text: Seminar: Methodological Innovations ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------- Session MI 01i ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Flexible models for analysing route and departure time choice BATLEY, R, University of Leeds, UK DALY, A, University of Leeds and RAND Europe, UK FOWKES, T, University of Leeds, UK WHELAN, G, University of Leeds, UK The representation of the interrelated choice of route and departure time within a discrete choice model presents important theoretical and practical problems for modellers. The model must be able to represent the nature of the choice process and it must be able to take account of the complex patterns of correlations between the available options. Such correlations involve overlapping routes and substitutability between departure times that are close together. Recent developments in behavioural modelling have established the practicality of a wide range of model forms. Several of these are based within the family of generalised logit models, such as nested logit, paired comparisons, cross-nested and ordered logit models. Other models are based on the normal distribution, such as the multinomial probit model, or on 'hybrid' forms, such as the error components logit (mixed logit) model. It is the aim of this paper to examine how this range of model forms is able to deal with the combined route and departure time problem in the context of a simulated data set. The benefit of the research lies in an improved ability to explain and predict the impact of network travel time changes and variability. Travel time variability is increasingly recognised as a key influence on both departure time and route choices. This paper is the fourth in a series of papers arising from research conducted as part of a Research Council-funded project investigating the potential of the error component logit model for the study of drivers' route and departure time choice. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------- Session MI 01ii ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------- Evaluation of mixed logit as a practical modelling alternative ALVAREZ-DAZIANO, R, University of Chile, Chile MUNIZAGA, M A, University of Chile, Chile Mixed Logit, Error Components and Kernel Logit, are different names for a model which idea comes from the beginning of the eighties, but has become popular in the last few years. It appears as an alternative to Multinomial and Nested Logit that can accommodate more flexible covariance structures of the error term. In that sense it is a competitor to Probit, which has been timidly incorporated to common practice. We have studied both theoretically and empirically, the use and potential of Mixed Logit models. We discuss their characteristics, properties and estimability. We compare Mixed Logit with Multinomial and Nested Logit, and also with Probit and other alternative models. The theoretical comparisons are focused on the structure of the covariance matrix of the error term, as this has been the traditional way to look at correlation and/or heteroscedasticity (which is the flexibility that modellers have been looking for). The estimation of Mixed Logit models require the estimation of additional (compared to MNL) parameters, and the question of how many or which ones are identifiable does not have a straightforward answer. In order to check for identifiability a deep analysis of the differentiated covariance matrix is required. We carried out a discussion on identifiability issues, and the limitations that it imposes to flexibility. The dimension of the integral that has to be evaluated numerically in the cases of Mixed Logit and Probit models is the key aspect on estimability; we look at this especially, evaluating different simulation procedures in terms of computational efficiency (CPU time, number of iterations to convergence). We apply Mixed Logit and its competitors to real data, and evaluate its behaviour. Our main conclusions are that Mixed Logit models are indeed a powerful tool, comparable in most aspects to Probit, and the most important aspect of its implementation to be successful will be the adequate justification of the error structure. A warning must be made on identifiability, given the fact that an unidentifiable model can be estimated and no clear signals will be found on the statistics allowing to detect the problem. We want to make the point that several key aspects must be evaluated through the analysis of the covariance matrix of any particular case under study. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Session MI 01iii ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------- Error components in demand estimation VILDRIK SORENSEN, M, CTT, Technical University of Denmark, Denmark Models including error components are today at the frontier of application and development in transport modelling. The name Error Component Models are often used indiscriminately with Random Parameters Logit, Models with Stochastic (or Distributed) Preferences (or Coefficients), Logit Kernel Models or Mixed Logit Models, for models where the error components are added to the traditional (linear) utility function in the following way Ui = (B + K)Xi + E, where B respective E are the preferences respective the unexplained part of the variation, while K is a vector of error components. At present the use of such models is growing rapidly, due to an increased access to. In general the method of Maximum Simulated Likelihood (MSL) is applied, although this only optimises within a given a priori distribution of the error components. Only few of the analyses so far, has dealt with the interesting question of correlation between these error components. An alternative method to determine the distributions was suggested in Sørensen & Nielsen (2001) and more thoroughly described in Sørensen & Nielsen (2002). The paper uncovers the empirical distribution of the data by repeated estimations. The purpose of the method is to determine the type of distribution, though (for some distributions) it can determine the parameters of the distribution. The authors found, that it is likely that the error components (random coefficients) are lognormally distributed –and perhaps more interesting, that correlation between the error components is outspoken. This paper adds on to the paper of Sørensen & Nielsen (2002) with a more comprehensive test of how to incorporate EC's into traffic models (the construction of the utility function). A general EC utility function can be written as Ui = BXi + F(K) + E , where B respective E are the preferences respective the unexplained part of the variation, while F(K) is a function of the matrix of error components. The paper compares logit models built, assuming a - traditional utility function (linear, without EC) - random coefficients (linear, with EC's added to the coefficients) - EC's on orthogonal elements (principal components), without linear utility (primarily for reference) - linear utility with EC's on orthogonal elements (whereby independent distributions of EC can be expected) All utility functions with EC's are set up two times, specified as independent distributions and simultaneous distributions. This paper makes a full comparison of models based on the above 7 different utility functions (everything else being equal) with a focus on model fit as well as (potentially different) distribution of error components dependent on the functional form of the utility function. The paper will conclude with guidelines on how to include error components in demand estimation. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Session MI 02i ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------- Mode choice of complex tours AXHAUSEN, K, ETHZ, Switzerland CIRILLO, C, FUNDP-GRT, Belgium On the basis of the six-week diary Mobidrive this paper studies mode choice at the level of the tour, i.e. the trips are amalgamated into a journey. In 86.1% of the case these tours involve only one mode. This justifies the focus on the main mode of a tour. The survey is discussed and a detailed descriptive analysis of the tours and the activity patterns provided. The choice modelling involves both simple multi-nomial logits models as well as mixed logits accounting for within-group error correlations. The models are specified very richly, including in particular a detailed characterisation of the choice situation, but also of the long-term commitments of the persons and households. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------- Session MI 02ii ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Non-linearities in the valuations of time estimates FONTAN, C, University of Cergy-Pontoise, France LAPPARENT, M de, Universite Paris 1 Pantheon Sorbonne, France PALMA, A de, University of Cergy-Pontoise, France The valuations of prices and costs of travel times appear to be key parameters in the calibration of any demand traffic simulation systems. For example in the UK, Wardman (2000) propose a complete review of the empirical estimates. However, it seems that practical requirements are fogging the real nature of these concepts, which should be strictly related to the individual tastes and behaviors, but are also depending on the travel alternatives and their corresponding effective levels of supplied attributes. Thus, we should find individual specific values of travel times, changing with the attributes levels and with transportation mode specific tastes and behavioural considerations. First, theoretical approaches on the topic have considered the time component as a scarce resource. Thus, it is crucial to avoid its irrational and senseless spending (Becker 1965), but also to search for a minimal time allocation, all other things being equal, in boring but necessary activities, particularly in travel, hence it is possible time has an implicit price, at least a resource price. De Serpa (1971) noticed that it is not exactly the case when we consider that the consumer is not always the producer of his/her activities, particularly in travel activity. In this case, the user is a time-taker and rationally knows that he/she has to account for a minimal amount to be spent. Then, time resources are different from travel time, and de Serpa defines the value of travel time as the implicit transfer value from travel time to resource times. Truong and Hensher (1985) have generalised this approach, by splitting the travel time in different components: access/egress times, waiting times, commuting times and riding/on-board times and have found significant values of travel times savings. It has become a usual approach in practical modelling (Bhat 1998-a and 1998-b, Horowitz and al 1980, Quinet 1998). Another general important standpoint is to differentiate the several reasons why the travel time has to be allocated. The basic idea is that the activity to be realised at destination does not improve the same way the well-being of the individual. Thus, the corresponding needed travel time to access it, does not take the same importance in the mind of the individual. This implies different preferences for different situations, and has led to activity-based travel demand systems (Domenich and McFadden 1975, Train and McFadden 1978, Small 1992, BenAkiva and dePalma 1996). We focus in this paper on the regular Journey-To-Work (JTW) framework, particularly the transportation mode choice issue. MVA (1987) and Mcfadden (2000) have noticed in practical discrete choice modelling, that several possible econometric specifications correspond to different theoretical approaches (McFadden 1973, Ben-Akiva and Lerman 1985). We have also noticed that most of the empirical applications have used functional forms with pre-specified properties for the implicit valuations of travel portfolios attributes, such as income effects (see for instance dePalma and Kilani 1999, de Palma and Fontan 2001). MVA (1987) and Mcfadden (2000) have also highlighted the fact that the travel time may be unreasoningly quantified. It is possible to account for these effects using simple transformations of the corresponding variables, but we argue that it is a misleading approach, since it is based on a priori behavioural considerations, that are simply leading to pre-specified results. Thus, we develop in a first section a regular journey-to-work transportation mode choice model, within the traveller is faced to mutually exclusive alternatives, each supplying distinct travel portfolios. We describe the decision process of a rational traveller. Hence, we derive definitions for the concepts of prices and values of travel times. We analyse their response functions under general assumptions. We show that there are different situations emerging according to the capacity of endogenising leisure patterns during the OD trip, defining behavioural profiles for the traveller, so that the effective travel time may be twisted by the individual which often does not strictly quantify it. We also allow for an income effect entering the willingness to pay for saving the time attributes. Each price of times is specific to the individual and to the alternative. We develop a binomial Box-Cox Logit model (Gaudry 1978, Gaudry 1981, Gaudry and al. 1996), particularly adapted for joint estimation of tastes and behaviour parameters, as it will be motivated. We propose some estimates of the parameters of the theoretical VOT functions in French Parisian region using an updated 1998 sub-sample of the large regional travel survey. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------- Session MI 02iii ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Modelling mode choice behaviour for extra-urban journeys CANTARELLA, G E, University of Salerno, Italy LUCA, S de, University of Salerno, Italy This paper deals with the simulation of mode choice behaviour for extra-urban journeys. They are generally home-based, and the mode choice behaviour is greatly affected by user socio-economic characteristic, whilst the effect of level of service (LoS) attributes can be significantly non-linear, and a relevant fraction of users may be captive to a specific mode. Moreover, the zoning as well as the access and egress to the transit system can often be modelled only at an aggregate level, due to data availability. Finally, the structure of dispersion matrix among the perceived utility may likely be quite complex also due to unusual modes, such as car-pool, dial-a-ride, ... These considerations are not in favour of models used for urban journeys, which turn out quite rigid with respect to LoS attributes, and are often greatly determined by alternative specific attributes (ASA) when applied to extra-urban journeys. This paper follows a random utility approach and focuses on the effects of hypotheses and data on the efficiency (how satisfactorily the real phenomenon is simulated) of the resulting model as well as its effectiveness (how easy to use the model is, and which data it requires). The Dogit model will be used to simulated user captivity to any alternatives, and Box-Cox transformation to test non-linearity of utility with respect to LoS attributes, whilst Cross-Nested Logit or Probit models to allow complex structures of the dispersion matrix. Spatial ASA will be adopted to avoid detailed zoning and access and egress representation. Some indices will also be presented and discussed to compare model effectiveness. The effectiveness will also be tested against artificial neural network models as a benchmark. Results of applications to real test-sites will be presented to support general considerations. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------- Session MI 03i ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------ Combined use of stated choice, transfer price, and Frisch Method in a valuation survey FEARNLEY, N, Institute of Transport Economics, Oslo, Norway SAELENSMINDE, K, Institute of Transport Economics, Oslo, Norway A good Stated Preference survey helps respondents to make real trade-offs between attributes of the alternatives presented, and to state their real preferences. In terms of all valuation methods this means that the possibilities for giving protest and strategic answers is minimised. And in terms of Stated Choice (SC) this means that attribute levels must be well balanced and that the choice situation must not be too complex. As a result the proportion lexicographic choices will be reduced. This paper presents a survey among public transport users in Oslo, where 6 different questionnaire designs were used. Three different methods were used and combined: - Stated Choice (SC) - Transfer Price (TP) - 'Frisch Method' (FM), named after the 1969 Nobel Price laureate Ragnar Frisch, who launched a new and simple way to circle in respondents' trade-offs between attributes in a sequence of questions. Overlapping tests have been run in order to check respondents for consistency across the methods. We have found relatively good correspondence between individual respondents' preferences and valuations across the methods. For example, respondents who sort their answers lexicographically according to one attribute in SC have also a tendency towards higher WTP for the same attribute in TP. However, while the valuations of travel time factors are relatively stable, the proportions of zero-valuations and lexicography vary to a great degree between the methods. The major problem of zero-valuations in TP is reduced significantly with the new FM approach. In many respects, therefore, we regard FM as a superior method to TP. In order to make the SC design more flexible the variation of the price level has been adjusted according to WTP obtained in the preceding TP questions. Although not significant, there is a clear trend towards lower proportions lexicographic answers in SC with this method to fine-tune the appropriate price level variations. Combined use of valuation methods is therefore found to (i) improve the flexibility of the SC design; (ii) to determine the degree to which respondents answer consistently; and (iii) to compare the performance of each method. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------- Session MI 03ii ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Simultaneous analysis of choice and transfer price data DALY, A, RAND Europe, The Netherlands GUNN, H, RAND Europe, The Netherlands Estimation of the relative importance of components of travel disutility (or generalised cost) is of fundamental importance in transportation planning, whether modelling the choices of individual travellers or assessing the value they attach to travel time or other components for evaluation purposes. The most common way in which the values of these journey attributes is estimated is through the use of choice models, in which the choice is interpreted as an observation that the traveller has preferred one combination of journey attributes to the other available combinations, i.e. that the utility of the alternative is greater than the utility of the available non-chosen alternatives. An alternative data form that has looked attractive in principle for many years is 'transfer price' data, in which respondents are asked how much better their choice is than a specified alternative. Such data has also been called Contingent Valuation and a substantial literature exists documenting its advantages and disadvantages. The key aspect of this data which makes it attractive is that the amount of utility difference is collected, rather than, as with choice data, simply asking which alternative has the greater utility. The increased information content given by transfer price data can greatly increase the estimation accuracy and potentially help to reduce biases arising from the use of SP data. The theoretical framework of utility maximisation used in choice modelling is also applicable to transfer price data, which raises the possibility of analysing both types of data together. In separate analysis of transfer price data, which has been used hitherto, the magnitude of the utility difference expressed by the transfer price is regressed, usually in a simple linear regression, on the explanatory time and cost variables. However, this analysis ignores the fact that we know absolutely, from the choice that is also observed, what the sign of that utility difference is. It is in principle possible to use the choice and transfer price data together, using the information on both the size and sign of the utility difference. The simplest formulation of this simultaneous estimation would imply models of the 'Tobit' type, or close relatives to that form. The key characteristic of these models is that they recognise that the traveller's unmeasured preferences - i.e., what is represented by the error term - are effectively the same, or at least highly correlated, when he or she makes as choice as when he or she responds to the transfer price question. Further sophistication of such approaches involves extending the analysis to considering Stated Preference as well as Revealed Preference data and incorporating the correlations of the error terms in these data types with that of Transfer Price. Response biases of various types in the data, including the rounding which is characteristic of Transfer Price data, can also be included in the most sophisticated analyses. The paper discusses the assumptions and analysis methods which allow simultaneous use of these data types and draws conclusions for their appropriate use in a range of circumstances. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------- Session MI 04i ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------- Multimodal assignment to congested networks: fixed-point models and algorithms D'ACIERNO, L, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II", Italy GALLO, M, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II", Italy MONTELLA, B, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II", Italy This paper presents an elastic demand multimodal assignment model with transit costs depending on car flows in the case of non-exclusive bus lanes (shared lanes). This assumption implies "non-separable" cost functions and therefore it is not generally possible to demonstrate the uniqueness of the equilibrium solution and the convergence of solution algorithms, only with the conditions proposed in literature. This model is a multimodal model because the mode choice depends on congested costs for both modes. In this paper a condition on demand models for uniqueness of equilibrium solutions is stated; that condition implies some hypotheses on transit cost functions. At this time, it is not yet proved that Logit models adopted in the proposed multimodal formulation satisfy this condition except for some test networks, as reported in the paper. However, tests on a real network showed the convergence of algorithms and uniqueness of the solution. Moreover a comparison among performances of solution algorithms is reported. Research perspectives will be addressed to prove in general way the applicability of the proposed condition for the transit-congested multimodal assignment model. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------- Session MI 04ii ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------- An efficient design for very large transport models on PCs LINDSAY, C, ME&P, WSP, UK WILLIAMS, I, ME&P, WSP, UK As part of the development of the highway assignment module for use in the pilot version of the UK DTLR's National Passenger Transport Model, ME&P created a 10,000 zone assignment model which was run on PC (though not without tedious complications). Subsequently, there was interest to upgrade the model to be iterated to a converged equilibrium solution at the 10,000 zone level while still using a detailed road network for all of GB. This paper outlines the theoretical foundations and the application in practice of the sampling approach that was designed for this purpose. Through appropriate sampling procedures the computational power and detail is focused on zone pairs in proportion to the level of traffic that they generate, while avoiding bias in the results. The approach involves: - designing a suitable algorithmic structure and order for the main operations in the transport model software - designing a suitable theoretical sampling and permutation structure to avoid bias - implementing the approach in practice for a large model and reviewing the performance. It is demonstrated that major gains in computational efficiency can be achieved with minimal reductions in the accuracy of the local mode split and assignment of flows to the network. The net result is that the computational requirement for large models increases more in proportion to the number of zones, rather than its square. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------- Session MI 04iii ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------- Day-to-day approach for path choice models in the transit system: analytical evaluations and simulation results RUSSO, F, University of Reggio Calabria, Italy VELONA, P, University of Reggio Calabria, Italy The aim of this paper is to evaluate link flows and networks performances, such as travel times and levels of service, in day-to-day dynamics. In this paper the formulation of the modal split model is recalled, stressing the dependency of within-day and day-to-day dynamics of the transit service. The modal split is influenced by the day-to-day learning components, like in the private transportation systems. Once identified some components subject to day-to-day modification, some examples of system dynamics according to different supply evolution typologies are introduced. An analysis of the weight of the control parameters in the dynamic process is developed, considering the stability system conditions. A simultaneous path choice model is considered, taking into account the dependence of some attributes, present in the function of systematic utility, from the congestion caused by the flow of the users of the service and from the congestion caused by the promiscuous lines where the public transport vehicles move. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------- Session MI 05i ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Pitfalls and solutions for spatial general equilibrium models used for transport appraisal MUSKENS, A C, TNO Inro, The Netherlands OOSTERHAVEN, J, University of Groningen, The Netherlands TAVASSZY, L A, TNO Inro, The Netherlands THISSEN, M J P M, University of Groningen, The Netherlands The use of spatial equilibrium models for assessing the economic impacts of transport projects is one of the key items on the research agenda for project appraisal in the Netherlands. These models are particularly suitable to analyse indirect effects of transport projects through linkages between the transport sector and the wider economy (i.e. the transport using sectors). Potentially, according to the literature, these impacts can turn out to be up to 40% in magnitude of the direct impacts. There is, however, no general indication that indirect effects are always of this magnitude - this has to be proven on a case-by-case basis. After two years of applications of SCGE models for transport appraisal, we found that the conventional specification of spatial equilibrium models can lead to problems in project appraisal in terms of inaccuracies in the assessment of impacts. This paper discusses how to fine-tune these models to allow an accurate assessment of these indirect effects. These ideas should be of value for those practitioners or researchers who are developing SCGE applications for use in transport appraisal. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------- Session MI 05ii ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Cost-benefit evaluation of infrastructure doing it the Hedonic way ANKER NIELSEN, O, CTT / Danish Technical University, Denmark HUSTED RICH, J, CTT / Danish Technical University, Denmark An increased awareness of the cost of negative externalities as noise, air pollution, and human exposure, combined with the fact that urban structures are becoming denser, had led to an increasing need for reliable cost-benefit evaluations of infrastructure projects. In addition to this, there has been an increased focus on public consumption, which has required a more careful planning phase to reduce wasteful expenditure. The hedonic pricing method as launched by Rosen (1974) constitutes one of the supposedly most promising tools to evaluate negative and positive benefits from changes in infrastructure by utilizing the hedonic pricing process observed in the housing market. Houses are valuated according to specific attributes and surroundings, which can be used to calculate overall benefits of infrastructure projects and to derive implicit prices of environmental loads such as noise and deterioration of amenities. The paper is organised into two parts, in which, in the first part establishing a data foundation by means of GIS and Internet technology is the primal aim. The second part of the paper focuses on econometric issues and includes an application where benefits from a newly finished metro project in the Copenhagen region are calculated. The greatest difficulty in generating data suitable for the hedonic model is to link houses and related prices with the proximity to attributes that are likely to affect prices negatively as well as positively. This is done by relating addresses to a number of thematic GIS layers used to describe residential quality. The different themes include recreational grounds, seaside and lakes, parks, sport facilities (golf courses, football fields, sports arenas, etc.) and local taxation levels to mention a few. The uncontroversial (negative) perception of traffic noise is handled through noise-buffers whereas the positive effect of being close to certain amenities are calculated by weighting the share of such amenities within different distance bands of the address. Zone-based commuter and shopping accessibility is implemented by means of logsums from an external demand model. House prices and house characteristics are extracted directly from the Internet by using java-scripts that automatically search web sites of real-estate agencies. Selling prices tend to be a fairly good reflection of the willingness-to-pay for housing in the market. Furthermore, the way data is generated makes the method independent of expensive external data sources and portable to other regions and countries. The validity of Internet data is analysed in a separate comparison with actual trade prices from the central register. In order to test the applicability of the hedonic methodology, an evaluation of the Copenhagen metro project is presented. The hedonic model estimation is carried out in a mixed regression setup, in which model parameters are allowed to follow pre-defined distributions. The mixed regression model is conceptual comparable to mixed models in discrete choice analysis (also known as error component models, and mixed logit), which is recognised to be successful in accounting for taste variation. This property is especially important in the hedonic model, since, as in stochastic assignment models, we do not observe individual characteristics as income, age, and sex. The application, which calculates the overall benefit of the project as well as an implicit price of noise, illumines the strength and the cost efficiency of the method compared to traditional cost-benefit analysing tools. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------- Session MI 06i ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------ A dynamic O-D matrix estimator using analytic derivatives LINDVELD, C, Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands Static O-D matrix estimation can be formulated as a bilevel programming problem. The upper level problem tries to make the estimated matrix satisfy certain constraints, such as traffic counts, row and column totals, and similarity to an apriori matrix. The lower level problem typically stipulates an equilibrium assignment of the matrix to a network. This framework can be extended to the dynamic case. However, as is shown in the literature, computational issues such as convergence and efficiency of the solution algorithms become a serious issue. One of the central issues is the calculation of a convergent series of descent step in the upper level of the problem. Recently a solution was presented by Codina and Montero based on the concept of subgradients. Although the use of subgradients is computationally expensive, the Codina and Montero report improvements in convergence and in the speed of convergence. In this paper we propose to alleviate the problem of finding convergent descent steps for the upper level problem. Denoting the objective function of the O-D matrix T in the upper level by z(T), we can split z(T) intp a part z1(q_obs, q_model(T)) related to the assignment results and a part z2(T_apriori, T) reated to the apriori matrix, we have that z(T) = z1(T) + z2(T). We will explicitly calculate the derivatives of the upper level problem z(t) with respect to the matrix cells, by using the analytic stochastic dynamic traffic assignment (DTA) method recently proposed by Ismail Chabini. We will use the derivatives to investigate convergence of the algorithm in a simple test case. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------- Session MI 06ii ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------- Estimation of origin-destination matrices from link counts GORDON, A, Mott MacDonald, UK HAZELTON, M, University of Western Australia, Australia WATLING, D, University of Leeds, UK An accurate origin-destination trip matrix is an essential part of a successful traffic assignment model. Typical methods for building a matrix involve expensive surveys which often have low sample rates and rarely observe all possible OD movements. Although there are well-established techniques for estimating trip matrices from link counts they depend on having a prior trip matrix, the accuracy of which is a key determinant of the accuracy of the estimated matrix. This paper describes a method developed as part of a project for the UK Highways Agency which can estimate a trip matrix from link counts alone, without the need for a prior matrix. It does this by making greater use of the information provided by counts collected over a number of days. Rather than working with just mean counts, the variance and the covariance of counts are also used. In many cases this provides enough information to estimate route flows using a least squares estimator, from which OD flows are readily obtained. The information from the link counts can be supplemented with estimates of route choice proportions. The paper describes the theory of the method in detail and presents the results from two applications to UK road networks. The first uses simulated data on a section of the M25. The second involves real data from automatic traffic counts on the Kent trunk road network. These and other results lead to conclusions about the optimal application of the method, including issues such as the number of days of count data required. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------- Session MI 06iii ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------- Methods for the estimation of time-dependent origin-destination matrices using traffic flow data on road links MAHER, M, School of Built Environment, Napier University, UK MUSTARD, D, TRL Limited, UK ZHANG, X, TRL Limited, UK An origin-destination (O-D) matrix is a table containing traffic demands from each origin to each destination in a road network. It is an essential source of information in every aspect of the transport planning process. Estimating O-D matrices from traffic flow data collected on road links is a tool commonly used to produce or estimate O-D matrices when existing information is incomplete or out-of-date. It is also less labour-intensive than traditional methods for deriving O-D matrices, such as the O-D survey method using home or roadside interviews. Estimating O-D matrices for a general network requires information on route choices in terms of the proportions of each O-D flow using each route or link in the road network. In general, route choice proportions are dependent on congestion levels, which, in turn, depend on traffic demands. They are normally obtained by a traffic assignment model given an O-D matrix. Therefore, a matrix estimation method for congested networks is normally combined with a traffic assignment model. Almost all assignment-based estimation methods developed so far are static: the input flow data consists of total traffic volumes on road links over a single (and normally long) period of time and an average O-D matrix is estimated. Time-variations in traffic are not considered. A dynamic method uses time series data of traffic flows and so it is possible to estimate time-dependent O-D matrices. To date, only non-assignment-based dynamic methods have been developed in the literature. In these methods, it is assumed that the route choice proportions are constants and are determined separately from the matrix estimation process. This assumption may be justified only in non-congested networks and may lead to inconsistencies between the results of matrix estimation and traffic assignment. The estimation method presented in this paper is developed in an on-going research project. The principle of a static estimation method will be extended so as to develop an assignment-based dynamic estimation method. The estimation problem is formulated as a mathematical programming problem based on the entropy-maximisation principle, although other formulations may also be used, such as the least squares principle. The traditional entropy-maximisation method (ME2 method) for matrix estimation assumes that traffic-flow data are error-free. This assumption will not be made in this paper. The programming problem has a hierarchical structure: at the top level an O-D matrix is estimated given route choice proportions; and, at the lower level, route choice proportions are determined by an assignment model given an O-D matrix defined at the top level. A heuristic solution algorithm is proposed for solving the programming problem, using the dynamic traffic assignment package CONTRAM. The algorithms will be tested using both simulated data and data collected on a real road network. It will be shown that the algorithms are efficient and are applicable to practical networks. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Session MI 06iv ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------- A generation constrained approach for the estimation of O/D trip matrices from traffic counts IANNO, D, ATAM (Public Transport Company), Italy POSTORINO, M N, University of Reggio Calabria, Italy Over the last years increasing attention has been devoted to methods for the estimation of O/D matrices from traffic counts, named in the following O/D count based estimation, ODCBE. These methods efficiently use traffic flow measures combining them with other available information, in order to correct and improve an initial estimation of the O/D trip matrix. All the methods proposed to resolve the ODCBE need an initial estimate of the O/D matrix (target matrix) and a set of link traffic flows measured on the transportation network. Virtually all of them are formulated as optimisation or mathematical programming problems with an objective function and a set of constraints. ODCBE models also need an estimation of the assignment matrix, i.e. of the O/D flow percentages that use each link of the network for which traffic counts are available. These percentages depend on the generalised costs for all the links of the network, but for congested networks generally these costs are not known by the analyst and they are computed on the basis of the link flows forecasted through the assignment model, that again depend on the O/D matrix to be assigned. In the literature the problem of the circular dependence among the O/D matrix estimation and the traffic flow assignment has been studied by different authors as a problem of bi-level mathematical programming for deterministic user equilibrium assignment models (Fisk, 1988, 1989; Bell, 1991; Chen and Florian, 1994, Yang, 1995; Cascetta and Postorino, 2001). In this paper a generalised least squares (GLS) model and a stochastic assignment model are used to resolve the ODCBE problem. Particularly, the objective function is specified in order to take into account some generation constraints that prevent the emission from each origin zone to be greater than the actual one, as could be the case if no constraints in that sense are introduced. In the proposed formulation a trip generation constraint is explicitly considered in the model, taking into account the fact that the estimated trips generated by each zone cannot be greater than the maximum actual generation of the zone itself. It is well known that, given a set of counted traffic flows, there are more O/D matrices that, assigned to the network, reproduce the same observed flow values. The introduction of the trip generation constraint allows to select, among the possible solution of the problem, the matrix that satisfies the generation constraint and then is more reliable. The results obtained on a test network are very satisfactory and they show a general improvement with respect to the usual formulation both in the reproduction of the counted flows and the no-counted flows, i.e. on the whole network. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Session MI 07ii ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------- Inside the queue: hypercongestion and road pricing in a continuous time/continuous place model of traffic congestion VERHOEF, E, Free University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands This paper develops a continuous time - continuous place model of road traffic congestion, based on car-following theory. The model fully integrates two archetype representations of traffic congestion technology, namely "flow congestion", originating in the works of Pigou, and "vertical queuing" models, pioneered by Vickrey. Because a closed-form analytical solution of the formal model does not exist, its behaviour is explored in a numerical exercise. In a setting with endogenous departure time choice and with a bottleneck halfway the route, it is shown that "hypercongestion" can arise as a dynamic "transitional and local" equilibrium phenomenon. Also dynamic toll schedules are explored. It is found that a toll rule based on an intuitive dynamic and space-varying generalization of the standard Pigouvian tax rule can hardly be improved upon. A naïve application of a toll schedule based on Vickrey's bottleneck model, in contrast, performs much worse and actually even reduces welfare. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Session MI 07iii ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------- A genetic algorithms based approach for solving optimal toll location problems SHEPHERD, S P, ITS, University of Leeds, UK SUMALEE, A, ITS, University of Leeds, UK A mathematical approach to second-best tolling and to identifying the optimal toll locations for a general network is categorised as a mathematical program with equilibrium constraint (MPEC). This class of optimisation program is an NP-Hard problem which means there does not yet exist any algorithm to find the exact global optimum. A derivative based approach to solve the optimal toll problem (named CORDON) is demonstrated in this paper for a medium scale network. However, as the properties of MPEC suggests that it is unlikely for the derivative based approach to find the global optimal solution, an alternative genetic algorithm (GA) based approach for finding optimal toll levels for a given set of chargeable links (named GA-CHARGE) is developed to tackle this problem. The GA approach does not stop at a local optimum or rely on the use of derivatives. A variation on the GA based approach is also used to identify the best toll locations (GA-LOCATE) making use of "location indices" suggested by Verhoef (2000). However, the location indices adopted often overestimate the benefits and this causes a problem when the implementation costs are included in the analysis. Thus, an alternative method based on the idea of Parallel Genetic Algorithms (PGA) is developed. The PGA based method (named PGA-ALL) is designed to solve the problems of optimal toll location and optimal toll levels simultaneously. These methods are tested with a medium-scale network of Leeds to compare their performance. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Session MI 08i ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------- Person-specific models in SP analysis DALY, A, ITS, University of Leeds and RAND Europe, UK SOLA CONDE, P, ITS, University of Leeds, UK Given that Stated Preference surveys based on choice experiments typically collect multiple responses from each individual contacted in the survey, it is natural to ask whether it is useful to develop choice models for each respondent. Person-specific models are often used in general marketing studies. These models could be used in the transport context either as final products to understand and predict behaviour or as an intermediate stage in the development of more sophisticated models of population behaviour. Study of person-specific models has been inhibited by the results of work by Morikawa (ref. about 1990), who found that person-specific models performed much less well than models based on pooling the data from all respondents. However, recent work by Kroes and Cirillo (1999) suggests that Morikawa's findings may apply to a smaller range of circumstances than had been thought, thus opening the possibility that person-specific models could be useful in some circumstances. The paper reports the results of a study undertaken at ITS Leeds in which simulated data is used to investigate the circumstances in which person-specific models could be useful. By varying the assumptions underlying simulated behaviour, it was possible to represent a range of circumstances and to investigate the success of person-specific models in each case. Some areas for further research are identified. An important step in the investigation is the specification of appropriate ways to measure the success of models in reproducing the simulation assumptions and two separate measures have been defined and applied. The results indicate that in most circumstances person-specific models are not as successful as models based on pooled data, but when inter-personal variation is high, in ways that are described in the paper, person-specific models might indeed be useful. Thus in extreme cases it may be useful to investigate person-specific models as an intermediate step to developing a population model, but in most cases Morikawa's conclusions remain valid. The paper will be of value to SP researchers in developing methodology by indicating the limits of applicability of simple analysis methods and how to proceed when those limits are passed. The new aspects of this work are that it goes beyond the previous studies in terms of the realism of the error structures considered, therefore giving better insight into the true extent of applicability of person-specific modelling. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------- Session MI 08ii ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------- Best practice in SP design DALY, A, RAND Europe, The Netherlands KROES, E, RAND Europe, The Netherlands SANKO, N, Ecole Nationale des Ponts et Chaussees, France Stated Preference surveys have now been used for up to twenty years for looking at transport policy issues and a number of schools of practice have developed. Within each school, practitioners improve their methodology but they rarely if ever take account of developments in competing schools. The result is that particular aspects of SP practice are done better in one school than another. A key stage in conducting an SP study is the experimental design of the survey; this is also one of the areas where there are substantial differences of approach between the schools. A researcher trying to set up a study is therefore faced with a series of practical issues and can have great difficulty in finding his or her way through the jungle of the literature. The paper reports the findings of a study conducted by RAND Europe to look at the state of practice in experimental design for SP surveys. Comparing the methods used by different schools - in the US, Australia and Japan, as well as in Europe - practical conclusions are drawn as to the best procedures to follow in the present state of understanding of design procedures. Areas are identified where research is clearly necessary, but in many cases it is possible to make clear recommendations. The original aspect of the paper, other than comparing the work of the competing SP schools, is in deriving practical step-by-step procedures for choosing the best available design for a given survey. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------- Session MI 09i ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Uncertainties in modelling time and cost trading in travel: temporal and sequency issues GUNN, H, RAND Europe, The Netherlands BURGE, P, RAND Europe, UK ABSTRACT NOT AVAILABLE ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------- Session MI 09ii ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Understanding and valuing journey time variability COPLEY, G, FaberMaunsell, UK MURPHY, P, FaberMaunsell, UK PEARCE, D, Highways Agency, UK Congestion is an increasingly important issue for road users and the Highways Agency is has a specific objective to 'take action to reduce congestion and increase the reliability of journey times'. Reducing travel times is a key issue in economic appraisal. Reducing the variability in travel times has not been treated with the same importance despite evidence from previous studies that variability in journey times is valued more highly by some people than journey time itself. Valuing journey time variability for road users is very difficult given the complexity of the subject. Traditionally researchers have estimated the ratio of parameters for journey time mean and standard deviation or 'reliability ratio'. More recent work carried out in the US has adopted a more behaviourally sound 'scheduling approach' which estimates early and late scheduled delay time and the probability of being late explicitly. This study builds on this work and has undertaken a detailed qualitative assessment of what travel time variability means to people in order to understand the most meaningful method of presenting journey time information. Its methodology has been innovative in presenting journey time information and also including optimisation of departure time choice in the SP experiment. The study had two key objectives, which were addressed in two phases: - Explore using qualitative research, what travel time variability means to people and to gain an understanding of the best methods of representing it. - Measure the value that people place on journey time variability using stated preference techniques. The qualitative phase consisted of depth interviews and focus groups. Travel Diaries were also used to collect detailed information about journeys made. The main purpose of this phase was to get a understanding of what journey time variability means to people and to explore how it impacts on journey planning. Different types of presentational techniques (linear, clockface based on previous research and histogram developed in this study) were explored to derive a preferred method of presentation for the stated preference experiment. The criteria used by respondents (eg journey time mean, minimum, maximum, range, standard deviation) when faced with a choice between two journey time distributions with different characteristics were explored. The key findings from the qualitative research were that journey planning does not allow for 'extreme' incidents. Considerable buffers are built into schedules in order to avoid being late. However many business appointments are made with a degree of flexibility - the 'ish', which recognises the difficulty in predicting journey times and the acceptability of being late for particular appointments. The different presentational methods were generally understood but the importance of different criteria used by travellers varied considerably. The second quantitative phase consisted of an exploratory stated preference survey with 200 travellers, using the histogram method of presentation. The first stage of the interview consisted of a travel diary. This was followed by a computer aided interview in which respondents were presented with choices between different customised journey time distributions. A key aspect of the computer interview was that respondents were asked to optimise their departure times in the light of the distributions presented. They were then asked to choose between different optimised distributions. The analysis will derive parameters for mean journey time, scheduled delay - early and late time, the probability of being late and also standard deviation. It will be possible to produce separate models for different types of commuter. This will enable analyses using reliability ratios and the more behaviourally sound scheduling approach to be compared. The results of the exploratory SP survey will provide an insight into how different types of commuters value journey time variability.


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Tempest in a Teapot - eBook
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|Format: DRM Protected ePub
Vendor: Guideposts
Publication Date: 2011
Availability: In Stock
Series: Tales from Grace Chapel Inn
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Jeannie DonaldsonStatesboro, GAAge: 55-65Gender: female5 Stars Out Of 5The Best One Yet!April 18, 2013Jeannie DonaldsonStatesboro, GAAge: 55-65Gender: femaleQuality: 5Value: 5Meets Expectations: 5Actually, I read the story in paperback form. I have been reading Grace Chapel Inn books for a few years now, and I think this is my favorite. I hated to put it down when duty called. The sisters were at their best this time, and the town of Acorn Hill was in an uproar over plans to destroy a favored spot named Fairy Pond. It's owner wants to develop the land for his benefit, by building a convenience store and six-pump gas station! Naturally, this news has upset most of the residents of the peaceful little town.
Besides that, the inn has it's first critical couple who spend their time there complaining about one thing ans then another, testing the patience and good will of the sisters. Ethel is worried about Lloyd who is not taking the tension of what seems to be a divided town because of the Fairy Pond controversy.
All in all it makes a great story and I enjoyed it thoroughly. I think you will too. A great book for teens too.
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Songs That Shaped Rock and Roll: "Like a Virgin"
From the Late Show to Lake Erie: Making Heavy Metal History with Metallica
Who's Next: 2012 inductee Glyn Johns Shares the Incredible Story of The Who's 1971 album
5 Songs That Define the Sounds of the 1990s
Paul Simon Looks Back at "Bridge Over Troubled Water"
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Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum Announces the Initial Tribute Concert Lineup and Additional Events for the 19th Annual Music Masters® Series Honoring the Everly Brothers
Each year, more than 100 musicians, celebrities and artists tour the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum. This past weekend, we were pleased to welcome groups Taking Back Sunday, Far East Movement, Hinder and My Darkest Days, as ...Categories: Celebrity Sighting


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G.O. MST - Episode 1-2.5Game Over Mystery Science Theater (G.O. MST)Episode 1Part 2.5Reading key: Text spoken by the characters will be in normal typeface, with the character's name bolded. Text in the MST'd fic is in bold italics, and the removal of either of these formats indicates a bold or italic in the story itself.The four of them are seated at bar-stools set up in front of the unmanned concession stand, looking for all purposes like four guys at a bar. They are drinking their beverage of choice from large soda cups.Sparkz: Aw man, I just wanna drown my sorrows and forget all about this dumb story...SC: Sparkz, even if Gatorade could do that, there's not enough of that stuff in the worlds to make us forget that.Calcutta: It's times lik' thes' that Ah hat' th' fact th' Mount's a no-booz' zon' outsid' th' kitchen. (sips from his root beer)666: (swinging around his cup of
YDKJ:GOE Question Sample 2SC: You again? Fine then, I've got time for a quicky. Pick your answer from the available choices and see if you know not jack, but something.SC: And now our special guest...I'm In Both the Headlines AND the Obituaries!($1,000)SC: Y'know, I don't intend to ever go out, but if I do, I intend to go out with a bang.SC: Say I want to go out and take a Darwin Award along with me. Which of the following should I NOT do?A: do it myselfB: do it loudlyC: drag my girlfriend alongD: not dieA: do it myselfSC: Be thankful you don't die from being an idiot here.WRONGB: do it loudlyC: I could probably get a Darwin Award by bleeding out my ears from having my speakers up too loud... Nah.WRONGD: don't dieSC: Actually, you don't necessarily have to die to get a Darwin Award, you just have to render yourself incapable of reproducing. Although to be honest, I'm not sure which is more painful...WRONGSC: I gotta do everything myself around here.<
YDKJ:GOE Question SampleSC: So you wanna know what I've been working on this summer? Lemme give you a little teaser. Take a look at the questions and the possible answers, take your best guess, and then look for your choice and see how you did. That should be simple enough for you.SC: It's time for...Don't Make Me Turn This Cruise Ship Around!($2000)SC: The entire plot of WALLE could've been averted if, seven hundred years ago, the humans turned their ships around and went back to Earth to do what?A: park their hovercars properlyB: turn the last robot offC: unplug the vending machinesD: chew bubblegumA: park their hovercars properlySC: OK everyone, remember we're parked by this giant mound of garbage! I mean this answer! I keep getting those mixed up.WRONGC: unplug the vending machinesSC: No, but that would explain how the Axiom could have vitals for seven hundred years without landing once.WRONGD: chew bubblegumSC: I'm here to take money and che
G.O. MST - Episode 1-2Game Over Mystery Science Theater (G.O. MST)Episode 1Part 2Reading key: Text spoken by the characters will be in normal typeface, with the character's name bolded. Text in the MST'd fic is in bold italics, and the removal of either of these formats indicates a bold or italic in the story itself.Shortly in the theater lobby, the four operatives are getting ready for the next chapter. SC is refilling his popcorn bucket, making sure his precious Petunia plushie was away from any salt or butter; 666 and Calcutta are watching Happy Tree Friends on a laptop to get the amount of gore they expected of the series that the first chapter of the story had lacked; and Sparkz is in the bathroom, taking care of business.Sparkz: (heard faintly from lobby) Graaaaaaaaa!!SC: Sounds like his stocks dropped again.Calcutta: (at laptop) Ha ha ha! Look attem splatter!666:<
G.O. MST - Episode 1-1Game Over Mystery Science Theater (G.O. MST)Episode 1Part 1Reading key: Text spoken by the characters will be in normal typeface, with the character's name bolded. Text in the MST'd fic is in bold italics, and the removal of either of these formats indicates a bold or italic in the story itself.SC: Hello, people with nothing better to do with their time. I'm Supercomputer276, a.k.a. SC, leader of the Game Over.Calcutta Joe: Ah'm Calcutta Joe, expert marksm'n.666: 666 the Fire Brother, reporting for duty!Sparkz: And I'm Sparkz the Raichu, and I'm the cool one.SC: Sparkz, just because Tamany's not here doesn't mean you can act up.Sparkz: Aw...SC: Anyways, this is Game Over Mystery Science Theater, or G.O. MST for those with abnormally short attention spans.Calcutta: If ya hav' any familiarity


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LAUDERHILL, Fla. (AP) - A South Florida man is dead after falling into a canal while fishing.
