2pm
£3.00 Collect+ from a local shop from Monday
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text:
Welcome to the Ostomy Canada Society
You are here because maybe you, or a family member, or friend has just discovered that they are having ostomy surgery... or maybe because you had had your ostomy for a while and want to see what is new.
It doesn't matter the reason, we welcome you and are here to help and support you (your family and friends too) in any way we can. Most people have never heard of the word "Ostomy" and most of us never talk about or bowels or bladder or urine or stool, it is usually a private and personal matter.
At Ostomy Canada Society, we do talk about urine and stool, bladders and bowels. We are not embarrassed or ashamed. We just had a body part that did not work because of different reasons but we ended up with an ostomy.
We invite you to grab a cup of coffee or tea, relax and spend some time with us exploring our website.
What's New in the Ostomy Canada Society?
Check this out to see any upcoming events or recent announcements!
Edmonton Ostomy Association – Annual Christmas Dinner & AuctionDecember 2 @ 6:30 pm - 9:00 pm
Calgary Ostomy Society – Annual Christmas FundraiserDecember 9 @ 6:00 pm - 9:00 pm
Video by Jo-Ann L. Tremblay
Jo-Ann L. Tremblay
THE OSTOMY FACTOR Blog-joannltremblay.wordpress.com
FACEBOOK - Author Jo-Ann L. Tremblay
TWITTER @joanntremblay
Author of "The Self-Coaching Toolbox" & "Better With A Bag Than In A Bag"
amazon.com, amazon.ca, amazon.co.uk
Proud Member UOAC/Medical Advisory Committee Member-
Ostomy Lifestyle Expert
Member Arteast - www.arteastottawa.com


text:
VIMAX (WIMAX systems in Malaysia)
WiMAX can provide at-home or mobile Internet access across whole cities or countries. In many cases this has resulted in competition in markets which typically only had access through an existing incumbent DSL (or similar) operator..
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WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) is a wireless communications standard designed to provide 30 to 40 megabit-per-second data rates,[1] with the 2011 update providing up to 1 Gbit/s[1] for fixed stations.
The name "WiMAX" was created by the WiMAX Forum, which was formed in June 2001 to promote conformity and interoperability of the standard. The forum describes WiMAX as "a standards-based technology enabling the delivery of last mile wireless broadband access as an alternative to cable and DSL".
WiMAX refers to interoperable implementations of the IEEE 802.16 family of wireless-networks standards ratified by the WiMAX Forum. (Similarly, Wi-Fi refers to interoperable implementations of the IEEE 802.11 Wireless LAN standards certified by the Wi-Fi Alliance.) WiMAX Forum certification allows vendors to sell fixed or mobile products as WiMAX certified, thus ensuring a level of interoperability with other certified products, as long as they fit the same profile.
The original IEEE 802.16 standard (now called "Fixed WiMAX") was published in 2001. WiMAX adopted some of its technology from WiBro, a service marketed in Korea.
Mobile WiMAX (originally based on 802.16e-2005) is the revision that was deployed in many countries, and is the basis for future revisions such as 802.16m-2011.
The bandwidth and range of WiMAX make it suitable for the following potential applications:
Providing portable mobile broadband connectivity across cities and countries through a variety of devices.
Providing a wireless alternative to cable and digital subscriber line (DSL) for "last mile" broadband access.
Providing data, telecommunications (VoIP) and IPTV services (triple play).
Providing a source of Internet connectivity as part of a business continuity plan.
Smart grids and metering
Internet access
WiMAX can provide at-home or mobile Internet access across whole cities or countries. In many cases this has resulted in competition in markets which typically only had access through an existing incumbent DSL (or similar) operator.
Additionally, given the relatively low costs associated with the deployment of a WiMAX network (in comparison with 3G, HSDPA, xDSL, HFC or FTTx), it is now economically viable to provide last-mile broadband Internet access in remote locations.
