text:
Apparatus and method for providing in-situ data of formation fluids at true reservoir conditions. The apparatus has NMR chamber of the flow-through type, so it is no longer necessary to divert a sample for the basic NMR analysis or transfer it uphole for laboratory analysis. The apparatus is preferably modular and is compatible with wireline tools configurable for a variety of sampling, testing and monitoring purposes. Fluid properties such as viscosity can be derived from diffusivities and relaxation times, as measured by NMR. Additional accuracy is provided in the downhole sampling process, and in the interpretation of NMR logs in real time at true reservoir conditions.
1-10. (Cancelled)
11. A method for analyzing fluids, comprising the steps of: (a) providing a flow-through passage for fluids in a measurement chamber, the fluids having flow rate within a pre-determined range; (b) performing a nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) experiment to excite substantially all nuclei of the fluids in the chamber at a given time interval; and (c) processing NMR signals obtained from a portion of the chamber in said experiment without regard for the flow rate of the fluids in the chamber.
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21-24. (Cancelled) claim 25. An apparatus for analyzing fluids, comprising: (a) means for providing a flow-through passage for fluids in a measurement chamber, the fluids having flow rate within a pre-determined range; (b) means for performing a NMR experiment to excite substantially all nuclei of the fluids in the chamber at a given time interval; and (c) means for processing NMR signals obtained from a portion of the chamber in said experiment without regard for the flow rate of the fluids in the chamber.
26. The apparatus of claim 25, wherein the flow-through passage in (a) has an inlet end and an outlet end and at least a portion of the passage between the inlet and outlet ends is widened.
27. The apparatus of claim 25 further comprising means for subjecting fluids in the flow-through passage to a prepolarization static magnetic field.
28. The apparatus of
29. An apparatus for analyzing downhole formation fluids, comprising: (a) a conduit for introducing formation fluids into the apparatus and for providing flow-through passage, the conduit having an inlet end and an outlet end; (b) at least one magnet assembly enclosing the conduit for generating in the conduit a substantially uniform static magnetic field with a defined magnetic field direction; (c) at least one transmitting antenna operative to generate pulsed magnetic fields in the conduit in a direction substantially perpendicular to the static field direction for exciting nuclei of fluids contained in the conduit; and (d) at least one receiving antenna operative to receive NMR signals from fluids in a portion of the conduit, the receiving antenna being shorter than the at least one transmitting coil, so that received NMR signals correspond only to a portion of the excited nuclei.
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52. (Cancelled)
This application claims priority of provisional application Ser. No. 60/279,324, filed Mar, 28, 2001. The content of the above application is incorporated herein by reference.
The present invention relates generally to downhole fluid analysis and more particularly to a nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) apparatus and method providing in-situ data about formation fluids at true reservoir conditions.
The analysis of downhole fluid samples is desirable in many oil industry applications. In the prior art this it is typically done by bringing samples to the surface using sealed containers, and sending the samples for laboratory measurements. A number of technical and practical limitations are associated with this approach.
The main concern usually is that the sample(s) taken to the surface may not be representative of the downhole geologic formation due to the fact that only limited sample material from a limited number of downhole locations can be extracted and taken to the surface. Thus, taking samples to the surface is impractical if it is desired to measure the fluid on a dense grid of sample points. Therefore, by necessity the measurements will only provide an incomplete picture of the downhole conditions.
In addition, these samples frequently contain highly flammable hydrocarbon mixtures under pressure. Depressurizing the containers frequently leads to the loss of the gas content. Handling of such test samples can be hazardous and costly. Significant practical problems are further caused by fluid phase changes during retrieval and transport, difficulties in re-creating reservoir conditions and, in general, the significant time delay associated with the laboratory analysis.
It is apparent that the above fluid sampling and analysis process ideally would be preceded or even completely replaced by downhole fluid analysis of as many samples as desired, with the final results instantaneously available at the well site. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) technology is well suited for this purpose, as it enables the user to determine many properties of an in-situ formation fluid without extracting numerous samples. These properties include hydrogen density, self-diffusivity, and relaxation times, T1 and T2. NMR devices, methods and pulse sequences for use in logging tools are described, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,350,955; 5,557,201; 4,710,713; 4,717,876; 4,717,877; 4,717,878; 5,212,447; 5,280,243; 5,309,098; 5,412,320; 5,517,115, 5,557,200; 5,696,448; 5,936,405; 6,005,389; 6,023,164 and 6,051,973. The above patents are hereby incorporated by reference.
Direct downhole measurement of certain fluid properties is known in the art. Several commercially available tools can be used to this end. Examples include the RDT� tool manufactured by Halliburton, the Reservoir Characterization Instrument (RCI�) from Western Atlas, and the Modular Formation Dynamics Tester (MDT�) made by Schlumberger. These tester tools have modular design that allows them to be reconfigured at the well site. Typically, these tools provide pressure-volume measurements, which can be used to differentiate liquids from gases, and are also capable of providing temperature, resistivity and other mechanical or electrical measurements. However, these tools do not generally provide NMR measurements, as discussed above.
The use of NMR measurements to determine downhole formation fluid properties is also known in the field. The first approach to this end is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,111,408 to one of the inventors of the present invention, which discloses a method and apparatus for making direct downhole NMR measurements of formation fluids. The disclosure of this patent is incorporated by reference for all purposes. The device in the '408 patent, however, generally requires that a portion of the fluid be diverted from the main flow line and be held stationary for the duration of the measurement, which may take about a minute. A possible concern about such use of this device is the occurrence of fluid phase separation due to the diversion from the main flow line and separation due to gravity once the sample has been stagnated. In addition, depending on relative concentrations, the sample chamber may contain only a subset of the phases contained in the flow line.
Accordingly, it is perceived that there is a need for a tester capable of performing direct, continuous-flow downhole NMR measurements that can be used to enhance the quality and reliability of formation evaluation obtained using prior art techniques.
Additionally, there is a need to provide a modular NMR downhole analysis apparatus that can be used as an add-on to existing testing equipment so as to minimize the cost of the extra measurements.
In order to more fully appreciate why NMR is important in measurements of this type, the reader is directed to Stokes' equation:
Eq. (1) essentially indicates that the self-diffusion coefficient D is inversely proportional to viscosity η and vice versa. Viscosity and diffusivity are both related to the translational motion of molecules and therefore must be interrelated. At higher temperatures T, a molecule contains more energy and can move faster against a given �friction� η, therefore D∝T. Diffusivity is a property that can be precisely determined by NMR techniques without disturbing or altering the fluid. The relationship D∝T/η has been verified over a wide range of viscosities at different temperatures and pressures by NMR spin-echo experiments. Referring to the prior art references listed below, see, for example, Abragam, 1961.
One has to be more careful with relationships involving the NMR relaxation times T1 and T2. The applicability of expressions of the form,
With further reference to the prior art list below, the study of NMR relaxation times with respect to oil properties began shortly after NMR was first demonstrated (Bloembergen et al., 1948; Brown, 1961). The practical aspects of how to relate T1, T2 and D to petrophysical fluid properties such as viscosity and gas/oil ratio have attracted interest much more recently (Kleinberg et al., 1996; Lo et al., 1998; Zhang et al., 1998; Appel et al., 2000; Lo et al., 2000). These investigations are significant because NMR relaxometry can be performed at much lower field strengths and with much lower homogeneity requirements than NMR spectroscopy (1,000 ppm v.<1 ppm). The latter seems to be out of reach for downhole applications, but the development of a robust and accurate NMR relaxometry/diffusometry system for downhole use proved to be feasible.
Another favorable factor was the development of the Reservoir Description Tool of Halliburton (RDT; Proett et al., 1999), which is a modular wireline sampling and testing system that can be configured in a variety of tool combinations and can readily accept add-on analysis devices. Advantageously, these tools generally can operate independently of each other. The inclusion of an NMR fluid analyzer in the RDT tool string has the following benefits:
Details of the apparatus and method in accordance with the present invention are provided below. The interested reader is directed for additional background information to the disclosure of the following references, which are incorporated herein by reference for background. For simplicity, in the following disclosure only the first author and date of publication are provided.
The NMR analyzer apparatus and method of the present invention provides in-situ data of formation fluids at true reservoir conditions and overcome the above-identified and other problems associated with the prior art.
