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Proenza Schouler Tiny Red Leather PS11 Shoulder Bag
Structured leather shoulder bag in red. Silver tone hardware. Foldover flap at main compartment with signature hardware. Single adjustable removable shoulder strap with lanyard clasps. Logo print under flap in silver. Patch pocket at bag interior. Grey lining. Tone on tone stitching. Approx 7.5" length x 3.25" width x 6.25" height. Leather. Made in Italy.
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Black textured-leather (Calf) Detachable adjustable shoulder strap Front flap pocket, buckled front tabs, faceted cubes, turn lock-fastening grill, zipped back pocket, silver hardware Internal zipped pocket Fully lined Snap-fastening front flap Comes with dust bag
Reach for Proenza Schouler's textured- leather bucket bag for a quick style update. Practical for everyday use, this supple design has an adjustable shoulder strap and a spacious interior that can easily hold your wallet, cosmetics case and smartphone. Carry it against a luxe sweatshirt and skinny jeans. Black textured-leather (Calf) Drawstring top
Leather flap front bag with metal tab closure, leather straps, and removable and adjustable shoulder strap. Logo jacquard interior lining. One interior compartment with leather trimmed inner zip pocket. Front compartment with snap closure and one outer zip pocket and snap closure. Made in Italy. Length: 7.5" Width: 3" Height: 7.5" Strap length: 45" / 22" drop
Proenza Schouler black leather PS11 Classic. Exterior flap pocket with twist-lock tab closure; buckle detail at bag front; zip pocket and flat stud detail at bag back; polished silvertone hardware. Lined with Proenza Schouler logo-jacquard fabric; interior zip pocket. Flat, detachable, adjustable shoulder strap. Front flap closes with magnetic snap. 7.00" height x 10.75" width x 4.00" depth (approximately). 19" maximum strap drop, approximately. Made in Italy.
Leather flap front bag with metal tab closure, leather straps, handle and removable and adjustable shoulder strap. Logo jacquard interior lining. One interior compartment with leather trimmed inner zip pocket. Front compartment with zip pocket and snap closure. Made in Italy. Length: 12.5" Width: 4" Height" 8.5" Strap length: 22" / 9" drop
Large leather and suede flap front bag with metal tab closure and adjustable strap. One interior compartment with two zip pockets and two pouch pockets with stamped logo. One exterior pouch pockets with stamped logo. Made in Italy. Length: 13" Width: 5" Height: 7.5" Strap length: 21" / 10" drop Extended: 32" / 16.5" drop
Proenza Schouler black grained leather PS1 tiny shoulder bag. Signature schoolbag straps at flap front, snap-close slip pocket beneath flap, slip pocket at back, matte pewtertone hardware. Lined with logo-jacquard fabric; leather-trimmed zip pocket at interior. Flat leather top handle; detachable, adjustable flat leather shoulder strap. Metal hinged closure. 6.00" height x 10.25" width x 3.50" depth, approximately. 3" handle drop, approximately. Made in Italy.
Proenza Schouler PS1 Tiny $1,475
Leather bag with adjustable shoulder strap and gold/platinum signature inverted stud detail. Silver embossed Proenza Schouler logo underneath flap with snap closure. Logo Jacquard interior lining. One interior compartment with leather trimmed inner zip pocket with turnlock closure. One outer zip pocket. Made in Italy. Length: 9.5" Width:3.5" Height: 6.25" Strap length: 24" / 18" drop
Proenza Schouler matte calfskin shoulder bag. Adjustable leather shoulder strap; 18" drop. Silver hardware. Layered latch front; straps come around front to secure. Slit pocket front; back zip pocket. Inside, jacquard logo lining with zip pocket. 10"W x 5"H x 3"D. Weighs approx. 2 lbs. "PS11" is made in Italy.
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LEGALS & PUBLIC NOTICES: STATE OF SOUTH CAROLINA IN THE COURT OF COMMON PLEAS COUNTY OF RICHLAND DOCKET NO. 14-CP-40-4629 Wells Fargo Bank, NA, Plaintiff, v. Kelvin A. Sellers; Lois T. Sellers; Any Heirs-at-Law or Devisees of Karlton M. Thompson, Deceased, their heirs, Personal...More info Email a friend
LEGALS & PUBLIC NOTICES: PUBLIC NOTICE Early Action statement of Basis/Proposed Plan for the C-Area Operable Unit Available for Public Comment The United States Department of Energy (DOE) will release an Early Action Statement of Basis / Proposed Plan (SB/PP) for the C-Area Operable...More info Email a friend
LEGALS & PUBLIC NOTICES: I-73 Compensatory Mitigation Project Proposal ID P2S 36358 NOTICE TO PARTIES INTERESTED IN COMPENSATORY MITIGATION PROJECTS The South Carolina Department of Transportation (SCDOT) in cooperation with the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) requests...More info Email a friend
LEGALS & PUBLIC NOTICES: ADVERTISEMENT FOR BIDS Sealed Bids for the construction of the Segar's Mill Pump Station Renovations will be received by the City of Hartsville at 145 West Carolina Ave Hartsville, SC 29550 until 2:00 p.m. local time on December 18, 2014, at which time...More info Email a friend
LEGALS & PUBLIC NOTICES: BID The City of Columbia CAPITAL PROJECT: #WM3752 Raw Water Reservoir Dredging and Sedimentation Basin Improvements at Canal Water Treatment Plant For Complete Bid Information Go To Columbiasc.net / Online Svcs / Bid Online 1405008More info Email a friend
LEGALS & PUBLIC NOTICES: NOTICE OF PUBLIC HEARING NOTICE IS GIVEN that the Richland County Council will conduct a public hearing relating to an Ordinance "AUTHORIZING THE EXECUTION AND DELIVERY OF AN AMENDMENT TO THE FEE AGREEMENT BETWEEN RICHLAND COUNTY, SOUTH CAROLINA, AND ARUM...More info Email a friend
LEGALS & PUBLIC NOTICES: ADVERTISEMENT FOR BIDS TOWN OF LEXINGTON, SOUTH CAROLINA TWELVE MILE CREEK SANITARY SEWER EXTENSION BID #14-007 Bids for the Twelve Mile Creek Sanitary Sewer Extension project are invited by the Town of Lexington and will be received in the Eli Mack ...More info Email a friend
FORECLOSURE: NOTICE OF SALE BY VIRTUE of a decree heretofore granted in the case of: Wells Fargo Bank, NA vs. Jamol Starks; Rodney D. Coleman; Any Heirs-at-Law or Devisees of Barbara Coleman a/k/a Barbara Ann Whitt Starks, Deceased, their heirs, Personal Representatives...More info Email a friend
LEGALS & PUBLIC NOTICES: NATIONAL FOREST FOR SALE SUMTER NATIONAL FOREST The LC 222,226,227 Sale is located within McCormick County, 4 miles west of Troy, South Carolina. The Forest Service will receive sealed bids in public at Long Cane Ranger District Office, Edgefield, SC at...More info Email a friend

subset: commoncrawl


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ADL Honors Richard J. Caturano of McGladrey LLP with 2014 Torch of Liberty Award
(Boston, MA) November 19, 2014 – The Anti-Defamation League (ADL) New England Region honored Richard J. Caturano of McGladrey LLP, with the Torch of Liberty Award this evening. The award is given annually to business leaders in the community that demonstrate a commitment to ADL's mission, "to secure justice and fair treatment for all." ADL…
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MA Law Enforcement Executives Train with Their Israeli Counterparts
(Boston, MA) November 18, 2014 – A delegation of Massachusetts law enforcement executives met with their counterparts in the Israel national police last week during a weeklong ADL counterterrorism seminar in Israel. The training curriculum included high-level briefings on the operational response to terrorism, border and airport security, maintaining safety and access to holy sites,…
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Anti-Israel Activity Prevalent On Massachusetts Campuses This Year
With recent anti-Israel activity at multiple universities in Massachusetts,the state has become a hotspot for campus events promoting Boycott, Divestment, and Sanctions (BDS) campaignsand the use of confrontational tactics to protest pro-Israel events. Nine anti-Israel events have been held in Massachusetts so far this academic year, more than double the four events that took place last…
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Axe Imagery Proliferates Following Synagogue Attack In Jerusalem
Within minutes of yesterday's brutal terror attack that killed five people in a Jerusalem synagogue, images and cartoons glorifying the attack began circulating online. The speed with which images glorifying the killing of Jews with axes and hatchets – which the two terrorists used in their attack – were released demonstrates the ease in which…
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Young Leadership Celebration Honoring Dana Benjamin & Eric Wolkoff
REGISTER HERE! On December 6th the New England Region of the Anti-Defamation League will hold its 12th Annual Young Leadership Celebration at the W Hotel in Boston. This year, we are thrilled to honor Dana Benjamin and Eric Wolkoff with the prestigious Krupp Leadership Award for their outstanding dedication and leadership on behalf of ADL….
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Physicians for Human RightsUsing science and medicine to stop human rights violations
Press Room
HRW: Bahrain: Rights Activist Attacked
Nabeel Rajab, head of the Bahrain Center for Human Rights, reported to Human Rights Watch that he was beaten by police while leaving a peaceful protest on January 6, 2012. This attack is another example of the ongoing abuses in Bahrain, which recently denied entrance to PHR's deputy director Richard Sollum and prevented him from attending the appeals trial of 20 Bahraini medics who were convicted in September for treating protestors.
In the News
Syria, Bahrain and Middle East unrest - Monday 9 January
An American activist who was refused entry to Bahrain on Sunday said he feared the 20 medics being re-tried for allegedly trying to overthrow the regime would be "scape-goated" by the authorities. Richard Sollom, who had flown in to the country with the intention of observing the medics' retrial today, told the Guardian he hoped international pressure would eventually force the King to quash the charges.
In the News
Activist refused entry into Bahrain
Bahrain's government refused to allow an American human rights activist into the country, officials say. On Sunday, officials at the airport turned away Richard Sollom, deputy president of Physicians for Human Rights, who was hoping to observe the trial of 20 medical workers being charged with felonies for providing care for protesters.
In the News
Bahrain court overturns two death sentences
The court of cassation in Bahrain has overturned a ruling by the court of appeals that had sentenced two Bahraini anti-government protesters to execution. Monday's decision will require the court of appeals to re-examine the case and issue a new verdict for the two protesters earlier sentenced to death, and five others who had been sentenced to life in prison.
In the News
Syrians protest Assad, as Arabs delay crisis talks
Tens of thousands of Syrians, some of them calling for their president's execution, protested against the authoritarian regime on Friday, as the Arab League indefinitely postponed a meeting on the crisis because of divisions over how to stop the bloodshed. Security forces opened fire during protests and conducted security raids in several places around the country, killing at least 10 people, most of them in Syria's rebellious central region, activists said. The army also sent reinforcements into a southern area where military defectors recently launched deadly attacks on regime troops.


