text:
A protective garment of layered material in which an inner layer is spun bonded olefin and an outer layer is of a bondable film. Seams are constructed by overlapping regions of material with an outside and inside surface adjacent, and by bonding via the continuous application of ultrasonic heating and spaced application of pressure.
1. A protective garment comprising:
a material formed of bonded layers including as a first and inner layer a spun bonded olefin and as a second and outer layer a bondable film from the group of films wherein one film includes polyethylene and the other film includes polyvinylidine chloride;
an inner surface, surface A, of said material being a surface of said spun bonded olefin and the outer surface, surface B, of said material being a surface of said bondable film;
first and second tubular sleeves, each formed of an elongated portion of said material and wherein each sleeve is configured by overlapping side edge regions of said elongated portion, a surface A of one side edge region forming a first thickness of material, lying flat against a surface B of the other side edge region forming a second thickness of material; and
a bonded, sealed, joint between said overlapped side edge regions of said material, bonding being effected continuously by applying ultrasonic energy through said overlapping side edge regions of said first and second thicknesses of material and simultaneously applying pressure to said overlapped side edge region, said pressure being applied at predetermined spaced intervals on serially spaced areas along the said side edge region of said material wherein the combination of adjacent conditions of applied heat and pressure, and heat only, is effected in said side regions and a continuous seal is effected.
2. A protective garment as set forth in claim 1 wherein a third thickness of said elongated portion of said material is folded to effect in place three thicknesses of said material before bonding and wherein surface A of the third thickness faces a surface A of said other side edge region, then said heat and pressure are applied through the three thicknesses, permanent bonding being effected between said surface A of one side region of said elongated portion and said surface B of said other side region of said elongated portion, and ineffectual, disconnectible, bonding occurs between surface A of said third thickness of material and surface A of said other side edge region of a said second thickness of material.
3. A protective garment as set forth in claim 1 further comprising a strip of material including a bondable film, and said strip being positioned as an added thickness over and overlapping the intersection of said first and second thicknesses of material.
4. A protective garment as set forth in claim 1 wherein said film comprises an inner layer of polyvinylidine chloride.
5. A protective garment as set forth in claim 2 wherein said film comprises an inner layer of polyvinylidine chloride.
6. A protective garment as set forth in claim 1 wherein said pressure is applied at said predetermined intervals by a wheel having a plurality of spaced lands for serially engaging said overlapped side regions on said areas at said intervals.
7. A protective garment as set forth in claim 6 wherein said pressure is in the range of 500 to 1,000 PSI.
8. A protective garment as set forth in claim 7 wherein said wheel is approximately two inches in diameter, and the area dimensions of a said land are approximately 0.12 inch by 0.04 inch.
9. A protective garment as set forth in claim 6 wherein said wheel is approximately two inches in diameter, and the area dimensions of a said land are approximately 0.12 inch by 0.04 inch.
10. A protective garment as set forth in claim 8 wherein said lands are approximately 0.02 inch in height, and the circumferential spacing of lands is approximately 0.03 inch.
11. A protective garment as set forth in claim 9 wherein said lands are approximately 0.02 inch in height, and the circumferential spacing of lands is approximately 0.03 inch.
1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates generally to hazardous environmental suits used to protect workers in contaminated areas, and particularly to a throw-away type such suit.
2. Description of Related Prior Art
Goldstein U.S. Pat. No. 4,272,851 is perhaps best illustrative of the prior art. It discloses a protective suit or garment constructed of a non-woven, spun bonded olefin manufactured under the trademark Tyvek�, a trademark of DuPont de Nemours & Company, which is coated on one side by a polyethylene film. The olefin provides tear resistance, and the film prevents chemical penetration. While the patent does not discuss the arrangement of adjacent surfaces of a seam of two pieces of the material, it is believed implicit that film side-to-film side is employed. First, examining the arrangement in FIG. 4, it is noted that each of the two thicknesses are turned 180� to form facing surfaces, thus indicating that identical surfaces are mated. Second, normally, and as illustrated by Bibby U.S. Pat. No. 4,190,010, the film, less porous, side of a protective garment (waterproof) forms the outside of such a garment and, three, Tyvek� is not directly heat bondable to another layer of Tyvek�, this being indicated by its manufacturer.
The Goldstein patent acknowledges the desirability of providing additional seam strength, accomplishing this by the addition of a binding around the external edge region of the seam and securing this region by stitching. The patent asserts that by this technique, since the needle holes are outside of the ultrasonic welded portion, the latter provides an unbroken barrier to the introduction of any contaminant, it being presumed that this means that even if a contaminant would pass through the stitching holes that it could not reach the interior because of the welded portion.
There are, however, two problems with the structure of Goldstein. First, while it is true that there is a seal between the two turned-back layers of material which is inboard of the stitching, there are two unsealed paths on the outside of these sealed layers which extend from the inside of the garment to the stitches. This, of course, can provide a leakage path. Second, even if one can effect a seal of all three surfaces of the material at a weld or welded seam, by the vary mechanical arrangement of the seam, it is particularly vulnerable to stretching forces which can and are frequently applied by natural movements of the wearer of the garment. The stresses are very concentrated, being first on the inside edge of a weld. In view of the small area to which the forces are initially directed, they can readily be hundreds of pounds per square inch just by the manipulation of one's arms, assuming a sleeve member is involved. As will be noted, initially, the sewn seam is not involved, and thus it provides no reinforcing pressure to hold the material together, with the result that with continued stretching forces, the weld is broken back to the point of sewing where sufficient resistance will probably be met to stop the tearing away process. Unfortunately, however, at this point, the seal of the weld no longer exists, and the remaining barrier, a sewn seam, is not liquid-proof.
Accordingly, it is the object of this invention to provide a significantly stronger seam and yet one which does not require sewing.
In accordance with this invention, a protective suit would be made of a fabric-film combination, an ideal fabric being Tyvek� (a material manufactured and sold under this trademark by DuPont). The seam would be made by bringing the two edges of the material together from opposite directions, and necessarily with this approach, the materials are arranged film side-to-Tyvek� side. This would not seem an extraordinary approach except for the fact that when one attempts to weld them together in an ordinary technique, such as by a continuous weld seam as employed by Goldstein (but film side-to-film side), the Tyvek� appears to effect a migration or change in composition with the result that the welding attempt fails, the material literally coming apart at the point of weld. Perhaps that is the reason that Goldstein stayed with a film-to-film weld, although not an entirely satisfactory one, as he notes. In any event, the applicant has determined that by the combination of a continuous application of ultrasonic heating and spaced application of pressure that a continuous bond is effected, it being both unnecessary and, in fact, undesirable to provide continuous pressure. It appears that the graduations in stresses that inherently occur in between applied areas of pressure create regions of enhanced bonding strength, and at the same time the bonding effected is sufficiently continuous as to prevent leakage.
FIG. 1 is an elevational view of a protective suit as contemplated by this invention.
FIG. 2 is an enlarged cross-sectional view taken along line 2--2 of FIG. 1.
FIG. 3 is an enlarged partial view of FIG. 2.
FIG. 4 is an enlarged partial view of a portion of a sleeve as illustrated in FIG. 2 but with an added fold of the material.
FIG. 5 is a generally diagrammatic illustration of an ultrasonic type welding apparatus as employed in the welding of seams positioned as shown in FIGS. 2-4.
FIG. 5a is an enlarged partial view of a portion of FIG. 5.
FIG. 6 is an enlarged partial view of the sleeve processed by the welder as shown in FIG. 5 and after a folded portion has been pulled away.
FIG. 7 is a cross-sectional view showing a modification of a structure of FIG. 3 in which a strip has been added.
FIG. 8 is a cross-sectional view showing a modification of FIG. 4 in which a strip has been added.
Referring to FIG. 1, the present invention generally contemplates the construction of a protective garment or suit 10 having a sealable, zipper-locked opening (not shown) generally covered by a protective flap 12. Suit 10 is constructed of a laminated material having as an inner layer a fabric-type material, such as Tyvek�, and as an outer layer a chemical-resistant film, such as polyethylene or Saranex�, a film manufactured and sold under this trademark by Dow Chemical Company. Significantly, in the construction of such a suit, various seams must be sewn, notably in leg units 14 and 16 and arm units 18 and 20. Obviously, a seam contemplates a break of some character in the continuity of material and where, as in the case of a protective garment, there must be no loss in the protective cover, or insignificantly so, the seam must be near perfectly made.
FIG. 2 illustrates generally the tubular construction of an arm 20 of suit 10 and particularly illustrates the creation of a seam in accordance with this invention. It contemplates an overlapping region 22 of a first region or thickness 24 of material with a second region or thickness 26 of the same material, an enlarged view of which is illustrated in FIG. 3. As stated, the material of suit 10 is formed of an inner layer of Tyvek� 28 to which there has been bonded an outer layer of film 30, this film being one which is, of course, bondable to the Tyvek� and is generally impervious to such hazardous chemicals as a suit wearer might expect to encounter. As stated above, one such film is polyethylene and another is Saranex�, a composite film including an inner layer of polyvinylidine chloride. Regardless of the bondable film employed, it will be on the outside. As is to be noted in the drawings, a Tyvek� surface A of edge region 24 is positioned over a mating surface B of film of edge region 26. There are now overlapped areas of film material to Tyvek�.