In one aspect, the present invention is a method for analyzing formation fluids in a borehole environment, comprising the steps of: (a) introducing formation fluids in a flow-through vessel located in the borehole; (b) generating a substantially uniform static magnetic field in the vessel with a defined magnetic field direction; (c) generating pulsed oscillating magnetic fields for exciting nuclei of formation fluids in a first portion of the vessel, said oscillating fields having a magnetic direction substantially perpendicular to the direction of the static magnetic field; (d) receiving nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) relaxation signals from excited nuclei of the fluid in a second portion of the vessel, smaller than the first portion; and (e) analyzing the received signals to determine fluid properties at any flow rate of the formation fluids in the vessel below a predetermined non-zero threshold. In a specific embodiment, the pulsed magnetic fields used are according to a saturation recovery pulse sequence. In various other specific embodiments, the threshold value for the flow rate is determined by the length of the first portion, the second portion of the vessel is positioned downstream from the first portion of the vessel, and the first and second portions of the vessel overlap at least in part. In a specific application, the steps of the method are performed substantially continuously, and the step of analyzing comprises assessing mud filtrate contamination for the formation fluids. Additionally, the step of analyzing may comprise monitoring the T1 profile of fluids passed through the vessel.
In another aspect, the present invention is a method for analyzing fluids, comprising the steps of: (a) providing a flow-through passage for fluids in a measurement chamber, the fluids having flow rate within a pre-determined range; (b) performing a NMR experiment to excite substantially all nuclei of the fluids in the chamber at a given time interval; and (c) processing NMR signals obtained from a portion of the chamber in said experiment without regard for the flow rate of the fluids in the chamber. Various specific embodiments are disclosed in detail next.
In another aspect, the present invention is an apparatus for analyzing downhole formation fluids, comprising: (a) a conduit for introducing formation fluids into the apparatus and for providing flow-through passage, the conduit having an inlet end and an outlet end; (b) at least one magnet assembly enclosing the conduit for generating in the conduit a substantially uniform static magnetic field with a defined magnetic field direction; (c) at least one transmitting antenna operative to generate pulsed magnetic fields in the conduit in a direction substantially perpendicular to the static field direction for exciting nuclei of fluids contained in the conduit; and (d) at least one receiving antenna operative to receive NMR signals from fluids in a portion of the conduit, the receiving antenna being shorter than the at least one transmitting coil, so that received NMR signals correspond only to a portion of the excited nuclei. The apparatus of this aspect may further comprise a shield mounted between the transmitting antenna and a portion of the magnet assembly. In various specific embodiments, the apparatus may have a portion of the conduit between the inlet and outlet ends be wider in dimension than the conduit at either end, and further have a diffuser positioned near the inlet end of the conduit, for providing consistent fluid flow velocity over the wider portion of the conduit. In a preferred embodiment, the conduit is adapted for attachment to the flow line of a modular wireline logging tool. Additionally, the at least one magnet assembly in a preferred embodiment has a polarization portion located near the inlet end, and a resonance portion located near the outlet end, the strength of the magnetic field in the polarization portion being higher than the strength of the magnetic field in the resonance portion. Other features of the preferred embodiments are disclosed in more detail next.
In a further aspect, the present invention is a tester module for use with modular downhole formation testers for downhole NMR testing of formation fluids comprising: a vessel for providing flow-through passage of formation fluids and for conducting downhole NMR measurements, said vessel being adapted to withstand borehole environment conditions; at least one tubular magnet defining a longitudinal axis, the magnet having magnet sections with magnetization direction(s) perpendicular to the longitudinal axis, and enclosing the passage to generate therein a static magnetic field with predetermined magnetic field direction; at least one radio frequency (RF) transmitter operative to generate pulsed RF magnetic fields in a first portion of the passage in a direction substantially perpendicular to the static field direction for exciting nuclei of fluids in the passage; a receiver for acquiring NMR signals from excited nuclei in a second portion of the passage smaller than the first portion and positioned downstream therefrom, and a processor for analyzing properties of fluids in the passage based on signals from the receiver.
In yet another aspect, the present invention is a n apparatus for downhole differentiating between fluid types present in a geologic formation comprising: (a) a measurement chamber having flow-through passage for formation fluids; (b) an NMR testing module capable of performing an NMR experiment on a portion of the formation fluid within the passage, the experiment exciting nuclei of the formation fluids in the passage at a given time interval; and (c) processor receiving NMR signals obtained in said testing module to differentiate fluid types in the formation fluids without regard for the flow rate of the formation fluids in the passage.
Various specific features of the preferred embodiments are disclosed in detail below and are defined in the appended claims.
FIGS. 2A-D illustrate horizontal cross-sections of the apparatus shown in
The Apparatus
As shown, fluids enter the device at the top and pass through two sections, referred to as polarization and resonance sections, respectively. Measurements are performed as the fluid flow 15 passes through the device. The fluid entering the system is initially subjected to a strong magnetic field to achieve rapid polarization of the hydrogen nuclei. NMR measurements take place in the lower section, where the field strength is lowered. In a preferred embodiment, two separate radio frequency coils are used for pulse transmission and for reception. This split scheme allows for a transmitter coil 30 that is longer than the receiver 35. In accordance with this invention, by pulsing a larger volume of fluid and by receiving only from the bottom portion, relaxation times can be determined without regard for the actual flow rate.
More specifically, with reference to
In alternative embodiments the measurement volume may be filled with collimators, i.e., thin tubes, the goal being to slow down the fluid as much as possible across the entire cross section, while maintaining the initial flow conditions.
In a specific embodiment, fluids can be pressurized to up to 25,000 psi, although higher or lower pressure values can be used in alternative implementations. Under such high pressure conditions, there must be outside counter-pressure, which in the above specific embodiment is selected to be about 20,000 psi, so that the structure is designed to absorb a differential pressure of about 5,000 psi. Most of this differential pressure is absorbed in a steel hull (not shown), serving as a pressure barrel that in a preferred embodiment has connectors on each end that mate to a tool string, for example of the RDT tool. Preferably, inside components of the device are either solid (magnetic elements) or are potted in solid compounds to allow the pressure to pass through and not to damage any components.
As shown in
In a specific embodiment, transmission and reception both operate at 4.258 MHZ at room temperature, consistent with 1,000 Gauss field strength. At higher temperatures, the operating frequency is reduced to track the reversible reduction in magnetic field strength.
As further shown in
The magnetic field in the measurement volume of the device shown in
The purpose of section (B) is to allow the hydrogen spins to settle to an equilibrium polarization that is close to a non-flowing magnetization corresponding to an external field of 1,000 Gauss. Without this section it would be possible that overpolarized fluids may enter the measurement section below and cause a distortion in the NMR amplitude that is dependent on the flow rate. In a preferred embodiment, the transversal magnetic field generated in the flow tube is approximately 850 Gauss, but again the exact value is not critical and can be varied in practical implementations. As shown, all magnet elements of this section are magnetized in the same direction, resulting in a weaker field than that in section (A).
In manufacturing this magnet system, a large number of segments is produced, magnetized and their actual magnetic remanence Br is measured. The best-matching segments are preferably used to build up section (D), such that the field variations are as small as possible, preferably not to exceed 0.1%. Segments with inferior match are used for section (C), where the accuracy requirement is reduced to about 1%. The magnetic elements for sections (A) and (B) have different dimensions and are uncritical in their magnetic remanence.
The electronics used in the analysis apparatus of the present invention is similar to that of a NMR spectrometer and is illustrated in a block diagram form in
More specifically, as shown in
In a transmit mode, the controller 33 gates the signal generator 34 of the apparatus and the power amplifier 37 to produce a radio frequency pulse in both coils. The high voltage applied causes all crossed diodes 39 to conduct, thereby connecting the two coils. In receive mode, the crossed diodes stop conducting and signal is only received from the lower coil 35. The signal is amplified, digitized and fed into the digital signal processor 33 for demodulation and further processing.
A. Understanding NMR Relaxation Times
NMR measurements are based on the observation that when an assembly of magnetic moments, such as those of hydrogen nuclei, are exposed to a static magnetic field they tend to align along the direction of the magnetic field, resulting in bulk magnetization. The rate at which equilibrium is established in such bulk magnetization upon provision of a static magnetic field is characterized by the parameter T1, known as the spin-lattice relaxation time. The spin-lattice relaxation time T1 describes the coupling of nuclear spins to energy-absorbing molecular motions like rotation, vibration and translation. In most fluids at or above ambient temperatures, the coupling to these modes is very inefficient, resulting in T1's in the millisecond and second range.