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Mile High Nachos
Chef Sam DeMarco and Hollywood director Frank Coraci scour Denver for the tastiest, most creative, unsung nachos to award a $10,000 prize. The nachos have everything from bison to poached eggs to pork green chili.
Original Airdate | Tuesday, May 13, 2014
Chow Masters: Mile High Nachos Pictures
Chef Sam DeMarco and Hollywood director Frank Coraci scour ...
All-American Nachos at Tocabe
Bison and hominy are two of the all-American toppings on ...
Lola Makes Some Happy Nachos
It's Happy Hour indeed when the guys dig into Lola's Happy ...
All About Green Chilies
Green chiles are the topic of discussion on a Denver nacho ...
Editors' Picks
More Chowdown Countdown Locations Travel Guide
Visit these 101 top spots to chowdown ...
Amazing Eats: Classic Comfort Food
From Southern cooking, to sweet treats ...
Deep Fried Paradise 3 Pictures
From a gut-busting double bacon corn ...
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The Masters sample the best kosher ...
Why did the Chow Masters cross the ...
Austin's Creative Tacos
Frank and Sammy are going off the map ...
More Travel Inspirations
GAC America's Amusement Parks
Buckle up and take a tour of the most thrilling amusement parks in America.
3-Ingredient Apps for Thanksgiving
Try Food.com's quick and easy apps for a stress free turkey day.
Food Network's Top Turkey Day Tips
Plan Your Menu with easy, how-to videos from Bobby, Sunny and more.


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- North America »
- United States »
- California »
- Los Angeles »
- Radio Mi Fortaleza
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Radio Mi Fortaleza is an internet radio station from Los Angeles, CA, United States, providing Christian music and program.
Los Angeles - California, United States - Spanish
4242 West Sunset Blvd #9
Songs playing in Radio Mi Fortaleza


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The RainXchange system combines sub-surface rainwater collection with an above-ground recirculating water feature. Rainwater from the gutters collects in an underground rain filter and is then sent to a modular storage basin; water is pumped to either the irrigation hose or recirculates through the above-ground decorative water feature and biological filter and back into the storage basin. An overflow tank allows excess rainwater to infiltrate the soil and aquifer.
Green infrastructure such as vegetated roofs, open parks, and permeable pavement can lead to higher rents, increased retail sales, reduced utility bills, and reduced crime, among other benefits, according to a new report from the NRDC.
ECOBUILDING Pulse
The triennial competition awarded $330,000 to projects that the design jury determined as pushing the envelope of sustainability.
Not long after completing the New American Home 2007, a green-built show home at last year's International Builders' Show in Orlando, Fla., veteran builder Carmen Domínguez realized the true meaning of her work. A 13-year-old boy approached her while she toured the home. "He said, 'Thank you for doing this,' "Domínguez recalls, her otherwise exuberant tone softening as she retells the story. That moment deepened her commitment to bring what she learned from her first green home into the future of her business, and changed the way she looked at home building forever.
Projects include geothermal systems, rainwater catchment, ICFs, and straw bale construction.
New research looks at impacts of greywater reuse to help push regulations forward.
A handful of municipalities in Southern California are aiming to reduce their use of imported water by 40 billion gallons by 2035. Will other cities follow their lead?
This subsurface modular container system holds soil to help manage stormwater onsite and help tree roos grow.
Harold Smethills explains why—and how—we can design future communities around water conservation.
Copyright ©
2014 Hanley Wood Media, Inc. All rights reserved.


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Born: December 21, 1934 | Died: January 29, 2009
Hank Crawford was an alto sax sensation since he stepped out of the Ray Charles band back in 1963. A signature piercing, full bodied, blues, soul, and gospel drenched tone, sets him apart from the alto pack. He has an instantly recognizable voice, and his excellent choice of material suits his style perfectly. He is a bluesman turned preacher on the sax, and the sermon is always on time.
Bennie Ross Crawford Jr. was born in Memphis, Tennessee on December 21, 1934, began formal piano studies at age nine and was soon playing for his church choir. His father had brought an alto saxophone home from the service and when Hank entered high school, he took it up in order to join the band. He credits Charlie Parker, Louis Jordan, Earl Bostic and Johnny Hodges as early influences....
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CD/LP/Track Review
- Don't You Worry 'Bout A Thing by Dan Bilawsky
- Low Flame High Heat by AAJ Staff
- Memphis, Ray and a Touch of Moody by Douglas Payne
- Down on the Deuce by Douglas Payne
- Road Tested by Douglas Payne
- Tight by Douglas Payne
Jazz Musician of the Day: Hank CrawfordDecember 21, 2012
Jazz Musician of the Day: Hank CrawfordDecember 21, 2011
Jazz Musician of the Day: Hank CrawfordDecember 21, 2010
Jazz Musician of the Day: Hank CrawfordDecember 21, 2009
Jazz Musician of the Day: Hank CrawfordFebruary 03, 2009
Hank Crawford Saxophonist for Ray Charles DiesFebruary 02, 2009


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-Freezing hands--Freezing hands--Freezing hands-2 weeks ago in Concrete Poetry More Like This
That night
Ambulance light
Laying in the street
no heartbeat
Glasses broken
Life token
Wife so scared
Wasn't prepared
Mother doesn't know
But saw you not long ago
Father watching from above
Had hoped it was his love
Son was having fun
Had to go, the night had just begun
Daughter crying tears
All the things she hears
The little family crying
The doctors kept trying
Ambulance on his way
Just like everyday
He wasn't there
When will we wake up from this nightmare
Ambulance went away
Full speed on the highway
It was too late
His heart didnt cooperate
They layed him on a bed
It was so sad
I holded his hand
Still I didn't understand
Hands so cold
You weren't old
Only 52
I love you
Goodbye daddy
Where Is HomeWhere is home?Where Is Home2 weeks ago in Concrete Poetry More Like This
I don't know, do you?
Have lived in many places
Different houses, different lives
Where nothing have stayed the same
They've constantly changed
What is home?
I don't know, do you?
Can a house be called a home
Even if you always feel alone?
Despite living with people
Only few you know
Some would say
Home is family
But what if it is broken?
That means home is also shattered then
Hearts left aching in the chests
Frozen and homeless
Where is home?
Tell me 'cause I'm lost
I've been living with my thoughts
Me and my profound soul for so long
Tell me, where do I belong?
I'm lost and alone.
Fear Come and be bold, let me chase away your tears,Fear2 weeks ago in Concrete Poetry More Like This
In a world where demons walk in darkness as shadows create your fears,
It's cold where you're standing boldness looses shape,
teeth begin to chatter, claws begin to grate.
Far from the grounds you roam , only to find you're not alone,
Far from the bounds of reality, you know there is no hope.
Fatality calls in your mind, the chill of graves unkind,
Memories distant Haunting, The Time, The now, daunting.
But in your tangled state of mind, there is a place a refuge you'll find,
you try to crawl, scream a yelp, only to be meek, not receiving of help,
as you face on your fears,your eyes flash those betters years.
And all fall to darkness, that black endless void,
a blank canvas , an empty place,
This is death, you feared to face.
|Sta.sh Submit


text:
Black Friday is Here!
New Customer ? Start Here.
Can't find what you're looking for? Shop all ink and toner cartridges by brand
Black Friday is Here!
Item: 51056 Model: 10-368
Natico Large sphere clock with large plexiglas and separate silver ring for clock to sit in is ideal for home or office use. Hands and dials can be customized for quantity requirements.
|Face Color
|Case Color Details
|Clear, Silver
|Case Color
|Time Display
|Clock Size
|Clock Special Features Details
|12 Hour Numerals
|Indoor/Outdoor Use
|Clock Theme
|Clock Display
|Clock Style
Natico Folding travel alarm clock in matte silver color has easy to read LCD display and is ideal for traveling. Natico Folding ...
Time format: Digital.Dimensions: 6"(H) x 6"(W) x 1"(D).Big 2" LCD display makes time, day, month and date easy to read.Used as ...
White Face.Clock Size: 9" Diameter.Red Second Hand.Infinity Instruments Resin Case Wall Clock is ideal for the kitchen dorm room ...
La Crosse Technology® 16" Atomic digital clock features a large calendar view of 3.25". Clock features a Daylight Saving ...
InterDesign® Forma suction clock with one AAA battery features a water resistant design ideal for use in humid conditions which ...
This Web site is intended for use by US residents only. See International Sites. See our delivery policy for full details. Copyright 1998-2014, Staples, Inc., All Rights Reserved.


