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ICC and Palestine Event at George Mason
The event at George Mason University on the ICC and Palestine is today. Here, again, is the flyer:
If you cannot attend, the live-stream link is here.
The event at George Mason University on the ICC and Palestine is today. Here, again, is the flyer:
If you cannot attend, the live-stream link is here.
I will be participating next week in what should be an excellent event at George Mason University on the ICC and Palestine. The other participants are all excellent — David Luban, Meg DeGuzman, George Bisharat, and the organizer, Noura Erakat. Here is the flyer:
I hope at least some Opinio Juris readers will be able to attend and hear my dire prognostications in person. (If you do, make sure to come say hello.) The event will be live-streamed for those that do not live nearby.
A few years ago, John Brennan articulated the US position concerning self-defence against non-state actors:
Because we are engaged in an armed conflict with al-Qa'ida, the United States takes the legal position that —in accordance with international law—we have the authority to take action against al-Qa'ida and its associated forces without doing a separate self-defense analysis each time.
As the quote makes clear, the US believes that its position is consistent with international law. Yoram Dinstein takes a similar position in his seminal War, Aggression and Self-Defence, at least in the context of international armed conflict. So here are my questions:
[1] Does anyone know where the US might have defended/explained its position at more length, whether in a legal brief or elsewhere?
[2] Does anyone know of scholars other than Dinstein who take the position that once a state acts in self-defence, none of its (extraterritorial) acts in the resulting armed conflict are subject to the jus ad bellum?
Any suggestions or citations from readers would be most appreciated.
I will be back blogging regularly soon, but I want to call readers' attention to a phenomenal new article at the Intercept by Glenn Greenwald and Murtaza Hussain about how the US government has cynically manipulated public fears of terrorism in order to justify its bombing campaign in Syria. Recall that Samantha Power — the UN Ambassador formerly known as a progressive — invoked the scary spectre of the Khorasan Group in her letter to the Security Council concerning the US's supposed right to bomb terrorists in Syria in "self-defence." As it turns out, not only is there literally no evidence that the Khorasan Group intends to launch an imminent attack on US interests — unless "imminent" is defined as "sometime before the Rapture" — there is also very little evidence that the Khorasan Group actually exists in a form that could threaten the US. Here is a snippet from the article on the latter point:
Even more remarkable, it turns out the very existence of an actual "Khorasan Group" was to some degree an invention of the American government. NBC's Engel, the day after he reported on the U.S. Government's claims about the group for Nightly News, seemed to have serious second thoughts about the group's existence, tweeting "Syrian activists telling us they've never heard of Khorosan or its leader."
Indeed, a NEXIS search for the group found almost no mentions of its name prior to the September 13 AP article based on anonymous officials. There was one oblique reference to it in a July 31 CNN op-ed by Peter Bergen. The other mention was an article in the LA Times from two weeks earlier about Pakistan which mentioned the group's name as something quite different than how it's being used now: as "the intelligence wing of the powerful Pakistani Taliban faction led by Hafiz Gul Bahadur." Tim Shorrock noted that the name appears in a 2011 hacked Stratfor email published by WikiLeaks, referencing a Dawn article that depicts them as a Pakistan-based group which was fighting against and "expelled by" (not "led by") Bahadur.
There are serious questions about whether the Khorasan Group even exists in any meaningful or identifiable manner. Aki Peritz, a CIA counterterrorism official until 2009, told Time: "I'd certainly never heard of this group while working at the agency," while Obama's former U.S. ambassador to Syria Robert Ford said: "We used the term [Khorasan] inside the government, we don't know where it came from…. All I know is that they don't call themselves that."
I don't know for a fact that the Khorasan Group doesn't exist. But it is profoundly troubling that the Obama administration has provided no evidence that it does — especially given that its case for the international legality of bombing Syria is based so heavily on the supposed threat the Khorasan Group poses to the "homeland."
And let's not forget that the Obama administration is doing everything it can to denude the concept of "self-defence" of all meaning. Here is the Intercept article on the "imminent" threat posed to the US by the maybe-existing Khorasan Group:
One senior American official on Wednesday described the Khorasan plotting as "aspirational" and said that there did not yet seem to be a concrete plan in the works.
Literally within a matter of days, we went from "perhaps in its final stages of planning its attack" (CNN) to "plotting as 'aspirational'" and "there did not yet seem to be a concrete plan in the works" (NYT).
Late last week, Associated Press' Ken Dilanian – the first to unveil the new Khorasan Product in mid-September – published a new story explaining that just days after bombing "Khorasan" targets in Syria, high-ranking U.S. officials seemingly backed off all their previous claims of an "imminent" threat from the group. Headlined "U.S. Officials Offer More Nuanced Take on Khorasan Threat," it noted that "several U.S. officials told reporters this week that the group was in the final stages of planning an attack on the West, leaving the impression that such an attack was about to happen." But now:
Senior U.S. officials offered a more nuanced picture Thursday of the threat they believe is posed by an al-Qaida cell in Syria targeted in military strikes this week, even as they defended the decision to attack the militants.
James Comey, the FBI director, and Rear Adm. John Kirby, the Pentagon spokesman, each acknowledged that the U.S. did not have precise intelligence about where or when the cell, known as the Khorasan Group, would attempt to strike a Western target. . . .
Kirby, briefing reporters at the Pentagon, said, "I don't know that we can pin that down to a day or month or week or six months….We can have this debate about whether it was valid to hit them or not, or whether it was too soon or too late… We hit them. And I don't think we need to throw up a dossier here to prove that these are bad dudes."
Regarding claims that an attack was "imminent," Comey said: "I don't know exactly what that word means… 'imminent'" — a rather consequential admission given that said imminence was used as the justification for launching military action in the first place.
According to the Obama administration, in short, the US is entitled to act in self-defence against "bad dudes" no matter when — or even if — those "bad dudes" might launch an armed attack against the US. This isn't even the Bush administration's "anticipatory self-defence." This is, for lack of a better expression, "hypothetical self-defence." Apparently, the US government believes it is entitled to use force against a non-state actor anywhere in the world as long as it can imagine a future state of affairs in which that actor would attack it.
The mind — and international law — reels.
There's been much discussion in the blogosphere about the University of Illinois' decision to "un-hire" (read: fire) a Palestinian-American scholar who resigned a tenured position at Virginia Tech to join its faculty, a decision motivated by a series of anti-Zionist (but not anti-Semitic) tweets that made the University's wealthy donors uncomfortable. But the rightful revulsion at Illinois' decision (more than 5,000 academics, including me, have agreed to boycott the University until Steven Salaita's offer of a tenured position is honoured) shouldn't obscure the fact that Illinois is far from the only university that does not take academic freedom seriously.
Case in point: the University of Sydney's distressing decision — abetted by one of its faculty members — to "un-invite" Sri Lankan NGOs from an international conference on the enforcement of human rights in the Asia-Pacific because of pressure from the Sri Lankan military. Here's a snippet of the Guardian's story, which deserves to be read in full:
The University of Sydney has withdrawn invitations for two Sri Lankan human rights organisations to an international conference at the request of the Sri Lankan military, angering campaigners.
The university is due to host a two-day event in Bangkok from Monday along with the University of Colombo, which will see delegates from around the world discuss the enhancement of human rights in the Asia Pacific region.
Delegations from the Sri Lankan military and the Sri Lankan police are expected to attend the conference. Leaked correspondence, seen by Guardian Australia, shows that these delegations had originally requested that all non-government organisations (NGOs) from Sri Lanka be uninvited, and organisers subsequently rescinded two invitations.
The civil war in Sri Lanka, in which up to 100,000 people were killed, ended in 2009. The Rajapaksa regime stands accused of war crimes for its brutal suppression of civilians in the north of the country, with both sides subject to a UN human rights council inquiry into alleged war crimes.
Australia was one of 12 countries to abstain in a UN vote for the investigation.
Guardian Australia has also seen a letter discussing the reasons for rescinding the invitations to the two NGOs sent by the conference's director, University of Sydney associate professor Danielle Celermajer.
"With about 130 people from across the region confirmed from the conference, it would be a disaster for all members of the Sri Lankan forces, who have been at the heart of the project, to withdraw," it states.
As the article's reference to the UN vote indicates, Tony "Difficult Things Happen" Abbott's administration has proven to be one of the murderous Sri Lankan government's staunchest allies. But that's a right-wing government for you; no surprise there. It's absolutely appalling, though, that a major Australian university cares so little about academic freedom that it would allow the Sri Lankan military to dictate who can attend a conference it sponsors — a conference about the enforcement of human rights in the region.
Dr. Celermajer says it would be a "disaster" for the academic conference if the Sri Lankan military didn't attend. You know what an actual disaster is? The Sri Lankan military's systematic violation of the human rights of hundreds of thousands of Sri Lankans — the very acts that make the conference in question so necessary.
I guess it's more important to discuss human-rights violations among the perpetrators than among those who work to end the violations. Shameful.
NOTE: You can find the powerful open letter the Sri Lanka Campaign for Peace and Justice sent to participants in the conference — ironically entitled "Enhancing Human Rights and Security in the Asia Pacific" — here. Key line: "By allowing the Sri Lankan Army to dictate who can or cannot attend, the organisers of this conference are, in effect… potentially making themselves complicit in the Sri Lankan government's systematic attempts to suppress dissent and intimidate critical voices within civil society, and to legitimize that policy internationally. "
Mike Lewis has a guest post at Just Security today responding to Ryan Goodman's recent post exploring what the US's claimed "unwilling or unable" test for self-defence against non-state actors means in the context of Syria and ISIS. Ryan, careful scholar as always, rightly points out that the test "remains controversial under international law." Mike doesn't seem to have any such qualms, but that's not what I want to respond to here. Instead, it's important to note that Mike makes a basic error concerning how the "unwilling or unable" test functions — assuming for sake of argument it is a valid approach to self-defence under Art. 51 of the UN Charter (emphasis mine):
It is important to note that this interpretation does not give the US unlimited license to act in violation of the sovereignty of other states as some opponents of the standard claim. There are limits and dangers associated with taking such a course of action. First of all, an intervening state can only take such actions after giving the host/target state a meaningful opportunity to prevent its territory from being used by the non-state actor to launch attacks. In the case of Syria, there is no question that it is unable to control the territory under ISIS control so further delays are unnecessary. Secondly, the intervening state does so at its own peril. Syria can rightfully interpret any strikes as aggression by the US and it is justified in taking steps to prevent such attacks and to destroy the drones/aircraft conducting such attacks.
Um, no. The entire point of arguing self-defence — in any form, including pursuant to the controversial "unwilling or unable" test — is that it cures any violation of state sovereignty under Art. 2(4) of the UN Charter. So if the US attacked ISIS in Syria because Syria was unwilling or unable to prevent ISIS from using its territory as a base for attacks, the US would not violate Art. 2(4) and Syria would have no right whatsoever to act in self-defence against that armed attack. Indeed, any attempt to "prevent such attacks and to destroy the drones/aircraft conducting such attacks" would represent an act of aggression by Syria against the US, thereby opening the door to legitimate acts of self-defence against Syria itself.
Again, I don't accept that the "unwilling or unable" test reflects current customary international law. But it's important not to let that debate obscure how self-defence functions under Art. 51 of the UN Charter.
Matrix Chambers has extended the deadline for applying to September 26 — two weeks from today. I hope readers with the appropriate credential will consider applying.
You can find the original post, with details of the Matrix vacancy, here.
Bobby Chesney has responded at Lawfare to my most recent post on the CIA and the public-authority justification. It's an excellent response from an exceedingly smart scholar. I still disagree, but Bobby's post really hones in on the differences between us. I'll leave it to readers to decide who has the better of the argument.
I do, however, want to discuss Bobby's reading of the AUMF. In his view — echoing John Dehn's comments — it is possible to read the AUMF to authorise the use of force by both the military and the CIA:
I'm not actually agreeing with [Kevin's] AUMF reading. Yes, Section 2′s title refers to the armed forces, but the actual text of section 2 is not so limited (in contrast to the similar section of the 2002 Iraq AUMF, for example, which did refer explicitly and only to armed forces).
I confess that I find this argument baffling. It's true that Section 2(a) of the AUMF does not mention the Armed Forces, providing only that "the President is authorized to use all necessary and appropriate force against those nations, organizations, or persons he determines planned, authorized, committed, or aided the terrorist attacks that occurred on September 11, 2001." Read in context, however, I don't see how it is possible to plausibly maintain that the word "force" in Section 2(a) does not specifically refer to force by the United States Armed Forces.
First, the AUMF is a Joint Resolution whose purpose, according to its very first line, is "[t]o authorize the use of United States Armed Forces against those responsible for the recent attacks launched against the United States."
Second, Section 1 of the AUMF ("Short Title") says the joint resolution "may be cited as the "Authorization for Use of Military Force." We do not traditionally associate with the CIA, even if the CIA occasionally engages in paramilitary activity. (And the "para" in paramilitary is important in this context.)
Third, Section 2 of the AUMF, which contains the "force" language upon which Bobby (and John) rely, is entitled "Authorization For Use of United States Armed Forces." I know no theory of statutory interpretation nor any canon of statutory construction that would suggest "force" in the first paragraph of a section entitled "Authorization For Use of United States Armed Forces" should be read in context to refer to something other than the use of force by the Armed Forces.
