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Loss and Gain in Humor Translation; A case study of The Ethics of the Aristocrats
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» Loss and Gain in Humor Translation; A case study of The Ethics of the Aristocrats
Loss and Gain in Humor Translation; A case study of The Ethics of the Aristocrats
Farzad Akmali
| Published 01/25/2012 |
Translation Techniques
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Farzad Akmali
English to Farsi (Persian) translator
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A part of any literature is occupied by humorous and satirical works, including poetry and prose. Translating humor, as many scalars put it, is of great challenge for literary translators. The translation of humor is a notoriously difficult endeavor, not least because of the close links between humor and identity and between humor and culture (Maher, 2008: 141). Translating humor is difficult partly because being able to appreciate humor does not mean that one is able to create that same effect (Vandaele 2002: 150). What makes humor translation a challenge is the linguistic features as well as cultural concepts bound with humor. "Humor is something that makes a person laugh or smile. [Incongruity theory] states that humor is created out of a conflict between what is expected and what actually occurs in the joke" (Ross, 1998: 1).
These conflicts, at the linguistic level, are mostly manifested by ambiguity of the words or structures followed by a punchline. But it is not limited to ambiguity; a humorous text may include humorous names, allusions and intertextuality. From the viewpoint of its cultural features, the original humor may include a concept or concepts which are totally unknown in the target culture. The concept(s) in question may be abstract or concrete; it may relate to religious belief, a social custom or even a type of food (Bassnett, 1992: 21). The humor translators' mission is to overcome these challenges; to understand the historical and social nuances of the humor, approximate to its style, transfer the linguistic features and cultural concepts, as much as possible, to the extent that it makes the target audience laugh when reading or hearing the humor in his own language. Nevertheless, while being something that makes people laugh and enjoy, humor is not always expected to do so (cause laughter) since sometimes it serves as a weapon against its subjects and the laughter followed is a sign of fear or embarrassment. However, what is of great importance in this sort of translation is to create such an approximation, or if possible, an equivalent so that the same effect and response are produced on the target readers.
Considering the above-mentioned points and the fact that no two languages are completely the 'same,' even when they share many features, (e.g. grammatical and lexical) it is inferred that at some point every translator is faced with making a choice which is to be applied by using his/her linguistic and cultural competency as well as intuition and creativity. Choices are made to produce the dynamic equivalence that, as Nida and Taber (1969: 24) put it, is "to be defined in terms of the degree to which the receptor of the message in the receptor language respond to it in substantially the same manner as the receptor in the source language." The notion of inevitable loss in translation is related to the fact that there cannot be any perfect one-to-one equivalence between two languages and two cultures. That is why it is regarded as a universal characteristic of all translations. When losses occur due to any reason, if the translator is to retain the level of humor, then compensation is needed. "Loss," as Koponen (2004: 48) puts it, "does not have to mean that a part of the text has been completely lost, but rather that some aspect that was present in the source text is not there in the target text, e.g. a double meaning, a connotation."
Review of literature
A great deal of research has been done on humor and humor translation. Koponen (2004), in her thesis, examines wordplay in Donald Duck comics and their Finnish translations in three decades. Her goal, in her own words, "is to compare how wordplay is created and used in the source text and the target text and to analyze the differences between instances of wordplay in one and its translation in the other" (p. 2). In the study she assumes "that a translator of comics will attempt to preserve the level of humor of the source text also in the Target text. However, wordplay and all humor are very closely connected to the source language and source culture. Because of this, the translator will very rarely, if ever, be able to produce a close translation of the wordplay. Thus the translated wordplay will almost necessarily differ to some extent" (ibid). She analyzes the differences between source text wordplay and its translation in a systematic manner and a model based on the General Theory of Verbal Humor is used in comparing the source and target texts.
In the study, she defines comics and their features, therefore tries to explain interaction of word and image and its significance in the translation. Accordingly, she discusses some general issues relating to translating humor in general and then translatability of wordplay. Finally, Examining different aspects of humor translation, she takes up discussions and suggestions on the strategies available to a translator faced with translating wordplay. She argues that "in most cases wordplay appears to have been lost when the English word or phrase has an ambiguous meaning that is not present in the Finnish equivalent…Wordplay involving the onomatopoeic sound […] has been difficult to retain in translation" (p. 64). She found that in cases where Finnish has an equivalent word or phrase with the same connotations, the wordplay has usually been retained.
Eventually, analyzing the results and examining the applied strategies, she concludes that "some evidence was found to support the assumption that wordplay has become an increasingly common and important feature in translation of comics. This was suggested by considerable loss of wordplay in the early decades, and by frequent compensation and addition of wordplay found in the newer material" (p. 84).
Some studies have been done regarding humor and culture. Kočová (2007), for example, in her thesis entitled "Translation of Humor and Culture in Selected Sketches of Monty Python's Flying Circus", tries to "show the specificities of translation of humor in Monty Python's Flying Circus in connection to British culture. The comedy genre is very popular in the United Kingdom and culture-specific expressions (CSEs) are a necessary part of every comedy show (e.g. Yes, Minister, Da Ali G Show, Monty Python's Flying Circus etc.); moreover, in Monty Python's Flying Circus they play a central role with regard to understanding humorous allusions" (p. 4).
Comparing two target versions, film and book, with the original work, she presented a corpus of CSEs found in 14 sketches which contained the greatest amount of such expressions. All CSEs were divided into several categories (Names, Organizations etc.) and subcategories (Personal Names, Trademarks etc.). Closely observing each category, she determined all the methods used and tried mainly to determine the predominant translation method. She also "included there the possible reasons why the translator chose a particular method" (p. 58). She proved that "the TR [target readers] are not much familiar with such artistic and television items but the translator managed to find enough cultural equivalents which fitted the context and the mood of the text" (p. 59).