Another related and frequently used NMR parameter is the spin-spin relaxation time constant T2 (also known as transverse relaxation time), which is an expression of the relaxation due to non-homogeneities in the local magnetic field over the sensing volume of the logging tool. The mechanisms for spin-spin relaxation time T2 include, in addition to those contributing to T1, the exchange of energy between spins. These effects are small in bulk fluids and therefore T2 basically equals T1. Spin-spin coupling is relevant in heavy oil components, such as asphaltenes, resins, etc. Both relaxation times provide indirect information about the formation porosity, the composition and quantity of the formation fluid, and others.
Another measurement parameter used in NMR is the formation diffusivity.
Generally, diffusion refers to the motion of atoms in a gaseous or liquid state due to their thermal energy. Self-diffusion of a fluid is directly related to the viscosity of the fluid, a parameter of considerable importance in borehole surveys. In a uniform magnetic field, diffusion has little effect on the decay rate of the measured NMR echoes. In a gradient magnetic field, however, diffusion causes atoms to move from their original positions to new ones, which also causes these atoms to acquire different phase shifts compared to atoms that did not move. This contributes to a faster rate of relaxation.
Expressions for T1 in closed form have been derived only for spherical molecules.
This is obviously a poor approximation to chain-type hydrocarbon molecules, but should serve as illustration for the underlying mechanisms. Translational and rotational relaxation rates are, respectively:
Pressure exerts its effect by changing fluid density. Pure liquids are barely compressible and the effect pressure has on them is limited. Downhole pressures over 10,000 psi can induce significant changes in fluid viscosity (Jones, 1991). As a rule-of-thumb, high pressures and high temperatures have opposing effects. Higher temperatures expand fluids and increase mobility and relaxation times, while increased pressures reduce mobility and relaxation times in liquids.
Probably the biggest effect downhole high pressures have is the increase in dissolved gas volume. The relaxation times in the gas phase exhibit the following behavior:
The reason the relationship in Eq. (2) is not followed is that protons in the gas phase relax by spin-rotation and not by dipole-dipole interaction. Increasing the pressure on gas increases T1, which is contrary to the behavior of fluids. For the gas signal to be detectable downhole, the bulk density and the hydrogen density must be relatively high, i.e. only the high-viscosity end of Eq. (5) is visible. Under these circumstances, methane relaxation times are in the range from hundreds of milliseconds to several seconds.
Dissolved gas has a profound effect on the T1 of oil. See, Appel et al., 2000. Lo et al. (2000) have developed a mixing-rule model for methane-alkane mixtures that links GOR to T1 and diffusivity. In this model, T1 consists of two components: one proportional to kT/η (Eq. 2) and one proportional to η/kT (Eq. 5). The observed T1 is a combination of the two, weighted by the proton fractions of the alkane and the methane gas.
Based on the discussion above, following are examples of measurements that can be made in accordance with the method of the present invention.
B. Relaxation Time Measurements
In the apparatus of the present invention T1 relaxation times and hydrogen density can be measured continuously whether or not the fluid is stagnant or flowing. This mode is most useful during the pump-out period to get an initial assessment of mud filtrate contamination.
More specifically, the T1 measurement sequence is initiated by a frequency-swept saturation pulse. With reference to
As noted, following the saturation pulse, a variable delay is inserted. In a preferred embodiment, consecutive measurements with delay values of 1 ms, 2 ms, 4 ms, . . . up to 16384 ms are used. During these intervals, the nuclear magnetization builds up again to its equilibrium value. Also during this time, depending on the flow rate, fluid volume moves from volume (C) into volume (D), while unprepared fluid enters volume (C). As long as the flow rate is not high enough to allow unprepared fluid from (A) or (B) to enter (D), it will be appreciated that the measurement is independent of the actual flow rate. After the saturation-recovery delay, the instantaneous value of the nuclear magnetization is determined. This is done with a short pulse sequence, consisting of a π/2 pulse, followed by a π pulse. The RF phase of these pulses is shifted by 90� against each other to cancel the effects of B0 and RF field imperfections. This is equivalent to the start of a CPMG sequence. The time between these pulses is typically 0.125 ms and 0.125 ms after the π pulse a spin echo forms. This echo is digitized, quantified and its amplitude is taken as a measure of the recovered magnetization as function of the saturation-recovery delay. Note that the π/2 and π pulses can be narrow-band and need not be frequency-swept. The reason is that they are only relevant for section (D) which has a very tightly controlled field and resonance frequency distribution.
Examples for T1 distributions for some example fluids obtained in accordance with the method of this invention are shown in
The data points illustrated have been acquired by circulating different fluids through the analyzer. Shown from top to bottom are: water (mild brine) with a single relaxation peak in the �water window� at 2 seconds; next a simple hydrocarbon (diesel) with a single relaxation peak in the �oil window� at 0.5-1 second; and a complex hydrocarbon (crude), which shows a characteristic asymmetric distribution that starts in the few tens of milliseconds and extends to the �oil window.� These samples were under atmospheric conditions at ambient temperature. At elevated temperatures, Eq. (2) predicts an increase in T1 proportional to the absolute temperature in addition to increases due to reduction in viscosity.
It is important to note that using the apparatus and method of the present invention the determination of long relaxation times does no longer depend on how long an echo train persists. In the implementation discussed above small perturbations in the applied field have relatively limited effect. Additionally, the saturation pulse prepares a much larger sample volume than what is actually used for the readout portion. Therefore, as long as the flow rate is low enough, and the readout is based on a fluid sample that was present anywhere within the regions (C) or (D) during the saturation pulse, the measurement is valid.
In contrast to T1, the T2 parameter generally cannot be determined on a flowing sample. Distributions of T2 times are determined in accordance with the present invention by standard Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill (CPMG) sequences on samples that have been stagnated momentarily. In a specific embodiment, stagnation is achieved by closing a valve below the analyzer apparatus and diverting the flow stream around the sample chamber. The time required for a T2 measurement is almost entirely determined by the polarization time (�wait time�) of about 15 seconds.
C. Hydrogen Density Measurements
The hydrogen density or the total number of hydrogen atoms within the measurement volume is a by-product of any T1 or T2 measurement. It can be represented as the area under any T1 distribution and is typically normalized to the hydrogen density of a reference oil at measurement temperatures. At room temperature, the reference oil and water have the same hydrogen density. The reported number is the relative hydrogen index IH in the range 0-2, with accuracy around 1%.
Hydrogen density is automatically converted to hydrogen index IH. The hydrogen index is hydrogen density relative to that of water at ambient conditions. Under the assumption that the oil contains only hydrogen and carbon atoms, the mass density ρm, the hydrogen index IH, and the hydrogen-to-carbon ratio R are related as follows:
It has been reported that most saturated hydrocarbon liquids have relative hydrogen indices of 1 within �5%. The hydrogen density in gases is significantly lower due to the overall lower density. Thus, a depressed hydrogen index serves as a first-order alert to the presence of gas and a change in the relationship between T1 and viscosity. Appel et al. (2000) reported a reduction of about 20% on live oil samples at 180� F. Under the assumption that all gas is methane (CH4), the observed hydrogen index can be approximated as follows:
Diffusion measurements in accordance with the present invention are implemented using steady-gradient spin-echo (SGSE) experiments. See, Kimmich et al., 1997. The experiment requires that the fluid flow be temporarily stopped. The idea of using the fringes of a uniform-field volume for diffusometry is derived from so-called SSF-SGSE methods. Its main advantage over pulsed-field gradient spin-echo (PFGSE) diffusometry is instrumental simplicity and superior stability. The main drawback is a limit on sensitivity, which, for the downhole implementation, is approximately 10−6 cm2/s.
As noted above, the sensitive volume of the apparatus of this invention can be divided into an interior, homogeneous region and an exterior gradient region. The field in the fringe volume, which makes up about ⅓ of the total volume, can be approximated by a single field gradient value G0. At short echo spacings (0.25 ms), the effect of the field gradient is too small to be relevant. The pulse sequence used both for diffusion measurements and for diffusivity calibration is shown in
In particular, two Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill (CPMG) sequences with a short echo spacing (typically 0.25 ms) and a long spacing (Te) are alternated. The long echo spacing is selected as an integer multiple of the short spacing. In this case, echoes line up in time, i.e., occur at the same elapsed time since the excitation pulse and the ratio of their amplitudes can be formed.