Middle-mile backhaul to fibre networks
Mobile WiMAX was a replacement candidate for cellular phone technologies such as GSM and CDMA, or can be used as an overlay to increase capacity. Fixed WiMAX is also considered as a wireless backhaul technology for 2G, 3G, and 4G networks in both developed and developing nations.[6][7]
In North America, backhaul for urban operations is typically provided via one or more copper wire line connections, whereas remote cellular operations are sometimes backhauled via satellite. In other regions, urban and rural backhaul is usually provided by microwave links. (The exception to this is where the network is operated by an incumbent with ready access to the copper network.) WiMAX has more substantial backhaul bandwidth requirements than legacy cellular applications. Consequently the use of wireless microwave backhaul is on the rise in North America and existing microwave backhaul links in all regions are being upgraded.[8] Capacities of between 34 Mbit/s and 1 Gbit/s [9] are routinely being deployed with latencies in the order of 1 ms.
In many cases, operators are aggregating sites using wireless technology and then presenting traffic on to fiber networks where convenient. WiMAX in this application competes with microwave, E-line and simple extension of the fiber network itself.
WiMAX directly supports the technologies that make triple-play service offerings possible (such as Quality of Service and Multicasting). These are inherent to the WiMAX standard rather than being added on as Carrier Ethernet is to Ethernet.
On May 7, 2008 in the United States, Sprint Nextel, Google, Intel, Comcast, Bright House, and Time Warner announced a pooling of an average of 120 MHz of spectrum and merged with Clearwire to market the service. The new company hopes to benefit from combined services offerings and network resources as a springboard past its competitors. The cable companies will provide media services to other partners while gaining access to the wireless network as a Mobile virtual network operator to provide triple-play services.
Some analysts[who?] questioned how the deal will work out: Although fixed-mobile convergence has been a recognized factor in the industry, prior attempts to form partnerships among wireless and cable companies have generally failed to lead to significant benefits to the participants. Other analysts point out that as wireless progresses to higher bandwidth, it inevitably competes more directly with cable and DSL, inspiring competitors into collaboration. Also, as wireless broadband networks grow denser and usage habits shift, the need for increased backhaul and media service will accelerate, therefore the opportunity to leverage cable assets is expected to increase.
A WiMAX USB modem for mobile access to the Internet
Devices that provide connectivity to a WiMAX network are known as subscriber stations (SS).
Portable units include handsets (similar to cellular smartphones); PC peripherals (PC Cards or USB dongles); and embedded devices in laptops, which are now available for Wi-Fi services. In addition, there is much emphasis by operators on consumer electronics devices such as Gaming consoles, MP3 players and similar devices. WiMAX is more similar to Wi-Fi than to other 3G cellular technologies.
The WiMAX Forum website provides a list of certified devices. However, this is not a complete list of devices available as certified modules are embedded into laptops, MIDs (Mobile Internet devices), and other private labeled devices.
WiMAX gateway devices are available as both indoor and outdoor versions from several manufacturers including Vecima Networks, Alvarion, Airspan, ZyXEL, Huawei, and Motorola. The list of deployed WiMAX networks and WiMAX Forum membership list provide more links to specific vendors, products and installations. The list of vendors and networks is not comprehensive and is not intended as an endorsement of these companies above others.
Many of the WiMAX gateways that are offered by manufactures such as these are stand-alone self-install indoor units. Such devices typically sit near the customer's window with the best signal, and provide:
An integrated Wi-Fi access point to provide the WiMAX Internet connectivity to multiple devices throughout the home or business.
Ethernet ports to connect directly to a computer, router, printer or DVR on a local wired network.
One or two analog telephone jacks to connect a land-line phone and take advantage of VoIP.
Indoor gateways are convenient, but radio losses mean that the subscriber may need to be significantly closer to the WiMAX base station than with professionally installed external units.
Outdoor units are roughly the size of a laptop PC, and their installation is comparable to the installation of a residential satellite dish. A higher-gain directional outdoor unit will generally result in greatly increased range and throughput but with the obvious loss of practical mobility of the unit.
External modems
USB can provide connectivity to a WiMAX network through what is called a dongle. Generally these devices are connected to a notebook or net book computer. Dongles typically have omnidirectional antennas which are of lower gain compared to other devices. As such these devices are best used in areas of good coverage.
Mobile phones
HTC announced the first WiMAX enabled mobile phone, the Max 4G, on November 12, 2008. The device was only available to certain markets in Russia on the Yota network.
