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A dispersion-managed optical soliton transmission system uses alternating spans of positive-dispersion optical fiber having a negative slope and negative-dispersion optical fiber having a positive slope. For wavelength division multiplexing, the system has a map strength preferably between 4 and 8. An absolute value of average group velocity dispersion between 0.5 and 0.0 ps2/km, and soliton power may vary between channels within 1 dB. Map periods, amplifier spacings, and dispersion values across a wavelength range of 1530–1600 nm are disclosed for bit rates of 10 and 40 Gbits/sec to maintain the ranges of average group velocity dispersion and soliton power.
1. A dispersion managed optical soliton transmission system for transmitting wavelength-division-multiplexed optical solitons within a wavelength range, comprising:
at least one transmitter for supplying RZ optical channels, the RZ optical channels having an equalized power-per-channel;
at least a first span comprising a first dispersive element having positive dispersion with a negative dispersion slope across the wavelength range;
at least a second span, positioned in series with the first span in a transmission line, comprising a second dispersive element having negative dispersion with a positive dispersion slope across the wavelength range; and
a plurality of wavelength-division-multiplexed optical solitons located in at least one of the first span and the second span, the solitons having a substantially constant power variation over the wavelength range in the RZ optical channels.
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19. A method of transmitting wavelength division multiplexed solitons across a transmission line within a wavelength range, the method comprising the steps of:
a) generating at least two soliton channels;
b) transmitting said soliton channels across a first span comprising a first dispersive element having positive dispersion with a negative dispersion slope across the wavelength range;
c) transmitting said soliton channels across a second span comprising a second dispersive element having negative dispersion with a positive dispersion slope across the wavelength range; and
(d) equalizing a power-per-channel in the two soliton channels, wherein a soliton power variation is kept substantially constant over the wavelength range in the two soliton channels.
20. A WDM dispersion managed soliton transmission system for transmitting solitons of wavelengths in a predetermined wavelength range, comprising:
at least one transmitter for supplying RZ optical channels, the RZ optical channels having an equalized power-per-channel;
at least a first span comprising a first dispersive element; at least a second span comprising a second dispersive element being positioned in series with the first span, said first and second dispersive elements having dispersion characteristics such that a map strength of the dispersion managed system decreases with increasing wavelength across the wavelength range and an average GVD of the dispersion managed system is between −0.5 and 0.0 ps2/km; and
a plurality of wavelength-division-multiplexed optical solitons located in at least one of the first span and the second span, the solitons having a substantially constant power variation over the wavelength range in the RZ optical channels.
This application is a national phase application based on PCT/EP01/15338, filed Dec. 27, 2001, the content of which is incorporated herein by reference, and claims the priority of European Patent Application No. 00128604.6, filed Dec. 28, 2000, and claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/259,858, filed Jan. 8, 2001.
The present invention relates generally to optical communication systems using RZ (return-to-zero) transmission, particularly soliton transmission. More particularly, the present invention relates to dispersion-managed soliton transmission systems for wavelength division multiplexing.
For optical communication systems, solitons provide a promising technique for transmitting information across long distances. An optical soliton is a type of optical pulse that can propagate through an optical fiber and maintain its waveform shape. Group velocity dispersion (GVD), that is related to the chromatic dispersion, plays an important role in the creation and propagation of solitons. Chromatic dispersion will be referred in the following simply as "dispersion". Dispersion varies the speed of spectral components of an optical pulse as a function of optical frequency, and causes a stretching or deformation of the temporal profile of the pulse. A balance between dispersion of the optical fiber and self-phase modulation helps to preserve the waveform shape of an optical soliton.
Group velocity dispersion is defined as
where λ is the wavelength of the pulse, c is the velocity of light in vacuum and D is the chromatic dispersion.
Solitons, however, suffer from jitter that may originate from a number of sources. The most known is Gordon-Haus jitter that arises from spontaneous emission noise introduced by optical amplifiers. For optical systems that employ wavelength division multiplexing (WDM), the use of solitons is constrained by collision-induced jitter. Moreover, solitons will exist only for wavelengths with sufficient anomalous dispersion in the transmission path. A soliton's power is directly proportional to the fiber's dispersion, such that very low dispersion will cause the soliton power to vanish. In contrast, dispersion that is too large requires signal power that can become impracticably large.
To improve the performance of soliton transmission, dispersion-management is a known technique. In this technique, commonly called dispersion-managed (DM) soliton propagation, an optical communication system uses optical fibers with suitable amplification and appropriate variation of dispersion across the transmission distance. Dispersion-managed soliton propagation can be obtained with three transmission designs: (1) fiber spans having continuously and exponentially decreasing positive dispersion; (2) fiber spans having a step-wise approximation to a continuously and exponentially decreasing positive dispersion; and (3) fiber spans having alternating segments of positive and negative constant dispersion. This last option presents the most attractive one.
Propagating solitons using alternating spans of positive and negative dispersion fiber has several advantages. For one, it can permit enhanced soliton power in comparison to a regime in which the soliton propagates in an optical fiber having longitudinally constant dispersion (commonly referred as "average-soliton regime"), and hence higher signal-to-noise ratio. Jitter can be strongly reduced or even completely eliminated if the average dispersion is kept at very low (positive or negative) values around zero. On the other hand, the arrangement of fibers can also potentially provide strong reduction of four-wave mixing crosstalk if the absolute values of local dispersion are kept high enough.
Important parameters for a dispersion managed soliton system are the map strength S and the map depth δ. For a soliton system having a map formed by alternating a positive dispersion fiber having length L1 and dispersion D1 and a negative dispersion fiber having length L2 and dispersion D2, these parameters are respectively defined as
B is the bit rate
q0 is the bit time period normalized to the pulsewidth,
LP=L1+L2 is the period of the dispersion map,
β21=−(λ2/2πc)D1 is the GVD corresponding to dispersion D1,
β22=−(λ2/2πc)D2 is the GVD corresponding to dispersion D2
β2ave=(β21L1+β22L2)/LP is the average GVD of the system.
In practice, the map strength is proportional to the dispersion difference between the two fibers and the map depth is proportional to the ratio between said dispersion difference and the average dispersion of the system.
Patents and publications describe designs of optical communication systems using dispersion-managed solitons.
Smith et al., "Soliton Transmission Using Periodic Dispersion Compensation," J. Lightwave Tech., vol. 15, no. 10, pp. 1808–1822 (October 1997) examines the behavior of solitons in optical fibers where the dispersion is alternated between the normal and anomalous regimes. The periodic nature of the system strongly modifies the shape of the stable soliton pulses, and increases their energy when compared with solitons in equivalent uniform fibers. This leads to both an increased signal-to-noise ratio at the receiver and reduced Gordon-Haus timing jitter, compared with a uniform fiber system with equal path-average dispersion. As stated in the same article, the work of Smith et al. has concentrated on propagation in a single time division multiplexed channel.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,764,841 describes an optical fiber transmission line having first optical fibers with dispersion values greater than the average dispersion value over the entire transmission distance and second optical fibers with dispersion values less than the average dispersion value, wherein the average dispersion value is in the anomalous dispersion region. The respective lengths Li and Li′ of the first and second optical fibers are shorter than the soliton length Z0, and the relationship between the lengths Li and Li′ and the larger of the respective differences Di and Di′ between the dispersion values of the first and second optical fibers and the average dispersion value Dav satisfies the following condition:
In one embodiment, each pair of optical fibers is formed from an optical fiber having a length L, a dispersion slope S and a dispersion value Dav+Di, and an optical fiber having a length L, a dispersion value Dav−Di symmetric with respect to the average dispersion Dav, and a dispersion slope S′ (=−S or at least a value having the opposite sign from that of S). In another embodiment, each pair of optical fibers is formed from an optical fiber having a length Li, a dispersion slope S and a dispersion value amplitude Di with respect to the dispersion value Dav, and an optical fiber having a length Li′, a dispersion slope S′ (=−S or at least a value having the opposite sign from that of S), and a dispersion value amplitude Di′ such that the local average dispersion with the other fiber is equal to the average dispersion Dav over the entire transmission distance. Furthermore, the sum of of SiLi and Si′Li′ is made equal to zero. In both embodiments, the signs of the dispersion slopes S and S′ are different, so that they mutually reduce the effects of higher-order dispersion (variations of the dispersion value with respect to the wavelength). Furthermore, when the absolute values of the dispersion slopes are equal, waveform distorsion after transmission due to higher-order dispersion can be suppressed because of cancellation of higher-order dispersion.
Applicants observe that '841 patent does not mention wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) transmission of solitons. Furthermore, Applicants observe that in the '841 patent no preference is disclosed in choosing the sign of the slope of the positive dispersion optical fiber and, correspondingly, the sign of the slope of the negative dispersion optical fiber in each pair of optical fibers.
Several publications address the impact of WDM on dispersion-managed soliton systems.
For instance, Doran et al., "Remarkable Features of DM Solitons: Implications for High Speed and WDM Systems," Int'l Symposium on New Trends in Optical Soliton Transmission Systems, Kyoto, Japan, Paper 3-A-2 (November 1997) shows the dependence of enhanced power for dispersion-managed (DM) solitons on dispersion map strength and depth for a wide range of parameters. As explained in the article, a consequence of the dependence of the power enhancement on the map strength and on the map depth is that dispersion management gives a natural compensation for higher-order dispersion (dispersion slope). In conventional soliton WDM systems the dispersion slope required increasing channels power with wavelength in proportion to the fibre dispersion. In DM soliton systems, however, the variation of power enhancement factor η with the average dispersion βave of the system offers a mechanism to maintain equal powers in each channel, even in the presence of third order dispersion. As an example, Doran et al. consider the case where the dispersion slope is the same in each fibre. In this case, the map strength is equal for all wavelengths, but since βave increases with wavelength, the map depth decreases with wavelength. Thus, in principle the decrease in the power enhancement factor η with the map depth provides a means to equalise channel powers.
Other publications by the same researchers analyze third-order dispersion compensation and additional aspects of soliton transmission.
For example, Doran, "Dispersion Managed Soliton Systems," ECOC'98, Madrid, Spain, pp. 97–99 (September 1998) discloses that dispersion management allows WDM to the average dispersion over a wide range of wavelengths, the extent of which will depend on the map strength. Since these solitons can exist in a region around zero dispersion large scale WDM in this way is possible. Higher order dispersion (generally named third-order dispersion) will be a significant limit since the jitter is directly proportional to the global average dispersion and of course it is not possible without compensation to maintain low average dispersion over a range of wavelengths. However, an important observation is that the soliton power is no longer proportional but remains largely independent of this for strong maps. Thus similar powers can be maintained for all the channels around zero dispersion.
In another article, Devaney et al, "Reduction of Collision Induced Timing Jitter in Multichannel Soliton Systems by Dispersion Management," ECOC'98, Madrid, Spain, pp. 89–90 (September 1998) disclose that third-order dispersion compensation was found to be effective in drastically reducing collision-induced timing jitter. As said in this article, with third order dispersion compensation, using negative-slope fibre in the second half of the dispersion profile, it is possible to reduce the average dispersion as well as making the average constant over the bandwidth chosen. Jitter is then reduced even further than by using dispersion management.
N. Edagawa et al., "Long Distance Soliton WDM Transmission Using a Dispersion-flattened Fiber", OFC 1997, 16–21 February 1997, Postdeadline paper PD19, pp. 443–446, describes an experimental soliton system in a 100 km fiber loop. The experimental set-up used spans of a dispersion flattened fiber (DFF) having a positive dispersion value of about 4.4–1.5 ps/nm/km. A dispersion-compensating fiber was added at the end of each span. The system average dispersion and dispersion slope at 1555 nm were 0.03 ps/nm/km and −0.0007 ps/nm2/km, respectively. Transmission performance in the experiments was severely degraded due to the large chromatic dispersion of the DFF used in the experiments. The paper concludes that transmission performance should be much improved by using a DFF with a small dispersion around 1 ps/nm/km.
K. Tanaka et al., "400 Gbit/s (20×20 Gbit/s) dense WDM Transmission Using Soliton-based RZ Signals", ECOC 1998, 20–24 September 1998, pp. 85–86, describes an experimental soliton system using a recirculating loop. The loop comprises three spans of 30 km of a dispersion flattened fiber (DFF) having an average dispersion slope of −0.0002 ps/nm2/km and an average chromatic dispersion of 1.0 ps/nm/km at 1555 nm. The accumulated chromatic dispersion of the loop was compensated for by a spool of dispersion-compensating fiber (DCF) with −100 ps/nm. The average dispersion of the loop was 0.06 ps/nm/km.
Applicants observe that the reduction of the dispersion of the DFF until values around 1 ps/nm/km, as taught in these last two articles, may cause four-wave mixing problems with increasing power-per-channel in a WDM soliton system.
WO 99/42869 discloses a low slope dispersion managed waveguide that has alternating segments of positive and negative dispersion. The negative dispersion fiber has a negative slope across a wavelength range, while the positive dispersion fiber has a positive slope.
GB 2,299,473 discloses a communication system comprising interleaved optical fibre length of two types, having equal and opposite non-zero dispersion throughout the operating wavelength bandwidth (which may be as wide as 50 nm). The gradient of dispersion-versus-wavelength characteristic of one type must be positive, of the other type negative. Preferably the absolute values of the gradients of wavelength dispersion values of the normal dispersion fiber and the anomalous dispersion fiber are within the range of 0.1 to 0.01 ps/nm2·km. Applicants remark that the above patent application does not relate to a soliton system nor to soliton transmission. Moreover, the GB patent application indicates that the light signals can be transmitted in the disclosed telecommunication system without waveform degradation by preventing the waveform degradation due to self-phase modulation. As stated above, self-phase modulation is essential in determining propagation of soliton pulses.
Applicants have observed that the nonlinearity coefficient of optical fibers generally decreases with increasing wavelength. Applicants have perceived that this fact can play a role in determining how a dispersion managed soliton system can be designed. Applicants have recognized that the above mentioned behaviour of the nonlinearity coefficient with respect to the wavelength of the optical fibers of a dispersion managed soliton system may affect the soliton power-per-channel, in a WDM system. This fact was not recognized, to Applicants' knowledge, in the prior art. For example, it cannot be found in the above cited articles of Doran et al., that consider various parameters of the system at a single wavelength and then extend the obtained results to a range of wavelengths, with no regard to the variation of the fibers' nonlinearity coefficient in the whole range of wavelengths.
Applicants have found that the nonlinearity coefficient of the optical fibers may cause the power-per-channel to be inserted in a WDM dispersion managed soliton system to vary with the wavelength, even in presence of strong dispersion maps. Thus, the behaviour of the nonlinearity coefficient of the optical fibers has to be carefully considered in order to keep an equalized power-per-channel, when designing a WDM dispersion managed soliton system.
Applicants have found that in dispersion managed soliton systems a dispersion difference decreasing with wavelength helps in compensating the decreasing nonlinearity coefficient of the fibers. By alternating in an optical soliton transmission system spans of positive dispersion fiber with a negative slope and of negative dispersion fiber with a positive slope, the difference of the power between channels to be inserted in the system can be significantly reduced. In other words, the effect of the nonlinearity of the fibers used in the system is compensated by reducing the map strength at increasing wavelengths. This can lead to advantageous WDM communication. When the maximum system average dispersion is set and average dispersion and soliton power are limited to vary, for example, within 0–0.4 ps/nm/km and 1 dB respectively, optical fiber spans having selected dispersion values across 1530–1600 nm may be designed based on a given bit rate, such as, for example, 2.5, 10, or 40 Gbits/sec.
A dispersion-managed optical soliton transmission system consistent with the present invention communicates a plurality of wavelength-division-multiplexed optical solitons across a line of optical fiber. The communication takes place within a wavelength range of about 1530 nm to about 1600 nm, and the system includes at least a first span of optical fiber and at least a second span of optical fiber. The first span has a length L1 and positive dispersion with a negative dispersion slope. The second span has a length L2 and is positioned in series with the first span in the line. The second span has negative dispersion with a positive dispersion slope across the wavelength range.