Assuming that the fluid under investigation has a T2 relaxation time, (the argument also holds for an arbitrary distribution of T2 times) and diffusivity D, the two echo trains for the short and the long echo spacing can be described as follows:
The system parameter K0 is the gradient volume divided by the total volume. The hydrogen gyromagnetic ratio γ is equal to 26,754 rad/s/gauss. Both K0 and G0 are temperature-dependent and are determined during calibration. The diffusivity D is derived from Eqs. 7 by taking the ratio of corresponding echoes, as follows:
This curve is fit to a uni-exponential model plus an offset. In
The top two curves in
In a preferred embodiment, viscosity is determined as follows:
In this expression, the viscosity η is measured in cp, the temperature T in Kelvin and the diffusivity D in cm2/s. The temperature may be obtained in a preferred embodiment from the RDT fluid temperature sensor. The proportionality factor has been determined by fitting Eq. (1) to data from pure alkanes and methane-alkane mixtures.
E. Calibration
In a preferred embodiment, the system performs its own calibration, provided the sample chamber is filled with a known reference fluid (typically oil) and the system is heated through its operating temperature range. At specific temperature points, the built-in processor system records the sensor's resonance frequency and amplitude response and stores the results in a permanent calibration table. After calibration, the hydrogen density is reported in percentage of that of the reference fluid, all times are in seconds and diffusivities are in cm2/s.
Several practical applications are made possible by the apparatus and method of the present invention. Broadly, such applications relate to the measurement of relaxation distributions for the purpose of differentiation between reservoir hydrocarbons and oil-based mud (OBM) filtrates, as well as support for fluid-typing by wireline and LWD NMR tools. Other practical applications relate to calculation of hydrocarbon viscosity and gas-to-oil ratio and the modeling of fluid composition, as shown in the specific examples below.
One suitable method for the identification of different oils is described in detail in U.S. Pat. No. 6,107,796, which is incorporated herein for all purposes. The differentiation is based on differences in T2 distributions, where crude oils typically exhibit more complex distributions and characteristically short relaxation times. Similar differentiation is possible based on T1 relaxation measurements. It will be appreciated that in general T2 relaxations are faster to measure and can be based on thousands of data points from a CPMG sequence. T1 measurements are typically slower and yield few date points. However, as long as the underlying degrees of freedom in either distributions are not more than three-four, meaningful relaxation time distribution can be computed from about ten or more data points on a T1 recovery curve. Examples of specific practical applications follow.
Connate Oil v. Mud Filtrate Differentiation
T1 distributions can be used for qualitative fluid characterization of this type without invoking much of the relaxation theory. In a specific embodiment, the product ηT1 is set to 1 at T=300K and a simple viscosity scale is established from 1,000 cp to 1 cp, corresponding to the T1 range 1 ms to 1,000 ms. See also
NMR Log Interpretation
Both wireline and LWD tools take their readings in the invaded zone, which is more or less flushed by filtrates. Porosity measurements by NMR are in fact hydrogen density readings in the fluid phase, calibrated to a water sample and corrected for temperature. undercall in porosity. Techniques are available to correct this effect for entrained methane, but it is more precise to sample the invaded zone and directly determine the hydrogen index of the produced fluid.
Fluid typing based on wireline/LWD NMR is complicated by the fact that T1 and T2 distributions are modulated by variations in pore sizes and by the bulk relaxation response of crude oils. The interpretation makes simplifying assumptions about the hydrocarbon phase (non-wetting, single T1 for oil; single T1 for gas). In accordance with the present invention this approach can be refined by determining the actual relaxation profiles from fluid samples and by feeding this information back into the saturation calculation.
Wireline and LWD NMR tools operate at frequencies between 0.5 MHz and 2 MHz, while the fluid analyzer described above operates at about 4 MHz. It will be appreciated that this difference is irrelevant for the relaxometry of fluids with T1≅T2. This condition indicates a uniform and flat energy spectrum in the employed frequency range.
Hydrocarbon Viscosity
Determination of viscosity under true reservoir conditions has always been a challenge. As noted above, the NMR-derived diffusivity D has a universal correlation with viscosity. In order to obtain a continuous viscosity reading, however, it is desirable to also derive a viscosity estimate from T1 and IH alone. For the case of no dissolved hydrocarbon gas (i.e. IH close to 1) and no entrained paramagnetic oxygen, currently the best available correlation is:
For dead oils (GOR=0), the relationship between T1 and D is basically linear, as can be seen with reference to Eqs. (1) and (2). Increasing gas contents introduces a deviation from the linear behavior. Modification of Eq. 2 and substituting from Eq. 1 leads to:
Emerging practical applications aim at a comprehensive understanding of the reservoir fluid system, the evaluation of which can be improved using the present invention.
Although the present invention has been described in connection with the preferred embodiments, it is not intended to be limited to the specific form set forth herein, but on the contrary, it is intended to cover such modifications, alternatives, and equivalents as can be reasonably included within the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the following claims.
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On the First Saturday of each month Mass is being offered at 9:00 a.m. followed by 1st Saturday devotions and Eucharistic Adoration.
Mission StatementSt. Joseph Catholic Community is a parish family united by a common faith whose mission is: to proclaim and live the Good News of Jesus; to worship God according to the Catholic tradition; to be welcoming, loving community; to serve the educational and social needs of the community; to reach out to all, especially the poor, the disenfranchised and the most vulnerable of the world - to bring all people to Christ Jesus.
Although it does not seem like it but winter is just around the corner. For the 5th year in a row the Springfield St. Joseph Knights of Columbus are participating in a worldwide program to give away New Winter coats to children in need. The coats vary in size and typically fit Girls and Boys from Elementary thru Middle school children. If you have a child or children or if you know of someone who has a child or children in need of a new Winter Coat and cannot afford to purchase one, please call me and we will try to get you fixed up. (402-707-8426) (This is strictly a confidential activity run by the St. Joseph Knights of Columbus). Ralph Meister
The K of C will be conducting their annual food
Drive for the needy. Please drop non-perishable canned or boxed goods in the barrells at the back
of the church.
The K of C will also be selling Christmas cards
again. They will be displayed in the social hall and orders can be placed there. An envelope will be marked for your checks.
Posted Lately
From the Pastor's Desk - November 23, 2014Dear Parishioners, As I mentioned last week, on the Wednesday evening...Read More...
From the Pastor's Desk - November 9, 2014Dear Parishioners,Read More...
If you were not at the 9:00 A.M. Mass last...
From the Pastor's Desk - October 26, 2014Dear Parishioners,Read More...
This coming weekend we celebrate on Saturday,...
From the Pastor's Desk - October 19, 2014Dear Parishioners, Next Sunday, after the 9:00 AM Mass, I will...Read More...
From the Pastor's Desk - October 12, 2014Dear Parishioners,Read More...
By now all registered parishioners should...
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NZ edge Super Over to take seriesSuzie Bates and Sophie Devine held their nerve in a Super Over, as New Zealand Women successfully collected the six runs they needed to secure the win, and with it, the three-match T20I series against West Indies Women in St Vincent ESPN Cricinfo, 2 months ago
Super over win for White Ferns (NZ Newswire) - Yahoo! News Australia, 2 months ago
White Ferns win T20 series - Radio New Zealand, 2 months ago
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Cricket: White Ferns lose again
White Ferns captain Suzie Bates. Photo / Martin Hunter. The New Zealand White Ferns fell to a fourth straight one-day international defeat on their tour of the West Indies, losing by four runs. The West Indies batted first, reaching 214 for ...New Zealand Herald, 2 months ago White Ferns lose a close one Radio New Zealand, 2 months ago White Ferns thrashed again by West Indies Dominion Post, 2 months ago Windies thrash White Ferns The Press NZ, 2 months ago
American Horror Story: Freak Show is Ryan Murphy's latest offering
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HERd management columnists share their hopes for the future
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Cricket World Cup trophy in Dunedin on Wednesday (Fuseworks)
Join the build up to the ICC Cricket World Cup 2015 by coming along to the Octagon on Wednesday morning. Make the most of a great opportunity to see the World Cup Trophy when it arrives in the city at 6am as part of a nationwide tour. Cricket ...Yahoo!Xtra, 4 days ago Cricket World Cup Trophy Coming to Town! Scoop, 4 days ago
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vernacular for the male sexual organ. similar to a spitting cobra only greater in length and girth.
i don't think she's a snake lover, she saw my puking python and checked out!!