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The Latest:
Regional Conversation on Drug Abuse
The Executive Summary and accompanying data sheets for the Regional Conversation on Drug Abuse held on June 19th are available for viewing - just click on the bold green words above.. Questions about these documents can be directed by email to Pat Castillo.
B.E.S.T. has launched a blog devoted to mental health issues called Mission Mental. Check it out!
Healthy Youth Initiative Basic Student Needs Committee has organized free dental screening and service events for youth. Feel free to download this Dental Flyer and distribute to those who need the service. Click on the image to start.


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Welcome to AO
If you need any help then let me know
Why, Hello
Yeah, you know the basics, Rules and such etc...
I'm Zainab, Nice to meet you
I hope we can be friends, and I'm sure you'll make lots of friends here
P.M me anytime, If you need help ask me, I'll try my best.
Welcome to AO
If you need any help then let me know
FAVOURITE THREADS EXPLAIN why, or risk an infraction.
| Sazzy-Bu.co.uk | My Deviant Art | Anime Vector | Otaku Zen | My Twitter | My Tumblr | My last.fm |
Hi Think You All ..........
I Will Cuz I Dont Know How To Relly Use My Profile............
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text:
"Mucho" Ado About Nothing?
July 15, 2014|
Linking a mold identified in a sample of recalled yogurt to consumer-reported illnesses may be premature, scientists say.
July 15, 2014|
Linking a mold identified in a sample of recalled yogurt to consumer-reported illnesses may be premature, scientists say.
July 10, 2014|
Mice undernourished during pregnancy can transmit the effects of such nutritional stress to their sons' germ cells, epigenetically.
July 9, 2014|
An updated analysis of the gut microbiome extends the list of known bacterial genes to 9.8 million.
July 1, 2014|
New approaches to diagnosing bacterial infections may one day allow the identification of pathogens and their antibiotic susceptibility in a matter of hours or minutes.
June 26, 2014|
Fifty-thousand-year-old feces suggest Neanderthals ate both meat and vegetables.
June 26, 2014|
Cell phones are populated with many bacteria commonly found on users' hands.
June 23, 2014|
Determining which critters are present in an infected wound could aid in treatment, particularly of soldiers injured in combat.
June 23, 2014|
Fungi that digest wood in novel ways could fuel new avenues of research on cellulosic ethanol, and suggest a need to move beyond traditional classification systems.
June 12, 2014|
A study implicates the breaking up of bacterial biofilms on fatty plaques in arteries as causing stroke or heart attack following stress.
June 1, 2014|
Complex layers of science, policy, and public opinion surround the things we eat and drink.