HTC and Sprint Nextel released the second WiMAX enabled mobile phone, the EVO 4G, March 23, 2010 at the CTIA conference in Las Vegas. The device, made available on June 4, 2010 is capable of both EV-DO(3G) and WiMAX(pre-4G) as well as simultaneous data & voice sessions. Sprint Nextel announced at CES 2012 that it will no longer be offering devices using the WiMAX technology due to financial circumstances, instead, along with its network partner Clearwire, Sprint Nextel will roll out a 4G network deciding to shift and utilize LTE 4G technology instead.
WiMAX is sometimes referred to as "Wi-Fi on steroids" and can be used for a number of applications including broadband connections, cellular backhaul, hotspots, etc. It is similar to Wi-Fi, but it can enable usage at much greater distances.
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Article | June 30, 1998
Crown Simplimatic, Inc: Bottle labeler
The Signa EPS labeler from Crown Simplimatic (Lynchburg, VA) applies labels to the body, shoulder, neck and back of glass bottles using cold glue.
Its modular design permits easy access to the bottle table and easy replacement of the bottle platform. Centering heads can be replaced as a single unit. No-tool changeover is accomplished through the use of quick-release components operated with pneumatically controlled bolts.
42 Best Package Designs
Sign up to receive timely updates from our editors and download this e-book consisting of our editors' picks of most notable package designs. Updated for 2014!


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November 21, 2014
January 31, 2011
A Bronx man has been sentenced to nearly four years in prison for conspiring to steal nearly $600,000 in gold and other valuables from South Asian families in northern Virginia last year.
Dagoberto Ramirez-Soto, 28, was sentenced Friday in federal court in Alexandria to 46 months in prison. Prosecutors say Ramirez-Soto and his wife and one other person were involved in the burglaries of more than 30 homes.
Ramirez-Soto had previously pleaded guilty in the case. His wife, thirty-four-year-old Melinda Marie Soto was sentenced to three years in prison for her role in the scheme.
Click Here to access the online Public Inspection File
Viewers with disabilities can get assistance accessing this station's FCC Public Inspection File by contacting the station with the information listed below. Questions or concerns relating to the accessibility of the FCC's online public file system should be directed to the FCC at 888-225-5322, 888-835-5322 (TTY), or email@example.com.


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Commerce City Recreation Center, Commerce CityDescription Internet Registration has not begun yet. Check Registration Dates in details. Please arrive 15 minutes prior to departure. Activity Colorado Indian Market(1/24) #4501...
Denver saturday events colorado events
Colorado Indian Market()
Saturday, Jan 24 9:45a
Denver Winter Brew Fest Friday January 23rd & Saturday January 24th, 2015
Friday, Jan 23 7:00p
Mile High Station, DenverVIP 6-7 PM Get first taste of great brews by getting in an hour early with this exclusive, limited admittance VIP power hour including a special beer and cheese sampling...
Marijuana Shopping and Grow Room Tour- Purchase Colorado Grown Marijuana
Saturday, Dec 27 3:00p
Starbucks, DenverAre you in Denver, Colorado on vacation or on a business trip? Do you want to buy and smoke some Colorado grown marijuana legally while your here? Would you also like to take a tour of a marijuana ...
Ride the Rails Saturday
Saturday, Nov 29 10:00a
Colorado Railroad Museum, GoldenCatch a ride behind one of the Museum's steam or diesel locomotives in passenger cars from different eras in Colorado railroad history or on the uniquely Colorado Galloping Goose...
Colorado Rapids Futsal Tournament-Boys U13-14(Nov)
Friday, Nov 28 2:30p
Gold Crown Fieldhouse, DenverDescription The Colorado Rapids and Gold Crown Foundation are proud to present the 2014 Futsal Tournament Series...
Denver, CO - Brides Against Breast Cancer Charity Wedding Gown Sale
Friday, Mar 27 6:00p
History Colorado Center41, DenverGetting Married? Join us for a unique opportunity to find the gown of your dreams at a remarkable price while helping make wishes and memory-making events come true...