It is to be understood that both the foregoing general description and the following detailed description are exemplary and explanatory only and are intended to provide further explanation of the invention as claimed. The following description, as well as the practice of the invention, set forth and suggest additional advantages and purposes of the invention.
The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification, illustrate embodiments of the invention and, together with the description, serve to explain the advantages and principles of the invention.
Reference will now be made to various embodiments according to this invention, examples of which are shown in the accompanying drawings and will be obvious from the description of the invention. In the drawings, the same reference numbers represent the same or similar elements in the different drawings whenever possible.
The dispersion-managed optical soliton system of the present invention includes spans of optical fibers collectively enabling solitons in the WDM system to exhibit a relatively flat power level between any wavelengths within the WDM range. As well, the optical fiber spans have optical and physical characteristics that permit solitons traveling in a WDM condition to have preferably a low maximum global average dispersion across an operating wavelength range.
The long distance optical transmission line in WDM soliton system 10 includes a series of optical fibers 15 a– 15 d, typically separated by amplifiers 16 a– 16 c, preferably optical amplifiers. Optical fibers 15 a– 15 d are typically cabled and are included in so called "spans". As explained below, optical fibers of the spans have differing optical and physical characteristics to provide desired maintenance of the solitons within the WDM signal. Amplifiers 16 a– 16 c are preferably erbium-doped fiber amplifiers, which can have an amplification range from about 1530 to about 1600 nm. Conventional erbium-doped fiber amplifiers operate within the range of about 1530–1565 nm, but an extended amplification range can be achieved by two or more amplifiers coupled in parallel, each covering a respective sub-band of the overall amplification range. In an examplary embodiment a first amplifier covers the band 1529–1535, a second amplifier covers the band 1541–1561 nm and a third amplifier covers the band 1575–1602 nm. Even broader amplification ranges may be available in the future. Further, other kinds of optical amplifiers can be used, within suitable wavelength ranges. Although amplifiers 16 a– 16 c are shown between each optical fiber span 15 a– 15 d, the WDM signal may pass through multiple optical fiber spans before reaching an optical line amplifier, or, viceversa, the WDM signal may pass through multiple amplifiers in a single span.
A receiving portion of the optical soliton system 10 generally comprises a receiver power amplifier 17, a demultiplexer 18, and a series of receiving units 19 a– 19 d. The receiver power amplifier boosts the attenuated optical soliton WDM signal for recognition by the receiving equipment. Demultiplexer 18 separates the WDM signal into its respective soliton wavelengths and passes those wavelengths to individual receivers 19 a– 19 d, which detect and process the information carried by the discrete soliton channels.
In accordance with the present invention, a dispersion-managed optical soliton transmission system for communicating a plurality of wavelength-division-multiplexed optical solitons across a line of optical fiber within a predetermined wavelength range, e.g. of about 1530 nm to about 1600 nm, includes at least a first span of a first dispersive element comprising a positive dispersion with a negative dispersion slope across the wavelength range. The system includes at least a second span comprising a second dispersive element, being positioned in series with the first span in the line, having a negative dispersion with a positive dispersion slope across the wavelength range. To the ends of the present invention, in order to evaluate the sign and the value of the slope of the dispersive elements the ratio
Such an optical soliton communication system with dispersion management can exhibit a flat soliton power behavior with wavelength and a low average dispersion. These conditions enable transmission of optical solitons in a WDM system for acceptable receiver detection without introducing timing jitter of the solitons from excessive average dispersion levels along the line.
The dispersive elements in the first and second span may be both optical fibers. The length of the first span may be substantially equal to the length of the second span (symmetrical map), or unequal (asymmetrical map).
Alternatively, one of the dispersive elements may be an optical grating and the other dispersive element can be an optical fiber. A map comprising an optical fiber and an optical grating in series with each other can be seen as a "completely symmetrical" map, that is, a dispersion map in which substantially all the map period LP is covered by the optical fiber and the grating is a dispersive element having a very short length (substantially zero) with respect of the optical fiber. Preferably, the optical grating can be a fiber grating.
In the following, for the sake of clarity, the dispersive elements considered will be both optical fibers. It has to be understood that the same considerations apply also for the above mentioned completely asymmetrical map.
Dispersion map parameters that may be used for determining the soliton power are the map strength S and the map depth δ. Their expressions have been previously reported (see (1) and (2) above).
The average power of a DM soliton at the output of the optical amplifiers is given by the product of an enhancement factor η(S,δ) and the power Pave of a soliton propagating in the average-soliton regime in a fiber with a GVD equal to β2ave:
In these equations, Fpem is a pre-emphasis factor, αave is the average of the loss coefficients of the two fibers, γave is the average of the nonlinearity coefficients of the two fibers, and LA is the amplifier spacing. In the following, αave and γave will be referred as "average fiber loss coefficient" and "average nonlinearity coefficient", respectively.
Semi-empirical formulas for the enhancement factor η(S,δ) are given in the cited papers by Doran. For strong maps, that is for map strength values S greater than about 4, solitons exist also at zero or normal (negative) average dispersion. A fitting formula for the enhancement factor η(S,δ) for S>4 is the following:
The range S≧4 is of special interest for WDM soliton systems. In order to reduce the probability of collision between temporally adjacent soliton pulses, the map strength may be preferably lower than about 12 in the whole range of wavelengths considered. More preferably, the map strength may be lower than about 8 in the whole range of wavelengths considered.
The use of the pre-emphasis factor Fpem in equation (4) applies when the dispersion map period is not equal to the amplifier spacing or when the dispersion map period is not a multiple of the amplifier spacing. When the map period is equal to or is a multiple of the amplifier spacing, then the power scaling is somewhat different: in this situation, power enhancement depends on the position of the amplifier relative to the dispersion map. Nevertheless, equation (4) may be used, even in case of equal amplification and dispersion map intervals, to evaluate relative power variation between channels (i.e., with respect to wavelength), being aware that the absolute power levels obtained in case of equal intervals are only representative.
The three standard bit rates of 2.5, 10, and 40 Gbits/sec may roughly define three different map period length regimes for fibers having the same level of dispersion. In fact from the definition of map strength S in equation (1), if the bit rate increases fourfold, the map period length must be reduced by 16 times in order to maintain the same value of S (provided that the q0 factor is not varied). For example, two fibers having dispersions of +10 and −10 ps/nm/km at 1550 nm and equal lengths may require each span to be between 800–1600 km for 2.5 Gbits/sec, 50–100 km for 10 Gbits/sec, and 3–6 km for 40 Gbits/sec. It has to be intended that the above mentioned bit rate values and length values are only exemplary and that the scope of the invention is not limited to these values.
The optical soliton communication system has an optical fiber line of alternating segments that may provide an average GVD value β2ave of between 0.0 and −0.5 ps2/km and a flat soliton power-per-channel level. The behaviour with wavelength of the GVD β21 and β22 (or the corresponding behaviour of the dispersion, D1 and D2) of the two fibers need to be determined in order to obtain a predetermined soliton power variation together with a predetermined average dispersion variation over the wavelength range of interest. If the behaviors of Fpem, αave, and γave with wavelength are known, and if it is assumed that β2ave has a defined maximum absolute value across the wavelength range and β2ave and PDM have predetermined variations with wavelength, then the GVD behaviour (or the dispersion behaviour) with wavelength of the two fibers can be determined.
Equalisation of power-per-channel is advantageous for a WDM transmission, as unbalancing of the soliton power-per-channel may affect transmission quality. For example, the gain curve of the amplifiers is a typical source of such an unbalancing and has to be considered in order to have an acceptable signal-to-noise ratio and/or bit-error-rate at the receiver for all channels. If the optical fibers do not introduce substantial unbalancing of the soliton power-per-channel to be inserted in the line, the control of the good transmission quality can be made substantially independently of the optical fibers used. That is, a lower number of parameters has to be considered in the design of the optical system.
Low global average group velocity dispersion is advantageous as it can allow a low level of jitter for all the transmitted channels. In particular, a more preferred range of global average dispersion for reducing the level of jitter to a very low value with a total length of the soliton system of 10.000 km and more, is comprised between about −0.05 and 0.0 ps2/km. In this respect, Applicants have further observed that for high bit rates (e.g. higher than 10 Gbit/s) there is an optimum low value of global average dispersion comprised in this range, that allows to achieve a minimum level of jitter.
Guidance to determine the dispersion characteristics of the two fibers in order to achieve minimum average dispersion and flat soliton power-per-channel may be given by the following equation:
Once the desired dispersion-managed soliton power and average dispersion behaviours with wavelength for the line are selected, and once system parameters such as the bit rate, the pulsewidth, the map period length, and the amplifier spacing are fixed, dispersion specifications for the two fibers comprising the dispersion map can be determined. Viceversa, once the dispersion characteristics of the fibers and of the system are set, together with the other system parameters, such as the bit rate, the pulsewidth, the map period length and the amplifier spacing, a range of useful soliton power can be defined.
In accordance with the preferred embodiments of the present invention, Applicants have modeled optical fiber spans comprising a dispersion-managed soliton system for WDM transmission using computer tools within the knowledge of one skilled in the art. The representative soliton system parameters chosen were the following:
Various embodiments of the present invention described below address optical soliton systems for achieving these desired results with different map periods, span lengths, amplifier spacings and bit rates. In particular,
The four curves 60 to 63 plotted in
As can be seen from
The two regions of the dispersion-wavelength plots of
The slopes of the positive dispersion fibers shown in
It has to be understood that the dispersion curves plotted in
It has also to be understood that for another value of the amplifier spacing LA, with the same map period length LP, the dispersion curves of the fibers can be the same of
In a second group of exemplary embodiments of the present invention, alternating fiber spans having positive and negative dispersion for a symmetrical dispersion managed optical soliton communication system each have a length of about 60 km. Consequently, the map period for the second embodiment is 120 km.
In a third group of exemplary embodiments of the present invention, a symmetrical dispersion-managed optical soliton system that has a longer map period of 200 km, with positive dispersion fiber of 100 km and negative dispersion fiber also of 100 km, was considered.
A fourth group of exemplary embodiments of the present invention considers a symmetrical dispersion-managed optical soliton system that has a map period of 240 km, with positive dispersion fiber of 120 km and negative dispersion fiber also of 120 km.
In contrast to the previous embodiments, a fifth group of embodiments of the present invention considers a dispersion-managed optical soliton system with positive dispersion fiber of a negative slope and negative dispersion fiber of a positive slope where the map is asymmetrical, i.e. where L1 is not equal to L2. In this embodiment, L1 has a length of 44 km, while L2 is only 6 km long. Consequently, L2 has a strong negative dispersion.
FIGS. 12A–B and 13A–B illustrate plots of dispersion characteristics for eighth and ninth groups of exemplary embodiments of the present invention where the map is asymmetrical with L2 being longer than L1. The fiber with length L1 has strong positive dispersion.
As it can be seen in
Further, the values of map strength increase with increasing map period length. This can limit the total length of a system, as high values of map strength can cause unacceptable bit-error-rate and/or signal-to-noise ratio level in longer systems, due to collisions between adjacent pulses. Accordingly, a shorter map period is thus preferred for long distances (e.g. transoceanic submarine systems), while a longer period can be used for shorter systems (e.g. terrestrial systems). As a general consideration, a smaller LP is preferred in order to maintain a smaller value of S and to allow the flexibility for longer transmission distances.
The same fibers of the previous embodiments can be used at 40 Gbits/sec rather than at 10 Gbits/sec provided the lengths of each span are reduced approximately by 1/16 and the power per channel is increased approximately 16 times (about +12 dB), in accordance with equations (4) and (7), the other parameters of the system being constant. Short fiber lengths do not represent a severe technical problem but do cause an increase in manufacturing and installation costs. To avoid the use of such short fiber lengths and to maintain the power at lower levels, systems at 40 Gbits/sec can be obtained by lowering the level of dispersion (in absolute value) or by lowering q0. In order to avoid problems due to four-wave mixing, the dispersion of both fibers may be preferably kept higher than about 1.5 ps/nm/km (in absolute value). Alternatively, means for reducing four-wave-mixing can be provided.
The positive and negative dispersion fibers that provide the basis for
The level of dispersion for the embodiments of
In order to summarize the characteristics of the fibers for the preferred embodiments of the present invention,
In all the
In particular,
The dispersion curves collect the dispersion values D (in ps/nm/km) taken at 1550 nm for any value of χ. The slope curves collect, for any value of χ, the slope values Z (in ps/nm2/km) calculated by means of the ratio
wherein D1529 and D1602 are the dispersion values at 1529 nm and 1602 nm, according to the definition previously given.
FIGS 28A–B show the slope curves of the fibers having dispersion plotted in
The minimum slope absolute value reached in the plots of
Graphs illustrating the characteristics of the fibers for intermediate maps comprised between the symmetrical maps of
Manufacture of optical fibers for use in a dispersion managed soliton system according to the invention is within the knowledge of one skilled in the art. Techniques for manufacturing may include vapor axial deposition, modified chemical vapor deposition, outside vapor deposition, or similar approaches for making optical preforms and optical fibers. Dopants for obtaining suitable refractive-index profiles are also readily known to those of ordinary skill in the field. In order to obtain a positive dispersion fiber having a negative slope in the wavelength range 1530–1600 nm, refractive index profiles comprising multiple claddings can be designed. For example, W-profile fibers can be used. In order to obtain a negative dispersion fiber having a positive slope, well known techniques for shifting the zero dispersion wavelength until values higher than 1600 nm together with a moderate slope can be used. Dispersion compensating fibers having high negative dispersion values are well known in the art.
It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications and variations can be made without departing from the scope or spirit of the invention. For example, the description was made with specific reference to a wavelength range comprised between about 1530 nm and 1600 nm, as this range is particularly interesting in relation to the use of erbium doped optical amplifiers. The skilled in the art can adapt the teachings of the invention to other wavelength values and ranges, in dependence of the needings. Other embodiments of the invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art from consideration of the specification and practice of the invention disclosed herein. It is intended that the specification and examples be considered as exemplary only, with a true scope of the invention being indicated by the following claims.
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Historian and economist Gar Alperovitz on the possibilities of the Great Recessiontags: Gar Alperovitz, Great Recession, inequality, IndyWeek
A couple of weeks ago, a wonky data visualization became a viral sensation. Titled "Wealth Inequality in America," it provided a stark illustration of the distribution of wealth in this country. While many of us already know that this country's wealth is tilted in one direction, it's even more shockingly skewed than we thought. To date, the video has received more than 4.3 million views on YouTube.
The data in the video wasn't news to Gar Alperovitz, an economist, historian and prolific writer on alternatives to capitalism. The 76-year-old University of Maryland professor wears many hats as a teacher, researcher, activist and filmmaker. His most well-known book, America Beyond Capitalism: Reclaiming Our Wealth, Our Liberty, and Our Democracy, lays out the remarkable array of grassroots ownership strategies that local communities can pursue. Many of them are already familiar, such as food co-ops, and others, like credit unions, have become newly valued in the wake of Occupy Wall Street....
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- Harvard's Steven Shapin Wins History of Science Award
- Middle East Studies Association Fights a Rising Tide of Critics
- Juan Cole says the postwar Middle East governments were modeled on the Soviet Union, though not communist (interview)
- Ted Widmer picks the 5 best presidential books worth reading
- AHA backs California's LGBT History law