The next step in the process is to selectively apply a heat and pressure influence to the overlapped material, the former being accomplished by ultrasonic radiation. Unfortunately, if one attempts to make a seam closing of a tubular configuration as best illustrated in FIG. 2, at present there is no known ultrasonic welding machine that is configured to effect such welding. A general illustration of conventional ultrasonic welder 32 is shown in FIG. 5, and it is to be noted that its elements form a closed configuration except for a single opening 34 through which material may be fed. Thus, it is to be seen that a closed circle would not fit around elements of the welding machine and that a seam cannot be constructed which would entail doing this.
To solve the structural problem, and as a feature of this invention, the material is folded as shown in FIG. 4 to create a third thickness 33 of the material across overlapped region 22, and as folded, the material is fed through ultrasonic welder 32 as shown in FIG. 5. Ultrasonic welder 32 is conventional and employs an ultrasonic generator 36 which generates a sound vibrational signal of approximately 20 KHz at a power of approximately 350 watts which is transmitted upward by transducer 38 through rotary table 40 supported by shaft 41 and conventional bearing 42. Radiation then passes up through the material of sleeve 20 to be joined by a seam. To accomplish this, the material is moved through welder 32 coordinate with the rotation of wheel 44, driven by motor 46, typicaly fed by a feed member not shown. Pressure is applied to an upper surface C of thickness 22 by wheel 44 of welder 32, typically formed of metal, and is approximately two inches in diameter and approximately 0.6 inch wide. It has two spaced sets of four rows of serially arranged raised regions or lands 48, being approximately 0.02 inch in height, 0.12 inch long, and 0.04 inch wide. The length or circumferential spacing between these lands is approximately 0.03 inch and the lateral spacing between sets of rows being 0.04 inch and between rows of lands of a set of rows being 0.02 inch. A variable downward force in the approximate range of 20 to 35 pounds is applied by a spring, diagrammatically illustrated as spring 50, providing an effective force via the lands of 500 to 1,000 PSI as needed for the material used. Two passes of the material are typically made, creating a weld approximately 0.6 inch in width. There is also created an unwanted bond between overlapped or folded thicknesses 26 and 33 in region 22, being a Tyvek�-to-Tyvek� connection. Fortuntely, this latter joint is a weak one, and by pulling on regions of the sleeve back at, say, points X and Y, this latter joint will give way to a state where portions of sleeve 20 are separated, this being illustrated in FIG. 6 showing as region 22a the former position of a bond.
Significantly, it is to be seen that if one attempts to stretch the inside of sleeve 20 as shown in either FIGS. 2, 3, or 6 that the full welded area of the seam 52 resists this force, it extending over the overlapping welded region of approximately 0.6 inch. As a result, the mechanical strength of the seam is tremendous, and it is simply not destroyable by anticipated muscular forces exertable on the inside of the sleeve. This is in contrast to a seam of the arrangement illustrated by Goldstein, wherein, as can be seen from FIG. 4, by pulling on members 14 and 16 in opposite directions, one applies essentially all force on an extremely small area of connection, and as it gives, these small areas of stress cause the material to yield and the seam commences giving away. This can occur at levels of force to be anticipated in the ordinary usage of a garment. In any event, the focus of the forces are moved along until a seam finally breaks back to the stitched regions. When this occurs, there is the propensity for leakage through the stitches, a problem long existing where stitched seams have been attempted in protective garments and presently a very real problem where stitches are relied upon for strength of a seam.
Again referring to the construction of a seam as contemplated by this invention, while it might have been thought that to apply spaced increments of pressure as accomplished by the lands 48 of pressure wheel 44 would leave unsealed regions in between, it has been found that to the contrary, the configuration appears to effect a continuous sealing effect not achievable with a continuous pressure wheel. In fact, with a continuous application of pressure (as it appears was employed by Goldstein to a film-to-film joint) to a Tyvek�-to-film joint, a breakdown will occur in the structure of the material, this producing voids which actually break through the material. In fact, it may have been such an obstacle that lead to the film-to-film welding employed by Goldstein. Significantly, the mechanical arrangement of the Goldstein seam makes it inherently weak and creates the necessity for adding the stitching step. Clearly the seam constructed in accordance with applicant's invention will provide a more effective seal than employed by the combination of a film-to-film plus a stitching arrangement. On the other hand, where extreme fluid pressues are to be encountered and further assurances sought as to the integrity of the seam, it is possible to further reinforce one of applicant's seams. Thus, FIG. 7 illustrates the application of a strip or thickness 54 of protective material, e.g., bondable film, applied over a seam 50 between end regions or thicknesses 24 and 26, this strip typically being of a film such as Saranex�.
FIG. 8 illustrates a strip 56 positioned on the inside of a seam, and in this case, it typically would be a strip of film-coated Tyvek�. In the latter case, there would thus be three thicknesses of material.
From the foregoing, it is to be well appreciated that the applicant has provided a major step forward in the construction of safe protective garments which provide an increased margin of safety for the wearer which it is believed will play a major role in enhancing capabilities in safely working in hazardous environments as, for example, those created by toxic chemicals.
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text: Sustainable consumption in an evolutionary framework: How to foster change ? Nathalie Lazaric° and Vanessa Oltra°° ° GREDEG University of Nice Sophia Antipolis email@example.com °°GREThA University of Bordeaux firstname.lastname@example.com Proposal for the EAEPE Conference, Bordeaux 2010. Extended abstract As all economic activity aims at satisfying the needs of consumers, consumers' behaviour has an essential role to play in any transition towards a more sustainable economy. Some authors argue that to approach a sustainable state, consumers will have to reduce their level of consumption and modify the kind of goods they consume (Arrow et al., 2004; Wagner, 2006). Even if a consensus is emerging on the idea that a change in patterns of consumption is necessary, it remains unclear how this change can be induced and what are more precisely the types of changes that are needed. Evolution of tastes, preferences and consumption are ones of the most thorny matters, researchers and practionners have to solve for explaining current consumption with its future trends (Unruh 2000; Dolfsma 2002; Earl and Potts 2004). Whereas "mainstream" frameworks seem well equiped to provide "efficient" answers to these issues, evolutionary theories by providing a distinctive and non unified answer, may lack consistency and robustness regarding policy recommendations (Maréchal and Lazaric, 2010; Nelson and Consoli, 2010). But even if the demand side has been neglected by evolutionary economists, evolutionary research on bounded rationality, microeconomic behaviours, as well as the role of routines and learning mechanisms can provide a relevant framework to understand consumers' behaviours and demand dynamics (Metcalfe, 2001; Witt, 2001). The purpose of this proposal is to show that an evolutionary approach to consumption can bring new insights on the issue of sustainable consumption, and more particularly, on the factors of change and inertia in patterns of consumption. By explaining the presence of potential habits and routines in daily consumption, such an evolutionary approach can shed light on dispositions, motivations and permanent gap between intention and acts in daily consumption behaviours. Additionnaly by putting emphasis on learning and social interactions, these perspectives make clear how changes of our daily consumption via imitation and the diffusion of social norms may occur. 1. Aim of the study: Environmental preferences and consumers' choices Without entering into details in the debate on the definition of sustainable patterns of consumptions, an economic approach of sustainable consumption involves a discussion on how some environmental dimensions may be included in consumers' preferences and how they can contribute to consumers' utility or satisfaction. In this first section, we focus on environmental or ecological preferences. The point is to discuss whether agents can have environmental preferences and, if yes, how they can be defined and formed. Environmental preferences can be broadly defined as the consideration of environmental aspects (polluting emissions, CO2 emissions, ecological footprint etc.) in consumer choices. Even if we know that the formation of environmental preferences might be insufficient to entail a concrete change in behaviours, we can argue that environmental preferences can lead consumers to take into account some ecological or environmental criteria in their purchase decisions and so to modify their priorities and choices. So the question is how such environmental preferences can be formed and then revealed by consumers' choices (Oltra, 2009). Recent theorizing in evolutionary economics studies consumer behaviour as shaped by complex processes of individual and social learning (Buenstorf and Cordes, 2008). This learning theory of consumption remains within the utilitarian tradition of economics suggesting that acts of consumption are motivated by their capacity to fulfil human wants. In this perspective, consumers have to acquire explicit knowledge on the characteristics of goods, as well as on the links between goods and the satisfaction of wants. In case of sustainable consumption, the question that immediately comes out is the one of the existence of an 'ecological or green' want. According to a Mengerian vision of goods, a human need and an explicit knowledge on the causal connection between the good and the satisfaction of the need is necessary for a thing to become a consumed good (Menger, 1950). In the case of sustainable consumption, it implies that consumers must have a need or a want for 'ecological goods', information on the environmental characteristics of goods and knowledge on the link between these characteristics and the satisfaction of wants (Oltra, 2009). As a consequence, available information, as well as consumers' knowledge and perceptions, will play a key role in the formation of environmental preferences. But environmental preferences cannot be a sufficient condition for inducing changes in consumer behaviours, in particular if the new patterns of consumption involve radical changes. We should not forget that one of the main criteria of consumers' choice is the price of goods. The question of the effects of price on technology diffusion has been developed in the literature on technological competition, in particular by Christensen (1997) in his work on "technology disruption". This piece of literature can be very relevant in order to discuss the role of demand dynamics in the diffusion of green products. We propose to review the main results of the literature on demand dynamics and technology disruption to show that the adoption of new sustainable patterns of consumption also depends on the tradeoffs and synergies between the various characteristics (environmental and non-environmental) of products and on the price premium associated to eco-products. 