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Home » Nikolai Volkoff » Facebook » Trivia
Nikolai Volkoff
Real Name
Josip Peruzovic
Date of Birth
October 14, 1947
Place of Birth
In 1967, Nikolai Volkoff was on the weightlifting team for Yugoslavia. While competing in a tournament in Austria, he decided to defect to Canada. While there, he decided to become a professional wrestler, and he lucked out by winding up with Stu Hart, who agreed to train him.
February 11, 2014
During the mid 1980s, Nikolai Volkoff made his return to WWE after stints in the AWA and Mid South. Upon his return, someone came up with the idea to have him sing the Russian national anthem to generate heel heat, as the United States was at odds with the country.
January 1, 2014
As many of you already know, the Rock is in Japan to promote the Hercules movie that he stars in. While there, he decided to have dinner with a very famous individual. The former WWE star dined with Mark Zuckerberg, the genius behind Facebook. Rock noted that he was quite grateful towards social media because it has enabled him to connect with fans in a very intimate way.
October 21, 2014
Rumors are floating around that Jake Roberts is in a coma. A large reason for that is because his lawyer mentioned that he was in a "coma like state", and people misconstrued that for the WWE legend being in an actual coma. Kizarny also took to Facebook to further explain the situation. He stated that Roberts is heavily sedated because the procedure to combat pneumonia is pretty painful. Kizarny also reiterated that Roberts was not in a coma.
August 31, 2014
Hector Guerrero, who is the older brother of the late Eddie Guerrero, is continuing his feud against Vickie Guerrero. He posted a message on Facebook to let fans know once again that Vickie sold out on the family after Eddie passed away. He also revealed that Vickie does not bother to keep in touch with Eddie's mother, either. Vickie has not responded with her side of the story yet.
June 30, 2014
Through his personal blog on Facebook, Mick Foley revealed that he was supporting Dolph Ziggler. The WWE legend also revealed why he was rooting for the former world heavyweight champion. He stated that fans were behind Ziggler during his push because they knew that he had worked hard to get to the top. Foley wants WWE to get fans to believe that hard work pays off by pushing Ziggler again.
June 24, 2014
"In good news, 'I'll be wrestling again soon' will actually be happening. Please be patient because nothing happens until the dust settles. Thank you again for your unwavering support. I'll continue to be active on Twitter and Instagram, and I'm working on setting up a Facebook. Much love." - Evan Bourne discusses his WWE release
June 13, 2014
Through Facebook, Mick Foley revealed to fans the reason why he is not signing a new contract with WWE. He feels that the company has not been paying out a fair amount of royalties for the previous two video games. In fact, Foley states that it is probably just a fourth of what the WWE stars should be receiving. Thus, he has decided to move on.
April 23, 2014
Through Facebook, Rev Theory announced that they would be performing at Wrestlemania 30, which has led to speculations that they will be doing the Randy Orton theme song live. WWE generally does not mind spending money on bringing in musical acts to perform live at their big pay per view because it makes it feel even more special than normal.
April 6, 2014
Thanks to her featured role on Total Divas, Nikki Bella has seen her popularity rise. The longtime WWE has reached a social media milestone, amassing a million followers on Facebook. The company views her as a marketing asset now, so she should be regularly features on Monday Night Raw for the foreseeable future.
March 27, 2014
Yesterday, speculations arose that JBL was the man that was behind a Twitter account which frequently mocked Vince McMahon with backstage information that only people within the company would be aware of. The WWE commentator took to Facebook to post a long message, denying that he is involved in such a thing. Some still think it may be JBL.
March 20, 2014
Through his Facebook account, Mick Foley revealed that he will be at Wrestlemania 30. However, he is not going as a guest of WWE. He is simply taking a trip with his family to New Orleans to see the show as paying customers. The legendary performer made a subtle jab at the company for not wanting him to be involved with the event.
February 23, 2014
Former WWE star Nikolai Volkov and former NWA star Bobby Fulton were forced to wrestle on a mat at an independent wrestling show in a small town in Ohio recently, as promoters were unable to secure a ring for them to work on.
November 17, 2013
In a really quick flag match at Wrestlemania 2, Corporal Kirchner was able to defeat Nikolai Volkoff after interference from Freddie Blassie backfired.
April 7, 1986
Prior to becoming a professional wrestler for New Japan and future IWGP Heavyweight Champion, Hiroshi Tanahashi had dreams of becoming a professional baseball player. That was his primary sport in high school.
August 11, 2014
During the early 1990s, Billy Kidman was trained to become a professional wrestler by former WWE star Afa Anoa'i.
July 21, 2014
Yujiro Kushida, who regularly teams up with former TNA star Alex Shelley in New Japan, was mentored by former WWE star Tajiri early on in his career.
July 21, 2014
Prior to becoming known worldwide as a legend in professional wrestling, Bruiser Brody was actually a pretty good football player. He was an all state high school player in Michigan. His talents were so good that he caught the attention of a university in Texas. He parlayed his success in college to an NFL career, doing a brief stint with the Washington Redskins.
May 1, 2014
While he was easily one of the best overall performers during his generation, Tully Blanchard was a bit of a headache backstage. Shortly before he decided to leave WWE, Blanchard ended up failing a drug test because of cocaine, so management had no choice but to fire him. Bobby Heenan had to replace him in the match at Survivor Series 1989.
May 1, 2014
While he does not get featured as much by WWE nowadays, Pedro Morales will forever have a place in company history. The Puerto Rican star was the first guy to have won the WWE title, world tag team championship and the Intercontinental Championship. Morales even held the WWE and tag team championship, which he won with Bob Backlund, at the same time.
April 29, 2014
For a young professional wrestler, being able to work with a big time star could be what helps to spring board your career into the next level. A memorable feud with the legendary Harley Race was how Hercules Hernandez managed to make a name for himself during the territorial days. It was shortly after that feud that he found himself being signed by the NWA.
April 28, 2014
Prior to becoming a star in professional wrestling, Scott Norton was a star in the arm wrestling world. The former WCW star won at least thirty championships, including four national titles. He also traveled overseas for competition, including a life changing one in Japan. Norton also had enough recognition to be cast in Over the Top, a Sylvester Stallone movie about arm wrestling.
April 28, 2014
While he will forever associated with the famous wrestling last name, Ole Anderson is actually not an Anderson at all. His real name is Alan Rogowski. He simply adopted the Ole Anderson name to connect with the audience who were already familiar with Gene Anderson, his story line brother. Another interesting point of interest is that Ole Anderson is a play on the word oleander, a poisonous plant.
April 28, 2014
Back in 2000, the world of professional wrestling was saddened by the death of Masakazu Fukuda. While working a tournament match, Fukuda was hit by a flying elbow drop from Katsuyori Shibata. The blow proved to be fatal, as Fukuda had to be taken to the hospital, where he died a couple of days later. New Japan finished the tournament and dedicated the event in his honor.
April 28, 2014
Prior to becoming a star in WCW, Sid Vicious managed to pull off a pretty amazing feat while working for New Japan. Even though he was an unknown, Vicious was able to convince the promoters in Japan to give him a shot at the legendary Tatsumi Fujinami and the IWGP Heavyweight Championship. He lost, of course, but was able to gain some recognition in the late 1980s by being in the match.
April 27, 2014
For as long as she has been on television, Stephanie McMahon has been a topic of interest for professional wrestling fans. Many WWE fans are quite enamored with her, so it comes as no surprise that her bra size is routinely discussed. During an interview once, Stephanie revealed that she received breast implants and now has a bra size of D cup.
April 24, 2014
Since she has been around WWE for a very long time, wrestling fans have been wondering how old Stephanie McMahon is. She was born on September 24, 1976, which makes her 37 right now. Due to her age and the fact that the kids are getting a little older, Stephanie recently decided to scale back on her responsibilities within WWE. She is no longer in charge of the creative department.
April 22, 2014
The boring gimmick that Lance Storm received while working in WWE was actually a little jab at internet wrestling fans. Many viewed him as a guy that was just too boring to be a star. In actuality, though, Storm has a pretty good personality and a sense of humor backstage. WWE went with the gimmick in order to try to something to see if it would give him momentum.
April 13, 2014
Back when he was a teenager in Mississippi, Kamala was a bit of a thief. He became known in town as a burglar who came from a poor family. The local police did not want to arrest him, so they heavily suggested that he leave town to avoid any further complications. The future WWE star opted to flee to the state of Florida, where he made money by picking fruit.
April 11, 2014
In a little known fact in professional wrestling, Bobby Heenan was originally scheduled to manage Jesse Ventura. Vince McMahon had lured him away from the AWA for that particular role. However, Ventura had blood clots in his lungs, which was due to his stint in the Vietnam War, and was forced to retire as an in ring performer. WWE moved Heenan on to other wrestlers.
April 10, 2014
In one of the more interesting connections in professional wrestling, when Wahoo McDaniel was a teenager in Texas, he was coached in baseball by George Bush, who would go on to become the 41st President of the United States.
April 9, 2014
Even though the truth has been out there for several years now, a lot of wrestling fans are still under the belief that Ole Anderson and Arn Anderson are brothers in real life. They're not. The relationship was created for their on screen characters to help Arn connect with the audience quicker because Ole was already established in the territory.