Time Out for WOMEN 2015
Friday, Sep 11 6:30p
Colorado Convention Center, DenverFriday 6:30PM to 9:30PM (Please arrive at least 20 minutes early, seating opens at 5:45PM) Saturday 9:00am to 3:45PM (Please arrive at least 20 minutes early, seating opens at 8:15 Am) Questions? P...
Extraordinary Things Start Small ~ Pandora on the Hill w/ Crow Jane Jewelry trunk show
Saturday, Nov 29 10:00a
Pandora Jewelry, DenverThink Big, Shop Small - we do. On Saturday, November 29: Pandora on the Hill is thrilled to be participating in Shop Small Saturday And Etsy...
18th Annual O'Reilly Auto Parts Rocky Mountain Auto Show
Saturday, Nov 29 1:00p
Colorado Convention Center, DenverThe ZCCC will plan on making this an afternoon event on Saturday, November 29th starting at 1 p.m...
Denver, CO - Brides Against Breast Cancer - Volunteer Positions
Friday, Mar 27 12:00p
History Colorado Center41, DenverThe Brides Against Breast Cancer Nationwide Tour of Gowns is coming to Wilmington on Friday & Saturday, February 27 - 28, at Ed Oliver Golf Club...
Holiday Cheer!
Saturday, Dec 20 7:30p
Central Presbyterian Church, DenverSaturday December 20, 2014 Holiday Cheer! 7:30 pm at Central Presbyterian Church, 1660 Sherman St...
Annual RPCV Holiday Potluck Party
Saturday, Dec 6 7:00p
1st Unitarian Society, DenverPlease join us for our annual holiday party on Saturday, December 6, 2014. We will be back at the 1st Unitarian Society of Denver, 1400 Lafayette, where we hold our regular meetings...
70/Four70 MS Men's Group - Saturday, 6 December
Saturday, Dec 6 9:30a
Murphy Creek Golf Course, AuroraAre You A Man With Multiple Sclerosis? We Want YOU! If you have been putting it off, now is the time to attend! Get out of the house...
Colorado Technical University January 2015 Doctoral Symposium
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Colorado Technical University April 2015 Doctoral Symposium
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Home » News » Public Safety
Abigail search unites entire community in Conway area
This billboard on Route 16 in Albany made by Gemini Signs in Conway has been put up to help the cause. (DAN SEUFERT PHOTO)
The sign is on a billboard visible from the northbound lane of Route 16 in Albany. The use of the billboard was donated by Ambix, a local company. The sign will stay on the billboard, Goodwin said, until Hernandez is found. She was last seen leaving Kennett High School in North Conway on Oct. 9.
"They are not leaving my truck until she's found," said Barron, of Tamworth. Barron doesn't know the Hernandez family, but said he has a young daughter and feels sympathy for Abigail's mother and family.
"This is a very supportive community, I can't imagine us not doing things like this," he said.
"I'm blown away by what I'm seeing in Conway," she said. "You just don't see this much of a community response in other places. If we could get half of this response in some places, we'd be happy."
- Two taken to hospital after suffering burns in Wolfeboro house fire - 0
- Crews on scene of accident on I-93 in Salem - 0
- Weare residents turn out to express police department concerns - 2
- Tamworth man struck, killed by UPS truck - 0
- Two boys rescued from Hood Pond - 1
- Woman killed in Nashua crash - 0
- Wednesday night Derry blaze under investigation - 0
- Gunfire from police range disturbs Plaistow neighbors - 1
- Cause of Ashland fire investigated - 0
Epsom trucker, 65, killed in I-93 crash in SalemREADER COMMENTS: 0
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A kinder, gentler House Speaker?
College Football: Wildcats are CAA champs
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May 28, 2014 - Industry News
The Department of Defense needs to do a better job handling hazardous materials, says the Government Accountability Office. Hazmat shipments have been improperly documented and packaged, leading to delays and risks to safety and national security, the watchdog agency found.
Tags: FMCSA, Department of Defense, Hazmat, Government Accountability Office, Safety, Safety & Compliance
February 4, 2014 - Industry News
The Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration's CSA safety enforcement program has been successful in some respects but needs improvements, says the Government Accountability Office. CSA has helped the agency expand its reach, among other benefits, but because of data shortcomings it is not as strong a predictor of crash risk as it could be, the watchdog agency said.