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A process is modeled by a dynamic model, handling time dependent relations between manipulated variables of different process sections (10A–D) and measured process output variables. Suggested input trajectories for manipulated variables for a subsequent time period are obtained by optimizing an objective function over a prediction time period, under constraints imposed by the dynamic process model and/or preferably a production plan for the same period. The objective function comprises relations involving predictions of controlled process output variables as a function of time using the process model, based on the present measurements, preferably by a state estimation procedure. By the use of a prediction horizon, also planned future operational changes can be prepared for, reducing any induced fluctuations. In pulp and paper processes, process output variables associated with chemical additives can be used, adapting the optimization to handle chemical additives aspects.
1. A method for a production process having a number of process sections the method comprising:
obtaining a dynamic process model having time dependent relations between manipulated variables for said process sections and process output variables from respective process section;
providing external constraints for said production process for a prediction time interval;
measuring a set of process output variables of said production process;
estimating an initial state by using said measured process output variables;
defining an objective function involving predicted controlled process output variables for said prediction time interval and said external constraints;
said predicted controlled process output variables being defined by said dynamic process model based on said initial state;
optimizing said objective function under constraints imposed by said dynamic process model and/or said external constraints, by adapting said manipulated variables, giving input trajectories for said manipulated variables for said prediction time interval; and
operating said production process by setting said manipulated variables according to said input trajectories during a control time interval.
2. The method according to
3. The method according to
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10. The method according to
11. The method according to
12. The method according to
13. The method according to
14. The method according to
15. The method according to
16. The method according to
flow rate;
flow concentration;
buffer level;
buffer concentration; and
internal process section variable.
17. The method according to
deriving target trajectories for said controlled process output variables under said external constraints starting from said initial state;
whereby said objective function comprises deviations between said target trajectories and predicted process output variables integrated over said prediction time interval.
18. The method according to
calculating ideal set-point trajectories for said controlled process output variables under constraints imposed by said production plan; and
modifying said ideal set-point trajectories into said target trajectories by introducing said initial state and a smoothing with time of structures of said ideal set-point.
19. The method according to
20. The method according to
said section models comprising said time dependent relations; and
said intermediate storage models being characterized by a buffer level.
21. The method according to
22. The method according to
23. The method according to
24. A production process system, comprising:
a number of process sections, controllable by manipulated variables;
sensors measuring a set of process output variables of said production process;
processor means, connected to said sensors;
process section control means, setting said manipulated variables, said process section control means being connected to said processor means;
said processor means in turn comprising:
means for obtaining a dynamic process model having time dependent relations between manipulated variables for said process sections and process output variables from respective process section;
means for providing external constraints for a prediction time interval;
means for defining an objective function involving predicted controlled process output variables for said prediction time interval and said external constraints;
said predicted controlled process output variables being defined by said dynamic process model based on an estimation of an initial state obtained by said measured set of process output variables;
means for optimizing said objective function under constraints imposed by said dynamic process model and/or said external constraints by adapting said manipulated variables, giving input trajectories for said manipulated variables for said prediction time interval;
whereby said process section control means is arranged for setting said manipulated variables according to said input trajectories during a control time interval.
25. A system for a production process having a number of process sections, controllable by manipulated variables, comprising:
processor means; and
process section control means, setting said manipulated variables, said process section control means being connected to said processor means;
said processor means in turn comprising:
sensor input means for receiving a set of process output variables of said production process;
means for obtaining a dynamic process model having time dependent relations between manipulated variables for said process sections and process output variables from respective process section;
means for providing external constraints for a prediction time interval;
means for defining an objective function involving predicted controlled process output variables for said prediction time interval and said external constraints;
said predicted controlled process output variables being defined by said dynamic process model based on an estimation of an initial state obtained by said measured set of process output variables;
means for optimizing said objective function under constraints imposed by said dynamic process model and/or said external constraints by adapting said manipulated variables, giving input trajectories for said manipulated variables for said prediction time interval;
whereby said process section control means is arranged for setting said manipulated variables according to said input trajectories during a control time interval.
26. The system according to
27. The system according to
28. The system according to
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40. A computer program product comprising computer code means and/or software code portions for making a processor perform the steps of
41. The computer program product according to
42. A computer readable medium containing a computer program product according to
43. A computer program comprising computer code means and/or software code portions for making a processor perform the steps of
44. The computer program according to
45. Use of a method according to
46. Use of a method according to
47. Use of a system according to
48. Use of a system according to
The present invention relates generally to a method and a system for production processes and in particular to optimization of process operation conditions. The present invention is particularly well suited for pulp and/or paper production processes.
In manufacturing of pulp and paper, the production is typically divided in a number of process sections connected to each other in a more or less complex pattern. Examples of process sections could be digesters, washing arrangements, refiners, bleaching arrangements, etc. The part process of each process section is typically a complex process, where the output flow from the process section and its properties depends on the present input flow (including its properties) of material, chemical additives, process operational conditions as well as of the previous history of operation of the process section. This means that the output is not only dependent on present conditions, but also on how the process section was operated in an earlier stage, i.e. there is a dynamic relation between variables of different kinds.
In pulp and paper production, a lot of chemical substances are added during the process. These process chemicals normally react and form other chemical substances when performing their intended action upon the pulp and/or paper. However, some chemical substances are to a large extent extracted from the process, to keep the concentrations within required limits. Since the chemical substances are expensive, as much as possible is collected and recovered. A pulp and paper production line therefore typically comprises also process sections taking care of extracted chemical substances. The flow and properties of such chemical substances through the process are connected to operational conditions in an even more complex manner. In particular, the dependence on process history is even more pronounced than for the pulp flow itself. In most pulp and paper mills of today, control of the flow of chemical additives is typically of a very simple type. If a shortage of chemicals appears, more chemicals are added, if an excess of chemicals appears, the excess is wasted.
In the European Patent Application EP 1 035 253, an on-line optimized pulp or paper production process is disclosed. In this disclosure, a number of inputs, such as raw material as well as chemicals, energy etc. are mentioned as important to optimize the process. The outputs, which are considered, are typically production quantity, quality properties, and price as well as waste product quantities. However, the actual optimizing procedure is only described in general terms as an automatically calibrating module. The method is probably intended for off-line optimization of set-points in different typical steady-state situations. Difficulties arising from differences in the previous history of operation are not addressed at all. Furthermore, the optimization basically concerns the process as one entity, where only inputs and outputs of the entire process are discussed, even if bottleneck problems are mentioned.
Problems arising from dependence of operation history becomes particularly accentuated when the operation of the process is changed, e.g. if the production rate is changed. Also large variations in the properties of the raw material, e.g. large kappa number changes or a change between hardwood and softwood, may cause large changes to the process. In such cases, large and slow fluctuations may be induced in the process system. Some fluctuations may even have time constants exceeding several hours. Models and optimization procedures, which are focused in the present outcome of the process, may therefore introduce control measures, which much later may turn out to be unfavourable. In cases where the changes in process operation are large and/or abrupt, it may not even be possible to maintain required quality, and operate the mill close to the most profitable state. Fluctuations are generally connected with actions, which eventually end up with increased waste of e.g. chemical additives, which in turn is connected to large costs. These fluctuations are difficult to handle in prior art control systems.
Control systems according to prior art are typically based on an assumption of a substantially failure-free operation. In case a failure occurs and a process section temporarily has to be taken out of operation, there might not be enough buffers ensuring a continuous operation for the rest of the process sections. Such discontinuities may affect both the quality and the quantity of the end product as well as other cost related properties. In particular in systems having pronounced bottlenecks, problems with continuity may occur during minor disruptions.
A problem with prior art control methods is that they typically are not suited for handling process operation variations having relatively large time constants. Another problem with prior art systems is that there is a fairly large sensitivity even to minor failures of process sections. Furthermore prior art systems typically have an unsatisfactory treatment of bottleneck processes.
An object of the present invention is thus to provide a system and method, in particular for pulp and paper production, being capable of handling systems having dynamic processes with relatively large time constants. A further object of the present invention is to provide a system and method, in particular for pulp and paper production that can optimize the utilization of chemical additives in the process. Another object is to provide a system and method offering a flexible possibility to handle bottleneck problems.
The above objects are achieved by methods and systems according to the enclosed patent claims. In general words, a process is modeled by a dynamic model, handling time dependent relations between manipulated variables of different process sections and the process output variables of respective process section. A number of state variables are measured, and previous measurements are preferably also available. Suggested input trajectories for manipulated variables for a subsequent time period are obtained by optimizing an objective function over a prediction time period, under constraints imposed by the dynamic process model and preferably a production plan for the same period. The objective function comprises relations involving predictions of controlled process output variables as a function of time for the prediction time period using the process model, based on the present and preferably also previous measurements of state variables. In such a manner, dynamic behaviors of the process are handled. By the use of a prediction horizon, also planned future operational changes can be prepared for, reducing any induced fluctuations.
The dynamic model is preferably based on dynamic section models, modeling the actual process of the different process sections, interconnected by intermediate storage models, such as buffer models or buffer tank models. Flows between the different sections are process output variables or manipulated variables. By using process output variables associated with chemical additives, and in particular the amount of chemicals, the distribution of chemicals over the system and the consumption of chemicals, the optimisation can be adapted to handle opting aspects concerning chemical additives. Furthermore, other optimization aspects such as handling of bottleneck processes and minor failures in exposed process sections are also treated. State estimation techniques are preferably used for pre-treatment of the actually measured variables to be able to generate an initial state for the future optimization.
The method and the system according to the invention may be used to carry out on a production process, preferably a pulp and/or paper production process, any of the operations of: monitoring, controlling, regulating, simulating, optimising, providing support for decisions, advising.
The invention, together with further objects and advantages thereof, may best be understood by making reference to the following description taken together with the accompanying drawings, in which:
In the present invention disclosure, a number of variables connected to the process will be discussed. These variables have somewhat differing character, and to avoid any misinterpretation of the terminology, definitions of the terms used throughout the present disclosure is first presented.
A process is at every time characterized by a number of state variables. Such state variables can in a general view be of almost any kind and is here used as a common term for all possible variables concerning the state of a process.
A process or a section thereof is typically controlled by setting a number of manipulated variables. Such manipulated variables are state variables that are easy to influence and that have a significant relevance for the operation of the process. Such manipulated variables can e.g. be the input flow of material or additives into a process, easily regulated by controlling e.g. a valve.
The result of a control action is represented by a set of state variables, in the present disclosure called process output variables. A subset of these process output variables is suitable for monitoring the control action. Such variables are here called controlled process output variables. The purpose of the control action is to bring the controlled process output variables close to pre-determined set-points or set-point functions. State variables characterizing the result of the process control, but not directly used for controlling purposes, are in the present disclosure called associated process output variables.
Some state variables are easy to measure more or less directly by different sensors. Such variables are called measurable variables. Other state variables may be difficult or even impossible to measure in a direct manner. Instead, another related quantity or quantities is(are) measured, and the actual state variable is estimated through more or less complex models or relations. Such variables are called derivable variables.
Many production processes of today are quite complex arrangements of different linked process sections. Cost and environmental considerations call for recycling of waste products, which makes the allover process system even more complex. There is normally not only one straight line of process sections, but the sections are typically connected in loops and by a network of connections.
A typical way to handle flow variations in the interface between different process sections is to introduce buffer tanks. The absolute output flow from a preceding process section does not limit the operation of a subsequent process section, if only the average output flow is sufficient. The exact level of the buffer tank is of minor importance in each moment.
General production processes involve today quite complex operations. The manipulated variables used for performing the actual control of the process section are generally not directly connected to the process output variables, such as e.g. flow and output characteristics by any simple relations. Non-linear relations as well as time dependencies are typically present. This means that a certain change in a manipulated variable performed at different occasions may have different effect on the process output variables. Such non-linear and/or dynamic processes are e.g. present in most pulp and paper production mills of today. Since many of the processes basically are related to non-trivial chemical reactions, different chemical equilibrium relations are for instance involved. Different concentrations of chemical species may drive the process according to different chemical reactions. There might also be a large inertia effect in such processes. An excess of a certain chemical species during one process period may influence the process operation at a later occasion.
From the above discussion, it is obvious that a general pulp and paper production process of today comprises material flows and processes having large time constants for variations. These dynamic properties emanate from the process dynamics itself, but also from the use of buffer storage tanks between process sections. Efforts for supporting such dynamics have to be employed when modeling such systems.
According to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, a model of a complex production process is based on the division into a number of standard model objects. The total model thereby comprises a number of section models, corresponding to the different process sections, a group of process sections or a part of one process section. The section models are connected to each other via model objects, basically representing intermediate storages, here in the form of so called buffer models.
The principle of alternating sections and buffers is a simple and preferred manner to design the total model by a limited number of standard model objects. However, anyone skilled in the art understands that other model designs may be used as well. For instance, the actions of the buffers may be incorporated as a part of a neighboring section model, whereby only interconnected section models are present. The model may also be a mix there between and may include also other types of model objects, having other characteristics.
In the model of
The intermediate storage model may be generalized to a few object types. There is an input flow, basically determined by the output flow of one or several section models, or by external factors when considering the total inputs 32A–B. There is an output flow, determined by the input flow of one or several section models, or by external factors when considering the total outputs 34A–B. A buffer level 22A–H or a concentration is thus determined by the time-integrated differences between input and output flow. Basically, the buffers are not possible to control explicitly. In a first simple stage of modeling, the material content in a buffer is considered to be homogeneous, i.e. an immediate and complete mixing is assumed. However, if large variations in substance properties are expected, or if a mixing is believed to be difficult, a more sophisticated model can be created, where time dependent relations between substance properties of input and output flows are employed.
In a process system according to the model illustrated in
When creating a model of a complex process, not only the actual operation of the process has to be considered, but also aspects concerning the combined operation of process sections and buffers. In most process systems, there are one or several bottlenecks. Such bottlenecks typically represent process sections with the smallest operational margin as compared with the intended maximum production of the total plant. In
In many process systems, certain process sections are normally more exposed to operation failures than others. Examples of temporary operation stops or failures could be e.g. need for service of equipment, such as cleaning, replacing consumable parts or minor repairs. By identifying such "weak" process sections, the total production efficiency may be ensured by introducing additional constraints or control goals into the controlling procedure. If in
If both the above scenarios are present at the same time, one realizes that there are demands put on the buffer level in buffer 20F, which go in opposite directions. This calls for a very careful control of the buffer level and/or a large maximum buffer volume.
In chemical pulp and paper processes of today, a number of chemical additives are typically used. The most frequently appearing substances are sodium and sulfur in form of different chemical compounds. Sodium and sulfur thus exist in different appearances during the process, e.g. as sodium sulfide, sodium hydroxide, sodium sulfate, sodium tiosulfate, sodium sulfite, sodium carbonate, sodium oxalate, sulfuric acid, sulfur dioxide, elementary sulfur and organic sulfur compounds. Most of the chemicals in the process are recovered and recirculated into the process. In the different process sections of the production, sodium and sulfur are distributed in these different compounds in different concentrations. In some process sections there are substantial losses of chemicals out from the process. Chemicals can also be purged from the process in a controlled manner. Depending on where in the process these losses are present, the relation between the amounts of sulfur and sodium that are lost will correspond to the relative amounts and chemical state in the process section under consideration. Such losses of chemical species involving e.g. sulfur and sodium have to be compensated by adding new chemical additives into the process. Also the balance between sodium and sulfur has to be maintained.
Even if the cost for chemical additives is considerable, the added amounts of chemical additives are generally very small compared with the total flow of chemicals used in the process. The recirculation process is therefore of crucial importance for the entire production. The process of recovering and recirculating e.g. sodium and sulfur containing chemical species is generally a complex and time-consuming process. It may e.g. comprise a number of chemical reaction steps, combustion as well as refinery and distillation processes. This means that there are relatively large amounts of sulfur and sodium present in such parts of the total process that is not immediately involved in the pulp and paper processing. However, since these chemicals are going to be recirculated, the operation of the entire process is anyway strongly influenced by the recirculation process steps. Furthermore, the recirculation of chemicals induces very large time constants for concentration variations of chemicals throughout the entire process.