2. An analytical framework with evolutionary insights: the role of habits and routines in daily consumption Consumption studies, in particular in psycho-sociology, emphasize the strong role of habits and routines. Most consumption decisions do not result from deliberation and decision processes, but from the replication of past decisions and habits (Aarts H. and Dijksterhuis, 2000). The literature on the role of habits shows that the more regular the consumption act, the stronger the weight of habits and routines. This is mainly what explains the tendency to inertia in consumption behaviours. To summarize, we can say that habits, routines and explicit deliberative process coexist to varying degrees as determinants of most consumption acts (Aversi et al., 1997). These dimensions should be taken into account when dealing with policy instruments seeking to influence and to modify consumers' behaviours. It mainly implies that this type of policy has to cope with many barriers and sources of inertia in the sense that habits mainly act as a source of lock-in. Cowan et al. (1997, p. 715) explain this process of unconscious consumption inertia with the importance of path dependency and suggest to the need for examining closer the consumer"s own past consumption history. They distinguish various groups which may affect the creation and formation of consumer behaviour: the peer group, the contrast group and the aspirational group (Cowan et al. p. 712). This may explain the evolution of consumption and the interdependencies between various groups of consumers which have (or not) an active role in influencing consumption. Consumption here is shaped by social interactions but also by the importance of the past (Reinstaller and Sanditov, 2005; Malerba et al., 2007). In this vein, some recent models try to depict the cultural dimension inside social learning, notably how "green" attitudes towards consumption have to be learned with diverse incentives systems (for example "eco taxes") which may play a role in promoting new kinds consumption patterns (Buensdorf and Cordes, 2008). Their model suggests going beyond the assumption of a permanent "lock in" by demonstrating the possibility of learning and change inside consumption patterns (Buensdorf and Cordes, ibid; Witt 2001). In this context, consumers" characteristics are essential (Swann 2001) for the broader diffusion of green products (Janssen and Jager 2002). So are their number and the connections among them - i.e. local and/or global externalities - for switching in favour of "green" products (Tomochi et al., 2005). 3. Expected results : Policy implications In this section, we discuss the policy implications of our approach to sustainable consumption. We argue that evolutionary theories may enlarge policy makers" frameworks about sustainable consumption. This includes sheding light on conflicting values present in daily consumer"s choices, on complexity and ambiguity in the evolution of preferences, on consumers" willingness to implement real changes (i.e beyond solely their intentions). Various consequences, such as changes in supply side, social interactions along the demand side with their various externalities, changes coming from institutions such as national innovation systems, will be depicted for going beyond a solely microeconomic vision of economic systems. In microeconomic terms, sustainable consumption involves the formation of environmental preferences which translate into more sustainable choices. In other words, there is a need for a transition from ecological values to intentions, and finally, to ecological choices and behaviours. This transition is very problematic and needs to be supported by various policy instruments. The basic idea is that sustainable consumption must not be necessarily oriented only towards ecological objectives, but also compatible with hedonic motivations and basic needs of consumers. The objective is not to oppose hedonic consumption and sustainable consumption, but to think about how consumers can find some trade-offs and synergies between them. Keywords: Sustainable consumption, preferences, environmental issues, habits, routines, motivation, choices. References Aarts H. and Dijksterhuis, [2000], Habits as knowledge structures: automaticity in goal directed behaviour, Journal of personality and social psychology, 78, pp.53-63. Aversi R., Dosi G., Fagiolo G., Meacci M. And Olivetti C., [1997], Demand dynamics with socially evolving preferences, IIASA Interim Report, IR-97-081, December 1997. Arrow K., Dasgupta P., Goulder L., Daily G., Ehrlich P., Heal G., Levin S., Maler K., Schneider S., Starrett D. And Walker B., [2004], Are we consuming too much?, The Journal of Economic Perspectives, (18), n°3, pp.147-172. Buensdorf, G., Cordes C., [2008], Can sustainable consumption be learned? A model of cultural evolution, Ecological Economics 67/4, pp. 646-657. Christensen, C.M., [1997], The innovator's dilemma: when new technologies cause great firms to fail, Harvard Business School Press, Boston, MA. Dolfsma, W., [2002], Mediated Preferences - How institutions affect consumption, Journal of Economic Issues, no. 36(2), pp. 449-457. Cowan R., Cowan W. and Swann P. [1997], A Model of Demand with Interactions between Consumers , International Journal of Industrial Organization, 15 (6), pp.711-732. Earl P. E. and Potts J. [2004], The market for preferences, Cambridge Journal of Economics, vol. 28(4), pp. 619-633. Janssen, M.A., Jager, W., [2002], Stimulating diffusion of green products, co-evolution between firms and consumers", Journal of Evolutionary Economics , 18,pp. 1-28 Malerba F., Nelson R., Orsenigo L. et Winter S., [2007], Demand, innovation, and the dynamics of market structure: The role of experimental users and diverse preferences, Journal of Evolutionary Economics, vol.17, 4, pp. 371-399. Maréchal K. and Lazaric N. [2010], Overcoming inertia: insights from evolutionary economics into improved energy and climate policies, Climate Policy, (10) pp. 103-119. Metcalfe S., [2001], Consumption preferences and the evolutionary agenda, Journal of Evolutionary Economics, Vol. 11, pp. 37-58. Nelson R; and Consoli D. [2010], An evolutionary theory of household consumption behaviour, MPRA Paper, n°20197, Janauary 2010. Oltra V. and Saint Jean M. [2008], Sectoral systems of environmental innovation: An application to the French automotive industry, Technological. Forecasting and Social Change, 76(4), pp.567-583. Oltra V., [2009], Sustainable consumption: how can we boost demand pull effects?, in Innovative economic policies for climate change mitigation, Economic Web Institute, Lulu.com ed. Reinstaller A. and Sanditov B. [2005], Social structure and consumption : on the diffusion of consumer good innovation, Journal of Evolutionary Economics, (15) pp.505-531 Swann GM P, [2001], The demand for distinction and the evolution of the prestige car, Journal of Evolutionary Economics, 11(1), pp.59-75 Tomochi, M., Murata, H., Kono, M., [2005], A consumer-based model of competitive diffusion: the multiplicative effects of global and local network externalities", Journal of Evolutionary Economics 15 (3), pp. 273-295. Unruh G. [2000], Understanding carbon lock-in, Energy Policy, vol. 28, pp. 817-830. Wagner J. [2006], On the economics of sustainability, Ecological Economics 57, Issue 4, 1 , pp. 659- 664 Witt U. [2001], Can Sustainable Consumption Be Learned, Journal of Evolutionary Economics, (11), pp. 23-36.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
The Wellington Council does not expect to see the Bodangora Wind Farm built any time soon, despite the project getting final approval.
Topics: wind-energy, regional, local-government, bodangora-2820, wellington-2820, orange-2800, dubbo-2830
The Department of Planning has given conditional approval to a windfarm near Wellington.
Topics: wind-energy, public-sector, regional, bodangora-2820, wellington-2820, carcoar-2791, orange-2800, dubbo-2830


text:
Help and get help
How to be a happy LMR-member:
- Do not post as a robot if you have not built anything. An idea alone is not enough to start a project page. Make sure you have at least a picture of your work in progress. If you do not have anything but an idea, please post a blog entry about it for a start.
- Do not ask for help in the shoutbox. The box is just for fun. And if you do ask for help in the shoutbox, it will not be indexed for others to find, so don't. Do ask in the forum instead, or anywhere relevant.
- Write the best English you can. Avoid "txt spk" or "1ee7 5p3ak". This site is a knowledge-base for everyone. Stuff written in h4ck3r will not be found by others, so it is just waste of space.
- Take good pictures. Make sure there is plenty of light (sunlight is best) on your robot when taking photos or video. And try to take pictures from a frog's perspective when possible. If your robot is the size of a frog. in other wordfs: Not top down and poorly lit.
- Put the logobot in all your videos. Or just a title that reads "letsmakerobots.com". Or put the url to your profile in an annotation.
Stuff posted on LMR is distributed all over the net, in all sorts of languages. Make sure people know where it came from, so they can comment and we all can learn.
- Do not SHOUT IN YOUR POSTS, please write in normal capitalization.
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You are a very talented person!
By Preston0079 @ Sun, 2010-11-07 00:35
Picaxe software problems
I built the "start here" robot and installed the software and driver. I can't seem to get the robot to communicate with the software and I have no idea why. I'm a novice and have no clue as to why it's not working. When I click the "check firmware version" button on the options tab I get "serial port error- port not present or already in use." I have a windows os, I don't know if that helps.