Tags: Safety, CSA, GAO, FMCSA, Regulations, Government Accountability Office
September 11, 2013 - Industry News
A new Government Accountability Office report throws cold water on Congressionally mandated plans to further regulate tanker wetlines, to the delight of the nation's tanker carriers.
Tags: Government Accountability Office, U.S. DOT, Safety & Compliance, Tankers, Fleets
We offer e-newsletters that deliver targeted news and information for the entire fleet industry.
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Video:60 Minutes Report on Crumbling Infrastructure
Detroit Assurance: Collision Mitigation, Assisted Braking, Better MPG
Unsung Documentary Series: Baker Trucking
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Kenworth Introduces World's Best Trucks 2015 Calendar
East Manufacturing Releases Scale Model Tractor-Dump Trailer
Minimizer Offers Decorated Bracket Kits
Kenworth Cabover Options Expand Applications


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From Dream to Home
188 Webster, TX Landscape Contractors
Not gifted with garden tools? Professional landscaping services are your best bet to get lush, lovely grounds year round. Hire a landscaper to create and maintain a beautiful yard that complements your home and blends into its native Webster, TX setting. From soil, grasses and plants to decks, walkways and patios, landscape contractors are well-versed in the components that make up a functional and visually pleasing outdoor living space. Learn more about how a landscape gardener or contractor can help you with your yard below. More
Nature's Realm (832) 647-2250
Residential / Commercial Design and Construction Read More
Ravenscourt Landscaping and Design LLC (832) 298-5680
Concept to completion...we are a small boutique landscaping, garden design and installation firm. We also install irrigation systems. If you would like a hands on team to do... Read More
Memorial Landscaping and Irrigation (281) 802-7657
We can take care of your Outdoor Beautification Projects! As a full-service landscaping company, we provide a one-stop shop... Read More
B R Pollock & Associates (832) 573-7492
We are a turnkey design/build contractor. We handle interior and exterior projects from start to finish. Check us out and give us a call. Read More
Moss Landscaping Inc (713) 861-5511
Moss Landscaping is a full-service landscaping company, specializing in landscape design, masonry, concrete work, outdoor structures, drainage, hydro jetting, irrigation, plant... Read More
Grass Hopper Inc (281) 326-5296
Grass Hopper, Inc. has been serving the Houston Clear Lake Galveston area since 1986. Now we also service the north side of Houston up to Humble/Kingwood area. We are pioneers in... Read More
Houston Outdoor Kitchen and BBQ (713) 922-0003
We provide a service of creating an "Outdoor Room" with custom outdoor BBQ kitchens. We serve the Houston and other Texas areas. We have one of the top Landscape Architect's to... Read More
GreenGate Turf Management (281) 831-5028
Hi!! The team at GreenGate Turf says thanks for checking us out! We specialize in residential and commercial lawn maintenance. We mow lawns in Spring, Tomball and The Woodlands... Read More
Theme Designs (713) 278-9344
Invest wisely in your Outdoor Living space with Theme Designs Studios. Feel confident that your design will be implemented just as you wish and your budget will be maximized with... Read More
Glorious Gardens Inc (281) 924-8397
Glorious Gardens designs, installs, and maintains high-end residential gardens in Houston, TX. Our gardens are known for stopping traffic and starting conversations. Read More
Yardmaster Lawn & Landscape (281) 799-0633
Yardmaster Lawn & Landscape has been in business since 1992, operating in the Pearland, Houston and Friendswood area. We are your lawn and garden experts close to home who will... Read More
Strickly Green Grass (832) 494-8333
We are the only authorized SYNLawn supplier in the Houston area, and offer over 25 types of grass synthetic and artificial turf. If you are looking for quality artificial... Read More
J.R.'s Lawn Service & Landscaping (281) 352-9565
We started our business part time in 1999 and became a full time business in 2005. We are a professional, insured lawn and landscaping management company that offers many... Read More
Machava Landscape Inc (832) 549-4717
We offer the full spectrum of landscape services and installations. We also offer hardscape services. Read More
Crenshaw Landscapes (281) 903-7719
Design/Build Landscape Contractor Read More
List your business here for free - Learn More


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Bradenton Villa Rental Photos and Description
4 Bedrooms, 3 bathrooms, sleeps 8
Our villa is a beautiful, fully equipped 4-bedroom & 3 en-suite bathroom home in a lakeside setting, landscaped with palms & shrubs. It has a 28' x 14' caged luxury pool and extended deck equipped with sun loungers and comfort pads. The villa has a lanai, with table & chairs for alfresco dining and also has a ceiling fan. There is a dining area next to the kitchen, with table and chairs, and also a formal dining area. The family room, with a sofa and loveseat, has 46inch flat screen cable HDTV with DVD. A separate lounge area, at the front of the house, has a sofa & loveseat.