She concludes that "translator's options, with regard to the subtitles, were basically two. He could preserve the amount of information but spoil the TR's chance of simultaneously looking at the screen and reading the subtitles. Or he could make the text more reader-friendly and completely accept the subtitling restrictions." (p. 60).
Eventually, she concluded that the subtitles' limitations did not have any impact on the change of the translation methods. She suggested that "the translator had to consider the intended readership as well as recognize that all the subtitling limitations were agreed on to enable produce a translation understandable to an utmost number of the viewers..." (ibid).
Another study done by Ewelina Monika Bruździak (2009) examines 'Shifts of meaning in humor translation as exemplified by the Polish translation of Shrek.' Bruździak (2009) explores the notion of shifts of meaning in humor translation. The study is based on a popular animated film Shrek. She aims to "prove that shifts of meaning in the case of humor translation in Shrek are unavoidable and even desirable, and that they result from the specificity of dubbing and humor translation" (p. 2).
Comparing the Polish version of the work with the original English one, she analyzes and describes various differences in meaning between them. Discussing and analyzing the results, she concludes that "Translation shifts are frequently involved in humor transfer due to various difficulties connected with it. In order to maintain a humorous effect, translators have to adapt a certain joke to the reality of a target culture, and accordingly, they have to modify the source text".
Results of the study show beyond doubt that shifts of meaning in humor translation are not a negative phenomenon as long as they result in achieving the same humorous effect as the source text does. They are the consequences of the linguistic differences and of the cultural dissimilarities. That is why, introducing various modifications constitutes a common practice in the translation of humorous dubbed films.
The current study aims to examine and compare Zakani's Ethics of Aristocrats with its English translation by Hasan Javadi (2008) respectively with regard to humorous discourse in order to categorize different strategies applied according to Newmark's (1998) framework. Therefore, the researcher tries to find gains and losses of humor translation as well as compensations occurred to introduce those strategies which best save and convey the humorous effect and lead to least loss in translation.
Since the study is a descriptive one, the original text with its English translation has been comparatively analyzed as in the following steps:
1. Exploring the original texts and extracting randomly the items under study.
2. Examining the translations and comparing them with the original texts.
3. Determining the translation strategies applied according to the Newmark's (1988) framework.
4. Finding gains and losses in the translation compared with the original texts.
6. Analyzing strategies, and gains and losses to introduce those strategies which best convey the humorous effects.
Humorous terms and discourses of the above-mentioned materials are extracted and categorized based on Schmitz (2002) model; ten cases for each category, i.e. reality-based; word-based; and culture-based humor. This categorization is used since it includes all types of humor and is much compatible with humor discourses.
Results showed that literal translation is the most frequently used strategy in all three humor categories with 56 hits. The other strategies from the most frequently used to the least ones are: literal translation (23.93%); modulation
(14.52%); expansion (11.96); componential analysis (8.54%); synonymy (6.83%); descriptive equivalent and functional equivalent (5.98% each); recognized translation (5.12%); deletion and through-translation (4.27); naturalization and cultural equivalent (3.41% each); transference and addition & note (0.85% each). Compensation and translation label are not used at all.
In universal humor discourses, where the whole story is to convey the humorous effect and message, and they can be conceived in all cultures and languages, the translation is carried out with the least possible difficulties and in most cases the literal translation has been the first and most frequently used strategy.However, where the translator opts to be more target-oriented (making benefits of TL cultural concepts and terms), not only no loss of meaning occurs, but also raises the humorous effects. For instance, in rendering کوتاه خردمند, the translator gives a better image of the humor to the audience by adding the word "puny".
Nevertheless, there have been cases where the message and humor are conveyed by the translator but the humor sense the form conveys is not transferred into the translation. These cases include alliteration, rime and rhythm.In cases, where the humor discourse is short in terms of language units, and translated into larger units, for example word into phrase, or phrase into clause, loss of form and humor sense is obvious. In the following example brevity adds to the humorous effects in Farsi, while descriptive translation makes it longer for the target reader to take the humor sense:
آورده اند که داروی قابل بخورد و بمرد.
But it is related that the medicine was lethal so that when he partook of it he died.
Comparing the source with the target, it is found that where brevity is a humor-oriented device and longer units have been used in translation, the meaning is saved and compensated for but the form and humorous effects are not at the same level as are in the source language. But in cases where brevity is saved in translation, and the message is conveyed, the humor style is much similar to that of the source language. Therefore, in universal humor discourses, since the translators do not normally face difficulties in rendering the message and meaning, what is much likely to be lost is the form. The form is lost when it is embedded in linguistic devices such as alliteration, rime and rhythm but are to be compensated with similar devices in the target language. The problem of the lost form remains somehow unsolved because languages are different phonologically, semantically and syntactically and the effects each rhetorical device plays in each language is different from the same device in another language.