Fifty-seven-year-old Oscar Battle Jr. was fishing in a canal in Lauderhill Saturday morning when authorities say he reached for some bait he had dropped in the water and fell in.
His wife and two other relatives were fishing nearby.
A dive rescue team responded to the scene and located Battle about 20 minutes later.
Authorities said he was taken to Florida Medical Center but he could not be resuscitated.


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An east coast auction house is offering numerous lots of vintage sports memorabilia as part of a three-day bidfest.
Auction Features 1911 Indy Racing Suit, Yankee Stadium First Program, Autographs
February 3, 2012 by Leave a Comment
2010-11 In The Game Between the Pipes Review
April 18, 2011 by
Sawchuk Family Still Seeks NHL Rings
December 28, 2009 by Leave a Comment
Terry Sawchuk has been gone for nearly 40 years and so have his two Stanley Cup rings.
Vachon Still Popular in Montreal
October 27, 2009 by Leave a Comment
Hockey card collectors know him primarily from his days as a Los Angeles King, but Montreal is where it all started for Rogie Vachon, back in Quebec for a rare card show appearance over the weekend.


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|By PR Newswire
Article Rating:
|April 2, 2014 05:00 PM EDT
OAK BROOK, IL, April 2, 2014 /PRNewswire/ - Primary Energy Recycling Corporation (TSX: PRI), a clean energy company that generates revenue from capturing and recycling recoverable heat and byproduct fuels from industrial processes, today announced that it will release its financial results for the first quarter ended March 31, 2014, after market close on Tuesday, April 22, 2014. A telephone conference call hosted by management to discuss the financial results will be held:
Wednesday, April 23, 2014 at 10 am ET
The telephone numbers for the conference call are:
(888) 231-8191 /or
(647) 427-7450
A digital conference call replay will be available until midnight on Wednesday May 7, 2014 (ET) by calling (855) 859-2056 or (416) 849-0833. Please enter the password 22005360 when instructed. A webcast replay will be available for 365 days by accessing a link through the Events section at www.primaryenergyrecycling.com.
About Primary Energy Recycling Corporation
Primary Energy Recycling Corporation, headquartered in Oak Brook, Illinois, owns and operates four recycled energy projects and a 50 percent interest in a pulverized coal facility (collectively, the "Projects"). The Projects have a combined electrical generating capacity of 298 megawatts and a combined steam generating capacity of 1.8M lbs/hour. Primary Energy Recycling Corporation creates value for its customers by capturing and recycling waste energy from industrial and electric generation processes and converting it into reliable and economical electricity and thermal energy for resale back to its customers. For more information, please see www.primaryenergy.com.
SOURCE Primary Energy Recycling Corporation
The 3rd International Internet of @ThingsExpo, co-located with the 16th International Cloud Expo - to be held June 9-11, 2015, at the Javits Center in New York City, NY - announces that its Call for Papers is now open. The Internet of Things (IoT) is the biggest idea since the creation of the Worldwide Web more than 20 years ago.
Nov. 28, 2014 05:00 PM EST Reads: 1,247
"We help companies that are using a lot of Software as a Service. We help companies manage and gain visibility into what people are using inside the company and decide to secure them or use standards to lock down or to embrace the adoption of SaaS inside the company," explained Scott Kriz, Co-founder and CEO of Bitium, in this SYS-CON.tv interview at 15th Cloud Expo, held Nov 4–6, 2014, at the Santa Clara Convention Center in Santa Clara, CA.
Nov. 27, 2014 07:00 PM EST Reads: 1,408
15th Cloud Expo, which took place Nov. 4-6, 2014, at the Santa Clara Convention Center in Santa Clara, CA, expanded the conference content of @ThingsExpo, Big Data Expo, and DevOps Summit to include two developer events. IBM held a Bluemix Developer Playground on November 5 and ElasticBox held a Hackathon on November 6. Both events took place on the expo floor. The Bluemix Developer Playground, for developers of all levels, highlighted the ease of use of Bluemix, its services and functionalit...
Nov. 27, 2014 07:00 PM EST Reads: 1,382
The 4th International DevOps Summit, co-located with16th International Cloud Expo – being held June 9-11, 2015, at the Javits Center in New York City, NY – announces that its Call for Papers is now open. Born out of proven success in agile development, cloud computing, and process automation, DevOps is a macro trend you cannot afford to miss. From showcase success stories from early adopters and web-scale businesses, DevOps is expanding to organizations of all sizes, including the world's large...
Nov. 27, 2014 06:00 PM EST Reads: 1,796
Some developers believe that monitoring is a function of the operations team. Some operations teams firmly believe that monitoring the systems they maintain is sufficient to run the business successfully. Most of them are wrong. The complexity of today's applications have gone far and beyond the capabilities of "traditional" system-level monitoring tools and approaches and requires much broader knowledge of business and applications as a whole. The goal of DevOps is to connect all aspects of app...
Nov. 27, 2014 06:00 PM EST Reads: 1,201
SAP is delivering break-through innovation combined with fantastic user experience powered by the market-leading in-memory technology, SAP HANA. In his General Session at 15th Cloud Expo, Thorsten Leiduck, VP ISVs & Digital Commerce, SAP, discussed how SAP and partners provide cloud and hybrid cloud solutions as well as real-time Big Data offerings that help companies of all sizes and industries run better. SAP launched an application challenge to award the most innovative SAP HANA and SAP HANA...
Nov. 27, 2014 05:00 PM EST Reads: 1,369
When an enterprise builds a hybrid IaaS cloud connecting its data center to one or more public clouds, security is often a major topic along with the other challenges involved. Security is closely intertwined with the networking choices made for the hybrid cloud. Traditional networking approaches for building a hybrid cloud try to kludge together the enterprise infrastructure with the public cloud. Consequently this approach requires risky, deep "surgery" including changes to firewalls, subnets...
Nov. 27, 2014 04:45 PM EST Reads: 1,264
Want to enable self-service provisioning of application environments in minutes that mirror production? Can you automatically provide rich data with code-level detail back to the developers when issues occur in production? In his session at DevOps Summit, David Tesar, Microsoft Technical Evangelist on Microsoft Azure and DevOps, will discuss how to accomplish this and more utilizing technologies such as Microsoft Azure, Visual Studio online, and Application Insights in this demo-heavy session.
Nov. 27, 2014 04:45 PM EST Reads: 1,198
DevOps is all about agility. However, you don't want to be on a high-speed bus to nowhere. The right DevOps approach controls velocity with a tight feedback loop that not only consists of operational data but also incorporates business context. With a business context in the decision making, the right business priorities are incorporated, which results in a higher value creation. In his session at DevOps Summit, Todd Rader, Solutions Architect at AppDynamics, discussed key monitoring techniques...
Nov. 27, 2014 04:30 PM EST Reads: 1,271
Cultural, regulatory, environmental, political and economic (CREPE) conditions over the past decade are creating cross-industry solution spaces that require processes and technologies from both the Internet of Things (IoT), and Data Management and Analytics (DMA). These solution spaces are evolving into Sensor Analytics Ecosystems (SAE) that represent significant new opportunities for organizations of all types. Public Utilities throughout the world, providing electricity, natural gas and water,...
Nov. 27, 2014 04:00 PM EST Reads: 1,337
The security devil is always in the details of the attack: the ones you've endured, the ones you prepare yourself to fend off, and the ones that, you fear, will catch you completely unaware and defenseless. The Internet of Things (IoT) is nothing if not an endless proliferation of details. It's the vision of a world in which continuous Internet connectivity and addressability is embedded into a growing range of human artifacts, into the natural world, and even into our smartphones, appliances, a...
Nov. 27, 2014 04:00 PM EST Reads: 1,673
How do APIs and IoT relate? The answer is not as simple as merely adding an API on top of a dumb device, but rather about understanding the architectural patterns for implementing an IoT fabric. There are typically two or three trends: Exposing the device to a management framework Exposing that management framework to a business centric logic Exposing that business layer and data to end users. This last trend is the IoT stack, which involves a new shift in the separation of what stuff happe...
Nov. 27, 2014 03:00 PM EST Reads: 1,342
The Internet of Things is tied together with a thin strand that is known as time. Coincidentally, at the core of nearly all data analytics is a timestamp. When working with time series data there are a few core principles that everyone should consider, especially across datasets where time is the common boundary. In his session at Internet of @ThingsExpo, Jim Scott, Director of Enterprise Strategy & Architecture at MapR Technologies, discussed single-value, geo-spatial, and log time series dat...