Fourth, Section 2(b)(1) provides that "[c]onsistent with section 8(a)(1) of the War Powers Resolution, the Congress declares that this section is intended to constitute specific statutory authorization within the meaning of section 5(b) of the War Powers Resolution." Section 8(a)(1) of the WPR provides as follows (emphasis mine)…
In the first part of my response to Bobby, I argued (after meandering around a bit) that Title 50's "fifth function" provision cannot be used to authorise the CIA to kill Americans overseas — a necessary condition of any argument that the CIA is entitled to a public-authority justification with regard to 18 USC 1119, the foreign-murder statute. (Bobby kindly responds here.) I thus ended that post by asking where else that authority might be found.
Which brings me to the second argument Bobby makes: namely, that the President's authority to permit the CIA to kill Americans overseas derives from Article II, Section 2 of the Constitution, which deems him the Commander-in-Chief of the armed forces. Here is what Bobby writes:
OK, fine, but aren't covert action programs bound to comply with federal statutes, including 1119?
They sure are, and it is important to the continuing legitimacy of the covert-action instrument that it be subject to American law in this way. But the question remains: Does the covert drone strike program violate 1119 as applied to al-Aulaqi? Kevin argues that it does because the AUMF should be read to exclude CIA, and thus that section 1119 is violated, and thus that the requirement that covert action programs comply with statutes is violated too. I don't agree, however, for I don't think the AUMF is the only possible domestic law explanation for the CIA's role; Article II likely applies here as well, and performs the same function as the AUMF in this respect.
There are two ways to read Bobby's argument. The first is that the President's Article II authority simply empowers him to ignore duly-enacted federal statutes like the foreign-murder statute. That is John Yoo's position, encapsulated so memorably when he said, with regard to the federal torture statute, that the President could authorise an interrogator to crush the testicles of a detained terrorist's child if he felt it was necessary to protect the United States. I doubt Bobby shares Yoo's sentiments.
The second way to read Bobby's argument is as follows: (1) the President cannot rely on Article II to violate duly-enacted federal statutes; but (2) he can rely on his Article II authority to authorise the CIA to kill Americans overseas, which means (3) the CIA has the same public authority to kill that the military has under the AUMF; therefore, (4) the CIA is no less entitled than the military to the public-authority justification with regard to the foreign-murder statute.
That is a much more sophisticated argument, and no doubt the one that Bobby endorses. Unfortunately, once we understand the nature of the public-authority justification, it's simply a more sophisticated way of arguing that Article II permits the President to violate a duly-enacted statute…
My friend Bobby Chesney has responded at Lawfare to my previous post arguing that Title 50 does not provide the CIA with a public-authority justification to kill Americans overseas. He disagrees with both of the limits on presidential authority to authorise covert action I discussed. I will address the Article II question in a separate post; in this post I want to discuss the "traditional military activity" (TMA) exception to Title 50's definition of "covert action." Here is what Bobby writes:
CIA Drone Strikes Don't Qualify as TMA: As an initial matter, I think one part of his argument depends on a mistaken assumption regarding the meaning of TMA, and that drone strikes do indeed constitute covert action within the meaning of Title 50. The TMA exception to covert action has a complicated and often-misunderstood history, which I recount in detail in this paper (pp. 592-601 especially). The concept was the subject of extensive negotiations between the White House and Congress, ultimately resulting in the following agreement. An activity that otherwise would qualify as covert action would instead count as TMA, thus avoiding the requirement of a written presidential finding and reporting to SSCI and HPSCI, if the following conditions were met.
The operation:
1) was commanded and executed by military personnel, and
2) took place in a context in which overt hostilities either were
(a) ongoing, or
(b) "anticipated (meaning approval has been given by the National Command Authorities for [i] the activities and for [ii] operational planning for hostilities)."
The CIA drone strike program as a general matter almost certainly does not satisfy this test, especially the first prong. This is why it has been long considered by both the Bush and Obama administrations to be covert action, not TMA. If the covert-action statute is capable of conferring the benefits of the public-authority justification, then, it does so here.
I think this response elides the difference between two different situations: (1) where the military wants to use force covertly against al-Qaeda; and (2) where the CIA wants to use force covertly against al-Qaeda. As Bobby's article brilliantly explains, the TMA language was included in Title 50 because neither President Bush nor the military wanted a presidential finding — with its attendant reporting requirements — to be required every time the military engaged in a covert action. They wanted, in other words, the military to have the right to covertly engage in its traditional warfighting activities without having to acknowledge it was doing so. After much negotiation, Congress ultimately agreed to carve out a category of military actions that would not qualify as "covert actions" for purposes of Title 50, even when not acknowledged: namely, actions that satisfied the two requirements Bobby quotes. The TMA exception thus permits the military to use force covertly against al-Qaeda without a presidential finding as long as the action in question is commanded and executed by the military (check) and takes place in the context of ongoing hostilities (check).
The TMA functions very differently in the context of covert action by the CIA. There is no question that the military is authorised to engage in the kind of activities against al-Qaeda that, when done covertly, may fall under 50 USC 3093. The military is always authorised to use force against enemy combatants in an armed conflict. The AUMF is simply the latest example of such authorisation. The CIA, however, is in a completely different situation. For all the reasons I discussed in an earlier post, the AUMF does not authorise the CIA to use force against al-Qaeda at all. So the primary question is not whether the CIA can use force against al-Qaeda covertly, but where the CIA gets its authority to use force against al-Qaeda in the first place.
The most obvious answer is, of course, 50 USC 3093…
As I noted in my previous post, my co-blogger Deborah Pearlstein has suggested that a covert operation authorised by the President under Title 50 of the US Code could function as the CIA's equivalent to the AUMF in terms of its authority to kill an American citizen overseas. Here is what she has argued:
Here, even if the AUMF was not meant to authorize the CIA to do anything, the CIA has broad authority under Title 50 of the U.S. Code to engage in operations overseas, provided it has relevant Presidential approval and complies with requirements of congressional notification. In other words, I can imagine a straightforward explanation for why such an exception would apply to the CIA as well. That it is not evident from the memo is, I suspect, far more a function of redaction than absence of legal authority.
With respect to Deborah, I don't think the Title 50 argument works. There is no question that 50 USC 3093 provides the President with considerable authority to authorise "a covert action by departments, agencies, or entities of the United States Government" that he determines "is necessary to support identifiable foreign policy objectives of the United States and is important to the national security of the United States." But the President's authority is not unlimited; indeed, Title 50 contains two important restrictions that very strongly suggest the President could not legally have authorised the CIA to kill an American citizen overseas, and particularly not Anwar al-Awlaki.
The first limit is provided by 50 USC 3093(e), which defines "covert action" for purposes of Title 50 generally (emphasis mine):
As used in this subchapter, the term "covert action" means an activity or activities of the United States Government to influence political, economic, or military conditions abroad, where it is intended that the role of the United States Government will not be apparent or acknowledged publicly, but does not include —
(1) activities the primary purpose of which is to acquire intelligence, traditional counterintelligence activities, traditional activities to improve or maintain the operational security of United States Government programs, or administrative activities;
(2) traditional diplomatic or military activities or routine support to such activities;
(3) traditional law enforcement activities conducted by United States Government law enforcement agencies or routine support to such activities; or
(4) activities to provide routine support to the overt activities (other than activities described in paragraph (1), (2), or (3)) of other United States Government agencies abroad.
The US government has consistently argued that its drone program, both in Yemen and elsewhere, only targets combatants who are involved in a non-international armed conflict between the US and al-Qaeda. While serving as the State Department's Legal Advisor, for example, Harold Koh claimed that "as a matter of international law, the United States is in an armed conflict with al-Qaeda and its associate forces," and that "in this ongoing armed conflict, the United States has the authority under international law, and the responsibility to its citizens, to use force, including lethal force, to defend itself, including by targeting persons such as high-level al-Qaeda leaders who are planning attacks." Indeed, the new White Paper, like the previous memorandum, emphasizes (p. 12) that "the frame of reference" for whether the CIA is entitled to the public-authority justification regarding Anwar al-Awlaki "is that the United States is currently in the midst of an armed conflict, and the public-authority justification would encompass an operation such as this one were it conduct by the military consistent with the laws of war."
There is no question, then, that the US government views the use of lethal force against an American citizen who is "a senior leader of al-Qaida or its associated forces" — such as al-Awlaki — as a "traditional military activity." But if that's the case, 50 USC 3093(e)(2) specifically prohibits the President from relying on Title 50 to authorise the CIA to engage in such targeting.
Moreover, even if it could somehow be argued that targeting "a senior leader of al-Qaida or its associated forces" in the "armed conflict" between those forces and the US is not a "traditional military activity," 50 USC 3093(a)(5) would still prohibit the President from authorising the CIA to kill any such leaders who is an American citizen. Section 3093(a)(5) provides that a Presidential finding "may not authorize any action that would violate the Constitution or any statute of the United States." The foreign-murder statute, 18 USC 1119, is undeniably a "statute of the United States." The President thus has no authority whatsoever to authorise the CIA to violate section 1119.
That conclusion, it is important to note, is not affected by whether 18 USC 1119 incorporates the public-authority justification — which I believe it does. In order to claim the justification as a defence to a violation of section 1119, the defendant must obviously have the requisite public authority to kill an American overseas. And 50 USC 3093(e)(2) and 50 USC 3093(a)(5) each independently deny the President the right to bestow that authority on the CIA via a covert-action finding under Title 50.
In short, and contrary to the new White Paper, neither the AUMF nor Title 50 provide the CIA with a get-out-of-jail-free card with regard to 18 USC 1119. So unless there is some other source of the CIA's supposed public authority to kill Americans overseas — and I can't imagine what it could be — Anwar al-Awlaki's killing by the CIA is indeed properly described as murder.
NOTE: Marcy Wheeler offers some similar thoughts here.
In late June, I wrote a long post responding to the notorious memorandum in which the OLC attempted to provide a legal justification for killing Anwar al-Awlaki. I argued that although the AUMF likely provides the US military with a public-authority justification for violating 18 USC 1119, the foreign-murder statute, it does not and cannot provide the CIA with that justification. In defence of that conclusion, I cited the title of the AUMF and the text of the statute, both of which make inordinately clear that the AUMF applies only to the military (emphasis mine):
To authorize the use of United States Armed Forces against those responsible for the recent attacks launched against the United States.
Resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled,
This joint resolution may be cited as the "Authorization for Use of Military Force."
(a) IN GENERAL. — That the President is authorized to use all necessary and appropriate force against those nations, organizations, or persons he determines planned, authorized, committed, or aided the terrorist attacks that occurred on September 11, 2001, or harbored such organizations or persons, in order to prevent any future acts of international terrorism against the United States by such nations, organizations or persons.
In response to a FOIA request by Vice News' inestimable Jason Leopold, who has led the fight for transparency regarding the use of lethal force, the US government has now released a 25 May 2011 White Paper that specifically argues the CIA is also entitled to a public-authority justification. Unfortunately, the White Paper fails to justify its conclusion — at least in its unredacted portions. Like the earlier memorandum, the White Paper is largely devoted to establishing that the public-authority justification applies to the foreign-murder statute and that members of the US military would be entitled to the justification. (Two conclusions I agree with.) It then simply says this (pp. 14-15):
Given the assessment that an analogous operation carried out pursuant to the AUMF would fall within the scope of the public-authority justification, there is no reason to reach a different conclusion for a CIA operation.
That's it. That's the sum total of the unredacted argument. But there is a reason to reach a different conclusion "for a CIA operation" — as pointed out above, the AUMF does not apply to the CIA. Which means that the source of the public-authority justification must lie elsewhere.
Now let me be clear: I am not saying the CIA cannot be entitled to the public-authority justification. I am simply pointing out that the AUMF does not provide the CIA with the necessary authority. Perhaps there is another source, such as Title 50 of the US Code, as my co-blogger Deb Pearlstein has suggested. Indeed, the redaction on page 16 of the new White Paper may well refer to that other source of authority, given that five or six lines of redacted text follow this statement:
Thus, just as Congress would not have intended section 1119 to bar a military attack on the sort of individual described above, neither would it have intended the provision to prohibit an attack on the same target, in the same authorized conflict and in similar compliance with the laws of war, carried out by the CIA in accord with _____.
I don't understand why the OLC would need to redact a reference to Title 50 (or to some other source of authority). The legal source of the CIA's authorization to kill Americans overseas — if one exists — hardly seems like a state secret. Until the government reveals that source, however, we remain entitled to conclude that the CIA drone-strike that killed Anwar al-Awlaki violated 18 USC 1119.