By eagle030388 @ Wed, 2010-09-22 23:26
sorry for breaking the rules
sorry for breaking the rules i have to admit i didn't fully read them before posting : x
By amando96 @ Thu, 2010-04-15 00:36
the second rule
Should be added on top of the shoutbox, lol
By Unrealbot @ Tue, 2010-02-16 01:06
Also can you make your own
Also can you make your own logo thing with like gimp or photoshop
By 1220 @ Fri, 2009-11-06 03:03
i broke the rule so bad he
i broke the rule so bad he commented on mine to tell me to change :) dont worry Frits! I followed your instruction
By echorobotics @ Fri, 2009-10-30 06:13
i think i broke too many
i think i broke too many rules D: haha i should be a better LMR'er, especially the with the logobot.


text:
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Home > Communications::E-Mail List Management > Email Extractor Plus 5.0
Email Extractor Plus 5.0
Extract emails from any website, document, folder, outlook express, googleCompany: Email Extractor Inc
Platform: WinXP,WinVista,WinVista x64,Win7 x32,Win7 x64,Win2000,WinOther,Windows2000,Windo
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Release Date: 2012-03-07
Screenshot URL: http://www.emailextractorplus.com/email-extractor.jpg
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Email Extractor Plus is a multifunctional program, designed for extracting email addresses from web pages, text, or HTML files, and also from local directories, disks, Outlook Express, The Bat, browser cache, search engines. . Bulk Email Extractor has various scanning range limitators, which help you extract only those addresses you need, and not every one of them.
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Influence of age on the cardiovascular response during graded haemorrhage in anaesthetized rats
- Andrej Banic,
- Gisli H. Sigurdsson,
- Anthony M. Wheatley
- … show all 3 hide
Rent the article at a discountRent now
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The present study was designed to follow the cardiovascular response to graded haemorrhage in two groups of adult rats of different ages. Group A (n=10) had a mean body weight (bwt) of 655 g (50 weeks old) and group B (n=10) had a mean bwt of 250 g (12 weeks old). After induction of anaesthesia, the carotid artery was cannulated for continuous intra-arterial blood pressure monitoring and for controlled haemorrhage. Five per cent of the total blood volume (TBV) was removed every 15 min until a maximum of 50% was reached. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) fell by 4–9 mm Hg each time 5% TBV was removed in both groups, and at the end of the study the MAP was comparable in the two groups (34±10 mm Hg in group A and 28±8 mm Hg in group B). There were no significant changes in heart rate (HR) in the young animals during haemorrhage, while there was a significant drop in heart rate in the older animals when blood loss exceeded 15% of TBV (P<0.05). A significant difference was also observed in HR between the two groups of animals with blood loss in excess of 20% TBV (P<0.05). It was concluded that although the hypotension induced by graded haemorrhage was similar in young and old rats, the older animals were less able to maintain their HR, probably as a consequence of age- and anaesthetic-related changes in sympathetic activity.
- Abboud FM (1979) Integration of reflex responses in the control of blood pressure and vascular resistance. Am J Cardiol 44:903–911 CrossRef
- Bayshtok V, Hanf C (1988) Hemorrhagic shock. Anesthesiol Clin North Am 6:119–134
- Crippen D, Safar P, Snyder C, Porter L (1991) Dying pattern in volume-controlled hemorrhagic shock in awake rats. Resuscitation 21:259–270 CrossRef
- Ganong WF (1983) Circulation. In: Ganong WF (ed) Review of medical physiology, 11th edn. Launge, Los Altos, Calif, pp 510–515
- Gerstenblith G, Lakatta EG, Weisfeld ML (1976) Age changes in myocardial function and exercise response. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 19:1–21 CrossRef
- Gey KF, Burkhard WP, Pletscher A (1965) Variation of the norepinephrine metabolism of the rat heart with age. Gerontologia 11:1–11
- Goldberg PA, Kreider MS, McLean MR, Roberts J (1986) Effects of aging at the adrenergic cardiac neuroeffector junction. Fed Proc 45:45–47
- Guyton AC (1977) An overall analysis of cardiovascular regulation. Anesth Analg 56:761–768 CrossRef
- Jönson C, Holm L, Jansson T, Fändriks L (1990) Effects of hypovolemia on blood flow, arterial [HCO 3 − ], and HCO 3 − output in the rat duodenum. Am J Physiol 259:G179-G183
- Kirkman E, Little R (1988) The pathophysiology of trauma and shock. Baillières Clin Anaesthesiol 2:467–481 CrossRef
- Lakatta EG, Gerstenblith GS, Angell CS, Shock NW, Weisfeld ML (1975) Diminished inotropic response of aged myocardium to cathecholamines. Circ Res 36:262–269
- Lewis T (1932) Vasovagal syncope and the carotid sinus mechanism. BMJ 1:873–876 CrossRef
- Little RA, Marshall HW, Kirkman E (1989) Attenuation of the acute cardiovascular responses to haemorrhage by tissue injury in the conscious rat. Q J Exp Physiol 74:825–833
- Mazzeo RS, Grantham PA (1989) Sympathetic response to exercise in various tissues with advancing age. J Appl Physiol 66:1506–1508
- Mazzeo RS, Horvath SM (1981) A decline in myocardial and hepatic norepinephrine turnover with age in Fischer 344 rats. J Physiol (Lond) 252:E762-E764
- Mazzeo RS, Colburn RW, Horvath SM (1986) Effect of aging and endurance training on tissue catecholamine responses to strenuous exercise in Fischer 344 rats. Metabolism 35: 602–607 CrossRef
- McGlew MJ, Safar P, Stremple P (1991) A simple survival model of volume-controlled hemorrhagic shock in awake rats. Resuscitation 21:247–257 CrossRef
- Redfern WS, Little RA, Stoner HB, Marshall HW (1984) Effect of limb ischaemia on blood pressure and the blood pressure-heart rate reflex in the rat. Q J Exp Physiol 60:763–779
- Roberts J, Goldberg PB (1976) Changes in basic cardiovascular activities during the lifetime of the rat. Exp Aging Res 2:487–517
- Rocha E, Silva MR, Velasco IT (1992) Hemorrhagic shock: new experimental models and prehospital care. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol 5:258–262 CrossRef
- Schadt JC, Ludbrook J (1991) Hemodynamic and neurohumoral responses to acute hypovolemia in conscious mammals. Am J Physiol 260:373–381
- Secher NH, Bie P (1985) Bradycardia during reversible haemorrhagic shock—a forgotten observation? Clin Physiol 5:315–323
- Secher NH, Sander-Jensen K, Werner C, Warberg J, Bie P (1984) Bradycardia during severe but reversible hypovolemic shock in man. Circ Shock 14:267–274
- Seyde WC, Longnecker DE (1984) Anesthetic influences on regional hemodynamics in normal and hemorrhaged rats. Anesthesiology 61:686–698 CrossRef
- Steinam RM, Denstedt OF (1969) Experimental production of hemorrhagic shock in the rat. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 47:305–310
- Sykes MK, Adams AP, Finlay WEI, Wightman AE, Munroe JP (1970) The cardiorespiratory effects of haemorrhage and overtransfusion in dogs. Br J Anaesth 42:573–583 CrossRef
- Wallenstein S, Zuckner CL, Fleiss JL (1980) Some statistical methods useful in circulation research. Circ Res 47:1–9
- Wayonforth HB (1980) Experimental and surgical technique in the rat. Academic Press, London
- Weil MH, Whigham H (1965) Corticosteroids for reversal of hemorrhagic shock in rats. Am J Physiol 209:815–818
- Weiskopf RB, Townsley MI, Riordan KK, Chadwick K, Baysinger M, Mahoney E (1981) Comparison of cardiopulmonary responses to graded hemorrhage during enflurane, halothane, isoflurane and ketamine anesthesia. Anesth Analg 60:481–491 CrossRef
- Weiss HR, Levy PJ, Kleinert HD, Murthy VS (1978) Alterations in brain and muscle oxygenation during hypovolemia and replacement with plasma substitutes in rats. Circ Shock 5:115–124
- Wiggers HC, Inhraham RC, Dille J (1945) Hemorrhagic-hypotension shock in locally anesthetized dogs. Am J Physiol 143:126–133
- Title
- Influence of age on the cardiovascular response during graded haemorrhage in anaesthetized rats
- Journal
Research in Experimental Medicine
Volume 193, Issue 1 , pp 315-321
- Cover Date
- 1993-12-01
- Print ISSN
- 0300-9130
- Online ISSN
- 1433-8580
- Publisher
- Springer-Verlag
- Additional Links
- Topics
- Keywords
- Haemorrhage
- Heart rate
- Blood pressure
- Rat
- Age
- Anaesthesia
- Authors
- Andrej Banic (1)
- Gisli H. Sigurdsson (2)
- Anthony M. Wheatley (3)
- Author Affiliations
- 1. Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Berne, Inselspital, CH-3010, Bern, Switzerland
- 2. Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, University of Berne, Inselspital, CH-3010, Bern, Switzerland
- 3. Department of Visceral Surgery, University of Berne, Inselspital, CH-3010, Berne, Switzerland


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User Ratings
Featured Reviews
User Reviews
In my view the best free genealogy program. Fast, powerful, intuitive and easy to use, Lots of features. It continues to be actively developed and the authors are very responsive to suggestions.