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Leading & trusted recommended Online Casino Reviews, covering various Sports, Online Casinos, Slots, Poker, Bingo, Bookmakers


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: [Tool]
[Release] AdvanceMap 1.95 Open Beta
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April 6th, 2013, 11:09 PM
christopher salutes
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I have downloaded am 1.95 a while ago and always got a message saying that it failed to set value for endnutzer english, so i tried to contact lu-ho but he never responded, and at the same time my am 1.92 stopped working. with am 1.92 it says it failed to create a kontext menu even though i used it before, so does anybody know how to solve either one of these problems? I have already redownloaded them multiple times and have ended up with the same problem. I am using windows xp. btw i'm hacking fire red.
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Find records of John Curlings
Find birth, death, marriage, military, and other records of John Curlings at Ancestry.com.Search for records
Biography & Family History Add details
John Curlings (1907 - 1972) was born on December 22, 1907. He was born into the Curlings family.
There are no known spouses or children on file for John. John died in December 1972 at 64 years old.
John Curlings's last known residence is at Washington, Beaufort County, North Carolina.
This record of John Curlings comes from the United States Social Security Death Index. What is the SSDI?
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CLAP 3 - Pictograms
Put down your hog dog burrito, it time to learn the Chinese.4.56 / 5.00 7,707 Views
Hoenn Confirmed
Hoenn Intro Animated4.29 / 5.00 5,844 Views
Nites Episode 2
The second episode of Nites4.20 / 5.00 4,656 Views
jaywalking for life ( i think no one can live without jaywalking because its save a lot of time-energy.....on the other hand jaywalking may cause lost physical or/and moral damage( so here is the problem; you can take an attractive short cut but it may cause a "wormhole". No jokes. P.S. jajaja
I liked the humor. A lot of people make an attempt at this kind of humor, but not a lot of them succeed. You did a wonderful job on executing this type of humor. Your comedic timing is great.
The voices were very good for both the dog and the robot. I must say I'm glad you didn't just use Speakonia for the robot, but instead, applied a robot effect to a human voice. It makes a big difference.
The style was rough, simplistic, but nice. Some of the proportions were off in some scenes, but they were pretty minor and they didn't distract from the main piece.
I liked the stock music. They really enhanced the submission and set the mood for each scene.
I must say your preloader was misleading. To be honest, the preloader looked very sloppy and rushed and if somebody were to vote without watching, they would probably give it an unfair vote. Usually I'd say preloaders are a very important part of the submission - after all, first impressions!
Overall, I loved this. I could definitely see this as a television show and if it was, I'd definitely watch it. Good luck in your future animations!
Does the word SpazKid remind you of anything?
What i have to say is .....................................


