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A user interface to a network simulator facilitates the use of application layer parameters and application layer logic. The user interface is configured to allow the user to define the input in a graphic form, or a text/programming form, or a combination of both. Preferably, the user interface provides common graphic forms for both inputting the data to the simulator as well as for displaying the resultant data from the simulator, thereby easing the progression from the analysis of output from one simulation to the generation of new input for a subsequent simulation.
1. A method comprising:
simulating, on a simulation machine, a propagation of a plurality of messages corresponding to an application among nodes of a modeled network,
providing a graphic representation of the propagation of the plurality of messages,
providing a user interface to the graphic representation to facilitate receiving user-defined message operations, each message operation defining a source and a destination for one or more created messages,
receiving one or more of the user-defined message operations, and
resimulating, on the simulation machine, the propagation of the plurality of messages based on the one or more user-defined message operations,
wherein at least one of the user-defined message operations causes the simulation machine to generate a plurality of packets for propagation from the source to the destination during the resimulation.
2. The method of
determining an analytic steady-state condition of the network,
performing a discrete-event simulation of the network,
performing a mix of discrete-event simulation and analytic determination,
generating test messages on an embodiment of some or all of the modeled network.
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10. A system comprising:
a user interface that is configured to facilitate a user's creation of a plurality of messages corresponding to an application via a graphic representation of propagation of the messages among tiers of a network,
an input processor that is configured to process the plurality of messages to provide a model of traffic associated with the application, and
a network simulator that is configured to simulate propagation of packets on a modeled network, based on the model of the traffic associated with the application;
wherein the user interface is configured to receive user input to facilitate the creation and manipulation of elements of the graphic representation, and
the model of the traffic causes the network simulator to generate a plurality of the packets corresponding to at least one message of the plurality of messages.
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22. A non-transitory computer-readable medium that is configured to store a computer program that, when executed on a processing system, is configured to cause the processing system to:
provide a user interface that facilitates a user's creation and manipulation of elements of a graphic representation of a propagation of a plurality of messages associated with an application,
process the graphic representation to create a model of traffic associated with the application, and
simulate a propagation of packets on a modeled network, based on the model of the traffic associated with the application,
wherein the model of the traffic causes the processor to simulate the propagation of a plurality of the packets corresponding to at least one message of the plurality of messages.
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This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application 60/654,073 filed 18 Feb. 2005.
This application relates to the field of network analysis, and in particular to a user interface to a network simulation system that facilitates an interactive analysis of the expected performance of an application when deployed on a network.
Network simulators are commonly used to determine the expected performance of a network under a variety of simulated conditions. The interconnection of elements forming a network is modeled, and hypothetical traffic patterns are provided to the model to determine and/or estimate how the modeled network will perform under these traffic conditions. Alternative interconnections and/or configurations of the elements can also be modeled, to perform a �what-if?� analysis, or to diagnose real or assumed problems in the network.
Generally, networks are modeled down at the transport protocol layer, wherein the simulation models the transport of discrete packets among nodes in the network. Traffic approximating the expected traffic in the actual network is simulated and the nodes in the modeled network simulate the processing and propagation of this traffic through the network. Based on this simulation of packet flow, the network performance measures for the nodes and links of the network can be estimated, such as propagation and queuing delays, drop rates, retransmission rates, and so on, In this manner, for example, bottlenecks in network can be identified, and changes to the network simulated to determine whether such bottlenecks are relieved by the changes.
As used herein, the term �simulation� is used to mean any of a variety of tools available to estimate the performance of a network based on a model of the network and a model of the traffic being passed over the network. Such simulation tools may range from discrete event simulators that model each transmission of packets from nodes, and the subsequent propagation of resultant packets from these and other nodes in the network, to analytic simulators, such as systems that use queuing theory models to determine the overall steady state condition of the network based on analytic models of the network and each node, or simpler models that determine delays based on such factors as available bandwidth, message size, distance between nodes, and so on. Additionally, the actual network may be used to simulate the performance of an application by actually generating messages and packets based on a model of the traffic that an application is expected to generate in use, and collecting performance statistics based on these generated test messages and packets.
Simulation is commonly used to determine how well the network performs when running a variety of select applications, to verify the network's suitability for running these applications, as well as identifying any potential problems with running each application in this network environment. Typically, an application of interest is simulated with traffic from other applications, under a variety of network loading conditions.
Depending upon the capabilities of the simulator, the resultant output can take on a variety of forms. The transmission of packets between nodes of the network can be displayed on traditional timing diagrams, accumulated time between the transmission of a message from a source node to its arrival at its destination node may be represented using a GANTT chart, packets exchanged among tiers of a network may be represented using �bounce diagrams�, and so on.
Typically, a user creates the model of the network, defines the traffic patterns that are to be initiated at a variety of nodes at given times, as well as optionally specifying nondescript background traffic loading of the channels of the network, starts the simulation, and views the results, using, as noted above, any of a variety of output formats to facilitate analysis. To perform a different simulation, for example, to perform different �what-if?� analyses, the user modifies the input data to the simulator, re-starts the simulator, and views the new results.
Traditionally, the typical user of a network simulation tool is a person who designs or manages a network, and is interested in determining how and where to change the network to better handle the needs of the users of the network. As networking has become more and more a part of most computer applications, however, the community of network simulation users has grown to include application developers who are interested in determining how and where to change their applications to better handle the needs of the users of their applications. That is, in today's environment, in addition to addressing the �internal� performance issues inherent to the execution of an application, the application developer must also address the �external� performance issues inherent to running the application in a networking environment.
As noted above, most network simulation tools operate at the transport protocol layer, and as such, the traffic patterns that are to be initiated at the various nodes are conventionally defined in terms of packets that are to be generated at each of the nodes. The application developer, on the other hand, deals with the operation of the application at the application protocol layer, and the creation and/or modification of the transport protocol input data to drive a conventional network simulator can be a daunting, and often seemingly impossible task. For example, at the application protocol layer, an application developer may define a task in terms of a client that requests records from a database after completing an authentication exchange. At the network simulation level, on the other hand, the input to the simulator is a set of packets that are to be sent from the client to an authentication server, packets sent from the authentication server to the client, a subsequent set of packets that are to be sent from the client to an application server, packets to be sent from the application server to a database server, and so on.
Due to the dynamic nature of application, it is an objective of this invention to ease the task of creating and/or modifying the input data to a network simulator, and particularly the messages that are to be initiated at the nodes. It is a further objective of this invention to facilitate the creation and/or modification of the input to a network simulator from an application layer perspective. It is a further objective of this invention to integrate the viewing of results from one simulation with the creation and/or modification of input for a subsequent simulation.
These objectives, and others, are achieved by providing a user interface to a network simulator that facilitates the use of application layer parameters and application layer logic. The user interface is configured to allow the user to define the input in a graphic form, or a text/programming form, or a combination of both. Preferably, the user interface provides common graphic forms for both inputting the data to the simulator as well as for displaying the resultant data from the simulator, thereby easing the progression from the analysis of output from one simulation to the generation of new input for a subsequent simulation.
The invention is explained in further detail, and by way of example, with reference to the accompanying drawings wherein:
Throughout the drawings, the same reference numerals indicate similar or corresponding features or functions. The drawings are included for illustrative purposes and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention.
In the following description, for purposes of explanation rather than limitation, specific details are set forth such as the particular architecture, interfaces, techniques, etc., in order to provide a thorough understanding of the concepts of the invention. However, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that the present invention may be practiced in other embodiments, which depart from these specific details. In like manner, the text of this description is directed to the example embodiments as illustrated in the Figures, and is not intended to limit the claimed invention beyond the limits expressly included in the claims. For purposes of simplicity and clarity, detailed descriptions of well-known devices, circuits, and methods are omitted so as not to obscure the description of the present invention with unnecessary detail.
The present invention enables a user to design and edit an application's behavior in a graphic environment. The user can import and edit existing application files, or create new files entirely from scratch. The user can further write and insert logic scripts into the application file to model complex application-layer logic and behavior. After modeling an application, its performance can be predicted using one or more simulations, including discrete event, analytic, or other simulations.
Data Exchange Chart
The example data exchange chart illustrated in
The data exchange chart is useful for seeing the flow of messages across time. Messages and message groups can also be created here. The data exchange chart preferably uses colored arrows to represent application messages, and uses the color to indicate the amount of application-layer data in each message, or other attributes of the message. If messages are clustered too closely in time to be represented by individual arrows, the chart uses a solid bar (resembling those of a histogram) to represent the cluster of messages. A legend is preferably provided to show the color scheme used for visualizing the relative amount of tier processing delay and/or user think-time delay between two subsequent messages, the amount of application-layer data found in individual messages (for arrows), the relative amount of application data found in the messages of messages bands and message groups, and so on. It should be understood that in other embodiments, color could be used to represent a nearly limitless number of statistics.