April 4, 2014
Back during the 1980s, one of the most talked about segment in professional wrestling was when Uncle Elmer got married on national television. It was an actual wedding, as the performer was really wanting to marry his longtime girlfriend. When he approached Vince McMahon about it, the promoter loved the idea and decided to make it a draw for WWE.
April 4, 2014
One of the biggest mysteries in professional wrestling involves Dennis Condrey and his decision to walk away from the Midnight Express. When asked about the situation, Bobby Eaton said that his former tag team partner basically left without saying a word to him for two years. Condrey reportedly did not inform Jim Cornette or the NWA, either.
April 2, 2014


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The Glover Report: The Black Wall Street Awards: Dottie Hector is Among Honorees
Nursing Professional turned Funeral Home Owner at Historic Phillip's Funeral Home
By Doni Morton Glover, www.bmorenews.com
(BALTIMORE – March 13, 2012) – The Black Wall Street Awards, set for this Saturday, March 17th from 6 to 9 pm at the Douglass-Myers Museum, will honor a dozen women who are the backbone of black business.
One of these honorees, Doretha "Dottie" Hector, CFSP CPC, is personally special because she helped raise me as a child. I have known her all my life, and she has always been 100%, unequivocally real all of the time.
To me, she exemplifies the black business professional in the 21st century. Her son, Robert, and her daughter, Robin, are a part of an industry that also raised me: The funeral industry. They call us UKs, short for Undertakers' Kids. You see, for the uninitiated, my father was a funeral director and mortician. Before he passed in '03, he had proudly served as President of the club. To say the least, I was around it, or it was around me – all of my life.
Clearly, the funeral director and mortician culture – especially in Baltimore and Maryland - is unique. It's that industry that we all end up seeing one way or the other. LOL. It is, however, a very sacred profession where the men and women I have come to know over the years represent some of the most loving and caring people in the world. Their's is the task of providing the most sacred ceremony in life, and with that is supposed to come a certain sense of decency, dignity, pride, and honor. Lastly, the funeral industry in Baltimore formally goes back to 1904, the year of the Great Baltimore Fire. That means that the Funeral Directors and Morticians Association of Maryland is 108-years old.
The Locks, the March Family, the Dyetts, the Mortons, the Browns and the Browns: So many names come to mind.
All this to say: Dottie Hector carries forth this honorable tradition with grace and style every single day. The real beauty is that, until now, she resisted recognition from BMORENEWS.com. Why? She humble enough to know it is not about her, and that it is all about God. Before this last request, however, I told her I wasn't taking "No" for an answer. Why? Because she has done so much for so long for so many that it is high time she allows others to bless her.
Based at the historic West Baltimore-based funeral home named after Arlington Phillips, the establishment has a tradition of serving the community – from families who can ill-afford to bury their loved ones to James Mosher Baseball, a longtime recipient of their generosity.
Every single time I've asked Ms. Dottie to help me with a community service project, she answered. She did not hesitate. And to me, that speaks volumes. She's always doing something for others, and so, on Saturday, March 17th, we will honor her. The mother of 2 is also grandmother of 5 and the great grandmother of 3.
All of Dottie's adult life has been in the Ministry of Serving "Mankind" … with 15 years spent in the field of nursing. The rest has been in the funeral industry.
She began with a man who was like a Godfather to me, the late Samuel T. Redd, Sr. Ms. Hector worked for him while she was attending Catonsville Community College's Mortuary Science Program. To my knowledge, this is the only mortuary science program of its kind in Maryland and offers an Associate's of Arts degree.
The next stop for her would prove to become home: Arlington Phillips Funeral Home on the corner of Monroe and Westwood. Here, she went from apprentice to owner.
How beautiful!
Dottie Hector is a Certified Funeral Service Practitioner (Master's Degree), a certified Pre-Need Counselor, and a Licensed Insurance Agent. If it's good for the good of the funeral service industry, Ms. Dottie is a part of it.
Ms. Dottie is a proud member of several funeral service organizations, including the Funeral Directors and Morticians Association of Maryland, Inc. (she served as Secretary), the National Funeral Directors and Morticians Association, Inc. (Past District Governor), the Maryland State Funeral Directors Association (where she the distinction of being the 1st person of color to serve all offices, thus serving as the organization's 1st black president), the National Funeral Directors Association (served as the Policy Board Rep. from the State of Maryland for 6 years), and Epsilon Nu Delta Alpha Beta Chapter Mortuary Fraternity (President for the past 15 years).
Dottie's heart is The 100 Black Women in Funeral Service … an organization she and her best friend founded in 1993. They saw a need to unite and mentor black female morticians, honor the older morticians, and provide scholarships for students.
Further, in 2010, this group researched and honored the Black Funeral Homes that have served their communities for 100+ years. I can only imagine the struggles these owners must have endured from the beginning. FYI, there are 42 such funeral homes in the United States with the oldest one in this state being Lock's Funeral Home. Former Baltimore Mayor Kurt Schmoke's wife, Patricia, is a member of the Lock Family. Each funeral home owner received a befitting crystal tear drop statue, a personal letter from Pres. Barack Obama, and citations from their Governor and Mayor. The program journal of the affair, thanks to Rep. L. C. Hastings (Florida) is now in the Congressional Hall of Records.
Dottie Hector is also a member of a number of other organizations, including the National Council of Negro Women, the NAACP (life member), and the National business & Professional Womens Club.
The Black Wall Street Awards
Saturday, March 17th - 6 to 9 pm
SPECIAL GUEST: Darrin Henson: Actor/Author (Played "Lem" on "Soul Food" TV Series)
EMCEE: Attorney J. Wyndal Gordon, Esq.
"The Warrior Lawyer"
President, Monumental City Bar Association
KEYNOTE: Robert Wallace, Author; CEO, The Bith Group
Book Signings by Darrin Henson and Robert Wallace
Black Wall Street Presentations to Dr. Renee, Dottie Hector, Shawn Smith, Nikita Haysbert, Pam Reaves, Tara Pannell, Julie King, Erlene Wilson, Peggy Morris, Monique Smith, Marsha Jews, & Rosana Miles
The Frederick-Douglass Maritime Museum
1417 Thames Street, Fells Point
Baltimore, MD 21218
Brought to you, in-part, by www.BMORENEWS.com,
The Michael Group, The Marketing Genie,
Sisters 4 Sisters Network, Inc.,
Black Professional Men, Inc.,
The Greater Baltimore Black Chamber of Commerce, &
The Minority Business and Consumer Resource Directory
Fee: $10 in advance. $20 at the door.
FMI, please call 443.858.2684.
RSVP: Get your tickets online at www.blackwallstreetawards.eventbrite.com.
*Bring your business cards for business networking at its finest!
*Vending opportunities are available. Call Rondy Griffin at 301.485.9830 or email firstname.lastname@example.com
Read more from BMORENEWS.COM
Impresario: 20 Years a Journalist 12th Anniversary Celebration of Bmorenews.com Thursday, December 11, 2014 6 to 9 pm Frederick Douglass-Isaac Myers Maritime Park & Museum:
*Business networking at its finest as well as an opportunity to help keep Bmorenews.com, Blackwallstreetnews.com & The Black Wall Street SERIES *NYC *MD *DC *ATL viable.
RSVP at http://theimpresario.eventbrite.com.Read in Full >>
DC: Metro Worker's 4th Annual Christmas Extravaganza | Saturday, December 20th :: RAHEEM DEVAUGHN:
For Hard Tickets Call Frank White @ 202-534-0891
C.floyd @ 301793-9779/ YATTA@202423-8873/ Zo@202-210-6855
Or visit
http://www.metroworkers4thannual.eventbrite.comRead in Full >>
The Black Star Project: The Village Is On Fire!!! - Susan Taylor; Rumble Young Man Rumble!; Black Star Community PTA Meeting; SOAR How Boys Learn, Succeed and Develop Chararacter:
Louisville, Kentucky is working to become the epicenter for the Black Male Achievement Movement in America. Louisville has a wealth of dynamic organizations working on issues of Black male achievement and has the full support of Louisville Mayor Greg Fischer. The Muhammad Ali Center (below) serves as the inspirational home of the Black Male Achievement Movement and houses most of the workshops and conference activities. Read in Full >>
White House: FACT SHEET: Immigration Accountability Executive Action:
The President's Immigration Accountability Executive Actions will help secure the border, hold nearly 5 million undocumented immigrants accountable, and ensure that everyone plays by the same rules. Acting within his legal authority, the President is taking an important step to fix our broken immigration system.
These executive actions crack down on illegal immigration at the border, prioritize deporting felons not families, and require certain undocumented immigrants to pass a criminal background check and pay their fair share of taxes as they register to temporarily stay in the U.S. without fear of deportation.

subset: commoncrawl


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Did you know that Montreal is host to an LGBT Film Festival? I just found this out recently myself. Albeit, I've only been living here for just over 4 years now; it is still common place for me to discover new dope things about this city, including its many many festivals. Continue reading
Montreal LGBT Film Festival, Image+Nation, kicks off its 27th edition
Breakout Latin Music Artist Hector Hernandez Announces IndieGoGo.com Campaign
Monday November 17, 2014 (Toronto) – Hector Hernandez, a breakout Latin music artist born and raised in rural Cuba today announced the launch of a new fundraising campaign on the popular crowd funding website IndieGoGo.com.