The master bedroom has a king size bed, flat-screen TV and a large ensuite bathroom, 2 basins, tub & separate shower. The second bedroom has a queen size bed and bathroom. Both bedrooms overlook the pool / lake. The third and fourth bedrooms, both with twin beds, have access to the third bathroom. All bedrooms have dressers or chests of drawers and generous closets, the one in the master bedroom being walk-in.
Extra photographs and a virtual tour: Please use the virtual tour below for further photographs . You may need java to view this. A free download is available from the java.com website. Please note that since this virtual tour was photographed the TV in the front lounge has been removed. There is now a flat screen TV in the master bedroom and a 46inch flat screen TV with PVR in the family room.
- Suitability:
- Long-term Renters Welcome
- children welcome
- non smoking only
- pets not allowed
- suitable for elderly or infirm
- wheelchair accessible
About John & Freda
Our property is owned by two retired couples who have lived in North Norfolk for 35 years but who love to spend time in our Florida home during the winter months.
John & Freda purchased this villa in 2005
Why John & Freda chose Bradenton
We are proud of our luxury villa set in beautiful surroundings overlooking a lake within a small gated community. As we spend many months here each year ourselves we are able to keep it in tip-top condition. A typical guest comment is that this villa is 'by far the best they have stayed in' and that ours is 'top of the list'.
We chose to buy here because of its proximity to Sarasota and all that this city has to offer. It has wonderful beaches, shopping malls, including the new University Town Centre, a multitude of restaurants as well as easy access to many cultural facilities such as cinemas, theatres, the opera house, and concert halls. It is a golfers paradise with courses to suit all abilities nearby. Other sporting facilities include boating/sailing or kayaking on the bay, rowing at the new International Rowing Centre or even watching polo at Lakewood Ranch.
What makes this villa unique
We fell in love with this villa when we opened the front door and saw uninterrupted views to the pool area and the sparkling lake and wildlife beyond. There is a feeling of spaciousness and light throughout the villa that makes for a relaxing stay.
Guestbook comments from the owner
Hi John & Freda
Just thought I would drop you a line to let you know that we had a wonderful time staying in Mandalay last week. You villa certainly lived up to all expectations and more. The homely feel you spoke about was certainly evident, particularly when compared to the more sterile villa we stayed in the week before in Orlando.
The location was lovely and the amount of pool and beach furniture you had was perfect for all of us, we even managed to leave you with a couple of fishing rods.
We made sure we left everything as we found it and were certainly respectful of the residential location.
Once again many thanks.


text:
Votes:0 Views:515 Comments:0
Release Year: 2014
Genres: Big breasts, Oral sex, Blowjob, Sex Toys, Сreampie, Anal sex.
Video language: English
Red-haired girl has awesome sex with her new neighbor, a lot of passion and orgasm, many different erotic poses!
