text:
Waste excretion of marble goby (Oxyeleotris marmorata Bleeker) fed with different diets
ABSTRACT Marble goby (Oxyeleotris marmorata Bleeker), with its high demand and price, has a great potential as a profitable commercial aquaculture candidate in Malaysia and Southeast Asia region. Efforts are being made to produce this species in a better controlled culture environment like recirculating aquaculture system (RAS) due to poor growth performance and disease problems shown by conventional cage and outdoor pond culture systems. Quantification of waste excreted by fish is critical to RAS design. This study was conducted to characterize the waste excretion rates of marble goby fed with different diets (live food and minced fish). Ammonia-N (TAN), urea-N, nitrite-N (NO 2 -N), nitrate-N (NO 3 -N), total-N (TN), organic-N (ON), feces-N, 5-day biochemical oxygen demand (BOD 5) and total suspended solid (TSS) produced from marble goby were determined over a 72-h excretion period. Under given experimental conditions, the results showed that feed type had significant influence on the waste excretion rates, with marble goby fed live tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) exhibiting significantly (P < 0.05) the lowest amount of waste excretion comparable to that of fish fed live common carp (Cyprinus carpio) and minced scads (Decapterus russellii). This indicates that feeding marble goby with tilapia poses less adverse effects on water quality and is thus a suitable diet for this species. The waste excreted by the fish is composed of nitrogenous excretion (TAN, Urea-N, ON, Feces-N), and productions of dissolved biodegradable organic substances (BOD 5) and TSS (TSS feces + TSS water). About 58–71% of the nitrogen consumed in food was excreted and its rate depended mainly on the feed type. TAN was the chief end-product of protein metabolism; about 74–84% of the daily total nitrogenous excretion was TAN. Urea-N accounted for 13–21% of the daily total nitrogenous excretion indicating that urea-N is an important nitrogenous excretory end-product in marble goby. The waste excretion data presented in this study can be served as a pre-requisite for designing a RAS for this species. The overall BOD 5 and TSS production found in this study also point to the need for including bio-filtration unit and suspended solids removal mechanism in the RAS design.
Article: Nitrogenous and phosphorus excretions in juvenile silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen) exposed to different water hardness, humic acid, and pH levels.[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: This study examined ammonia, urea, creatinine, protein, nitrite, nitrate, and phosphorus (P) excretion at different water hardness, humic acid, or pH levels in silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen) juveniles. The fish were exposed to different levels of water hardness (4, 24, 50, or 100 mg L(-1) CaCO(3)), humic acid (0, 2.5, or 5.0 mg L(-1)), or pH (5.0, 6.0, 7.0, 8.0, or 9.0) for 10 days. The overall measured nitrogen excretions were 88.1 % (244-423 μmol kg(-1 )h(-1)) for ammonia, 10.9 % (30-52 μmol kg(-1 )h(-1)) for creatinine, 0.02 % (0.05-0.08 μmol kg(-1 )h(-1)) for protein, 0.001 % (0.002-0.004 μmol kg(-1 )h(-1)) for urea, 0.5 % (0.64-3.6 μmol kg(-1 )h(-1)) for nitrite, and 0.5 % (0.0-6.9 μmol kg(-1 )h(-1)) for nitrate, and these proportions were not affected by water hardness or humic acid levels. The overall P excretion in R. quelen was 0.14-2.97 μmol kg(-1) h(-1). Ammonia excretion in R. quelen usually was significantly higher in the first 12 h after feeding, and no clear effect of water hardness, humic acid levels, and pH on this daily pattern of ammonia excretion could be observed. Water hardness only affected the ammonia and P excretion of R. quelen juveniles in the initial and fifth days after transfer, respectively. The exposure of this species to humic acid increased ammonia excretion after 10 days of exposure but did not affect P excretion. An increase in pH decreased ammonia and increased creatinine excretion but did not change P excretion in R. quelen. Therefore, when there is any change on humic acid levels or pH in the culture of this species, nitrogenous compounds must be monitored because their excretion rates are variable. On the other hand, P excretion rates determined in the present study are applicable to a wide range of fish culture conditions.Fish Physiology and Biochemistry 11/2012; · 1.55 Impact Factor
Article: Integrated production of long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA)-rich Schizochytrium biomass using a nutrient supplemented marine aquaculture wastewater[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Schizochytrium limacinum SR21 was used to remove waste nutrients from a marine recirculating aquaculture wastewater while simultaneously producing a valuable biomass containing PUFA enriched with long chain fatty acids which may have potential as an aquafeed additive.Clean seawater and marine aquaculture wastewater supplemented with yeast extract (1.0–10 g L−1) and glycerol (10–90 g L−1) were used for a comparative study of growth and PUFA production using S. limacinum in batch, continuous and in a packed bed reactor (pall rings, surface area 340 m2/m3) that allow surface growth and cell recycling for a high cell density culture. Good growth rates (μ = 0.013 h−1) were obtained in batch and continuous culture modes. Biomass of S. limacinum was increased from 4.0 g L−1 as DCW in batch culture to 57.9 g L−1 in retention culture (D = 0.062 h−1). Retention culture of S. limacinum in a packed bed reactor also produced total lipids of 36.5 g L−1 (53–65%, w/w as DCW) and long chain fatty acids (>C22) of 12.6 g L−1 (21.8%, w/w as DCW) in 350 h. Long chain fatty acids of C22, C18 and C16, as the main fatty acids, were produced and production was enhanced when supplemented wastewater was used in growth medium. Changes to the relative concentrations of glycerol and yeast extract (C:N ratio) alter the amounts of oil produced and types of fatty acid produced.S. limacinum in continuous culture mode (D = 0.013 h−1) enabled significant reductions (<90%) in phosphorous, nitrogen and ammonia concentrations of marine aquaculture wastewater and efficiency of wastewater treatment was further improved in retention culture operating at D = 0.062 h−1. This system would be well suited to treating nutrient concentrated effluent from sludge sedimentation/dewatering tanks in recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS). The treatment capacity of the reactor was considerable and in this current study, 420 g N, 190 g P and 10 g total NH3 day−1 m−3 reactor could be removed using the retention culture system.Aquacultural Engineering. 01/2010;
- [Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: This study examined ammonia excretion at different life stages (eggs, larvae and juveniles) in silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen) and determined the influence of fasting time on ammonia excretion. Eggs and larvae were collected from incubators at different times after fecundation and placed in chambers. Juveniles were separated into two weight classes (2-50 g and 150-320 g) and placed in individual chambers after feeding. Water was collected from each chamber to determine ammonia excretion. Ammonia excretion by the eggs was low, but when hatching began approximately 28h after fecundation, excretion increased until 48h after fecundation. In fasting silver catfish juveniles, there was a significant negative correlation between ammonia excretion and weight. Moreover, ammonia excretion decreased significantly after 12 and 48h of fasting (compared to 6h fasting) in the smallest and largest specimens, respectively. Consequently, during incubation of silver catfish eggs, water renovation must be increased at hatching time to avoid a build-up in the concentration of ammonia. In addition, as ammonia excretion in this species increases after feeding, feed must be discontinued when ammonia levels in the tanks are high to avoid a further increase of this metabolite and consequent mortality of silver catfish.Acta Scientiarum Animal Sciences 03/2012; 34(1):15-19.
Page 1
Waste excretion of marble goby (Oxyeleotris marmorata Bleeker)
fed with different diets
Su Shiung Lama,⁎, Mohd. Azmi Ambaka, Ahmad Jusohb, Ah Theem Lawc
aInstitute of Tropical Aquaculture (AKUATROP), University Malaysia Terengganu (UMT), Mengabang Telipot, 21030 Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia
bDepartment of Engineering Science, Faculty of Science & Technology, University Malaysia Terengganu (UMT),
Mengabang Telipot, 21030 Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia
cInstitute of Oceanography (INOS), University Malaysia Terengganu (UMT), Mengabang Telipot, 21030 Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia
Received 23 February 2007; received in revised form 6 November 2007; accepted 6 November 2007
Marble goby (Oxyeleotris marmorata Bleeker), with its high demand and price, has a great potential as a profitable commercial aquaculture
candidate in Malaysia and Southeast Asia region. Efforts are being made to produce this species in a better controlled culture environment like
systems. Quantification of waste excreted by fish is critical to RAS design. This study was conducted to characterize the waste excretion rates of
marble goby fed with different diets (live food and minced fish). Ammonia-N (TAN), urea-N, nitrite-N (NO2-N), nitrate-N (NO3-N), total-N (TN),
organic-N (ON), feces-N, 5-day biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) and total suspended solid (TSS) produced from marble goby were determined
over a 72-hexcretion period. Undergivenexperimental conditions, the results showed thatfeed type had significant influence on thewaste excretion
that of fish fed live common carp (Cyprinus carpio) and minced scads (Decapterus russellii). This indicates that feeding marble goby with tilapia
poses less adverse effects on water quality and is thus a suitable diet for this species. The waste excreted by the fish is composed of nitrogenous
excretion (TAN, Urea-N, ON, Feces-N), and productions of dissolved biodegradable organic substances (BOD5) and TSS (TSSfeces+TSSwater).
About 58–71% of the nitrogen consumed in food was excreted and its rate depended mainly on the feed type. TAN was the chief end-product of
protein metabolism; about 74–84% of the daily total nitrogenous excretion was TAN. Urea-N accounted for 13–21% of the daily total nitrogenous
excretion indicating that urea-N is an important nitrogenous excretory end-product in marble goby. The waste excretion data presented in this study
can be served as a pre-requisite for designing a RAS for this species.The overall BOD5and TSS production found in this studyalso point to the need
for including bio-filtration unit and suspended solids removal mechanism in the RAS design.
© 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Marble goby (Oxyeleotris marmorata Bleeker); Waste excretion; Feed type; TAN & Urea-N excretion pattern; Recirculating system design
1. Introduction
Marble goby (Oxyeleotris marmorata Bleeker) is a good-
eating freshwater fish well known as dSoon Hock' or 'Ketutu' to
(Luong et al., 2005), and its wholesale price in Malaysia ranges
fromRM16/kgtoRM60/kg.Due toitshighcommercial value, it
does have a great potential as a profitable aquaculture species in
Malaysia and vigorous efforts have been made to perfect its
culture technique to produce this fish for commercial purpose.
Currently, these fishes are grown in cage and outdoor pond
systems where the water is diverted from a nearby lake or river
for a single pass through the pond system and then released into
the environment. Yet, there are a lot of problems exist in these
conventional cage and pond culture of marble goby, namely:
serious disease problem caused by Aeromonas hydrophila and
Lernaea cyprinacea (anchor worm), slow growth during juve-
nile and growout stage, high mortality rate, peculiar feeding
behavior, and lack of formulated feeds (Cheah et al., 1994; Lin
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com
Aquaculture 274 (2008) 49–56
⁎Corresponding author. Tel.: +609 6683308; fax: +609 6683390.
E-mail address: email@example.com (S.S. Lam).
0044-8486/$ - see front matter © 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Page 2
and Kaewpaitoon, 2000). Most of the problems above are much
related to the poor water quality and lack of appropriate control
of the present conventional culture. Thus, efforts are being made
to develop production systems like recirculating aquaculture
system (RAS) where the water is at least partly recycled to
ensure a better controlled culture condition, which may lead to
better yield of marble goby.
The quantity of waste excreted by fish is a major concern
when designing systems to reuse water. Quantification of waste
excretion, especially the ammonia-N excretion, is important for
estimating maximum stocking biomass/density and water flow
rates in culture systems, as well as assessing the environmental
impact of culture operations (Forsberg and Summerfelt, 1992;
Dosdat et al., 1996). Studies on quantifying waste excretion to
design a RAS have been reported in other species like lobsters
and seed clams (Zhu et al., 1999; Crear and Forteath, 2002).
Similar studies have also been reported in fish (Kikuchi, 1995;
have been reported on marble goby.
Hence, this study was conducted to characterize the waste
excretion rates of marble goby fed by several diets that were
commonly used by fish farmers in Malaysia. Live foods were
used mainly due to lack of suitable artificial feed for the fish.
Besides, our preliminary studies had indicated that marble goby
fed with live food (tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, with 66%
crude protein, 16% crude fat of dry weight) showed better
growth (2.00±0.51 g d−1) and feed consumption of 5.26±
0.17% body wet weight (BW) d−1compared to fish fed on
artificial moist pellet diet (40% crude protein, 10% crude fat
balanced by cellulose and αstarch, with addition of vitamin and
mineral premix), which only produced the growth of 0.81±
0.20 g d−1and feed intake of 2.16±0.24%BW d−1(Table 1).
Ammonia-N (TAN=NH3+NH4
biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) and total suspended solid
(TSS) produced from marble goby were determined over a 72-h
excretion period. In addition, temporal patterns of TAN and
urea-N excretion after feeding were measured to understand
their excretion patterns versus time. Based on the results of the
waste excretion study, the information can be used in the
design and management of effective culture systems for marble
goby. This study was part of the project to develop an effective
+), urea-N, nitrite-N (NO2-N),
RAS for commercial production of high quality marble goby in
Malaysia aquaculture industry.
2. Materials and methods
2.1. Fish and acclimation
Marble goby averaging 100 g body weight were obtained from various local
sources. They were acclimated individually in 195-L fiberglass rectangular
holdingtanks supplied with a continuousflow of recirculatingwell-aerated fresh
water (water temperature: 27.5±0.5 °C; pH: 7.5±0.5; dissolved oxygen (DO) N
6 mg L−1). The fresh water would first be disinfected by passing through UV
disinfection unit before being supplied to the holding tanks in order to ensure the
water is disease free. During acclimation, the fish were fed to satiation once a
day with the experimental diet (see below) for 7 d prior to measurements of
excretion (Jayaram and Beamish, 1992). They were not deprived offood prior to