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May 20, 2011
Straight from General Motors' annual fleet preview, here are notes and info on a fleet-only crossover, a Volt test drive, new LPG offerings and technology to squeeze every drop of fuel economy from an internal combustion engine.
Tags: Chevrolet, eAssist, Chevrolet Volt, Chevrolet Sonic, General Motors
Author: Chris Brown | Posted @ Friday, May 20, 2011 1:07 PM | » Comments(1)
We offer e-newsletters that deliver targeted news and information for the entire fleet industry.
The expert, Mark Betner from Citgo will answer your questions Ask a question
Detroit Assurance: Collision Mitigation, Assisted Braking, Better MPG
Unsung Documentary Series: Baker Trucking
Ultimate Test Drive Video: SuperTruck A Walk Around
PERC Clean American Innovation: Roush CleanTech
SKF Offers Extended Warranty on Wheel End Products
Talbert Unveils New Traveling Axle Trailer
Western Star Offers Limited-Edition Calendar
Ursa Super Plus EC SAE 10W-30 Designed for Fuel Economy


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In collaboration with colleagues from Berlin and Madrid, researchers at the Department of Physics at the University of Basel have pulled up isolated molecular chains from a gold surface, using the tip of an atomic force microscope (AFM). The observed signal provides insight into the detachment force and binding energy of molecules. The results have been published in the renowned scientific journal PNAS.
Atomic force microscopy is a method normally used for imaging matter with very high resolution. The sharp tip of the microscope is used to scan the surface line by line. The resolution is so high, that single atoms can be seen.
"This method is roughly equivalent to using the tip of the Matterhorn to scan the surface of a tennis ball", says Prof. Ernst Meyer of the Department for Physics at the University of Basel. Due to an improved method, the scientists are now able to investigate the mechanical behavior of a single polymer being pulled off a surface.
Using the tip of the AFM, the researchers were able to pull single chains of molecules (polymers) off a gold surface. "The molecule-surface interaction during pulling is so weak that each chain link (molecular unit) detaches successively.
Thus, the whole chain can be pulled off almost vertically to the surface", explains Meyer. By analyzing the observed oscillations, the researchers are able to make quantitative statements on the binding energy of each molecular unit.
Motion without friction
Furthermore, the experiments showed that the polymers could be pulled off with almost no lateral forces. This remarkable behavior of nearly frictionless motion was predicted by a theoretical model and has now been verified for molecules on a gold surface.
Previously, the mechanical behavior of single polymer during pulling from a surface had never been investigated with atomic-scale resolution. The findings and calculations of the research team now provide detailed insight into this process for the first time.
Such investigations are not only of interest for the field of physics, but also for biology and chemistry, since the method of pulling polymers from surfaces can also be applied to biological molecules. So far, valuable insights have been obtianed into the folding and unfolding of DNA and proteins. Chemical reactions of small biopolymer sub units or complex polymer chains under the influence of traction forces and catalytic nanoparticles could be investigated with this new method.
Original source
Shigeki Kawai, Matthias Koch, Enrico Gnecco, Ali Sadeghi, Rémy Pawlak, Thilo Glatzel, Jutta Schwarz, Stefan Goedecker, Stefan Hecht, Alexis Baratoff, Leonhard Grill and Ernst Meyer
Quantifying the atomic-level mechanics of single long physisorbed molecular chains
PNAS Early Edition | doi: 10.1073/pnas.1319938111
Further information
Prof. Ernst Meyer, University of Basel, Department of Physics, phone: +41 61 267 37 24, email: email@example.com
Olivia Poisson | Universität Basel
Further reports about: > Basel > Chemical > Physics > Polymers > atomic force microscope > chains > experiments > findings > mechanical > oscillations
Research yields material made of single-atom layers that snap together like Legos
26.11.2014 | University of Kansas
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36th Annual IATUL Conference 2015: Call for papers and posters
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Microbial Communities for Health and Environment : Precise Measurements of Microbial Ecosystems
26.11.2014 | Life Sciences
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26.11.2014 | Power and Electrical Engineering