Link: http://igg.me/at/hectorhernadez/x/8186033
Hector's career is starting to take off. His 1st single Feeling Loco is fast becoming a hit in clubs and was recently featured at Miss Universe Canada. He just released his 2nd original single Lolita Loquita – both tracks are to be featured on the upcoming album & promotional tour, with your help.
Meet Hector Hernandez on IndieGoGO
Help fund a rising star from Cuba – He's a composer, singer and artist who has established himself in his home country of Cuba. Hector wants to share himself and his love of performing with the rest of Latin America and the World. Read the full story. Continue reading
Fa la la la f**k!
Fa LA LA LA LA LA LA LA …. Oh shit!
Ya Christmas is coming people and basically you either got your shopping done or almost done or the type of people who wait till the last minute and get the shittiest gifts possible.
Former Leaside High Football Player Scores Big as Night Manager at McSorley's Wonderful Saloon
When Sean Leonard, night manager at McSorley's Wonderful Saloon on Bayview Avenue, told me he was a star running back from 1986 to 1988 for Leaside High School's football team, the Leaside Lancers, I was skeptical. Sure, he's got the height, but not the formidable build one might associate with a football player. Too slight for the gridiron it seemed to me. When I asked him about this, Sean stated matter-of-factly: "I was faster than everyone else." Continue reading
The Dark Comedy Festival is back!
Starting this weekend, the Dark Comedy Festival with some of your darkest comics in the industry! Launched by Rob Mailloux four years ago, the festival has a stunning line up every year and this one is going to be a great one. Not only do we have great like Brain Posehn, Andrew Schulz, Maria Bamford and Kurt Metzger but we also have a some roasting to do!
John Tory Wins Election – Welcome the Return of Boring
Welcome to the new world of Toronto city politics. Now that John Tory has been declared victorious, as a long-time resident of Toronto, I hope it's going to be fast return to a noiseless city hall, and the restoration of boring and mundane civic operations. Continue reading
Support CKUT 90.3FM
Community radio is so important. It's where a lot of us discover our inner DJ, where we can tune in and listen to local artists, find out what's going around Montreal's indie scene and keep up to date with local comedy! That's why you need to support CKUT 90.3 FM Continue reading
Review: Force Majeure
Force Majeure (original title: Turist) is a Swedish drama written and directed by Ruben Östlund. The film revolves around a cliché looking family, going on a cliché looking vacation in the Alps. Early in the film, the father is seen cowardly leaving his family behind, while narrowly escaping a controlled avalanche. Fortunately, not a single person was injured. Unfortunately, the mother is more shaken by his coward act than anything else. Continue reading
FNC ends on oct. 19!
So it's your last chance to catch
some original and quality cinema.
Tickets are only 9$ if you're a student!
(Reg: 13$) Continue reading
Review: YXIMALLOO
YXIMALLOO is a slow paced, observational styled, documentary by Tadhg O'Sullivan and Feargal Ward about the humble reality of a Japanese musician, Naofumi Yximalloo Ishimaru, an obscure cult musician in his late '50s.
Tokyo Tribe, directed by Shion Sono, is an action packed rap-musical based on the manga Tokyo Tribe2 by Santa Inoue. The film revolves around a bunch of differently themed Tokyo gangs battling each other. There are a lot of pop culture references, e.g. Biggie Smalls and Snoop Dogg, which is quite humorous to us westerners. This is based on a manga, so expect some really over the top cartoon style logic and sequences. Continue reading
Montreal's 43rd Festival du Nouveau Cinema – Oct. 8th to 19th
Aw Yiss. Good Cinema.
Festival du Nouveau Cinema IS BACK!
It's that time of the year where we can finally watch some quality cinema on the big screen. Watch this 15min video where they compile short bits of trailers of the numerous films playing this year.
Julius "Kid Astro" Wilson Owns The Stage At Revival
"The only thing stopping you from reaching your goals is that voice in your head telling you don't do it– JUST DO IT!" – Julius Wilson
The "Oh No" Family Gatherings
So when you think of family you think of trust, love, fun etc. But when there's that one relative who is on yourspouses side, who you just can't stand or doesn't get along with your thinking. How am I going to get through this event or family gathering? Well I got your answers right here.


text: Thought for the day: if it's not in focus, it's shit. Well, we have DSLRs to thank for removing the validity of this statement. Never has the cause of great lensmakers like Zeiss (the sharper the lens the more we're prepared to pay for it) been so undermined by a vein of filmmaking in which what's out of focus is almost of greater value than what's in focus. Bokeh bokeh. Bollocks. This whole issue...Read More


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Oak Creek — Meijer department and grocery store has cleared the last major hurdle in becoming the anchor tenent of the burgeoning Drexel Town Square.
"They essentially are approved right now," Director of Community Development Doug Seymour said after the Plan Commission approved the company's building and site plans Tuesday.
The Michigan-based retailer does still need lighting, signage and forestry approval from the commission to obtain its building permit. From there, it's only a matter deciding when to break ground.
The devil was in the details for the commissioners, who poured through the plans. Building materials, pedestrian access, glazing percentages, foliage and building light placement were vigorously discussed for an hour before the plans received an "aye" from each commissioner.
Town Square anchor
Plans call for a 192,000-square-foot retail and grocery store and a 2,509-square-foot gas station to be built at 7929 S. Howell Ave., less than one block away from the grocer Woodman's Foods. There will be a liquor department and drive-through pharmacy on site.
As for Woodman's, Jim Ostrowski, real estate manager for Meijer said, "We think competition is a great thing." He added that Meijer is a supercenter and the two stores don't have completely similar business models.
The store is a major component of the Drexel Town Square development, which will in essence create a new downtown, complete with a new city hall and library. Meijer is planned to be the only big-box retailer in the development.
Meijer also is the first building in the new zoning district, Drexel Town Square Mixed Use Planned Development District, which was created specially for the development.
Open 24 hours
The store is slated to be open every hour of the year, with the exception of Christmas Day, Dec. 25. The store will employ 200 to 250 part- and full-time employees.
The retail section will be closed at 11 p.m.
With the approval, Ostrowski said he hopes the store will be completed in 2015.
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- Public workshop welcomes input for Lake Vista redevelopment
- Oak Creek police report: Nov. 27, 2014 issue
- Residents can provide input for updated Oak Creek comprehensive plan
- Oak Creek police report: Nov. 20, 2014 issue
- Oak Creek approves city budget with small tax levy increase
- Owls are a hoot at Deerfield Elementary
- Santa is ready to come to Oak Creek with a holiday workshop, bake contest and games
- Drugs, and concern about them, are on the rise in Oak Creek
- Oak Creek police report: Nov. 13, 2014 issue
- Oak Creek, Franklin residents vote "yes" to only one OCFSD referendum question


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Home > Major Appliance Parts > Dryer Parts > Drum Parts > Frigidaire Drum Glide Kit - 5303937139
16 1/2" long felt with 3 nylon glides attached. Includes nylon glides, adhesive, and instructions. Works on many dryers made by Frigidaire, Tappan, Westinghouse, Gibson, Kelvinator and others.


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Planning a trip through the west coast. From Portland to San Francisco. What we must not miss?
I'd check out Astoria and Canon Beach, see this blog entry. I would take I-5 to Hwy 38 to the coast and down to San Francisco.
Have something to add What's Your Answer?
Share your thoughts Answers From Other People
Your comment will be the first one for this story. Some might think of this as a lot of pressure, but as a trail blazer you recognize that someone has to be first. Your fellow travelers appreciate your opinion, so thanks in advance!
Other questions about Coast
- If I had 3 days in Oregon, where would I travel to? Love sun, water and rock formations. Love to eat seafood (especially shell fish).
- Where can I find some nice wines and B&Bs along the Oregon Coast? We're coming for our anniversary.
- We are driving to Port Orford to visit the prehistoric gardens, then to Bandon for the Wildlife Zoo and then working our way back to Tillamook. We are looking for some special sights and sounds to visit on Highway 101. We've been to the lighthouses on the Oregon coast but are wondering about some not so common sights.What do you recommend?
About Ask Oregon Expert Dave Strom
A Portland native, since 2007 I've been covering offbeat Portland history, news, and events at my blog, Dave Knows Portland. In May 2011, I relocated to Astoria, Oregon. As an Ask Oregon Ambassador, I look forward to sharing my knowledge of Portland and my explorations of Oregon's North Coast.


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INTL FCStone,
Cleartrade Exchange,
Singapore Exchange,
Michelle Madsen
LONDON New York-based commodities broker INTL FCStone Inc. has bought out electronic trading platform Cleartrade Exchange (CLTX), the trader said May 14.
INTL FCStone has acquired immediate voting control of CLTX and the right to acquire 90 percent of the equity interest over a five-year period.
Singapore-based CLTX was founded in February 2010 and began operations in March 2011, when it received its regulatory license. CLTX has more than 30 trading members, offering 43 commodity contracts, electronic connections to LCH.Clearnet, the Singapore Exchange and NOS Clearing, and price distribution via desktop and mobile phone.