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File size: 412.1 MB


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What shall I make for my PFB?! knit, crochet, sew...(21 Posts)
moggle Thu 26-Jun-14 16:35:59
StainlessSteelCat Thu 26-Jun-14 19:39:45
minipie Thu 26-Jun-14 19:56:18
yellowsnownoteatwillyou Thu 26-Jun-14 19:56:20
MinesAPintOfTea Thu 26-Jun-14 20:00:48
moggle Fri 27-Jun-14 07:50:23
NorksEnormous Fri 27-Jun-14 07:56:33
Onelittlepiglet Fri 27-Jun-14 08:00:27
Onelittlepiglet Fri 27-Jun-14 08:01:07
moggle Fri 27-Jun-14 10:00:13
MiaowTheCat Fri 27-Jun-14 13:34:19
moggle Fri 27-Jun-14 16:08:57
Gettingmedown Fri 27-Jun-14 16:17:25
Tidypidy Fri 27-Jun-14 16:26:05
Onelittlepiglet Fri 27-Jun-14 19:09:06
BigBirthdayGloom Fri 27-Jun-14 23:56:06
MiaowTheCat Sat 28-Jun-14 08:16:09
MiaowTheCat Sat 28-Jun-14 08:18:26
Happydutchmummy Sat 28-Jun-14 08:26:30
MiaowTheCat Mon 30-Jun-14 19:53:43
moggle Tue 01-Jul-14 12:36:40
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Peppers with Two Cheeses and Vegetable Confetti
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Apple and Maple Pork Chops
Shaved Fall Vegetable Salad with Cider Vinaigrette
Green Apple Martini - Appletini
Acorn Squash and Apple Soup
Pork Burgers with Apple Tarragon Slaw
Double Apple Noodle Kugel
Gorgonzola and Dried Cherry Salad
General Tso's Chicken
Farewell to Summer Salad
Grilled Chicken and Pecan Salad
Fresh Peach Yogurt Soup w/ Pistachios & Candied Mint L...
Cranberry-Apple-Pecan Salad
Apple Spice Liqueur
Roasted Cider-Brined Pork Loin with Green Tomato Chutn...
Picnic Chicken Salad
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Blue Cheese Focaccia "Pizza" with Apples
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November 28, 2014
Fueled by competition and buyer incentive packages, big trucks blew past passenger cars in sales last month. Ford, Chevy and Toyota all reported increases in sales of their full-size trucks and that's only the beginning of the good news.
Trucks are typically among the most profitable models to come out of Detroit so an uptick in sales is a boost to the big three's overall profit margin.
Ford reported a 30 percent increase in sales of their F-series trucks. General Motor's two full sized models, the Chevy Silverado and GMC Sierra also posted gains. Toyota says sales of its Tundra were up by 90 percent thanks to buyer incentive programs that come in the wake of their recall.
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Viewers with disabilities can get assistance accessing this station's FCC Public Inspection File by contacting the station with the information listed below. Questions or concerns relating to the accessibility of the FCC's online public file system should be directed to the FCC at 888-225-5322, 888-835-5322 (TTY), or email@example.com.


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/cast [mod: shift] Heal; [mod: ctrl] Greater Heal; Flash Heal;
You need to unbind shift+1 and ctrl+1 to make the macro work the way you want to =)
Type: Posts; User: Casz; Keyword(s):
/cast [mod: shift] Heal; [mod: ctrl] Greater Heal; Flash Heal;
You need to unbind shift+1 and ctrl+1 to make the macro work the way you want to =)
Late in wotlk it was made impossible to use cast sequence to play the game for you so your out of luck =)
/cast [mod:ctrl] prowl; [mod:alt] claw; [mod:shift] rake; mangle;
Krenian you must be mind reading, I came to the same conclusion after thinking about it =)
Well if the socket bonus is 10 str that would give me total of 30 str and 20 hit instead of 40 str which I consider better?
What about gems, I for one can figure out what to put in a blue slot any suggestion?
Does exactly what your looking for and it's working.
Yeah you are, the game is not suppose to be playing for you but you playing it.
That is how it is and how it should be.
/cast [mod:alt] Heroic Strike; Cleave;
Should work but why alt? I would never use alt unless it was an ability I rarely used which Heroic Strike isn't.
Mapster is the map itself
GatherMate2 for gathering
TomTom for waypoints
Cromulent for info about the Zone
HandyNotes for notes
HandyNotes modules for points of interest
Hope you can use some...
I dont know about a addon.
But I believe /dbm version and /omen version should work, checking the whole groups version of dbm and omen even.