tests to ensure the conditions mimicked those found in culture of this species
(Leung et al., 1999).
was timed to ensure the maximum levels of less than 3 mg TAN L−1(<0.6 mg
in the culture tankwas suitablefor the fish, water samples from each culture tank
werecollected weeklythroughoutthe experiment and analyzedfor TAN and DO
according to Parsons et al. (1984).
2.2. Experimental diets
Three experimental diets were given to the fish, namely:
D1: Live tilapia fry (O. niloticus) (size per fish: 3±1 cm total length)
D2: Live common carp fry (Cyprinus carpio) (size per fish: 3±1 cm total
D3: Minced scads (Decapterus russellii) (size per slice: thumb-sized in 4±1 g)
Diets were analyzed for moisture, crude protein, crude fat, and ash content
according to AOAC (1990) (Table 2). To ensure the live diet (tilapia and carp) is
disease free, the live diet was disinfected through UVand pulsed-UV procedures
before being fed to the fish to control the possible pathogens entering with the
live diet.
2.3. Experimental conditions and measurements
The experiment was conducted in 36-L capacity plastic experimental
chambers inside a temperature-controlled room. The volume of the water in
each chamber was regulated according to the requirements of the experiment,
but generally was in between 20 and 30 L (Crear and Forteath, 2002). Water
temperature was maintained at 27.5±0.5 °C and pH at 7.5±0.5 throughout
the experimental period. Light was controlled to provide a 12-h light and 12-
h dark photoperiod. To ensure that concentrations of DO in the water did not
Table 1
Growth and feed consumption of marble goby1in relation to different diets
Absolute growth rate g d−1
Feed consumption %BW d−1
Live food
Artificial food
(moist pellet)3
1Fish size (100±5 g).
2Live tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (66% crude protein, 16% crude fat of dry
3Moist pellet (40% crude protein, 10% crude fat balanced by cellulose and
αstarch, with addition of vitamin and mineral premix).
4Values are means±SD (N=6) and means with the same superscript in the same
column are not statistically different (PN0.05).
Table 2
Composition of experimental feeds1
Proximate composition
(as fed basis)a
Crude protein
Crude fat
1Values are means±SD of three replicate analysis (N=3) and means with the
same superscript in the same row are not statistically different (PN0.05).
50 S.S. Lam et al. / Aquaculture 274 (2008) 49–56
Page 3
compromise the experiments, the containers were aerated with DO level of
about 80% saturation (DO N6 mg L−1). Aeration also acted to mix the water,
thus ensuring that water samples were representative of the experimental
chamber. The aeration had been gone through CO2 stripping process to
ensure that air free of CO2was provided and pH was maintained in the
chamber. The volatilization of ammonia from aerated tanks or the effect of
unionized ammonia (NH3) loss due to air diffusion was ignored on TAN
concentrations (Forsberg and Summerfelt, 1992) because the ratio of
unionized ammonia to TAN was only about 5% for water at 27 °C and pH
7.5 according to Wheaton et al. (1994).
Six pieces of marble goby (same fish size in 100±5 g; N=6) were
individually assigned to each of six replicates of the 3 diet treatments (Leung
et al., 1999). At the beginning stage, 6 pieces of fish from the same
population were used as the positive control in this experiment, where they
were starved for 72 h before the measurement day in order to measure their
endogenous or fasting TAN and urea-N excretion rates. On the measurement
day, each experimental fish, excluding the fish used for positive control, was
fed once a day to satiation (approximately at feeding rate ranging from 2 to
6%BW d−1) with the experimental diets (around 9 am) and the amount of
feed consumed by each individual was recorded and expressed as %BW d−1.
The actual feed rate of each individual was calculated on the basis of the
ration level on the measurement day and the body weight of the fish. One
hour after the completion of feeding (10 am), the fish were transferred from
the holding tank and placed individually into the experimental chambers
(Kikuchi, 1995; Leung et al., 1999). The fish were then allowed to settle for
1 h before measurements commenced.
After 1 h of adaptation, water samples for full analysis were taken from each
chamber to determine initial background concentrations. Then, water samples
for TAN (NH3+NH4
chamber at 2 h interval for the first 12 h, and then at 4 h interval from 12 to 24 h.
Since culture fish are normally fed daily, so intensive measurements for TAN
and urea-N were carried out for the first 24 h to simulate the culture situation
(Leung et al., 1999). While triplicate measurements were carried out on the full
analysis of TAN, urea-N, NO2-N, NO3-N, TN, BOD5, and TSS at 24 h interval
for 3 d. ON was calculated based on the difference between TN, and TAN, urea-
N, NO2-N, NO3-N ON, organic nitrogen [ON=TN−(TAN+Urea-N+NO2-N+
NO3-N)]. Fish were monitored on their waste excretions for 3 d.
At the end of the 3-d experiment, the fish were removed from the experi-
mental chamber, weighed and transferred back to holding tank. The whole
volume of water in the experimental chamber was then drained and filtered
through WhatmanGF/C filters (1.2-μm filter) to collect feces. The feces (residue
+) and urea-N determination were collected from each
on the filter) were dried at 60 °C for 48 h, weighed and analyzed for TSSfeces
(APHA, 1995) and feces-N (AOAC, 1990) using Kjeldahl method (Kjeldahl,
selenium catalyst; N×6.25), where sample was decomposed in hydrogen per-
oxide (H2O2) and sulfuric acid, then distilled to determine nitrogen.
A chamber without fish was served as the negative control and the changes
in waste excretion rates were calculated based on the difference between the
concentrations obtained for two consecutive (timed) samples, using the equation
like below:
Waste excretion rate ¼
Co? CI
? ðmg kg?1d?1or mg kg?1h?1Þ
ð Þ ? Cc
½ ? ? V= W ? t
is the related waste concentration (mg L−1) of the experimental
chamber at time 1
is the related waste concentration (mg L−1) of the experimental
chamber at time 2
is the related waste concentration (mg L−1) of the control chamber at
time 2
is the water volume (L) of the chamber
is the wet body weight (kg) of the fish
time lapse (day or hour)
and urea excreted over the 24 h period (mg N kg−1d−1) were estimated by
integrating the area under the curve. Besides, mean daily waste excretion rates
were also calculated for each treatment. All waste excretion parameters were
analyzed using standard method adapted by Parsons et al. (1984), namely: TAN;
urea-N; NO2-N; NO3-N; TN. While TSS and BOD5concentrations were per-
samples could not be analyzed immediately they were frozen at −20 °C for a
maximum of 1 week (Parsons et al., 1984).
2.4. Statistical analyses
Data analyses were performed on the SPSS ver 13.0 statistical package
(SPSS Inc. USA) with the α set at 0.05 (significance at P<0.05). All the data
were presented as means±SD throughout the text and were subjected to one-
way ANOVA. If significant differences were indicated at the 0.05 levels, then
Fig. 1. Total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) (mg N kg−1h−1) excretion pattern of marble goby in relation to diets (N=6, means±SD). Peaks of TAN excretion are indicated
by arrows. The peaks with the same superscript are not statistically different (PN0.05). The small line chart shows the measured concentration of TAN in the chamber
over the 72-h experimental period.
51 S.S. Lam et al. / Aquaculture 274 (2008) 49–56
Page 4
Duncan's Multiple Range test was used to identify significant difference among
3. Results
3.1. Diurnal TAN and urea-N excretion patterns
All diet treatments showed an increase in TAN excretion after
feeding (Fig. 1). Shortly after feeding, the hourly TAN excretion rates
of fed marble goby were 2 to 3 times higher than those of starved or
unfed individuals (Fig. 1). The peak rates of hourly TAN excretion of
marble goby were observed at 6 h after feeding for all diet treatments,
and they were about 3 to 4 times higher than the rates of unfed fish
(Fig. 1). The peak rates were maintained for a short period of time
(≤2 h), then the rates slowly declined and were not significantly
(PN0.05) different to the rates of unfed fish (endogenous-N excretion)
after 24 h, which were ranged from 9.48 to 11.74 mg N kg−1h−1
(Fig. 1). Results of ANOVA analysis have shown that the peak rates of
TAN shown by fish fed scads were significantly (P<0.05) higher than
the peak rates shown by those of fish fed tilapia and carps, thus
indicating that the highest hourly TAN excretion rate was shown in
marble goby fed by minced scads. Yet, all diet treatments showed a
nearly similar excretion pattern. In contrast to TAN excretion, the peak
rates of urea-N excretion occurred at 8 h after feeding in all diet treat-
ments, which were about 3 to 4 times higher than the rates of unfed fish
(Fig. 2). However, the peak rates declined to the rates similar (PN0.05)
to the rates of unfed fish at 24 h as well (Fig. 2). The highest hourly
Urea-N excretion rate was significantly (P<0.05) shown in minced
scads fed group (Fig. 2).
3.2. Waste excretion rates
Daily rates of nitrogenous waste excretion are shownin Table 3.It is
revealed that marble goby fed with minced scads gave the highest TAN
excretion (570.86±42.65 mg TAN kg−1d−1) compared to those of fish
fed live carp and tilapia, which was 527.90±28.42 mg TAN kg−1d−1
Fig. 2. Urea nitrogen (Urea-N) (mg N kg−1h−1) excretion pattern of marble goby in relation to diets (N=6, means±SD). Peaks of urea-N excretion are indicated by
arrows. The peaks with the same superscript are not statistically different (PN0.05). The small line chart shows the measured concentration of Urea-N in the chamber
over the 72-h experimental period.
Table 3
Mean daily rates of nitrogenous waste excretion1by the marble goby in relation to different diets
mg N kg−1d−1
mg N kg−1d−1
mg N kg−1d−1
mg N kg−1d−1
mg N kg−1d−1
mg N kg−1d−1
mg N kg−1d−1
mg N kg−1d−1
No feed
Tilapia 4.78%BW
d−1 2a
Carp 5.17%BW
d−1 a
Scads 5.00%BW
d−1 a
1168.61b± 44.04
1170.75b±115.06 570.86d±42.65
682.15c± 49.94
n.p. n.p.
1Values are means±SD (N=6) and means with the same superscript in the same column are not statistically different (PN0.05).
2Feeding rate as percentage of body weight per day (%BW d−1).
3Percentage of consumed nitrogen (CN).
4n.p. — no production as concentrations was found not significantly different (PN0.05) with control.
5n.d. — not detectable.
52 S.S. Lam et al. / Aquaculture 274 (2008) 49–56
Page 5
and 430.02±17.39 mg TAN kg−1d−1, respectively (Table 3). The TAN
rates excreted by fed marble goby in this study were 2 to 3 times higher
thantheratesofunfedindividuals.DailyTAN excretion asapercentage
of consumed-N also exhibited similar results by following the sequence
Low NO2-N and NO3-N levels were found in the experimental
chamber and their concentrations were found not significantly different
out the 3-d experiment period, thus indicating that there were no con-
in the water, which in other words there were no productions of NO2-N
and NO3-N during the experimental period.
Urea-N and ON excretion rates did not differ significantly
(PN0.05) between marble goby fed tilapia and carp, while significant
(P<0.05) lower excretion rates were shown by marble goby fed scads
(Table 3). Generally, urea-N occupied 8.0–10.3% and ON accounted
for 1.6–2.4% of CN (Table 3). The lowest TN excretion was signi-
ficantly (P<0.05) observed in marble goby fed tilapia, whereas no
significant difference (PN0.05) was shown between marble goby fed
carp and scads (Table 3). In general, TN excretion accounted for 49.5–
58.4% of CN (Table 3). On the other hand, the feces-N produced by
marble goby fed tilapia was significantly (P<0.05) lower than other
diet treatments, which represented 8.7–12.4% of CN (Table 3). On the
whole, total nitrogenous excretion (TN+Feces-N) of marble goby re-
presented 58.2–70.8% of CN in this study.
Results of BOD5and TSS analyses for the marble goby in diet
treatment are also presented in Table 4. It appeared that fish in the scads
fed group exerted the highest oxygen demand (Table 4). The daily
BOD5for marble goby in this study ranged from 1502 to 2362 mg DO
kg−1d−1(8.4–13.2 mg DO L−1) (Table 4). For the purpose of com-
parison, BOD5excretion can also be related to TAN (Fig. 3). Linear
regression of the experimental data resulted in the equation below:
The number of samples for BOD5analyses was limited (N=18), but the
linear relationship between BOD5and TAN excretion rates was proved
significant (P<0.001) and strong (r2=0.90, excluding data from fish
fed with scads diet with BOD5increasing with TAN). Because of the
extremely high rates of both TAN and BOD5production, data produced
RBOD5¼ 3:43 RTAN r2¼ 0:90; N ¼ 18; P < 0:001
For TSS measured from water (TSSwater), a significant (P<0.05)
higher TSSwaterconcentration of 357.10±0.97 mg TSS kg−1d−1was
also observed for marble goby fed scads diet (Table 4). In this study,
daily TSSwaterconcentration ranged from 168 to 357 mg TSS kg−1d−1
(0.9–2.0 mg TSS L−1) (Table 4). While for TSS measured as fish feces
(TSSfeces), it ranged from 4159 to 6115 mg TSS kg−1d−1, and they
represented 8.9–12.4% of the daily feeding rate (Table 4). This fraction
may be a low estimate since the feces were allowed to remain in the
water column for 3 d before being collected for analysis. The highest
(P<0.05) amount of TSSfeceswas also shown in scads group (Table 4).
For the purpose of comparison, the production of TSStotal(TSSwater+
TSSfeces) can also be related to BOD5(Fig. 4). Linear regression of the
experimental data resulted in the equation below:
RBOD5¼ 0:34 RTSS r2¼ 0:80; N ¼ 18; P<0:001
The linear relationship between BOD5and TSStotalproduction rates
was also proved significant (P<0.001) with BOD5increasing with
There were no measurable changes of TN, BOD5and TSS in the
experimental chamber on the 2nd and 3rd day of experiment as their
concentrations on the 2nd and 3rd day were found not significantly
different (PN0.05) to their respective concentration on 1st day, thus
indicating that there were no further excretion/production of these
waste parameters on day 2 and day 3 of the experiment.
In terms of TN excretion following feeding, TAN was the greatest
part of daily nitrogenous excretion,which accounted for 74–85% of the
Table 4
Mean daily rates1of TSSfeces, TSSwaterand BOD5by the marble goby in relation
to different diets
mg TSS kg−1d−1mg TSS kg−1d−1mg DO kg−1d−1
No feedn.d.3
n.d. 89.39±4.87a
(0.49 mg/L)a
4.78%BW d−1 2,a
5.17%BW d−1 a
5.00%BW d−1 a
(0.94 mg TSS/L)a(8.43 mg DO/L)b
(1.00 mg TSS/L)a(10.01 mg DO/L)c
(2.00 mg TSS/L)b(13.22 mg DO/L)d
TSSfeces, total suspended solid measured as fish feces; TSSwater, total suspended
solid measured from water sample; BOD5, 5-day biochemical oxygen demand.
1Values are means±SD (N=6) and means with the same superscript in the same
column are not statistically different (PN0.05).
2Feeding rate as percentage of body weight per day (%BW d−1).
3n.d. — not detectable.
4Percentage of daily feeding rate.
Fig. 3. Relationship between BOD5(RBOD5) and TAN excretion rates (RTAN) of
marble goby.
Fig. 4. Relationship between BOD5(RBOD5) and TSStotal(TSSfeces+TSSwater)
production rates (RTSS) of marble goby.
53S.S. Lam et al. / Aquaculture 274 (2008) 49–56
Page 6
TN excretion, while the second largest nitrogenous excretion product
was urea-N, which represented 13–21% of the TN excretion. ON only
contributed 2–5% of the TN excretion (Table 5).
4. Discussion
The results showed a pattern of immediate rise in TAN
excretion rate after feeding followed by a more prolonged and