INTL FCStone provides execution and advisory services in commodities, currencies and international securities. A version of this article was first published by AMM sister publication Steel First.
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Every month American Metal Market takes a statistical look inside the marketplace.
We actually don't know who his investors are. At the point when we are ready, we will investigate further. There are just so many things to handle and there are a lot of items to be considered with the project."
-- Charles C. Mitchell, Barstow city manager


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Last month we learned that the Frozen Cup, an apparently venerable frozen custard stand in Bellerose, would be torn down and replaced with a Days Inn. Now Queens Crap informs us that the fight for the Frozen Cup is not over! Bellerose Village Historian Alan Woodruff says that with your help, the sta ... More >>
The Daily News called it "an unofficial Bellerose landmark," it was featured in a "Sex and the City" episode, and it had one fan at least at Chowhound. But after fifty years, the Frozen Cup custard stand in Bellerose, Queens is closing. The Queens Chronicle reports that the property's new owner will ... More >>
Robert Riggio has made a career out of conning priests and parishes by phone. If he calls you, hang up.
With Spitzer at the table, Pataki's casino cronies pull an inside straight
New Orleans children are abandoned again, this time in Baton Rouge schools
Chasing B-Ball Scholarships in the Deep South


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Trade and Development News
Mexico 'Critically Important' to US Economy
Feb 24, 2012
Enhanced North American economic integration benefits all of the United States—not just the border—Mexico's Ambassador Arturo Sarukhan and former United States Trade Representative Carla Hills say. Mexico differs from other trade partners, since its U.S. exports contain such a large share of U.S. content, they note.
Latin American Program in the News: Menendez warns of Iran's outreach to Latin America
Feb 23, 2012
Tensions over Iran's presence and influence over Latin America arise after the Senate Foreign Relations Subcommittee hearing on the Iranian government's activities in the Western hemisphere.
Journey Summary:Traveling the Texas-Mexico Border
Feb 21, 2012
Senior Associate, Eric Olson, and Associate, Chris Wilson, recently traveled the length of the Texas-Mexico border, beginning in El Paso/Ciudad Juarez and ending in Brownsville/Matamoros.
Mexico Institute In the News: "The importance of Mexico's elections"
Jan 03, 2012
Mexicans will go to the polls to choose a new president, new senators and federal deputies - and if opinion polls are to be believed, possibly a new governing party. A major election issue is the country's crackdown against organised crime which is now in its sixth year. It has caused violence to flare in states that are on the drug route to the US and more than 50,000 people have been killed since 2006.
Canada Institute's Beyond the Border Initiative
Dec 14, 2011
The Wilson Center's Canada Institute has launched a major initiative to measure the progress of the "Beyond the Border" agreement unveiled by President Barack Obama and Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper.
Monitoring the Beyond the Border Action Plan
Dec 08, 2011
The Wilson Center's Canada Institute launches a major initiative to measure the progress of the "Beyond the Border" agreement unveiled by President Barack Obama and Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper.
U.S.-Canada Beyond the Border and Regulatory Cooperation Council Initiatives
Dec 08, 2011
Click here to read all the Action Plan documents.
Why new U.S.-Canada border plan will boost manufacturing and Ohio exports: Laura Dawson and Paul Frazer
Dec 08, 2011
Canada Institute public policy scholar Laura Dawson and Co-Chair of the Canada Institute's Advisory Board Paul Frazer break down how the new U.S.-Canada Beyond the Border Action Plan and Regulatory Cooperation Council Action Plan will help North America's manufactoring sector
U.S.-Canada Trade: Thomas Nides' Remarks at Innovation Conference
Nov 04, 2011
At the November 2nd Canada 2020 Innovation Conference in Ottawa, U.S. Dept of State Deputy Secretary Thomas Nides commented on the important trade issues in the U.S.-Canada relationship.
Laura Dawson comments on new border tax for Canadians
Nov 01, 2011
Canada Institute public policy scholar Laura Dawson speaks to Bloomberg Businessweek about the new tax on Canadians traveling to the United States by air and sea.


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Originally published September 2, 2014 at 2:53 PM | Page modified September 3, 2014 at 11:09 AM
Double mastectomy doesn't boost survival for most
Removing both breasts to treat cancer affecting only one side doesn't boost survival chances for most women, compared with surgery that removes just the tumor, a large study suggests. The results raise concerns about riskier, potentially unnecessary operations that increasing numbers of women are choosing.
AP Medical Writer
Removing both breasts to treat cancer affecting only one side doesn't boost survival chances for most women, compared with surgery that removes just the tumor, a large study suggests. The results raise concerns about riskier, potentially unnecessary operations that increasing numbers of women are choosing.
The study involved nearly 200,000 California women treated for cancer in one breast and followed for several years afterward.
Ten-year survival rates were nearly identical -- roughly 82 percent -- for women who had lumpectomies to remove the tumor plus radiation, and for those who had double mastectomies. Women who had a single mastectomy, removal of just the cancerous breast, fared slightly worse.
The results confirm what many doctors have suspected, said Dr. Len Lichtenfeld, deputy chief medical officer of the American Cancer Society.
"There's no guarantee that by having the second breast removed that you will do better," said Lichtenfeld, who had no role in the research.
In the study, just over half the women had lumpectomy treatment. But the number who had double mastectomies increased substantially to 12 percent between 1998 and 2011. The trend was most notable in women younger than 40, climbing from just 4 percent to 33 percent.
Other research suggests that removing both breasts to treat one-sided cancer may improve survival chances for the relatively small number of women who have genetic breast cancer or strong family histories of the disease, said study co-author Scarlett Gomez, a research scientist with the Cancer Prevention Institute of California. But most breast cancer patients have neither of those risks.
The medical community is paying increasing attention to overtreatment and excessive costs, and the study results raise questions about reasons for rising use of an expensive, potentially risky treatment "of dubious effectiveness," the researchers said.
Patients' preferences and fear that cancer will return play a role, but that fear "usually exceeds estimated risk," the study said.
Reasons why survival was slightly worse for woman who had just one breast removed are uncertain, although this treatment is more common among Hispanic and black women and those with lower incomes and public insurance than among wealthy whites.
The study was published Tuesday in this week's Journal of the American Medical Association. A journal editorial notes that the study echoes previous research and adds to a debate about the rising prevalence of double mastectomies.
The results may raise questions about whether surgeons, for financial reasons, are driving the trend, but that is unlikely, Dr. Lisa Newman, a surgery professor and director of the University of Michigan's Breast Care Center said in the editorial.
"A greater concern than financial incentives may be a surgeon's preference based on his/her own experience, regardless of the data," she wrote.
Patients should be given time to absorb a cancer diagnosis, and educated about treatment options, risks and benefits, before being pressed into decisions about irreversible surgery, Newman said.
Amy Curran Baker, an author from suburban New York City who chose a double mastectomy after her 2008 diagnosis, said her doctor presented her with options including lumpectomy. But he ultimately recommended the more invasive treatment because she had family members with breast cancer, and Baker said she doesn't regret her choice.
"I don't think we can discount the importance of 'peace of mind' in a patient's decision-making process," said Baker, who wrote a book about mastectomy recovery. "We all work to heal ourselves psychologically in different ways and for some women this may be one of them."
Her cancer returned two years ago, in scar tissue from the operation on the breast where the disease first appeared, but Baker said she is doing well after chemotherapy and radiation.
The study authors examined data from the California Cancer Registry, part of a national cancer surveillance program. The data lacked information on how many women had genetic breast cancer or strong family histories of the disease.
JAMA: http://www.jama.com sboth
Breast cancer: http://tinyurl.com/28b6bs
AP Medical Writer Lindsey Tanner can be reached at http://www.twitter.com/LindseyTanner
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Originally published Sunday, August 31, 2014 at 8:00 PM
Walters named CEO at PetroCard
Notable hires and promotions
Scott Walters was named chief operating officer at PetroCard, a Kent-based fuel distributor.
Walters will take over as chief executive of the company in April 2015 when PetroCard's current CEO, David Harris, retires.
Walters has served as senior vice president of the fuels division at PetroCard since 2005 and has nearly 40 years' experience in the industry.
Banking: Debra Hauser was hired as vice president, commercial lender at United Labor Bank, Seattle.
Engineering:Marcus Preuss, Colin Moore and Bau Phan were hired at Sparling, Lynnwood.
Health care: Dr. Timothy Carrick, Dr. Lori Cooper, Dr. Sam Taagen and Blaine Etzel joined The Polyclinic, Seattle. Tsu Yin Chang joined Wellspring Counseling in Seattle, Laura Betts and Caitlin Cotter joined Wellspring's Bellevue branch, and Emily Murray and Megan Clapper joined the Redmond branch.
Health insurance:Dr. Shawn West was named medical director of provider engagement at Premera Blue Cross, Mountlake Terrace.
Law:L. Paul Ohainle joined Socius Law Group in Seattle.
Leadership training:Angela Brooks-Rallins was named executive director of Fierce, Seattle.
Restaurants:Harold "Hal" Reynolds was named general manager for Hard Rock Cafe Seattle.
Technology:Jonathan Alford was named chief finance officer at WISErg in Redmond.