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Donna Karan Collection
Full/Queen Duvet Cover, 92" x 96"
From Donna Karan Collection. Sateen linens with tonal, textured print are 300-thread-count cotton. Dry clean. Quilted linens are cotton voile with linear stitching. Machine wash. Each of the accent pillows has a feather and down fill. Dry clean. Floral pillow with embroidery and beading is silk chiffon; 11" x 22". Pillow with crosshatch embroidery is linen/cotton; 16" x 20". Distressed metallic pillow is silk/viscose; 18"Sq. For all, select color when ordering. Imported.
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Sweet Dreams
Sahara Bedding
From Sweet Dreams??. Mint and ivory zebra linens are made of viscose and polyester; duvet covers have cord trim; shams are framed with brush fringe. Gathered ivory dust skirts are silk; 18" drop. Fanciful accent pillows incorporate gimp, beading, tassels, ruching, and more. Dry clean. Made in the USA of imported viscose, polyester, and silk fabrics. We added Elite diamond-quilted velvet coverlets. They come in a range of colors to complement any pattern. Polyester/cotton blend. ...
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Queen Bird Duvet Cover
Birds and blossoms on a field of gold distinguish these linens by Austin Horn Collection. Duvet covers are finished with cording and tassels. Duvet covers, shams, and accent pillows all have zip closures. Made in the USA of polyester/ rayon and cotton/polyester fabrics. Gold diamond-trellis linens and dust skirt by Dian Austin Couture Home?? are silk. Three-panel, adjustable dust skirt has an 18" drop; pins included. Imported/USA made. Dry clean. Sequined and beaded leaf pillow ...
Donna Karan Home
Full/Queen Quilt, 90" x 95"
From Donna Karan Home. Jacquard stripe linens are silk blend, with 320-thread-count cotton sateen reverse. Quilts, made of silk, are accented with a tufted border and are backed with cotton. Each of the accent pillows has a feather and down fill. Pillow textured with embroidery and ruching is silk habutai; 18"Sq. Pillow with sequins and studs is polyester taffeta; 12"Sq. Pillow with horizontal pleats and vertical taping is silk charmeuse; 16" x 20". For all, ...
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Geometric and ruched velvet linens are made in the USA of imported polyester, silk/rayon velvet, and polyester/cotton fabrics. Dry clean. Velvet dust skirt has a 20" drop. Accent pillows have a feather/down fill. Handwoven silk, channel-quilted coverlet has cotton backing. Dry clean. Imported. Sheeting by Sferra is made in Italy of 590-thread-count Egyptian-cotton sateen. Detailed with a macrame lace inset threaded with satin ribbon and bordered with hemstitching. Fitted sheets have 17" ...


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The global financial system still needs further reform, possibly including curbs on banker pay, to ensure it operates safely and enjoys the public's trust, Bank of England Governor Mark Carney said on Monday. Read More »
Nov 17, 2014
The global financial system still needs further reform, possibly including curbs on banker pay, to ensure it operates safely and enjoys the public's trust, Bank of England Governor Mark Carney said on Monday. Read More »
A substantial portion of banks in the world's most advanced economies aren't healthy enough to support a global recovery, a problem that is shifting risks in the financial system to other types of lenders, according to a new report by the International Monetary Fund.
The IMF's Global Financial Stability Report released Wednesday said so-called shadow banks that operate outside the tightly regulated banking system are providing credit at a time when many banks aren't strong enough to do so. "This is shifting the locus of risks to shadow banks," IMF Financial Counsellor José Viñals said in remarks prepared for a press conference on the report Wednesday. "If left unaddressed, these risks could compromise global financial stability." Read More »
Federal Reserve Bank of New York President William Dudley pushed back on Thursday against criticism his bank's regulatory activities have fallen well short of the central bank's ideals.
"I completely stand behind the integrity and work of our supervision staff at the New York Fed. These people are completely dedicated to the goal of the safety and soundness of the financial system, and that's it. They are operating completely in the public interest," Mr. Dudley said.
"We are going to keep striving to improve, but I don't think anyone should question our motives or what we are trying to accomplish," he said. What's more, Mr. Dudley said "I don't think anyone will dispute the fact that the U.S. banking system is much more robust and resilient" than it was ahead of the financial crisis, in large part due to Fed efforts. Read More »
How risky are the biggest U.S. banks? That question is at the heart of a debate that has raged since the financial crisis, and it is central for policy makers deciding how big banks should be regulated. The Senate Banking Committee has called a hearing on the topic Wednesday.
Last month, the Federal Reserve released new data shedding some light on how to answer that question. The Fed is the main U.S. agency in charge of keeping the financial system stable, so the Journal looked deeper the numbers.
One takeaway: Larger banks tend to score higher on the metrics the Fed uses. Read More »
Federal Reserve Chairwoman Janet Yellen will deliver her semi-annual monetary policy report to the Senate Banking Committee next Tuesday, July 15, the panel announced Tuesday.
The hearing is scheduled to start at 10 a.m. She will present her report and then answer questions from committee members. Topics are likely to include economic growth, the labor market, and the Fed's policies on interest rates and financial regulation. Read More »
The Wall Street Journal's Daily Report on Global Central Banks for Thursday, June 26
Sign up for the newsletter: http://on.wsj.com/grandcentralsignup.
There's a lot that looks odd about the government's estimate that economic output contracted 2.9% during the first quarter. The weather was bad, but the economy has survived weather that seemed much more calamitous in the past. It grew through Hurricane Sandy in 2012 (barely) and Hurricane Katrina in 2005 (robustly). Read More »
Bad investment decisions, a lack of regulation, major shocks to the economy and historically low interest rates were primary causes of the 2008 financial crisis, according to a paper co-authored by David Brat that was presented at a conference in 2009.
Mr. Brat, the Virginia Republican who defeated House Majority Leader Eric Cantor (R., Va.) on Tuesday, is an economics professor at Randolph Macon College in Ashland, Va. As others have noted, much of his writings wed studies of market economics with Christianity and Protestant ethics.
But in a paper he wrote in the summer of 2008 with a colleague, Sydney Jones, Mr. Brat takes a stab at explaining what caused the financial crisis and what it might do to long-term economic growth. Read More »
The era of "benign neglect" of home prices booms is over, says the International Monetary Fund.
But if that's true, the premise could soon be put to the test. The IMF's global house price index shows that prices rose in 33 of 51 countries measured last year. Broad measures of housing affordability, which include comparing home prices to their long-run relationship with rents and incomes, show that home prices are moving "well above the historical averages" in several countries. Read More »
Two Capitol Hill Democrats want the Federal Reserve to more closely scrutinize major settlements with banks, arguing the central bank's board isn't devoting enough attention to such issues.
Sen. Elizabeth Warren (D., Mass.) and Rep. Elijah Cummings (D., Md.) on Tuesday sent a letter to the Fed's new chairwoman, Janet Yellen, requesting that the new central bank chief revise its rules for approving enforcement actions. Read More »
Top Federal Reserve officials might spend more of their time working on regulatory matters under a Janet Yellen-led Fed.
Ms. Yellen, in testimony to Congress on Thursday, said it might be a good idea for top Fed officials to hold more closed-door meetings on regulatory matters. That's what happened when she served as a Fed governor in the 1990s.
Sen. Elizabeth Warren (D., Mass.) questioned Ms. Yellen on why Fed governors don't have regular meetings to discuss supervisory and regulatory issues like they do on monetary policy. Doing so would make it clear that both are important, Ms. Warren said.
"I absolutely believe that our supervisory capabilities are critical and they are just as important as monetary policy. And we need to take them just as seriously and devote just as much time and attention to them as we do to monetary policy," Ms. Yellen replied.
Ms. Yellen said one reason the Fed governors don't meet on regulatory matters more often as a group is that federal "sunshine" laws limit their ability to do so in closed meetings — as opposed to open meetings that the public can attend. As a result, Ms. Yellen said, such matters are typically handled by individual or small groups of governors meeting with staff. Read More »
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Populated Place in Tuscaloosa County, Alabama, USA.