In rendering cultural humor discourses, the translator faces with two sorts of problems and difficulties. One is related to rendering cultural notions and concepts and the other one is the linguistic devices. In this category of humor discourses, in cases where the culture-bound units are neutralized and generalized, loss of cultural sense occurs and the translation does not read as humorous as the source does. The cultural senses of some notions, especially the nouns have been compensated using transference and naturalization. But when it comes to the culture-bound verbs, in cases where no parallel equivalent is available or used, loss of meaning and sense occurs. This leads to the most loss of meaning when the cultural humor discourse is embedded in wordplays. In such cases, due to loss of meaning, the humor is not perceived and not obvious. In the following example, this fact is much palpable:
طلخک دراز گوشی چند داشت. روزی سلطان محمود گفت:درازگوشان او را بلاغ گیرند، تا خود چه خواهد گفتن. بگرفتند. او سخت برنجید. پیش سلطان آمد تا شکایت کند. سلطان فرمود که او را راه ندهند. چون راه نیافت، در زیر دریچه یی رفت که سلطان نشسته بود و فریاد کرد. سلطان گفت:او را بگویید که امروز بار نیست. بگفتند. گفت:قلتبانی را که بار نباشد، خر مردم چرا بلاغ گیرد؟
Talhak had a few donkeys and Sultan Mahmud ordered them to be taken for unpaid labor to see what he would do. He was annoyed and wanted to complain to the sultan. Under instruction from the king he was told that he could not have an audience that day. Talhak went around the royal palace and arriving under the window of the room where the king was sitting, shouted, "The cuckold who does not give an audience, why does he need people's donkeys to work for him unpaid?"
The word بار which bears two different meanings and both have to be saved in order for the humor to be traveled into the target culture. Since, no one to one equivalent is available for such cases in two languages, loss of meaning and even the humor itself is inevitable.
In rendering linguistic humor discourses, the translators are facing catch 22s. The difficulties can be examined from two points of view; firstly, when the linguistic devices play a role in making the discourse humor and where they do not. When the wordplay plays no role, but to make the text humorous, the message is saved and conveyed, but the humor is lost in translation and the text reads as a normal, neutralized one, and subsequently no sense of humor is perceived. The following example shows the loss of humor sense in such cases:
ای برادر حرم در پیش است و حرامی در پس. اگر رفتی بردی، اگر خفتی مُردی.
the sanctuary is in front of us and the brigands in the rear
In such cases, the message is conveyed via translation except for that part which is embedded in the form which leads to loss of the humorous sense and effect. However, examples have been found where the linguistic humor is transferred. Following is an example of linguistic humor where the meaning is transferred via the form. This is true for those linguistic humors where there are parallel equivalents in both languages;
زنی پیش واثق خلیفه دعوی پیغمبری می کرد. واثق ازو پرسید که محمد پیغمبر بود؟ گفت:آری. گفت:چون او فرموده است که "لا نبی بعدی"، پس دعوی تو باطل شد. گفت:او فرموده لا نبی بعدی؛ و لا نبیه بعدی نفرموده است.
"A woman went to Caliph Watheq and claimed to be a prophetess. He asked her if Mohammad was a prophet. She said, "Yes." "But he has said that there will be no prophet after him," the caliph argued. The woman said, "But he has not said there will be no prophetess after him."
But this is not true when there is no one to one equivalent in terms of linguistic units and rhetorical devices like pun, zeugma and so on. In these cases, loss of meaning especially for zeugmas is inevitable.
Comparative study of the source text and the statistical analysis presented in the study lead to the following conclusions:
Different strategies have been applied by the translators in rendering humor discourses; the identified strategies are as follows: 'transference', 'naturalization', 'cultural equivalent', 'synonymy', 'descriptive equivalent', 'recognized translation', 'componential analysis', 'expansion', 'addition and note', 'deletion', 'modulation', 'literal translation', 'through-translation', and 'functional equivalent'.
The statistical analysis showed that 'literal translation' is the most frequently used strategy in rendering the Persian humor of this work into English. However, there have been lots of cases where they have applied other strategies along with 'literal translation'. 'Modulation', after 'literal translation' is the most frequently used strategy and it shows that in rendering humor, the translators have tried to convey the humor from other points of view than the source text does. 'Reduction and expansion' (in the data extracted only expansion has been found), ranked third and this supports the notion that mostly translations are longer than the source.
In universal humor, 'transference', 'naturalization', 'addition and note', 'compensation' and 'translation label' have not been applied. In cultural humor, 'compensation' and 'translation label' have not been applied and in linguistic humor, 'transference', 'compensation' and 'translation label' have not been applied.
It shall be noted that due to the nature of humor and that each humor discourse is a specific case, different strategies have been applied even in the discourses of the same humor category. Different strategies and shifts result in different levels of loss and gain in different categories of humor or even instances of one category.
In universal humor, where in most cases, the whole story conveys the humor literal translation leads to most gain and least loss in humor since the form and the meaning are much close to the source. But the rank shifts which make the translation longer than the source text, and where brevity is a humor making device, then loss of form occurs and in some cases this makes the humor vanish or hard to perceive.
In cultural humor discourses, in most cases couplets (more than one strategy for one discourse) have been used. In culture-bound language units, transference, literal translation along with cultural equivalents leads to leas loss and most gain.
In universal humor, literal translation had served well in rendering those instances where there are one to one equivalents in both languages. But when a language unit bears more than one meaning and both meanings are intended to make the text humorous, then no translation strategy can be useful. This is true for instances where homophonic words, or phrases, homographs, etc are used to create humor. Linguistic humor discourses of this kind are like a two-sided humorous image of which only one side can be shown to the audience at a time. In the data extracted, as for the instances of this kind, one side of the humorous image has been deleted; it seems that the translators have been at a loss and had no way but to keep one side of the meaning and ignore the other side, while it is both meanings of the language unit that creates humor. In these cases, loss of meaning is inevitable and inescapable.
Roughly speaking, it is concluded that literal translation, along with modulation, expansion and rank shifts lead to gain in meaning and sometimes loss in form.
Bassnett, S. (2002). Translation studies. London: Routledge.