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Hybrid spectrum sharing for coexistence of macrocell and femtocell
ABSTRACT This paper investigates flexible spectrum sharing for coexistence of macrocell and femtocell. In such a networking environment, shared spectrum usage and partitioned spectrum usage are two options to be employed between them. After recognizing the pros and cons of these two usages, we propose hybrid spectrum sharing to take advantage of their merits. In our proposal, the femtocells embedded in macrocell are differentiated to inner and outer femtocells, which operate in partitioned spectrum usage and shared spectrum usage, respectively. Performance evaluation are given to justify our proposed method on improving overall spectrum utilization.
Conference Paper: Optimized frequency allocation for interference mitigation in femtocellular networks[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: The recent introduction of femtocells enabled high data rates and better coverage indoors without the need for upgrading the network infrastructure or site establishment. However, Femtocells may suffer from major interference problems due to their dense and ad hoc deployment. In this paper, we propose a frequency assignment optimal scheme for downlink femtocell networks. The algorithm is based on optimization search rather than greedy or heuristic methods. Simulation results show that the proposed scheme outperformed two representative algorithms used for comparison.Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing Conference (IWCMC), 2012 8th International; 01/2012
- [Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Femtocells are an emerging technology aimed at providing gains to both network operators and end-users. These gains come at a cost of increased interference, specifically the cross network interference between the macrocell and femtocell networks. This interference is one of the main performance limiting factors in allowing an underlaid femtocell network to share the spectrum with the cellular network. To manage this interference, we first propose a femtocell architecture that orthog- onally partitions the network bandwidth between the macrocell and femtocell networks. This scheme eliminates the cross network interference thus giving the femtocells more freedom over their use of the spectrum. Specifically, no interference constraint is imposed by the cellular network allowing femto users to transmit at a constant power on randomly selected channels. Although simple, this scheme is enough to give gains up to 200% in sum rate. We then propose a second architecture where both networks share the bandwidth simultaneously. A femtocell power control scheme that relies on minimal coordination with the macrocell base station is used in conjunction with an interference sensing channel assignment mechanism. These two schemes together yield sum rate gains up to 200%. We then develop a technique for macro users to join a nearby femtocell and share a common chan- nel with a femtocell user through the use of successive interfer- ence cancellation. By adding this mechanism to the power control and channel assignment schemes, we show sum rate gains over 300% and up to 90% power savings for macrocell users.International Journal of Advances in Engineering Sciences and Applied Mathematics. 01/2013; 5(1).
Conference Paper: Interference mitigation spectrum allocation for energy efficient OFDMA femtocell networks[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Femtocell networks, consisting of a conventional macrocell and overlaying femtocells, forming a hierarchical cell structure, constitute an attractive solution to improve the capacity and coverage. However, the inter-tier and intra-tier interferences in such systems can significantly reduce the capacity and cause an unacceptably high level of outage. This paper treats the downlink interference problem in orthogonal frequency-division multiple-access (OFDMA) based femtocell networks with partial co-channel deployment. We first propose an inter-tier interference mitigation strategy by forcing the macro-interfering femtocells to use the dedicated sub-channels. The non-interfering femtocells, on the other hand, will use the shared sub-channels which are also used by the macrocell. We then present the sub-channels allocation scheme based on the Firefly algorithm to mitigate the intra-tier interference. Finally, we reassign the ratio between the dedicated and shared subchannels to maximize the efficient utilization. The propose interference mitigation scheme offers significant performance improvement by substantially reducing the inference and improving fairness and energy efficiency of utilization in the system.Computer Science and Network Technology (ICCSNT), 2012 2nd International Conference on; 01/2012
Page 1
Yong Bai, Juejia Zhou, Lan Chen
DOCOMO Beijing Communications Laboratories Co., Ltd
7/F, Raycom Infotech Park Tower A, No.2 Kexueyuan South Road,
Haidian District, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
Email:{bai, zhoujj, firstname.lastname@example.com
Abstract—This paper investigates flexible spectrum sharing for
coexistence of macrocell and femtocell. In such a networking
environment, shared spectrum usage and partitioned spectrum
usage are two options to be employed between them. After
recognizing the pros and cons of these two usages, we propose
hybrid spectrum sharing to take advantage of their merits. In our
proposal, the femtocells embedded in macrocell are differentiated
to inner and outer femtocells, which operate in partitioned spec-
trum usage and shared spectrum usage, respectively. Performance
evaluation are given to justify our proposed method on improving
overall spectrum utilization.
A cellular network is a radio network made up of a number
of radio cells. Each cell is served by a base station (BS) to
provide radio coverage over a limited area. A macrocell has the
widest range of cell size and is usually deployed in rural areas
or along highways served by high-power BSs with antennas
mounted above rooftops. A femtocell has the coverage of 10–
50 meters placed indoor for stationary or low-mobility users
at homes or in small offices. The cells with different sizes
can be deployed as in a hierarchical cell structure (HCS) to
provide multi-tier network connectivity [1] [2]. Macrocells are
deployed as one radio tier to cover wide areas, and femtocells
are embedded inside macrocell as another radio tier to supply
sporadic overage. The benefits for this arrangement are capac-
ity gain, better coverage, and reduced battery consumption of
handset [3]. In this paper, we consider a two-tier 3GPP LTE
(Long Term Evolution) network that consists of overlaying
macrocell and femtocell. In LTE network, an UE can access
a macrocell BS, i.e., eNodeB (eNB), or a femtocell BS, i.e.,
Home eNodeB (HeNB). In this paper, an UE accessed to a
macrocell BS is called an MUE, and an UE accessed to a
femtocell BS is called a HUE.
After acquiring licensed spectrum, wireless cellular operator
can employ different approaches to utilize the spectrum in
a wireless overlay network [4]. The first approach is that two
tiers share the licensed spectrum such that macrocell and fem-
tocell operate in co-channel frequency reuse. This approach is
called shared spectrum usage in this paper. Another approach
is that the licensed spectrum is divided up into separate
portions and each tier operates in a dedicated spectrum portion.
This approach is called partitioned spectrum usage in this
paper. There are both pros and cons of these two usages.
With shared spectrum usage, each radio tier has more available
amount of spectrum but suffers higher cross-tier interference.
On the other hand, with partitioned spectrum usage, the cross-
tier interference is lower, but the available amount of spectrum
is reduced. Higher cross-tier interference with shared spectrum
usage and reduced amount of spectrum with partitioned spec-
trum usage are both drawbacks for achieving high network
capacity. To tackle their drawbacks on spectrum utilization, we
propose hybrid spectrum usage to take advantage of the merits
of above two spectrum usages. In our proposal, each femtocell
embedded inside macrocell can flexibly operate in one of two
usage modes, shared spectrum usage or partitioned spectrum
usage. The favorable usage mode is selected according to the
usage selection criterion and the relevant spatial condition
(e.g., relative location of femtocell) and temporal condition
(e.g., traffic loading of macrocell). The hybrid spectrum usage
is illustrated in a two-tier 3GPP LTE system to demonstrate
its practical implementation.
The rest of this paper is organized as follows. Section II
describes the spectrum sharing criterion for overlaying macro-
cell and femtocell. Section III presents the method of hybrid
spectrum sharing and its practical implementation for LTE
downlink and uplink. In Section IV, we give performance
evaluation of hybrid spectrum usage on improving spectrum
utilization via system-level simulation of 3GPP LTE system.
Section V concludes this paper.
In our proposal, a femtocell BS (i.e., HeNB in LTE network)
is assumed to be able to operate in both shared spectrum
usage and partitioned spectrum usage. Each femtocell BS can
select its usage mode individually based on the usage selection
criterion and the relevant conditions. The main purpose to
allow a femtocell to select the spectrum usage mode is to
increase overall spectrum utilization, which can be measured
as area spectral efficiency. The area spectral efficiency of a
cellular system is defined as the achievable throughput per
unit area for the bandwidth available. One measure of area
spectral efficiency of combined macrocell and femtocell is in
terms of bit/s/Hz/macrocell area. The joint capacity of two-tier
wireless overlay network is given by Cm+?Nf
throughput achievable by ith femtocell, and Nfis the number
Cm is the throughput achievable by macrocell, Cfi is the
Page 2
of femtocells in macrocell. Assume that the total amount of
licensed spectrum is wtot Hz. With shared spectrum usage,
each tier can use all wtotHz. With partitioned spectrum usage,
wtotHz spectrum is partitioned to two spectrum potions of wm
Hz and wf Hz (where wm+ wf= wtot), which are assigned
to be the dedicated amounts of spectrum for macrocell and
femtocell, respectively.
The area spectral efficiency, in bit/s/Hz/macrocell area, is thus
η =Cm+?Nf
The achievable throughput of macrocell (femtocell) can be
estimated by the Shannon formula
C = wlog2(1 + γ)
where C is achievable throughput, w is the amount of spec-
trum available, and γ is the received signal-to-interference-
plus-noise ratio (SINR). Note that (2) regards the interference
as white Gaussian noise and gives the worst-case estimate of
achievable capacity.