Creating a new tier is a relatively simple task. For example, the user can simply select an �insert tier� menu option and input an identifier into the resultant dialog box. Tiers can further be repositioned in the data exchange chart using well-know drag and drop operations. Other example tier operations include renaming and deleting.
Whenever two tiers exchange data, they can be collectively referred to as a tier pair. Furthermore, every tier pair comprises at least one connection. Users can create additional connections to model an application where two tiers exchange data using multiple connections. As an example, connections can be created from an �insert connection� option in a pull-down menu. The connection used by one or more messages can easily be modified by editing a �connection� message attribute of the message using a message editor, discussed further below. One connection of every tier pair is preferably designated as a default connection, so that when a new message is created, the �connection� attribute for that message is set to the default connection. The default connection can further be changed by the user as desired.
In a preferred embodiment, multiple ways of inserting messages between tier pairs are provided. One option is to use a mouse or other pointing device. In such an embodiment, the user begins by clicking within the data exchange chart and then selecting an �insert message� option from a pull-down menu. Next, the user moves the mouse pointer near a source tier for the message and clicks at a location representative of a desired start time. Lastly, the user moves the mouse pointer near the destination tier and clicks again. The tail of the message arrow is subsequently placed at the approximate location indicated by the cursor on the source tier line, and the head of the message arrow is placed on the destination tier line at an offset time from the tail of the message arrow. The offset time is a default time that is assigned by the system based on whatever information it may have regarding the source and destination nodes, such as an average propagation time between the tiers, given the size of the message.
A second option for inserting messages utilizes both the mouse and the keyboard and is referred to as �rapid message creation�. The user begins by reviewing a rapid message creation submenu to identify the keyboard shortcuts that correspond to each tier in the data exchange chart. In a preferred embodiment, the keyboard shortcuts are assigned to Ctrl+<a number [0-9], wherein each tier is assigned a number>. To create a message, the user first clicks on a location in the data exchange chart representative of the start time of the message. Next, the user inputs the keyboard shortcut for the desired source tier. Finally, the user inputs the keyboard shortcut for the desired destination tier. The user can then continue to add messages in an efficient manner by simply entering the appropriate keyboard shortcuts.
When viewing or editing messages in the data exchange chart, the user can �lock out� irrelevant messages. Locked messages appear dimmed in the data exchange chart window, and cannot be selected or edited. This means that only messages in the connection, tier, or subtask of interest will appear in the message editor. Users can lock and unlock messages based on tier pair, subtask, and connection using operations in the preferred �Unlock� submenus.
Message Groups
Message groups are useful for modeling a well-defined series of requests and responses (for example, a series of chatty database requests). An �Insert Message Group� operation can preferably be used to create a group of sequential messages between two tiers. The attributes of a message group can be edited just as messages are edited via the message editor. A message group preferably appears as a solid bar in the data exchange chart; each group is split diagonally to show the average application payload per message in each direction (as specified, for example, in a legend associated with the data exchange chart page). For convenience, message groups model individual messages based on one or more of the following assumptions:
As the user adds messages to the data exchange chart, the system preferably automatically establishes the appropriate dependencies; however, the user is provided options for changing these dependencies. Changing the parent dependency of a message has two important effects: 1) since the new parent dependency will occur either earlier or later than the original dependency, the start time of the edited message and of all the messages that depend on that message will also occur earlier or later; and 2) changing the parent dependency of a message can affect the overall behavior of the application because the chain of parent/child message dependencies has changed as a result. In the preferred embodiment, a user can easily change a dependency using one of three methods: 1) by editing the corresponding message's attributes; 2) by dragging the dependency to a new parent in the data exchange chart; or 3) by right-clicking on the dependency connector and selecting a �Change Parent Dependency� option from the pop-up menu.
Message Editor
To this point, several references have been made to message attributes. The attributes of one or more selected messages can be viewed in the message editor, which is a window that is preferably displayed as part of the primary notebook page, but separated from the main view by a splitter. Each notebook page, i.e. the data exchange chart, the tier-pair circle, and the tree view, preferably maintain a separate message editor that changes with the selection of the corresponding tab.
The main purpose of the message editor is to provide a tabular interface for editing the attributes of messages in the data exchange chart. For example, instead of prompting the user for application delay/message size parameters for each newly added message, users are able to quickly add messages with reasonable defaults and then edit specific values after the fact. The list of messages in the message editor reflects the current selection set in the view in the upper portion of the tabbed notebook page.
The message editor preferably displays the following attributes for each message:
TierPair Circle
The tier-pair circle is an alternate view for helping the user to design and edit an application's behavior. The tier-pair circle is useful for visualizing all tier-pair conversations in the application task, and to see which tiers are conversing and not conversing. The tier-pair circle presents the user with a graphical representation of static values between tier pairs. In addition to seeing a high-level overview of the application definition, users can effect the arrangement of the data exchange chart by selecting items in the circle view.
The circle view preferably comprises a tier listing, a center domain, a right-hand legend, a �show statistic� dropdown, and a statistic description text field. The tier listing is flat collection of tree nodes (no hierarchy) where each tree node represents a tier in the application definition. Each tree node has an icon next to the tier name. The center domain can be shown in either �circle� or �layout� mode and the positions of the domain elements can be automatically readjusted by running the �layout� algorithm.
The right-hand legend of this view contains a dynamic legend of the different color buckets used in the center domain. The buckets are calculated based on the range of values present for the current statistic. The statistic description text field displays a short description of the currently selected statistic.
By default, selecting items in the circle view affects the tier order in the data exchange chart. For example, selecting a relation brings the two tiers involved to the top of the corresponding data exchange chart. Selecting a tier pops that tier to the top. Preferably, there is also an option to turn this behavior off.
Tree View
A third application modeling view is the tree view. The tree view page is useful for visualizing and editing the way messages are organized by tier-pair, connection, or subtask. The tree view tab consists of a three-pane Gantt chart. This Gantt chart is intended to provide a high-level overview of the current application definition. The left-most pane is a tree that contains a hierarchical ordering of the elements in the application definition. Users can group the hierarchy in various ways by changing the �View by� dropdown list. Messages can be arranged in the treeview pane by tier pairs/connections or by subtasks.
The center pane of the Gantt chart consists of a table, where each column heading is a separate statistic and the row heading refers to the element in the hierarchy in the left-most pane. The statistics in the Gantt chart table change depending on the �view by� preference. Users can select the packet(s) of interest in the Gantt chart and modify their properties in the message editor.
The third pane of the Gantt chart is a visual representation of what the particular tree element looks like if it were to appear in the data exchange chart. The chart uses a solid bar (resembling those of a histogram) to represent clusters of messages. It utilizes the same coloring scheme as the data exchange chart. Different colors aid in visualizing the relative amount of tier processing delay and user think-time delay between two subsequent messages, the amount of application-layer data found in individual messages (for arrows), and the relative amount of application data found in the messages of messages bands and message groups.
The illustrated messages 111-129 may have been extracted from a simulation of a network that includes a plurality of nodes, in addition to the nodes corresponding to the client 110 a, application server 110 b, and database server 110 d. As taught in the above referenced copending application, the preferred simulator is configured to allow a user to identify target applications, and each communicated packet that includes at least a portion of the messages associated with a target application is tagged for application-level reporting and analysis. That is, each packet that relates to a given application can be extracted from among the myriad assortment of packets that are simulated. Additionally, the flow of packets corresponding to an application is tracked, by noting the dependency of each message on prior messages. Every message in an application task (except the first message) depends on the arrival of a previous message. The first message is called the parent dependency of the second. Dependencies are illustrated in
In the figures, the size of each message is indicated by the width of the arrow representing the message; preferably, as discussed above, color may alternatively be used to distinguish message sizes. The time required to effect the transfer of the message from tier to tier is indicated by starting the message arrow at the time that the message was ready for transmission from the source tier and ending the arrow at the message time that the last bit of the message is projected to be received at the destination tier. This time is typically termed the link traversal time, and includes a number of components:
Latency or Propagation time: the shortest time required for a bit of the message to travel from the source to the destination, generally determined by the distance between the source and destination, and the speed of light/electromagnetic propagation.
Bandwidth or Transit time: the shortest time required to transmit all of the bits of the message, generally determined by the bandwidth of the channel and the number of bits in the message.
Congestion or Link Protocol time: the time required to gain access to the channel to effect the transmission, generally determined by the difference between the time that the message was ready for transmission and the time that it was actually transmitted, including retransmissions.
Note that the latency and bandwidth times can be determined based on the distance between the nodes and the number of bits that are to be transmitted, but the congestion delay time is generally determined by simulation or other estimation techniques based on network loading and other factors.
As discussed above, the user can modify the attributes of the newly added sequence (or any other message or sequence) to better reflect the expected message flow. In this example, the tier processing time for message 131 is increased as evidenced by the larger gap between messages 131 and 133. Additionally, the size (bytes) of authentication message 133 is increased from the default value, resulting in a thicker line, and a longer link traversal time (reduced slope).