Bruździak, E. M. (2009). Shifts of meaning in humour translation as exemplified by the Polish translation of 'Shrek'. Retrieved January 3, 2009 from: http://www.dubbing.pl/praca/Shiftsofmeaning.pdf. Poland: University of Gdańsk.
Javadi, H. (2008). The Ethics of the Aristocrats And Other Satirical Works. Translated Into English. Washington DC: Mage Publications.
Kočová, I. (2007). Translation of Humour and Culture in Selected Sketches of Monty Python's Flying Circus. Retrieved November 21, 2009 from: http://is.muni.cz/th/145693/ff_b/Bachelor_Thesis_-_Ivana_Kocova.pdf?lang=en. Czech Republic: Masaryk University.
Koponen, M. (2004). Wordplay in Donald Duck comics and their Finnish translations. Retrieved November 21, 2009 from: http://ethesis.helsinki.fi/julkaisut/hum/engla/pg/koponen/wordplay.pdf. Finland: University of Helsinki.
Maher, B. (2007). The comic voice in translation: Dario Fo's Accidental Death of an Anarchist. Journal of Intercultural Studies 28(4): 367-379.
_______ (2008). Identity and humour in translation: The extravagant comic style of Rosa Cappiello's Paese fortunato. In Paschalis Nikolaou and Maria-Venetia Kyritsi (eds), Translating Selves: Experience and identity between languages and literatures. London: Continuum, 141-153.
Newmark, P. (1988). A Textbook of Translation. UK: Prentice Hall International Ltd.
Nida, E. and Taber, C. R. (1969). The theory and practice of translation. Leiden: Brill.
Ross, I. (1998). The Language of Humor. London. Routledge.
Schmitz, J.B. (2002). Humor as a pedagogical tool in foreign language and translation courses. Humor, 15, 89-113.
Vandaele, J. (2002). "Introduction. (Re-) Constructing Humour: Meanings and Means". The Translator 8(2). 149-171.
عبید زاکانی (1387). اخلاق الاشراف. ویرایش ع. ا. حلبی، تهران: انتشارات اساطیر.
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Ep. 20 Alone in Kradan
... the blue/green water.
The water is a bit rough but we make it to our destination intact and dry. We are welcomed by a mob of dogs sniffing us as we jump off the boat.
With a view on the nearby limestone cliffs and 100m swim out the coral reef, the island is tiny but stunning. Half of the island is a national park therefore people can only stay on the main beach.
The tranquil island of Koh Mook
... the island was one of the more remote islands around so when asked where we were headed we just followed our noses with the other folks on the taxi boat and went to the nearest beach in search of somewhere to stay for a few nights. Ko Mook is very small and only really has two areas to stay in. A beach further to the East that has a few huts and one big exclusive resort and Charlie beach to the south which has a fairly pricey resort and 3 other cheap places to stay. After ...
Paradise Found
... spaghetti carbonara, which I saved for last. All in all I have to admit I think Koh Kradan is pretty much as good as it gets. I reached an absolute moment of happiness on the last day when I managed to fly my kite in the afternoon breeze for about 30 minutes. I really couldn't wish for anything else then. And if only I could have shared the price of a slightly less shabby bungalow with someone else, Koh Kradan would have been truly ...
Here's Mooking At You
... the beautifully exotic turquoise and yellow birds swooping in the trees.
We reached our accommodation on the other side of the island in under ten minutes, and took in the stunning vista of coconut trees swaying in the gentle breeze, the charming bamboo bungalows, and the social area overlooking the shallow water packed with colourful longtail boats with satisfaction. Call off the search, we've found paradise.
Our bungalow was the nicest we've stayed in so ...
Ko Mook, Thailand: Searching for Emerald Cave
... had it bumping and jumping all over the place. Our bags were thrown on board by staff and as they tried to tame the boat we were told to climb up a stump and swivlle round a coconut trunk onto the boat. A seemingly simple task which saw me shred my bicep and Sam his leg. Price I pay for having such tonned big guns. At least we made it onto the boat and didn't slip between it and the pier. It was then a matter of clinging on as it lurched it's way ...

subset: commoncrawl


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Shot in the city of Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam. A baby was held by its mother who was wearing a polka-dot dress. It had something in its hands and looked at me with its suspicious eyes. And the mother seemed not to be interested in my camera. She was just chatting with her friend.
A man wearing a gray beard was sitting on the chair in his shop. Many goods were placed on…(more)
Because the sun was strong, the cycle rickshaw was running with its hood. And a woman wear…(more)
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The boy wearing a polka-dot shirt stood in front of my camera. The mouth of him was opened…(more)
An auction was held in the market. The man wearing a polka-dotted shirt was in the auction…(more)
A little girl was sitting in the small hut by the roadside. The hut seemed to be her house…(more)
A woman wearing a polka-dotted shirt was just sleeping on the chair comfortably. She might…(more)
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Shot in the city of Mumbai, India. Children were playing by the wayside.
Shot in the city of Malda, India. A bearded man sitting in a storefront smiled.


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Story: Nov 24, 2014
Artist-in-residence Chi-Yu Liao appreciates CIA reception
CIA Exhibition: Nov 07, 2014
Fall 2014 Exhibitions
Story: Nov 15, 2014
Students capture two of the top prizes in museum's surreal d...
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Holiday shoppers: skip the lines today and hold out for CIAs annual student holiday sale, Dec. 5-7. Here, you can purchase one-of-a-kind gifts, including ceram...