gradual decrease. This is in agreement with the findings of other
workers (Jobling, 1981; Engin and Carter, 2001). Brett and Zala
(1975) also found that following the single morning feed, the
excretion rate in sockeye salmon rose sharply to a peak, falling
rapidly thereafter in an almost exponential decrease to the early
morning base level. The peak rates occurred 6 h after feeding in
all the treatments in this study, with peak rates of excretion
being 3 to 4 times higher than fasting rates. This is within the
range found for other fish in previous findings (Kikuchi, 1995;
Leung et al., 1999; Engin and Carter, 2001). Dosdat et al. (1996)
also reported that only one peak of TAN excretion appeared for
100 g fish which were fed once daily and it appeared 5–8 h after
feeding. Despite the variation in the magnitude of peak TAN
excretion rate, the daily patterns were similar among the diet
treatment. This indicates that the same metabolic processes
governing ammonia production from deamination occur at the
same time irrespective of diet under the experimental conditions
employed. This finding is in accordance with results reported on
other teleost genera and species: sockeye salmon (Brett and
Zala, 1975), and Japanese flounder (Kikuchi et al., 1992). The
differences in peak TAN amplitudes observed in this study
indicate that feed type may have effect on the metabolic activi-
ties of marble goby, since the amplitude and time of appearance
of peak TAN excretion rates are dependent upon fish size, water
temperature and nitrogen intake (Jobling, 1981; Kaushik and
Cowey, 1990). To be more precise, TAN excretion rates found
in this study are influenced by the quality and quantity of
nitrogen intake from the feed, or in other words, the crude
protein content of feed may explain the variation of the TAN
excretion rates. However, this only applies provided that same
fish size was used and water temperature was maintained
throughout the experiment and in all treatments. Various studies
on fish have reported that TAN excretion after feeding repre-
sented 30–49% of N-intake or CN, and are linked to feed type
and its dietary nitrogen, ingested protein and protein intake
quality of the diet (Dosdat et al., 1996; Leung et al., 1999). Our
findings of TAN excretion representing 36–49% of the CN in
100 g marble goby are in agreement with these values. Lanari
et al. (1993) also found 49% in 100 g rainbow trout.
diet treatment. Yet, maximum urea-N hourly excretion rates
found in this study were 3 times higher than what was found by
shown by marble goby in this study were also reported by
Kikuchi (1995) on Japanese flounder and Engin and Carter
can be an important additional component of nitrogenous ex-
cretion in some species. Further study is needed as there is still
little known about the urea-N excretion rates in marble goby.
In this study, marble goby fed live tilapia exhibited signifi-
cantly (P<0.05) the lowest amount of nitrogenous excretion
(Table 3). When protein retention is increased, it is logical that
the TAN excretion produced from catabolized protein would be
reduced (Webb and Gatlin, 2003). In the case of the dead scads
fed groups, which exhibited the highest excretion and loss, this
was most likely due to the deterioration of scads diet during
storage. Fish will not fully utilize the feed if it is deficient in
nutrients due to break down over time which will increase the
amount of waste produced by the fish. The results are in agree-
ment with those studied in different carnivorous species fish
such as red drum and Atlantic salmon (Reigh and Ellis, 1992;
Carter et al., 1994). Tantikitti et al. (2005) also indicated that
Asian seabass fed minced trash fish that were low in protein
quality would resulted in poor nutrient utilization and high
ammonia excretion. Unfortunately, the amino acid composition
of the experimental diets was not analyzed and it thus needs
further investigation. Although minced or trash fish is not re-
commended for use as feed for aquatic animals, most fish farm-
ers in Malaysia are still using it because of its low price and
convenience. On the whole, it was shown in this study that feed
type had significantly affected the nitrogenous excretion of
marble goby. Similar results were obtained by Sun et al. (2006)
showing that feed type also had an obvious influence on nitro-
genous excretion of juvenile cobia and the dietary protein con-
tent was one of the determinants of nitrogenous excretion for
juvenile cobia.
It appeared that fish in the scads fed group exerted the
highest oxygen demand. It may well be that these higher values
were not only originated from the fish metabolism, but also due
to the increase of dissolved biodegradable organic substances
and oxygen demand associated with the decomposition of the
uneaten scads diet. It was visually observed that higher feces
were yielded and more uneaten feed was spitted out from the
mouth of marble goby fed scads diet during the experimental
period, which would bring about the increase of the amount of
dissolved biodegradable organic substances in the water. Thus,
Table 5
Mean percentage (%) of daily rates of nitrogenous excretion1by the marble
goby in relation to different diets
DietExcreted-N (%)
TNTAN Urea-NONNO2-N NO3-N
No feed 100.00a84.43a±0.27 13.68a±0.18 1.89a±0.19 n.p.2
Tilapia 100.00a74.34b±0.60 20.75b±0.38 4.91b±0.66 n.p.n.p.
Carp100.00a78.56c±0.42 17.59c±0.39 3.85c±0.33 n.p. n.p.
Scads100.00a83.68d±0.40 13.62a±0.382.70d±0.71 n.p.n.p.
TN, total nitrogen; TAN, total ammonia nitrogen (NH3+NH4
nitrogen [TN−(TAN+Urea-N+NO2-N+NO3-N)]; NO2-N, nitrite nitrogen;
NO3-N, nitrate nitrogen.
1Values are means±SD (N=6) and means with the same superscript in the same
column are not statistically different (PN0.05).
2n.p. — no production as concentrations was found not significantly different
(PN0.05) with control.
+); ON, organic
54S.S. Lam et al. / Aquaculture 274 (2008) 49–56
Page 7
this may potentially account for the higher oxygen demand or
BOD5values. In the design of nitrification biofilters for recir-
culating aquaculture systems, the TAN excretion rate is usually
estimated as 3% of the daily feeding rate (Wheaton et al., 1994).
The BOD5production rate for finfish is often estimated to be
10–50% of the daily feed rate (Chen et al., 1997). If 10% is used
for the purpose of discussion, the BOD5excretion rate would be
about 3.3 times that of the TAN excretion rate. This ratio
matches quite well the BOD5and TAN excretion relationship,
as demonstrated by Eq. (2). Besides, the daily BOD5for marble
goby in this study had exceeded the acceptable 5 mg L−1BOD5
limit for aquaculture by Law (1987). This indicates that a bio-
filtration unit must be provided in the RAS for the removal of
dissolved biodegradable organic substances in order to reduce
the BOD5or oxygen demand in the water.
concentration value. It is assumed the TSSwatermaterials mea-
sured were comprised of small fraction of uneaten feed and also
the excreted fecal material produced by the fish even though
characterization of the measured TSSwatermaterial was not con-
ducted. The TSS measurements of the excretion study for the
fed live diet (tilapia and carp). No clear explanation can be
provided for this result. However, it was visually observed that
higher feces were yielded and more uneaten feed was spitted out
from the mouth of marble goby fed scads diet during the expe-
rimental period. This may potentially account for the higher TSS
values. Generally, low TSS concentration values were found in
this study. However, if the amount of TSS contributed by the fish
feces was considered, then the overall TSS excretion (Feces+
TSS) in this study would be ranged from 4328 to 6472 mg
TSS kg−1d−1(24–36 mg TSS L−1), and they represented ap-
proximately 9–13% of the daily feeding rate (Table 4). This
fraction may be a low estimate since the uneaten feed (spitted out
precisely, the feces were allowed to remain in the water column
for 3 d before being collected for analysis, and also the lower
stocking density or the use of comparative larger tanks (only one
overall TSS excretion value.Nevertheless, the overall TSS excre-
tion concentrations (24–36 mg TSS L−1, Table 4) had exceeded
in recirculating systems, and also the tentative upper limit of
2002), thus this may threaten the fish by damaging the fish gills
andharboringpathogens detrimental tofishhealth.This impliesa
need to include a suspended solids removal mechanism in the
recirculating aquaculture system design for marble goby culture,
which would lead to reducing the TSS excretion and BOD5
loading rate, maintaining water clarity, and provide a good water
quality environment for the culture organism.
The excretion values obtained reflect the conditions of the
study and most likely will result in different values with respect
to the environmental and physical conditions and species stated.
The measurement values obtained from this study can serve as a
general basis or pre-requisite for designing a RAS for marble
goby culture.
5. Conclusion
Feed type had significant influence on the waste excretion
rates, with marble goby fed live tilapia exhibiting significantly
(P<0.05) the lowest amount of waste excretion comparable to
that of fish fed carp and scads. This indicates further that tilapia
is a suitable diet for marble goby as its lowest amount of waste
excretion would cause less adverse effects on the cultured water
quality, which would lead to the potential of higher survival and
faster growth of the fish. In contrast, high waste excretions were
significantly observed in marble goby fed with mince scads,
thus indicating that it is an inappropriate diet with respect to its
highest amount of nitrogen loss and poor nutrient utilization.
Waste excretion rate of marble goby after feeding is com-
posed of nitrogenous excretion (TAN, Urea-N, ON, Feces-N),
and productions of dissolved biodegradable organic substances
(BOD5) and TSS (TSSfeces+TSSwater). The mean rates of nitro-
102–145 mg N kg−1d−1, respectively, while 1502–2361 mg
DO kg−1d−1(8–13 mg L−1) for BOD5and 4328–6472 mg
TSS kg−1d−1(24–37 mg L−1) for TSS productions. The mea-
surement values obtained from this study can serve as a general
basis or pre-requisite for designing a RAS for marble goby
culture. The overall BOD5and TSS production found in this
study also point to the need for including bio-filtration unit and
suspended solids removal mechanism in the RAS design.
This study was funded by University Malaysia Terengganu
(UMT) and Ministry of Science and Technology Malaysia
(MOSTE) through the project of Intensification of Research
Priority Areas (IRPA Project No. 01-02-04-0165). Lam Su
Shiung was in receipt of Post-Graduate Financial Scheme
Scholarship awarded through UMT. The authors would like to
thank Prof Faizah, Dr Abol Munafi, and staff at Institute of
Tropical Aquaculture (AQUATROP) for providing the platform
and technical assistance for this study.
AOAC, 1990. Official Methods of Analysis, 15th ed. Association of Official
Analytical Chemists, Washington, D.C. 933 pp.
American Public Health Association, 1995. Standard Methods for the Exami-
nation of Water and Wastewater, 19th Ed. American Public Health Associa-
tion, Washington, DC. 1108 pp.
Brett, J.R., Zala, C.A., 1975. Daily pattern of nitrogen excretion and oxygen
consumption of sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) under controlled
conditions. J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 32, 2479–2486.
Carter, C.G., Houlihan, D.F., Buchanan, B., Mitchell, A.I., 1994. Growth and
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mentary enzymes. Aquac. Fish. Manag. 25, 37–46.
Cheah, S.H., Senoo, S., Lam, S.Y., Ang, K.J., 1994. Aquaculture of a high-value
Bleeker). Naga ICLARM Q. 17 (2), 22–25.
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Crear, B.J., Forteath, G.N.R., 2002. Feeding has the largest effect on the am-
monia excretion of the southern rock lobster, Jasus edwardsii, and western
rock lobster, Panulirus Cygnus. Aquacult. Eng. 26, 239–250.
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Comparison of nitrogenous losses in five teleost fish species. Aquaculture
141, 107–127.
Engin, K., Carter, C.G., 2001. Ammonia and urea excretion rates of juvenile
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dietary protein level. Aquaculture 194, 123–136.
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Forsberg, J.A., Summerfelt, R.C., 1992. Effect of temperature on diel ammonia
excretion of fingerling walleye. Aquaculture 102, 115–126.
Jayaram, M.G., Beamish, F.W.H., 1992. Influence of dietary protein and lipid on
nitrogen and energy losses in lake trout, Salvelinus namaycush. Can. J. Fish.
Aquat. Sci. 49, 2267–2272.
Jobling, M., 1981. Some effects of temperature, feeding and body weight on
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culture Waste, Proceedings of the First International Symposium on Nutri-
tional Strategies in Management of Aquaculture Waste, Ontario, 5–8 June.
University of Guelph, Canada, pp. 3–19.
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47, 112–118.
Kikuchi, K., Takeda, S., Honda, H., Kiyono, M., 1992. Nitrogenous excretion
of juvenile and young Japanese flounder. Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi 58,
Lanari, D., D'Agaro, E., Ballestrazzi, R., 1993. Effect of protein level in high
energy feeds on effluent quality and performance and digestibility in rain-
bow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Riv. Ital. Aquacult. 28, 127–141.
Law, A.T., 1987. General water quality for aquaculture (In Malay: Mutu air
umum untuk akuakultur). In: Aizam, Z.A., Mustafa, K.A.S. (Eds.), Basic
Pertanian Malaysia, vol. 4, pp. 20–28 (In Malay).
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temperature and ration size on ammonia excretion by aerolated grouper
Aquaculture 170, 215–227.
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marmorata Bleeker) and carps in Tri An Reservoir of Vietnam. Aquaculture
244, 97–107.
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quantities of dissolved inorganic nitrogen released in effluents from a sea
bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) recirculating water system. Aquacult. Eng. 22,
Parsons, T.R., Maita, Y., Lali, C.M., 1984. A Manual of Chemical and Biolo-
gical Methods for Seawater Analysis. Permagon Press, Oxford. 173 pp.
Reigh, R.C., Ellis, S.C., 1992. Effects of dietary soybean and fish–protein ratios
on growth and body composition of red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus) fed
isonitrogenous diets. Aquaculture 104, 279–292.
Sun, L., Chen, H., Huang, L., Wang, Z., 2006. Growth, faecal production,
nitrogenous excretion and energy budget of juvenile cobia (Rachycentron
canadum) relative to feed type and ration level. Aquaculture 259, 211–221.
Tantikitti, C., Sangpong, W., Chiavareesajja, S., 2005. Effects of defatted soy-
bean protein levels on growth performance and nitrogen and phosphorus
excretion in Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer). Aquaculture 248, 41–50.
Timmons, M.B., Ebeling, J.M., Wheaton, F.W., Summerfelt, S.T., Vinci, B.J.,
2002. Recirculating Aquaculture Systems, 2nd ed. NRAC, Cayuga Aqua
Ventures, NY. 769 pp.
Webb Jr., K.A., Gatlin III, D.M., 2003. Effects of dietary protein level and form
on production characteristics and ammonia excretion of red drum Sciaenops
ocellatus. Aquaculture 225, 17–26.
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(Eds.), Aquaculture Water Reuse Systems: Engineering Design and Manage-
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56S.S. Lam et al. / Aquaculture 274 (2008) 49–56