As noted above, the determination of the link traversal time includes deterministic factors, such as the bandwidth and latency related delays, as well as stochastic factors such as congestion delay, which are generally estimated based on statistical modeling or simulation. Preferably, the user provides information such as the message size, and, if a previously unknown tier is added, the location of the tier or an estimate of the distance to that tier. Other factors, such as the tier processing time, are preferably obtained from the models of the nodes used in the simulation tool, or user-determined estimates can be manually entered.
In a preferred embodiment, the link traversal is initially determined based on the deterministic factors, and subsequently re-determined based on simulations that provide varying degrees of precision. For example, an analytic simulation can be performed to provide a more detailed assessment of the timing characteristics of the application as run on the modeled system, optionally followed by a mixed-mode simulation, and then by a discrete-event simulation, as more detailed assessments are required. As the simulations are performed, the data exchange chart is correspondingly updated to reflect the changes in timing characteristics.
As detailed above, in a preferred embodiment, a user interface 240 allows a user to interact with the variety of display formats to modify the traffic patterns or parameters corresponding to the application of interest, the data exchange chart typically being the form that is most convenient for adding message sequences and the like. After creating or modifying the traffic patterns or parameters, the input processor 250 provides the modified information to the one or more simulators 210 for simulation and subsequent analysis, as discussed above.
As an alternative to modifying an existing exchange of messages, one of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that the user interface 240 and logic scripts 260 may be used to create a sequence of message exchanges of an application completely from scratch, to initiate an iterative development and analysis process.
In addition to providing a graphic interface to define message exchanges, or to modify timing parameters and traffic characteristics, a preferred embodiment of this invention allows a user to define one or more �logic scripts� 260 corresponding to select operations. These logic scripts are preferably written is a general purpose programming language, so that any of a variety of operations may be defined to be performed. In a preferred embodiment, the �Python� programming language is used, and a library of functions are predefined to facilitate the use of this language for describing application level functions for execution on a network simulator. This library includes, for example, functions for generating sequences of messages, based on user-defined parameters; launching sub-tasks, including conditional launches based on results of prior tasks; defining delays, including within-task delays, such as processing delays, as well as user �think time� delays; conditional branching and looping; and so on. A variety of additional scripting features are described below.
Variables, Helper Functions, and Header Blocks
When a user declares a variable within a logic script, the variable is local to that script. Global variables can also be defined, which are available to all scripts. Another scripting feature includes helper functions, which can be defined in a special function block. Functions declared in this block can then be called by any logic script. Lastly, a header block can be used to import Python libraries and to specify global definitions.
A parameter describes a task property. Parameters make a task configurable, because they can be set by a user before simulation. In a task-chaining scenario, a parent task can also set parameters for a child task before running it. To declare new parameters, a user can preferably choose a �declare parameters� option from a pull-down menu. The user can then specify a parameter name, type, default value, and description in a resultant dialog box. Unlike variables or external attributes, parameters cannot be changed after a task starts running. A variety of options for setting a parameter before the task runs, including the following:
1) Set the default value�Every parameter has a default value. The value for each parameter can be specified manually in the declare parameters dialog box.
2) Discrete event simulations�there preferably exists a task definition configuration object that lists the application parameters of the underlying task. A parameters attribute contained within this object can be manually edited.
3) Launching a child task�An invoke_child_task( ) method includes a task_params argument, so a parent task can set application parameters in a child task before launching it.
Task Chaining
The invoke_child_task( ) method mentioned immediately above can be used to create a �task chain� in which a parent task calls one or more child tasks. Task chaining is useful for modeling applications that span multiple tiers and consist of multiple tasks.
Consider a task chaining example comprising two tiers, client and web_services. A parent task has an application parameter called request_type. Depending on the value of this parameter, the logic script at the web_services tier calls either of two child tasks. The result is a dynamic web-services task with three tiers, in which the parent task models the client-side traffic and the child task models the back-end traffic.
The user can further specify that a child task be launched in blocking or non-blocking mode. When a parent launches a child in blocking mode, execution of the parent task is blocked until the child task finishes. When a parent launches a child in non-blocking mode, the parent resumes execution after launching the child and the two tasks run at the same time. The end of a child task, however, can be difficult to determine in advance. To identify the end of a child task to its parent task, a final response message is preferably implemented. This is a designated message created by the child task (though not necessarily the last one sent). Receipt of the final response message triggers notification to the parent task that the child task is complete (if such notification was requested by registering a completion callback function from the invoke_child_task( ) method). The final response message has no effect on the child task, which might continue executing. The final response message simply provides feedback to the parent task about the progress of the child task, allowing the parent task to resume execution. Each child task has a designated final response message. This message is chosen automatically using simple network estimation to identify the last message to complete. Logic scripts can set a different final response message while a child task is executing. Preferably, a set_final_response( ) method is used to designate any message of the child task as the final response, or to clear the designation so that there is no final response.
Callback Infrastructure
The Python application program interface (API) includes a callback infrastructure that allows users to set callback functions for particular events. For example, �register_receipt_callback� and �register_timeout_callback� are two types of callback functions. The first registers a function to be called when a specific message is received. The second registers a function to be called if a specific message is not received within a certain amount of time.
Physical nodes within a discrete event simulation can be assigned user-defined states. Accordingly, users can write python code that sets some state (ie: size of a message, number of outstanding requests, etc) on a node (ie: a particular web server, etc). The python code then can access that state later. For example, one simulation could queue messages on a load balancer while a separate simulation processes any incoming requests in the queue. The Python API includes two functions, set_state and get_state, for setting and accessing node states.
Scripting Examples
A logic script 320′ can be inserted in the data exchange chart by right-clicking on the desired message or dependency and choosing either the �add logic script at start� option or the �add logic script at end� option from the resultant pop-up menu. In this example, the user has right-clicked on the dependency 128 and chosen the �add logic script at end� option. A script symbol 320 is automatically added to the display and a script editor box is opened (
The first line of the example logic script 320′ defines the local variable �num_employees� 321 as being assigned the value of the �num_employees� parameter mentioned above. The second line in the script identifies the message that is to be modified as �response_msg� 322 and assigns it the value 312′ of the aforementioned message tag �db_response� 312 of message 129. The third line of the script 320′ defines the size 323 of this message 322 to be equal to the value 321′ of the local variable �num_employees� 321 multiplied by 2000 (bytes).
After creating the script, the user saves it and closes the script editor box. In order to see how the application will perform using the modified scenario, the user executes a simulation. As the script 320′ is executed by the simulator prior to the start of message 129, the size of the message 129 is set equal to the number of employees specified by the �num_employees� parameter multiplied by 2000 bytes. The user can then review the results of the simulation, and if he or she so chooses, modify the �num_employeers� parameter and immediately rerun the simulation to compare the change in performance.
Although the invention has been presented thus far using the paradigm of modifying an existing exchange of messages, one of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that the user interface 240 and logic scripts 260 may be used to create a sequence of message exchanges of an application, to initiate this iterative development and analysis process.
In this example, each row of data comprises 55 bytes, and upon receipt of each request, the database server is configured to return one or more rows of data, depending upon the value of a parameter �prefetch_count�. That is, if the prefetch_count is one, a single row of 55 bytes is returned; if the prefetch_count is two, two rows of 55 bytes are returned with each request; and so on. Each response also includes a number of bytes of �overhead�, such as the header information contained in each message. In this example, the number of overhead bytes per message is 53. Other parameters used in this example include 95 bytes per request, and processing times of 0.15 ms per request, and 1.8 ms per response.
At 410 and 412, the user-definable parameters num_rows (the total number of rows to be read) and prefetch_count (the number of rows to read/return with each request) are read from the aforementioned parameters file.
At 420, the value of the response_overhead (53 bytes) is assigned, and at 422, the value of the number of bytes_per_row (55 bytes) is assigned. Based on these values, and the prefetch_count, the size of each response is calculated, at 424. As illustrated, the size of each request equals one response_overhead plus the number of bytes_per_row multiplied by the number of rows returned with each request (the prefetch_count).
At 430, the number of requests required (num_loops) is determined, based on the total number of rows to be read divided by the number of rows read with each request. The �ceil� function rounds the determined value up to the nearest integer value.
At 445-475, a repetitive loop is executed to generate each of the determined number of requests (num_loops) and corresponding responses. As discussed further below, each request is dependent upon receipt of a response to a prior request; at 440, the loop is initialized by asserting that a prior response message has occurred.
At 450, a request message (request_msg) is created, using the arguments of: size, source, destination, and dependency. The size 451 of each request message is given above as 95 bytes; the source 452 is the �app_server�; the destination is the �db_server�; and each request message is dependent 453 upon receipt of a response message (response_msg).
