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Erratic Furnaces of Infrasound: Volcano Acoustics
Welcome back to Hearing the UnHeard, Sounding Out's series on how the unheard world affects us, which started out with my post on hearing large and small, continued with a piece by China Blue on the sounds of catastrophic impacts, and now continues with the deep sounds of the Earth itself by Earth Scientist Milton Garcés.
Faculty member at the University of Hawaii at Manoa and founder of the Earth Infrasound Laboratory in Kona, Hawaii, Milton Garces is an explorer of the infrasonic, sounds so low that they circumvent our ears but can be felt resonating through our bodies as they do through the Earth. Using global networks of specialized detectors, he explores the deepest sounds of our world from the depths of volcanic eruptions to the powerful forces driving tsunamis, to the trails left by meteors through our upper atmosphere. And while the raw power behind such events is overwhelming to those caught in them, his recordings let us appreciate the sense of awe felt by those who dare to immerse themselves.
In this installment of Hearing the UnHeard, Garcés takes us on an acoustic exploration of volcanoes, transforming what would seem a vision of the margins of hell to a near-poetic immersion within our planet.
– Guest Editor Seth Horowitz
The sun rose over the desolate lava landscape, a study of red on black. The night had been rich in aural diversity: pops, jetting, small earthquakes, all intimately felt as we camped just a mile away from the Pu'u O'o crater complex and lava tube system of Hawaii's Kilauea Volcano.
The sound records and infrared images captured over the night revealed a new feature downslope of the main crater. We donned our gas masks, climbed the mountain, and confirmed that indeed a new small vent had grown atop the lava tube, and was radiating throbbing bass sounds. We named our acoustic discovery the Uber vent. But, as most things volcanic, our find was transitory – the vent was eventually molten and recycled into the continuously changing landscape, as ephemeral as the sound that led us there in the first place.
Volcanoes are exceedingly expressive mountains. When quiescent they are pretty and fertile, often coyly cloud-shrouded, sometimes snowcapped. When stirring, they glow, swell and tremble, strongly-scented, exciting, unnerving. And in their full fury, they are a menacing incandescent spectacle. Excess gas pressure in the magma drives all eruptive activity, but that activity varies. Kilauea volcano in Hawaii has primordial, fluid magmas that degass well, so violent explosive activity is not as prominent as in volcanoes that have more evolved, viscous material.
Well-degassed volcanoes pave their slopes with fresh lava, but they seldom kill in violence. In contrast, the more explosive volcanoes demolish everything around them, including themselves; seppuku by fire. Such massive, disruptive eruptions often produce atmospheric sounds known as infrasounds, an extreme basso profondo that can propagate for thousands of kilometers. Infrasounds are usually inaudible, as they reside below the 20 Hz threshold of human hearing and tonality. However, when intense enough, we can perceive infrasound as beats or sensations.
Like a large door slamming, the concussion of a volcanic explosion can be startling and terrifying. It immediately compels us to pay attention, and it's not something one gets used to. The roaring is also disconcerting, especially if one thinks of a volcano as an erratic furnace with homicidal tendencies. But occasionally, amidst the chaos and cacophony, repeatable sound patterns emerge, suggestive of a modicum of order within the complex volcanic system. These reproducible, recognizable patterns permit the identification of early warning signals, and keep us listening.
Each of us now have technology within close reach to capture and distribute Nature's silent warning signals, be they from volcanoes, tsunamis, meteors, or rogue nations testing nukes. Infrasounds, long hidden under the myth of silence, will be everywhere revealed.
I first heard these volcanic sounds in the rain forests of Costa Rica. As a graduate student, I was drawn to Arenal Volcano by its infamous reputation as one of the most reliably explosive volcanoes in the Americas. Arenal was cloud-covered and invisible, but its roar was audible and palpable. Here is a tremor (a sustained oscillation of the ground and atmosphere) recorded at Arenal Volcano in Costa Rica with a 1 Hz fundamental and its overtones:
In that first visit to Arenal, I tried to reconstruct in my minds' eye what was going on at the vent from the diverse sounds emitted behind the cloud curtain. I thought I could blindly recognize rockfalls, blasts, pulsations, and ground vibrations, until the day the curtain lifted and I could confirm my aural reconstruction closely matched the visual scene. I had imagined a flashing arc from the shock wave as it compressed the steam plume, and by patient and careful observation I could see it, a rapid shimmer slashing through the vapor. The sound of rockfalls matched large glowing boulders bouncing down the volcano's slope. But there were also some surprises. Some visible eruptions were slow, so I could not hear them above the ambient noise. By comparing my notes to the infrasound records I realized these eruption had left their deep acoustic mark, hidden in plain sight just below aural silence.
I then realized one could chronicle an eruption through its sounds, and recognize different types of activity that could be used for early warning of hazardous eruptions even under poor visibility. At the time, I had only thought of the impact and potential hazard mitigation value to nearby communities. This was in 1992, when there were only a handful of people on Earth who knew or cared about infrasound technology. With the cessation of atmospheric nuclear tests in 1980 and the promise of constant vigilance by satellites, infrasound was deemed redundant and had faded to near obscurity over two decades. Since there was little interest, we had scarce funding, and were easily ignored. The rest of the volcano community considered us a bit eccentric and off the main research streams, but patiently tolerated us. However, discussions with my few colleagues in the US, Italy, France, and Japan were open, spirited, and full of potential. Although we didn't know it at the time, we were about to live through Gandhi's quote: "First they ignore you, then they laugh at you, then they fight you, then you win."
Fast forward 22 years. A computer revolution took place in the mid-90's. The global infrasound network of the International Monitoring System (IMS) began construction before the turn of the millennium, in its full 24-bit broadband digital glory. Designed by the United Nations's Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization (CTBTO), the IMS infrasound detects minute pressure variations produced by clandestine nuclear tests at standoff distances of thousands of kilometers. This new, ultra-sensitive global sensor network and its cyberinfrastructure triggered an Infrasound Renaissance and opened new opportunities in the study and operational use of volcano infrasound.
Suddenly endowed with super sensitive high-resolution systems, fast computing, fresh capital, and the glorious purpose of global monitoring for hazardous explosive events, our community rapidly grew and reconstructed fundamental paradigms early in the century. The mid-naughts brought regional acoustic monitoring networks in the US, Europe, Southeast Asia, and South America, and helped validate infrasound as a robust monitoring technology for natural and man-made hazards. By 2010, infrasound was part of the accepted volcano monitoring toolkit. Today, large portions of the IMS infrasound network data, once exclusive, are publicly available (see links at the bottom), and the international infrasound community has grown to the hundreds, with rapid evolution as new generations of scientists joins in.
In order to capture infrasound, a microphone with a low frequency response or a barometer with a high frequency response are needed. The sensor data then needs to be digitized for subsequent analysis. In the pre-millenium era, you'd drop a few thousand dollars to get a single, basic data acquisition system. But, in the very near future, there'll be an app for that. Once the sound is sampled, it looks much like your typical sound track, except you can't hear it. A single sensor record is of limited use because it does not have enough information to unambiguously determine the arrival direction of a signal. So we use arrays and networks of sensors, using the time of flight of sound from one sensor to another to recognize the direction and speed of arrival of a signal. Once we associate a signal type to an event, we can start characterizing its signature.