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Sourceforge changed the review system... They removed all reviews without text. HuMo-gen had 5 reviews with a 5 star rating, now they are gone...


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Have We Stopped Fearing Nuclear War?
It came up the other night as dinner conversation. "Where do you think the next nuclear war will break out?" I asked. Everybody had an opinion. »
It came up the other night as dinner conversation. "Where do you think the next nuclear war will break out?" I asked. Everybody had an opinion. »
On TV and in film, we're seeing a lot of properties get developed that we never thought would have a chance. In some cases, we're seeing single properties stretched to into whole universes. Why do this when there are two worlds, by the same author, which are perfectly suited to this kind of adaptation? »
The movie industry has been going all-out, for the past decade, to overwhelm us with incredible images of superhero battles, space action, and dragons. Movie budgets skyrocket. IMAX screens pulsate. It's all kind of overwhelming. And, you know what? That's kind of excellent. »
In a bizarre application of the old "blame the victim" idea, the Guardian's James Ball has decided that ordinary people with nosy neighbor syndrome are the fundamental cause of government spying. It's a classic example of confusing the cultural problem of gossip with the political problem of surveillance. »
When Marvel announced that its next round of movies would include a Captain Marvel movie, we were thrilled. Yes, a major Marvel movie featuring a popular and wonderful female superhero. But amidst that celebration, let's not forget there are still tons of worthy female superheroes who would make excellent movie stars. »
The internet was busy this week ripping it out of the news that the Fantastic Four reboot will feature a radical reinvention of Doctor Doom. But it was Toby Kebbell's other comments that bothered me: Why is he bandying about buzzwords like 'Lo-fi' and 'Ultra-Real' like they're good things for Comic book movies? »
What makes people become murderers? If you are watching shows like Hannibal and Dexter, you'd think it had to do with their exceptionally refined moral sensibilities and sheer genius. This trope is getting tired. Have we forgotten about the horrifyingly commonplace nature of evil? »
If the pseudoscientific woo about love and time travel in Interstellar pissed you off, you aren't alone. Though Christopher Nolan's gorgeous space opera isn't the first science fiction film to descend into a morass of new age platitudes, here's why it should be the last. »
This past weekend saw Doctor Who kick off its Series Finalé with the shocking reveal of antagonist Missy's true identity - except I wasn't really left shocked by it, just kind of disappointed. Oh, Doctor, why can't you try something new? »
Everybody does it. We obsessively watch TV shows that we kind of despise, and then we mock them, and complain about them on the internet afterwards. "Hate-watching" is a thing now. What's going on — are we just masochists? Are we doing serious damage to our bodies? What's the worst thing that could happen to us? »
Robots are poised to eliminate millions of jobs over the coming decades. We have to address the coming epidemic of "technological unemployment" if we're to avoid crippling levels of poverty and societal collapse. Here's how a guaranteed basic income will help — and why it's absolutely inevitable. »
The Flash finally made it's way to the UK yesterday, and I enjoyed the pilot quite a lot - but one thing bothered me. Why is no one calling the Flash, well 'Flash'? »
Lately, every movie seems to be a sequel or reboot — but it doesn't stop there. Because the movie industry is increasingly dependent on creating franchises, we're seeing some bastardized forms, that are just designed to keep franchises alive. Here are six newfangled types of movies that we're already tired of. »
Ever since Battlestar Galactica went off the air, we've been waiting to see what series creator Ron Moore would do next. After a few false starts, he finally claimed a new series as his own: Outlander, a fantasy romance that on its surface couldn't be more unlike Battlestar. But the two shows have a lot in common. »
The matter transmitter is one of science fiction's greatest inventions. It's been in hundreds of SF stories, perhaps most famously in Star Trek as the transporter. And yet writers keep trying to turn this incredibly useful, flexible idea into nothing more than a fancy system of transit. Which is all wrong. »
For anyone who has followed the film and television business in the last few years, they know one thing is true: mega-franchises are king. Right now, every studio is looking for its own version of Marvel's universe. But Paramount has one sitting right under its nose, and it's called Star Trek. »
You just can't have a dystopian science fiction film without some evil scientists lurking behind the scenes — or even right out front. Remember the good old days when Satanists and corporate overlords were responsible for everything terrible? Why are scientists turning into bad guy clichés? »
Another week, another DC comics scandal highlighting their portrayal of Women - this time, particularly egregious T-Shirts asking women to declare themselves the future Mrs. Batman, or 'celebrate' Superman scoring with Wonder Woman. How many more times is it going to take DC screwing up to stop with this bullshit? »
Fairy tales are more popular ever, inspiring hit movies, huge TV shows, and a flood of books. But aren't fairy tales also kind of… regressive? They always feature princesses in trouble, and the dashing princess who rescue them, right? Wrong. Poison author Sarah Pinborough argues that fairy tales should be subversive. »
Whenever anybody asks about black women in comics, the immediate response is to bring up Storm. But Storm isn't the only black woman to rock superpowers and a costume. Here are 20 other black female characters in superhero comics who deserve more love and attention. »


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Category Archives: Side-By-Side
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Welcome to St Albans Cathedral
This is the oldest site of continuous Christian worship in Britain. It stands over the place where Alban, the first martyr, was buried after giving his life for his faith over 1700 years ago – more than 200 years before St Augustine arrived in Canterbury. Read more
The Very Reverend Dr Jeffrey John, Dean of St Albans
The University of Hertfordshire Award Ceremonies
From Monday 17 - Saturday 22 November 2014, graduation ceremonies will be taking place in the Cathedral. During these ceremonies the Nave is closed to visitors, but the rest of the Cathedral is open to the public and our daily services, including Choral Evensong at 5.00pm take place as normal. The Abbot's Kitchen, Cathedral Shop and the Cards for Good Causes stall also remain open to all our visitors
For all enquiries regarding the ceremonies, please contact the Exams & Awards Office at the university on 01707 281111 or visit www.herts.ac.uk/about-us/ceremonies
Please note that there is strictly no parking at the Cathedral
Music7 more
Alban, Britain's First Saint: Telling the Whole Story6 more
Special Events2 more
Christmas 20145 more
Special Services1 more
Community8 more
Services Today
Monday 24 November 2014
|Morning Prayer
|Eucharist at the Shrine of St Alban
|Evening Prayer
The cathedral is open today from
08.30 - 17.45
What's on
Thu, 27 Nov 2014
St Albans Christmas Market
Thu, 27 Nov 2014
Chorister Outreach Concert
Sat, 29 Nov 2014
IOFS Saturday Organ Concert Series 2014-15


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Rapper YG ("My Hitta") Brings My Krazy Life Tour to House of Blues
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House of Blues Houston opened in October of 2008 and is located in downtown Houston. The only House of Blues to be designed in a vertical format, this massive venue is the anchor for the Houston Pavilions outdoor shopping and entertainment complex. The Bronze Peacock Room pays tribute to Houston's first blues club where Big Momma Thornton and Lightnin' Hopkins played. The giant hand-painted mural in the restaurant portrays these legends, along with hometown heroes Albert Collins Johnny "Guitar" Watson. In keeping with tradition, the House of Blues Houston displays the "Crazy Quilt" and keeps a metal box of mud from the Delta Mississippi underneath its stage.


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One of my school headteachers found this
which seems to be a fully functional, free EYFS Profile builder a la 2Simple's 2BuildAProfile and FingerTips.
They say they intend to keep the app free for schools and get income from advertising to parents.
Anyone else using this? I demonstrated the 2simple app to our head today which went down quite well. This looks to good to be true - which always makes me nervous.
Just a simple point... Whatever you do, please make your SLT consider the Data Protection implications of the devices on which it is used. Personal devices are unencrypted and could be lost, stolen, sold... all with personal data of the EYFS children on them. The fines are MASSIVE!
In my opinion, it should NEVER be used on personal devices of staff.
As it can be used to take photographs of the children, this would be contrary to our Staff AUP which expressly forbids using their personal phones and cameras for photographing children.
I'd be interested in @GrumbleDook 's opinion on this.
Last edited by elsiegee40; 28th November 2012 at 06:44 PM.
jmak (28th November 2012)
One of the reasons I asked the question is to find out if orbit have any kind of reputation. My biggest concern with both of these systems is what happens to the data off the devices - they all sync to the providers' servers. Orbit's website gives details of their registration with the ICO. I spoke to the people from 2simple and it is UK hosted and encrypted with no access for their employees.
On the up side, I think they could be transformational in terms of the ease of gathering evidence of attainment against the hundreds of criteria in the Early Years framework.
Last edited by elsiegee40; 28th November 2012 at 07:04 PM.
The fact that it is a mobile phone makes it more accessible as a target for theft or increasing the chances of loss. This has to be taken into consideration in your risk analysis on the data protection. The locking of IOS devices (complex pass phrase and not just a PIN) combined with setting the device to wipe after x attempts (10 by default but can be set lower via application of a profile via MDM) is a good move on school *and* personal devices. Explain to staff about people seeing all their text messages, accessing their personal FB account, personal emails, etc and see how quickly they lock their phones!