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Quiz! How Well Do You Know the Hunger Games: Mockingjay Pt 1 Actors?
Are the odds in your favour?
Enter Now
Quiz! How Well Do You Know Your Mean Girls Quotes?
Take the quiz!
Download Your Taylor Swift Bingo Card and Start Playing Now!
Play now!
May 27th, 2011
If you know what a pensieve is, you should read this! July 15th, 2011 (exactly 50 days from today!) will mark the end of an era for children, teens, adults and even the elderly as the Harry Potter franchise comes to its epic end. One fan in particular complied a video looking back at all eight (yes, even the very last one) films.
From Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone in 2001 (the first book was released in 1997) the films have spanned exactly ten years as we grew up alongside actors Daniel Radcliffe, Emma Watson and Rupert Grint in their roles as Harry, Hermione and Ron.
Some even say the movies shadowed the real world tension surrounding September 11, 2001. We first heard met Osama Bin Ladin in '01 (same with Voldemort) and he met is death in '11 (same as Voldemort).
Take a look at the compilation and tell me you didn't get chills (I loved the quick back-to-back group shots of the three of them from all the movies!)
What's your favourite part of the Harry Potter franchise?
Tags: harry potter, News
Posted on Friday, May 27th, 2011 at 3:43 pm by Michael and is filed under Blog, Celeb Life, News, We <3 Movies.Tweet