Consider Kilauea Volcano. Although we think of it as one volcano, it actually consists of various crater complexes with a number of sounds. Here is the sound of a collapsing structure
As you might imagine, it is very hard to classify volcanic sounds. They are diverse, and often superposed on other competing sounds (often from wind or the ocean). As with human voices, each vent, volcano, and eruption type can have its own signature. Identifying transportable scaling relationships as well as constructing a clear notation and taxonomy for event identification and characterization remains one of the field's greatest challenges. A 15-year collection of volcanic signals can be perused here, but here are a few selected examples to illustrate the problem.
First, the only complete acoustic record of the birth of Halemaumau's vent at Kilauea, 19 March 2008:
Here is a bench collapse of lava near the shoreline, which usually leads to explosions as hot lava comes in contact with the ocean:
Here is one of my favorites, from Tungurahua Volcano, Ecuador, recorded by an array near the town of Riobamba 40 km away. Although not as violent as the eruptive activity that followed it later that year, this sped-up record shows the high degree of variability of eruption sounds:
The infrasound community has had an easier time when it comes to the biggest and meanest eruptions, the kind that can inject ash to cruising altitudes and bring down aircraft. Our Acoustic Surveillance for Hazardous Studies (ASHE) in Ecuador identified the acoustic signature of these type of eruptions. Here is one from Tungurahua:
Our data center crew was at work when such a signal scrolled through the monitoring screens, arriving first at Riobamba, then at our station near the Colombian border. It was large in amplitude and just kept on going, with super heavy bass – and very recognizable. Such signals resemble jet noise — if a jet was designed by giants with stone tools. These sustained hazardous eruptions radiate infrasound below 0.02 Hz (50 second periods), so deep in pitch that they can propagate for thousands of kilometers to permit robust acoustic detection and early warning of hazardous eruptions.
In collaborations with our colleagues at the Earth Observatory of Singapore (EOS) and the Republic of Palau, infrasound scientists will be turning our attention to early detection of hazardous volcanic eruptions in Southeast Asia. One of the primary obstacles to technology evolution in infrasound has been the exorbitant cost of infrasound sensors and data acquisition systems, sometimes compounded by export restrictions. However, as everyday objects are increasingly vested with sentience under the Internet of Things, this technological barrier is rapidly collapsing. Instead, the questions of the decade are how to receive, organize, and distribute the wealth of information under our perception of sound so as to construct a better informed and safer world.
IRIS Links
http://www.iris.edu/bud_stuff/dmc/bud_monitor.ALL.html, search for IM and UH networks, infrasound channel name BDF
Milton Garcés is an Earth Scientist at the University of Hawaii at Manoa and the founder of the Infrasound Laboratory in Kona. He explores deep atmospheric sounds, or infrasounds, which are inaudible but may be palpable. Milton taps into a global sensor network that captures signals from intense volcanic eruptions, meteors, and tsunamis. His studies underscore our global connectedness and enhance our situational awareness of Earth's dynamics. You are invited to follow him on Twitter @iSoundHunter for updates on things Infrasonic and to get the latest news on the Infrasound App.
Featured image: surface flows as seen by thermal cameras at Pu'u O'o crater, June 27th, 2014. Image: USGS
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SO! Amplifies: Ian Rawes and the London Sound Survey – Ian Rawes
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Catastrophic Listening — China Blue
Catastrophic Listening
Welcome back to Hearing the UnHeard, Sounding Out's series on how the unheard world affects us, which started out with my post on the hearing ranges of animals, and now continues with this exciting piece by China Blue.
From recording the top of the Eiffel Tower to the depths of the rising waters around Venice, from building fields of robotic crickets in Tokyo to lofting 3D printed ears with binaural mics in a weather balloon, China Blue is as much an acoustic explorer as a sound artist. While she makes her works publicly accessible, shown in museums and galleries around the world, she searches for inspiration in acoustically inaccessible sources, sometimes turning sensory possibilities on their head and sonifying the visual or reformatting sounds to make the inaudible audible.
In this installment of Hearing the UnHeard, China Blue talks about cataclysmic sounds we might not survive hearing and her experiences recording simulated asteroid strikes at NASA's Ames Vertical Gun Range.
– Guest Editor Seth Horowitz
Fundamentally speaking, sound is the result of something banging into something else. And since everything in the universe, from the slow recombination of chemicals to the hypervelocity impacts of asteroids smashing into planet surfaces, is ultimately the result of things banging into things, the entire universe has a sonic signature. But because of the huge difference in scale of these collisions, some things remain unheard without very specialized equipment. And others, you hope you never hear.
Unheard sounds can be hidden subtly beneath your feet like the microsounds of ants walking, or they can be unexpectedly harmonic like the seismic vibrations of a huge structure like the Eiffel Tower. These are sounds that we can explore safely, using audio editing tools to integrate them into new musical or artistic pieces.
Luckily, our experience with truly primal sounds, such as the explosive shock waves of asteroid impacts that shaped most of our solar system (including the Earth) is rarer. Those who have been near a small example of such an event, such as the residents of Chelyabinsk, Russia in 2013 were probably less interested in the sonic event and more interested in surviving the experience.
But there remains something seductive about being able to hear sounds such as the cosmic rain of fire and ice that shaped our planet billions of years ago. A few years ago, when I became fascinated with sounds "bigger" than humans normally hear, I was able to record simulations of these impacts in one of the few places on Earth where you can, at NASA Ames Vertical Gun Range.
The Vertical Gun at Ames Research Center (AVGR) was designed to conduct scientific studies of lunar impacts. It consists of a 25 foot long gun barrel with a powder chamber at one end and a target chamber, painted bright blue, that looks like the nose of an upended submarine, about 8 feet in diameter and height at the other. The walls of the chamber are of thick steel strong enough to let its interior be pumped down to vacuum levels close to that of outer space, or back-filled with various gases to simulate different planetary atmospheres. Using hydrogen and/or up to half a pound of gun powder, the AVGR can launch projectiles at astonishing speeds of 500 to 7,000 m/s (1,100 to 16,000 mph). By varying the gun's angle of elevation, projectiles can be shot into the target so that it simulates impacts from overhead or at skimming angles.
In other words, it's a safe way to create cataclysmic impacts, and then analyze them using million frame-per-second video cameras without leaving the security of Earth.
My husband, Dr. Seth Horowitz who is an auditory neuroscientist and another devotee of sound, is close friends with one of the principal investigators of the Ames Vertical Gun, Professor Peter Schultz. Schultz is well known for his 2005 project to blow a hole in the comet Tempel 1 to analyze its composition, and for his involvement in the LCROSS mission that smashed into the south pole of the moon to look for evidence of water. During one conversation discussing the various analytical techniques they use to understand impacts, I asked, "I wonder what it sounds like." As sound is the propagation of energy by matter banging into other matter, this seemed like the ultimate opportunity to record a "Big Bang" that wouldn't actually get you killed by flying meteorite shards. Thankfully, my husband and I were invited to come to Ames to find out.
I had a feeling that the AVGR would produce fascinating new sounds that might provide us with different insights into impacts than the more common visual techniques. Because this was completely new research, we used a number of different microphones that were sensitive to different ranges and types of sound and vibrations to provide us with a selection of recording results. As an artist I found the research to be the dominant part of the work because the processes of capturing and analyzing the sounds were a feat unto themselves. As we prepared for the experiment, I thought about what I could do with these sounds. When I eventually create a work out of them, I anticipate using them in an installation that would trigger impact sounds when people enter the room, but I have not yet mounted this work since I suspect that this would be too frightening for most exhibition spaces to want.