The large time constants for chemical additives in the process and dead-times introduced by large volumes in the process result in that a change in chemical concentration at one place in the process will show up in other places in the process even several hours later. Most prior art systems apply control mechanisms that are based on present operational state for controlling e.g. provision of chemical additives. This may, however, instead induce substantial additional variations in chemical concentrations in the pulping process. For instance, the composition of the white liquor that is the active digester liquor, e.g. the sulfidity, can vary substantially and may furthermore be difficult to keep constant and to control to a requested value by prior-art methods. A large variation in e.g. sulfidity is typically connected to unnecessarily high consumption of chemicals and increases thereby the costs for chemical additives. This may also give rise to other disturbances eventually affecting the production quantity and/or quality.
The present invention provides an eminent possibility to operate or control the balance of chemicals throughout the entire system in a dynamic manner. Composition variations are thereby reduced, which shows mainly as a reduced cost for chemical additives. Also, a more even product quality is likely to achieve. It may therefore be important to control the process on the total balance of chemical additives present in the process, the distribution of different chemicals between and/or concentrations of different chemicals within the different process sections, as well as on the total amount of chemicals consumed by the process. The above presented dynamic model allows for a dynamic description of each individual process section as well as for a dynamic description of the distribution of e.g. sodium and sulfur through e.g. the buffer tanks. Such a model can therefore be used also to predict future sodium and sulfur distributions. The present invention is especially well-suited for controlling a pulp and paper production process and in particular the chemical balance within such a process. The present invention is also especially well-suited to be used for providing an operator of a pulp and/or paper production process advice and/or decision support. The method and the system according to the invention may however be used to carry out any of the operations of: monitoring, controlling, regulating, simulating, optimising, providing support for decisions, advising.
A production process is as mentioned further above characterized by a multitude of state variables or in particular process output variables. In e.g. a pulp and paper production process, there are a lot of quantities to measure. First of all, flows of material between different process sections and buffers are of particular interest, since they normally constitute either manipulated variables or process output variables of the process sections. The flow rate is therefore of importance, but also the composition, in particular concentrations of different chemical species, of the material flow. In a pulp and paper process, typical flow-related state variables are total volume (or flow rate), ratio of suspended solids, ratio of dissolved solids, sodium concentration, hydroxide concentration, hydrosulfide concentration, sulfate concentration, carbonate concentration and total amount reduced sulfur. Most of these variables are measurable variables that can be measured on-line, or alternatively, samples can be extracted and analyzed off-line.
In the intermediate storage, the level can be monitored and if requested also the composition of the material within the tank, and then in particular concentrations of different chemical species.
Since the processes in the process sections normally are dependent also on a number of external operational factors, such as temperature, pressure, supplied power, etc. such state variables may also be useful to measure.
Some of the measured state variables are also of interest for control purposes, i.e. they constitute controlled process output variables. As mentioned above, general process consideration such as bottlenecks or failure risk may put some restrictions on some of the process output variables. Quality consideration may call for a more careful control of other process output variables, such as white liquor concentration, discussed above. Controlled process output variables, such as extracted quantities of derivatives of chemical additives, may also be useful for the control procedure in order to be able to monitor the flow of chemicals and try to reduce the consumption thereof. In each process system, a number of controlled process output variables that are useful for monitoring important aspects of the process are thus selected and goal functions are formulated. Associated process output variables may be of great importance as input parameters into the dynamic process model, but are of less importance for the direct control action.
Manipulated variables of the different process sections are used for controlling the entire process. These manipulated variables do not have to be directly connected to the controlled process output variables, but in a general case there are more or less complex relations between the manipulated variable values and the effects thereof on the controlled process output variables. Typical manipulated variables of the processes are input flow rates, temperature, pressure, supplied power, duration of different process steps etc.
One important aspect of controlling a process by use of the present invention is connected with prediction of future process operation. Many production lines today are designed to be able to produce different amounts, types or qualities of products. There is a general trend to increase the abilities to modify the production according to the present status of e.g. sales. If a certain quality of pulp or paper is particularly requested during a certain period, the production could be turned over to produce more of that pulp or paper quality. In case the demands for paper are reduced, the production could be turned to only pulp production, which may be easier to sell or to store for future use. Production changes are common today and the trend is that the duration of each production mode is reduced more and more, and also that changes of production modes have become even more flexible according to production on customer demand.
Other changes of the production mode can be caused e.g. by planned changes in e.g. raw material properties. In a pulp and paper production system, a change between hardwood and softwood may call for different operational modes.
The same type of control situation may arise at planned maintenance work of the plant. If certain parts need maintenance, the production may be modified in such a way that the maintenance can be performed without shutting down the entire mill. This may be performed by either changing the production as a whole or by preparing the system in advance by building up sufficient buffers.
If a sudden change of operational mode is carried out and the control of the process is based substantially only on the present state, this will typically induce fluctuations in process output variables. In order to bring controlled process output variables closer to requested goal values, changes in other process output variables will appear at other places in the system, at later occasions. This behavior is generally unwanted, since it typically results in e.g. higher consumption of chemical additives. Another approach could be to gradually change operational mode, but this will in a typical case give an end product that also gradually changes its properties between the initial and final operational modes. Also, unintentional transient disturbances such as pump failure etc. may occur quite frequently in a production process system.
By using methods and systems according to the present invention, the control of a process is not only dependent on present values of state variables, but also on previous values of state variables as well as predicted future values of state variables. Future known events can then be prepared for and operation optimization can be performed also taking such changes into account. By letting some state variables on purpose drift away from their ideal values, in order to prepare for a smooth transformation into the new operational mode, an overall production advantage can be achieved. Some illustrative examples are shown further below.
The dynamic process model can in a mathematical sense be expressed as a differential algebraic equation system:
The model is also associated with model constraints, e.g. limits for different manipulated variables and/or process output variables:
There might also be different more or less complex inequality constraints:
By using the dynamic model with measured present and preferably also previous process output variables as parameters, a present or "initial" state of the process can be estimated. Starting from e.g. the production plan and taking a number of additional constraints and objectives into account, target trajectories for the selected controlled process output variables can be formulated. Such optimizing aspects could concern e.g. bottlenecks, frequent failing objects and other directly production related aspects. In a pulp and paper plant, optimizing aspects connected to chemical additives are particularly important. Target trajectories for certain concentrations or flows of chemical additives are then of interest. The target trajectories are in a general case time dependent, i.e. functions of time. The target trajectories take constraints imposed by optimizing aspects into account, e.g. the allowed range for different process output variables could be restricted.
The control method according to the present invention performs an optimization procedure, in which optimum input trajectories of the manipulated variables are created. The optimization is performed minimizing an objective function. The objective function is formulated in accordance with the optimizing aspects and is preferably based on a comparison between the target trajectories of the controlled process output variables and controlled process output variables as predicted by the dynamic process model. The computation is based on present values of state variables. The objective function is minimized by varying the input trajectories for the manipulated variables. The input trajectories giving the minimum of the objective function is thereby stated to be the optimum input trajectories.
The goal for the entire process is then to operate the process in such a way that the controlled process output variables are kept as close as possible to respective target trajectory, with acceptable efforts and with pre-determined weights for competing targets. The production plan is typically included as one of the targets.
A process system, such as a pulp and paper plant is usually such a complex system that an optimization performed directly against ideal target trajectories for the controlled process output variables often becomes relatively unstable. The model details and the computational efforts needed for a stable optimization are often not realistic in practice. This becomes more critical upon rapid changes in the operational mode of the system, both planned and unplanned changes. A useful approach to overcome these problems is to use reference trajectories as target trajectories in the optimization process. The reference trajectories are modified, typically smoothened, ideal set-point trajectories, taking the initial state and future planned operational mode changes into account. An illustrative example will be given here below.
A better way in a typical practical case would be to control the controlled process output variable in a smoother manner. A reference trajectory r(t) is instead created, being a modification of the ideal set-point trajectory with a smoothened behavior. In the first part, e.g. an exponentially decreasing difference between the ideal set-point trajectory s(t) and the reference trajectory r(t) is assigned. Closer to t3, where the ideal set-point trajectory s(t) exhibits a step, the reference trajectory r(t) will deviate exponentially to reach the mean value at the step time and then again smoothly approaching the ideal set-point trajectory s(t). In this example, an exponential form was selected, but anyone skilled in the art realizes that any suitable smooth curve shape can be used for such purposes. The reference trajectory r(t) will then be used as the target trajectory for the optimization process. The actual trajectory may look like curve 116.
When performing the optimization, the reference trajectories of several controlled process output variables are used and a weighting between different optimizing aspects is performed. One optimized input trajectory for manipulated variable relatively closely related to the process output variable of
The target trajectories of different controlled process output variables are in a general case not entirely compatible with each other. In a typical case, there has to be some trade-off between the different controlled process output variables. This is made by formulating the objective function in a proper manner. A difference between the actual value of a controlled process output variable and the corresponding target trajectory is often used and can be weighted, as a compromise between different competing targets.
A general optimization problem can be expressed in a discrete formulation with a sampling time of ΔT, as:
An example of one of the terms could e.g. be:
Terms of near future can then be assigned a larger weight than more time distant terms.
Terms involving a total amount of a chemical species in one or several process sections favors a reduction of this species in these process secions. When aiming for reducing a total amount for the entire process, at least two process sections are preferably involved.
For e.g. bottleneck problems, terms involving buffer capacity and/or buffer levels before and after the bottleneck process sections are used. One useful term is dependent on remaining buffer capacity of a buffer preceding a bottleneck process section. Another useful term is dependent on the actual buffer level of a buffer following a bottleneck process section.
For process section having a relative high probability of failure, the terms are preferably defined in the opposite manner. One useful term is dependent on remaining buffer capacity of a buffer following the process section in question, while another useful term is dependent on the actual buffer level of a buffer preceding the process section.
For solving the optimization problem for a complex process, some kind of solver has to be used. The more complex the system is, the more computational capacity is needed. There are several solvers of optimization problems available today. The proper choice has to be determined in relation to the actual system that is going to be controlled. However, the actual procedure of performing the computation of the optimization takes place according to known principles and is not particularly important for the basic invention idea, and the details are therefore left out from this description.
Thus, by letting the objective function depend on not only the present situation, but also on predicted future situations, the overall operation can be improved. This is particularly important for process features having fluctuations with large time constants. The best example of such process features known to us is the total amount of and the distribution of chemical additives through a pulp and paper production process.
A complex process, such as pulp and paper production, gives rise to a quite complicated optimization problem. A large number of variables are to be optimized according to relations and constraints, and the choice of solver should be performed considering also this. Although the processor capacities of today are quite impressive, the time required to perform the actual calculations may take several minutes. However, since the typical time constants for changes within pulp and paper systems are long, a total time for measuring, state estimation and optimization of several minutes may still be short enough to perform an actual on-line control of the process. The sampling time ΔT, mentioned above, may in a typical case be e.g. less than 15 minutes.
Even if the present invention today is believed to be applicable more or less only to slowly reacting processes, increased computational speed may change these preferred areas of applications. Faster optimizations opens up the use of the method also for faster responding systems.
The output of the optimizing procedure is as described above a set of input trajectories for the manipulated variables of the process, i.e. recommended settings to an operator as a function of time. The process can thereby be operated or controlled manually, by setting the manipulated variables of the process manually according to the suggested input trajectories. An operator may then include his experience to avoid operational mistakes. True on-line operation or control can also be accomplished, where the control variables automatically are set to the input trajectory values.
The production plan and state variable trajectories are calculated for a certain time interval, in the present disclosure called prediction time interval Δt1. The prediction time interval should preferably be selected to be longer than the time constants of any monitoring state variable variation. In a typical pulp and/or paper process, the prediction time interval can with advantage be 12 hours or even longer. Any variations in process output variables that are in progress will then be considered in the calculation processes. However, the accuracy of the prediction will decrease with increased prediction time interval length. The end of the trajectories will therefore not be as accurate as the first parts thereof.
Moreover, the input trajectories suggested for control purposes suffer the same accuracy declination as the predictions from the model. This means that the first part of the input trajectories is rather accurate, while the end part of the trajectories are impaired with large uncertainties. It is therefore not suitable to use the entire input trajectory at once. A practical solution on this problem is to use a "receding horizon" approach. The principles are illustrated in
Due to the finite computational speed, there is typically a certain time difference between the actual measuring time and the start of the corresponding control time interval. However, such time differences are compensated for in the model and optimization routines.
In the optimization procedure, the start point or the initial state of the process is used. This initial state is estimated by using the model and present and preferably also previous measurements of different quantities associated with process output variables. Since both the model and the measurements suffer from noise and uncertainties, a preferred embodiment of the present invention employs some kind of state estimation procedure. When taking noise into account, the dynamic process model may be represented as:
An approach to implement state estimation is to use a moving horizon estimation. This is schematically illustrated in
The actual state estimation can also be performed using other techniques, e.g. Kalman filter techniques. Different state estimations may be optimal for different process systems, depending on the actual design of the process model.
As a summary, an embodiment of a general method according to the present invention is illustrated in a flow diagram in
The methods according to the present invention may be implemented as software, hardware, or a combination thereof. A computer program product implementing the method or a part thereof comprises software or a computer program run on a general purpose or specially adapted computer, processor or microprocessor. The software includes computer program code elements or software code portions that make the computer perform the method using (at least one of the steps previously described in
Liquor spent from the cooking 60A containing the cooling chemicals and the dissolved organic substance is called weak black liquor 80H. The black liquor 80I is brought to and evaporated in the evaporation plant 60E from a dry solid content from below 20% to 65–80% dry solid content. The evaporated black liquor is provided to a recovery boiler 60F, where it is combusted. In the combustion, the energy of the organic substance is recovered in the form of high-pressure steam. The inorganic substance is separated as a smelt at the bottom of the boiler. The sulfur compounds are here reduced to sulfide (S2−). The smelt consists mainly of sodium carbonate and sodium sulfide. The smelt is dissolved in water and the resulting liquor 80L is called green liquor. The sulfide is hydrolyzed to OH− and HS− when it is brought into contact with the water. The green liquor 80M is provided to a recausticizing department 60H. Here, the carbonate is transformed to OH−— ions by the reaction with Ca(OH)2. The solid calcium carbonate that is used is burned to CaO in a lime kiln 60I and thereafter slaked to give Ca(OH)2 represented by 80S, which is entered via 80T into the recausticizing department 60H. The slurry 80N is filtrated in filter 60G to give white liquor 800, the rest 80Q is returned as an input 80R to the lime kiln 601. Finally, the white liquor 80P is returned to the digester 60A. Make-up chemicals are added, such as NaOH in 82B and Na2SO4 in 82C to replace losses and to adjust sodium and sulfur imbalances.
The sodium and sulfur balance is adjusted by purging ESP-dust 84B (Electro-Static Static Precipitator) from the recovery boiler 60F. ESP-dust 84B consists mainly of Na2SO4 and some Na2CO3. The balance between sodium and sulfur is defined by the sulfidity of the white liquor. If the sulfidity is above the set point, sulfur has to be purged by ESP-dust. Since the ESP-dust also contains sodium, sodium will be lost. This loss has to be covered with NaOH make-up. If the sulfidity is below the target, sulfur has to be added to the process (for example as Na2SO4 in 82C).
Several buffer tanks are needed in the process. Wood chips are stored in 70A.
Pulp of different quality is stored in 70B-D. Weak black liquor is stored in 70E, prior to evaporation. Strong black liquor 80J with a high dry-solid C content is stored in 70F. Tank 70G contains green liquor and 70H contains white liquor. In tank 70I, lime mud (mainly CaCO3) is stored prior to reburning and the burned lime (mainly CaO) is stored in 70J before slaking/recausticizing.
Several process output variables are measured e.g. effective alkali (EA), degree of caustization and sulfidity represented by 56. This can be done either with on-line sensors or at the process laboratory. Flow rates, represented by 57, consistencies represented by 58 and buffer tank levels represented by 59 are also measured at several positions.
In a preferred control method for the system illustrated in
Furthermore, the optimization to minimize production losses at minor production disturbances and to minimize the effects of bottleneck processes are typically based on controlled process output variables in the form of buffer levels of buffer tanks before and after identified problem sections.
Optimizing criteria, such as keeping the production rate according to the production plan, to minimize the variations in fiber need at the paper machine 60D etc. are also included as terms in the objective function.
The described method is preferably implemented, as illustrated in
The server 14 could e.g. use the Aspect Integration Platform (AIP-server) as the communication layer between the described method and the mill information. This approach makes it possible to access the server 14 via separate workplaces 5, which in case of the Aspect Integration Platform is used could be clients including Operate IT. The internal mill computer network is often connected to an intranet 6 via a router 7. This makes it possible to access the described method via workplaces with thin clients 8, using Internet Explorer. Via a firewall 9, the described method could also be accessed via computers connected to the Internet 11. A system with Internet connection does as an alternative also allow for the method to be implemented in a server at a remote location. The service provider at this remote location will then have a similar network topology as the mill network, as indicated in
The present invention is described by examples from pulp and paper industry, and in particular connected to optimization of the use of chemical additives. These examples are especially well suited for applying the present invention. However, also other optimization considerations may be used with the present invention. The invention can also be applied to other process production systems with process sections and/or intermediate storages in, (for example the chemical industry, the petrochemical industry (refineries etc.), pharmaceutical and food industry, consumer industry and metal and minerals industry.
It will be understood by those skilled in the art that various modifications and changes may be made to the present invention without departure from the scope thereof, which is defined by the appended claims.
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So, you think Erpenbach did what, kill this college kid's political career by calling him a college kid?
Just what kind of harm did it do? You think someone's going to see his name on a list of applicants and go "No, not this one. I saw where some politician someplace called him a college kid. He's too weak."
I don't agree that it made him look weak, but let's assume it might have. Give me an example of the harm it did. What are the consequences of making him look weak?