Have you tried looking into editing your tolerance latency, can't remember where you edit it exactly think its under interface > combat ;)
To look up your ping is holding over the little computer...
Great idea I would love to use this for tanking in dungeons and pugs for raids =)
The nameplates is called caelNameplates
Could you be more specific want you want to know about the "suck in the middle of his screen" cause I have no clue what your refering to...
It could be...
Love Cataclyst in the mist
Thus smash the mighty lord Deathwing
May Deathwing terrible before me
Next time use the edit button :)
Really great vid, I hope you will do more in future, well explained.
Start using it you will love it.
As for me here is a short version of how i have setup mine
I used bartender to make me two bars on top of each other and than used from G1-G7 on the top bar and...
Gratz, I better start donating again. :O
But this is awesome :D
Less clutter? :D
Read this post > http://www.tankspot.com/showthread.php?54747-What-to-aim-for-when-customizing-your-UI it might help you
Recount/Omen is the exact same thing as Skada with threat module+damage done+healing done. It's a nice replacement for more space :D
Your minimap is never that important during a fight... replace...
Ask him if he could upload his UI?
Unit frames: Pitbull v4
Raid frames: Grid
Buff frames: Satrina Buff Frames
Boss mod: Deus Vox Encounters
DPS meter: recount or skada
Bars: Dominos or...
Thanks Manami worked for me :D
Squats, you are looking at this the wrong way.
I created this addon to avoid me having tunnel vision on my actions bar which still happens but not as offen, it also allow me to look the other way...
Well you can use pitbull to filter MTs targets and Main Assist targets might be as useful as focus? :P
Yes they are in your WTF folder...


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I just got a 6 month old maltipoo. the pervious owner never tryed to train him to use a puppy pad. Is he to old? does any one have a suggestion?Answer Question
Asked by robinalbright at 3:04 PM on Aug. 27, 2008 in PetsLevel 2 (13 Credits)
Answer by MomOnCoffee247 at 3:11 PM on Aug. 27, 2008
Answer by robinalbright at 3:13 PM on Aug. 27, 2008
Answer by doglovergranny at 4:40 PM on Aug. 28, 2008
Answer by Fistandantalus at 4:43 PM on Aug. 28, 2008
Answer by HayleyGM at 4:20 PM on Sep. 2, 2008
Answer by neonangel2188 at 4:08 AM on Sep. 4, 2008
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Ice Skate on Main Street
Columbia's famously hot skating rink opens Thanksgiving Day! Additional information and discounts can be found here.
Surreal Innovation Salon Now Open
Columbia's newest total care spa is now taking appointments and offering $10 off services $25 or more for first time clients. Location, hours, and more info here.
Going someplace cool this weekend?
Let The Backpacker help you go lightweight, comfortable and in style! Patagonia, Prana, Merrell, The North Face and more! Click for location, hours and more info.
We Practice After Hours Too!
Midlands Orthopedics clinics are open when young athletes need us most. Locations and hours can be found here.
A Re-Imagined Christmas Carol at Trustus
Watch as five actors perform all the characters of Charles Dickens' classic story and create a live musical score in a production that had audiences and critics raving last year. Get your tickets here!
Make Your Own Beer and Wine!
Come get started on your "liquid hobby" and help us celebrate our 46th year in the Columbia area. Bet Mar Liquid Hobby Shop: 736 St. Andrews Road.
SC State Credit Union
Bombshell Beauty Studio
Garner's Natural Life
Sid and Nancy
Roof Jewelers
White Rose Crossing
U.S. Security Associates
Now hiring immediately for armed and unarmed security officers. WE TRAIN YOU! Columbia & surrounding areas. ussecurityassociates.com
COOL CARE HEATING & AIR Fall Into Savings With Cool Care By Your Side! coolcarehvac.com
EXECUTIVE CONSTRUCTION HOMES Building Distinction & Value Since 1989. TheVillasAtWoodcreekFarms.com
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UNION FIRST MARKET BANK Need construction Money? Contact UNION! bankatunion.com/home/mortgages
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Mungo Homes. Celebrating 60 years of our family building for your family. mungo.com
Affordable Garage Door Repair Company Check us out on Angies List. 803-622-DOOR. Click here for more info