Part of my love (and frustration) for sound work is figuring out how to best capture that fleeting moment in which the sound is just right, when the sound evokes a complex response from its listeners without having to even be explained. The sound of Mach 10 impacts and its effects on the environment had such possibilities. In pursuit of the "just right," we wired up the gun and chamber with multiple calibrated acoustic and seismic microphones, then fed them into a single high speed multichannel recorder, pressed "record" and made for the "safe" room while the Big Red Button was pressed, launching the first impactor. We recorded throughout the day, changing the chamber's conditions from vacuum to atmosphere.
When we finally got to listen that afternoon, we heard things we never imagined. Initial shots in vacuum were surprisingly dull. The seismic microphones picked up the "thump" of the projectile hitting the sand target and a few pattering sounds as secondary particles struck the surfaces. There were of course no sounds from the boundary or ultrasonic mics due to the lack of air to propagate sound waves. While they were scientifically useful–they demonstrated that we could identify specific impact events launched from the target—they weren't very acoustically dramatic.
When a little atmosphere was added, however, we began picking up subtle sounds, such as the impact and early spray of particles from the boundary mic and the fact that there was an air leak from the pitch shifted ultrasonic mic. But when the chamber was filled with an earthlike atmosphere and the target dish filled with tiny toothpicks to simulate trees, building the scenario for a tiny Tunguska event (a 1908 explosion of an interstellar object in Russia, the largest in recorded history), the sound was stunning:
After the initial explosion, there was a sandstorm as the particles of sand from the target flew about at Mach 5 (destroying one of the microphones in the process), and giving us a simulation of a major asteroid explosion.
66 million years ago, in a swampy area by the Yucatan Penninsula, something like this probably occurred, when a six mile wide rock burned through the atmosphere to strike the water, ending the 135 million year reign of the dinosaurs. Perhaps it sounded a little like this simulation:
Any living thing that heard this – dinausaurs, birds, frogs insects – is long gone. By thinking about the event through new sounds, however, we can not only create new ways to analyze natural phenomena, but also extend the boundaries of our ability to listen across time and space and imagine what the sound of that impact might have been like, from an infrasonic rumble to a killing concussion.
It would probably terrify any listener to walk in to an art exhibition space filled with simply the sounds of simulated hypervelocity impacts, replete with loud, low frequency sounds and infrasonic vibrations. But there is something to that terror. Such sounds trigger ancient evolutionary pathways which are still with us because they were so good at helping us survive similar events by making us run, putting as much distance between us and the cataclysmic source, something that lingers even in safe reproductions, resynthesized from controlled, captured sources.
China Blue is a two time NASA/RI Space Grant recipient and an internationally exhibiting artist who was the first person to record the Eiffel Tower in Paris, France and NASA's Vertical Gun. Her acoustic work has led her to be selected as the US representative at OPEN XI, Venice, Italy and at the Tokyo Experimental Art Festival in Tokyo, Japan, and was the featured artist for the 2006 annual meeting of the Acoustic Society of America. Reviews of her work have been published in the Wall Street Journal, New York Times, Art in America, Art Forum, artCritical and NY Arts, to name a few. She has been an invited speaker at Harvard, Yale, MIT, Berkelee School of Music, Reed College and Brown University. She is the Founder and Executive Director of The Engine Institute www.theengineinstitute.org.
Featured Image of a high-speed impact recorded by AVGR. Image by P. H. Schultz. Via Wikimedia Commons.
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Cauldrons of Noise: Stadium Cheers and Boos at the 2012 London Olympics– David Hendy
Learning to Listen Beyond Our Ears– Owen Marshall
Living with Noise– Osvaldo Oyola
The Better to Hear You With, My Dear: Size and the Acoustic World
Today the SO! Thursday stream inaugurates a four-part series entitled Hearing the UnHeard, which promises to blow your mind by way of your ears. Our Guest Editor is Seth Horowitz, a neuroscientist at NeuroPop and author of The Universal Sense: How Hearing Shapes the Mind (Bloomsbury, 2012), whose insightful work on brings us directly to the intersection of the sciences and the arts of sound.
That's where he'll be taking us in the coming weeks. Check out his general introduction just below, and his own contribution for the first piece in the series. — NV
Welcome to Hearing the UnHeard, a new series of articles on the world of sound beyond human hearing. We are embedded in a world of sound and vibration, but the limits of human hearing only let us hear a small piece of it. The quiet library screams with the ultrasonic pulsations of fluorescent lights and computer monitors. The soothing waves of a Hawaiian beach are drowned out by the thrumming infrasound of underground seismic activity near "dormant" volcanoes. Time, distance, and luck (and occasionally really good vibration isolation) separate us from explosive sounds of world-changing impacts between celestial bodies. And vast amounts of information, ranging from the songs of auroras to the sounds of dying neurons can be made accessible and understandable by translating them into human-perceivable sounds by data sonification.
Four articles will examine how this "unheard world" affects us. My first post below will explore how our environment and evolution have constrained what is audible, and what tools we use to bring the unheard into our perceptual realm. In a few weeks, sound artist China Blue will talk about her experiences recording the Vertical Gun, a NASA asteroid impact simulator which helps scientists understand the way in which big collisions have shaped our planet (and is very hard on audio gear). Next, Milton A. Garcés, founder and director of the Infrasound Laboratory of University of Hawaii at Manoa will talk about volcano infrasound, and how acoustic surveillance is used to warn about hazardous eruptions. And finally, Margaret A. Schedel, composer and Associate Professor of Music at Stonybrook University will help readers explore the world of data sonification, letting us listen in and get greater intellectual and emotional understanding of the world of information by converting it to sound.
– Guest Editor Seth Horowitz
Although light moves much faster than sound, hearing is your fastest sense, operating about 20 times faster than vision. Studies have shown that we think at the same "frame rate" as we see, about 1-4 events per second. But the real world moves much faster than this, and doesn't always place things important for survival conveniently in front of your field of view. Think about the last time you were driving when suddenly you heard the blast of a horn from the previously unseen truck in your blind spot.
Hearing also occurs prior to thinking, with the ear itself pre-processing sound. Your inner ear responds to changes in pressure that directly move tiny little hair cells, organized by frequency which then send signals about what frequency was detected (and at what amplitude) towards your brainstem, where things like location, amplitude, and even how important it may be to you are processed, long before they reach the cortex where you can think about it. And since hearing sets the tone for all later perceptions, our world is shaped by what we hear (Horowitz, 2012).
But we can't hear everything. Rather, what we hear is constrained by our biology, our psychology and our position in space and time. Sound is really about how the interaction between energy and matter fill space with vibrations. This makes the size, of the sender, the listener and the environment, one of the primary features that defines your acoustic world.
You've heard about how much better your dog's hearing is than yours. I'm sure you got a slight thrill when you thought you could actually hear the "ultrasonic" dog-training whistles that are supposed to be inaudible to humans (sorry, but every one I've tested puts out at least some energy in the upper range of human hearing, even if it does sound pretty thin). But it's not that dogs hear better. Actually, dogs and humans show about the same sensitivity to sound in terms of sound pressure, with human's most sensitive region from 1-4 kHz and dogs from about 2-8 kHz. The difference is a question of range and that is tied closely to size.