At 460, a response message (response_msg) is created. The size 461 of each response is contained in the variable response_size, determined above at 424; the source 462 of the response is the �db_server�, and the destination is the �app_server�. Each response message is dependent 464 upon receipt of a request (request_msg).
The aforementioned tier processing times of 0.15 ms and 1.8 ms are incurred with each request-response sequence, and the data field �cpu_time� of each request and response message is used to accumulate these processing times, at 470 and 471.
The script of
When the user selects a �declare parameters� option, a table such as illustrated in
In this example, the link between the app_server and the db_server is specified as having a bandwidth in each direction of 10 Mbps, and a latency of 1 ms. That is, each bit of a message will arrive at the destination one millisecond after it is transmitted from the source, and the source can transmit up to ten million bits each second.
Given that 500 requests and 500 responses must be communicated, and each request consumes 0.15 ms of processing time and each response requires 1.8 ms of processing time, the total tier processing time is determined to be 975 milliseconds ((500*0.15 ms)+(500*1.8 ms)). The first segment 510 of the bar chart of
Each request is specified as having 95 bytes, and each response includes 108 bytes (53 bytes of overhead plus 55 bytes per row times one row per request); therefore, the 500 requests and responses will result in 101500 bytes being communicated. With a bandwidth of 10 Mbps (approximately 1 mega-byte per second), the bandwidth delay amounts to about a tenth of a second, as illustrated by the second segment 520 of the bar chart of
The distance between the source and destination causes a 1 ms latency delay, and therefore the 500 requests and 500 responses produce a second of accumulated latency ((500*1 ms)+(500*1 ms)), as illustrated by the third segment 530 of the bar chart of
In this example, no other traffic was simulated, and therefore the congestion delay is not determined. This example would correspond, for example, to an initial analytic simulation that an application developer would use to identify the delays inherent in the application, assuming no interference from other applications. If this model were run in a simulation that included other network traffic, the congestion/protocol delay would be included in the bar chart, while the illustrated other components of delay 510, 520, and 530 would remain the same.
As noted above, the application model containing the logic script of
The first line of the script of
The second line of the script of
Because ten rows are read with each request, the reading of 1000 rows only requires 100 requests and 100 corresponding responses. Thus, even though this example illustrates reading twice as many rows as the example of
As is evident in the above examples, the use of logic scripts substantially reduces the effort required to generate long or complex sequences of application-related messages, as well as providing an easy mechanism for evaluating alternative application-level decisions related to network based systems, including the tradeoffs associated with caching, prefetching, buffering, and so on.
In addition to providing programming capabilities for creating and modifying message sequences, a preferred embodiment of this invention includes advanced editing tools that facilitate the selection of messages, the editing of characteristic parameters associated with groups of messages, and so on. For example, in lieu of changing parameters via a logic script, a logical grouping of messages can be formed, using either graphic selection tools, or text-based tools, such as sorting tools and others. Once a group is formed, parameter values, such as the size, source, destination, delays, dependencies, and so on, can be assigned or modified for all of the messages in the group. Group parameters may also be modified using scripts. In a preferred embodiment, message hierarchies are supported for organizing tiers and messages, and tools are provided to edit and view the messages by tiers, connections, subtasks, and so on.
In the example of
Pane 852 illustrates the details associated with each of the selectively displayed items in a tabular format in pane 851. The table preferably comprises at least the following information: Start Time, End Time, Bytes Sent, Bytes Received, Packets Sent, Packets Received, Tag, Description, Source, and Destination. Pane 853 presents the timing details in a Gantt-type graphic format. Note that the information at each level of the hierarchy encompasses the information of its lower members.
In the example of
In the previous examples of a data exchange chart, each message is illustrated as a single arrow. As noted above, in many instances, the use of an arrow for each message is infeasible, particularly in �chatty� applications that involve many small exchanges in a short period of time.
One of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that a virtually limitless variety of viewing and selection options can be provided to facilitate the creation and modification of messages at the application-protocol layer, following the examples provided herein. As discussed above, by providing tools that facilitate viewing the timing characteristics associated with messages generated during the execution of an application from a variety of viewpoints, the user of the system and methods of this invention can quickly and easily assess how well an application will perform under a given set of conditions, and by providing tools that enable a user to interact using the same interface that provides the visualization, the user of the system and methods of this invention can quickly and easily create and assess alternative configurations and/or scenarios.
In interpreting these claims, it should be understood that:
a) the word �comprising� does not exclude the presence of other elements or acts than those listed in a given claim;
b) the word �a� or �an� preceding an element does not exclude the presence of a plurality of such elements;
c) any reference signs in the claims do not limit their scope;
d) several �means� may be represented by the same item or hardware or software implemented structure or function;
e) each of the disclosed elements may be comprised of hardware portions (e.g., including discrete and integrated electronic circuitry), software portions (e.g., computer programming), and any combination thereof;
f) hardware portions may be comprised of one or both of analog and digital portions;
g) any of the disclosed devices or portions thereof may be combined together or separated into further portions unless specifically stated otherwise;
h) no specific sequence of acts is intended to be required unless specifically indicated; and
i) the term �plurality of� an element includes two or more of the claimed element, and does not imply any particular range of number of elements; that is, a plurality of elements can be as few as two elements.
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Lingerie set from WONDERLAND. Push-up bra with padded cups and decorative frill and bow to the front. Lace detail across the top edge of the cups and to the reverse. Adjustable shoulder straps with fastening to the reverse. Lace hipster briefs. Smooth elastic waist and decorative bow at the front. Lined. Machine wash at 40 degrees.
Made of 87% Polyamide and 13% Elastane.
Wonderland is sold exclusively at Nelly.com. The brand offers sensually seductive lingerie and fashionable swimwear that is always inspired by the latest trends.
Free delivery when you spend over £10. Delivery time: 3-6 days. We deliver with UPS.
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Berlin, Germany
Hagelberger Str. 53-54, Friedrichshain-Kreuzberg, 10965 Berlin, Germany – Show map
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H2 Hotel Berlin-AlexanderplatzJust a 2-minute walk from Alexanderplatz Square and the Berlin TV Tower, this modern hotel features soundproof rooms and excellent transportation services.
Score from 6339 reviews Very good
This modern, 3-star hotel and hostel in Berlin's trendy Friedrichshain district is across from Warschauer Strasse Train Station. It features an Italian restaurant, indoor pool, and free Wi-Fi.
Score from 3465 reviews Very good
In a 19th-century factory building, this hotel in the lively Prenzlauer Berg district of Berlin offers a 24-hour bar and breakfast until 12 pm. Alexanderplatz Square is 8 minutes away by tram.
Score from 900 reviews Good
A lounge bar and a roof terrace with panoramic views of Berlin are available at this 3-star hotel, a 5-minute walk from the Ku'damm shopping street.
Score from 3117 reviews Very good
Location was very handy for the U-bahn, close to Tempelhofer Park. Room was neat and clean, and breakfast was great.
Shower facilities were a bit outdated
Location Price
Noise from outside and inside can be heard in the room
Good location, breakfast. Good value for money.
good value for money breakfast location
curtain in the shower thin walls staff seemed disinterested but luckily I didn't need anything besides check-in and check-out
Great breakfast Convenient location
Rooms are very small
The location is great and this place is really good value for money. Second time we stayed here. Very clean hostel. Friendly and helpful staff in the reception.
Breakfast is good but basic but the coffe is terrible. some of the days there was a school class staying and then they offered a even more basic breakfast. Madras in need of a extra madras on top, you feel all the metal springs.
Quiet room. Excellent breakfast. Friendly and helpful staff. Good value for money. It suited my particular requirements for visiting family close by in Kreuzberg.
Noise from dining room above room n 1
Great location, U-bahn really close, friendly and helpful staff.
It's ok for a couple of nights, but wifi was absolutely horrible. Also, it's quite loud and you can hear everything that's going on in the hallway and other rooms.
Location was fairly good Breakfast was OK but no cooked options
Room was extremely small Wi-Fi was slow and patchy
Large windows, good natural light Nice common area for breakfast and reading.
Bath shower was loose, no towel bars, no place to put things in very small bathroom. Poor WIFI in room, fair in common area
my mother and i spend weekend in the hotel.The hotel is very simple,but has everything one need for a weekend:)the room were clean and there was enough choice for breakfast. The hotel is located in the inside backyard, so there was no noise during the night.
we recieved 6 beds room for 2 people, but we think it was quite ok as the room was more spacious.
Noise from the courtyard
area was cosmopolitan
A bit of a shock on arrival due to method of entering facility. Also I ended up in a 5 bed room as a single room was not made available
Kind personal and great breakfast
Wifi quality on the room was low during the night
Friendly staff, good location, (close to metro station), uniqueness of the building, breakfast is included! for people who have traveled a lot will find this hotel very good, not luxury hotel off course, but good value for money.
Only pity was about shower - the facility is a bit old. (hot water running OK but the equipment is old).
wifi people
Very helpful reception and big room for 4 pr..