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January 24, 2013
A. Yes. Most leading diesel engine manufacturers typically recommend engine oils that are specifically designed and formulated for engines using CNG or LNG. Oils, referred to as "Fleet Oils" or oils designed to be used in diesel fueled engines are generally not recommended. One of the leading engine manufacturers has reported that "Valve Torching" can result from using the fleet oils in the lean burn conditions of CNG fuel engines. It is understood that stocking only one product is more desirable in mixed diesel and CNG fleets, but it is highly recommended that the equipment owner consult with the engine manufacturer and find out their engine oil recommendations before settling on the "One Oil" for both diesel and CNG engines.
by Mark Betner, Lubricants Expert
- Also by this author
Posted @ Thursday, January 24, 2013 12:00 AM
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subset: commoncrawl


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- Northern Illinois to get $8.3 million for state construction projects
- Tree-lighting festival kicks off holiday season in Machesney Park
- Roscoe Boy Scout Troop's tree stand at new location
- Tips for selecting safe toys for kids this holiday season
- Prayer service for World AIDS Day Nov. 30
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Literary Hook: A trip to the grocery store
By Christine Swanberg
Author and Poet
This poem was written about 15 years ago in January. I had begun noticing that the large grocery where I shopped was a microcosm of human oddities. If I were to write this poem now, I would have to incorporate cell phone usage into the mix of disconcerting trends at the grocery.
I used playful references to astrology because it seemed that there were forces beyond control at the grocery, socio-political changes that began to appear seemingly out of nowhere.
This poem was published in Who Walks Among the Trees with Charity (Wind Publications), The Red Lacquer Room (Chiron Press) and The Alleluia Tree (Puddin'head Press).
At the Grocery
Perhaps it's Pluto's transit
or a mild case of entropy
or maybe your eyes don't refuse to see
the old men bagging groceries
in winter —
red knuckles grasping
at control, usefulness,
this paper bag labled Work Ethic
about to rip down the middle
while green-haired grandsons
wear ragged, clown Bermudas in the snow,
eat only food that requires no utensils,
and whine
all the way to the mall.
Perhaps it's Mercury Retrograde
or a terminal case of mid-life crisis
or just some hot, chocolate-covered
when the perfect summa cum laude Princess
who's been married to Prince Charming for 20 years
dumps him for a frog
who's much more interesting on his motorcycle.
She's wearing a black leather Harley vest,
popping Rolling Rock into her cart.
It could be Neptune in the first house
or a major case of had-it-up-to-here
or just some hot, creamy goddess worship
when at least two
crones suddenly shear their hair,
shop together, declare
that papaya looks delicious this time of year.
Christine Swanberg is a local author and poet. She received the Lawrence E. Gloyd Community Impact Award at the 2012 Rockford Area Arts Council State of the Arts Awards.
From the May 15-21, 2013, issue