Most dogs, even big ones, are smaller than most humans and their auditory systems are scaled similarly. A big dog is about 100 pounds, much smaller than most adult humans. And since body parts tend to scale in a coordinated fashion, one of the first places to search for a link between size and frequency is the tympanum or ear drum, the earliest structure that responds to pressure information. An average dog's eardrum is about 50 mm2, whereas an average human's is about 60 mm2. In addition while a human's cochlea is spiral made of 2.5 turns that holds about 3500 inner hair cells, your dog's has 3.25 turns and about the same number of hair cells. In short: dogs probably have better high frequency hearing because their eardrums are better tuned to shorter wavelength sounds and their sensory hair cells are spread out over a longer distance, giving them a wider range.
Then again, if hearing was just about size of the ear components, then you'd expect that yappy 5 pound Chihuahua to hear much higher frequencies than the lumbering 100 pound St. Bernard. Yet hearing sensitivity from the two ends of the dog spectrum don't vary by much. This is because there's a big difference between what the ear can mechanically detect and what the animal actually hears. Chihuahuas and St. Bernards are both breeds derived from a common wolf-like ancestor that probably didn't have as much variability as we've imposed on the domesticated dog, so their brains are still largely tuned to hear what a medium to large pseudo wolf-like animal should hear (Heffner, 1983).
But hearing is more than just detection of sound. It's also important to figure out where the sound is coming from. A sound's location is calculated in the superior olive – nuclei in the brainstem that compare the difference in time of arrival of low frequency sounds at your ears and the difference in amplitude between your ears (because your head gets in the way, making a sound "shadow" on the side of your head furthest from the sound) for higher frequency sounds. This means that animals with very large heads, like elephants, will be able to figure out the location of longer wavelength (lower pitched) sounds, but probably will have problems localizing high pitched sounds because the shorter frequencies will not even get to the other side of their heads at a useful level. On the other hand, smaller animals, which often have large external ears, are under greater selective pressure to localize higher pitched sounds, but have heads too small to pick up the very low infrasonic sounds that elephants use.
But you as a human are a fairly big mammal. If you look up "Body Size Species Richness Distribution" which shows the relative size of animals living in a given area, you'll find that humans are among the largest animals in North America (Brown and Nicoletto, 1991). And your hearing abilities scale well with other terrestrial mammals, so you can stop feeling bad about your dog hearing "better." But what if, by comic-book science or alternate evolution, you were much bigger or smaller? What would the world sound like? Imagine you were suddenly mouse-sized, scrambling along the floor of an office. While the usual chatter of humans would be almost completely inaudible, the world would be filled with a cacophony of ultrasonics. Fluorescent lights and computer monitors would scream in the 30-50 kHz range. Ultrasonic eddies would hiss loudly from air conditioning vents. Smartphones would not play music, but rather hum and squeal as their displays changed.
And if you were larger? For a human scaled up to elephantine dimensions, the sounds of the world would shift downward. While you could still hear (and possibly understand) human speech and music, the fine nuances from the upper frequency ranges would be lost, voices audible but mumbled and hard to localize. But you would gain the infrasonic world, the low rumbles of traffic noise and thrumming of heavy machinery taking on pitch, color and meaning. The seismic world of earthquakes and volcanoes would become part of your auditory tapestry. And you would hear greater distances as long wavelengths of low frequency sounds wrap around everything but the largest obstructions, letting you hear the foghorns miles distant as if they were bird calls nearby.
But these sounds are still in the realm of biological listeners, and the universe operates on scales far beyond that. The sounds from objects, large and small, have their own acoustic world, many beyond our ability to detect with the equipment evolution has provided. Weather phenomena, from gentle breezes to devastating tornadoes, blast throughout the infrasonic and ultrasonic ranges. Meteorites create infrasonic signatures through the upper atmosphere, trackable using a system devised to detect incoming ICBMs. Geophones, specialized low frequency microphones, pick up the sounds of extremely low frequency signals foretelling of volcanic eruptions and earthquakes. Beyond the earth, we translate electromagnetic frequencies into the audible range, letting us listen to the whistlers and hoppers that signal the flow of charged particles and lightning in the atmospheres of Earth and Jupiter, microwave signals of the remains of the Big Bang, and send listening devices on our spacecraft to let us hear the winds on Titan.
Here is a recording of whistlers recorded by the Van Allen Probes currently orbiting high in the upper atmosphere:
When the computer freezes or the phone battery dies, we complain about how much technology frustrates us and complicates our lives. But our audio technology is also the source of wonder, not only letting us talk to a friend around the world or listen to a podcast from astronauts orbiting the Earth, but letting us listen in on unheard worlds. Ultrasonic microphones let us listen in on bat echolocation and mouse songs, geophones let us wonder at elephants using infrasonic rumbles to communicate long distances and find water. And scientific translation tools let us shift the vibrations of the solar wind and aurora or even the patterns of pure math into human scaled songs of the greater universe. We are no longer constrained (or protected) by the ears that evolution has given us. Our auditory world has expanded into an acoustic ecology that contains the entire universe, and the implications of that remain wonderfully unclear.
Exhibit: Home Office
This is a recording made with standard stereo microphones of my home office. Aside from usual typing, mouse clicking and computer sounds, there are a couple of 3D printers running, some music playing, largely an environment you don't pay much attention to while you're working in it, yet acoustically very rich if you pay attention.
This sample was made by pitch shifting the frequencies of sonicoffice.wav down so that the ultrasonic moves into the normal human range and cuts off at about 1-2 kHz as if you were hearing with mouse ears. Sounds normally inaudible, like the squealing of the computer monitor cycling on kick in and the high pitched sound of the stepper motors from the 3D printer suddenly become much louder, while the familiar sounds are mostly gone.
This recording of the office was made with a Clarke Geophone, a seismic microphone used by geologists to pick up underground vibration. It's primary sensitivity is around 80 Hz, although it's range is from 0.1 Hz up to about 2 kHz. All you hear in this recording are very low frequency sounds and impacts (footsteps, keyboard strikes, vibration from printers, some fan vibration) that you usually ignore since your ears are not very well tuned to frequencies under 100 Hz.
Finally, this sample was made by pitch shifting the frequencies of infrasonicoffice.wav up as if you had grown to elephantine proportions. Footsteps and computer fan noises (usually almost indetectable at 60 Hz) become loud and tonal, and all the normal pitch of music and computer typing has disappeared aside from the bass. (WARNING: The fan noise is really annoying).
The point is: a space can sound radically different depending on the frequency ranges you hear. Different elements of the acoustic environment pop up depending on the type of recording instrument you use (ultrasonic microphone, regular microphones or geophones) or the size and sensitivity of your ears.–
Featured image by Flickr User Jaime Wong.
Seth S. Horowitz, Ph.D. is a neuroscientist whose work in comparative and human hearing, balance and sleep research has been funded by the National Institutes of Health, National Science Foundation, and NASA. He has taught classes in animal behavior, neuroethology, brain development, the biology of hearing, and the musical mind. As chief neuroscientist at NeuroPop, Inc., he applies basic research to real world auditory applications and works extensively on educational outreach with The Engine Institute, a non-profit devoted to exploring the intersection between science and the arts. His book The Universal Sense: How Hearing Shapes the Mind was released by Bloomsbury in September 2012.