To be honest, they seem have done a lot of work on this and it could be a good app. Before I would use I would have to take a closer look at their entry with the ICO to see who they are sharing data with (their data protection section only talks about how they will process it, not who it might be shared with or who will process it as a result) and I *really* don't like the section about me owning the data, but they have the rights to use, repurpose, etc forever ... If I upload a photo of a child's work I do *not* want them to have eternal rights to it ... but that is a personal stance on IPR.
elsiegee40 (28th November 2012), jmak (28th November 2012), Jollity (9th December 2012)
I really like the idea of getting our EYFS dept to ditch the digital cameras and stop printing dozens of pictures in full colour for the kids folders, I'd much rather have the data on site and not be locked into Apple hardware though
The 2simple software isn't all that expensive really but again the data's kept on their servers
Shall we take a reality check
A photograph of little Tommy building a house with Lego with some text saying look how he's doing - he's now at level 1 in construction is not a danger to Tommy.
Now, if it had his home address and the nights his mother goes out to bingo and leaves him with his 12 yr old sister babysitting on her own then their might be some cause for concern.
dbrown (3rd March 2014)
We are not talking paedophiles here @SimpleSi
The issues are:
1. Data Protection
EYFS Data is incredibly detailed information about the progress of a child... or lack of it which happens to use photos as part of the evidence. If it were to get into the wrong hands, it would definitely be a DPA breach.
Security of the device is paramount.
2. Ownership of data.
Assuming the parents give permission for the school to photograph the child, have they given permission for the company storing the data to use those images? Grumbledook suggests that is what the T&Cs say could happen. As a parent I'd be furious were this to happen.
I feel that my most major concern is option 1. If not managed properly by the school, it turns an incredibly useful bit of software into a fast-track massive DPA fine.
@SimpleSi as a parent, if I found that little Eric's picture had been taken I would be fine with that and sign an agreement on it ... If the school / nursery wants to use it in their website / marketing materials or as part of a resource for staff CPD or to help other children / families in the school / nursery I could agree to it ... But to have the school host that photo with a company that has the right to reuse it for its own sales and marketing, long after little Eric has left the nursery ... Then I would take umbrage.
The fact that I might not have given the school / nursery to hand that data over to a third party to be processed (privacy notices folks!) or if I have and it is subsequently used for things I did not agree to (sales and marketing) is a breach of the DPA on the part of the school.
I am careful where I store pics of my little one and this is especially important for looked after children / children in care / vulnerable children. There seems to be no way of including them as an exception so in my initial risk analysis that would rule this system out. Perhaps with dialogue with the provider things could be sorted ... But not right now.
Last edited by GrumbleDook; 29th November 2012 at 12:05 AM.
We would like to comment on some of the queries raised in this thread:
Orbit Early Years is a web based application with a complementary iOS app, therefore does not need to be used exclusively on iOS devices. The Orbit Early Years app does allow the taking of photographs, but these (and any other information stored in Orbit) are not stored on the device when taken through the app. All information recorded through Orbit is immediately saved to our secure cloud storage, therefore if devices are lost or stolen there is no data loss and from a safeguarding perspective this mitigates the risk of information falling into the wrong hands.
We do not, and will not, ever use images stored with us for marketing or publicity purposes, and we are very clear about this on the terms on our website. We do not use data stored with us for any commercial benefit. You retain ownership of the data, however we need a licence to use the data that is input in order to provide the service to other users, such as your colleagues and the children's parents.
If anyone has any further questions about our software please contact us via our website and we will be happy to respond.
The Orbit Team.
dbrown (3rd March 2014), elsiegee40 (3rd December 2012), GrumbleDook (3rd December 2012), Jollity (9th December 2012), Netman (3rd December 2012), plexer (3rd December 2012)
Many thanks for your reply ... it covers off a lot of concerns but there are a few things that you might want to word a little better.
The above really does give you a carte blanche to do a fair few things that you have said you won't, if you look at it carefully. You don't explicitly mention that you are processing the data purely to deliver the service you are supplying to the school / EYP. A company without ethics could take the above to mean that operating simply means delivering the service, promoting means sales and marketing (remembering that I have just signed all rights over to you on this even though you have just said you won't use the data for this), improving and developing (always a good thing ... but who looks at the data to help with this? Do you have a 3rd party development team or is it purely in house?)When you upload or otherwise submit data content to Orbit Services, you give Orbit Applications Limited a worldwide license to use, host, store, reproduce, modify, communicate, publish, and distribute such content. The rights that you grant in this license are subject to the terms of our Data and Privacy Policy and are for the limited purpose of operating, promoting, improving, and developing Orbit Services. This license continues even if you stop using our services.
And then you say that you can do any or all of the above even after we have stopped using the service? Can you outline your processes for what would happen if an EYP provider says that all data has to be removed and destroyed (part of their risk analysis around data protection).
I know it might seem that I am being very negative but I am just trying to show how things can have emphasis in the hands of the wrong people ... there are some dodgy operators out there.
Jollity (9th December 2012)
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A proximity switch actuated by a press driven plunger is employed to generate a control signal at a predetermined point in the operating cycle of a high-speed stamping press when a press carried punch is at a precisely predetermined elevation above the die surface. Locating devices are provided for accurately locating the plunger at selected elevations relative to the die surface to establish an initial setting for the triggering of the proximity switch and to enable a resurfacing of the plunger concurrently with the sharpening of the die so that resetting of the proximity switch after a sharpening of the die is not required.
1. In a stamping die apparatus including a stationary base, a die having a horizontal upper surface mounted on said base for rotation about a fixed vertical axis, said die having a die opening extending downwardly from said upper surface, feed means cyclically advancing a strip of sheet metal stock of a known nominal thickness in step-by-step movement across said upper surface into overlying relationship with said opening, punch means mounted above said die means for vertical reciprocatory movement and operable during a downward stroke to punch a lamination from said strip and to insert said lamination downwardly into said opening, drive means for driving said die through a selected angle of rotation about said axis between the insertion of successive laminations into said opening by said punch means, and control means for synchronizing the operation of said feed means and said drive means with the reciprocatory movement of said punch means;
the improvement wherein said control means comprises vertically elongate plunger means having an upper and a lower end and mounted in said base for reciprocatory movement along a fixed vertical path, said plunger means being movable along said fixed path between an upper end limit wherein said upper end projects above said upper surface of said die means by a distance greater than the nominal thickness of said metal sheet stock and a lower limit wherein said upper end is spaced below said upper surface, a proximity sensor mounted in said base and having a sensing element located adjacent the path of movement of the lower end of said plunger menas, said sensor being operable when said lower end of said plunger means is within a predetermined, fixed distance from said sensing element to establish a first control condition and being operable when said lower end is at a distance from said sensing element equal to or greater than said fixed distance to establish a second control condition, means for fixedly positioning said proximity sensor in said base at a location such that when said lower end of said plunger means is at said fixed distance from said sensing element, said upper end is at a selected distance above said surface approximately equal to said nominal thickness, probe means fixedly mounted on and projecting downwardly from said punch means engageable with said upper end of said plunger means for driving said plunger means in reciproactory movement synchronized with the reciprocation of said punch means, and means in said control means for causing said drive means to initiate a selected angular increment of rotation of said stack when said proximity sensor shifts from msaid first to said second control condition.
2. The invention defined in claim 1 wherein said plunger means comprises a plunger member, spring means biasing said plunger member upwardly relative to said base, and abutment means on said base engageable with said plunger member to establish said upper end limit.
3. The invention defined in claim 1 wherein said upper end of said plunger means is a horizontal surface and said control means further comprises detachable locating means for fixedly locating said horizontal surface of said upper end of said plunger means at a predetermined position relative to said upper surface of said die means.
4. The invention defined in claim 3 wherein said locating means comprises a setup block having a flat bottom surface, means for detachably fixedly mounting said block upon said upper surface of said die with said bottom surface projecting from said upper surface into overlying relationship with the upper end of said plunger means, and means defining a recess of a predetermined depth in said bottom surface engageable by the upper end of said plunger means.
5. The invention defined in claim 3 wherein said locating means comprises a mounting block fixedly mounted on said base slidably mounting said plunger means for reciprocation along said fixed vertical path, and detachable pin means insertable into aligned horizontal bores in said mounting block and plunger means to lock said plunger means in a predetermined position on said fixed vertical path.
I. Field of the Invention
The present invention is directed to a proximity sensing arrangement employed as a control in a machine for manufacturing laminated cores for dynamo-electric machines.
II. Description of the Prior Art
Lamination stamping machines for which the proximity sensing apparatus of the present invention is designed are generally well known in the prior art. Generally speaking, such machines take the form of a progressive die through which a strip of sheet metal stock is advanced through successive die stations at which various openings, apertures and tab-like projections are formed, and then to a final station where the laminations are punched from the stock into a rotary lamination receiving die. Typical examples of such prior art apparatus are shown in U.S. Pat. Nos. to Mitsui 4,110,895; Wurth 4,578,853; and Oboshi et al. 4,597,168.
In most induction motor rotors, it is necessary that each lamination within the assembled rotor core be rotatively offset about the rotor axis from the adjacent lamination. This rotative offset produces what is referred to as a skew angle in the assembled core. The apparatus disclosed in the above-identified Mitsui U.S. Pat. No. 4,110,895, as well as other prior art machines, accomplishes the desired rotational offset between adjacent lamina by feeding the lamina as punched from the sheet metal stock into a tightfitting bore in a rotatable die. A mechanical linkage actuated by downward movement of the punch rotates the rotatable die through the desired angular increment as the punch descends.