text:
STREET: Things you (probably) didn't know about Shir Chong
Since emerging as the female winner of "I Wanna Be A Model" in 2009, Shir Chong has been gaining attention in the fashion scene and specifically picked to work with many local and international fashion labels. She became the face for Renoma, Seed x Silas Liew, and most recently, SK-II. The supermodel has moved… more
Interview | November 28, 2014 | 0 Comment
THING: Limited Edt x Reebok Pump Certified
Reebok continues their 25th anniversary Pump certified celebrations with Limited Edt, who gathers inspirations from the 80s - the decade when Reebok Pump was born. The Singaporean retailer applied Spandex material and tights with the use of neoprene on the upper crafted in royal blue with accents of silver and orange.… more
News | November 27, 2014 | 0 Comment
STREET: Pradasphere in Hong Kong
Over the weekend, we checked out Pradasphere in Hong Kong - a special exhibition for the public to explore the Prada universe. Nestled right in the middle of the city's iconic harbour, the custom-built structure takes over the entire roof of the Central Ferry Pier 4. Once inside, visitors are… more
Art+Design | November 26, 2014 | 0 Comment
THING: Playhound Spring/Summer 2015 "Art School" Collection
Inspired by the pranksters in art schools, Playhound made use of special print techniques to translate the cheeky character into the collection. The featured graphic print consists of a rough sketch of the geometric bodies in a biro pen with paint brushstrokes slash all over it. Other detailing includes sticking… more
Clothing | November 26, 2014 | 0 Comment
THING: Missoni x Converse Fall/Winter 2014 Chuck Taylor All Star '70s Collection
Marking the ninth First String collaboration with the Italian fashion house is the Missoni x Converse Fall/Winter 2014 Chuck Taylor All Star '70s Collection, originally debuted on the Missoni Fall Winter runway in Milan this year. Both styles featured in the collection blends premium materials with seasonal earthy tones to… more
News | November 25, 2014 | 0 Comment
THING: Concepts x New Balance CM496 "Pool Blue"
Inspired by popular boating colours along the Boston's Charles River, Concepts x New Balance CM496 "Pool Blue" is reinterpreted with an ultra-vibrant turquoise and red suede upper, completed with a water graphic on the in-sole and red reflective or turquoise-fleckered laces. This limited release will be available from November, 22… more
News | November 21, 2014 | 0 Comment
THING: Vans Classics Holiday 2014: The Van Doren Collection
Vans continues its Van Doren Collection with the reissue of three vintage prints. A tribute to the family that brought Vans to life, the Van Doren Collection adopts unique patterns from the early years to the uppers of classic Vans low top silhouettes. The Slip-On is offered in black and… more
News | November 21, 2014 | 0 Comment
THING: Nike Flyknit Roshe Run
The latest variation of the Roshe Run has been constructed using the innovative Nike Flyknit technology on the upper. Offering a weightless-wear and possessing a new look, The Nike Flyknit Roshe Run is set to be the next big hit. Currently available in three colorways at Limited Edt Vault @313 Somerset. more
News | November 20, 2014 | 0 Comment
STREET: Things you (probably) didn't know about Jem @ Crossover
We celebrated the recent official opening of Crossover Concept Store at Mid Valley and managed to chat up with the man behind the multi-label store, Jem. Here are 3 things about him that we didn't know. He is: 1. Caffeine allergic 2. Alcohol intolerant 3. A pescetarian Knowing that he doesn't… more
Interview | November 20, 2014 | 0 Comment
THING: Carhartt WIP Fall/Winter 2014 @ CROSSOVER Concept Store
Finally making its debut in Malaysia, CROSSOVER is proud to present Carhartt Work In Progress Fall/Winter 2014 Collection. Featuring a variety of styles inspired by original workwear pieces, the collection includes iconic products from the Carhartt archives redesigned for the season. A brief history for those who are not familiar… more
Bags&Accs | November 19, 2014 | 0 Comment
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STREET: A Sneak Peek into BEAMS with Akira Taneichi
STREET: An Eminent Takeover, Singapore
THING: Converse Chuck Taylor All Star Color Weave Collection
THING: Limited Edt x New Balance M577LEV
THING: Streething x PUMA Fall/Winter '14 Collection Lookbook
STREET: VANS Go Skateboarding Day 2014 @ Singapore
STREET: Converse Got Seoul #Guide
STREET: Converse "Open Studio" Exhibition @ The Space, Hong Kong
STREET: Bell & Ross 2013/2014 Look Book – Tools of the Trade
STREET: Bell & Ross 2013/2014 Look Book – Aged of Substance
Converse First String 1970s Chuck Taylor All Star Collection
A.P.C. x Carhartt Spring/Summer '12 Collection Preview
Dr. Martens Store @ Wheelock Place, Singapore
ZOZOTOWN x adidas Originals 'Campus 80s' / XLARGE x adidas Originals 'Superstar 80s'
Play Imaginative 'Iron Man 3' 1/4th Scale Super Alloy Figure Series
THING: Nike Flyknit Lunar 1+ "Multi-Colour"
Nike Women Roshe Run Black-Sail
STREET: New Balance 99X Series Video
Fjallraven 'Kanken' Backpacks @ Very Wooonderland
Fingercroxx x New Balance MT580FXX
191 Accessories
34 Active+Sports
319 Art+Design
129 Bags&Accs
43 Bags&Wallets
139 Books&Mags
42 Clothing
11 Contests
85 Cycling
6 Denim
253 Entertainment
288 Events+Gigs
7 eyewear
26 Fashion
714 Footwear
16 Interview
94 Lifestyle
6 menswear
3 Music
10 Random
72 Skateboarding
160 Sneakers
23 Sports
89 Stores
17 Streething Video
48 Style
225 Tech+Gear
534 Threads
152 Toys
10 Uncategorized
6 Vintage
124 Watches


text:
Academic Senate
The Academic Senate is the principal instrument through which the faculty of the College exercises its responsibilities in the governance of the academic life of the College community.
See section 188.8.131.52 of the Faculty Handbook for the complete description of the Academic Senate.
Senate Rules of Procedure
Academic Senate Executive Committee 2014-2015
Chair: Valerie Burke
Vice Chair: Hisham Ahmed
Past Chair: Keith Ogawa
Executive Meetings
September 11, 2014 Thursday 3-5 p.m. Filippi conference room
October 2, 2014 Thursday 3-5 p.m. Faculty/staff lounge
October 21, 2014 Tuesday 3-5 p.m. Filippi conference room
November 6, 2014 Thursday 3-5 p.m. Faculty/staff lounge
December 4, 2014 Thursday 3-5 p.m. Faculty/staff lounge
Maps & Directories
Mailing Address
Saint Mary's College of California
1928 Saint Mary's Road
Moraga, CA 94575
(925) 631-4000
Google Map | Campus Map | PO Boxes


text:
Brownie and Lawman was a cheese-making kit, but vacation and sickness delayed cheese-making experiments. I had purchased a gallon of Ronnybrook milk at my local Greenmarket the Saturday past, the only item you need to purchase, and I waited for my window of opportunity.
Baker's Dozen: A Batch of Sweet Links
17 hours ago


text: Nothing really to complain about... but the food was filling rather than entertaining. The best part was the amuse bouche and the petite fours. Man you get a lot of extra stuff. The price was very reasonable for the quality. But don't expect real michelin cooking. It's not the same as the original Sant Pau.


text:
GRIZZ TRACK: L.A.'s three-point outburst not enough to beat Grizzlies
A different day and a different pace but still a win for the Memphis Grizzlies as they outlasted the Los Angeles Lakers after a strong first half, ending up on the winning side of a tight 108-103 game on Wednesday (Feb. 26th) at FedExForum.
The Grizzlies had just split back-to-back games, defeating the Los Angeles Clippers at home on Friday (102-96) then losing to the Charlotte Bobcats on the road on Saturday 89-92.
The last time the Los Angeles Lakers were in town All-Star Kobe Bryant got injured. Bryant hasn't returned. Meanwhile, the Grizzlies have welcomed back defensive-minded guard Tony Allen for his third game.
- Written by Kelley Evans
- Category: Original