- close to metro station - friendly staff
- one night was a little bit noise as windows goes to small internal yard.
Great location, very close to the Mehringdamm U-Bahn station. Nice breakfast, simple and clean rooms. Great value for money!
Staff were friendly & very helpful. Breakfast was good, finishes at 12 for anyone who likes to sleep in :-) the rooms were very spacious! Beds were okay too. Location is alittle far from the centre, but there's an underground station about a 10 minute walk from the hotel which will take you straight there. The hotel was also very clean. I would recommend anyone to stay here, I had a wonderful stay here.
No faults.
U-bahn station is so close.
Clean room with nice high ceilings and tall windows which made it feel spacious. Good breakfast with a range and cold meats, salad, cereals and cakes. Friendly and helpful staff. Hotel is in a nice location of Kreuzburg, with cafes and restaurants and shopping in walking distance
The shower tap was a bit silly as it would switch off every 10 seconds or so and you had to keep pushing the knob to turn it back on. Sound echos through the corridors so you can hear everything going on outside. Not cool when you have a bunch of inconsiderate guests congregating and chatting in the hallways with their doors open!
great location within an busy quarter but still quite rooms du to the location in the backyard. great breakfast included
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text: I visited with my twin 4 year olds on a Tuesday afternoon. The exhibits were designed nicely, and the place was large, but it was all so poorly maintained that it got in the way of the fun. Three exhibits were closed for repair (sun tubes, apple orchard, and dairy cow). The dinosaur dig didnt have enough "soil" to cover... More


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It is truly large this stadium. The great thing is that no matter where you sit, the soccer field looks close. It is truly a giant. I went on local metro or subway. Its really easy to get there on... See full review on TripAdvisor
I went here twice ... the first time for U2's last tour in Mexico when the 110,000 person capacity stadium was probably overfilled with about 150,000 people ... probably the biggest concert I have... See full review on TripAdvisor
I was here on a game of soccer and it was amazing, they where 98 000. People, it's so loud that when they scream , it gives you goos pomps , if you have the chance come and see a game !! See full review on TripAdvisor
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If you have a GED you must be certain to provide the following documents in support of your application: 1. An official report of your GED examination scores. 2. Transcripts from any high school you attended regardless of the length of enrollment. 3. Transcripts from any college you have attended. Please note that courses taken in math, science, and foreign language at another college may be used to satisfy entrance requirements.
Research Highlights
Prof. Laleh Najafizadeh received a 4-year $323,134 grant from...
Prof. Shantenu Jha received an NSF grant of $1.25M for the...
Prof. Saman Zonouz received a 3-year $579,486 NSF grant for the...
ECE and The Media
Prof. Janne Lindqvist's work on the Hazard Tracker app appeared in ...
Prof. Janne Lindqvist's work on gesture based passwords was mentioned on NPR (see
Prof. Janne Lindqvist's interdisciplinary security work which was presented at MobiSys'14, the...
Prof. Janne Lindqvist's research shows that how fast you drive might reveal exactly where you...
Who is doing what
ECE Colloquium - December 3, 2014
Dr. Sean Smith, Dartmouth CollegeDecember 3, 2014 - 10:00am
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Prof. Janne Lindqvist's interview with Rutgers Today now on YouTube
The Rutgers Today interview with Prof. Janne Lindqvist has been posted on YouTube. Prof. Lindqvist discusses how mobile phones track your location. Professor Janne Lindqvist, with the help of his students, has developed a new privacy mobile application that lets you know when you are being tracked and which apps are doing the tracking. Watch how you can protect your mobile privacy.
Dr. S. Jha's work on Personalized Medicine using Supercomputers featured by BBC News
Rutgers' ECE Professor Shantenu Jha is part of the UCL-Rutgers team that has recently published a paper titled, "Computing Clinically Relevant Binding Free Energies of HIV-1 Protease Inhibitors". Recognizing the impact and implications of this research, BBC News (Science & Environment) have published an article about the applications and
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Photos and Description of this 2 bedroom holiday apartment in Cala Tarida
Sea view - Terraces - Swimming
Apartment in a quality residence, 2 pools, private marina, quiet, 600 m from a beautiful sandy beach (Cala Tarida). T3 of 70 m2 + 3terrasses (60 m2 including 17 m2 covered) overlooking the sea with barbecue, garden and sunbathing. Predominantly French clientele. Very peaceful trade Proximity.
- Suitability:
- children welcome
- pets considered
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- not suitable for elderly or infirm
- wheelchair inaccessible


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Students Get Creative To Counter Texting And Driving
It can be difficult to get teens to pay attention to the road when they're driving. So, some local high school students are trying a different approach to get the message out about the dangers of texting and driving, Kate Raddatz reports (2:04).
WCCO 4 News At 6 – Oct. 25, 2013
WCCO 4 News At 6 – Oct. 25, 2013
6 A.M. Weather Report10 P.M. Weather ReportWhat To Know When Gym ShoppingGood Question: What's Happens To Our...Husband Of Wife Killed By Distracted...Minnesota Sees Busy Day On Roads, In...Minn. ISIS Suspect Allowed To Go Free...6 P.M. Weather ReportSnow Makes For Slippery Travel...Fallen Officer Inducted Into His H.S.'...Stores Flooded With Last-Minute...Champlin Woman Says Thanks To Community...Fmr. Hennepin Co. Official Requests...Reality Check: Why Are Gas Prices So...The Largest Gathering Of 'Elves' In...Noon Weather ReportWCCO Interview: 'White Christmas' At...Midday Headlines For Nov. 26, 2014Ferguson Cleaning Up After Protests,...No Major Delays At MSP, But Nor'easter...


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The unhappy lives of two exceedingly successful married men--Reuben Tarz, head of a major Hollywood studio, and Daniel Bishop, a sought-after corporate lawyer--are forever altered when a woman from their past resurfaces.
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Browsing the "Air Jordan VI" Tag
AIR JORDAN VI The Air Jordan VI released in 1991 and was designed by Tinker Hatfield. It is the sneaker that Michael Jordan won his first NBA Championship in. The most popular colorways of the Air Jordan VI is the 'Infrared' and 'Olympic'. Click in for the most up to date Air Jordan VI release dates, information, and colorways.
Another Look at Macklemore's Air Jordan 6 "Cactus and Clay" PEs
October 20, 2014 BY Patrick Johnson / 6 0 / 5
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Macklemore Shows Off Air Jordan "Red Suede" PE
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Air Jordan 6 "Slam Dunk" – Release Date
October 8, 2014 BY John Kim / 44 0 / 5
The Air Jordan 6 "Slam Dunk" will release on November 1st. The anime-inspired release will in fact be accompanied by a complete series of apparel as well as the Jordan Supe...Read More
Air Jordan 6 "Green Suede"
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The year of the Air Jordan 6 just got even more interesting with this pair, which rapper Macklemore just showed off on his Instagram. That man of course has access to plenty of exclusi...Read More
Air Jordan 6 GS "Seahawks" – Nikestore Release Info
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Seahawks football may be a man's game, but this upcoming play is drawn just for the girls. Jordan Brand will release this brand new Air Jordan 6 colorway that adapts the Seattle ...Read More
Air Jordan 6 GS "Seahawks"
October 6, 2014 BY Patrick Johnson / 9 0 / 5
We're getting a brand new Air Jordan 6 this weekend, but this time around the pair will be exclusive to the kids and ladies. In a year that's seen plenty of old school rend...Read More


text:
Earlier this year actor Saif Ali Khan and producer Ramesh Taurani had a big fall out. It was reported that for a new film with Taurani, Saif demanded Rs. 16 crores as fee. However Taurani did not agree and instead offered 10 crores and a percentage of the profit upon realization. The difference b
Filmfare Awards 2013
Ramesh s taurani News
The Government has come up with the decision of levying a service tax of 12.36% on television and film actors. However, Bollywood is expected to call a strike on the issue. Mukesh Bhatt who is the president of the 'Film and Television Producers Guild of India' said in an interview, "We are
Producer Pahlaj Nihalani's son's wedding reception took place in Mumbai on October 26, 2012 and many noted Bollywood celebrities attended the wedding reception. Abbas