In addition to rotating the rotatable die prior to the addition of each lamina to the stack of lamina being built up in the die to achieve the desired skew angle, rotation of the stack may also be performed to compensate for variations in thickness in the metal stock from which the laminations are formed. Such variations in thickness can occur both longitudinally and transversely of the strip of sheet metal stock. If such variations are severe, and the thicker edges of successive lamina are stacked upon each other, an unsymmetrical rotor will be produced. If, however, the stack is rotated 180� prior to the addition of each lamina to the stack, the thickness variations will be largely canceled out. This problem has been addressed by the prior art; see, for example, Bergmann U.S. Pat. No. 3,823,460 and Neuenschwander U.S. Pat. No. 4,619,028. In recent years, specialized electric drive motors capable of rapid and precise, intermittent, incremental, rotative steps have become available for accomplishing such die rotation. These motors, combined with computerized control systems show great promise and offer many advantages over mechanical arrangement, such as that of U.S. Pat. No. 4,110,895 referred to above.
However, desired rotor core production rates require high-speed operation of the stamping machine and production goals of 300 strokes per minute pose problems, particularly if, within a stroke, the die must be rotated both to set skew angle and to compensate for thickness variation. At 300 strokes per minute, a single stroke is completed every 0.2 seconds (200 milliseconds). For a certain portion of this time period, the punch will be projecting into or through the sheet metal stock and certain manipulative steps which must be performed within a stroke cycle cannot be commenced until the punch is retracted clear of the metal strip.
Presently available proximity switches or proximity sensors may be employed to accurately signal when the rapidly moving punch is at any selected position within its cycle. Such proximity sensors are well adapted to produce a control signal when the punch is at a precisely selected location in its cycle; however, the initial setup time increases with the degree of precision desired and a precise setting which will result in the triggering of the proximity switch when the punch is at a precisely selected position within a stroke cycle measured in milliseconds can require several hours. Because the die surface must be ground periodically to sharpen the die edges, usage of the die surface as a reference point for the location of the proximmity switch triggering point will ordinarily require a complete repetition of the initial setup procedure for the switch each time the die is sharpened.
The present invention is especially directed to a proximity switch arrangement which may be precisely set with reference to the die surface and does not require resetting upon sharpening of the die.
In accordance with the present invention, a plunger is mounted in the base at a location closely adjacent a side of the die for vertical reciprocatory movement along a fixed path. The plunger is spring-biased upwardly relative to the base to an upper end limit of movement established by the abutment of a flange on the plunger with a downwardly facing shoulder on the base. When at its upper end limit of movement, the upper end of the plunger projects upwardly well above the level of the horizontal upper surface of the die. The plunger is located in vertical alignment with a downwardly projecting probe or abutment on the vertically reciprocable punch carrier so that vertical reciprocation of the punch causes the probe to drive the plunger in a corresponding vertical reciprocatory movement.
A proximity sensor or switch is mounted in the die base adjacent the path of movement of the lower end of the plunger. The sensing element of the proximity switch is so located relative to the path of movement of the lower end of the plunger that when the plunger moves upwardly beyond a precisely determined point relative to the base, the proximity switch will clsoe or shift conditions to signal the control system to initiate a particular step in the operational cycle of the die. The signal generation effectively tells the control system that the punch has been withdrawn from the die to a selected clearance so that the die may be rotated without interference from the punch. The signal may also initiate other functions of the machine.
Because the punch may be reciprocated at speeds of the order of 300 or more strokes per minute, cycle time is extremely limited and the setting of the proximity switch to trigger is precisely related to the location of the punch relative to the die so that triggering can occur at the earliest possible instant that adequate clearance between punch and die surface occurs. In a typical arrangement, for stock of .025 inch nominal thickness triggering may be set to occur when the upwardly moving punch is 0.0300 inch above the die surface.
The initial setup of this sytem is performed by mounting a setup block having a flat bottom surface upon the surface of the die to project outwardly into the path of the plunger. A flat recess 0.0300 inch deep is cut into the bottom surface of the setup block and the upper end of the plunger is biased upwardly by its biasing spring into engagement with the recessed surface. The proximity switch is then adjusted until its position is established at the precise triggering point with the plunger at the position established by the setup block.
The plunger is slidably received within a mounting block which is fixedly mounted on the die base and the mounting block and plunger are formed with aligned horizontal bores into which a dowel pin may be inserted to locate the plunger at a fixed position at which its upper surface is truly flush with the upper surface of the die. When the die is sharpened by grinding its upper surface, the plunger is vertically held, by the dowel pin described above, and the upper surface of the plunger is refinished during the die grinding operation so that the same depth of metal is ground from both the die surface and the upper surface of the plunger. Because the relationship between the upper surface of the plunger and the upper surface of the die is not altered during the die sharpening operation, there is no necessity of resetting the proximity switch after the sharpening operation.
Other objects and features of the invention will become apparent by reference to the following specification and to the drawings.
FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view taken in a vertical plane showing a proximity switch control apparatus embodying the present invention together with portions of a typical lamination stamping apparatus; and
FIG. 2 is a side elevational view of the apparatus of FIG. 1, with certain parts removed or omitted.
In FIG. 1, there are shown in section portions of a typical stamping press employed to assemble laminated cores for electric motor rotors. Such machines are well known in the prior art. The press includes a stationary base or die bed 10 upon which is fixedly mounted a relatively massive die plate, a small portion of which is designated generally 12 in FIG. 1, having a flat, horizontal upper surface 14. In the particular section shown in the drawing, a rotatable die 16 is supported for rotation about a vertical axis within die plate 12 as by bearings 18, 20.
In the laminated rotor core assembly machines, the rotatable die 16 is the final station of a progressive die at which circular rotor lamina L which have had various openings, tabs, etc. formed in them at preceding die stations are punched from a strip of sheet metal stock S and forced by the punch P into a tight-fitting bore 22 in the rotatable die 16. The bore 22 receives the laminations L with a tight friction fit and the individual lamina L are stacked one upon each other as shown in FIG. 1, the stack being supports from beneath by a base plate 24 typically carried upon the piston rod 26 of an air cylinder, not shown.
Punch P is fixedly mounted in and projects downwardly from a punch carrier 28 which is mounted above the die and driven in vertical reciprocatory movement by conventional means well known in the art, and thus not illustrated. Present-day, high-speed presses are capable of driving a punch carrier carrying punches for a four-station, progressive die at speeds in the order of 300 strokes per minute or more. Typical strip stock thicknesses might be a nominal 0.025 inch. A punch stroke amplitude of about one inch is common and the punch, at the lower end limit of its stroke, typically will project about 0.02 inch below the upper surface 14 of the die.
As described in various prior art patents referred to above, in the assembly of a laminated rotor core, it is necessary to angularly offset each of the individual lamina L relative to the underlying lamina to achieve a desired skew angle in the assembled rotor. This rotative offset of one lamina with respect to the next adjacent lamina typically is of the order of 10� to 15� and is achieved by rotating the rotatable die 16 through the desired angle at a point in the punch-press cycle prior to the feeding of the next successive lamina onto the stack by the punch.
In addition to the stack rotation to establish skew angle described above, it is often desirable to rotate the stack prior to the insertion of successive lamina to compensate for thickness variations in the strip stock S from which the individual lamina L are punched. Rotating to compensate for thickness variation is discussed in some detail in Neuenschwander U.S. Pat. No. 4,619,028; see also Bergmann U.S. Pat. No. 3,823,460. Rotation of the stack through 180� prior to the insertion of each lamina will provide completely adequate compensation for stock thickness variation.
However, a press speed of 300 strokes per minute translates into a cycle time of 200 milliseconds for each reciprocatory cycle of the press, and the speed of presently available DC servo motors employed to drive the rotatable die in rotation is stretched to the limit to accomplish the desired rotation within that portion of the 200 millisecond cycle during which the punch is disengaged from the stock. Accordingly, it is essential that the necessary rotation of the rotatable die be commenced at the earliest possible instant, and the plunger proximity switch apparatus herein disclosed is especially devised for that purpose.
The plunger-proximity switch apparatus of the present invention includes a vertically elongate plunger assembly including an outer plunger sleeve member 30 and an elongate plunger rod 32 snugly received within a bore 34 in sleeve 30 and axially positioned within bore 34 as by a pin 36. Sleeve 30 is slidably received within a bore 38 in a mounting block 40 fixedly secured as by bolts, not shown, in a recess 42 in base 10. In FIG. 1, a dowel pin 44 is shown seated in aligned bores 46, 48 respectively in block 40 and sleeve 30 to vertically position sleeve 30 relative to block 40. This positioning of sleeve 30 by dowel pin 44 is employed only during a die sharpening operation, to be described below. Dowel pin 44 is withdrawn during normal operation of the apparatus so that sleeve 30 is free to move up and down in vertical reciprocation within bore 38.