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New CIA building taking shape; set for December completion
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Cinematheque . Film Schedule . Disconnect
United States | 2012 | Henry Alex Rubin
Jason Bateman, Hope Davis, Paula Patton (Precious), Michael Nyqvist (Sweden's Millennium trilogy), Alexander Skarsgård, and Andrea Riseborough star in this new Crash-like thriller—a cautionary tale about the perils of modern technology, which drives people apart as much as it brings them together. The film's multiple strands touch on cyber-bullying, identity theft, internet porn, and more. From the co-director of Murderball. "Fascinating and riveting." –San Francisco Chronicle.
115 min. 35mm.
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Book Description:The study of international law has, in recent times, appeared disconnected from real world politics. In this book, international law is introduced as a dynamic process with an explicit connection to the contemporary realpolitik. Following an historical overview of the development of international law - starting with ancient Rome and continuing up to the present day - the author considers the basic principles of international law in specific fields, focusing on the application of international legal principles in domestic courts. Van Dervort concludes with an examination of law on an international plane, discussing disputes between sovereign nation-states.
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Love and Dragons HD
Love and Dragons is an enchanting hidden objects game. Here you will encounter intrigue, mysteries, a plot with many twists, heart-touching love story, a great lot of fascinating quests and unique characters, an opportunity to share this wonderful adventure with your friends – and the dragons, of course! There are several search modes in the game, and to make your searches even more fascinating, some astonishingly beautiful phenomena, or "anomalies", were introduced in the game. If you like the hidden objects genre, you will certainly enjoy this wonderful game which resembles a lovely fairy tale.
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Comments Thread For: Ortiz vs. Chagaev WBA Interim Title Clash in Play
According to Ricardo Rizzo, advisor to Dream Team Promotions, he is trying to put together a WBA interim title clash between heavyweights Luis "El Mercedes" Ortiz (19-0, 16KOs) and Ruslan Chagaev (30-2-1, 19KOs), the former champion. Ortiz is ranked at number two in the top ten, while Chagaev is ranked at third. Alexander Povetkin is the WBA's "regular' champion at the weight, while Wladimir Klitschko is the "super champion."
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As if the WBA HW Title wasn't a big enough joke already.
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The WBA is making a bad decision here.
They should give somebody else besides Chagaev a shot against Ortiz for the interim title. Someone like Pulev, Abdusalamov, Wawrzyk, Boytsov, or Pianeta would be better, because:
1) things will be complicated because of Chagaev's Hep B antigen
2) the sanctioning bodies should give some new people a chance at a belt instead of recycling the same boxers over and over again.
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Finally Ortiz gets his shot!!! After this fight a fight with Wladimir will be excellent, or he could fight pusvetkin.
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Is Ortiz any good, never saw him fight.
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Another bad decision by the WBA. The WBA regular belt is a basically a belt for the WBA #1 contender who eventually gets to fight the WBA super champion. Neither Chagaev or Ortitz deserve a shot at it. Chagaev has done nothing since losing to Wlad in 2009. Ortitz has done even less.
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Who the heck is Luis Ortiz?
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I like Luis Ortiz he's a serious prospect and would hold his own against anybody out there. He's just not got the fights he needs to show his level. He's fought trash basically. He's in the exact same boat as David Price more or less. A super prospect that hasn't been able to show his level due to the awful level he's fought against. Ortiz maybe has fought at a higher level than Price but being from Cuba he has zero hype compared to Price who is now "a cert for a future place in the HOF after beating a 50 year old Matt Skelton".
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Ed Young Television
Revenge - Leaving Room
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When we are hurt by someone, our natural reaction is to hurt someone else. We want them to pay for our pain. We want the taste of that sweet revenge. In this series, Ed Young shows that when we focus everything we have, everything we are, and everything we do on getting someone back, we can never move forward to experience the freedom of forgiveness... and of forgiving.
It's natural to want to seek revenge when someone hurts us. When our egos are bruised or our self-esteem is damaged, we want someone to pay. What we often fail to see, though, is that seeking revenge leads us away from the very peace we want. In this message, Ed Young looks again at the biblical story of Mordecai and Haman. And as we look at their reactions, we see that leaving room for God's wrath is better than getting even—it's freedom.
Sunday, February 20, 2011
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You're leaving Wedding Paper Divas to see the Deal of the Day at our parent site, Tiny Prints.
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"I ordered the Tea Rose invitations for my wedding. These thank you cards are a prefect match for Shower Thank You Cards, as they will tie in/stay with the theme for the big day. The paper quality is thick & is the same paper as the invitation!"
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"The card turned out beautiful! I changed a save the date card into my retirement invitation and it turned out so beautiful! The watercolour I chose was green and gray in colour and was just what I wanted!! I used greengrass font with green and black printing,some of it was bolded for added detail. The background on the back was full of the watercoloured images. The card was on the shimmery paper and I really liked that also.! I have shown it to a few people and they all think it is stunning!!! I can't wait to send them out!!! I like the product so much I went back on and ordered Thank You cards."


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Tim Robbins Directs Shakespeare's A Midsummer Night's Dream in Workshop
* Additional fees apply.
The last date listed for A Midsummer Night's Dream was Saturday August 30, 2014 / 8:00pm.
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Hershey Felder as Irving Berlin Tells the Iconic Composer's Story
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Venue Details
EXPO line is across the street-plentiful parking at the City structure across the street is $1A Midsummer Night's Dream travel • Sep 02 2014 star this tip starred
FYI this production is 3 hours long so make sure your plans are made accordingly.A Midsummer Night's Dream info • Aug 18 2014 star this tip starred
Reviews & Ratings
Featured review from Stewart A. LaidlawRed Velvet
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OMG!! Shakespeare on steroids! One of the most dynamic, immersive productions I have ever seen. Every actor played at least two roles, some three. Even when not specifically acting a part, the actors played the scenery (!), so there was really no " downtime" for most of the actors. And everyone had bits of acting "business" that enhanced their roles. Tim Robbins just hit one out of the park! Kudos too to the musical accompaniment, which was just a cello and percussion, but very effective. I love the Actors Gang when they pull out all the stops as they did in this production.