text:
Electronics & Telecommunications Programs & Projects
Nanoparticle Manipulation Metrology
Last Updated Date: 09/25/2014
We are advancing the measurement of dimension and function of engineered nanoparticles for biomedical research, manufacturing, and environmental … more
Thin Film Electronics
Last Updated Date: 09/23/2014
The Thin Film Electronics Project facilitates the commercialization of emerging and future semiconductor electronic device technologies by … more
Acoustics and Vibration
Last Updated Date: 09/23/2014
The Acoustics and Vibration Project provides measurement services, and develops measurements and documentary standards for the SI units of … more
Quantum Sensors
Last Updated Date: 09/10/2014
The Quantum Sensors Project develops sensors based on quantum phenomena for spectroscopy, imaging, and other precision measurements for … more
Analytical Transmission Scanning Electron Microscopy
Last Updated Date: 09/02/2014
This project develops low-energy transmission electron diffraction, imaging, and spectroscopy in the scanning electron microscope, to enable … more
Electronic Kilogram
Last Updated Date: 05/16/2014
This project provides the basis for a new definition of mass, based on unchanging quantum properties of nature rather than a physical artifact. … more
Magnetic Nanostructures for post-CMOS Electronics
Last Updated Date: 04/17/2014
Our goal is to address the metrology of magnetic effects at the nanoscale level. Nanomagnet arrays form the basis for major data storage … more
Future Directions for Magnetic Sensors
Last Updated Date: 04/17/2014
Our goal is to develop the scientific understanding needed to allow modeling and simulation to become the driving force in improving magnetic … more
COMPLETED: Dimensional Metrology for Nanoscale Patterns
Last Updated Date: 04/17/2014
Our goal is to develop and demonstrate precise measurement methods that quantify the physical shape, critical dimensions (CD) and the structure of … more
Organic Electronics and Photovoltaics
Last Updated Date: 04/17/2014
Organic electronics and photovoltaic technology are reaching critical mass with the establishment of a U.S. consortium and the recent introduction … more
Optical Characterization of Advanced Thin Films
Last Updated Date: 04/16/2014
A wide range of technologies are impacted by the performance of thin (<100 nm) layers of advanced materials. This is particularly true in the … more
Smart Grid Program
Last Updated Date: 04/10/2014
The objective of the Smart Grid Program is to develop and deploy advances in measurement science to enable integration of interoperable and secure … more
Terahertz Imaging and Sources
Last Updated Date: 03/24/2014
Imaging in the terahertz frequency range enables the detection of concealed weapons and other contraband (e.g., explosives under clothing) without … more
Single Photonics and Quantum Information
Last Updated Date: 03/24/2014
Quantum-based communication and measurement systems that use novel quantum states of light are being developed around the world. However, the … more
Nanostructure Fabrication and Metrology
Last Updated Date: 03/24/2014
Single photons are the fundamental particles for all optical measurements. Single photon detectors made from avalanche photodiodes or … more
Related Links in:Material Measurement LaboratoryPhysical Measurement Laboratory
ContactGeneral Information:
100 Bureau Drive, Stop 1070
Gaithersburg, MD 20899-1070


text:
Online dating brings singles together who may never otherwise meet. It's a big world and the SeniorPeopleMeet.com community wants to help you connect with singles in your area. Whether you are seeking just a date, a pen pal, a casual or a serious relationship, you can meet singles in Phenix City today! Alabama is known as the Heart of Dixie and SeniorPeopleMeet.com is here to bring their Senior Singles together.Search Single Senior Men in Phenix City | Search Single Senior Women in Phenix City
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text:
To think that perceptions of child abuse have changed a lot over the years?(119 Posts)
extremepie Mon 11-Feb-13 20:34:51
thebody Mon 11-Feb-13 22:58:46
Bunfags Mon 11-Feb-13 22:59:37
thebody Mon 11-Feb-13 23:00:52
SashaSashays Mon 11-Feb-13 23:09:02
extremepie Mon 11-Feb-13 23:09:33
MrsKeithRichards Mon 11-Feb-13 23:13:22
MrsKeithRichards Mon 11-Feb-13 23:19:56
MoonlightandRoses Mon 11-Feb-13 23:33:35
extremepie Mon 11-Feb-13 23:37:28
Lollydaydream Mon 11-Feb-13 23:59:51
stopgap Tue 12-Feb-13 00:03:59
sashh Tue 12-Feb-13 04:54:34
HollyBerryBush Tue 12-Feb-13 05:57:52
seeker Tue 12-Feb-13 06:18:58
NopeStillNothing Tue 12-Feb-13 06:54:52
Goldenbear Tue 12-Feb-13 07:27:03
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PolkadotCircus Tue 12-Feb-13 07:59:04
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Morloth Tue 12-Feb-13 09:15:35
cory Tue 12-Feb-13 09:23:11
cory Tue 12-Feb-13 09:25:08
fromparistoberlin Tue 12-Feb-13 09:29:26
EarlyMorningBaconDemon Tue 12-Feb-13 09:38:48
MrsKeithRichards Tue 12-Feb-13 09:42:31
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Well I'm not fluent in English. Defects Forgive my writing.
Hello. These beautiful stitching and lining fabric is amazing. Bravo
Hi .. to feel sympathy thank you very much. Sorry for my late reply.
Hi .. Sorry for my late reply.Thank you
Hi .. to feel sympathy thank you very much. Sorry for my late reply. Hopefully soon I can see the…
hi.Some time ago I decided to get married so I decided to make a little change of my home decoration. Changed I was eating breakfast table. Because marriage failed, so the change was canceled!!!!!!…
very good…..
Hello. Whether it is possible method of sewing or stitching photos to showcase?
With a little tour and silk and ribbon, and a number of buttons I've made a single decoration. Course they are anemone flowers .. You can also use other colors.This can help to decorate my glass ja…
This is a bracelet. Cultured pearl and satin flower.This is just an idea. I'm sure your idea is better.
very good….good..good…….
As an early special Black Friday promotion you can now enroll in the course ($80 value) for $49.99!
Register for Meg's new course, space is limited!
Sewing & Techniques
Learn how to use your bodice sloper to draft this popular collar style
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Our listings include Audiologists, Hearing Aid Dispensers and Ear Doctors in your area. Here is what some of our users have said about these hearing aid clinics in Green Bay: "She was very professional and handled my problem immediately. " - Pat B.
Did you know? - If adults have a problem hearing in noise or at a distance it could be mild hearing loss.
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text:
Dr. Khawaja A. Hassan, MD
Hand Surgery, South Shore Cosmetic Surgeons
- 36 Lincoln Ave Ste 103
Rockville Centre, NY 11570
- 2 Office Locations
- (516) 678-4451
Dr. Khawaja A. Hassan has been practicing medicine for 41 years. Dr. Hassan graduated from the Dow Medical College, Karachi, Pakistan in 1973. He practices medicine in Rockville Centre, NY and 1 other location and specializes in Hand Surgery and Plastic Surgery. Dr. Hassan is affiliated with South Nassau Communities Hospital, Mercy Medical Center, Franklin Hospital and North Shore University Hospital. He speaks English and Spanish.
Gender: Male
Years in Practice: 41 Years
Languages Spoken: English, Spanish
Medical School: Dow Medical College, Karachi, Pakistan
Graduation Date: 1973
Hospital Affiliations: South Nassau Communities Hospital, Mercy Medical Center, Franklin Hospital, North Shore University Hospital
Specialties: Hand Surgery, Plastic Surgery
*This physician has multiple office locations. See Appointments for details.


text:
The WorkXpress platform as a service (PaaS) provides non-programmers the ability to create limitless sophisticated business applications using five building blocks in an intuitive, drag and drop, point-and-click, secure, web-based environment.
WorkXpress 2.0 eliminates the need for coding, data modeling and database querying, while automating common systems administration tasks like maintenance or disaster recovery.
Additionally, WorkXpress offers full integrations with other applications and the latest web-based technologies; some options include Quickbooks, Skype, UPS, Google Maps, currency conversions, Google language translation, FTP services, IMAP email services, and many more. New integrations can also be easily created on the WorkXpress 2.0 platform.
WorkXpress 2.0 provides users the opportunity to license and sell their own customized applications via the workxpress.com website.
Recent blog posts
- The Problem with Forced Cloud Reboots
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- HP to Acquire Eucalyptus: Questions, Comments and Concerns
- Is It Really 'Game Over' for Most IaaS Providers?
- The Big Cloud Winners Are...Not Just the Hyperscale Players
- Cloud Federation: Dream or Reality?
- 3 Cool Ways to Benefit from Docker Containers
- HP Helion: The Good, The Bad and The Ugly
- 12 Things IaaS Providers Don't Advertise
- Public Cloud Selection Criteria: Getting Beyond the Basics


text:
Barlow Homes
- Click to Talk
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Barlow Homes has over 200 rental homes, apartments, townhomes, and villas providing a variety of layouts that are designed to accommodate the many different wishes for the rental home of your choice in Lexington, Georgetown, Versailles and Paris Kentucky. We are a pet friendly community. Some amenities include microwaves, washer dryer connections, and electric utilities.
Floorplans and Pricing
2 Bedrooms
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- Built In Microwaves
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Pet Policy
Barlow has house and townhomes that welcome your pet.
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We believe school data to be accurate, but do not guarantee that. Please be sure to verify where your children will attend school before making your housing decision.
As you search for your perfect apartment, please keep in mind that rental rates (including specials and discounts) and availability are very fluid in the apartment industry. Based on many factors, the rental rates (including specials and discounts) and availability can actually change not just daily, but hourly, if not even more quickly. While our advertisers do take steps to keep their information current, the rental rates or availability you may find here now at ForRent.com may not be the same as when you contact the communities.


text:
Woo, is that a RPG launcher ?
Anyway, good stuff.
I'm a strategy games fan. If i'm here, it's to find new units or gameplay to play a better and better game everyday. I'm following Command & Conquer Red Alert 3 mods, mainly Paradox. I love aircraft, and jazz.
Woo, is that a RPG launcher ?
Anyway, good stuff.
Fantastic, as usual.
Money, money, money makes the world go round ! Youtube.com
I suggest to make a mod all of silly weapons, such as destroying cream cake, killer rabbids, fish slapping commandos, and so on...
I have a strange feeling with this track. It seems me curious, calm, almost stealth.
Or simply early game theme ?
Can't imagine all that job is made by a single man.
I first believed that was face painting used to scare pacifier during embush.
Producers make a game for money ; players make mods for fun.
For more lore, see the wiki.
Love the small draw, you are a really skilled designer.
A troll is someone who can't change his mind and won't change the subject. Their occupations are to say what they think, especially where they know nobody think the same, with insult, aggresive language against opponent.
What a wonderfull poster
By the power of Tesla !
Impressive. Must be huuuuuge.
Man, you took too much red cocaïne.
Love it, simply.
Creapy, a well done insect shape.
Is still my favorite. Small, robust. Not very good graphism, but it has host very good games.
I think the 2nd was not so fun, but was looong and interesting. The 3rd is more fun, but not enough long.
I played it for hours, just to listen to the characters comments.
You're right, after SA2, Sonic went out... very fast.
Seems like a tooth or a skeleton finger.
I love
I love this model !
Wonderfull, comrade !
за родинч, за сталина !
Is that the high resolution ?
Seems very fun to play.
Wonderfull map, and I love the name ;D
This map looks very pure, very C&C4. Well done.
Purely A-M-A-Z-I-N-G ! The first part bring so much emotions...
Everytime time i listen to it I feel more... syndicated ?