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971 Tasting Notes
Still loving this one very much! Sad it is sold out along with my precious Autumn Harvest Laoshan Green. I'll savor every drop while I've got em ;)
Ah, the sadness of falling in love with one of Verdant's limited teas… hope this one comes back in stock for you! At least many of the teas do, though they are of course slightly different picking to picking.
Thanks to Jackie T for a sample of this one! This is one of the more friendly and accessible puerhs I've tried. It still very much tastes like a puerh, but is pretty mild and has a nice floral sweetness to it. This one would be good for puerh novices for sure. Tastes like the garden smells after it rains :)
Made a pot of this last night. Another solid flavored honeybush from 52Teas! Thanks Jackie T for the sample! If you like honeybush and strawberries this one is a sure bet :)
i love this one so much more than regular old strawberry pie from 52 teas. it's just much creamier and delicious
it looks like i might have a bit left in my cupboard. I'll try and remember to check tonight if you send me a message and I can pop it in the mail for you. I think there was something else that i had you wanted to try to. Just pm me!


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Joe "Excalibur" Ellenberger Related Articles
UFC Fight Night Results: 'Swanson vs. Stephens' Play-by-Play & Updates
Sherdog.com reports from AT&T Center in San Antonio, Texas, with live UFC Fight Night "Swanson vs. Stephens" updates.
Joe Ellenberger, James Moontasri Set for UFC Fight Night Clash in San Antonio
By: C.J. TuttleRead More
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Joe Ellenberger-Francisco Trevino Added to UFC Fight Night 'Swanson vs. Stephens'
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Joe Ellenberger's UFC debut has been rebooked for UFC Fight Night "Swanson vs. Stephens."
Vagner Rocha Injury Scratches Joe Ellenberger Debut at UFC 172 in Baltimore
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A last-minute injury to Vagner Rocha has forced the Ultimate Fighting Championship to cancel his planned lightweight showdown with Joe Ellenberger at...
UFC 172 Prelims: 5 Reasons to Watch
By: Mike WhitmanRead More
Joseph Benavidez looks to get back in the win column after the first knockout loss of his career, as he battles Tim Elliott on Saturday in Baltimore.
Joe Ellenberger Makes Octagon Debut Against Yancy Medeiros at UFC 172 in Baltimore
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Joe Ellenberger will make his UFC debut on the same card as his twin brother.
UFC 172 Heads to Baltimore on April 26 with Jon Jones-Glover Teixeira Main Event
By: Mike WhitmanRead More
Jon Jones' next light heavyweight title defense now has a date and location, as Ultimate Fighting Championship officials Friday announced that UFC...
Joe Ellenberger Inks 4-Fight Deal, Joins Twin Brother Jake Ellenberger in UFC
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Thicker Than Water
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Joe Ellenberger was not used to this. This was the time to feel robust, that I-can-walk-through-fire or anyone-at-anywhere time a fighter always...
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By: Keith MillsRead More
Joe Ellenberger, the brother of UFC welterweight contender Jake Ellenberger, won by submission at Titan Fighting Championship 21. UFC and Strikeforce veteran...


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Mercersburg Jobs
Looking for jobs in Mercersburg? Snagajob has great opportunities with the area's leading companies. And applying for Mercersburg jobs has never been easier. Look at the job listings below, click on a job title that interests you and hit the "apply now" button. Part-time jobs, teen jobs, student jobs and summer jobs are now just a click away. Start your job search now.
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216 results for "oh"
Page 2's Party of Five talks the 2012 Major League Baseball seaso...Page 2
Page 2's Party of Five previews the 2012 baseball season.Story | Conversation | April 02, 2012
Sunday's Web video of the dayPatrick Dorsey
Frozen Frisbee? That's what Brodie Smith brings us, after trecking to the top of Colisee Pepsi (Pepsi Coliseum) in Quebec City to pull off an impressive trick shot from the rafters. And no April Foolin' -- this is real. Oh, and Vive les Nordiques! ...Blog | Conversation | April 01, 2012
Peyton Manning, Denver Broncos unleash onslaught of Tebowmania on...DJ Gallo
Oh, Broncos. What have you done to us? What have you done to America? In upgrading your quarterback position, you have made Tebow Time stronger than ever before, and now it is being unleashed again across the nation. Before Peyton Manning picked ...Blog | Conversation | March 19, 2012
A look at JaVale McGee's top 10 Wizards momentsKareem White
JaVale McGee has taken his antics to the Denver Nuggets. Oh, he's a productive player, but he's also quite entertaining -- and not always in a good way. There's even a YouTube video showing some of his most memorable moments (800,000-plus views since...Blog | Conversation | March 17, 2012
Thursday's Web video of the dayPatrick Dorsey
Thanks to the folks at Harvard for sending us this video, in which it's explained just how thrilled the "Yahd" is at the prospect of the Crimson making a deep Tourney run. A standing ovation in class? Oh, it happened. Have you seen a cool sports-rel...Blog | Conversation | March 15, 2012
Page 2's undercover source documents New York Yankees' team-build...Steve Etheridge
The Yankees took some time to get to know each other last Thursday by taking a team bonding trip to an improv club in Tampa, where pretty much everyone, from rookies to veterans, went out of their comfort zones and participated in comedic skits. "Oh...Blog | Conversation | March 05, 2012
Page 2's undercover source documents New York Yankees' team-build...Steve Etheridge
Page 2 source sets scene for Yankees' team-building comedy jam.Story | Conversation | March 05, 2012
Derrick Rose surprises fan during shoe reviewPage 2
Derrick Rose surprises a fan during shoe review.Blog | Conversation | March 01, 2012
Canadian university creates hockey-playing robotPatrick Dorsey
Oh, just a hockey-playing robot, created at the University of Manitoba. That description pretty much says it all ......Blog | Conversation | February 16, 2012
Danny McBride learned to pitch with Heath Altman for his role as ...Brandon Sneed
A former pro taught Kenny Powers how to pitch for real.Blog | Conversation | February 10, 2012
Thursday's Web video of the dayPatrick Dorsey
Oh, just your typical commute on the Chicago El train. You know, the kind that starts out slow and ends with a Chicago Bulls mascot flash mob -- led by the lead man himself, the real Benny the Bull. Have you seen a cool sports-related video that des...Blog | Conversation | February 09, 2012
MLB - Danny McBride learned to pitch with Heath Altman for his ro...Brandon Sneed
In ESPN The Magazine, Brandon Sneed writes about how Danny McBride's Eastbound & Down character, Kenny Powers, learned to pitch from former pro Heath Altman.Story | Conversation | February 07, 2012
Friday's Web video of the dayPatrick Dorsey
It's Web Video of the Day Super Bowl prediction time! And who better to choose between Patriots and Giants than the adorable Ollie the Cat? Oh wait. Ollie the Cat is 0-4 all-time. Congratulations, team that Ollie didn't pick. Have you seen a cool sp...Blog | Conversation | February 03, 2012
Thursday's Web video of the dayPatrick Dorsey
Learn proper technique from New York Giants tight end/NFC Championship Game touchdown scorer Bear Pascoe! Oh, but not football technique. Cattle roping, from his days at Fresno State. Have you seen a cool sports-related video that deserves to go vir...Blog | Conversation | January 26, 2012
TMQ says the Giants-Patriots rematch is better than your typical ...Gregg Easterbrook
TMQ is enthusiastic about the storylines in Super Bowl XLII: 2½.Story | Conversation | January 24, 2012
Friday's Web video of the dayPatrick Dorsey
Drinking in the stands of a sporting event -- in this case, a cricket match between Australia and India -- is nothing unusual. But it's not every day that the former leader of your country chugs a beer with the crowd egging him on. Oh, but in this cl...Blog | Conversation | January 20, 2012