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The scenes in the forest were wonderfully inventive, the best I have ever seen. However, the hilarious play within the play was so overdone by the main actor that I was praying for it to end. Overall, it was a great ensemble effort well worth...continued
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excellent production. Lots of fun.
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A joyous romp with the most over-the-top, riotous, cross between William Shatner and Jim Carrey, Nick Bottom, ever. He was the highlight of the performance.
Overall, a wonderful presentation; with the best incidental music I have heard in live...continued
About the Ticket Supplier: Actors' Gang
The Actors' Gang is one of Los Angeles' most enduring theatre ensembles. Founded in 1981 by a group of renegade theatre artists, the Gang's mission is to create bold, original works for the stage and daring reinterpretations of the classics. Our work is raw, immediate, socially minded, and crafted with the highest artistic standards.
Over the course of our first 20 years we have produced 68 plays and won over 100 awards, winning acclaim for our interpretations of Shakespeare, Bruchner, Brecht, Moliere, Aeschylus, Ibsen and Chekhov, while developing in workshop new plays that address the world today through a prism of satire, popular culture and raucous stagecraft.
Through co-productions, The Actors' Gang presented the West Coast Premiere of Eric Bogosian's "Suburbia" with the Namaste Theatre Company, Roger Guenver Smith's "A Huey P. Newton Story," Danny Hoch's "Jails, Hospitals, Hip Hop" with Center Theatre Group, and "Medea/Macbeth/Cinderella" with The Cornerstone Theatre Company. The Actors' Gang has toured with productions as the US representative at the Edinburgh Festival and to New York's Public Theatre with "Carnage, A Comedy"; with "The Imaginary Invalid" to the Rushmore Festival in New York, and in 2001 saw "Bat Boy, A Musical," developed at the Actors' Gang, won the Lucille Lortel and Outer Critics award for best new musical Off-Broadway in New York.


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Mom was right when she said "eat your greens." Especially the leafy kind, which are full of vitamins, minerals, and disease-fighting phytochemicals. Find out which perfect-for-fall greens are packed with the best vitamin power.
FlashWhat's New Now
- Thanksgiving's Nutritional Superstars 12 hours ago
- Looking For Your Week's Outfits? The Stars Have You Covered 14 hours ago
- McDonald's Created Broccoli Bubble Gum, and This Is What Happened 16 hours ago


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The one thing us Chicagoans all seem to want is a warm winter coat, but one that's actually stylish…and doesn't make us look like a marshmallow. It's something I struggled with in the past but either designers have really stepped up their game in the outerwear department or I've gotten really good at finding stylish winter coats (perhaps a little bit of both?) This is a secret I simply cannot keep to myself. So if you're freezing your ass off right now, this should be able to help.
Oh My, It's Black Tie!
Although I go to several events a week, it's very rare when the dress code calls for cocktail, or even worse…black tie. For these reasons, I have very few "fancy" dresses in my closet, but the same three or four are always on call when it comes to these special occasions. After having two of these events last week (and Harper's Bazaar practically reading my mind), this seemed like the perfect opportunity to get a little fancy and share some key tips to black tie dressing.
The Bags We've All Been Waiting For
When it comes to fashion, you can find pretty much anything you want at a low, middle and high price point, depending on what you want to spend and the quality of the product. But the one item that is the most difficult to find in that middle category? Bags. Why? I can't answer that, but it is a constant frustration when not everyone wants to spend a thousand dollars (or more) on an accessory. I've already dedicated an entire post to this, appropriately titled The Bag Gap, but that was before I found out about Kara (which is actually designed by a Sarah…)
The Perfect Tan
Chestnut, tan, caramel, light brown, camel…whatever you want to call it, when it comes to outerwear, it doesn't get more basic than this (and not in a bad way). Camel coats are in no way a trend, but it seems their popularity has been at an all time high as of late…and not just on the runways.
Shear Genius
My favorite types of trends are the ones that are hardly trends at all — rather just a classic piece that happens to show up several times on the runway during one season. And the theme that defines this category for Fall 2014? It's shear genius, if you ask me…


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To apply for one of the positions listed below:
If for any reason you are unable to complete this on-line application form, please contact Human Resources at 518.695.5000 for alternative application methods.
Precast Laborers
The Fort Miller Co., Inc., Greenwich, NY
The Fort Miller Co, Inc. is hiring full time, entry level precasters. If you like to work with your hand, this is a great opportunity for you! Our precasters are responsible for the set up and preparation of forms, pouring and finishing of concrete and the stripping of forms. Precasters are also responsible for general housekeeping duties such as sweeping, cleaning and putting away tools.
- Ability to perform heavy physical labor.
- Ability to withstand exposure to diesel fumes, extreme temperatures and form oil/concrete.
- Ability to safely lift up to 50 pounds on a regular basis.
- Flexibility to work overtime and weekends as needed.
- One to three years experience in a construction or similar environment preferred.
Manager – Engineering Services
The Fort Miller Co., Inc., Greenwich, NY
We are actively seeking a Design Engineer to work with our existing team to design complex precast and pre-stress concrete structures, including structural and design calculations and the preparation of detailed shop drawings. Our Design Engineer provides technical assistance to our manufacturing facility, consulting engineers, contractors and government agencies as needed and also supports the sales effort through design feasibility analysis and the discussion of precast concrete design fundamentals.