text:
Narrow your search
Sure, e-ink looks good on your Kindle. But it looks even better in the ClockOne, a wall clock thinner than a pencil that weighs only 5 pounds.
Corning says its new USB 3.0 cable is thinner, lighter, and bendable to your heart's desire.
The company's line of full-frame cameras grows to four models, with permanent price drops for some of the existing models.
In this series, Steven from the Australian Centre for Photography walks us through the role of your camera's light meter.
Lunar Mission One wants to bury a time capsule deep below the surface of the bottom of the moon, and it's asking the public to foot the bill. So far, humanity seems willing to chip in.
The Squair portable air cleaner promises to use cold plasma to fill your space with pollution-gobbling, bacteria-zapping oxygen atoms.
The Up3 is sleek and small and measures heart rate, and the Move is $50. Both are coming this month.
From the category of "what took so long" comes the Night Cable -- a 10-foot-long cord that just might end cable frustration forever.
Yosemite brings added functionality to AirDrop, letting you share files between your Mac and iPhone, iPad and iPod Touch.


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You are in... Forums > Club Forum > Image Gallery > NMR Bikers Meet
Apr 12
Posts: 3
MaxSinclair says:
NMR members meet every Wednesday and Sunday at the Earl of Zetland, Marina, North Shields
Follow NMR on twitter: http://twitter.com/NMRMAX
Sunday meets start 25th March 2012 at 4pm
When you have been please come back and sign the wall of fame on the main page
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text:
By Emarie Schoenthaler
Schmidt and other selected students from Northwest Kansas will practice and then perform at the Beach Schmidt Auditorium at 3:30 P.M. Admission will be $5.00 for adults and free to students.
Schmidt remarked that she felt surprised and honored to be selected.
When students were asked about their favorite Thanksgiving food, turkey was the top choice, but pie came in a close second. However, if it was food, students seemed to like it, naming everything from Galushkis to Ice Cream Salad.
The students were asked what their family traditions are, and a lot of TCHS students answered that they mostly hang out with family and watch/play sports.
When people were asked what they're most thankful for, a majority of the students said their family and friends! Junior, Audra Bergquist said that she was most thankful for the 12 years she had with her sister Anna.
Students also shared some of their favorite Thanksgiving memories. Once again most students had special memories of time spent with family. Some watched movies or sports, some went hunting, and some played games. Bryn Hafliger recounted a time she played ghost in the grave yard with her cousins. She remarked, "We may or may not have broken the porch."
Christie Brungardt presents a chart displaying the progression of violence.
Brungardt and her husband both teach at Fort Hays State University and became involved in this issue after their daughter, Jana, was murdered by her ex-boyfriend. This tragedy led to the creation of Jana's Campaign, an organization that raises awareness, and eventually led to new legislation on domestic violence.
In her speech, Brungardt spoke about the warning signs of domestic violence and indicated that studies suggest more and more teenagers are being exposed to abusive relationships. Therefore, she made suggestions on how to prevent and combat this type of abuse.
Students reacted to the guest speaker.
"She did a good job, and her speech could open the eyes of those who are involved in an abusive relationship," said Cheyenne Nickelson.
|2014 NHS Inductees: (from left) Sierra S., Elyssa C., Audra Bergquist, Teghan Sells, and Mariah B.
National Honor Society is an organization whose members are recognized for developing and maintaining the qualities of scholarship, service, character, and leadership.
To qualify, first students must be either a junior or a senior and maintain a certain grade point average. Next, they must write a short description of their qualities in each area and submit two recommendations.
The evening began with a welcome and a candle ceremony in which present members lit a candle to represent each of the four qualities. The candle ceremony was followed by the introduction to the new members, and each member's parents came forward and gave an NHS pin to their child.
Present members include Allyson Denning, Shaylee Flax, Caden Kemp, Isaiah Fabrizius, Larissa Howard, and Abraham Pfannenstiel. New inductees include Audra Bergquist, Elyssa C., Sierra S., Mariah B., and Teghan Sells.
The TCHS choir served up some laughter and linguini in their annual musical entitled Surf's Up held on November 14 and 15 in the high school auditorium.
Over the top characters and comical situations kept the audience laughing and rollicking music kept toes tapping. In addition, the talented choir kept the audience engaged with their acting, singing, and silly antics.
The play took place at Kahuna Beach, California, where an Italian family struggles to keep from losing its restaurant to a group of shady land grabbers. A cast of colorful characters such as the Kokoluna Ladies' Bird Watching Society; Eddie Hayes, a nerdy government agent; Maria, a quirky waitress; and a group of surfers come to the rescue and save the day.
The program ended with Isaiah Fabrizius thanking all those who helped make the play a success. Of course, the biggest thanks went to Kathy Jamison for all her hard work and patience in directing the musical.
|Video by Cheyenne Nickelson


text:
A net poster who creates a (fake) heartfelt scenario to attract bleeding souls.
That 'Kotter'...to think that I actually believed her...what an Emo Bot.
by amnesiavictim October 20, 2012
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text:
Chef Shuttle Grows With New Ownership, LaFrance Investment
by Lee Hogan on Monday, Apr. 28, 2014 3:39 pm
Wes Kirtley (left), Ryan Herget (middle) and Kyle Crossland (right) became the owners of Chef Shuttle in January. Since the trio, all in their 20s, took over, the local restaurant food delivery company has grown into four markets with more than 50 restaurants. (Photo by Lee Hogan)
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In order to enhance wildlife habitat and ecosystem functions, the Native Ground Cover Restoration program (GCR) works to restore degraded habitat, pasture, and agricultural lands to native ground cover. Restoration depends on the complete removal of exotic grasses which is accomplished by disking the ground and applying multiple herbicide treatments. Removal treatments are followed by the establishment of native vegetation by planting seeds collected from a donor site. Success of the project is evaluated on several factors including how well the native vegetation grows, the success in removing exotic vegetation, and encroachment of bahiagrass at the edges of restored areas.
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CEOs see stability coming for Vermont's economyBy Patrick McArdle
STAFF WRITER | October 14,2012A new survey by the Vermont Business Roundtable shows that chief executives of the state's top companies are optimistic that the economy will at least be stable in coming months and they project increased hiring and capital spending as a result.
According to the survey conducted from Sept. 17-28 and released last week, 62 percent of the CEOs who took part are expecting sales to increase, a drop of 2 percentage points from the second quarter of 2012.
However, the percentage of CEOs expecting capital spending to increase is 43 percent, an increase of 10 percentage points from the previous survey.
Optimism is the same for increased hiring, foreseen by 43 percent of the CEOs. That's 11 percentage points higher than in the second quarter.
Lisa Ventriss, president of the Vermont Business Roundtable, said this was especially good news for Vermont because winter, when companies are hiring to respond to the influx of tourists, is coming soon.
In a statement, Steve Voigt, chairman of the Vermont Business Roundtable and president and CEO of King Arthur Flour in Norwich, said the survey results indicated a "high level of optimism in the economy" compared to the second quarter of 2012.
"Over 90 percent of members who responded are anticipating either increased or stable activity in sales, capital spending and employment," Voigt said. "This bodes well for Vermont as we head into the holiday and winter recreation seasons."
Ventriss pointed out that the organization's members were from 120 successful, iconic Vermont companies, in various industries and across most of the state.
"The people who are participating in this survey are (from) major Vermont companies so I think the value is that you're hearing from this very successful group of business leaders about where they think their companies are going over the next six months," she said.
Vermont business leaders are much more optimistic than the national average, according to the results of similar surveys.
The national Business Roundtable reported the third-quarter survey results as showing that 75 percent of CEOs expected sales to increase in the second quarter but for the third quarter, the percentage dropped 17 percentage points to 58 percent.
The percentage of CEOs expecting to increase capital spending was 30 percent nationally for the most recent quarter and 43 percent for the second quarter. For hiring increases, the national numbers showed 29 percent expected hiring to increase while in the second quarter, the percentage was 36 percent.
What may be more disturbing for many is that the national survey of CEOs showed that about a third, or 34 percent, expected hiring to decrease, while in the second quarter 20 percent of CEOs expected hiring to drop.
Again, Vermont showed a better outlook with 10 percent expecting hiring to drop in the recent survey, just 2 percentage points above the 8 percent expecting decreases in the second quarter.
The response rate for the second quarter was 68 percent, which is toward the high end of the historic rates of between 35 percent and 73 percent.
The Vermont Business Roundtable is a nonprofit, nonpartisan organization of chief executive officers whose employees account for more than 10 percent of the state's work force.
@rutlandherald.comMORE IN This Just InRutland's Secret Santa has announced his impending return. Full StoryRutland's winter parking ban is about to take effect. Full StoryLottery winners Full Story
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Posted November 13, 2012 on AP on Fox
Brad Keselowski became a social media darling after hopping on Twitter during a lengthy delay in the Daytona 500. Keselowski was the center of attention, and NASCAR seemed trendy and hip - a description its executives surely adored. Turns out, tweeting from the car isn't cool with NASCAR. Keselowski was fined $25,000 on Monday for tweeting during the red flag at Phoenix International Raceway. The punishment was confusing to fans who vented on Twitter, of course, wondering why Keselowski was punished for Sunday's tweets when he was celebrated by NASCAR for doing the exact same thing in February's season-opening race. Some alleged the Sprint Cup Series points leader was actually being disciplined for his profanity-laced outburst after Sunday's crash- and fight-marred race. NASCAR spokesman Kerry Tharp on Tuesday dismissed the conspiracy theories, and said drivers had been told after the Daytona 500 that electronic devices - including cellphones - could not be carr...
Original Story: http://msn.foxsports.com/nascar/story...
PLAYERS: Brad Keselowski, Jeff Gordon, Clint Bowyer, Joey Logano, Aric Almirola
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The rooms are very tired, but the beds are comfortable and the prices are half what most places are charging. The food is good and equally affordable. The internet wifi is reliable, which is saying something in Dili. If I was bringing my wife, I wouldn't stay here, but when I'm here on my own working, and just somewhere to... More
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Finished with refined details like shoulder epaulettes and welt chest pockets, this light chambray button-up is a new going out essential. Work it into a dramatic date night look with black jeans and desert boots.
- Cut slimmer through the shoulders, chest and waist
- Semi-spread collar, button front
- Shoulder epaulettes, long sleeves, adjustable cuffs
- Welt chest pockets, shirttail hem
- Cotton
- Machine wash
- Imported
Fitted Military Shirt The slim fit and shoulder epaulettes make this shirt classy and perfect for work or a job interview -- you will make a great first impression wearing this with some slacks. The cut is classic yet stylish so it is also great for fancy dates! October 31, 2014
A Wear that Lasts 100% Cotton and this shirt still stays fresh and crisp all day! I can wear it at work and take it for a night out without a wardrobe change. I love the military shirts but these subtle pockets make it more wearable at work! October 13, 2014
Very light and comfortable Very light material great for summer outdoors in the evening, looks great with the fitted jacket. More than worth the buy October 2, 2014
Can't wait to get it back I bought this shirt and when I wore it my friends wanna have. Now it's missing in my closet :( July 14, 2014
Clean fitted look! Just reviewed the jacket I paired this shirt with, when I first purchased said jacket I wasn't keen on what shirt/top to wear with the jacket. I first started with the slim fitted but they were too slim & the medium just wasn't right. Another salesman folding some shirts recommended I try the chambray so he handed me a medium & a small. Decided to try the small first I honestly thought it would be too tight boy was I wrong! The fit was perfect! I still tried the medium just incase but settled on the small. Great look paired with a jacket or just dark jeans or nice dress/casual pants. June 16, 2014