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Reproducing Traces of War: Listening to Gas Shell Bombardment, 1918– Brian Hanrahan
Learning to Listen Beyond Our Ears– Owen Marshall
This is Your Body on the Velvet Underground– Jacob Smith
SO! Amplifies: Eric Leonardson and World Listening Day 18 July 2014
SO! Amplifies. . .a highly-curated, rolling mini-post series by which we editors hip you to cultural makers and organizations doing work we really really dig. You're welcome!
On July 18, 2014 all are invited to participate, observe, engage, and celebrate ways of listening with care for our sonic environment in the annual World Listening Day. This year's theme is "Listen to you!" But first, listen to Eric Leonardson as he reveals the history of World Listening Day and more to kick off SO!'s third annual World Listening Month.
Five years ago Dan Godston came up with the idea for World Listening Day, inspired by the pioneering work of the World Soundscape Project from the 1970s, and its founder, author, and composer R. Murray Schafer. With a group of Chicago-based sound artists and phonographers we started the World Listening Project, a non-profit organization "devoted to understanding the world and its natural environment, societies and cultures through the practices of listening and field recording." The impetus for the WLP came from Dan as well; he connected us with Bernie Krause, the musician-turned-bio-acoustician now a global advocate for preserving the disappearing natural soundscapes and the species that make them. The World Listening Project began with a confluence of people interested in field recording, media art, experimental music, and ecology with the potential benefits in using the web to present a global soundmap and recorded archive of the world. Connecting with people like Krause who are concerned with sound in the environment continues to lead to new connections and an expanding network of people from many different disciplines and attitudes.
Dan first broached the idea of World Listening Day as a question. He wrote that it "…might be a good occasion to draw attention to listening practices, acoustic ecology, soundscape awareness, and so on." He noted that there was already a World Listening Awareness Month. But, its focus didn't include soundscape awareness. As seems to have happened with Earth Day, we were concerned World Listening Day may be no more than a symbolic gesture for what really needs to be a daily effort.
With that unanswerable question hanging, Dan Godston announced the first World Listening Day in June 2010, setting the date as July 18, R. Murray Schafer's birthday. Through email, the World Listening Project website, and social media, Dan made sure as many people as could were informed. The idea resonated and caught on. At the time I was visiting in Berlin and enjoyed meeting with young artists at their sound art gallery, Berg 26, and their esteemed teacher, Martin Supper. World Listening Day was a perfect vehicle for a project they were already planning. Udo Noll jumped on the idea, too. His radio aporee online soundmap fit right in.
After I returned to the states, the first national conference of the American Society for Acoustic Ecology was held in Chicago. A week afterward, July 18 arrived. Much to our relief and surprise, hundreds of people had responded to Dan's call for participation, locally, nationally, and internationally. The Nature Sounds and Night Skies Division of the U.S. National Park Service at Fort Collins, Colorado observed it and produced this excellent World Listening Day web page. Each year, Udo Noll creates a special "sonic snapshot of the world" on the aporee.org soundmap site. From Portugal, Luis Antero produces a World Listening Day show on Radio Zero. Public, institutional, and media interest increased in subsequent years. The BBC Radio reported about World Listening Day last year, when I also celebrated with Murray Schafer for his 80th birthday at the Stratford Summer Music Festival, in Ontario.
In our first World Listening Day podcast for Sounding Out!—SO! has joined in observing WLD by hosting a yearly "World Listening Month" Forum since 2012– we learned from Pauline Oliveros, the pioneering composer and founder of Deep Listening, that most folks, including cognitive scientists, still don't know what listening is. We also highlighted how technologies of recording and concern for environments undisturbed by human activity are bundled together in interesting, divergent ways. Tom, Monica, and I are working on a second podcast to debut here on Sounding Out! on World Listening Day on July 18th 2014, that digs into such concepts as "acoustic identity," "soundscape composition," and "listener recognizability," among others we rarely encounter in everyday conversation.
We hope WLD 2014 will involve even more people and organizations who will notice and spread the word on into the future. Most importantly, we work toward the shared realization that everyday should be World Listening Day.
Toward that end, we reprint the WLD 2014 "official" instructions below. Participation in the past four World Listening Days exceeded our expectations. In this fifth year we anticipate even greater activity and interest. here are 15 days remaining to plan a World Listening Day activity—whether individual, group, or social-media oriented—so jump right into the 2014 World Listening Day activities by emailing email@example.com about your plans. Please be sure to include "World Listening Day" in the subject line or http://www.worldlisteningproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/2014_WLD_participation_form.pdf" target="_blank">download the 2013 World Listening Day participation form here. Thanks!
You are invited to participate in the 2014 World Listening Day an annual global event held on July 18. The purposes of World Listening Day are to:
- Celebrate the listening practices of the world and the ecology of its acoustic environments;
- Raise awareness about the growing number of individual and group efforts that creatively explore the Acoustic Ecology based on the pioneering efforts of the World Soundscape Project, World Forum for Acoustic Ecology, La Semaine du Son, Deep Listening Institute, among many others;
- Design and implement educational initiatives that explore these concepts and practices.
This year's theme for World Listening Day is "Listen To You!" Some questions to consider:
- How do you make yourself heard by others?
- How do you listen and what do you hear when you want to be unseen?
- How might the sounds you produce adapt to your nearby environment?
- What might a "listening ethic" be?
- How might such an ethic apply particularly to understanding the relationship between humans and other living creatures?
World Listening Day is co-organized by the World Listening Project (WLP) and the Midwest Society for Acoustic Ecology (MSAE). July 18 was chosen because it is the birthday of Canadian composer R. Murray Schafer, founder of the World Soundscape Project and author of the seminal book, The Tuning of the World.
WLP and MSAE invite you to participate in the 2014 World Listening Day, on Friday, July 18 and also through the week of July 14th-20th.
Some suggestions on how you can participate and organize may be:
- A soundwalk or a listening party with people who make, listen, and discuss field recordings.
- A performance event that explores your soundscape and how we can listen to our sonic environment.
- A private / solitary way, by listening attentively to your soundscape.
- An educational event that relates to acoustic ecology, field recordings, or a similar topic.
- Contact local groups participating in World Listening Day and get involved.
Eric Leonardson is a Chicago-based audio artist and teacher. He has devoted a majority of his professional career to unorthodox approaches to sound and its instrumentation with a broad understanding of texture, atmosphere and microtones. He is President of the World Forum for Acoustic Ecology and founder of the Midwest Society for Acoustic Ecology, and Executive Director of the World Listening Project. Leonardson is an Adjunct Associate Professor in the Department of Sound at The School of the Art Institute of Chicago.
[Editor's Note: Both Eric Leonardson and Jennifer Stoever will be speaking at the Invisible Places Sounding Cities: Sound, Urbanism, and a Sense of Place conference in Viseu, Portugal on World Listening Day 2014. Here is the website: http://invisibleplaces.org/.]
Featured image: "Dancing Mania @ Mlbk" by Flickr user Lieven Soete, CC BY-NC-SA 2.0
REWIND!…If you liked this post, you may also dig:
"We wanted to tell stories about sound": Opening Ears Through the "Everything Sounds" Podcast- Craig Shank
Wayback Sound Machine: Sound Through Time, Space, and Place- Maile Colbert
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"XX (Rough Trade Bonus Disc)" is the title of mp3 albums released by The XX on 2009. The mp3 songs on The XX - XX (Rough Trade Bonus Disc) (2009) albums classified as a Indie music albums.