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Is there a possibility to launch two different applications from the same jar? I've wrote simple client-server and both client and server parts are in one JAR. They use some common classes.
I understand, that I can create separate jars for client and for server and put commonly used classes and resources into the third jar. It's actually the 'correct' way to do things. But my task is so simple and classes are so small that I just don't want to make three jars instead of one.
java -jar requires Main-Class in the manifest. And it seems that I cannot make it work without -jar switch also.
BTW, client and server should be able to be running side by side of course.


text:
Lucky Peach: Issue 10Paperback Lucky Peach
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- Publisher: Lucky Peach
- Format: Paperback | 174 pages
- Dimensions: 213mm x 264mm x 13mm | 454g
- Publication date: 4 March 2014
- Publication City/Country: NY
- Illustrations note: colour illustrations
- Sales rank: 8,021
Product description
"Lucky Peach" is a quarterly journal of food and writing. Each issue focuses on a single theme, and explores that theme through essays, art, photography, and recipes. Less summary than survey, the street food issue takes to the world's streets like a starved flaneur, flitting from birria in Mexico City to chicharron-studded tortillas in Buenos Aires, from chaat in Mumbai to gizzard noodle soup in Chiang Mai's Lumpinee Boxing Stadium. This issue watches as children made stick bread in Copenhagen and shares a report on who's eating all your cigarette butts (spoiler: microbes). For Jonathan Gold, the experience of eating street food is inseparable from time and place. Issue 10 also delves into the history of "Turkey in the Straw," an ice-cream truck ditty that rings out across Los Angeles; spends a day with the Doughnut Luchador of East LA (doughnut slinger by day, luchador by night); and learns what happens, exactly, when you cook with charcoal, and what nixtamalizing does to corn. Plus, a look into the wondrous array of street sausages around the globe, the best of the wurst.
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David Chang is the chef and founder of Momofuku, which includes award-winning restaurants in New York City, Sydney, and Toronto. He has been honored as a "Time" 100, "Fortune's" 40 Under 40, and was named a "GQ" Man of the Year. He lives in New York City. Peter Meehan is a former "New York Times" restaurant columnist. His writing has appeared in many foreign and domestic magazines and he has coauthored a handful of books, including the bestselling "Momofuku" cookbook. He lives in New York City. Chris Ying was the publisher of McSweeney's before he assumed the role of editor in chief of "Lucky Peach." He is the coauthor of "Ivan Ramen" and of the forthcoming "Mission Chinese Food" cookbook. He lives in San Francisco.
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This is a split board - You can return to the Split List for other boards.
Hey I'm a human pyromancer and I've only been playing for about 2 and a half weeks.
I need to get to the stonetalon mountains for a quest and I'm currently in the wetlands
I have no idea how to get there haha
Could anyone give me some help?
Doober2 posted...2 ways:1. Go to Menethil Harbour in Wetlands (it's on a square shaped big island on the west). There are serveral boats that come and go there. One goes to Darkshore (not sure which one though. Been ages since I played Alliance). From Darkshore you head south to Ashenvale, once in Ashenvale, follow the road south and then east until Astranaar (the alliance camp for Ashenvale). South of Astrnaar is a cave that leads into Stonetalon.2. Start from Stormwind, head south to duskwood and then south again to Stranglethorn Vale (STV). At the very south of STV is Booty Bay which has a boat that docks there every so often. Get on that boat and it goes to Ratchet in the barrens. From there you can head west (don't walk into the Crossroads though, a Horde town) into Stonetalon.---Mithes, Lvl 70 Blood Elf Rogue on Nordrassil PvE EUhttp://wow.allakhazam.com/profile.html?2424280
wow thanks a lot. personally i was expecting just the mature filled responses such as "fly" "walk" Thanks chaosh for making my dreams come true
And duh I'd have to fly or walk etc.
Anyway thanks doober this was really helpful! :)