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- Cooking Time:
- Servings: 12
- Preparation Time:
- 3 lbs ground venison
- 1 cup cup chopped onion
- 1 teaspoop Garlic powder
- 1/4 cup salad oil
- 2 jars of spaghtetti sauce
- 1/2 teaspoon pepper
- 2 teaspoons salt for sauce
- 2 teaspoons oregano
- 2 tablespoons salt for macaroni
- 1 lb. macaroni product
- 2 cups cottage cheese
- 1 lb. Mozzarella cheese, sliced thin
- 1/2 cup grated Parmesan cheese
- Lightly saute ground venison and onion until meat is evenly browned.
- Add spaghetti sauce and spices.
- Simmer, stirring occasionally, about 45 minutes until mixture is reduced to consistency of sauce.
- Cook macaroni in salted water, drain and mix it with the cheeses.
- In a large flat pan, spread 1/3 of the meat sauce; then half the macaroni and cheese mix.
- Then another layer of meat and more of the macaroni cheexze mix.
- Then another layer of meat and then top with macaroni cheese mix.
- Add a bit of parmeasn cheese on top.
- Dot with black olives.
- Bake at 350 degrees F. 20-30 minutes until bubbly.
- Cool 15 minutes, cut into squares and serve.
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Chamber sets event Thursday
September 15, 2014 AMSTERDAM — The Fulton Montgomery Regional Chamber of Commerce will hold a Business After Hours event Thursday from 5 to 7 p.m. at Capstone Center for Rehabilitation and Nursing, 302 Swart Hill Roa. more »»
Fall foliage report available
September 12, 2014 ALBANY — The I Love New York fall foliage report is now available online. The report charts color foliage conditions across the state. The report is updated every Wednesday through the end of autum. more »»
Frontier announces $10M contest
September 11, 2014 GLOVERSVILLE — Frontier Communications and DISH Network have launched America's Best Communities, a $10 million prize competition to stimulate growth and revitalization in small cities and towns... more »»
Historical authors to speak at Fort Plain Museum
September 11, 2014 FORT PLAIN — Two authors are scheduled to speak at the Fort Plain Museum on Sept. 18 starting at 7 p.m. more »»
Gloversville's Britt awarded Distinguished Service Medal
September 10, 2014 KENNESAW, Ga. — Maj. Gen. Maria Britt, a Gloversville native and the first female head of the Georgia National Guard, has been awarded the Distinguished Service Medal. more »»
'Fishing University' to film shows at local lakes
September 10, 2014 GLOVERSVILLE — The Fulton County Tourism Department announced fishing professionals Charlie Ingram and Ray Brazier will be in Fulton County with their TV show "Fishing University" to film two... more »»
AAUW branch slates recruitment meeting Sept. 18
September 9, 2014 AMSTERDAM — The Amsterdam-Gloversville-Johnstown branch of the American Association of University Women will hold its annual membership recruitment dinner meeting at 6 p.m. Sept. more »»
City library gives reminder of services for cardholders
September 9, 2014 GLOVERSVILLE — The Gloversville Public Library is reminding people about the library's services this month, which is National Library Card Month. more »»
Groups urge end of tobacco in pharmacies
September 9, 2014 JOHNSTOWN — Advancing Tobacco-Free Communities health advocates and local youth from Reality Check will mark the day CVS Caremark stops selling tobacco in nearly 8,000 stores across the country by... more »»
Local man helps people hear in Peru
September 6, 2014 At the end of August, Hear for You hearing specialist Andrew Roth joined the Starkey Hearing foundation on a Hearing mission to Cajamarca, Peru. more »»
Farley awards hall-of-famers
September 5, 2014 GLOVERSVILLE — State Sen. Hugh . more »»
Area student to continue research
September 5, 2014 WORCESTER, Mass. more »»
Chamber seeks tourism, agriculture businesses
September 5, 2014 GLOVERSVILLE — The Fulton Montgomery Regional Chamber of Commerce and the Montgomery County Business Development Center are seeking tourism facilities and agricultural businesses to participate in... more »»
Paranormal investigators to visit museum
September 4, 2014 GLOVERSVILLE — Researchers from Rome Investigators of the Paranormal will travel to the Fulton County Museum for a third time Oct. 24. more »»
Miss Fonda Fair Awards announced
September 3, 2014 FONDA — The 2014 Miss Fonda Fair Awards have been announced. They are: ? First Contestant Award: Adeline Crosby. more »»
Local student ambassadors named
September 3, 2014 HERKIMER — Herkimer College named a group of students to the position of student ambassador for the 2014-15 academic year. more »»
Lioness Club slates dinner meeting
September 3, 2014 GALWAY — The Galway Lioness Club of Lions District 20-Y2 will have its monthly dinner meeting at 7 p.m. today at the Galway Lions Club Building, 2167 East St. The guest speaker will be Susan E. more »»
BOCES offers adult screening
September 2, 2014 JOHNSTOWN — Hamilton-Fulton-Montgomery Board of Cooperative Educational Services will screen adult learners to determine if they need skills development or if they have the reading, writing and math... more »»
Six local AAUW members attend leadership conference
September 2, 2014 Six members of the Amsterdam-Gloversville-Johnstown branch of the American Association of University Women recently attended the New York State AAUW Summer Leadership Conference at Cazenovia... more »»
English orientation slated
September 2, 2014 JOHNSTOWN — Hamilton-Fulton-Montgomery Board of Cooperative Educational Services will host two orientation and screening sessions to enroll English language learners into English as a second... more »»
News, Blogs & Events Web