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- Freeport murder suspect Damon Dixson taken into custody in Rockford
- Local gas station employee arrested for selling liquor to minor
- Renewable Fuel Standard delay 'a mixed blessing,' Bustos says
- Rockford delegation presents inaugural 'Rockford Award' to Norwegian Air
- Education in Illinois making slow progress, according to report
- Illinois GOP Congressional delegation: Obama's immigration plan undermines rule of law
- Suspect, 17, charged in Halloween hit-and-run in Roscoe
- Saint Anthony College of Nursing president to retire
- Man found guilty in deadly August 2013 crash at Mulford and Garrett Lane
- 'The Price is Right Live!' at Coronado March 1; tickets on sale Nov. 21
OSF St. Anthony Center for Life offers 'Baby Express'
From press release
Although prospective parents want to be well prepared for the birth of their baby, they do not always have the time to attend a series of prenatal classes.
To help expectant parents prepare for the birth of their child and the early postpartum period, the OSF St. Anthony Center for Life offers a one-day class called "Baby Express." The next class will be from 9 a.m. to 5 p.m., Saturday, April 10, in the Foundation Room in the Medical Center.
Included in the class will be information about such topics as relaxation, breathing and labor support skills, stages of labor, alternatives for pain control and the birth process.
Baby Express covers the material found in the four-session prenatal classes, with the exception of CPR and breastfeeding. These components are included in the fees for the class, but are offered on different days and times. Participants are requested to return to learn breastfeeding techniques and CPR for infants and toddlers.
Repeat parents who wish to review breathing techniques, medications and labor are invited to attend the last portion of the class. Call (815) 227-2695 for information about the parental refresher section of the class.
Couples should wear comfortable clothes to the class and bring two bed pillows. Class size is limited, and registration is required. The fee for the class is $75 per couple. For information and registration, call (815) 227-2695.
From the April 7-13, 2010 issue