text:
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3 bed, 2 full bath. Why build from scratch when you can own this enhanced Montessa floor plan that offers additional liMore info
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Eric Mueller
Revolving Door (0)
Who's coming and who's going. Tell us about your job move! Receive the Revolving Door Newsletter with expert analysis by email twice a week.No Revolving Door results were found.
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Spotted around the media universe
The Most Popular Book Reviewers on Twitter - Posted February 3, 2010
What are your favorite book review sites on Twitter? We are putting the finishing touches on our growing book review directory for ... [GalleyCat]
Dunkin' Donuts and Publishing - Posted June 17, 2009
... [GalleyCat]
Incredible Shrinking Book Review - Posted June 16, 2009
After six months on Twitter,... [GalleyCat]


text: http://www.unix.com – Hi, I'm trying to keep backups of my home directory (i.e. back it up every day or so) using rsync with link-dest. This is how I do it, Code: rsync -avh --delete --link-dest=/media/disk/oldbackup/ /home/user/ /media/disk/newbackup rm -f /media/disk/oldbackup ln -s newbackup /media/disk/oldbackup/ The problem is when I do this it seems to just copy my entire home directory again (as in every time I do a backup it copies everything again, rather I only want the changes to be copied and the others linked). It appears that I'm not creating hardlinks. What am I doing wrong? Thanks (HowTos)


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13th Floor Entertainment Presents Sacred Reich
Sacred Reich
Black Curtain, Throw The Switch, Ye'iitsoh, Murkocet, Reins Of Chaos
Joe's Grotto
13825 E 32nd St
Phoenix, AZ, 85032
This event is all ages
Sacred Reich is a Phoenix, Arizona-based thrash metal[2] band that formed in 1985. Singer/songwriter Phil Rind's interest was in socially conscious and political speed metal. After several records on Metal Blade Records, they signed to Hollywood Records for a short stint, but later returned to Metal Blade to continue their musical career. The band split in 2000.
Former drummer Dave McClain went on to join Machine Head in 1995. Lead guitarist Wiley Arnett went on to form The Human Condition with St. Madness vocalist Prophet in July 2000.
In 2007, the band reunited to play several shows in Europe, including Wacken Open Air. However, according to an interview with bassist/vocalist Phil Rind, there are no plans to record a new Sacred Reich album.
Sacred Reich with Black Curtain, Throw The Switch, Ye'iitsoh, Murkocet, Reins Of Chaos
Saturday, October 12 · 6:00 PM at Joe's Grotto


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(Stephanie Zollshan — The Berkshire Eagle)
Christian Center gives thanks by giving back
PITTSFIELD - One hundred ninety-three Robbins Avenue is Ground Zero for the needy and less advantaged in this city.
Photo Gallery | Thanksgiving Dinner at the Christian CenterFull Story
Pittsfield Police Log for Tuesday, Nov. 25
Tuesday, Nov. 25 12:26 a.m. A disturbance is reported at the Intermodal Transportation Center on Columbus Avenue. Full Story
(Stephanie Zollshan — The Berkshire Eagle)
Heavy, wet snow takes down powerlines across county
PITTSFIELD - Berkshire County residents awoke to a white satin landscape on Thursday.
But for many, the beauty was obscured by power outages or difficulties getting out of their homes due to the excessive overnight snowfall.
Photo Gallery | Aftermath of Thanksgiving Eve stormFull Story
Brady, Manning likely to make life tough on DBs on Sunday
Quarterbacks on red-hot teams have been been on spectacular roll in November
FOXBOROUGH >> Tom Brady and Aaron Rodgers really do have a lot in common. Full Story
Brady, Manning likely to make life tough on DBs on Sunday
Quarterbacks on red-hot teams have been been on spectacular roll in November
FOXBOROUGH >> Tom Brady and Aaron Rodgers really do have a lot in common. Full Story
Pittsfield: Holiday raffle to benefit non-profits
Pittsfield Holiday raffle to aid non-profits The Pittsfield Chapter of UNICO is sponsoring a holiday raffle, with the proceeds benefitting Berkshire County Arc and National Alliance for Mental Illness (NAMI) Berkshire County. Full Story
(Alan Porritt/AP)
1.2 million Australian Christmas lights set record
CANBERRA, Australia (AP) — An Australian lawyer has set a world record by stringing up almost 1. Full Story
(Markus Schreiber/AP)
More art in German trove identified as looted
BERLIN (AP) — The Jewish Claims Conference said Friday it has already identified a painting stolen by the Nazis among a newly published inventory of hundreds of works that belonged to late German collector Cornelius Gurlitt, and pushed for more time to investigate others. Full Story
(Photo by Owen Sweeney/Invision/AP)
Creed's Scott Stapp says he's homeless and broke
The singer's wife claims in divorce papers he also dealing with meth addiction and psychiatric issues.


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Ryan was as surprised as anyone that he rolled away from this backside noseblunt, but a make is a make.
Love and Guts is where skateboarding and art collide. Thanks to Oakley, our 30th anniversary photo show was seen around the world. Here's what the legends had to say during the last stop in Costa Mesa.
|Bro Style Demo Upland,CA Nov 22
|DGK in Mexico Tijuana, Mexico Nov 22
|DC Signing Oxnard, CA Nov 22


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Town Square
Community Notebook: Gunn sophomore wins $10,000 grant to help children in Sierra Leone
Original post made on Jul 18, 2013
Read the full story here Web Link posted Wednesday, July 17, 2013, 2:44 PM
Comments (1)
a resident of Barron Park
on Jul 18, 2013 at 9:15 pm
That should get her into Harvard.
Then lets see what happens after that!
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Grab a Bowl of Heaven soon in Mountain View
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Latest News
PHOTOS: Bikinis! The Sexiest Animal Rights Activists
Talk about humane hotties!
PHOTOS: Bikinis! The Sexiest Animal Rights Activists
RadarOnline.com has photos of Hollywood's sexiest animal acti… READ MORE
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By Leah Ornstein
Radar Style & Beauty Editor
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Like John Cougar Mellencamp's 1985 classic, all of these celebs were born in a small town.
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PHOTOS: Bikinis! Stars Who Have Played Strippers
Vanessa Hudgens steams up the screen playing a stripper in Sucker Punch, which hits the bigscreen on Friday — but she isn't the only hot body who has cl… READ MORE
PHOTOS: Bikinis! Comic Book Cuties Stripped Down
THE WEEK IN PHOTOS: Snooki Brawls, Biel Hits The Town & Mel Says ...
One-time Playboy cover girl Jenny McCarthy was snapped basking in the warm sun of South Beach, showing off her sexy bikini body in a black two-piece she pair… READ MORE
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From the red carpet to the streets, stars were out and about over the weekend dressed in the best, worst & wackiest fashions — and RadarOnline.co… READ MORE
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View our timetables
Looking for a sailing after 27 March 2015? We're still confirming our exact timetable for our summer season 2015. You can see a draft schedule here.
Ticket prices
Our fares are available in our cruises section. Book in advance and get 10% off by booking online.
Timetable notes
Times shown in black normally operated by our 'steamers' Swan, Teal or Tern, but for operational reasons it may sometimes be necessary to substitute a smaller vessel. Times in red print are normally operated by launches. Prices and timetable information are subject to change without notice.