To improve spectrum utilization, the objective of usage mode
selection is set to maximize the area spectrum efficiency as
represented in (1), which is equivalent to maximize the joint
two-tier capacity Cm+?Nf
determine the usage mode is the achievable throughput at
each tier. Though the joint two-tier capacity is higher with one
usage mode, the respective achievable throughput of one tier
(Cmor Cfi) may be too low to support reasonable services
for mobile users.
Since shared spectrum usage can cause high cross-tier interfer-
ence and reduce the achieved capacity at each tier, the selection
criterion of spectrum usage mode is formulated to be:
shared spectrum usage is chosen only when both
macrocell and femtocell favors it; otherwise, parti-
tioned spectrum usage is chosen.
Next, we examine the cross-tier interference to deduce the
relevant conditions that affect the decision making on usage
selection. On imposing cross-tier interference, macrocell and
femtocell can play the role of either the interfering party
(aggressor) or the interfered party (victim). Accordingly, the
cross-tier interferences can be classified as four interference
scenarios, i.e., the downlink interference from macrocell BS
(aggressor) to HUE (victim), the downlink interference from a
femtocell (aggressor) to MUE (victim), the unlink interference
from HUE (aggressor) to a macrocell BS (victim), and the
uplink interference from MUE (aggressor) to a femtocell BS
(victim). It is conceivable that the cross-tier interference is
relevant to spatial condition, i.e., the location of HeNB relative
to eNBs. The closer the HeNB locates to an eNB, the higher
the cross-tier interference. Hence, the selection of spectrum
usage mode should take into account the location of HeNB and
the experienced cross-tier interference of MUEs and HUEs.
i=1Cfi. In addition to the objective
to maximize the area spectral efficiency, another factor to
When each HeNB is allowed to select its spectrum us-
age mode based on specific conditions (e.g., location), the
spectrum usage modes of HeNBs within a macrocell become
mixed. Hence, the proposed spectrum usage method is called
hybrid spectrum usage in this paper.
With respect to the spatial condition, the femtocells are dis-
tinguished to be inner and outer femtocells according to the
distance between an HeNB and its embedding eNB (i.e., the
closest eNB from the HeNB). The HeNBs of inner femtocells
operate in partitioned spectrum usage, and the HeNBs of
outer femtocells operate in shared spectrum usage. Denote the
distance between an HeNB and its embedding eNB as d, and
denote the distance threshold to differentiate inner and outer
femtocells as dth. As shown in Fig. 1, the femtocell is an
inner femtocell if an HeNB is located at the position where
d ≤ dth; otherwise, it is an outer femtocell.
Fig. 1.Overlaying LTE network and hybrid spectrum sharing
In practical implementation, the parameter of d can be esti-
mated at HeNB based on the received pilot power of eNB, i.e.,
RSRP (Reference Signal Received Power) in LTE network.
The RSRP can be estimated by the added function at HeNB
or can be estimated by HUE and reported to HeNB via an
added RRC (Radio Resource Control) signalling message.
Thus, dthcorresponds to a pilot power threshold, pth. Denote
the estimated value of RSRP as pr. A femtocell is an inner
femtocell if pr ≥ pth; otherwise, it is an outer femtocell.
Using prfor decision making is viewed as a better approach
than using dthbecause prreflects the link quality with actual
pathloss and shadowing between an HeNB and its embedding
eNB. Assume the spectrum usage mode is allowed to be
determined separately in LTE downlink and uplink, the values
of dth for downlink and uplink can be different. Next, we
clarify how to determine the values of dthand prin downlink
and uplink.
A. Downlink
The downlink throughput of achieved by macrocell and
femtocell can be estimated by using (2) which depends on
the bandwidth and SINR.
The downlink interference imposed on MUEs includes both
intra-tier interference (from neighboring macrocells) and
cross-tier interference (from femtocells). The cross-tier in-
terference with partitioned spectrum usage is assumed to be
adjacent channel interference, which is reduced by Adjacent
Channel Interference Ratio (ACIR), typically over 40 dB,
Page 3
compared to the co-channel interference with shared spectrum
Due to the fact that the transmit power of HeNB is less than
that of eNB and the penetration loss (typically 10 ∼ 20 dB) of
walls of femtocell, the interference from other macrocells is
the dominant downlink interference for MUEs rather than the
cross-tier interference from femtocell. Thus, larger bandwidth
in shared spectrum usage helps to increase the capacity of
macrocells rather than the partitioned spectrum usage. Hence,
macrocell favors shared spectrum usage in downlink to max-
imize its capacity.
Next, we evaluate the downlink throughput of femtocell. The
downlink interference from eNB to HUEs is relevant to, d, the
distance between an HeNB and its embedding eNB. The closer
a femtocell is located from eNB, the higher the downlink
macrocell interference HUEs suffer. Due to large ACIR, the
downlink interference with partitioned spectrum usage is much
less than that with shared spectrum usage. Thus, the femtocell
favors partitioned spectrum usage when it locates very close to
eNB. With the increase of d, the interference from macrocell
reduces with shared spectrum usage due to increased pathloss,
and hence the achieved capacity increases. When the femtocell
is located at a certain distance away from eNB such that the
interference from macrocell reduces significantly, w becomes
the dominant factor on determining the achievable throughput
instead of γ. Thus, the femtocell favors shared spectrum usage
when it locates at a certain distance away from eNB. The
distance threshold, ddl
that the achievable downlink throughput of femtocell is the
same as that with either of two spectrum usage modes. When
the femtocell is located farther than dul
outer femtocell and operates in the shared spectrum usage;
otherwise, it operates in partitioned spectrum usage.
th, can be determined under the condition
th, the femtocell is a
B. Uplink
In uplink, we first evaluate the achievable uplink throughput
of femtocell. If no active MUE is near the HeNB, the femtocell
uplink is largely a noise-limited system. Hence, the femtocell
favors shared spectrum usage to maximize its capacity.
Next, we evaluate the achievable uplink throughput of macro-
cell. The closer the femtocell is located to the eNB, the higher
uplink interference the eNB suffers. The uplink throughput
with shared usage becomes larger than that with partitioned
usage when the femtocell is located at certain distance away
from eNB. The specific distance that the throughputs are
equal with either mode can be set to be the uplink distance
threshold, dul
the femtocell is located farther than dul
outer femtocell and operates in the shared spectrum usage;
otherwise, it operates in partitioned spectrum usage.
When multiple femtocells exist within an macrocell, the
aggregate interference on the macrocell uplink from both
MUEs in other macrocells and HUEs from femtocells needs
to be considered. The interference level can be measured by
Interference over Thermal (IoT), which is defined as the ratio
between the interference plus thermal noise over thermal noise.
The uplink aggregate IoT of macrocell, IoTul
th, to determine the spectrum usage modes. When
th, the femtocell is a
m, is evaluated by
m= 10log10(Iul
mm+ Iul
fm+ N
) dB.
The maximal allowed aggregate interference in macrocell
uplink can be set as the total IoT threshold, IoTth
tot. If IoTth
per-defined, the allowed IoT introduced by femtocells, IoTth
can be calculated after taking out the current aggregate IoT at
macrocell, IoTcur
m, from IoTth
tot. That is
= 10log10(10
− 10
+ 1) dB.
(when Nf> 1) can be allowed to operate in the shared spec-
trum usage. After IoTth
to the relation between the IoT that one femtocell generated
and the location of femtocell, the uplink distance boundary
can be calculated and the corresponding RSRP threshold to
decide the uplink spectrum usage mode can be determined.
can be used for deciding whether additional femtocell
= 10log10(Iul
) is determined,
fm. According
thand pul
thcan be calculated inversely from Iul
The simulation parameters are given in Table 1, which
are in line with 3GPP LTE specifications [6] [7] [8]. In our
simulation, the overlaying LTE network consists of macrocells
and femtocells. The simulated network layout assumes a
hexagonal grid with 19 macrocell BSs (eNBs) and 3 sectors
per eNB with a center-excited structure. The central macrocell
is a reference cell-site when collecting performance results;
other 18 macrocells act two rings of interferers to the central
macrocell. The femtocells are assumed to have a circular
coverage with radius 10 meters. For the case of Nf= 1, there
is only one HeNB that is located in the central macrocell with
distance, d, to the central eNB. For the case of Nf> 1, there
are NfHeNBs that are located randomly in each macrocell of
all 19 macrocells. The active UEs, whose number is decided
in the initialization phase and kept constant for the whole
simulation time, are uniformly distributed over the network
area. A single transmit antenna at the UE and two receive
antennas at the BS are used with maximal ratio combining
(MRC). With shared spectrum usage, the available bandwidth
for macrocell and femtocell are both 20MHz. With partitioned
spectrum usage, the available bandwidth for macrocell and
femtocell is 15MHz and 5MHz, respectively. The cross-tier
interference in partitioned mode is assumed to be adjacent-
channel interference, and the ACIR is set to 45dB for all the
PRBs in the adjacent 5MHz. Furthermore, we assume that 10%
of the total BS transmit power is allocated for RSRP signal.
The signaling overhead is assumed to be 30%.
Firstly, the simulation is performed for the case of Nf = 1,
i.e., only one femtocell is placed within the central macrocell.
Fig. 2 shows the downlink per-sector throughput of central
eNB versus the location of HeNB. The throughput of eNB
with shared spectrum usage and partitioned spectrum us-
age are depicted as solid line and dotted line, respectively.