Full mp3 album downloads The XX - XX (Rough Trade Bonus Disc) (2009) rather than download single track is also available for free on this page.
Give your support for The XX great works on XX (Rough Trade Bonus Disc) mp3 albums with purchase the original copies. Share this mp3 album with your friends.
The xx are a Mercury Prize-winning trio formed in 2005 in London, United Kingdom and signed to Young Turks. The band members are Romy Madley Croft (vocals, lead guitar), Oliver Sim (vocals, bass guitar), and Jamie Smith, known as Jamie xx (beats, MPC sampler). Second guitarist and keyboardist Baria Qureshi was dropped from the band mid-tour in 2009. The reasons behind her ousting remain unclear.
On 17 August 2009, the group released their debut album xx on Young Turks label. The album was recorded in a small garage and produced by the band. It garnered critical acclaim and has been generally well-received, scoring an average of 86/100 based on 24 professional reviews. Also it ranked on "best of the year" lists with Rolling Stone placing it at #9 and NME placing it at #2.
Four singles were released from their debut album: "Crystalised", "Basic Space", "Islands" and "VCR".
The xx also remixed the classic song "You've Got the Love" originally written by The Source and covered by Florence + the Machine. They also added their own vocals on the song. The group won the 2010 Mercury Prize for their album on 7th September 2010. After being the bookies' favourites for many of the weeks leading up to the announcement, they beat eleven other acts.
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College Sports
PHOTOS: Tennessee vs Michigan, 2014 NCAA basketball tournament
Tennessee faced Michigan in the 2014 NCAA basketball tournament at Lucas Oil Stadium, Indianapolis, Indiana on March 28, 2014.
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No. 1 University of Florida Gators faced the No. 4 UCLA Bruins in the 2014 NCAA basketball tournament at FedExForum in Memphis, Tennessee on Thursday night, March 27, 2014.
PHOTOS: Metro State v. Tuskegee men's Division II basketball quarterfinals
Photos from the NCAA Division II men's basketball tournament quarterfinals between Metropolitan State University of Denver and Tuskegee on Wednesday, March 26, 2014, at the Ford Center in Evansville, Indiana.
PHOTOS: The weekends best of March Madness
A selection of some of the weekends best action in the 2014 NCAA basketball tournament.
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Cheerleaders fire up their teams and the crowds in the 2014 NCAA basketball tournament.
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Photometric AnalyzersOctober 9, 2006 11:42 am | News | Comments
The ThermoKonelab 20, 30, and 60 family of photometric analyzers for EPA water/wastewater applications are based on low-volume multicell cuvettes that have 12 cells with typical reaction volumes around 120-150 uL, giving a maximum productivity of up to 600 tests/hr.
Color SensorOctober 2, 2006 11:28 am | News | Comments
The ColorMax-1000 RGB color sensor has four discrete outputs and RGB analog outputs to provide more intelligent control over manufacturing processes requiring color recognition. The sensor outputs raw RGB readings as analog signals representing the intensity of each color component.
Near-Infrared AnalyzersOctober 2, 2006 11:28 am | News | Comments
Antaris II near-infrared analyzers offer a common platform of method, procedure and data transferability of analytical quality control methods along product development and scale-up processes.
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Multi-Spectral IR Flame DetectorOctober 2, 2006 11:28 am | News | Comments
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The CHEM+MIX Automated Solution Preparation System is a PC-controlled system that fully automates the preparation and pH adjustment of chemical solutions such as HPLC mobile phases, buffers, blended organic solvents and aqueous solutions.
Clear PVC Pipe & FittingsOctober 2, 2006 11:27 am | News | Comments
Made to schedule 40 dimensions, Clear-40 rigid PVC pipe is clear to allow users to view what's inside. Eight styles of fittings are also stocked for a completely clear system.
Photoelectron SpectrometerOctober 2, 2006 11:27 am | News | Comments
The Model AC-2 Photoelectron Spectrometer is designed for atmospheric pressure operation and consists of an open counter equipped with a UV source to measure ionization potential and work function of surfaces in air (without vacuum).
Twin Bore Capillary RheometerOctober 2, 2006 11:27 am | News | Comments
The RheoCapillary is a technically advanced laboratory capillary rheometer for the determination of the flow behavior of a wide range of materials and the benefits of a twinbore system.
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RWG and RWBG Wafer-Style Gas Flow Meters utilize ultrasonic technology to measure tiny vortices that form when media in the pipe move across a strut. The number of vortices shed is directly proportional to flow rate and the result is high turndown ratio and high accuracy.
Blend AnalyzerOctober 2, 2006 11:27 am | News | Comments
Company offers an addition to its Antaris near-infrared (NIR) analyzers. The Antaris Target Blend Analyzer is a fit-for-purpose blend measurement solution that is dedicated to the real-time analysis of pharmaceutical blending processes.
Air FilterOctober 2, 2006 11:27 am | News | Comments
The Variflow II-M is a high-efficiency mini-pleat air filter available in two ratings: 90-95 percent MERV 14 models and 60-65 percent MERV 11 models. They are UL Class 2. The Variflow II-M is an extended surface, rigid cell filter with metal cell sides and mini-pleat construction.
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The Markelov HS 9000 static and dynamic headspace autosampler is designed with standard features such as a dual needle design and horizontal rotary mixing.
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Peggy Read • 3 years ago
miniature fruit trees--- mini tree-- full sized fruit! A Lemon and an Apple tree... please ♥
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Meyer lemon trees thrive in full sun, producing overlapping generations of fruits and flowers.
Lemons are just one out of many fruit trees that can be planted in pots.. this is how one might look like.


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Laws are just words on paper.
Laws are just words on paper. Laws don't turn bad people into good people. I obey all laws except the ones I don't. Each individual decides what actions to take or not take based on their own moral guidance system. A society with no morals can't be controlled by a list of moral laws.
Females being mistreated in certain countries is not happening due to a lack of certain laws. Its in theirof society, not the other way around. When enough people in those countries feel that it is wrong to mistreat women, then and only then will the laws be written.
Do you believe a million cats and dogs are skinned alive and mislabeled just because a law hasn't been passed? If so how do you explain all the murders around the globe every year? I'm certain murder is illegal in (almost) every country on earth and has been for quite some time. How about the drug users and dealers? Didn't they get the memo? why are you worried about cats and dogs in China, anyway? They are as irrelevant to me as those mistreated women somewhere. All I can control is me, and I haven't skinned any cats or mistreated any women. Leading by example, just like Dr. Paul says....
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Thank you so much for the info. Several members of my Robinson line (my mother's family) married Torrence's in Lincoln and Gaston Co. and I am trying to sort it all out.
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Rise in whooping cough in Cumbria
Last updated at 16:52, Friday, 09 November 2012
Nearly 200 cases of whooping cough have been diagnosed in Cumbria so far this year as the country faces a possible epidemic.
Pregnant women are being urged to get vaccinated against the infection to give unborn children more protection after birth.
Most cases are found in adults but whooping cough in children can be fatal, and 10 babies have died in the UK in the worst outbreak for decades.
There were 1,322 people infected in September, bringing the national total to 6,121 this year, according to the Health Protection Agency.
In the North West there have been 380 cases of whooping cough in 2012 compared with 73 in 2011. There have been 190 cases in Cumbria.