- BS in Civil or Structural Engineering.
- PE License.
- Five years of management experience.
- 7 – 10 years of design experience.
- 5 years of management experience.
- Well versed in all applicable codes and standards of the precast/pre-stress industries.
- Proficiency with AutoCAD, LRFD and all Microsoft applications.
- Excellent written and oral communication skills.
Manager – Production
The Fort Miller Co., Inc., Greenwich, NY
This position has ultimate responsibility for safety, quality and productivity throughout our production facility. Our Manager – Production is also involved in proactively reviewing incoming and managing ongoing projects, working with Team Leaders, Supervisors and Managers to complete all work in the safest and most efficient manner possible.
- BS in Civil Engineering or Civil Engineering Technology.
- Professional Engineer license and MBA preferred.
- Five to seven years of demonstrated hands on management experience.
- Precast concrete knowledge, including product forming, pouring, curing, handling, storage and shipping. Pre-stress manufacturing experience preferred.
- Strong communication skills, including oral presentation and writing skills.
- Excellent decision making skills.
THE FORT MILLER GROUP, INC. Human Resources Department
P.O. Box 98, Schuylerville, NY 12871
E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com
Tel (518)695-5000
Fax (518)695-5178


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Lobbyists assess success crafting immigration bill
The U.S. Senate's "gang of eight" Wednesday released its 844-page comprehensive immigration bill.
There have been meetings and phone calls and piles of fact sheets from lobbyists — all directed at members of Congress who are shaping immigration reform. Democrat Xavier Becerra of Los Angeles is a negotiator on the House bill, which is still being shaped. He says you know when you're "close to something really happening when all the special interests come out of the woodwork."
Now that the Senate has introduced its bill, much of the effort is focused on the House. Becerra wouldn't name any particular special interests, but he says if you "look at the places where there are dollars involved, principally when it comes to workers coming in the future through these guest worker programs," you can get a sense of who's starting to lobby for or against certain things.
New Wendy Greuel ad features high-profile supporters
Five weeks out from the election, mayoral candidate Wendy Greuel released her second television ad Wednesday, this time touting her accomplishments in various government posts.
The commercial is narrated by three famous voices (and faces): Sen. Barbara Boxer, former Mayor Richard Riordan and former NBA superstar Magic Johnson.
"We've seen Wendy Greuel lead in a crisis ... We urge you to vote Wendy Greuel for Mayor ... We need Wendy Greuel," the three supporters say in the 30-second spot.
They also reference her work to establish the LA's BEST after-school program while serving under Mayor Tom Bradley, bringing federal dollars to L.A. after the 1994 Northridge earthquake when she was with the Dept. of Housing and Urban Development, and her audits of city departments as the controller.
Bill to boost state funds for UC Riverside Medical School heads for critical vote
The medical school at UC Riverside is seeking additional state funds to help its transition to a four-year program.
California's Senate Education Committee unanimously approved a bill Wednesday that would allocate an extra $15 million annually to the UC Riverside Medical School for the next decade.
The additional state funds in Senate Bill 21, along with local government funds and donations, would make it possible for UCR to expand its two-year medical program to a full four years.
The bill's author, Senator Richard Roth (D-Riverside), said that's critical.
"In 10 years, with the fast growth of our region's population and with the current decline in the number of doctors, we'll be down to less than a third of the providers our residents need," Roth said.
Roth got the votes for SB21 this round, but he'll have to clear a higher bar when the bill goes before the state's purse holders — the Senate Appropriations Committee.
Former mayoral candidate Kevin James endorses Carmen Trutanich
Damian Dovarganes/AP
Former mayoral candidate Kevin James endorsed City Attorney Carmen Trutanich for reelection Wednesday.
Former mayoral candidate Kevin James backed City Attorney Carmen Trutanich for re-election Wednesday.
Trutanich is facing former Assemblyman Mike Feuer in the May 21 race. He finished second in the primary, trailing Feuer by 14 percent. Since then it's been an ugly campaign. The city attorney filed an ethics complaint against Feuer, accusing him of receiving an illegal gift by withholding payment to his political consultant. The Feuer campaign filed its own complaint, accusing Trutanich of illegally coordinating with an independent political action committee.
The city attorney has also been locked in a legal battle with his former political consultant – who is now running the Feuer campaign. The LA Weekly reported Wednesday that Trutanich and John Shallman reached a confidential settlement after the city attorney sued for mismanagement of funds from Trutanich's 2012 campaign for District Attorney. Shallman countersued, saying Trutanich owed him $166,000 in unpaid bills.
Dianne Feinstein's amendment to reinstate assault weapons ban fails
Alex Wong/Getty Images
U.S. Sen. Dianne Feinstein (D-CA), see her in a file photo, saw her assault weapons ban go down in a 60-40 vote Wednesday.
Just after the U.S. Senate voted down a measure Wednesday afternoon to expand background checks for gun buyers, it also voted against California Senator Dianne Feinstein's amendment to reinstate an assault weapons ban.
Feinstein's amendment had not been expected to pass. In fact, Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid (D-NV) knew weeks ago there weren't enough votes for the assault weapons ban, so he removed it from the main gun control bill.
The final vote on Feinstein's amendment was 60-40 against passage.
Feinstein issued this statement after Tuesday's vote:
"I'm disappointed by today's vote, but I always knew this was an uphill battle. I believe the American people are far ahead of their elected officials on this issue, and I will continue to fight for a renewed ban on assault weapons.