Latitude: 33.26028 : Longitude: -87.08 : Elevation: 460 ft
Blogs and Websites Near Tannehill, Alabama - GeoURL
Tannehill Map - Multimap
Tannehill Street Map and Satellite Photo - Google Maps
Tannehill Aerial Photo and Topo Map - Terraserver
Tannehill Map - MSN
Environmental Hazards, Flood Area Maps, Boundaries - EPA
Tannehill Area Map - MapQuest
Tannehill AL Weather Forecast - National Weather Service
Weather Forecast near Tannehill - Multimap
The weather forecast links don't work for all places yet.
Some random places: Eis G-2454 Dam Pik Dunes Odiak Channel Ennerdale Nopone Lookout Tower


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Logan McMillin Coffey was born 25 Oct 1809, probably in Adair Co., KY. His parents were James Coffey and Betsey Coffey. James was the son of Joel Coffey and Martha Stepp and Betsey was the daughter of Nathan Coffey and Mary Saunders.
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110 S Orange Avenue,
Livingston, NJ, 07039-0203
Livingston, NJ, 07039-0203
Tel: (973)597-1115
The Joseph Kushner Hebrew Academy is a Modern Orthodox Yeshiva Day School which offers a superior academic and religious program.
The Academy is dedicated to developmental education and religious growth, for boys and girls in our Lower School Division Pre-Kindergarten through fifth grade and in our Middle School Division sixth, seventh and eighth grades.
As Jewish youngsters, our children should be familiar with their roots.
They should know who they are.
They should take pride in the role thrust upon them as descendants of a historic Torah People.
The Joseph Kushner Hebrew Academy seeks to instill in its students a love and commitment for the Torah of Israel, the People of Israel and the Land of Israel.
School Overview
|School Type
|School with Special Program Emphasis
|School Membership(s)School Assoc.
|National Society of Hebrew Day Schools (NSHDS)
|Religious Affiliation
|Grades Offered
|Grades Prekindergarten - 8
|Blue Ribbon School - Selected in 2010
Student Body
|Total Students
|547 students
|Student Body Type
|Students by Grade
Academics and Faculty
|Total Classroom Teachers
|49 teachers
|Student : Teacher Ratio
National avg.: 13:1
Nearby Schools:
All Schools | High Schools | Elementary Schools | Preschools | Public Schools
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- School Location Miles Students Grades
LivingstonNewark Academy
91 South Orange Avenue
Livingston, NJ, 07039
(973)992-70000.1 mi | 580 students | Gr. 6-12
LivingstonSinai Schools Maor
110 S Orange Ave
Livingston, NJ, 07039
(201)833-1134Special Education School (Jewish)0.2 mi | n/a students | Gr. UG
LivingstonHorizon School
51 Old Road
Livingston, NJ, 07039
(973)740-2353Special Education School1.5 mi | 93 students | Gr. PK-8
Florham ParkHoly Family Elementary School
17 Lloyd Ave
Florham Park, NJ, 07932
(973)377-4181(Roman Catholic)1.8 mi | 94 students | Gr. PK-8
Florham ParkMagic Kingdom Day Nursery
88 Brooklake Rd
Florham Park, NJ, 07932
(973)966-9762Daycare / Preschool (Roman Catholic)1.8 mi | 15 students | Gr. PK-KG
School Reviews
Area Statistics
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Updated October 26, 2014
What do you do when you are dissatisfied with your local public schools? Homeschool your children? Send them to private school? Let's look at your options.
Your religion matters to you. You want your child to attend a school which will combine academics and religious education. Here is an overview of what is available together with some links to denominational web sites.
Add things up and you'll quickly find the answer- math is crucial both in academics and the real world. By following these strategies and following personal training programs, students can uncover their weaknesses and conquer math.
More ArticlesWhy Private School, Paying For It, Choosing a Private School, Pre-elementary, Opinion


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When someone has a mustache, they are then part of the mustache brigade.
-Hey, i forgot to shave today.
-Well look who just joined the mustache brigade.
-Well look who just joined the mustache brigade.
by bitch basket fagola November 06, 2010
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TOPSoccer kicks off season
Date: September 9, 2009
by: The Observer Staff
Registration for Braden River Soccer Club's fourth season of TOPSoccer will be from 10 a.m. to noon, Sept. 12, at Lakewood Ranch Park behind Lakewood Ranch High School, 5500 Lakewood Ranch Blvd.
TOPSoccer is the area's only youth soccer program for developmentally and physically disabled children ages 4-19.
The program does not charge any registration fees but is still looking for funding for the current season. Anyone interested in supporting the TOPSoccer program should contact Dave Robinson at 358-0497.
For more information, visit www.bradenriversoccer.org.
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- Nov
26 One Touch Art and Bedding
8:00 am - 6:00 pm
- Nov
26 Thanksgiving Eve Service-Traditional Service
7:00 pm - 6:00 am
- Dec
3 Advent Study
7:00 pm - 8:30 pm
- Dec
6 17th Annual Jingle & Jog Road Race and 1 Mile Fun Walk
8:00 am
PHOTO GALLERY: Ponies Under the Palms
Shelby, Mustang and enthusiasts of other Ford-made vehicles gathered Nov. 23 for the 23rd annual Ponies Under the Palms event on Lakewood Ranch Main Street.
PHOTO GALLERY: Mixon Harvest Festival
Families enjoyed a breezy afternoon of fried food, circus-style entertainment, crafts, games and a car show at Mixon Harvest Festival, Nov. 23, at Mixon Fruit Farms.
PHOTO GALLERY: Harvest Hustle
More than 600 runners participated in the 16th annual Harvest Hustle 5K today.


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We found 21 FIAT service shops and mechanics in League City.
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Originally published December 28, 2012 at 7:04 PM | Page modified December 29, 2012 at 8:31 AM
Notable environmental achievements in 2012
As 2012 draws to a close, let's review a few notable environmental developments in the past year.
Special to The Seattle Times
Ecoconsumer moving
Look for Tom Watson's column in the Sunday NWHome section beginning Jan. 12.
Our natural environment never stops changing.
The same is true for environmental issues affecting consumers. They constantly evolve, for better or worse. As 2012 draws to a close, let's review a few notable environmental developments in the past year.
• Bagging the bags. One of the most visible "green" changes in Seattle in 2012 involved something that went away. As of July 1, the city of Seattle banned all Seattle retail stores from providing customers with single-use plastic-shopping bags.
Although a few residents and stores complained initially, it appears Seattle residents have mostly taken the bag ban in stride. Plastic-bag bans have also been adopted in Edmonds, Mukilteo, Bellingham, Bainbridge Island, Issaquah, Port Townsend and Portland.
• Climate-change train rolling again. Public concern about global warming has ebbed and flowed in recent years, but was on the rise again locally in late 2012. This may partly be due to concerns over extreme weather such as "Superstorm Sandy" on the East Coast.
In early November, climate-change activist Bill McKibben kicked off his national "Do the Math" tour in Seattle before an enthusiastic crowd of nearly 2,000 at Benaroya Hall. In mid-December, about 2,300 people packed a Seattle hearing about plans to export coal through Northwest ports.
• Medication frustration. Leftover drugs should not be flushed or put in the garbage. Although a few collection locations are currently available (find them at www.takebackyourmeds.org), many local governments and law-enforcement agencies would like to find stable funding for collection of unused medications, for proper disposal.
A bill in the Washington Legislature requiring drug companies to provide a take-back system was defeated last spring for the fifth time, after intense drug-industry lobbying. In the San Francisco Bay Area, Alameda County officials approved an ordinance in July requiring drug companies to fund and provide take-back locations. The drug industry has filed a lawsuit to stop that program.
Locally, the King County Board of Health is exploring options for expanding collection of unused and expired medicines.
• In transit. King County Metro Transit switched gears with major service changes this year, eliminating the "ride-free area" in downtown Seattle and expanding its "RapidRide" bus service. RapidRide bus lines are designed to provide more frequent trips and faster boarding.
Seattle light-rail construction continued, as the system expands from downtown to Capitol Hill and the University of Washington. Rails were laid for a new streetcar line linking Pioneer Square and Capitol Hill via First Hill. As a complement to mass transit, a public-private partnership called Puget Sound Bike Share took significant steps toward setting up a regional bike-sharing program.