It is seen from Fig. 2 that Cdl,shared
and Cdl,shared
does not vary very much as the location of
HeNB changes. Fig. 3 shows the downlink throughput of
femtocell as we change the location of HeNB. It is seen
from Fig. 3 that when the HeNB is located close to eNB,
< Cdl,partitioned
. When the HeNB is located at
about 25m away from eNB, Cdl,shared
The distance of 25m (intersection of solid line and dotted
line) where Cdl,shared
= Cdl,partitioned
> Cdl,partitioned
> Cdl,partitioned
can be set to be the
Page 4
20MHz (shared)
15MHz (partitioned)
Hexagonal grid,19 BSs,
3 sectors per eNB
BS:14 dBi, UE:0dBi
ISD=500 m
128.1 + 37.6log10d,
d in [km]
8 dB
20 dB
49 dBm
23 dBm
5 dB
9 dB
-174 dBm/Hz
10 per sector
20MHz (shared)
5MHz (partitioned)
Circular cell,
1 sector per HeNB
BS:5 dBi, UE:0dBi
cell radius=10m
127.0 + 30log10d,
d in [km]
10 dB
20 dB
20 dBm
23 dBm
5 dB
9 dB
-174 dBm/Hz
4 per cell
System bandwidth
Cell layout
Antenna gain
Cell size
Lognormal shadowing
Penetration loss
BS TX power
UE power class
BS noise figure
UE noise figure
Thermal noise level
Ave. number of UEs
0 2550 75
Distance between HeNB and eNB (m)
100125150 175200 225250275
Throughput (Mbps)
Downlink Throughput of eNB
Fig. 2. Downlink throughput of eNB
0 25 50 75
Distance between HeNB and eNB (m)
100125150175 200225250 275
Throughput (Mbps)
Downlink Throughput of HeNB
Fig. 3. Downlink throughput of HeNB
downlink distance threshold, ddl
usage mode. The corresponding downlink RSRP threshold,
th, to determine the spectrum
−21.2 dBm, where 10dB is introduced as the pilot power of
eNB is assumed to be 10% of the total eNB transmit power.
th= 49 dBm−10 dB−(128.1+37.6log10(25/1000)) dB =
0 2550 75100 125 150175 200225 250275
Distance between HeNB and central eNB (m)
Throughput (Mbps)
Fig. 4.Uplink throughput of eNB
0 2550 75
Distance between HeNB and eNB (m)
100125 150 175200 225250275
Throughput (Mbps)
Uplink Throughput of HeNB
Fig. 5. Uplink throughput of HeNB
Fig. 4 and Fig. 5 show the uplink sector throughput of
macrocell and the uplink throughput of femtocell respectively
as we change the location of HeNB. Uplink fractional power
control is employed for an UE depending on its pathloss to
BS such that an UE does not always transmit with its full
power. The formula for fractional uplink power control is
P = min{Pmax,P0+ 10log10M + αPL} where Pmax is
UE's maximum transmit power, P0is cell/UE specific value,
M is the number of assigned PRBs, PL is the pathloss from
UE to eNB/HeNB, and α is pathloss compensation factor [9].
In our simulation, P0 is assumed to be cell specific and is
set to -60 dBm, and α is set to 0.6. It is seen from Fig. 5
that Cul,shared
> Cul,partitioned
vary very much as the location of HeNB changes. However,
it is seen from Fig. 4 that Cul,shared
the HeNB is close to eNB. When the HeNB is located at
about 50m away from eNB, Cul,shared
distance of 50m (intersection of solid line and dotted line)
where Cul,shared
= Cul,partitioned
distance threshold, dul
, and Cul,shared
does not
< Cul,partitioned
> Cul,partitioned
. The
can be set to be the uplink
th, to determine the spectrum usage mode.
Page 5
0 2550 75100 125150175 200 225250 275
Distance between HeNB and central eNB (m)
IOT (dB)
IOT from eNBs
IOT from HeNB
total IOT
Fig. 6. Uplink IoT at eNB with shared spectrum usage
Fig. 6 shows the uplink IoT of eNB as the location of
HeNB changes. In Fig. 6, the average IoT introduced by other
macrocells, IoTm, is 10.8 dB. As shown in Fig. 6, the closer
the HeNB locates to eNB, the higher uplink interference the
eNB suffers. At the uplink border dul
from HeNB IoTf= 7dB, and the total IoT is 12dB. The total
IoT (i.e., 12 dB) at dul
threshold, IoTth
taking out IoTm (10.8 dB), the calculated IoTth
Then, dul
be derived from IoTth
th(50m), the interference
thcan be set as the allowed total IoT
tot. If IoTth
totis per-defined to be 12 dB, after
= 7 dB.
th=50 m and the corresponding pul
th=-40.2 dBm can
0 110 50 100
Number of HeNBs per macrocell
Throughput (Mbps)
Uplink Throughput of eNB
P0 of HUE=−60dBm
P0 of HUE=−75dBm
Fig. 7. Uplink throughput of eNB with multiple HeNBs
Fig. 7 shows the uplink throughput of eNB with multiple
HeNBs. When there are multiple HeNBs, the impact of the
cross-tier interference from HUEs on eNB uplink performance
is serious if only fractional uplink power control is employed.
It is seen that the uplink throughput of eNB reduces with
the increase of number of HeNBs. However, if P0 is set to
-75 dBm for HUEs, the impact on eNB uplink is reduced
significantly. Thus, different values of P0 for macrocell and
femtocell are recommended to be used in practical system as
a means to mitigate the cross-tier interference.
This paper proposes hybrid spectrum sharing to improve
spectrum utilization for overlaying LTE macrocell and femto-
cell. The HeNB at a femtocell is allowed to select its spectrum
usage flexibly to be either partitioned or shared spectrum
usages, and hence the usage modes of femtocells embedded
within macrocell are mixed. The criterion to determine the us-
age mode is formulated and the relevant threshold parameters
for decision making are deduced. For practical implementa-
tion, it is revealed that the criterion simply becomes comparing
the estimated RSRP of eNB at HeNB with the threshold in
both downlink and uplink. The effectiveness of the proposed
method is shown by system-level simulation for 3GPP LTE
[1] R. Coombs and R. Steele, "Introducing Microcells into Macrocellular
Networks: a Case Study," IEEE Trans. Commu., Vol. 47, No. 4, pp. 568–
576, 1999.
[2] L. C. Wang, G. L. St¨ uber, and C.T. Lea, "Architecture Design, Frequency
Planning, and Performance Analysis for a Microcell/Macrocell Overlaying
System," IEEE Trans. Vehicular Tech., Vol. 46, No. 4, pp. 836–848, 1997.
[3] V. Chandrasekhar, J. G. Andrews, and A. Gatherer, "Femtocell Networks:
A Survey," IEEE Communications Magazine, Vol. 46, No. 9, pp. 59–67,
[4] P. Leaves, K. Moessner, and R. Tafazolli, "Dynamic Spectrum Allocation
in Composite Reconfigurable Wireless Networks," IEEE Communications
Magazine, Vol. 42, No. 5, pp. 72–81, May 2004.
[5] I. G¨ uvenc ¸, M. Jeong, F. Watanabe, and H. Inamura, "A Hybrid Frequency
Assignment for Femtocells and Coverage Area Analysis for Co-Channel
Operation," IEEE Communications Letters, Vol. 12, No. 12, pp. 1–3, Dec.
[6] 3GPP TR 36.942 v1.2.0, Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-
UTRA); Radio Frequency (RF) system scenarios, June 2007
[7] 3GPP TR 25.820 v8.1.1, 3G Home NodeB Study Item Technical Report,
May 2008
[8] 3GPP TR 36.814 v0.4.1, Further Advancements for E-UTRA Physical
Layer Aspects, Feb. 2009
[9] C. U. Castellanos, et al., "Performance of Uplink Fractional Power
Control in UTRAN LTE," Proceedings of VTC 2008 Spring, pp. 2517–
2521, 2007.


text:
2422 results total, viewing 21 - 30
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It's been said that time is the fire in which we burn. Visiting the Greenwood Volunteer Fire Company and Museum is like taking a step through time; it's the definitive place to explore the … more
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By MARK SILBERSTEIN With at least nine months left to go in the 2005-06 fiscal year ending June 30 the Warwick Fire Department has spent $463,932.94 on overtime from one of two accounts, or 66.3-percent of the $700,000 budget. In another account, … more
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Open Letter to Gov. Chafee: I am part of the 18 percent. As you are well aware, the Rhode Island Board of Regents has made it a requirement for high school students attending Rhode Island public … more
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Mr. and Mrs. Roland J. Bordeleau of Cranston celebrated their 50th wedding anniversary on June 18 with 70 family members and close friends at the Crowne Plaza Hotel at the Crossings. The couple has three children, John, Lisa and Michele Bordeleau, … more
12/31/69 | 196 views
By JENNETTE BARNESWarwick could have a fourth rescue crew as early as next year. Funds to hire personnel for the crew are likely to appear in the city budget, pending negotiations between the firefighters' union and the city administration. The … more
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Learning by doing has long been recognized as one of the best education tools, and now children and the young at heart can experience what it's like to be a farmer in the 21st century at the newly … more
7/30/14 | 264 views
A benefit walk for Misty Lourenco, sponsored by her family, friends, and neighbors, will be held at Warwick's City Park's walking trail this Saturday. Misty, a wife, mother of four, and manager … more
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text:
Georgia Senate Majority Leader Chip Rogers recently hosted a public meeting of GOP Senate leaders in the Gold Dome where he talked about Pres. Obama's "war on the suburbs." Among the co-conspirators in this war: the Gov. Deal, the Georgia Chamber and the Atlanta Regional Commission.