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text: Sun Life Financial Company Profile (NYSE:SLF) Tweet Analyst RatingsEarningsDividendsInsider TradesCompany ProfileSocial ActivityToday's Chart Consensus Ratings for Sun Life Financial (NYSE:SLF) (?) The ratings breakdown includes the most recent rating from each analyst that has rated the stock within the last twelve months. The ratings score is a calculation of the average number of sell, hold, buy and strong buy ratings (0-1.5 = Sell, 1.5-2.5 = Hold, 2.5-3.5 = Buy, >3.5 = Strong Buy). The consensus price target is a mean average of the most recent price target set by each analyst that has set a price target for the stock in the last twelve months.Ratings Breakdown: 4 Hold Rating(s), 4 Buy Rating(s)Consensus Rating:Buy (Score: 2.50)Consensus Price Target: $39.33 (5.39% upside) Analysts' Ratings History for Sun Life Financial (NYSE:SLF) Show: All Ratings For This Stock Only the Most Recent Rating From Each Brokerage DateFirmActionRatingPrice TargetDetailsShare11/7/2014ZacksReiterated RatingNeutral -> Neutral$36.00View 11/6/2014ScotiabankReiterated RatingSector PerformView 10/7/2014BarclaysUpgradeEqual Weight -> Overweight$44.00 -> $46.00View 8/18/2014ZacksReiterated RatingNeutral -> Neutral$39.00View 8/8/2014National Bank FinancialDowngradeOutperform -> Sector PerformView 6/26/2014Goldman SachsInitiated CoverageBuyView 5/26/2014Canaccord GenuityInitiated CoverageBuyView 2/13/2014ScotiabankUpgradeSector PerformView 1/3/2014RBC CapitalInitiated CoverageSector Perform$36.00View 12/12/2013DesjardinsInitiated CoverageHold -> BuyView 11/22/2013ScotiabankUpgradeUnderperform -> Sector PerformView 11/7/2013TD SecuritiesReiterated RatingHold$37.00View 8/8/2013BMO Capital MarketsUpgradeMarket Perform -> Outperform$32.00 -> $37.00View 8/7/2013BarclaysInitiated CoverageEqual WeightView 4/15/2013CIBCReiterated RatingHold$32.00View 3/11/2013ScotiabankDowngradeSector Perform -> UnderperformView 1/15/2013BMO Capital MarketsBoost Price TargetMarket Perform$15.00 -> $16.00View 12/17/2012Canaccord GenuityDowngradeHold -> SellView (Data available from 11/28/2012 forward) Earnings History for Sun Life Financial (NYSE:SLF)DateQuarterConsensus EstimateActual EPSRevenue EstimateActual RevenueRelease LinkConference CallDetailsShare11/5/2014Q314$0.72$0.76$6.28 billionViewN/AView 8/6/2014Q214$0.70$0.81$4.47 billionViewN/AView 5/6/2014Q1$0.66$0.74$6.46 billionViewN/AView 11/6/2013Q313$0.63$0.69ViewN/AView 8/7/2013Q213$0.66$0.71ViewN/AView 2/13/2013Q412$0.64$0.64ViewN/AView 11/7/2012Q312$0.63$0.68ViewN/AView (Data available from 1/1/2011 forward) Dividend History for Sun Life Financial (NYSE:SLF)AnnouncedPeriodAmountEx-Dividend DateRecord DatePayable DateShare11/6/2014quarterly$0.3211/24/201411/26/201412/31/2014 8/7/2014quarterly$0.338/25/20148/27/20149/30/2014 5/7/2014quarterly$0.335/23/20145/28/20146/30/2014 2/12/2014$0.332/26/20142/28/20143/31/2014 2/13/2014quarterly$0.332/26/20142/28/20143/31/2014 11/6/2013$0.3511/25/201311/27/201312/31/2013 11/11/2013quarterly$0.3511/25/201311/27/201312/31/2013 8/8/2013quarterly$0.358/26/20138/28/20139/30/2013 5/9/2013quarterly$0.365/24/20135/29/20136/28/2013 2/13/2013quarterly$0.362/25/20132/27/20133/28/2013 (Data available from 1/1/2013 forward) Insider Trading History for Sun Life Financial (NYSE:SLF)No insider trades for this company have been tracked by Analyst Ratings Network About Sun Life Financial Sun Life Financial Inc. (SLF Inc.) is an international financial services organization providing a diverse range of protection and wealth accumulation products and services to individuals and corporate customers. Sun Life Financial and its partners have operations in key markets worldwide, including Canada, the United States (U.S.), the United Kingdom (U.K.), Ireland, Hong Kong, the Philippines, Japan, Indonesia, India, China, Australia, Singapore, Vietnam and Bermuda. In August 2013, Delaware Life Holdings purchased of the domestic U.S. annuity business and certain life insurance businesses of Sun Life Financial Inc. In February 2014, Sun Life Financial Inc launched its new asset management business, Sun Life Investment Management Inc. Headlines: (11/24) Sun Life Financial Inc. (SLF) Declares Quarterly Dividend of C$0.36 (11/21) Sun Life Financial Receives Average Rating of "Buy" from Analysts (NYSE:SLF) (11/24) Sun Life Financial Inc (11/20) Ex-Dividend Reminder: Integrys Energy Group, Steris and Sun Life Financial (11/17) Hot Stock List: Sun Life Financial Inc. (SLF), Genesee & Wyoming Inc. (GWR), SPX Corporation (SPW), Omnicom Group Inc. (OMC), Morgan Stanley (MS) (11/19) Sun Life Financial Given Consensus Rating of "Buy" by Brokerages (TSE:SLF) (11/23) SUN LIFE FINANCIAL INC. : ex-dividend day (11/27) Sun Life Global Investments announces change to low load sales commissions (11/18) Sun Life Financial Given Consensus Recommendation of "Buy" by Analysts (NYSE:SLF) (11/11) Sun Life Financial Rating Reiterated by Zacks (SLF) Industry, Sector and Symbol: Sector: Financials Industry: N/A Sub-Industry: N/A Exchange: NYSE Symbol: SLF CUSIP: Key Metrics: Previous Close: $37.0750 Day Moving Average: $35.3154200 Day Moving Average: $36.2947P/E Ratio: 14.22P/E Growth: 1.40Market Cap: $22.866BCurrent Quarter EPS Consensus Estimate: $2.97 EPS Additional Links: View SLF on Google FinanceView SLF on Yahoo FinanceView SLF's Company Profile on ReutersSearch for Sun Life Financial Inc. on Google Sun Life Financial (NYSE:SLF) Chart for Friday, November, 28, 2014 (Chart Provided by Yahoo Finance)


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State and Local Governments Teacher Resources
Find State and Local Governments educational ideas and activities
Showing 1 - 20 of 5,223 resources
A Public Hearing on a Proposed Airport: Economic Boon or Environmental Mistake?
How can the decisions of local government impact each individual citizen? Your class members will take on the roles of shareholders and consider a proposal to build an airport in their community. Working in groups, they will make recommendations to the Board of County Commissioners by delivering a two-minute presentation and then hold a final vote.
9th - 12th Social Studies & History CCSS: Adaptable
Create a City
What is the purpose of a city charter? What services do local governments provide to their citizens? Is there an ideal way for citizens to behave? Approach these often overlooked yet important questions with your class members by having them work in groups to design their own new cities.
10th - 12th Social Studies & History CCSS: Adaptable
Counties and Municipalities: What's the Difference?
What is the difference between a county and a city? Using information they've gathered from a well-organized presentation and engaging role play, learners distinguish the kinds of government services each type of local government provides, as well as the ways in which they exercise their unique authority.
9th - 12th Social Studies & History CCSS: Adaptable
How Do Citizens Make Government Work?
Examine the basic functions of each level of government. A great activity where your students take a walk around the neighborhood and identify what is taken care of by local government agencies They explore various websites, and prepare a PowerPoint presentation and newsletter.
3rd - 5th Social Studies & History
Comparative Constitutions
How do state constitutions differ from that of the federal government in the United States? Here you'll find an informative reading and activities that will guide your class members through the process of comparing and contrasting direct segments of the US Constitution and a sample state constitution.
6th - 12th Social Studies & History CCSS: Designed
Jim Crow
Who was Jim Crow? How did state and local governments restrict the freedoms and rights of African Americans? As you hold up a series of documents illustrating racial discrimination, your class members will identify rights that were restricted and will gain a better understanding of the types of legislation that segregated African Americans between 1860 and the 1960s.
6th - 12th Social Studies & History CCSS: Designed
State Power: Got a Reservation?
Using a federal power cheat sheet and readings on delegated powers of the national government in the United States, your young citizens will evaluate a hypothetical list of proposed laws for the state of "Pendiana". They will then determine which laws the state does not actually have the power to pass, and conclude by writing a fun eight-frame cartoon involving eight state powers of their choice.
6th - 12th Social Studies & History CCSS: Designed
New Review City Government Services, Departments, and Funding
What services do local city governments provide? Your class members will participate in a variety of activities to answer this question, and will participate in role play as city council members allocate mock resources to government services.
10th - 12th Social Studies & History CCSS: Adaptable
City Council Simulation: Improving Cardinal City's Environment
Assuming the roles of city council members or special interest groups, your young learners will simulate a situation in which they must decide how to spend an $800,000 grant allocated for local environmental improvements. They will discover the roles of city council members and how their decisions directly or indirectly affect local government.