• Lighting the way. Nationally, new energy-conservation regulations restricted the manufacture and sale of 100-watt light bulbs beginning last January. Additional lighting-efficiency standards will be phased in over the next two years.
Here in Washington, Department of Ecology officials finalized plans for the state's new product-stewardship law requiring the lighting industry to fund the collection, recycling and disposal of mercury-containing lights, beginning in 2013.
This law should greatly increase consumer-recycling options for compact fluorescent-light bulbs, which contain a small amount of mercury and should not be thrown in the garbage.
• Green gatherings. For the first time in five years, a Green Festival was not held in Seattle in 2012. The largest eco-tastic public gathering in the region is now the annual Mother Earth News Fair, which will be held again June 1-2, 2013, at the Puyallup Fairgrounds.
• Reaching out. This was a banner year for environmental-public outreach to area residents speaking languages other than English. Several Spanish-language efforts were launched, including King County's "Recicla Más" (Recycle More) grass-roots and media campaign (kingcounty.gov/reciclamas). Eco-Lógica Magazine (ecologicamagazine.com), a Spanish/English magazine for the Northwest started in 2009, continued its groundbreaking environmental education efforts.
Thanks to everyone for all you do to make our region more sustainable, and happy green new year!
Tom Watson is project manager for
King County's Recycling and Environmental Services. Reach him at email@example.com, 206-296-4481 or www.KCecoconsumer.com.
On Twitter: @ecoconsumer
Trending with Readers
On seattletimes.comMore Trending
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- SF hotel developer plans 50-story project on Fifth Avenue


text:
Dr. Glenn Weiner specializes in rheumatology in Elk Grove Village, Illinois.
Dr. Glenn Weiner has been compared 168 times. Details of Dr. Weiner's 40 years experience as an DO, his hospital affiliation and education at Midwestern University are available on your free doctor report.
Primary Location for Dr. Weiner
80 Biesterfield Rd
Suite 4003
Elk Grove Village, IL 60007
Ratings and Reviews for Dr. Glenn Weiner
Board Certification, Specialty and Expertise
Dr. Glenn Weiner has been identified as specializing in Rheumatology.
Hospital Affiliation
A hospital affiliation covers any doctor who has an affiliation, association or admitting privilege with a hospital. A doctor's particular affiliation to a specific hospital can translate to the overall quality of that provider.
Dr. Weiner is affiliated with 1 hospital:
450 W IL Route 22
Barrington, IL 60010
Dr. Weiner attended medical school at Midwestern University Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine and graduated in 1974 having 40 years experience.
While there is no proven correlation between the quality of one's educational institution and the quality of one's professional competence, it is often an indicator. Medical schools have various levels of selectivity (some are harder to get into than others), and both the quality of their clinical training and level of research are measured. Additional medical training in both residency and fellowships and the facilities they are conducted at also provide a history of the doctors' level of training and experience.
Patients may also know Dr. Glenn Weiner DO as:
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El Gaucho offering $50-$150 off to drive dinner business
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- Glenn Drosendahl
- Contributing Writer- Puget Sound Business Journal
- Email | Twitter
To sell more dinners during their slow time of year, El Gaucho restaurants unveiled an unusual deal this week.
For a group of two to three guests buying at least two entrees, El Gaucho will take $50 off the bill. For four to five guests ordering at least four entrees, it's $100 off. For six or more guests and at least six entrees, it's $150 off.
This "Celebrate Life" offer is part of a series of eight-to-nine-day test campaigns "to see what people respond to," owner Chad Mackay said.
It's not that he's hurting. As president and COO of Mackay Restaurants, he has El Gaucho steakhouses in in Seattle, Bellevue, Portland and Tacoma, plus a seafood restaurant, Aqua by El Gaucho at Seattle's Pier 70. They are high-end restaurants that tend to draw corporate types entertaining business clients or locals celebrating big events with a splurge meal.
The average tab is $100 per person, the average size of a group about four.
It's just that El Gauchos do better when it isn't summer. And, as Mackay put it, "We like to do some things to drive business, outside of hoping."
Part of that was starting a loyalty program, something that works well for Daniel's Broiler steakhouses, a local group owned by Schwartz Brothers Restaurants.
El Gaucho's Gridiron Society offers benefits to the group's top 500 customers. Coming soon will be a similar but lower level program called the Revelers' Club.
Unlike the situation with many restaurants in the current tough economy, happy hour deals are only a small part of the El Gaucho picture.
Happy hours vary at the four El Gauchos, tailored to when each could best use an energy boost. And those specially priced food and drink offerings are well received. A Seattle Weekly survey of downtown Seattle steakhouse happy hours said about El Gaucho's, "The best dinner-replacement happy hour in the city is also its most economical."
But happy hours account for less than 10 percent of El Gaucho's business, Mackay said. For his restaurants dinner is the thing, hence the discount being offered – except during happy hours -- until July 31.
In deciding the best ways to boost business, Mackay Restaurants studies responses to special offer e-mails sent to registered customers. That analysis revealed a major shift in how the messages were being received.
Of 18,000 e-mails sent, almost half were opened on smart phones, as opposed to desktop or laptop computers, Mackay said.
"That's shocking, a big change from the past," he said. "We're rejiggering our content so more of it can be sent on a mobile platform."
GLENN DROSENDAHL blogs about restaurants, chefs and food for the Puget Sound Business Journal. Email: email@example.com | Twitter: GDrose | Click here to sign up for the PSBJ Daily Update
Glenn Drosendahl blogs about restaurants, chefs and food for the Puget Sound Business Journal.
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The Continuity and Serialization of Voyager
View Single Post
October 28 2013, 05:05 PM
Location: A Mile High
Re: The Continuity and Serialization of Voyager
DigificWriter wrote:
I'm really glad I A) asked the question about watching TUC before Flashback and B) decided to act on the recommendations I got to go ahead and watch both. It was a lot of fun seeing the movie and then seeing a variation of its events play out immediately thereafter.
Guy Gardener wrote:
See if you can find the continuity errors.
The biggest difference between TUC and the Flashback recreations of parts of its events that I noticed is Janice Rand's rank, but I would personally classify the discrepancy as being a retcon rather than a continuity error.
Growing up, I was never that fond of the TOS crew despite having watched the first four movies, but things like Star Trek Vanguard and the two Abrams movies have since given me a new appreciation for them that I have to admit greatly enhanced my enjoyment of both TUC and Flashback.
As an aside, I'm now ready to watch The Chute, which means that I've made it to Season3 as its listed on Amazon Instant Video (Basics P2, Sacred Ground, False Profits, and Flashback are listed under Season 2, albeit in their S3 broadcast order).
Did you notice how Valtane dies in "Flashback" but is alive and well at the end of TUC?
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Young Money's Drake is reminding the world he is back on strong terms with perceived one-time nemesis Future by teasing fans with a remix to the Atlanta emcee's "Sh!t" record.
According to reports, Drizzy previewed the record during an Ohio concert this week.
Future's street smash, "Sh!t," is about to get even bigger, folks. During a DJ set at a club in Columbus, Ohio last night, Drake previewed his verse on an upcoming remix of Nayvadius' single. Always a winning combination, it's good to see these two have fully settled their differences after that little tour tiff back in October. Guess we can add this remix to the list of potential tracks we'll be blasting at ignorant levels when Aubrey releases that care package later this month. (Miss Info TV)
While Drizzy kept tight-lipped on the details, he did recently confirm unreleased tracks like "Trophies" and a "Wu-Tang Forever" remix could release before the New Year.
OVO stans remember the four-song warmup Drake released on his blog back in June, which included his "Jodeci Freestyle" collaboration with J. Cole, and guest features on PARTYNEXTDOOR's "Over Here" and Migos' "Versace." Drake says his new material will be rolled out in a similar fashion. "Not an EP, but maybe a blog thing like how I did 'Versace,' 'The Motion,' all those in one night," Drake says of his unreleased songs. "I'll probably do 'Trophies' and three or four other records." Aside from the Hit-Boy produced track that Drake has previewed during his Would You Like A Tour? dates, he intends to include the remix to "Wu-Tang Forever," which was first reported on VIBE.com back in September. "['Wu-Tang Forever (Remix)'] will probably come out with all that stuff–I hope," Drake adds. "It's on 40. He has all the verses." (VIBE)
Recent reports suggested Drizzy would bank on his Boi-1da-produced track "The Language" to be his next single.