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Find records of Albert Marshall
Find birth, death, marriage, military, and other records of Albert Carl Marshall at Ancestry.com.Search for records
Biography & Family History Add details
Albert Carl Marshall (1930 - 2006) was born on January 10, 1930. He was born into the Marshall family.
There are no known spouses or children on record for Albert. Albert died on July 26, 2006 at 76 years old.
Albert Carl Marshall's last known residence is at Paducah, Cottle County, Texas.
This record of Albert Carl Marshall comes from the United States Social Security Death Index. The death certificate for this record has been observed. This data can be considered accurate. What is the SSDI?
This profile of Albert Carl Marshall's life is a collaborative effort by AncientFaces members Share what you know to connect with the people who knew him. Some common things we would like to know about Albert's genealogy:
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- Paducah, Cottle County, Texas
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- Male
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Possible Relatives
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James 'Whitey' Bulger's defense asks for trial delay
Updated On: Jun 10 2013 03:30:42 PM EDT
The defense team for reputed mobster James "Whitey" Bulger wants the opening statements of the trial delayed.
In an early Monday morning filing, defense attorneys said they want to conduct an investigation into what prosecutors knew about the alleged criminal activities of one of the government's star witnesses.
Former Bulger associate John Martorano has admitted to his role in more than 20 murders. He's currently waiting to testify against Bulger.
Live Wire: Follow live updates from inside the courtroom
The defense claims Martorano's state police handlers have been shielding him from further criminal investigations. Prosecutors have denied those allegations.
"Consistent with his attempts to pretend he was immunized and to pretend he was not an informant, Bulger now pretends he has 'discovered' some shocking discovery violation. In fact, the government hand delivered these documents to the defense almost a month ago," the government said in its filing opposing a trial delay.
"The anonymous allegations against a witness (John Martorano) who has already admitted participating in multiple murders, have been thoroughly debunked after an extensive investigation," the government continued.
The prosecution said the anonymous tipster is a "disgruntled Massachusetts State trooper who falsely accused another Massachusetts state trooper of ignoring the allegations against Martorano."
"If Whitey Bulger goes to trial and is convicted, we would certainly expect that one of the arguments he would make down the road is that his lawyers didn't have adequate time to prepare, and they would point to this type of material as evidence if that," said David Frank of Massachusetts Lawyers Weekly.
Opening statements are slated for Wednesday.
Copyright 2013 by WCVB.com All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.
Man's obituary brings laughter to others, comfort to family
Naked man assaults elderly man at Logan, police say
Report questions role of wealth in Newtown shooter's care
Teen son cited in La. crash that killed 5 family members traveling to Disney World
Schilling's son causes scare at Logan with toy grenade


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FLB: Closer Report
Updated: September 25, 2005, 7:12 PM ETBy Eric Karabell | ESPN Fantasy Games
No position in fantasy baseball is like the closer. So we track, rank, analyze and rant and rave about those who get the saves in this spot each week. Enjoy. Thoughts? Share 'em.
Final two weeks of the season, people! And all we've got for today is Mike Gonzalez? Hey, if teams don't change their closers, it gives us less to cover. OK, time to look at a few interesting situations and rank 'em all
To continue reading this article you must be an Insider
Become an insider and get access to all our articles and tools.View Insider Benefits »
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Eric Karabell | emailESPN.com Senior Writer
- ESPN contributor on TV, radio, podcasts, blogs, Magazine
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- Author of "The Best Philadelphia Sports Arguments"
- Matthew Berry's fantasy football top 200 for Week 13
- Karabell: 2014 rankings update
- Harris: Week 13 free-agent finds
- Cockcroft: The 'December performer' myth


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A selection of Island images taken around the Caribbean.
Superb work.
Thank you very much Julie.
– Leon Heyns
Well chosen images for your wonderful calendar.
Thanks for the encouragement Judy.
– Leon Heyns
Love it! Great collection!
Thanks for the inspiration DeeZ.
– Leon Heyns
Stunning collection and Calendar Leon.
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Thanks for the encouragement Jude.
– Leon Heyns
love !
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lovely group of photo's. selection is perfect for a calender!
Thank you Greg, get on it. Remember, you can start your calendar any month of the year. Cheers!
– Leon Heyns


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Avantha Group Company CG will be opening a new facility in Grenoble to produce, test and calibrate over 2 million ZIV smart meters per year. CG has chosen Grenoble to open this new facility, so as to cover the demand for Linky meters in France, and thereby provide local support to ERDF.
The Sierra Club is joining Ford Motor Company (NYSE: F) and SunPower's (NASDAQ: SPWR) Drive Green for Life program to help more Americans move toward emissions-free driving.
As temperatures drop across the state, Energy Upgrade California® reminds eligible consumers to take advantage of the Energy Savings Assistance Program to help prepare their homes for the cooler weather with energy efficient home solutions.
Lime Energy Develops Enhanced Supply Chain Value with Largest Energy Efficiency Equipment Distributor in the WorldLime Energy Co. (NASDAQ: LIME) announced today that the company has developed a robust integrated supply chain model that supports the delivery of comprehensive energy solutions for small and mid-sized businesses.
Ice Energy today announced it has won a Los Angeles Business Journal 2014 Patrick Soon-Shiong Innovation Award, presented at an awards dinner at the Beverly Wilshire Hotel in Beverly Hills last night.
PG&E Announces Two Major Electric Vehicle Initiatives At The White House With Senior Administration OfficialsDuring a White House event today, U.S. Department of Energy Secretary Ernest Moniz, Counselor to the President John Podesta, PG&E Corporation Chairman and CEO Tony Earley, and Edison Electric Institute (EEI) President Tom Kuhn announced two electric power industry initiatives to further commercialize electric transportation technologies.
STMicroelectronics Supports Drive for Inverters in Smaller Boxes Everywhere, from PHEV Battery Chargers to Solar GeneratorsSTMicroelectronics (NYSE: STM), a global semiconductor leader serving customers across the spectrum of electronics applications and a top-ranking supplier of power components, has revealed new automotive-qualified silicon-carbide (SiC) diodes for advanced on-board battery chargers (OBCs) in electric vehicles such as Plug-in Hybrids (PHEVs) that demand high power-handing capability within a confined space.
Northern California is leveraging its strengths to drive clean tech innovation and build the state's clean economy.
A malicious software dubbed BlackEnergy has intrigued and frightened cybersecurity experts, in part because of its intent and in part because of its origin. BlackEnergy is designed to target critical energy infrastructure and is believed to have originated with Russian government-sponsored hackers.
Jul 11, 2013 |
E Source invites the community to an open house on August 1 from 4:00 to 7:00 p.m. to celebrate its new corporate headquarters at 1745 38th Street in Boulder, Colorado. Guests will enjoy cocktails and hors d'oeuvres while touring the building and learning about the energy-efficiency measures E Source implemented as part of the office facility retrofit.


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About the Town
Public Safety
Contact Us
Quick Links
Township News & Information
11/27/2014 -
HOLIDAY- Thanksgiving Day, Solid Waste & Recycling Collection Information
11/20/2014 -
Winter Recreation Magazine
11/19/2014 -
Holiday Food & Gift Card Drive
11/17/2014 -
Park Lights Off For Season
11/7/2014 -
Skate Park Closed
11/3/2014 -
2014 Leaf Collection Program
9/27/2014 -
2014 Leaf Bag Distribution
8/7/2014 -
Route 18 Bridge over Route 1 Information and Illustration
7/23/2014 -
EBTV Community Access CHANNEL 3 is moving to CHANNEL 26
6/20/2014 -
2013 Water Consumer Confidence Report
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Miss Idaho
& Events
Social Media
& Twitter
What My Platform Has Taught Me About Bullying: Embracing Those Who Are Different
Happy October! A.K.A. Bullying Prevention Month! My sister titleholder,...
Diabetes Can't Stop Us: Staying Active, Adventurous and Ambitious with Diabetes
This past week, I have had several followers ask some similar questions, and...
Miss Idaho 2014 Awards and Scholarships
Social Media Award: Brittany Lock - Miss SyringaMarketing Award: Sierra Sandison...
December 13, 2014 - Saturday
Miss Canyon County
This is an open pageant. If you are interested in competing please email firstname.lastname@example.com.
More information to come.
January 31, 2015 - Saturday
Miss Boise
This is a closed pageant. If you are interested in competing please contact email@example.com. More information for pageant time and location to come.
March 21, 2015 - Saturday
Miss Rexburg
This is a closed pageant. If you are interested in competing please contact email@example.com. More information for pageant time and location to come.
RT @sierra_anne93: This >>>>> LOLing so hard 😂❤🙌 @driverRyanReed http://t.co/PSBplsnrS4
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Item #59738
This console table will make a great addition to your living room furniture. The half-moon shape hugs your wall and saves space. Its sleek, modern design is highlighted by curved legs. Order now.
Product Details
Home Decorators Collection
4675 East Liberty St.
Mexico, MO 65265-9804
Abbington Console Table
Was: $229.00
Sale: $206.00
Abbington Coffee Table
Abbington Square End Table
East India Console Table
Was: $319.00
Sale: $287.00
Cirque Console
Was: $249.00
Sale: $224.00
Mandarin Altar Table
Was: $299.00
Sale: $269.00
Essex Console Table with Open Storage
Was: $279.00
Outlet: $194.99
Nicole Console Table
Was: $319.00
Sale: $287.00