The situation was highlighted recently when parents of an 18-month-old baby from Maryport told how he had nearly died from the infection.
Deon Goulding, of Buttermere Road, was admitted to hospital at 15 days old but sent home the next day with the all-clear.
A few days later he stopped breathing and was re-admitted but doctors were unable to give a correct diagnosis, and his father Johnathan refused to take him home.
A doctor later suggested that Deon should be tested for whooping cough and he was successfully treated.
Mum Janine Teasdale warned: "I wouldn't want other people to go through what we did. It's vital for pregnant women to get this."
For maximum immunity, youngsters need jabs at two, three and four months old, followed by a booster when they are three years old.
Getting vaccinated 28 to 38 weeks into pregnancy can also protect unborn babies from developing whooping cough in the first few weeks of life.
First published at 11:53, Friday, 09 November 2012
Published by http://www.timesandstar.co.uk
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Billy, Mark and the Martins cross the border once again to compete for unclaimed freight and baggage in Toronto.Go to Episode
The Strathcona Hotel
Hotel for the Baggage Battles cast and crew.
60 York St
Toronto, ON M5J 1S8
The Drake Hotel
The cast and crew walked to this hotel down the street to eat in the cafe. The lobster nachos, steak frites and a cocktail called the Russian Reviver were all favorites of the cast and crew.
1150 Queen St West
Toronto, ON M6J 1J3, Canada
A Suite Dreams Toronto B&B
The B&B offers contemporary, upscale suites along with a variety of amenities including a healthy breakfast each morning.
390 Clinton St
Annex, Korean Town, Toronto, Ontario M6G 2Z2
Cambridge Suites Hotel
This pet-friendly boutique hotel is located in the heart of downtown Toronto. The guest suites include separate living areas and the convenience of your own sink, microwave and fridge.
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Toronto, Ontario M5C 1N2, Canada
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Plan Your Menu with easy, how-to videos from Bobby, Sunny and more.


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Keith Powell
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Keith Powell at A LIE OF THE MIND Opens Off-Broadway
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BWW TV Exclusive: ON THE TOWN with the Hilarious Jackie Hoffman- Episode 9!STAGE TUBE: Telly Leung Sings 'What Makes A Man' from Broadway-Bound ALLEGIANCESTAGE TUBE: Idina Menzel Performs Holiday Favorites at iHeartRadio Christmas Special!VIDEO: Kristin Chenoweth Talks New Album, New Broadway Show & MoreVIDEO: First Look - Hugh Jackman Stars as Blackbeard in Live-Action PAN!VIDEO: Watch Kristin Bell & Dax Shepard in New Samsung Holiday AdsSTAGE TUBE: On This Day 11/25- Kevin ChamberlinBWW TV Special: Tony Winners Ann Reinking, Bebe Neuwirth, James Naughton and Joel Grey Light Up the Stage for CHICAGO's Record-Breaking 7,486 PerformancesVIDEO: Janel Parrish Floors the Judges with Gorgeous Freestyle on DWTSVIDEO: Alfonso Ribeiro Tap Dances His Way to a Perfect Score on DWTSVIDEO: Quvenzhane Wallis & ANNIE Cast Perform 'Hard Knock Life' on DWTSVIDEO: Sneak Peek - Miranda Sings Guests on Next COMEDIANS IN CARS GETTING COFFEEBWW TV: A First Look at the Broadway Bound Production of THE HEART OF ROBIN HOODVIDEO: Meryl Streep Awarded the Presidential Medal of FreedomNew 'Stay With Me' INTO THE WOODS Song Featurette With Sondheim, Streep & Lapine
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James Corden on INTO THE WOODS: 'It's So Many People's Favorite Musical'


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Sorry! The position you're looking for is no longer available. Check out other Non-profit internships in Orlando, FL below.
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Orlando Repertory Theatre (The REP), a professional theatre for young audiences and families, is seeking a Development Intern for the spring semester. An internship at The REP provides an opportunity …
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The Nonprofit Center is looking for a Program Manager to assist with it's free resources division.
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"As usual, very entertaining"
Once again, Bill has provided an interesting, humourous, compelling overview of the things we all take for granted. Spoken in his easy-listening mid-western accent, he's a pleasure to listen to again and again and again.
"Trivia unlimited"
Bill Bryson has written another engrossing 'chat' full of so many trivial, yet fascinating facts, that I was drawn back to it until the finish. Could listen to it again. Bryson is the king of droll.
"Bill Bryson brilliant as ever"
It was time that someone wrote a history on the subject of private life. The fact it's Bill Bryson turns it into a truly entertaining book. It is captivating, the topics well researched and real tidbits are served. Also I love Bryson reading his own books. The last star is missing because somehow the storyline lacks cohesion. The progression through the house and which subject was discussed in which room seemed at times random. "A Short History of nearly Everything" is still his masterpiece in my eyes. But this still is no mean successor.
"Bryson brilliant as ever"
Bill Bryson is one of my favourite authors and he does not disappoint with this "short history of private life". It's intellegent, witty and informative and I'd recommend it to just about everyone.
"Great Author, Great Narrator"
Again, Bill Bryson enriches our minds whilst keeping us thoroughly entertained. Using his home as an outline, he tells wonderful stories about how we've come to live the way we do today.
I have been quite disappointed with some books read by their authors (they are two separate talents after all), but Bill is wonderful. Of course he KNOWS the material, and his voice, style and manner make for perfect listening.
I really enjoyed the content of this book. Bill Bryson has such an appealing style, amusing while still being informative. I was a bit disappointed with the adenoidal sound to his voice though. Hopefully that won't be a problem for the majority of his listeners but I kept wanting him to blow his nose! I did hesitate to comment on that but if you listen to the sample and think I'm wrong then I wholeheartedly recommend a great fun listen.
"Snobbish fawning & far too many long lists."
Viewers of 'Lifestyles of the Rich and Famous'.
I didn't get there.
Someone else could have read it. His voice is annoying.
Yes, fascinating subject matter, and interesting stories of peoples' lives and achievements.


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After being mistaken for a superhero, Strudel begins a double life as Electronoggin, nocturnal protector of downtrodden dogs. But will her new night job keep her from doing her day job of finding pups their people? Tune in to find out!
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Britt Hayes
Britt Hayes is a writer, movie lover, and sensible sweater enthusiast living in Austin, Texas. She watches too much TV and never eats her vegetables. Her mom is worried about her.
That 'Paul Blart: Mall Cop 2' trailer almost stole some thunder tonight because I pretty much forgot that we were getting a brand, uh, spanking new, Beyoncé-accompanied trailer for '50 Shades of Grey.' Shady move, Blart. The second full trailer for the upcoming adaptation of the popular 'Twilight' fan-fiction erotica novel is here, so let's break it down, shall we?
Even though we were told, once upon a time, that Disney and Pixar had no plans for 'Toy Story 4,' it seems that those plans have changed. After a series of short films that kept us up to date with the adventures of Woody and Buzz Lightyear and friends, Disney CEO Bob Iger has just announced that we'll finally be getting a 'Toy Story 4' after all, and it has an official release date and everything.
The first full trailer for 'Minions' has arrived, highlighting the little yellow, gibberish-speaking sidekicks from 'Despicable Me,' who are getting their very own prequel/origin story. Set 42 years B.G. (Before Gru), the lovable little yellow goofballs are on a quest to find their next master after a series of mishaps throughout the years has left them without a leader.