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Samsung's Smart Scroll Is Not Eye Tracking
Two new eye-sensitive features called Smart Scroll and Smart Pause aim to take reading and video watching to a whole new level.
Samsung is a 70-year-old tech company that specializes in diverse businesses. Multinational sectors of the Korean-based company build semiconductors, skyscrapers, plants and more. Samsung also develops and lends their advanced technology to fashion, medicine, finance, hotels and the petrochemicals field.
Samsung continues to create next-generation televisions, Blu-ray players, DVD players, home theater systems, cell phones, tablets, laptops, cameras, PCs, home appliances and more.
The company's latest smartphone is the Samsung Galaxy S III. The phone is optimized for 4G LTE and HSPA+ networks and powered by Android version 4.0 a.k.a. Ice Cream Sandwich. Unique features include a front-facing camera that tracks eye movement to prevent the screen to time out when you're looking at it. For more see our recent Samsung Galaxy S III Hands-On Review.
Two new eye-sensitive features called Smart Scroll and Smart Pause aim to take reading and video watching to a whole new level.
NEW YORK -- Samsung has just introduced its latest flagship smartphone, the Galaxy S 4 to the world. The Galaxy S 4 follows the spectacularly successful Galaxy S III, which sold over 100 million devices in 2012. SEE ALSO: 10 Strange Pictures From the Samsung Galaxy S 4 Launch From a design point of view, the Galaxy S 4 iterated from the Galaxy S III, while still offering a more streamlined, refined design.
Follow along with Mashable on site at Radio City Music Hall in New York City for the highly-anticipated launch of the Samsung Galaxy S 4 smartphone.
Apple and Samsung, beware. Practically anyone can make a smartphone these days.
As we await the unveiling of the Samsung Galaxy S IV, we thought it would be an interesting exercise to take a look back at the Galaxy S series since its debut in 2010. A major line of mega-popular Android handsets, Samsung has shifted over 100 million Galaxy S devices. SEE ALSO: 10 Killer Cases for the Samsung Galaxy S III Join us in the gallery above for a look back at the major incarnations of the Galaxy S series.
In the hours leading up to the launch of the next-generation Samsung smartphone, the Galaxy S IV, online retailer Amazon is having a limited-time sale for its predecessor, the Samsung Galaxy S III, as well as the Note II tablet. Amazon has temporarily cut prices on the Galaxy S III for new Verizon, AT&T and Sprint customers with a two-year contract, as well as the Galaxy Note II on AT&T.
Here's how to watch the Samsung Galaxy S IV launch event online, which kicks off at 7:00 p.m. ET in New York City.
Apple's top marketing exec criticized Android -- and Samsung by association -- in interviews with several national publications Thursday.
Welcome to this morning's edition of "First To Know," a series in which we keep you in the know on what's happening in the digital world. Today, we're looking at three particularly interesting stories. Google has announced plans to kill Google Reader, its RSS feed compiler, on July 1st. Apple is taking a defensive tone against Samsung as the Galaxy S4 launch approaches. And Twitter recently acquired We Are Hunted, a music discovery service it's expected to rebrand as Twitter Music.
Samsung is gearing up to unveil its next-generation smartphone, the Galaxy S 4, in New York City on Thursday, a launch that further positions the company as Apple's biggest competitor. The Korean electronics giant has created a lot of buzz surrounding the announcement, which will be live streamed online and in Times Square.
With just a day away from the Galaxy S IV's big unveil, Samsung is pushing hard to ensure its next-generation flagship smartphone is on everyone's mind. Hence, the company's ill-advised flash mob, which took place in New York City's Times Square.
AUSTIN -- South by Southwest will get a dose of purple rain. Samsung exclusively confirmed with Mashable that Prince will perform at its March 16 closing party. "Having Prince in Austin at his first SXSW show will truly be a one night only experience that our Samsung Galaxy owners and friends will remember for years to come," Todd Pendleton, Samsung's chief marketing officer, told us.
Samsung gave a sneak peek at its upcoming flagship phone, the Galaxy S IV, on Monday. The Korean electronics giant tweeted a photo that shows a front view of the Android smartphone, although it is mostly obscured by a shadowy foreground. While Samsung doesn't identify the S IV by name, it mentions the device's launch date. The company is set to formally unveil its next-generation Galaxy phone on March 14 in New York City.
Sprint users with a second-generation Samsung Galaxy Tab will be getting an update for Android Jelly Bean 4.1.1 software.
New images from a Chinese forum, unearthed by Sammy Hub, might be showing Samsung's upcoming flagship Android smartphone, the Galaxy S IV. The device in the photos is marked GT-I9502, and looks very similar to Samsung Galaxy S III. Screenshots from the Antutu hardware test application show that it's rocking a quad-core 1.8GHz processor, a 1080p display, 13-megapixel camera and 2GB of RAM. The Samsung Galaxy S IV is due to be unveiled March 14 in New York.
Nokia has sided with Apple in its request for a permanent injunction against several Samsung products, Reuters reports. The Finnish company has filed a brief to the U.S. Court of Appeals on Monday, supporting Apple's case. The brief is currently sealed, but the accompanying summary shows that Nokia thinks judge Lucy Koh was wrong when she denied Apple's request for a permanent injunction of Samsung's products.
The iPhone isn't the only mobile device that can have its lock screen bypassed with some key button presses and good timing: the lock screen on Samsung's Galaxy S III can be bypassed as well. As discovered by Sean McMillan and posted to the Full Disclosure mailing list, a user can bypass the Galaxy S III's lock screen with just a few button presses, with the right timing, McMillan tested his bypass method on a variety of different Galaxy S III devices.
Samsung's next generation smartphone -- the Galaxy S IV -- could include an eye scrolling feature, making it easier for users to read text, hands free.
Are you dying to see what Samsung plans to unveil on March 14? Perhaps you should track down Jeremy Maxwell then. A preteen boy by that name is the "secret messenger" of the device. The teaser video above shows Maxwell getting his assignment, signing a release and then -- in a nod to Pulp Fiction -- opening the box, which emits a gold glow. The saga continues when Jeremy heads home and has to fend off a curious friend.
A judge cut $450 million from Apple's $1.05 billion winnings in its Samsung case and ordered a new trial to decide damages on some products.
BARCELONA -- During its Developer Day at the Mobile World Congress, Samsung has unveiled its Wallet app for Android. Similar to Apple's Passbook, Samsung's Wallet will let users keep all their coupons, various tickets and membership cards in one place. A service such as this one is only as good as its partners, and Samsung has announced a decent roster, including Hotels.com, Lufthansa, Expedia, Walgreens, Belly, Major League Baseball Advanced Media and Booking.com.
Samsung will announce its next flagship smartphone, the Galaxy S IV, next month on March 14. We know this because the company said so -- an act simultaneously like and unlike the approach by its chief mobile rival, Apple. Apply typically doesn't say anything about what it's going to unveil, preferring instead to shroud its events with false mystery -- false because everyone always knows what Apple products are coming through rumors and leaks, even if they don't know the details.
Samsung has arguably been the biggest success story for the Android operating system, but Google is worried Samsung has gotten too powerful for its own good.
Samsung now has a true answer to the iPad mini: the Galaxy Note 8.0. It's about the same size as the mini, but Samsung adds the trademark twist of its Note line: a stylus called the S Pen. And it has a few new tricks. The Note 8.0 has enhanced AirView -- how the stylus interacts with the screen when you hover over it.
BARCELONA -- Your next Galaxy S smartphone might also be your Visa card. That's because Visa and Samsung announced Monday that Visa's NFC payment system will be built into all future Samsung smartphones. This is a big win for Visa, Samsung and viability of NFC payments. Visa is one of the leaders in the mobile payments space and Samsung is the world's biggest smartphone maker. Together, the two have a solid chance of making mobile payments a global reality.
BARCELONA -- One thing we know Samsung won't show at the Mobile World Congress in Barcelona this year is the Galaxy S IV, the company's most important mobile product of the year. The announcement is happening in New York at Radio City Music Hall this year on March 14, Reuters first reported. Invitations were sent to members of the press on Monday morning via email, but also handed out paper invitations to those in attendance at Mobile World Congress.
BARCELONA: Although Samsung will likely show off its upcoming flagship, the Galaxy S IV, mid-March, the company did not come to this year's Mobile World Congress empty-handed. Almost two days before the official event starts, Samsung gave journalists a glimpse of the Galaxy Note 8.0, an 8-inch tablet with a decent set of specs and support for Samsung's stylus, which the company calls the S Pen.
A new report from product Q & A site FixYa found that the iPhone was more reliable than smartphones made by Motorola, Samsung and Nokia. The study looked at data from 722,558 problem reports listed on the site, and combined that information with market share data from StatCounter to create an ultimate reliability score for each smartphone manufacturer. Apple scored a 3.47 on FixYa's Reliability Reporter -- 187% more reliable than Samsung's 1.21 -- and 25 times more than Motorola.
Samsung is planning to blitz the Academy Awards telecast on Sunday with a total of four and a half minutes of commercials, one of which will feature director Tim Burton. The ads continue the story of a small company trying to create a videogame called Unicorn Apocalypse, a shift that comes as Samsung goes after BlackBerry's stronghold in the business market.
Samsung is set to unveil TV Discovery, a service that aims to personalize users' viewing experience, at the Mobile World Congress, the company announced Thursday. The service, which can be used on Samsung's mobile devices and smart TVs, searches for programming from various sources, including traditional live television, video-on-demand or online sites such as YouTube, according to a release. It can also transfer and mirror content between connected devices.
Fresh on the heels of a rumored Apple iWatch come a series of leaked screens purported to have come from Samsung's own smart watch. The screens, which were spied by SlashGear on a Korean message board, indicate that the device will be called the Samsung Galaxy Altius. It isn't clear what operating system the watch is running, though, as other smart watch makers have proven, a modified version of Android isn't too hard to pull off.
Samsung's upcoming flagship Android smartphone, the Galaxy S IV, will be announced on March 14, several outlets claim citing unspecified sources. First, Mobile-review's Eldar Murtazin said on Twitter that a "big announcement" is coming March 14. SamMobile and The Verge independently confirmed with their forces that Samsung is indeed planning to launch several devices on that date, including the Galaxy S IV.
One of the most-hyped features in the new BlackBerry Z10 smartphone is its "time-shifting" camera. When you take a photo of someone's face, the phone lets you pick the "best face" moment (within a few seconds of pressing the shutter), leaving the rest of the photo untouched. The benefit of the time-shift is to eliminate group photos that are spoiled because one person blinked or had a goofy expression.
We've seen some pretty snazzy high tech refrigerators lately, but a fridge that has a sparkling water dispenser? That takes the cake. Samsung has announced that its new 36" four-door refrigerator has the industry's first-ever automatic sparkling water dispenser. It's powered by SodaStream, so you can get cold, bubbly water anytime of the day or night. The filtered sparkling water will come through the dispenser on the fridge door that already delivers water and ice.


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WRU backs the Welsh Hearts charity's bid to put lifesaving equipment into every Welsh rugby club
Officials also want to see householders separating glass from paper in recycling bags in a bid to meet EU advertising targets
Natural Resources Minister Carl Sargeant spells out the benefits of the Well-being of Future Generations (Wales) Bill
Diversions are in place in the aftermath of the accident, which took place at around 2.15pm and involved two vehicles
The oil painting of Venice's San Marco Piazza captures the bustling Italian city and its inhabitants in the 18th century
Ronald Burton, 39, was found by police officers with incriminating texts on his phone
Helen Waterson only manages to stay awake for the other three hours of the day by taking a cocktail of debilitating drugs
In a foul-mouthed status update, a unidentified woman, from Swansea, posted a picture of a pet container sitting in a half-submerged bath
Lili Munteanu, who has links to the Bala and Birmingham areas, was last seen leaving Cineworld on Thursday
The sophisticated production facility inside Porth's former Apollo nightclub was discovered during a police raid in June
Local authorities across Wales have until Friday to submit their 'expressions of interest' for voluntary mergers
Some MPs more than doubled their yearly take home pay with their earnings outside of Parliament. Here's who made the most and what they did to earn it
Shadow Welsh Secretary Owen Smith accused the Government of 'punishing' vulnerable people - but a Tory MP insisted the crackdown was working
More people in work are being referred to food banks because they are struggling to survive on low wages, says Trussell Trust charity
Convicted rapist Evans has to regularly meet a probation officer which would make a career abroad 'incredibly difficult' according to the Ministry of Justice
Alan Blacker called the judge's criticism of his court attire 'outrageous'
City Missions traces the intriguing tale of the Cymry in London and offers a stark warning about the future of its Welsh chapels
The city taxi driver and self-taught photographer has produced a collection of amazing pictures which are now in an exhibition
£8.8m damages claim hearing continues as Companies House denies legal duty to Taylor & Sons Ltd
Ukip's Welsh MEP Nathan Gill blasts Labour and Conservatives in wake of latest election triumph
Former police officer Glyn Roberts, 61, died after a cardiac arrest while fighting an aggressive pancreatic tumour
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Last Comic Standing Champion Josh Blue at the Arlington Improv
* Additional fees apply.
The last date listed for Comedian Josh Blue was Thursday April 21, 2011 / 8:00pm.
Currently at Arlington Improv Comedy Club
Tony Rock (BET's Apollo Live, Comedy Central)
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Tony Rock was born to do comedy. The fourth of eight children, Tony has stepped out of the shadow...Learn More
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Be ready to laughComedian Joe Torry info • Aug 04 2014 star this tip starred
Went to eat after, a few of the couple's ate appetizers.Comedian Joe Torry dining • Aug 04 2014 star this tip starred
Reviews & Ratings
Featured review from Goldstar Member
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Josh Blue was hilarious as expected! Great opening acts (3 openers) as well...really loved "Bear"...he was great!
Quotes & Highlights
Check out Josh Blue's website.
Perhaps best known as the comedian who puts the cerebral in cerebral palsy, Josh Blue exploded onto the national comedy scene by capturing the attention and endearment of the country as the winner of NBC's Last Comic Standing. Having already established himself as one of the most sought after comedians on the college circuit, his weekly appearances on Last Comic in the summer of 2006 expanded his fan base exponentially.
Josh has also become a hit on the internet with his top two YouTube videos receiving well over 1 million plays. Josh has appeared as a regular guest star on Comedy Central's Mind of Mencia and his story has been featured on Fox, CBS, ABC, and MSNBC. Despite his extensive schedule of stand-up tour dates, Josh maintains an active role on the US Paralympic Soccer Team and competed in Athens at the Paralympic Games, the world's second largest sporting event.