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Car Collectors - Spare Parts: Six Questions With Bill Goldberg
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Tuesday, 7/2/2013 at 7:00AM
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text:
Technical questions should be directed to the appropriate project managers. The main NYSERDA phone number is toll-free 1-866-NYSERDA or local (518) 862-1090; extensions and e-mail addresses for the project managers are listed below.
The objective of this solicitation is to promote the development of an electric grid that accommodates a diverse supply of generation resources, enhances overall grid performance and enables customers to reduce cost, energy consumption, and environmental impact.
M. Razanousky
Phone: Ext. 3245
J. Love
Phone: Ext. 3317
Round 1,
January, 2015
Round 2,
July, 2015
This solicitation seeks to retain a qualified contractor to design, install/test, operate and maintain, for a period of 5 years, the New York Generation Attribute Tracking System (NYGATS), an internet-based electronic tracking system for attributes associated with all electricity generated, imported and consumed in NYS.
M. Goyette
Phone: Ext. 3506
December 2014
The New York State Energy Research and Development Authority (NYSERDA) seeks proposals from firms and/or individuals to perform Radiation Protection Program Support Services for NYSERDA's West Valley Site Management Program at the Western New York Nuclear Service Center (Center) near West Valley, New York. The primary objectives of this solicitation are to: provide the expertise and equipment necessary to implement and support the radiation protection programs for the Center including the New York State-Licensed Disposal Area (SDA) and the balance of the Center property (i.e., Retained Premises [RP]).
D Coble
Phone: Ext. 4027
The Plug-in Electric Vehicle (PEV)-Enabling Technology Demonstration Program, PON 3016, will solicit research and demonstration proposals to demonstrate new technologies and strategies that help make PEVs more desirable for consumers and more economically viable while lowering their impact on the electric grid and environment. It will focus on demonstrating new combinations of technologies and conducting feasibility studies of new policies and strategies for PEV deployment and education or outreach efforts to educate key stakeholders about PEV technologies. Potential projects include demonstrations of PEVs participating in demand response programs, innovative business models that incorporate new revenue streams, low-cost charging station installations, and policy studies investigating new rate structures for utilities to encourage PEVs and charging stations.
A. Ruder
Phone: Ext. 3411
The purpose of this PON is to seek proposals for projects that address research needs and information gaps related to New York State's ability to adapt to climate change impacts and to model or predict impacts of climate change for New York. A separate category will focus on the buildings sector to address a gap in the 2011 ClimAID study which will solicit proposals to identify the vulnerabilities to climate change of the buildings sector in New York, as well as potential adaptation strategies that could enhance resiliency under the projected future climate changes.
A. Stevens
Phone: Ext. 3325
NYSERDA is seeking recommendations that identify study activities which would provide information that improves stakeholder understanding of offshore wind development activities and potential effects with regard to the possible sitting and operation of wind turbines in Atlantic Ocean waters south of NY City and Long Island.
J. Roeth
Phone: Ext. 3301
2nd Quarter 2015
This object of this solicitation is to competitively select a statewide program implementation and support contractor for the CST Standard Offer PV and Solar Thermal (ST) Programs.
J. Quirk
Phone: Ext. 3200
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At 2:41 p.m., four suspects entered the business and attempted to purchase cigars. The clerk refused because the suspects were not old enough to legally buy the items. Two of the suspects began taking things from the store, while another suspect forced open the door to the cashier booth and assaulted the cashier. Three suspects were arrested and charged with robbery. The fourth suspect is a male.
Find complete information on this precinct, including contact information, community announcements and more.
Baltimore County Police Chief James Johnson and Baltimore County Fire Chief John...Baltimore County Police Chief James Johnson and Baltimore County Fire Chief John Hohman along with the members of the Baltimore County Police and Fire Departments wish everyone a safe and happy Thanksgiving.2014-11-27T13:20:25+00:00http://www.facebook.com/BaltimoreCountyPoliceandFire/posts/893635527313246
Baltimore County District Courts and Circuit Court are closing at 1 p.m. today....Baltimore County District Courts and Circuit Court are closing at 1 p.m. today. http://ow.ly/EWmjJ ^JW2014-11-26T17:43:28+00:00http://www.facebook.com/BaltimoreCountyPoliceandFire/posts/893231357353663
Baltimore County Police detectives are continuing to investigate a shooting in G...Baltimore County Police detectives are continuing to investigate a shooting in Gwynn Oak in December 2013 that left a man deceased.
The family of the victim is offering an additional $1,000.00 through Metro Crime Stoppers for information that leads to an arrest and conviction in this case.
The full release is available on our news blog:
Detectives Continue to Investigate December 2013 Shooting That Left Man Deceased
The Baltimore County Police Department is continuing to investigate a homicide that occurred in December 2013. The family of the victim has added $1000 to the Metro Crime Stoppers reward.2014-11-26T14:40:19+00:00http://www.facebook.com/BaltimoreCountyPoliceandFire/posts/893142927362506
Baltimore County Public Schools
Due to the impending weather, Baltimore County Public Schools will close 3 hrs. early today, November 26, 2014. Have a safe Thanksgiving!2014-11-26T11:21:07+00:00http://www.facebook.com/BaltimoreCountyPoliceandFire/posts/893063084037157
Precinct 3 - Franklin
Precinct 3 - Franklin
Between 1:44 and 2:40 a.m., two male suspects cut a hole in the fence and attempted to take diesel fuel. When they realized that the tank was not working, they stole aluminum wire and cable.
At 8:58 p.m., the victim was arriving home from work when the suspect approached and a struggle ensued. The suspect struck the victim with a handgun. The suspect is a male, 15 to 30 years old.
At 11:45 a.m., the victim was walking home when the suspects approached her. One suspect displayed a gun and demanded her money. The suspect then searched her pockets and took her phone. Both suspects are black males, 16 to 19 years old. One suspect was 6' and 140 pounds.
Between 5:45 p.m. on December 17 and 9:10 a.m. on December 18, an unknown suspect broke the front door glass and unlocked the dead bolt to enter the business. Nothing appears to be missing.
Between 2:45 and 3 p.m., the victim heard someone inside his apartment. The suspect fled when the victim saw him. The suspect is a black male, 5'6", and 150 pounds.
Between 5 a.m. and 5:30 p.m., an unknown suspect entered the apartment and took electronics and jewelry.


text:
When Broadway composer Jonathan Larson collapsed the night before the opening of his magnum opus, Rent, it set in motion a series of errors and unfortunate ED encounters. The result was a multi-million dollar lawsuit and many lessons learned the hard way.
What would you do? A new book dissects "bouncebacks" in the emergency department, turning nightmare ED scenarios into Holmesian teaching cases.
John McGoff, MD, is an emergency physician from Indiana who has spent his career running a community emergency department, serving in the Air Force National Guard, and serving in a variety of civic leadership posts. In 2008, McGoff – frustrated by the poor leadership in his district – attempted the Herculean task of unseating a 13-term congressman from his own republican party.
Physicians are now receiving nearly $200 million in payments as a result of a record-breaking settlement reached last January in a historic court challenge led by the American Medical Association against UnitedHealth Group. Under the settlement's terms, UnitedHealth is paying $350 million to help compensate patients and physicians for 15 years of artificially low payments for out-of-network services.
The FDA-approved drug dabigatran is being marketed as a safe alternative to Coumadin. But without a proven reversal agent available, it has the potential to create a new set of complications, and send unsuspecting patients right back to the ED.
I didn't know what to expect. I was excited, curious, but also somewhat apprehensive about being a woman in Saudi Arabia. The reason for my visit was the '2nd Up to Date Emergency Medicine Practice' conference, sponsored by the King Fahad Medical City in Riyadh.
The emergency department (ED) is not an ideal place for patients with depression to seek help. Waiting times, busy staff, and a greater likelihood of a fleeting interaction with a physician coincide with the reality that many emergency physicians do not receive training for depression screening.
In a recent emergency medicine listserv exchange several posters commented on the widespread abuse of emergency physicians made possible by their lack of due process "rights." Perfectly innocent emergency physicians, nay even model citizens it was alleged, had been terminated on the spot purely on the whim of some grumpy hospital administrator with not a word of protest from the contract management group.
Abdominal pain is one of the most frequent complaints that present to the emergency department. With every physical examination of the abdomen we note if there is pain in the right lower quadrant (RLQ) over that most famous of landmarks, McBurney's point.
At the ACEP Scientific Assembly this year, I spoke to a group of physician assistants and advanced practice nurses. I gained many insights into the uniqueness of their role and their place in Emergency Medicine. The first thing I learned was that terminology is evolving as their training and scope of practice is evolving.
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