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Church of St Mary Bampton, England c. 1270-1350
Originally a Saxon minster, this large parish church dates mainly from the late 13th century but retains some earlier elements. It has an attractive 13th-century spire and some notable interior decorations. The church is currently starring in the British television series Downton Abbey.
Quick Facts Quick Facts on the Church of St Mary
- Go Historic ID
- 318991
- names
- Bampton ChurchBampton Parish ChurchBampton-in-the-Bush ChurchChurch of St Mary
- coordinates
- location
- styles/periods
- categories
- Grade I listed buildings ID 1053559
- address
- Church ViewOX18 2LW
Article Info
- Submitted by
- Holly Hayes
- Published
- October 8, 2013
- Last updated
- July 11, 2014


text: RepLabrador-BenitoBaeza By Benito Baeza June 14, 2012 6:41 AM Share on Facebook Share on Twitter Category: Share on Facebook Share on Twitter More Leave a comment Send to a friend! Print this page Pin it! Reddit This! Share on Tumblr! More From News Radio 1310 KLIX Idea of Upgrading Craters of the Moon to National Park Proposed Police Seek Help from Boys Scouts in Boise Kidnapping Death Husband's Ashes Stolen in Treasure Valley Burglary Idaho Congressmen Push Back on Obama's Immigration Plan Best of the Web


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Ohio Wildlife Center is a volunteer-driven organization. We could not pursue our mission or be the community's wildlife resource without the hard work of over 200 dedicated volunteers who support our small staff!
You can volunteer in any of our core areas. Click here for details about each volunteer position. Choose what suits you best, and fill out your online application at the bottom of the page!
- Animal Care at the Wildlife Hospital - Help Needed
- Animal Admissions at the Wildlife Hospital
- Information Hotline - Help Needed
- Pre-Release Facility Keeper
- Animal Care at the Nature Education Center
- Conservation & Wildlife Educators
- Marketing and Community Outreach
- Facility Maintenance
- Administrative and Office Help
All ADULTS interested in volunteering are required to fill out a Volunteer Application.
After submitting your online application, our volunteer office will contact you with orientation information. There is a $55 fee which covers the cost of all required training, training supplies and background check.
Minimum Requirements for all Adult volunteers:
- Must be at least 18 years of age
- Must successfully complete all necessary training
- Must be able to balance multiple assignments successfully
- Able to maintain courteous and helpful behavior
- Able to perform volunteer duties in a team and/or individually with minimal supervision
- Able to perform volunteer duties in varied weather conditions
- Maintains friendly, positive attitude towards guests
- Able to maintain appropriate volunteer appearance
- Able to perform volunteer duties on a flexible schedule if needed, including weekends, evenings and/or holidays
- Able to adhere to all safety protocol
- Able to maintain confidentiality regarding Ohio Wildlife Center's animal collection
- Subject to Drug-free Workplace Policy
- Subject to criminal background check
2014 Training Dates:
All interested volunteers must submit all required documents and RSVP prior to attending any training courses.
Nature Education Center
for volunteers interested in animal care and/or wildlife education at the nature center


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Upcoming Ribbon Cuttings
Tuesday, December 2 4:30 PMAs They Grow
3368 Center Grove Drive Suite A
We are a consignment store that carries infant through juniors clothing and shoes. As well as infant and children's gear. Additionally we have a section devoted to sporting apparel and gear; sizes infant through adult.


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text: Desire Diaries of a vampireForbidden desire..that is what they would call this.. claiming such a young and innocent being. A mere child compared to this dark hunter.. one that has lived a million years.. or so it seemed. That is until..I met this beauty. One that thinks of me as only her master.I guess in some dark way that is true.. I am her master. It was I that took her blood.. taking in her warm life given blood.. an effort to save her. Is that what I had done or have I condemned her to a life of loneliness. Just as I have suffered?I say no.. not after seeing her beauty.. watching her endlessly as we await our next mission. We maybe known as vampires.. but we are not heartless monsters.. our desire for blood maybe be forbidden. But our desire for love is an open chamber that only awaits our journey forward.My hands and my desires wanting to take over.. only now do I hold back. But not for long.. I only ask myself. Will she feel the same.. will her desire be the same as mine? I can only pray to the gods th


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Squash purees don't have to be bland
Several sprigs fresh watercress or oregano
Preheat oven to 400 F. Line 2 baking sheets with foil.
Cut each squash in half lengthwise. Remove and discard seeds. With a large knife, cut each half into 11/2- to 2-inch wedges. Arrange the wedges on the baking sheets, the brush them with olive oil and sprinkle with salt and pepper.
Bake the squash 25 to 30 minutes, or until tender when pierced with a fork and browned around the edges. Transfer the squash to a serving platter. Drizzle with additional olive oil and garnish with watercress or oregano.
Makes 8 to 10 servings.


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Real Madrid complete final session before Málaga match
The Whites finished off their preparations for this Saturday's encounter at La Rosaleda.
Tribute to Fernando Martín before Sunday's Real Madrid-CAI game
Wednesday, 3 December, will mark 25 years since the legenday Madrid centre's death
Two months without conceding on the road
Real Madrid visit Málaga safe in the knowledge that they have not let in a goal away from home in La Liga since 20 September.
Carvajal, Ramos, Pepe, Varane and Marcelo on shortlist for FIFA FIFPro World XI 2014
They comprise five of the 20 defenders who are contenders to make the ideal eleven, which is chosen by footballers from all around the world.
Microsoft makes its technology available to the first team and the technical staff
A tutorial was held in Ciudad Real Madrid to demonstrate the Surface as a working tool.
Real Madrid, awarded by the Madrid Football Federation
The first team, Carlo Ancelotti and the Under 19s were awarded during the 26th edition of the gala.
Cristiano Ronaldo has scored 50 goals for Real Madrid in 2014
The Portuguese star has racked up 33 goals in La Liga, 12 in the European Cup, 3 in the Copa del Rey and 2 in the European Super Cup so far this year.
Audi to deliver official cars to Real Madrid squad on Monday
The event, which will take place at 1pm CET at Ciudad Real Madrid, will be attended by club president Florentino Pérez.


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It's The Weekend Life – Creepy Love Song
Unfortunately we don't have the LYRICS for this song title. You can leave a comment below.
And buy the album or song if you wish to support the original artist and visit their Official Site.
[The LYBIO Filter Forum – Online entertainment, news, current affairs, music lyrics can help make reading more fun.]
LYBIO.NET The Accurate Source To Find Transcripts, Text, Quotes And Words To New Video Reading Entertainment."
Trending Now AROUND THE WEB
- The Holderness Family – All About That Baste
- John Boehner – A Message Before The President's Immigration Speech 2014
- PooPourri – Even Santa Poops
- Barack Obama – Address To The Nation On Immigration Reform 2014
- Black Angel – Ti Si Mi U Krvi
- Everton Fan Picks Nose And Wipes It On Ladies Head
- DennisCeeTV – 3 Hours Of Walking In NYC As A Homosexual
- Barely Political – 10 Hours Of Walking In NYC As A Thanksgiving Turkey
- Family Lives On Foundation – Olive 'N One – Olive Toss At Traditions Ball 2014
- Chief Flynn – Shooting Press Conference
- Lauren O'Brien – My Impressions Of Celebrities Stuck In Traffic
- Billy Gilman – My Story
- Glenn Medeiros – Tourettes Karaoke – Nothing's Gonna Change My Love For You
- The 1988 Crystal Light National United States Aerobic Championship
- Vince Carter Receives Emotional Tribute In Toronto
- Ursula K. LeGuin Accepted Lifetime Achievement Award Speech
- Yoko Ono – MY HOMETOWN – Produced And Directed By Jerry Levitan & Terry Tompkins
- Allen Wong – 10 Hours Of Walking In NYC As A Lamborghini
- Gunman Opens Fire In Florida State University Library
- South Park – Randy Marsh – Magic
- Roy Kelly – Human Beings Are Scary
- Jerry Levitan – I Met The Walrus – Featuring – John Lennon
Filed under Pop Music by on Mar 6th, 2013.
Leave a Comment


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shani hilton
The Atlantic's Coates discusses his epic reparations cover story
BuzzFeed Deputy Editor in Chief Shani Hilton interviewed Coates on Tuesday morning
By Jennifer Vanasco May 27, 2014 at 02:50 PM
Ta-Nehisi Coates believes America owes reparations to African Americans. Not for slavery, though the problem stems from that. But from... More
Serial creators don't know what will happen to Adnan Syed - New developments in his legal case suggest that the outcome is wide open
The press is responsible for ignoring Bill Cosby rape allegations - Where were journalists 10 years ago when claims originally surfaced against him?
Journalism has a plagiarism problem. But it's not the one you'd expect - Fareed Zakaria's case highlights news organizations' ethical grey areas
4 topics John Oliver explained more clearly than television news - The political satirist brings explainer comedy to HBO viewers
Will radio save science journalism? - WNYC will soon have a new health unit
My take: The end of an era in Tampa (14)
Serial creators don't know what will happen to Adnan Syed (14)
The press is responsible for ignoring Bill Cosby rape allegations (6)
The Boston Globe finally digs in to a big story (4)
Journalism has a plagiarism problem. But it's not the one you'd expect (4)
Email blasts from CJR writers and editors
CNN reporters in Ferguson provide coverage of CNN reporters in Ferguson (Slate)
"[T]here was little that justified CNN's egocentric coverage"
Which media outlets use 'illegal immigrant'? (Fusion)
"[I]n spite of all the good reasons not to use the phrase, it is still very easy to find in the US press, even in headlines"
Jack Shafer on losing his job (Capital New York)
"Right now, my immediate plan is to go to work as a lay therapist at The Intercept to bring the healing there so John Cook and Matt Taibbi can return. I have great interpersonal skills."
On outlets that continue to call unknown drone victims 'militants' (The Intercept)
"Like the US drone program itself, this deceitful media practice continues unabated"
Greg Marx discusses democracy and news with Tom Rosenstiel of the American Press Institute
CJR's Guide to Online News Startups
ACEsTooHigh.com – Reporting on the science, education, and policy surrounding childhood trauma
Who Owns What
The Business of Digital Journalism
A report from the Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism
Questions and exercises for journalism students.
Should all journalists be on Twitter? – Reasons to take up or forgo the 140-character platform
Is it ever okay to name victims? – Editors question the policy of omitting information in sexual assault and domestic violence cases