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When you go to the game, you support your Kings by wearing your hockey jersey. Wear your favorite team's jersey everywhere you go with this Shield Jersey pin. This .75'' x 1'' pin displays an enameled Kings jersey, so you can add a dash of team spirit to any attire. You don't have to wait until the next game to break out your Kings jersey – this pin lets you wear it every day!
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Financial Times Chooses BBDO
Billings were not disclosed, but BBDO is expected to build a complete advertising, sales promotion and direct marketing campaign for ft.com, as well as a multimillion-dollar media plan slated for a January rollout.
The agency veteran is charged with expanding customer engagement services.
How consumers' motivations differ from country to country.
The $3.7 billion deal will unite Sapient with Digitas, Razorfish, and Rosetta on a new digital platform called Publicis.Sapient.


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Brandon T. Jackson Stars In New Movie 'Lottery Ticket'
Actor Brandon T. Jackson stopped by to talk about his role as Benny in the new movie Lottery Ticket. His co-stars include Terry Crews and Bow Wow.
The film is about Kevin Carson (Bow Wow), a young man living in the projects who has to survive a three-day weekend after his opportunistic neighbors find out he's holding a winning lottery ticket worth $370 million, says IMDB.
Lottery Ticket premieres on August 20 in theaters. You can follow Jackson on Twitter @brandontjackson and for more information, visit www.lotteryticketmovie.com.


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13 results for "bowls"
Georgia Bulldogs coach Mark Richt discusses playoffsDavid Ching
Georgia head coach Mark Richt is in favor of a playoff system, so long as it follows a few ideals that will keep alive the tradition of a bowl season and not threaten the sport with too large a pool of teams vying for a shot at the title game.Story | Conversation | June 27, 2012
2013 prospect William Jones, Georgia Bulldogs progeny, gaining at...Radi Nabulsi
Class of 2013 OT William Jones, whose father played safety for the Georgia Bulldogs, is gaining confidence and attention after playing in last month's Georgia Junior Bowl.Story | Conversation | January 16, 2012
Top 2013 recruits shine in Rising Seniors' Georgia Junior BowlKipp Adams
DawgNation reviews the standouts and future superstars of the year-ending Georgia Junior Bowl, featuring the Peach State's top junior prospects.Story | Conversation | January 11, 2012
Georgia Bulldogs cornerback Brandon Boykin Outback Bowl MVPDavid Ching
Georgia cornerback Brandon Boykin was named Outback Bowl MVP after scoring touchdowns on offense and special teams an adding a safety on defense.Story | Conversation | January 02, 2012
Georgia Bulldogs seniors want no part of bowl loss repeatDavid Ching
The emotions of a devastating loss to UCF in last season's Liberty Bowl, which cemented UGA's first losing season in 15 years and ushered off the team's seniors with a wimper, are still fresh for the Bulldogs, and they want to avoid a repeat.Story | Conversation | December 30, 2011
Richard Samuel ready to return, step up for Georgia BulldogsDavid Ching
After two months on the bench with an ankle injury, Georgia's most dependable performer at running back returns in time for the Outback BowlStory | Conversation | December 28, 2011
Georgia Junior Bowl preview - Quarterbacks and running backsKipp Adams
A breakdown of the Georgia Junior Bowl's quarterbacks and running backs.Story | Conversation | December 27, 2011
Georgia Junior Bowl showcases 2013 prospectsKipp Adams
The Rising Seniors program and its Georgia Junior Bowl this weekend in Atlanta give nearly 100 high school juniors a chance to showcase their talents while gaining valuable lessons on how to be successful in life beyond football.Story | Conversation | December 27, 2011
Orson Charles brings Georgia Bulldogs to his hometownDavid Ching
The Outback Bowl will be a homecoming for Georgia TE Orson Charles -- a bittersweet one, as the standout's potential NFL opportunities might make it his last game as a Bulldog.Story | Conversation | December 22, 2011
Bacarri Rambo puts Georgia Bulldogs' bowl game before NFL decisio...David Ching
Georgia DC Todd Grantham says Bacarri Rambo is an NFL draft choice -- period. It's just a matter of what the standout junior safety wants to do with that, but Rambo will wait until closer to the Jan. 15 deadline to decide.Story | Conversation | December 20, 2011
Georgia Bulldogs-Michigan State Outback Bowl matchupDavid Ching
Sparty doesn't have a stellar bowl record, as MSU's seniors are looking for the first bowl win of their careers. But they can't be discounted, as these seniors have helped MSU own one of the top defenses in the country.Story | Conversation | December 14, 2011
Georgia Bulldogs' bowl scenarios no less murkyDavid Ching
Four different bowls are in the mix for Georgia, which will await decisions about Arkansas' selection before knowing its postseason fate.Story | Conversation | December 03, 2011
Prospect DeVondre Seymour could be a Georgia Bulldogs progenyKipp Adams
Careful to never overstep his place or abuse his status, NFL Pro Bowl player Richard Seymour has guided his adopted son DeVondre Seymour's development into a great 2013 prospect.Story | Conversation | November 30, 2011