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J Brand's Fall Collection Is Available Online
It's all worth the investment.
Make Room For Fashion: Transitional Dressing
It's still hot and humid in NYC and yet my mind keeps wandering to fall.
Adriano Goldschmied Announces Three Collaborations at Once
But two are way cooler than the other one. Click through—you'll see.
With Liberty Prints and Justice For All
Liberty of London x Nike make it count. Again.
The Kooples Is Coming! The Kooples Is Coming!
Meet your new favorite French import.
Belstaff Relaunches at Barneys New York
The English heritage brand is back in action.
Another Brady Bunch Reboot: But What Will They Wear?!
The Bradys are getting a new TV show. And hopefully, groovy, updated wardrobes to match.
Kate Eisen's tightly edited boutique has pristine furniture (like Norwegian armchairs from the '60s) and unbelievable accessories (like Canada's bigge…
Jonathan + Olivia
This sleek-and-chic refuge on vintage-heavy Ossington Avenue is the city's best resource for international all-stars like Band of Outsiders, Alexander…
Make Room For Fashion: Statement Jewelry
I'm always on the lookout for bold, beautiful accessories that are kid friendly.
Michelle Willey
There are conical Danish candles, Finnish spa towels, French Saint James striped tees—and don't miss this worldly general-store-esque shop's Boston-th…
Tuccia di Capri
A million different spins on the iconic bare sandal indigenous to the island of Capri are the focus of Tuccia di Capri. Each pair is made in-house, by…
Local Honey
The coolest part about this Hillsboro vintage-mixed-with-new-stuff boutique: The new stuff—White Rabbit tunics, Ren feather earrings—is all made by yo…
Peter Nappi
This year-old leather-goods line is located in an abandoned Germantown meatpacking plant that's really hard to find. So activate your GPS—the handstit…
Silver Moon
Antique 19th-century wedding dresses get top billing here, but the real pull is the racks up front, full of gorgeous, big-event gowns.


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Diesel's Gone Green
GQ Test Drives the Audi Q7 TDI
1 of 3
If only Mad Max had gotten his grubby, oil-stained hands on a new Q7 TDI, the whole Road Warrior franchise might have taken a much different tone. Sleek, self-sufficient, and unshakably sturdy, Audi's vaguely egg-shaped diesel-powered SUV would have been the perfect ride for a post-apocalyptic wasteland where fuel was so scarce bands of merciless land pirates who thought nothing of running you off the road if in order to siphon off whatever fuel was left your tank. Actually, had Max gotten himself into one of the Q7 it would have ruined everything. How can you root for a guy cruising the barren hellscape in a luxury SUV that can go 600 miles between fill-ups, haul up to 6000 lbs., and outrun and outmaneuver any of those marauders on the plain. (The Big Bopper wouldn't stand a chance.) Luckily, the Q7 never appears in Mad Max for a number of reasons, not the least of which, where would he have gotten the fifty grand to pay for it?


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MVC Widget Error
7 Tips to Prepare for Your Appointment
The key to a successful appointment is communication. To get the most out of your visit, prepare ahead of time so you can lead the conversation with your doctor. These 7 tips will get you ready
Appointments & Offices
Check insurance plans, locations and make an appointment
Is Dr. Lei accepting new patients?
If you are a new patient, please check with Dr. Lei before scheduling an appointment.
What insurance does he accept?
- Aetna
- Anthem Blue Cross
- Blue Cross Blue Shield
- Blue Cross Blue Shield of California
- Blue Shield of California
- Cigna
- Commercial Insurance Company
- First Health (Coventry Health Care)
- Health Net
- Humana
- Medicare
- MultiPlan
- United Healthcare
Office Locations
- Thomas D Lei MD
- 2490 Hospital Dr Ste 212
- Mountain View, CA 94040
- (408) 279-1186 (Office)
- 200 Jose Figueres Ave Ste 230
- San Jose, CA 95116
- (408) 279-1186 (Office)


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For several decades, Career and Technical Education (CTE) has been evolving. No longer offering only traditional vocational education, CTE now offers a diverse range of subjects and career fields, including a number of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) subjects. In addition, the distinction between CTE and academic programs is slowly disintegrating as integrating academic content into CTE has become a national education priority.
CTE has become an indispensable lever for improving students' college and career readiness. CTE plays a powerful role in preventing students from dropping out and provides a variety of opportunities for postsecondary success and employment, including pathways to a bachelor's degree. CTE also can help all students achieve the objectives of the Kansas College and Career Ready Standards (KCCRS) through authentic, applied learning experiences. In short, CTE is a crucial change agent for the success of improving outcomes for all students.
In Kansas secondary schools, 36 Career Pathways are offered, spanning across all 16 Career Clusters.
Check out the:
Kansas Career Clusters & Pathways Model. (PDF)
Kansas CTE Vision
All Kansas students are engaged in quality career pathways to prepare them for a lifetime of opportunities as productive and responsible citizens. Kansas utilizes the National Career Cluster model. Technological advances and global competition have transformed the nature of work. Tomorrows jobs will require additional knowledge, improved skills and highly flexible workers who continually update their knowledge and skills. The goal of Kansas CTE is to provide students with relevant contexts for learning through pathways to college and career readiness. Career Clusters link what students learn in school to the knowledge and skills they need for success in post-secondary education and careers.
KSDE CTE Long-Term Goals:
Career & Technical Education Quick Links:
Business & Industry / Advisory Committee
Carl D. Perkins Federal Accountability
-Past Years
- Non-Traditional Fields
- Resources
- Reserve Funds / RPOS
Career Clusters & Pathways
Career & Technical Student Organizations (CTSO)
CTE - Communications / Marketing
- CTE- Communications
- CTE Marketing
Drive-In Workshops
- Career Ready Kansas
- High Schools That Work (HSTW)
- Senate Bill 155
Kansas Civil Rights
Postsecondary Partnerships
-Statewide Articulation Agreements
Reports, Collections & Timelines
Assistant Director Career and Technical Education
Jay Scott
(785) 296-3951
KSDE Secondary-Level CTE Contacts
Deputy Commissioner
Division of Learning Services
Brad Neuenswander
(785) 296-2303
Career, Standards and Assessment
Scott Smith
(785) 296-3142
Assistant Director
Career and Technical Education
Jay Scott
(785) 296-3951
Assistant Director
Academic Standards
Jeannette Nobo
(785) 296-2078
Assistant Director
Beth Fultz
(785) 296-2325
CTE 16 Career Clusters:
Agriculture Food & Natural Resources
Architecture and Construction
Arts A/V, Technology & Communications
Business, Management & Administration
Education & Training
Government & Public Administration
Health Sciences
Hospitality & Tourism
Human Services
Information Technology
Law, Public Safety, Corrections & Security
Science, Technology, Engineering & Mathematics
Transportation Distribution & Logistics
Career, Standards and Assessment Services Upcoming Events
SEAC December 2014
December 3-4 in Hesston
2014-15 Driver Ed Regional Meetings
October 8 in Dodge City
November 19 in Colby
December 10 in Concordia
December 17 in Wichita
January 21 in Topeka
February 11 in Iola
Career Pathway Program of Study Application (CPPSA) Work Days
January 21 in Scott City
January 22 in Hays
January 28 in Salina
January 30 in Lawrence
February 2 in Clearwater
February 3 in Chanute