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Advanced Search
Liberty County School District has taken its teacher evaluation and professional development processes from paper-based to digital in an effort to provide more timely and relevant feedback to teachers.
To streamline its teacher evaluation process, Butler County School District in Greenville, AL will adopt a Web-based service designed to improve teacher effectiveness and instructional practice.
A recent report from the National Council on Teacher Quality (NCTQ) rating teacher education programs has been widely criticized by the education community.
Science, technology, engineering, and math teachers who are seeking instruction in how to use social media in their teaching can now enroll in a free, online mini-course offered by the New Media Consortium.
More than 98% of high school classrooms have internet access, yet teachers routinely assign projects created with paper, glue, and scissors. Using these great Web 2.0 tools, even the least tech savvy teachers and students can easily produce high quality work that is meaningful.
Teaching Channel, a non-profit teacher development site that hosts instructional videos for teachers, has launched Teaching Channel Teams, a collaborative professional development platform for schools, districts, and states where teachers and teacher leaders can work together in a secure environment.
A new extensive report out by the National Council on Teacher Quality says that only four institutions of higher education in the United States out of 1,130 deserve the highest rating in its evaluation of teacher education programs.
Teachers at a remote district in rural Alaska access a wealth of online professional development through the state's Alaska Staff Development Network.
Despite increasingly widespread adoption of technologies in virtually every aspect of K-12 education, significant challenges are preventing widespread effective implementation. According to researchers, though some of those challenges are systemic and some related to the technologies themselves, teachers and education leaders share in the blame as well.
Virginia's Goochland County Public Schools has decided not to implement a home-grown system it recently developed for doing teacher evaluations; instead it will adopt a version of software currently in use in numerous Indiana school districts.
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We are in the middle of our European tour with Sólstafir and Obsidian Kingdom, and it has been a total blast, with sold out shows every single night!
We are having a great time playing such amazing crowds every night, and we are looking forward to the rest of the tour! Here's some pictures that will give you an idea of the tour vibe so far.
Here is a unique live recording of FIRECHILD, from Sahg's Rockpalast performance, at Essigfabrik, Cologne, June 13th 2014.
It conveys the unpolished, raw energy of a Sahg concert, which you soon can experience again, on the upcoming European tour!
FIRECHILD is taken from the new album DELUSIONS OF GRANDEUR – out now on Indie Recordings (EU) and Metal Blade Records (US).
Get the album:
Watch the full concert:
04 nov Grillen / Colmar, FRA
05 nov Schuur / Lucerne, SWI
06 nov Strom / Munich, GER
07 nov 1210 / Stuttgart, GER
08 nov Nachtleben / Frankfurt, GER
09 nov Werkstatt / Cologne, GER
10 nov Trix / Antwerp, BEL
11 nov Baroeg / Rotterdam, HOL
12 nov Doornroosje / Nijmegen, HOL
13 nov Forum / Bielefeld, GER
14 nov K17 / Berlin, GER
15 Nov Sandøyhagen / Harøy, NOR
The autumn leg of our European tour, with Sólstafir and Obsidian Kingdom, kicks off in Colmar, FRA, on Nov 4th, and goes on for 12 consecutive dates through France, Switzerland, Germany, Belgium and Holland, before finishing off with a headline show at Harøy, Norway.
We are extremely excited to head out and play again, on what will be the final round supporting the 'Delusions Of Grandeur' album, before giving full focus on our next album. More news on this soon!
We are thrilled to be joining forces with the great SÓLSTAFIR on a European tour this November. These Icelandic savages stoked us with their atmospheric geyser rock the first time we toured together a couple of years ago. And with their great new album, 'Ótta', we can't wait to strike the audiences across Europe with a forceful nordic assault together with these guys again!
We are also excited to share stages with Obsidian Kingdom, who will surely raise this experience to an even higher level.
So, we'll see all you maniacs out there soon! Here is where you'll find us:
4/11 Colmar, FR @ Grillen
5/11 Lucerne, CH @ Schuur
6/11 Munich, DE @ Strom
7/11 Stuttgart, DE @ 1210
8/11 Frankfurt, DE @ Nachtleben
9/11 Cologne, DE @ Werkstatt
10/11 Antwerp, BE @ Trix
11/11 Rotterdam, NL @ Baroeg
12/11 Nijmegen, NL @ Doornroosje
13/11 Bielefeld, DE @ Forum
14/11 Berlin, DE @ K17
We are thrilled to be confirmed for Hammerfest 2015, in Pwllheli, Gwynedd, North Wales, 14th March 2015.
Looking forward to play the UK again!
Thank you, Bergen, for a fantastic evening at Bergen Calling, 28th June!!
It was a total blast opening for Iron Maiden, along with Kvelertak and Ghost.
The Sahg + Clutch show at Essigfabrik, Cologne, was filmed for the concert show 'Rockpalast'. The show will be broadcasted on German TV network, WDR, 7th July 2014, 00:30 a.m. CET.
Tune in!!
Watch the Rockpalast TV interview with Olav here!
Watch 'Escape The Crimson Sun' performed unplugged for Rockpalast here!


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I am 5'8" 150 lb. I have a slightly short torso and generally wear a 38 in suits (either R or S depending on the cut). I have a 30" waist. I am looking for a high quality sportcoat in near new or new condition for under $200. Let me know if you have something that fits the bill. Thanks.
7/27/08 at 7:46pm


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Make Sure Ellen Is Not Alone This Holiday Season
Your contributions to Ellen's journal this year made sure that they never felt alone. Your tax-deductible donation in Ellen's honor will make sure that Caringbridge continues to bring hope and healing to those who need it most.
By Tom Baldwin — Jan 4, 2011 10:53am
God Bless You, Buddy.
Tom Baldwin
Tom Baldwin
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High School
Produced by BOCES New Visions: Journalism & Media Studies program
Posts filtered on Category
Marvel fans rejoice: Phase 3 is a go
Marvel fans, and fans of the superhero movie genre alike should rejoice after the announcement made by Marvel studios at the E! Capitan Theater in Hollywood on Tuesday, Oct 28, 2014. There will be a phase three. For those of you who do not understand, Phase 3 means that there will be another group of […] [Read More]
Albany drivers should smile at red lights
The Albany City Council passed an ordinance Monday evening to allow the construction of red light cameras at 20 intersections in Albany. However, a few people believed the vote felt forced. It seemed as though they had to choose between red light cameras, or shutting down a fire truck from the South End of Morton […] [Read More]
Set It Off's "Duality" Review
"'Come on in, boy,' said the skeletons sitting by her closet door, dirty secrets, happy memories and broken hearts across the floor. I was knocked out, heels over head…" When I heard this incredible album. Set It Off has really upped their game, sticking to their slightly darker feel that has distinguished them from so many other […] [Read More]
NBA eastern conference win-loss predictions: Part two
Being a Miami Heat fan, it didn't feel great to watch LeBron James walk away this offseason. However, his move created a huge power shift within the East, enough so to completely alter the standings. These are my predictions for the top half of the Eastern Conference. 8- New York Knicks = 40 wins and 42 […] [Read More]
The Heat are still hot
The Decision 2.0 did not go as planned. I get it. LeBron James left with two rings. Heat fans feel used. I get it, I'm a Heat fan too. But the Miami Heat are not lost like the 2010-11 Cavaliers were. They're not off, crying in the front office and ruining a King's name by […] [Read More]
One Direction fans attack "The Daily Show"
Last week, a popular comedy news program on Comedy Central, "The Daily Show", aired a segment making fun of the way terrorist groups are emerging by breaking off of previous groups. Correspondent Jessica Williams made a comment mentioning the different terrorist groups and joked about a new group forming with a member from each existing […] [Read More]
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I Am about to start my secondary fermentation on my first batch of mead. I was hoping it isn't too late to add lemon. I was hoping for input.
"What the large print giveth, the small print taketh away". Tom Waits.Oh, and here's some blog stuff!
I would like to add a hint of lemon flavor. Does lemon juice have added sugars?
If you want the flavor, I would think zesting is the best way to go. Or if you want to be more traditional about it, just cut up and throw a whole lemon in there! But yeah, a little at a time, you can always add more! No more than one lemon per gallon to start.
Primary: Thai Chili Ale; Country Cantaloupe Wine
Secondary: Lavender Lemon Wild Mead


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How much longer we will have to endure this sort of disingenuous dreck of what amounts to little more than Catholic cover of democrat party initiatives?
In his statement on President Obama's constitution-busting executive orders on immigration, Bishop Eusebio Elizondo, M.Sp.S., auxiliary bishop of Seattle and chairman of the U.S. Conference of Catholic Bishops (USCCB) Committee on Migration twice references the extra-legality of the move by saying that any such actions must be "within its legitimate authority" that these "pastors" (yes, the scare quotes are appropriate) welcome ANY action "within these limits."
WASHINGTON—Bishop Eusebio Elizondo, M.Sp.S., auxiliary bishop of Seattle...READ MORE