Now that Nothing Was The Same is a huge success and the initial singles have performed well, Drake is ready for the next round of battle. To keep the momentum going, Drizzy and the team have picked the fan favorite 'The Language' as the next single from the LP which is set to impact radio on Tuesday, November 5th. The track was produced by Boi-1da, Vinylz and Allen Ritter, and features a stunt outro from Birdman. Also lookout for the 'Worst Behavior' music video which has already been shot. (HHNM)
The Toronto native recently revealed he had about five unreleased tracks which could pop up in the near future.
"I'm not a guy that does 40 songs for a project and picks 13 of them. If I'm gonna go as far as to track over a beat, I usually have the utmost faith in it that it'll end up somewhere," he explained. "I don't really dispose of too many songs. I have stuff that didn't make this album definitely, but I don't have 20 or 30 of them — I have four or five records that just didn't make it because I was trying to keep it concise and whatever I end up doing with those, I'll do with them." (CBC Radio)
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How to Do a Marble Manicure at Home
See What a Marble Manicure Looks Like
by OnSugar Blog 9 Reactions 89 Shares Print
I just saw this manicure yesterday tweeted from Modern Salon. I thought, "OK, sure, for clients," but this could also be one for the DIY'er. So I cleaned off my three-day-old salon pro manicure and pulled out my editorial nail kit. As recommended in the Modern Salon instructions, I chose three shades: Sally Hansen White Tip, Essie Splash of Grenadine, and OPI Lincoln Park After Dark.
To see pictures and find out how she did the rest of the manicure, just read more here. And if you've got your own cool manicure ideas, why not start an OnSugar blog yourself?
Beauty How To
carlychaos 4 years
I tried this and immediately removed it. It unfortunately was too messy so i got fed up haha.
BeHappy 4 years
awhile ago i was at Charlotte Russe and found 3 in one nail polish (a bottle with three layers - each a different color) it gives somewhat of the same look after application that this technique does, but i think i'll try it anyways...
Gabbbbbie 4 years
Hi I tried this before! I have an idea: 1.Get 2 shades (I personally like the candy cane shade) white and light pink. 2. Dip the polish in the middle every time you drop a shade in the water. 3. Put your finger nail where the pink and white are mostly striped. 4. Get a toothpick and remove the excess. 5. Dip out and wollah, a candy cane nail polish!
Andrea-Claire 4 years
Thanks for comments on my blog feature! Great to hear all the positive responses. FYI: I'm over 30 :) - I think colour choice would definitely come in to play for age, lifestyle and personality. For example, I stay clear of glittery frosty nail colours but love them on other people! BTW: I was asked if I thought marble toes are possible - for me no as I don't take yoga! :) Cheers, Andrea Claire hair & makeup artist www.andreaclaire.onsugar.com
emilyaline 4 years
i tried this...it worked and gave the right effect. however, i didn't like how it looked so barbie-ish so i took it off and repainted a solid color. it might have been my color choices (a violet and white) i think it's super for a younger girl, just not someone almost 30! :)
snarkypants 4 years
that is so rad!
snarkypants 4 years
that is so rad!
Pistil 4 years
Kind of a messy way to do your nails, but the results look awesome!
Marshmelly411 4 years
This looks really cool! I want to try it
Link Love
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text:
- Publisher: Microsoft Game Studios
- Release Date: Sep 22, 2009
- Summary: Halo 3: ODST returns players to familiar ground on a vital, top-secret mission. The gripping story, cooperative campaign and new multiplayer content will have Halo fans "Preparing to Drop." The new game brings the perspective of new characters to the Human-Covenant struggle, as it explores the ODST, or Orbital Drop Shock Troopers. Follow the story of the legendary ODSTs or Orbital Drop Shock Troopers as they drop into the ruined city of New Mombasa, looking for clues behind the Covenant's catastrophic attack on the city. A new hero: Prepare to drop. Known for their courage, valor and at times, insanity, Orbital Drop Shock Troopers are among the fiercest UNSC soldiers, priding themselves on being the first unit deployed into hostile situations. While not as large or supernaturally gifted as their Spartan comrades, these Hell Jumpers more than compensate with their ferocious attitudes and unwavering nerve. Multiplayer: All the traditional features of Halo 3 multiplayer will be included in the new game, including full-featured integration with the Forge map editor. [Microsoft]… Expand
- Developer: Bungie Software
- Genre(s): Sci-Fi
- # of players: 4 Online
- Cheats: On GameFAQs
- More Details and Credits »
Score distribution:
Positive: 80 out of 94
Mixed: 13 out of 94
Negative: 1 out of 94
Halo expands focusing on the smallest things, with new gameplay and the same excellence we are used to.
Even though you're not playing the boss man himself, Master Chief, the game does have some "wow" moments that is matched with the traditional sturdy Halo 3 gameplay.
Halo 3: ODST is a welcome addition to the world of Halo. With an engaging story, solid visuals, amazing sound, and addictive gameplay, it is much more then the expansion that it was originally supposed to be.
Despite initial concerns about the price tag, Halo 3: ODST offers up a surprising glut of content for your money. Bungie aren't making a concentrated effort to reinvent the formula they've so successfully championed, and for that reason they're likely to come across their fair share of detractors. Halo 3: ODST is never going to be considered game of the year, but Firefight in particular will likely be played for a long time to come.
Firefight mode, in particular, more than justifies the $60 price point, providing some of the best multi-player thrills of the generation. It might not win any Game of the Year awards, but Halo 3: ODST is a fine game in its own right, and the single-player campaign should hold over fans for Halo Reach releases at some point next year.
Ultimately Halo 3: ODST's campaign is a big disappointment while it introduces some great multiplayer features.
Score distribution:
Positive: 142 out of 239
Mixed: 44 out of 239
Negative: 53 out of 239
michaelkJan 8, 2010this is another fantastic game that just seems to be getting loads of negative feedback but it really is a fantastic shooter the story is great with a real sense of depth plus the secret story that you descover by downloading all the audio files really adds a sense of depth. firefight is awesome fun with the only real setback being that its friends only i'd really of liked it to be open to everyone but i'm lucky to have friends to play with and if none of them are about i have the classic halo 3 multi player plus every dlc map to play on against one of the largest communities of players thats still going strong even after 3 years as one of the most played games online i really honestly dont understand all the negativity ?????? this game is awesome on every level… Expand
BlueEngSep 22, 2009Story was Awesome! Best in the Halo series so far. Started playing Firefight and can't quit, brilliant fun!
BlaineHOct 10, 2009Who does and who doesn't like this game is totally dependent on if you owned halo 3 previously. I give it a good rating because I did not own it before hand. As for the graphics the designers managed to tweak the color pallet to make ODST really shine. The soundtrack is amazing and the voice acting is very impressive. The campaign may be short but the way the story is told is really creative. My only disappointment with the game is the ending. But the real action is at Firefight. It may not be the most original idea but it's a lot of fun. I prefer it a little more to horde just because the combat and gameplay is a little more open. But that's my opinion. It's a great game and anyone considering getting should defiantly snag a copy.… Expand
TimothyB.Sep 22, 2009Bungie are getting lazy and releasing games to ride on the success of halo 3. - but still?, it's a halo:ODST! , so it's awesome.
Jul 24, 2011This is the worst Halo game in the series yet. To me most of the things are recycled content, and that's probably because the guys at Bungie are to lazy to add new content. The multiplayer is totally recycled, and that pissed me off. The campaign is not that good also, and I was especially much more pissed when a glitch in the game made me start all over again. The only good thing in this game, i would say, is the firefight mode. Besides that, not really a game worth getting.… Expand
BobbyD.Sep 27, 2009And the vs multiplayer is where? Firefight.. that's it? Are you kidding me?!! I've already go Halo 3 and previously payed for the maps thanks! Imagine if the new COD MW just gave you the COD 4 maps on a separate disk. You'd feel justifiably ripped off.… Expand
JayC.Sep 22, 2009I pretty much paid $60 for a worthless expansion for the multiplayer maps... waste of my time Just another Halo from desperate Micro$oft.
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