One of the great celebratory moments of 2014 was seeing Ben Affleck nude in 'Gone Girl' (and a little bit of Neil Patrick Harris too, if you were paying attention). It's not as if us women are male-nudity-starved, craven maniacs just salivating for a glimpse of wang or something, but with all the rampant female nudity and objectification that permeates pop culture, it's nice to see a little equality. So it's disheartening to hear that Jamie Dornan will not be appearing fully nude in '50 Shades of Grey,' as if that movie needed another reason to be avoided.
Looks like Warner Bros. is hoping they can replicate the success Columbia had with '21 Jump Street' with a small-to-big screen reboot of their own: the studio has hired Dax Shepard to write, direct, and star in a film version of the classic cop series 'CHiPS,' and he's bringing Michael Pena along for the ride.
While it's not a 'Frozen' sequel, fans of Disney's newest animated classic will be delighted to know that you'll definitely be seeing Anna and Elsa in yet another charming adventure -- the studio is planning an all-new animated short film titled 'Frozen Fever,' and you'll be seeing it sooner rather than later.
Amid all the celebrations and laughter during Sunday night's 2014 Emmy Awards, there was one larger-than-life presence that was sorely missed: the late, great Robin Williams. And following the annual In Memoriam segment to honor the famous faces we've lost over the last year, Billy Crystal took the stage to honor his longtime friend and fellow comedian in a moving and heartfelt tribute.
Don Pardo, the man who introduced the 'SNL' lineup every week since 1975, has sadly passed away at the age of 96. Pardo also lent his voice to radio, sports, game shows, and commercials over the course of his incredibly long-running career, but we'll always remember him best for that wonderful phrase: "It's 'Saturday Night Live!'"
Although we've known that Casey Kasem has been struggling with illness for some time, it doesn't make it any easier to report today that the beloved longtime radio DJ and voice of Scooby-Doo has passed away at the age of 82.
It's been a while since we reported anything new about the 'Gremlins' reboot over at Warner Bros., but apparently someone's been feeding the execs over there after midnight because sources say it's not only still happening -- it's been put on the fast track. Hide your Mogwais, the 'Gremlins' are coming.
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Moonta Bay House Rental Photos and Description
Modern, Four Bedroom Holiday Rental in Moonta Bay, Perfect for Families
40 Moontana Avenue Moonta Bay
Modern, Four Bedroom Holiday Rental in Moonta Bay, Perfect for Families
Affordable family accommodation in Moonta Bay, within an easy walk to Simms Cove Beach - just 100 metres! Walk to the town centre is possible if you're in the mood for a stroll - around 4 kilometres or 45 minutes.
This modern four bedroom Moonta Bay holiday home features two bathrooms, which is perfect for large families or groups of friends. The spacious lounge is equipped with split system reverse cycle air conditioning, and boasts TV, Video Player, DVD Player and all the seating you could need!
Two dining area's mean there is ample space for everyone, while the kitchen features a microwave, large bench and oven/hotplates. The family room of this Moonta Bay holiday rental also has split system air conditioning - you'll never be too warm in this house! A separate laundry with auto washing machine means you won't have to pack your whole wardrobe.
The Carport easily stores two vehicles, while the gas BBQ and outdoor decking might mean you don't actually use the kitchen every night - the choice is completely yours!
Sleeps 10-12 (2 x queen, 2 x single beds, 2 x trundle beds, 1 x triple bunk)
Quilts, Blankets Supplied
Bring own Sheets, Pillows, Towels, Tea Towels & Toiletries
$160.00 per night peak
$140.00 per night off peak
Long Weekend $500
Easter $680
Minimum 2 nights
The following charges also apply:
Security Bond $200.00
Booking Fee $15.00
Cleaning Fee $60.00
Linen Hire from $60


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Looking for a warm and comfortable feel for a room in your house? Explore how you can turn new wood planks into those that look like weathered barn wood with a few simple paint techniques. This re-do of our den was done with a board and batten wainscoting but the wood treatments can be done on ...
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+1 I would love it if my wife would help me out... Or at least complain less about the smell when I brew
You too?
Parkinson's Law of Beer "Thirst increases in proportion to the amount of beer available"http://www.homebrewtalk.com/f36/biab...n-make-240401/
I'd love it if my wife would help me out as well. Last time I brewed she commented that she loved how it smelled up to the point when I added the hops, then she said she couldn't take it anymore and turned on all kinds of scented wax things around the house.
I get, "This is your hobby, not mine," when it's bottle filling time. Not the same when it comes to emptying the bottles, though.
My wife always times her visit to the brew shed during the boil, so she can put her face above the kettle. It's something to do with the steam being good for the skin. This gives me an idea - I could charge people huge amounts of money to sit in my brew shed during the boil with the doors closed (I have an electric brewery so no concerns with fumes). The steam that builds up in the shed could be like a spa treatment, similar to a sauna. I could make up some nonsense about how the steam from the malted barley wort is an ancient and traditional exfoliate. It could change the whole brewing business model, a spa/brewery. Guys could drink beer, and women could sit in the 'spa'.
Step 1: Build Sauna Brew Shed
Step 2: Brew
Step 3:
Step 4: Profit


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Goodreads helps you keep track of books you want to read.
Start by marking "The American Songbag" as Want to Read:
The American Songbag
Sandburg was not only a poet but also a noted collector and performer of american folk music. This anthology contains words and music to 290 songs that people have sung in the making of americanca. New Introduction by Garrison Keillor; Prefatory Notes by the Author; Index.
Paperback, 528 pages
Published October 29th 1990 by Mariner Books
(first published 1927)
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Community Reviews
(showing 1-30 of 80)
Sep 20, 2008 molly Matthews rated it 5 of 5 stars
Just got lucky and snagged a copy of this at a book sale! I've been checking it out from the library for years! It's a fabulous resource for anyone interested in American History and American music! We have played several songs from this book, just for fun, and are always finding a new one to 'try out'.
Dec 01, 2008 Will rated it 5 of 5 stars
Recommends it for: Folkstars (Present & Future)
Recommended to Will by: Myopic Books in Chicago
Shelves: music
What's that? You've got zero songs and an open-mic to attend? What? It's four in the morning and you've lost all connection with humanity? Either way, crack this book open and let the working class song "Driving Saw-Logs on the Plover" wash over you with its sweet reverie. Or if that's not your style, just take a gander at the poignant AND practical song "No More Booze (Fireman Save My Child)." You'll feel better. I promise.
Jun 15, 2007 ccccurt Heimbuck rated it 5 of 5 stars
Recommends it for: "sinners, and for the lovers of humanity"
Shelves: favorites
Carl Sandburg is a genius. I used to think his writing was too earnest, but now I see it as passion. I care deeply and sincerely about the songs in this book.
Feb 20, 2011 Phyllis rated it 4 of 5 stars
Very good. Words and music to many old standby songs. Would be excellent addition to personal library.
Very good. Words and music to many old standby songs. Would be excellent addition to personal library.
Carl August Sandburg was an American writer and editor, best known for his poetry. He won two Pulitzer Prizes, one for his poetry and another for a biography of Abraham Lincoln. H. L. Mencken called Carl Sandburg "indubitably an American in every pulse-beat".More about Carl Sandburg...
For more info see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_San...
For more info see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_San...
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