Nov. 27, 2014 03:00 PM EST Reads: 1,497
An entirely new security model is needed for the Internet of Things, or is it? Can we save some old and tested controls for this new and different environment? In his session at @ThingsExpo, New York's at the Javits Center, Davi Ottenheimer, EMC Senior Director of Trust, reviewed hands-on lessons with IoT devices and reveal a new risk balance you might not expect. Davi Ottenheimer, EMC Senior Director of Trust, has more than nineteen years' experience managing global security operations and asse...
Nov. 27, 2014 01:00 PM EST Reads: 1,693
The Internet of Things will greatly expand the opportunities for data collection and new business models driven off of that data. In her session at @ThingsExpo, Esmeralda Swartz, CMO of MetraTech, discussed how for this to be effective you not only need to have infrastructure and operational models capable of utilizing this new phenomenon, but increasingly service providers will need to convince a skeptical public to participate. Get ready to show them the money!
Nov. 27, 2014 11:00 AM EST Reads: 1,311


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A digital magazine covering the latest events, experiences, photos and reviews of
THE MODERN HONOLULU and the Waikiki area.
Meet the author behind "Inside Marine One"
DJ Neil Armstrong with DJ Compose Saturday at ADDICTION
#GetYourFix Friday with music by DJ Compose
The hotel was ranked in the top 3 in the state and was #2 in Honolulu.
THE MODERN HONOLULU has become the first and only boutique hotel on Oahu to earn four-stars from Forbes Travel Guide
Sterling Higa shares his passion for his home.
Film makers Vince Keala Lucero, Ty Sanga and Pinky Thompson's son Nainoa Thompson headline this special Study Hall.
A regular at THE MODERN HONOLULU, DJ Jesse Marco describes the essence of "chill" on Oahu
DJs Sid Vicious, DJ Matters and DJ Jayceeoh performed Nov. 6-8
Apolo Ohno spoke to a standing room only crowd at THE MODERN HONOLULU.
Celebrity chefs, mixologists, and winemakers descended upon THE MODERN HONOLULU for this year's Hawaii Food + Wine Festival
DJ M.O.S. plays at ADDICTION Nightclub
THE MODERN HONOLULU Plays Host to CBS' Hawaii Five-0
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Fascist pigs.
Click Here if you Like this Comment 7 persons like this.
I´m overweight and I say buzz off Big Brother. I´m this way for a reason, a life long reason that has never been controlled. Forcing me to eat ´fiber´ - fruits, vegetables - that would probably kill me and I´m not exaggerating. If I can pay for the food I eat, then it´s no one elses business.Question: why does the word "elses" get a red underline. It´s a legitimate word. I use it correctly. Anyone? Anyone?
Click Here if you Like this Comment 9 persons like this.
Maybe the missing apostrophe, #2?else´s
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Nice to know this draws some attention...waist. Most times attention focuses above the waist line (from the front) or below the waist line (from the rear) But seldom in the middle. BTW have there been any who volunteer to even find the Wookie´s. Hard to tell where it might be seeing she wears her belts around her boobs.
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Too bad they aren´t watching their own waste. Lot of gluttony there and some resulting dire predictions for the future for all of us.
Click Here if you Like this Comment 8 persons like this.


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Trade: As we recently noted, Germany remains furious over the Obama administration's inept handling of the spying scandal, among other things. How angry? It may scuttle a lucrative U.S.-EU free-trade deal.
This is the unforeseen consequence of the Obama White House's incompetence. Not only is Germany rethinking its relations with us — as are several other once-friendly nations — it's now looking to distance itself from us.
Of all the ways that could happen, shooting down a potential U.S.-EU trade deal would be the costliest.
So far, Germany has said only that it will insist on "stringent" new rules to protect data as part of any deal. But that may be a deal-breaker for the U.S. It's a sign of the anger that is still seething across the Atlantic.
"This is new and potentially very dangerous," one European Commission official told the daily Financial Times. "It could seriously affect talks."
That our trade relations could be endangered by the NSA spying revelations of Edward Snowden, whom President Obama once derisively called "a 29-year-old hacker," says a lot about this administration's failure to take our fading global reputation seriously.
A recent cover on Germany's Die Zeit says it all: A picture of a heart cracked in two, one side with the American flag on it, the other side with the German, and the words "Goodbye, Freunde" — "Goodbye, Friend."
Yes, Germans and others in Europe are now just waking up to the fact that they too were taken in by Obama. This is significant, since Germany's clout in the European Union means it can make or break a free-trade deal between the U.S. and Europe.
If you think that doesn't matter, think again. Two-way trade between the two regions is $1 trillion a year, dwarfing any other region.
A third of the world's trade is done between Europe and the U.S., which together account for over half of all the world's output of goods and services, with just over 12% of its population. The $35 trillion in combined GDP and $3.8 trillion in total direct investment makes for a potential massive trade zone.
Estimates put the yearly benefits of a free-trade deal at about $125 billion. That's hundreds of thousands of jobs, not to mention a higher standard of living, for people in both regions.
It's what economists call a "win-win" — both sides come out ahead. But because of Obama's failure to mollify European zone opinion, we may be losing out on one of the great trade deals in history — at least for now.
What a tragedy for the U.S. — and for Europe. The continent is in recession and on the verge of a disastrous deflation that could prove politically destabilizing.
Meanwhile, the U.S. under Obama, the most powerful economy on Earth, experiences its worst recovery ever.
We need this trade deal. Yet, our increasingly bad relations with once-solid partners may end up costing hundreds of billions in output and lots of high-paying jobs.
Our bet is that this president, rather than make repairing frayed ties with our allies a top priority, will do what he's always done: Blame President Bush, or the Republicans, for his failures. Whatever works.
Lying With Statistics: In April, we doubted that the surprisingly high ObamaCare enrollment numbers could be trusted. Turns out, we were right to be skeptical. The White House had been vastly inflating the figures all along.This week, Health and Human Services Secretary Sylvia Burwell admitted that ...
Corruption: Smoking-gun emails show how the administration sought to derail a CBS reporter's investigation of its "gun-waking" operation — a reporter whose computers were mysteriously and mercilessly hacked.Fast and Furious, along with Benghazi, is one of the two "phony" administration ...
Amnesty: Now that President Obama has made the Constitution a welcome mat for illegals to wipe their feet on, Republicans can make a series of moves. This should be treated as the national emergency it is.For the president to shield up to 5 million aliens from the deportation that statute requires ...
Cyberwar: The director of the National Security Agency, Adm. Michael Rogers, has warned a congressional panel that China has the capability to knock out the entire U.S. power grid. This is a first-magnitude threat.As severe as U.S. national security problems are with the militarily resurgent Russia ...
In his immigration speech Thursday night, President Obama announced his intention to sign an executive order that "temporarily" (or until his term is over in January 2015) allows an estimated 4 million illegal aliens to remain in the U.S., he merely formalized what he was already doing. He never ...


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"Everybody Wants To Rule The World" was a line from a 1980 Clash song called "Charlie Don't Surf." Tears For Fears used it as the title of their 1985 hit.More facts about "Everybody Wants To Rule The World"
Did Rivers Cuomo grow up on a commune? Why did they name their albums after colors? See how well you know your Weezer in this Fact or Fiction."Check" it out


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WWE has started teasing the upcoming release of the Paul Heyman DVD, which will be called The Paul Heyman story. The company plans on making the documentary of the former ECW owner available to the public some time in August of this year.
WWE has contacted Jim Ross for some work. The longtime commentator is being brought back into the fold to help out with the upcoming Paul Heyman DVD being produced. The belief is that he will be telling some stories on the former ECW owner.
All signs are pointing to WWE working on a brand new Ultimate Warrior DVD, one that will not mock him like the previous one. There are talks that it will be released around Wrestlemania time to coincide with a possible induction ceremony.
Former TNA Knockout Tara, who was known in WWE as Victoria, celebrated her 43rd birthday this week. She is now a restaurant owner in Chicago and throws quite a bit of events there for wrestling fans.
"I am ecstatic to hear the news about the WWE Network for many reasons. People don't come to The Squared Circle because they can't get WWE programming in their home. They come to The Squared Circle to share the experience with fellow wrestling fans. It's the reason a University of Michigan fan, for example, goes to a U of M bar to watch a U of M football game."
WWE held a live event in Chicago last night, so Tara, formerly known as Victoria, decided to attend the show and visit with friends and former coworkers backstage. There has been no talks about the veteran diva being brought back into the company.
WWE star Bray Wyatt broke character on Twitter to respond to a question from Tara about one of his tattoos.
Through Twitter, Tara revealed that Kevin Nash is in Chicago this weekend and will be joining her at the restaurant tonight after his show.