text: Time to Bid the UN Farewell by Sheldon Richman October 1, 1997 President Clinton has announced a renewed U.S. commitment to the United Nations. In his attempt to show American enthusiasm for the world organization, Clinton has promised that the United States will pay the $819 million it is said to owe and he supports expansion of the Security Council. It will be no surprise if Clinton ... [click for more]


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Product Marketing Mgr Cloud & Content (DDN, Inc. Santa Clara, CA) Req. Bach's (or f/equiv.) in C.S., E.E./Elec. Eng., Telecom Mgmt, or rel. tech. field & 5 yrs' exp. in job offered or 5 yrs' tech. sto…
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Title: Houseperson (Part Time) - Crowne Plaza San Jose-Silicon Valley Location: AMER_North Amer-United States-CA-Milpitas Job Number: R104542 Do you see yourself as a Houseperson ? What's your passion…
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We are building several e-courses for our E Learning Institute launching Jan 1. We are looking for Interns to take our content and create bold and engaging Powerpoint slides that include animation and…
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We are launching a E-Learning Institute in Jan and desire to start creating a social buzz on 3 Social Media platforms including Twitter , Facebook, and LinkedIn
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Best Schools in Clint
Clint High School
Public • Grades 9-12
589 students • 14 student/teacher
Wm David Surratt Elementary School
Public • Grades PK-5
1083 students • 17 student/teacher
Clint Junior High School
Public • Grades 6-8
480 students • 16 student/teacher
Which schools are assigned to my home?
About Clint
Clint contains 3 primary and secondary schools. One of the highest rated schools is Clint High School, which is rated 6. The school has 589 students. Public schools in Clint belong to Clint Independent School District. San Elizario Independent School District is nearby and is rated worse than Clint Independent School District. Nearby Fabens Independent School District scores lower, with a rating of 4.
School Districts Near Clint
- San Elizario Independent School District
- Fabens Independent School District
- Tornillo Independent School District
- Clint Independent School District
- El Paso Academy Charter High School
Disclaimer: School attendance zone boundaries are supplied by Maponics and are subject to change. Check with the applicable school district prior to making a decision based on these boundaries.


text:
Inside Technique : DHTMLLib 2.0
Update - December 24, 1999
Update - December 5, 1999
Update - March 29, 1999
Update - July 21, 1999
Update - September 12, 1999
Prior to the 4.0 browsers, Internet Explorer and Netscape Navigator exposed very similar but very limited object models for manipulating the page. The primary difference was the lack of an images collection in Internet Explorer 3.x. With the 4.0 browsers, Netscape's and Microsoft's implementations diverged. Netscape's model evolved to allow a little more control over the page by allowing positioned elements to be manipulated. Microsoft, on the other hand, expanded to provide control to every element on the page. To further confuse matters, both companies called their new implementations Dynamic HTML. We have created DHTMLLib to help you design cross-browser DHTML pages without requiring you to understand the complete details of the different object models.
When authoring cross-browser DHTML the most important point to remember is that cross-browser scripting is a combination of compromise and testing. We have tested this section on the 4.x Window versions of Netscape Navigator and Internet Explorer. These examples may not run on the other platforms. (The lack of testing on other platforms is due to our lack of hardware. We are acquiring a Macintosh later this month to do further tests). For now, if you are running on other platforms, you can help us by letting us know what demos don't run, the errors you see, plus any other information that will help us locate the issue.
Different from most compatibility layers that wrap both browsers in a third object model, we built our compatibility layer to allow you to script DHTML using a subset of Internet Explorer's object model. If you are familiar with Internet Explorer's DHTML, you will find DHTMLLib a very natural programming model. If not, don't worry as the principals behind Internet Explorer's object model work very similar to the existing 3.0 browser's object models. The primary difference is Internet Explorer opens up the entire document to scripting. With DHTMLLib, wherever there is an overlap in functionality between Internet Explorer and Netscape Navigator, you can use Internet Explorer's object model to manipulate both browsers. All this without requiring you to use any cross-browser detection.
To help prove our point, we start with a simple path animation demonstration. In this demonstration we show you how to animate an image in a circle. The script to do the animation uses JavaScript to manipulate the position of a DIV element containing the image.
Following the demo, we give you a brief introduction to the scripting models exposed by Internet Explorer and Netscape Navigator. In this introduction we explain some of the object model differences and issues related to using the new features. While DHTMLLib helps hide the object model differences, your ability to understand both models is still useful to understand what cross-browser scenarios are possible.
Page 1:DHTMLLib 2.0
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Pumpkin Custards with Hazelnut Caramel
From EatingWell: November/December 1992
Spiced creamy pumpkin custards are topped with a hazelnut caramel sauce in the perfect dessert for fall entertaining.
Makes: 6 servings
Active Time:
Total Time:
Nutrition ProfileView Our Nutrition Guidelines »
- 1 cup canned pumpkin puree
- 2 large eggs, lightly beaten
- 2 cups nonfat evaporated milk
- 1 teaspoon vanilla extract
- 3/4 cup packed dark brown sugar
- 1 tablespoon cornstarch
- 1 teaspoon ground cinnamon
- 1 teaspoon ground ginger
- 1/4 teaspoon freshly grated nutmeg
- 1/4 teaspoon salt
- 10 hazelnuts, (1/2 ounce)
- 1/2 cup granulated sugar
- 1/4 cup water
- 4 ounces reduced-fat cream cheese, (Neufchâtel)
- 2 tablespoons confectioners' sugar
- 1/2 teaspoon Cognac, or vanilla extract
- Preheat oven to 350°F.
- Whisk together pumpkin, eggs, milk and vanilla in a medium bowl.
- Combine brown sugar, cornstarch, cinnamon, ginger, nutmeg and salt in a small bowl. Sift into the pumpkin mixture and whisk until incorporated. Divide the mixture equally among six 3/4-cup custard cups.
- Set the cups in a baking dish and pour in boiling water to come halfway up the outsides of the cups. Bake until a knife inserted in the center comes out clean, 50 to 60 minutes. Remove the custards from the oven and cool them to room temperature. Chill for at least 2 hours before serving.
- Meanwhile, spread hazelnuts on a pie plate and toast in a 350°F oven for 10 minutes to loosen the skins. Rub off skins and let cool. Chop finely and set aside.
- Line a baking sheet with foil. Combine granulated sugar and water in a small, heavy saucepan. Bring to a simmer and cook, without stirring, until the syrup is a deep amber color, 5 to 10 minutes. Do not let the syrup burn. Pour the hot syrup onto the prepared baking sheet. Quickly tilt to spread the caramel in a thin layer. Sprinkle on the toasted nuts. Let cool. When the caramel is hard, break into shards.
- Process cream cheese, confectioners' sugar and Cognac (or vanilla) in a food processor or blender until smooth. Garnish the custards with a spoonful of the cream and shards of the hazelnut caramel.
Tips & Notes
- Make Ahead Tip: Prepare the custards through Step 4; cover and refrigerate for up to 2 days. The caramel (Step 6) can be prepared up to a week ahead and stored in an airtight container.
Per serving: 352 calories; 7 g fat (3 g sat, 3 g mono); 85 mg cholesterol; 63 g carbohydrates; 11 g protein; 2 g fiber; 384 mg sodium; 543 mg potassium.
Nutrition Bonus: Vitamin A (138% daily value), Potassium (16% dv), Calcium (32% dv).
Carbohydrate Servings: 4
Exchanges: 4 other carbohydrates, 1 fat
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Recipe Categories
- Holiday
- Thanksgiving
- Christmas
- Halloween
- Style/Theme
- Birthday
- Entertaining, formal
- Make ahead instructions
- Type of Dish
- Desserts, other
- Ethnic/Regional
- American
- Health & Diet Considerations
- High calcium
- Gluten free
- Ease of Preparation
- Moderate
- Total Time
- More than 1 hour
- Servings
- 6
- Preparation/ Technique
- Bake
- Meal/Course
- Dessert
- Publication
- November/December 1992