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Sean says that before he met Kanye, he almost won a rap battle that would have gave him a single deal with Shady...Read More
Featured On XXLmag.com
The Latest
Mistah F.A.B. & Thurzday Paid Dues Freestyle
Thurz with the beatbox, Fab with the bars...Read More
"The Legacy of Bin Laden" by Immortal Technique
When the announcement came late last night that Osama Bin Laden had been killed by the United States, many took to Twitter, the streets, and the airwaves to offer snap judgments, brief thoughts, and celebration. Immortal Technique, instead, took a ...Read More
Lil Wayne, Drake to Perform at Summer Jam
It's gonna be a hot summer. Just minutes ago, Hot 97 announced the line up for this year's annual Summer Jam concert extravaganza and Lil Wayne, Drake, Rick Ross, Fabolous, Wiz Khalifa, Dipset, Waka Flocka Flame, Chris Brown and Lloyd ...Read More
Random Axe Video Shoot
Random Axe Ish from DJ Prince on Vimeo...Read More
"Ghost Face" Beer to be Released on May 5
Beer afficianados and fans of Ghostface Killah can rejoice. The L.A. Times reports that Colorado-based brewing company, Twisted Pine, has crafted a new spicy ale they dubbed "Ghost Face Killah." Described as the "the hottest beer this side of hell," the ...Read More
Pac Div Performs "Anti-Freeze" Live
Pac Div hit the stage at Tammany Hall...Read More
Mariah Carey, Nick Cannon Welcome Newborn Twins
Congratulations to new parents Mariah Carey and Nick Cannon who welcomed twins - a boy and a girl - on Saturday. According to the Associated Press, Mariah gave birth at 12:07 p.m. at an undisclosed location in Los Angeles. The ...Read More
Nate Dogg Remembered, Too Short, Digital Underground At KDAY 'Krush Groove'
93.5 FM KDAY Krush Groove Gibson Amphitheatre, Los Angeles April 29, 2011 Several legends of old-school West Coast rap music assembled on Friday night to pay tribute to KDAY, the radio station that was instrumental in first transmitting many of their songs to ...Read More
- Wu-Tang Clan "A Better Tomorrow"
- Raekwon "Try Me (Freestyle)"
- A$AP Ferg "Talk It Out"
- Donnie Trumpet Featuring Chance The Rapper And The Social Experiment "Sunday Candy"
- Tink "Tell The Children" (Prod. Timbaland)
- Quavo "Tha Truth"
- Michael Uzowuru Featuring Vic Mensa And Donnie Trumpet "April 13th"
- Mark Ronson Featuring Mystikal "Feel Right"
Hip-Hop News
- Check Out This Dope Kanye West And Sam Smith Mashup
- Nick Young Explains How He Bagged Iggy Azalea
- Watch Lil Wayne And Juicy J Perform "Bandz A Make Her Dance"
New Artistsmore >
Today in Hip-Hop
- Today In Hip-Hop: RIP Soulja Slim (9/9/1977 – 11/26/2003)
- Today In Hip-Hop: Uriel "Tony" Rincon Speaks On Jam Master Jay Shooting
- Today In Hip-Hop: RZA Releases 'RZA As Bobby Digital in Stereo'
- Algoriddim's CEO Karim Morsy Explains Why He's Finally Bringing The Popular DJ App To Android
- DJ Khaled's 10 Best Sneaker Instagram Moments
- Pyradice 2014 Holiday Beanie Lookbook
- Trina Opens Up About Her Album, French Montana, & Being On Reality TV
- Joe Budden Speaks On 'Some Love Lost' EP, Shady Records And Slaughterhouse Album
- Working With Usher Has Been A Humbling Experience For August Alsina
- 22 Rappers Who Had Beef With Their Labels
- 20 Of Diddy's Self Empowering Instagram Quotes
- The 9 Grand Hustles Of T.I.
- Chris Brown Tells All In Throwback Cover Story
- The Making of 'Ready To Die': Family Business
- The Notorious B.I.G.'s 'Ready To Die' By The Numbers
- 7 Rappers Giving Away Turkeys For Thanksgiving
- Best Hip-Hop Instagrams Of The Day
- 8 Funny Memes About The Winter
- Best Hip-Hop Instagrams Of The Day
- 9 Rappers Caught Bragging On Instagram
- An Instagram Recap Of The 2014 AMAs
- Best Hip-Hop Instagrams Of The Day
- 17 Of The Funniest Dating Memes On Instagram
- Best Hip-Hop Instagrams Of The Day
- 7 Hot Hip-Hop Celebs Before And After Plastic Surgery
- 12 Pictures That Show Wiz Khalifa Is Enjoying The Single Life
- Best Hip-Hop Instagrams Of The Day
- 9 Rappers In Cities Around The World
- Best Hip-Hop Instagrams Of The Day
- 8 Pictures That Prove French Montana And The Kardashians Are Still Close


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AeroDef Manufacturing
Boeing Sells to Iran | Commercial Jet Profits Up | Embraer KC490 Prototype
November 2014
Boeing to Sell Airplane Parts to Iran
In a sign of the times, Boeing is selling airplane info — and may sell parts — to Iran for the first time since 1979.
Jet Edge 5-Axis Waterjet Cuts Taper-Free 3D Parts
Jet Edge's EDGE X-5 5-axis waterjet system with Aquavision Di Controller cuts complex taper-free and 3D parts from virtually any material. Featuring Jet Edge's innovative Permalign EDGE cutting head technology, the EDGE X-5 dramatically increases your waterjet cutting capabilities by allowing you to produce chamfers, weld bevels and sophisticated 3D parts such as impeller blades - all with a taper-free finish. Jet Edge, Inc:
or call 1-800-538-3343.
Sponsor Message
Boeing Adjusts as Commercial Dominates Military Sales
The company is consolidating most defense work out of Washington state while converting once large defense-oriented facilities to making commercial aircraft parts.
Cost effective solutions for machining advanced materials
Stiles Machinery's Belotti machines provide the automotive, aerospace and composite industries with smart and cost effective solutions. For over 30 years, Belotti has been manufacturing milling and water-jet 3-axis and 5-axis CNC machining centers. For applications on advanced materials such as carbon, kevlar and light alloys, special systems have been designed to achieve the best accuracy and machining reliability. For more information, visit
Sponsor Message
Embraer KC-390 Prepares for First Flight
In a notable achievement for the Brazilian-based company, Embraer rolls out the KC-390, its biggest plane to date.
Sponsor Message
Against the Odds at MTM
Advanced tooling helps this high-mix, low-volume aerospace shop expand its capabilities in this case study from SME's
Aerospace and Defense Yearbook 2014
Benchmarking your Quality Maturity: Turning a Cost Center into a Profit Center
In order for an organization to achieve the shift from quality management as a cost center to profit center, it's important to have a strong grasp on your organization's maturity in the different quality management resources. To help organizations understand their current state and plan for the journey to true operational excellence, LNS Research will discuss their landmark quality management research study of over 1,000 manufacturing organizations to identify best practices in organizational change, business process redesign, and technology evaluation based on a comprehensive maturity model to illustrate what constitutes current state vs. market leading.
Click here for more information.
Sponsor Message
EDM Machining in Aerospace
MC Machinery Systems' Doug Maywald explains how it has gone from taboo to a trusted method in this feature from SME's
Aerospace and Defense Yearbook 2014
Metal Injection Molding White Paper
When increased quantities of metal parts are needed, metal injection molding (MIM) is often a logical next step. Our free MIM white paper covers the multi-step process involved in molding metal parts, detailed technical specs needed for design, commonly used materials and a comparison to other metal-forming technologies like direct metal laser sintering and die casting.
Click Here to Download.
Sponsor Message
Wyman Gordon to Build New Plant in S. Carolina
Manufacturer of high-performance forgings using nickel-based alloys to employ 400 in new plant in Dillon; production starts in 2015.
Cautious Optimism Surrounds Regional Aircraft Market
Forecast International's ten-year forecast is for over 3800 aircraft in the 50 to 90 seat range, with new entrants meaning a competitive landscape.
About SME
Training & Development
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AeroDef Manufacturing
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Advertise With Us
One SME Drive
Dearborn, MI 48121
Phone (313) 425-3000
Fax (313) 425-3401


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Dive Atlas of the World: An Illustrated Reference to the Best SitesHardback
List price $54.83
You save $7.49 13% off
Free delivery worldwide
Dispatched in 2 business days
When will my order arrive?
- Publisher: New Holland Publishers Ltd
- Format: Hardback | 300 pages
- Dimensions: 274mm x 322mm x 38mm | 2,082g
- Publication date: 25 October 2009
- Publication City/Country: London
- Edition: 3, Revised
- Edition statement: 3rd Revised edition
- Illustrations note: 342 full-colour photographs, 6 large scale ocean/sea maps, 113 maps for all dive regions, 8 artwork illustrations
- Sales rank: 77,589
Product description
This global guide to the world's top dive sites is an inspirational reference source for divers who wish to experience, personally or vicariously, the best diving the planet has to offer. Written by the experienced dive authors of New Holland's award-winning dive guides, the book is based on first-hand experience. Contributing Editor Jack Jackson has fully updated this second edition, adding some new wreck dives and making sure that all the travel and dive information is fully up to date. This includes new locations for hyperbaric chambers treating 'the bends' and the latest travel advice for divers in the wake of increased security at airports, which can make travelling with diving equipment problematical. Conservation issues are more relevant now than ever, and Jack has ensured that the latest concerns and advice are included. Structured by oceans and seas, each section starts with a general overview of diving-related features and conditions. A large scale map shows the basic ocean topography and locates the featured dive regions to follow, while regional maps feature specific dive sites to help divers select and locate the type of diving experience they are looking for. For those inspired to travel to any of the featured sites or regions, an appendix lists travel and dive information, climate, the best time to go, contacts, dive operators and emergency facilities. In addition to comprehensive mapping, the book features superb underwater photography showing famous wrecks, a wide range of marine habitats and a huge diversity of species ranging from whale sharks to coral.
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Author information
Editor Jack Jackson is an advanced BS-AC diver who ran a sport diving operation in the Sudanese Red Sea for 12 years. He has been diving exotic locations around the world ever since. An award winning author and photographer, Jack has written and contributed to numerous books including New Holland's Diving with Sharks, Top Dive Sites of the World, two scuba diving manuals and three Dive Guides. Marine Biology Consultant Dr. Charles Anderson has lived and worked in the Maldives since 1983, where he studies tunas, sharks, reef fishes, whales and dolphins.


text:
By Kyle Harris
By Adam Roy
Five Halloween Movies to Watch
By Amanda Moutinho
Twenty Adults-Only Halloween Parties
By Bree Davies
Mountain Goats Singer Writes a Novel
By Kyle Harris
La Alma/Lincoln Park Deserves Greatness
By Melanie Asmar
Colorado Photographers Document Disaster
By Susan Froyd
By Bree Davies
He'll turn 37 on April 5, but Colorado Mammoth lacrosse star Gary Gait is still the league standard, the Michael Jordan of his sport. Last year, the 6' 2", 210-pound forward out of Syracuse broke his own National Lacrosse League single-season scoring record with 58 goals and once more became a first-team NLL All-Pro -- something he's done every year since he began playing pro lacrosse back in 1991. Tough, smart and relentless, Gait led three Syracuse teams to NCAA championships, and he's a five-time most valuable player in two pro lacrosse leagues -- not least because he holds the league records for goals, assists, points and shots. Amid the raucous theater that is a Mammoth game, Gait is the rock star who commands the most attention.