10th - 12th Social Studies & History CCSS: Adaptable
Roles & Powers of the President
Here is a fantastic, comprehensive resource on the roles and powers assigned to the president of the United States. It includes several critical thinking exercises and engaging activities, from cartoon analysis and the opportunity to design a classified newspaper ad seeking a new president to a rousing game of Two Truths and a Lie!
8th - 12th Social Studies & History CCSS: Adaptable
Pay to Play?
Lead your class in a discussion about how they believe money influences politics. After reading "Go Ahead, Try to Stop K Street" from the New York Times, they evaluate the claims in the article about the current lobbyist scandal in Washington.
6th - 12th English Language Arts CCSS: Adaptable
Local Government: Caring for Your Community
Seventh graders investigate the role of local governments. In this government lesson, 7th graders examine historical photographs and determine what services are being performed in the photographs. Students research how the services are provided now and write persuasive pieces.
7th Social Studies & History
County Solutions Step Five: All About Public Policy
Give your class members a thorough overview of government public policy in the United States, including how government addresses problems through regulations and actions with a well-designed packet of informational texts and follow-up worksheets.
6th - 12th Social Studies & History CCSS: Designed
City, County, Community
Students explore issues and situations that make for a city and its local environments. In this local government lesson, students design maps, define issues and create brochures that illustrate their understandings of these concepts and how local government works to solve these issues.
8th - 11th Social Studies & History
The Bill of Rights
How does the Bill of Rights, created over 200 years ago, still apply to the lives of American citizens to this day? Here is a fantastic resource that includes several resources on approaching the Bill of Rights with your class. After reviewing the document, class members will break into groups and act out scenarios involving the primary concepts related to each of the first ten amendments.
5th - 12th Social Studies & History CCSS: Adaptable
The Great State
What's the difference between a state and a United States senator? How does the process for passing a bill in a state legislature compare with that of the national government? Here is a resource that will help your learners to answer these questions and many more regarding the characteristics and structure of state government.
6th - 12th English Language Arts CCSS: Designed
Press Review
How can word choice affect a political speech? Middle and high schoolers examine the text of the 1999 State of the Union Address, and then determine how newspaper articles and television reports describe and analyze the event. Use this lesson to examine conflicting evidence and viewpoints in informational text, or to focus on evaluating a speaker's argument.
6th - 12th English Language Arts CCSS: Adaptable
What is the Federal System Created by the Constitution?
Explore the unique structure of the federal system of government in the United States. Class members will learn about how most nations were organized before the establishment of the Constitution, how power is currently divided between federal and state governments, and what conflicts could potentially arise as a result of this system.
7th - 8th Social Studies & History CCSS: Adaptable


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Talk about a first-world crisis. My computer, which I've had since 2008, has started to die on me. It'a starting to unload kernel panic after kernel panic (it's a Mac; that's all I know about it) and now it won't even turn on properly. This may be because of Photoshop, or it's age. Either way, it's the only immediate medium I have for DA work, as well as all other pieces for Art. This unsavory situation, unfortunately, is going to cause me to have to initiate the following plan of action:
1 - Drastic Hiatus: My computer will most likely remain off from now on. I'll try to pop up once in a while using my iPhone, or if I can get the screen on my iMac to work, but until I can save up enough for a new machine, and new software, this may be the new norm for me.
2 - Work Prioritization: I am going to have to funnel all the time available into work higher up on my priority list. If the kernel panics are in fact caused by Photoshop, I am going to have to limit all my work on my Mac to written pieces.
3 - Satellite Machine: I will be using other computers if I can gain access to them. However, they may not all have Photoshop, so my work will still remain limited.
I will not sign off here. This is not a farewell, only a notification.
However, I will say that I'm terribly sorry about this mess. I intend to rectify it soon. Thank you all for your support and patience.


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Mexicali Live, TeaneckAaron Carter VIP Package If you're looking for the ultimate day out, take the Aaron Carter experience to a whole new level...
Fair Lawn food dining events
Aaron CarterPackage - Teaneck NJ 1/11
Sunday, Jan 11 5:00p
Brother Hahz Birthday Celebration/Album Release Concert
Saturday, Jan 31 9:00p
Jacksonville Restaurant, PatersonThe Most Anticipated Album And A Birthday Celebration All In One Night!!! This will be a very heartfelt life changing experience!!!! You will laugh, dance, and you just might cry!!! Who knows how G...
Stella & Dot Opportunity Chat
Tuesday, Nov 25 7:00p
Stella & Dot Opportunity Chat
Tuesday, Dec 9 7:00p
A Night Of Dinner & Comedy with Micheal Blackson
Saturday, Nov 29 9:00p
Jacksonville Restaurant, PatersonIf you have ever been to Carolines comedy club in NY get ready NJ because On Saturday night November 29th Alezade Entaprizes is bringing Carolines to Paterson, New Jersey with Comedian Michael Blac...
Meet Stella & Dot Opportunity Chat
Monday, Jan 12 7:00p
Ϟ Dj Wallah The Big Gobble Affair
Wednesday, Nov 26 9:00p
The Wild Bull, PatersonThanksgiving Eve 2014! Get ready for "The Big Gobble Affair" at Wild Bull in Paterson, NJ on Thursday November 26th...
Jerzees Winter Candyland Sparkle Fashion Show
Sunday, Feb 8 12:00p
Royal Manor, GarfieldCome To Our 4TH Bi Annual Jerzees Pageant Fashion Show Feb 8TH 2015. This Is Our Biggest Show Ever...
New Year's Eve Party with Doug Ferony
Wednesday, Dec 31 8:00p
Maggiano's, HackensackCelebrate the New Year with Doug Ferony and his Orchestra the music of Frank Sinatra and the Rat Pack. Dinner, Dancing, Appetizers, Coffee & Dessert. Champagne Toast at Midnight!
Ladies Who Brunch: Beauty Event
Sunday, Feb 8 11:00a
Bottagra, HawthorneEnjoy a ladies afternoon out with amazing food, cocktails and pampering at Bottagra Restaurant! Ticket price includes full brunch, unlimited mimosas, access to more than 20 wellness & beauty vendor...
The Beginning of Forever Bridal Show
Sunday, Jan 18 1:00p
The Elan Resturant, LodiCome out and experience a Rock the Aisle Bridal Show!!! Door Prizes called every 7 minutes! Doors open at 1pm! S tay for the fashion show at 2:30PM and get the chance to win tickets to a live showi...
2015 Meritorious Dominican Awards
Saturday, Feb 28 8:00p
Michele's Restaurant, Garfield
Women's Institute at Bergen Community College: Women's Power Reception
Wednesday, Dec 3 5:30p
Hohokus Inn, Ho-Ho-KusYou are invited to our Power Reception for a great evening of food, drinks, laughter, and fellowship! Our vision is to support and nurture women's educational, emotional and physical needs througho...
The Break Contest
Sunday, Feb 15 1:00p
Mexicali Live, Teaneck
Jam Session / Music & Dance Party
Sunday, Dec 14 11:30a
Jyoti Restaurant, WaynePurana Andaaz (Old is Gold) Music and Dance Party. Full of Fun, Entertainment and Sumptuous Buffet Lunch. Sponsored By: Passive Income Services, LLC . website: http://tinyurl...
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Handel's Messiah
Fri 12/12 8:00p
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Sun 12/21 12:55p
RiffTrax Live: Santa Claus
Thu 12/4 8:00p
TCM Presents: A Christmas Carol / Christmas in Connecticut
Sun 12/7 2:00p
Nureev НЕЗДЕШНИЙ САД
Fri 12/12 8:00p


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So last week I took some flak for my comments about Yolanda. Let me clarify. . .I was simply having fun with Yolanda's persona. . .without malice or mean spirit. While I don't know her well, what I do see is a wonderful woman who adores her children and husband and lives an immaculate lifestyle. If Saturday Night Live did a Stepford skit on how perfect her life is, it would be funny and perhaps might even include a tipsy Housewife spilling wine on her white pants. Nobody would think twice about it, and haters wouldn't be emerging from the woodwork to accuse Lorne Michaels of being bitter and jealous of Yolanda's life. The point here is that everything I say (or write) should be taken with a giant salt lick. . .not too seriously and not too literally. Hopefully over time you will learn to know me better and understand my personality.
With that being said, let's enjoy this week's episode. . .
A gremlin causes Kyle's auxiliary wardrobe rack to collapse, which Mauricio finds quite amusing, but he's also unsympathetic to her plight and tells her to get rid of the excess apparel. I can relate; Dean would tell me the exact same thing. Mauricio, looking good in purple, primps one last time before his deep concern sets in over Kyle's anxiety brought on by tension with Lisa. Kyle aims to fix this and Maseratis over to Villa Rosa. . .


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Senior executives from Southpoint developer Kingdom Property, led by CEO Nigel Cornick and President Ana Wongsingh, were joined by Krung Thai Bank, who provided the finance for the project, and Bouygues Thai who are building the twin tower condominium, to celebrate the topping off of the tallest tower on the 30th floor recently.