Former WWE and TNA star Tara is involved with a proposed soap opera called Tainted Dreams. She is playing a character named Carla Santiago, a parole officer.
Al Snow posted a picture of himself and former TNA knockout Tara on Twitter.


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Just made a pretty incredible beer involving citra hops (wheat, not important). I heard there will be no more citra for us home brewers for awhile. This sucks, if true, and I found this...
We are the conclusive Citra Hops website. Citra Hops are our magnum opus and we only handle in our distinctive feature. We cast about the web for the capital trait and best price available. After much examination we have restricted our results down to one. www.Labelpeelers.com They are the slightest price we could attain on Citra Hops and they also have great consumer service. A phone number with live people to satisfy your questions 11-8 Mon-Sat est. Here is a direct link to the product on LabelPeelers.com: Citra Hops. We will periodically post news and facts about Citra Hops, so look back if you are interested in what is happening.
We strain to keep the most current advice possible. If you have any facts about our subject matter please feel free to contact us. We always enjoy articulation with the association about or pursuit. And, as consistently we would be pleased any criticism you have, we are always striving to make the authorized Citra Hops website the best it can be.
One brewery? Are the citra guys that big of eac's or what? Is there really a sub for citra?
Bad news I guess.
Galaxy sounds really exciting to me but I haven't tried it yet so I don't know how well it'll sub for Citra. That'll be my next acquisition from Farmhouse Brewing Supply though. Lately I try to use a lack of availability of a hop as an excuse to try something new.
The El Dorado leaves I got from AHS have an awesome aroma btw. Just done a little dry hopping with those so far.
Number of crafted beers here in Aus are making nice beers with Galaxy. I don't think you'll be disappointed.
Farmhouse still has Citra btw: http://www.farmhousebrewingsupply.co...?idCategory=21
I've ordered from them 3 or 4 times now and been pretty happy with them. Got a pound of Simcoe in the mail just today in fact!
Check rebel brewer - had it a while back and great service.


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Railway traffic jam is causing problems
Having jobs in public and private sectors can reduce social security
Join the NASDAQ Community today and get free, instant access to portfolios, stock ratings, real-time alerts, and more!
Shares of
The Blackstone Group L.P.
) achieved a new 52-week high, touching $35.30 in the last hour
of the trading session on Mar 10. The closing price of this asset
manager represents a year-to-date return of 12.5%. The trading
volume for the session was around 4.9 million shares.
Despite the strong price appreciation, this Zacks Rank #3 (Hold)
stock has plenty of upside left, given its strong estimate
revisions over the last 60 days.
Growth Drivers
Impressive fourth-quarter 2013 results that included an
improvement in assets under management (AUM), along with higher
performance fees, were the primary growth drivers for Blackstone.
On Jan 30, Blackstone reported fourth-quarter 2013 earnings at
$1.35 per share, outpacing the Zacks Consensus Estimate of 81
cents. Notably, the Private Equity and Real Estate segments
performed remarkably well, given the favorable investment market
and the company's diversified footprint.
Blackstone's total revenue more than doubled in the reported
quarter to $2,693.2 million. However, operating expenses
increased significantly to $1,109.9 million.
Total AUM as of Dec 31, 2013 was $265.8 billion, up 26% year over
year. The growth was primarily driven by gross inflows and market
appreciation across all asset management segments.
Estimate Revisions Show Strength
Over the last 60 days, the Zacks Consensus Estimate for 2014
advanced 1.3% to $3.01 per share while for 2015, it rose 8.8% to
$3.45 per share.
Some better-ranked asset managers worth considering include
Calamos Asset Management Inc.
Lazard Ltd.
) and
Fortress Investment Group LLC
). All these stocks sport a Zacks Rank #1 (Strong Buy).
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Search by BreedSearch Breeders by Georgia
Newest Gun Dog Breeders
Gun Dog Classified AdsMost Recent Classifieds
Hunting Dog Puppies For Sale
Started Gun Dogs For Sale
Finished Bird Dogs For Sale
Hunting Dog Stud Fees
Trainers & Dog Training
FC.AFC.Skybusters Rapid Fire Son at... MAKTAWAE LABRADORS Perm. Reg'd in Simcoe, Ontario
One GSP pup from this amazing litte... MDK Shorthairs in Bakersfield, California
AKC Black Lab Pups, ready after Tha... Creekside Labradors in Darwin, Minnesota
GSP Pups - Taking Deposits Fall/Christma... **RANGE VIEW KENNELS** in Calhan, Colorado
Brittany pups Here. Take Home Jan 6... **RANGE VIEW KENNELS** in Calhan, Colorado
Vizsla Puppies for sale SUGAR PINE VIZSLAS in Riverside, California
MARKED AS SOLD - 1 "FIELD PREPPED" LAB P... WyngMaster Labradors (Est. January, 2000) in Tulsa, Oklahoma
AKC White Males Ready Now HUNTERS PRIDE LABRADORS in Homer City, Pennsylvania
Spinone Puppy orange and white fema... Boney's Oni kennel in Ellwood city, Pennsylvania
3of9 Left - AKC Champion Hunting Pe... Forever Young Chessies in Rowlett, Texas
AKC Golden Retriever Puppies LISH KENNELS in Arimo, Idaho
GERMAN SHORTHAIR PUPPY I Male Avai... Big D Kennels in Lebanon, Tennessee
Young Started Retrievers Available Renegade, LLC in Oxford, New York
AKC Yellow Female 1year old Hill Top Acres in Harriam , Tennessee
CKC Hunting Bloodline Lab Puppies R... Johnson's Labrador Retrievers in Mount Juliet, Tennessee
AKC Master Hunter And Junior Hunter... Johnson's Labrador Retrievers in Mount Juliet, Tennessee
IRWS Litter in Hawaii Nya Star in glenwood city, Wisconsin
(WI) Serious Hunters & Competitors ... Hunters Kennels in Menasha, Wisconsin
Covey Flush Kennels - Georgia English Cocker Spaniel Breeders
Want to list your puppies for sale? Post a classified today!
About Covey Flush Kennels
We strive to bring the British legacy of fine gun dogs to Southwest Georgia. Where quality, not quantity is important. Our kennel is small, but what we do, we do right. All of our dogs are trained, excellent gun dogs. Plantations in this area especially like to use them to work off their wagons in hunts. English cockers are very strong swimmers and enjoy retrieving geese, duck, and other upland waterfowel. In the field, their boundless energy helps them perform well retrieving pheasant, grouse, quail, chukar, and dove, to name a few. If you'll go to our website, you can see our dogs, as well as view their pedigrees. Many of our dogs are imported, so you'll see their Kennel Club and AKC pedigrees. The Kennel Club pedigree shows all the British field trial champions in their backgrounds. The puppies are whelped in our home and are well-socialized. English cockers get along well with other animals, as well as small children. Many of our puppies go to homes where they become another member of the family, not to mention the best retriever they've ever owned! This breed is amazing! They are so smart. Their eagerness to please makes them a pleasure to train. The enthusiasm for cockers is spreading fast. A $200 non-refundable deposit will hold a puppy for you. Give Christopher a call to find out about our upcoming litters.
Hunting Dog Breeds Raised
English Cocker Spaniel
Additional Services
Stud Services, Boarding, Birds for sale
Breeder Contact Info
Christopher Loizou
P.O. Box 56, 178 Aquatics Dr.
Sasser, Georgia 39885
Breeding quality gun dogs for over 20 years.
229-344-5622Send Email to Covey Flush KennelsClick here to visit Covey Flush Kennels website
Our Pedigrees
Covey Flush Annie Get Your Gun
Covey Flush Sadie Seed of Satan
Mallowdale Nero
Razr Two Socks
Spinnchetti Cassino
Thunderstruck's Twerp
Wind Whistle Halley's Comet
Windmillwood Fizz (United Kingdom)
Testimonials (3)
Submitted by: Claud Clark on Oct 15, 2013Roux Roux is a bundle of energy and one heck of a flusher and retriever. But down time is sitting in the recliner with me. My buddy taught her to steal my socks. So I quit wearing them.
Submitted by: Traci Hildreth on Nov 16, 2009We got our English Cocker from Christopher May 2008 and this dog is the best most personable dog I have ever had. I have had Standard Poodles and Labs- and wouldn't trade Huck for any of them. So smart and was easy to train. The only problem we have is he wants to hunt ALL the time, even in our back yard. He goes crazy if you mention squarrels and he has chased down one or two!!
Submitted by: paul smith on Oct 09, 2008Bought male english cocker in 2006 from Christoper Loizou from covey rise kennels - liver male with white spot on chest- has been an exceptional dog - natural retriever- exceptional family dog - I guide at goshia creek and in hondo at geronimo creek customers are constantly wanting to buy my dog - poncho is not for sell - christopher breeds exceptional dogs anyone would be proud to own as far as my experince with his english cockers. good job christopher - thanks for the dog.