A compression spring 50 is engaged between sleeve 30 and a shoulder 52 in die base 10 to resiliently bias sleeve 30 upwardly at all times. Upward movement of sleeve 30 is limited by a flange 54 formed on the sleeve which will engage the underside of block 40.
During operation of the press, sleeve 30 and its attached rod 32 are driven upwardly and downwardly in vertical reciprocation by a probe 56 fixedly mounted upon and projecting downwardly from punch carrier 28. The flat lower surface 58 of probe 56 is accurately aligned horizontally with the bottom surface 60 of punch P. Surface 58 of the probe normally bears against a flat upper surface 61 of sleeve 30.
A proximity switch 62 of a known, commercially available construction is mounted within a bore 64 in die base 10 with the sensing element 66 of switch 62 located closely adjacent the path of movement of the lower end 68 of plunger rod 32. Switch 62 is axially adjusted within bore 64 by a set screw 70 threadably received within adjustment block 72 fixedly mounted on that end of switch 62 which projects from bore 64. The right-hand end of set screw 70 bears against the face of a clamping block 74 fixedly secured to die base 10 as by bolts 76 (FIG. 2) having a bore 78 receiving switch 62. As best seen in FIG. 2, that portion of clamping block below bore 78 is split as at 80 and a clamping screw 82 may be tightened to clamp switch 62 at an axially adjusted position within bore 64.
For purposes of explanation, it may be assumed that proximity switch 62 is a normally closed switch which will shift to an open position at any time when the lower end 68 of rod 32 is within a predetermined distance from the sensing element 66 of switch 62. During operation of the press, probe 56 drives sleeve 30 and rod 32 in a vertical reciprocatory stroke so that the vertical position of the lower end of rod 32 is an accurate indicator of the position of the lower end of punch P relative to the upper surface 14 of the die. Because the metal stock S from which the individual lamina L are punched rests upon die surface 14, the vertical position of rod 32 likewise is an indicator of the location of surface 60 of the punch relative to stock S.
Because it is not desired to initiate a rotation of rotatable die 16 until the upwardly moving punch P has cleared stock S, the proximity switch 62 is set to shift when the lower surface 60 of punch P has moved upwardly to a position 0.030 inch above the upper surface 14 of the die. This setting would be employed where the strip stock S has a nominal 0.025 inch thickness, the 0.005 inch discrepancy between nominal stock thickness and the actuating point of the punch accommodating any thickness variation which may be present in stock S.
To initially set the proximity switch to trigger when punch P is at an elevation of 0.030 inch above die surface 14, a setup block 84 (FIG. 2) is fixedly mounted upon die surface 14 as by bolts 86 to project outwardly from the side of the die into overlying relationship with sleeve 30. The flat undersurface of block 84 is formed with a recess 88 of a depth equal to the desired punch clearance--0.030 inch in the present example--and the flat upper surface 61 of plunger sleeve 30 is resiliently biased upwardly against the surface of recess 88 to accurately locate the top surface 61 of the sleeve 0.030 inch above die surface 14. Proximity switch 62 is then adjusted so that is just at the threshold of triggering with sleeve 30 and rod 32 at the vertical position established by setup block 84. Accurate setting of the proximity switch requires extreme care and frequently a substantial amount of time.
The switch is connected, as schematically illustrated in FIG. 2, to a computerized controller 90 which in turn controls the drive 92 employed to rotate rotatable die 16. The computer of the controller 90 will receive appropriate inputs to establish the desired angle of rotation while proximity switch 62 transmits a signal to the computer which tells the computer when the desired rotation may be commenced. In the arrangement described above, initiation of the rotation of rotatable die 16 is delayed until the punch P has moved in an upward stroke to an elevation 0.030 inch above the surface of die 14.
After an extended period of use, it is necessary to sharpen the edges of the various die openings, and this is accomplished by grinding the entire upper surface 14 of the die plate 12 and rotatable die 16. This removal of metal from upper surface 14 of the die will alter the original proximity switch setting because the point in the press cycle at which the triggering of the proximity switch is set to occur will now find the punch at a distance above the die equal to .030 inch plus the depth of metal (typically about 0.010 inch) removed from the top of the die by the sharpening operation. To avoid the necessity of resetting the proximity switch, at the time the die surface is ground, the dowel pin 44 is inserted as shown in FIG. 1 to locate the upper surface 61 level with the as yet unground upper surface 14 of the die. During the grinding operation, the upper surface 61 of sleeve 30 is ground at the same setting of the grinder as is employed on surface 14 so that exactly the same depth of metal is ground from surface 61 as is ground from surface 14. This preserves the original relationship between the vertical position of plunger sleeve 30 and hence plunger rod 32 and surface 14 of the die so that triggering of the proximity switch will continue to occur when punch P is at the selected elevation above the ground surface 14 of the die.
While one embodiment of the invention has been described in detail, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that the disclosed embodiment may be modified. Therefore, the foregoing description is to be considered exemplary rather than limiting, and the true scope of the invention is that defined in the following claims.
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Lament of the Inner Child (Introduction)
Still, even after many years a child can still feel the fear that comes from being emotionally, mentally, and physically abused. The unceasing cry of the inner child was and is always with them, and a sense of distrust follows the child everywhere it goes.
Why, couldn't the child just have been loved and not persecuted like a common criminal? Is it because an adult feels so powerless in life, that in their rage they feel the need to punish and dominate a child?
Why, must some children be favored and loved, while others are scorned and forsaken, then left to wallow in the self-hate that comes from the destruction of their self esteem?
The unceasing cry which arises from an abused child, never goes away. It only simmers beneath an ocean of inner turmoil. Afterward, whenever hate happens to rear its ugly head, the torment and abuse become a torrent of pain which rains down in hellish vengeance upon the child's gentle spirit.
So a child's silent cry becomes a tragic lament, which is heard only within the heart and mind of the child. A lament so profound, and sad, that it slowly destroys the spirit of the child which is targeted by the hate and senselessness of the abuser!
Lament of the Inner Child (poem)
I am here in the darkness.
I cry out but you never listen.
I ask for your love,
but you never share.
My soul has become a
tapestry of pain.
My life, a testament
to your hate.
My cry is heard by angels,
whom lower their heads,
in shame.
Open the ears of your heart,
that you may hear.
For tomorrow may be,
too late.
For my lament will always,
be of pain. Until you learn,
that love, is the only way!
Frank Solis copyright 2010 all rights reserved


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Eunice Y encouraged this.
Hana K Finally done! :D
30 push ups in one set is a decent level of fitness to achieve if you are doing them all properly.
Build up to thirty by breaking your push up sets down into 3 sets of ten, with shorter and shorter breaks, followed by 2 sets of 15, before eventually going for all thirty push ups in one go.
30 push-ups in one go Challenge rules
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Training for the following exercises will be automatically logged against this Challenge:
"Was challenged by a friend to do pushups whist enjoying some time at the beach. Surprised myseld by getting 30 done without stopping. I have definitely gotten better at these. "
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Eunice Y encouraged this.
Isabelle C, Eunice Y and 1 otherIsabelle C, Eunice Y and Roomi S encouraged this.
Jon A encouraged this.
Isabelle C, Laura H and 1 otherIsabelle C, Laura H and Jon A encouraged this.
Lasha B 09.09.2014. - 03:59 - 30 Push-Ups In One Set Done. Song : The Offspring – The Kids Aren't Alright.
Squeeze out 1 more each day and you'll be amazed at the progress.
Alan A encouraged this.
Why not ask for some advice from other Challenge takers, or read some of the Challenge guides first?OK, I'll keep working at it!
Denise S logged 10 Push-Ups
Nina E logged 36 Push-Ups
Amélie M logged 10 Push-Ups
Kevin W logged 200 Push-Ups
Christian M logged 10 Push-Ups
Amélie M logged 10 Push-Ups
Kai F logged 30 Push-Ups
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Sameer Ali ♥ logged 60 Push-Ups
Sameer Ali ♥ logged 60 Push-Ups


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There is Hope
Change is difficult, especially when you are struggling with anxiety and depression, marriage problems, parenting, or addiction. Sometimes, the hardest part is taking that first step. Other times, it's a challenge just to keep hanging in there until a greater experience is achieved. No matter where you are on that path towards change, we invite you to join us, risk with us, journey with us. We believe you can overcome whatever it is that is preventing you from living a life you love. There is hope, and we can help you find it.
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Overcoming painful and difficult experiences in life is part of being human. But we sometimes need other people to help us move forward. When we go through hard times, connecting with other people can give us hope and possibilities for a different future. We're not built for, nor are we meant to live with, depression, anxiety, addiction, or distance in our marriages.
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Mommies in Recovery
11 Nov 2014
Do women face different issues in addiction, treatment, and recovery than men? Absolutely. Women begin using for different reasons, metabolize alcohol differently than men, often progress more quickly, and recover differently as well. And when these women are mothers too, a whole new set of struggles arise. Getting sober may […]


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Folly Beach Condo Rental Photos and Description
3 bed/3 bath, sleeps 6-8, pool and deep water private dock.
Fisherman's Folly has been completely renovated with all new furnishings for your pleasure. Spend your vacation in style at the beach without paying 'on the beach' pricing. Enjoy a short stroll over the Folly River bridge to amazing cuisine, quaint shops, and of course the beach.
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