Friends, partners and media joined in the ceremony that included awards for select individuals who have helped reach the project landmark.
Southpoint, an upscale 672-unit condominium project on Pratumnak Hill is on schedule to transfer to buyers in the fourth quarter of next year.
It is currently 70% sold, including the sale of the smaller, 20-storey Suites Tower, which has been sold in its entirety and will be managed by an international hospitality brand as serviced residences.


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28 results for "wilson"
Five Tigers who stood out versus AlabamaDavid Ching
BATON ROUGE, La. -- A player's career is often defined by performances in the biggest games. There are no bigger games at LSU than the ones against Alabama. Will Leonard Fournette, Kendell Beckwith or Tre'Davious White become the next Tigers to ma...Blog | November 06, 2014
LSU's coverage issues exposed in lossDavid Ching
BATON ROUGE, La. -- Would the real LSU secondary please stand up? Entering last Saturday's game against Mississippi State, the Tigers boasted arguably the nation's most dominant defensive backfield. They hadn't allowed a completion of more than 15...Blog | September 24, 2014
Senior backs mentor Fournette, WilliamsDavid Ching
BATON ROUGE, La. -- Frank Wilson's job could have been awfully difficult this season if the wrong personalities existed within his running backs room at LSU. Wilson -- the Tigers' recruiting coordinator and running backs coach -- just bolstered hi...Blog | August 18, 2014
LSU comfortable with tailback depthDavid Ching
BATON ROUGE, La. -- This spring was a lonely time in LSU's running backs meeting room. That's about to change, but the Tigers still must dodge any major injuries this fall or they might have problems. After losing two tailbacks with eligibility re...Blog | May 30, 2014
LSU embraces playing freshmenDavid Ching
BATON ROUGE, La. -- Les Miles has never been afraid to play a true freshman -- LSU's sports information department reports that the Tigers have played 87 first-year freshmen in Miles' nine seasons -- but it has become one of the program's trademarks ...Blog | May 28, 2014
LSU coaches talk recruiting, draft, springDavid Ching
BATON ROUGE, La. - LSU football assistants Cam Cameron, John Chavis and Frank Wilson were among six Tigers coaches -- a group that also included men's basketball coach Johnny Jones, women's basketball coach Nikki Caldwell and gymnastics coach D-D Bre...Blog | May 09, 2014
LSU RBs room seems a bit empty, for nowDavid Ching
BATON ROUGE, La. -- Frank Wilson hasn't been taking it easy on his players lately. LSU's running backs coach has been giving Terrence Magee and Kenny Hilliard a heavy workload in spring practice, which was partially out of necessity since the two ...Blog | March 20, 2014
LSU class solid despite in-state missesDavid Ching
BATON ROUGE, La. -- Five years from now, maybe sooner, we'll be able to accurately assess the signing class that LSU assembled on Wednesday. Since we like to prematurely keep score, the crop of new Tigers must be judged on two fronts: How it appears ...Blog | February 06, 2014
Sigh of relief at LSUDavid Ching
BATON ROUGE, La. -- LSU recruiting coordinator Frank Wilson seemed to be experiencing more than one emotion Wednesday as he and his fellow coaches put the finishing touches on the nation's No. 2 recruiting class. "Huge sigh of relief. Hard work v...Blog | February 05, 2014
Dupre helps LSU jump to No. 2 in rankingsDavid Ching
BATON ROUGE, La. -- Capitalizing on one of the largest collections of premium in-state talent in recent memory, LSU wrapped up a dramatic national signing day by jumping to second in ESPN's class rankings. Among the four previously uncommitted pro...Blog | February 05, 2014
2014 Recruiting preview: LinebackersGary Laney
This is the fourth in a series looking at players LSU might target in the 2014 recruiting class. Previously, we looked at wide receivers and tight ends, running backs and quarterbacks, offensive linemen and defensive linemen. BATON ROUGE, La. -- L...Blog | March 05, 2013
For LSU's Wilson, no time for sleepGary Laney
BATON ROUGE, La. -- The night before signing day, Frank Wilson slept on an air mattress in his office But only for a few hours. LSU's recruiting coordinator doesn't have much time for that during the height of the recruiting season, especially ...Blog | February 07, 2013
LSU braces for dramatic finishGary Laney
BATON ROUGE, La. -- So much activity, so little resolution. LSU hosted the nation's No. 1 player, who was considered a long shot before the weekend. He met celebrities, attended a rap concert and seemed to leave Baton Rouge with a good vibe toward...Blog | February 04, 2013
Beckwith down to LSU, AlabamaGary Laney
BATON ROUGE, La. -- ESPN 150 athlete Kendell Beckwith (Clinton, La./East Feliciana) visited Alabama in early December, then got a home visit later in the month from LSU head coach Les Miles. If it sounds like a two-horse race, Beckwith said as muc...Blog | December 21, 2012
Countdown to NSD: Lewis NealGary Laney
To gear up for 2013 national signing day, GeauxTigerNation's Gary Laney will break down every commitment in the Tigers' 2013 recruiting class. Vitals: DE Lewis Neal, 6-1, 230, Wilson, N.C./James B. Hunt Committed: July 4, 2012 ESPN Grade: 80...Blog | December 19, 2012
Late bloomers looking for right fitGary Laney
BATON ROUGE, La. -- By now, the typical follower of recruiting knows all the 4- and 5-star recruits. Ricky Seals-Jones is a household name, as is Robert Nkemdiche. When Seals-Jones chose Texas A&M Monday, it dominated the recruiting news cycle...Blog | December 12, 2012


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Come celebrate the 50th Anniversary of Food Marketing at the Hall of Honor Day on Thursday, November 1, 2012 which will showcase the myriad contributions of thousands of food marketing alumni and friends.
- Reconnect with classmates, faculty and staff
- See the remarkable changes on campus
- Congratulate our Hall of Honor inductees
- Network with the food industry's finest
- Enjoy a cocktail reception and networking dinner
We will also proudly induct two, extraordinary alumni into the Food Marketing Hall of Honor. Congratulations to our inaugural honorees:
Daniel Cassidy '79, President & CEO, Key Impact Sales & Systems
Timothy G. Fallon '76, President & CEO, Columbus Foods, Inc.
John B. Lord, Ph.D. '71, Professor of Marketing, Saint Joseph's University
John Machuzick '78, President Bakery & Foodservice (retired), General Mills
John M. Orbono '72, Senior Vice President, ARAMARK
Where: Saint Joseph's University
Mandeville Hall, corner of 54th and City Avenue
Doyle Banquet Room, Campion Hall, Cardinal Avenue and City Avenue
Philadelphia, PA 19131
Cost: $125.00 (includes keynote address, the Hall of Honor Induction ceremony, campus tour (optional), cocktail reception/open bar, and networking dinner)
STRICTLY LIMITED to 225 attendees
Leading the World in Food for Thought®


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New brand of hops from Yakima Valley. I'm ordering a half pound to try out. Not much info out there, some think they have an incredible peach aroma, others say they're just a nondescript bittering hop. I've been looking for a hop that reaks of stone fruit, so I'm hoping this is the one.
Anyone use? Sweetwater has worked with it apparently.http://www.yakimavalleyhops.com/product_p/caliente2.htm
I'm thinking of doing an experimental hop pale ale/IPA, using some Mosaic, fruity/citrusey, Belma, strawberryish/fruity, and Caliente, fruity/stonefruitish, together. maybe an English ale yeast strain also?
Check out my blog! Lambic brewday!Fathom Brewing
I would be very interested in your results. I too bought a half lb of the stuff and haven't brought myself to use then yet. I was thinking either an APA or Amber with caliente and sorachi ace, since I seemed to get some lemon/lime/pine from them.
Hmm.. we'll see. Mine are in the mail. Really hoping they work out. Worst comes to worst I guess they will be a nice bittering hop... although I'm banking on that peach-apricot flavor. Wondering what other hop I should try for that flavor... Galaxy?
Please post your results. I like reading what other people have done with new hops.
The name makes me think of a habanero chili pepper ale instead of anything fruit-like. Wonder where they got that name from.
Ring ding dong. Ring a ding-ding-ding dong
"We have invented the world's largest laser system" -Ahnold
I know... poor name. Right up there with Belma. All these new hops have poor names or they haven't caught on yet.
Any update on the results from these hops? I really want to brew with them, but I've got so many other varieties calling me to use them in my freezer that I really want to make my next brew count. I've got a citra Zombie Dust clone up next, but I was thinking of a double brew day with one of the other hops I've never used like Apollo, Caliente, etc.... Anybody use these yet with any tasting notes they'd like to share?
Calliente in Spanish means heat hot, not spicy hot (Picante). Odd name for hops.
I'm thinking of ordering, I still want to hear the verdict as well =P
God I haven't touchéd them. Just brewed an IPA recently so that's a no. Within a month I should get around to a pale ale or something


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