"The very fact that we're debating gun violence on the Senate floor is a step in the right direction, and I hope my colleagues vote their conscience and approve the underlying bill. But I'm certain that in the coming months and years, we will be forced to confront by other incidents like Newtown, where innocents are murdered with one of these weapons of war.
"I will carry on this fight against military-style assault weapons, and I ask of the American people that they continue to pressure their elected officials to take action. It's long overdue that we take serious steps to remove these dangerous firearms and high-capacity ammunition magazines from society."


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Stayed in November 2014 with a family of 5. Check in went fine, the staff weren't any less or more helpful than you would expect. On property they have a playground, which is great for the kids, although the apartments themselves aren't all that child friendly so it's kinda counter-intuitive. On the topic of the apartments though, initial impressions were... More
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- Westgate Flamingo Bay Las Vegas


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Lindamood Room
Hunger Games Fashion Design ProgramSubmitted by oplin on Mon, 07/09/2012 - 3:49pm
Fashion is everything in the Capitol. Whether you are a "Capitol Fashionista" or a style-crazy district citizen, come design your own Hunger Games fashion creation. Creations may be displayed on the Teen Art Wall.
Thu, 08/16/2012 - 1:00pm - 2:00pm
Hunger Games Bleach T-shirtsSubmitted by oplin on Mon, 07/09/2012 - 3:47pm
Grades 5-12, bring a black or dark colored t-shirt or tank top and we will make a Hunger Games inspired t-shirt! Bleach will be used in this program, please wear old clothes.
Mon, 08/20/2012 - 1:00pm - 2:00pm
Family MoviesSubmitted by oplin on Tue, 07/03/2012 - 8:51am
Tue, 07/03/2012 - 12:00pm - 7:30pm
Non Library EventSubmitted by oplin on Fri, 06/22/2012 - 10:28am
Fri, 06/29/2012 - 2:30pm - 5:00pm
Non Library EventSubmitted by oplin on Thu, 06/21/2012 - 8:10am
Sun, 06/24/2012 - 1:00pm - 5:00pm


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4 ft. Variegated Smilax Bush / Metal potItem # HN-VKR661
- 4 ft. high variegated smilax bush on 2 hard wood trunks
- Potted in a dark brown rattan basket
- Made from a blend of silk and polyester
- Manufacturer provides 1 year limited warranty
- Overall dimensions: 28 diam. x 48H inches
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Europe leaders in pact to shun France's Hollande: media
BERLIN/PARIS (Reuters) – French Socialist presidential candidate Francois Hollande said on Sunday he was unconcerned by a report that conservative European leaders had agreed to shun his campaign and he vowed to stick with his plan to renegotiate an EU budget treaty.
German weekly magazine Spiegel reported that Christian Democratic Chancellor Angela Merkel, Spanish conservative Prime Minister Mariano Rajoy and Italy's technocrat leader Mario Monti had agreed not to meet Hollande because of his opposition to the fiscal pact signed by 25 European leaders in Brussels last week.
Sarkozy courts French right with immigration pledge
PARIS (Reuters) – French President Nicolas Sarkozy marked a rightward shift in his re-election campaign on Saturday, pledging to cut the number of immigrants and calling for clear labeling of halal meat in a bid to entice voters away from the National Front.
Speaking to thousands of flag-waving supporters at a rally in the western city of Bordeaux, Sarkozy vowed to defend secular values in France – which has Europe's largest Muslim minority – and to send a tough message on law and order if he wins a fresh five-year term in a two-round election in April and May.
French journalist tells of escape from Homs
PARIS (Reuters) – Wounded French journalist Edith Bouvier feared her attempt to escape from Homs had ended inside a dark, 3-km tunnel that rebels were using to supply the besieged Baba Amro district when the Syrian army bombarded its exit.
Her leg broken by a shell which killed two foreign journalists days earlier, Bouvier was abandoned, taped to a makeshift stretcher, as rebels and dozens of wounded fled the reverberations of explosions and headed back to the shattered neighborhood.
Sarkozy claims victory with steel plant investment
PARIS (Reuters) – President Nicolas Sarkozy claimed a political victory on Thursday by unveiling investment in an idled steel plant that has become a symbol of France's industrial decline, but owner ArcelorMittal said its restart depended on an economic recovery.
The Florange mill near the German border has become a battleground for a presidential election in April and May, with Sarkozy and his Socialist rival Francois Hollande pledging to save the plant housing the last blast furnace in France's former steelmaking heartland.
Steel plant at heart of French election to restart-Sarkozy
PARIS, March 1 (Reuters) – President Nicolas Sarkozy
announced on Thursday that an idled steel plant which had become
a battleground for presidential elections this year would
restart its blast furnance after owner ArcelorMittal
had agreed to pump in 17 million euros.
The conservative leader, who trails his Socialist opponent
in polls, said ArcelorMittal owner Lakshmi Mittal had pledged
the investment at a meeting on Wednesday, lifting uncertainty
over the future of the last blast furnance in France's former
steelmaking heartland.
G20 inches toward $2 trillion in rescue funds
MEXICO CITY, Feb 25 (Reuters) – Germany is easing its
opposition to a bigger European bailout fund, officials said,
smoothing the way for the world's leading economies to secure
nearly $2 trillion in firepower to prevent further fallout from
the euro-zone's sovereign debt crisis.
Finance leaders from the Group of 20, meeting in Mexico City
this weekend, are trying to build up massive international
resources by the end of April to convince financial markets they
can prevent the euro-zone's deep problems from inflicting more
damage on a still-fragile world recovery.
Euro-zone deal on firewall awaits Germany
MEXICO CITY (Reuters) – Germany may not be ready to back an increase in Europe's bailout fund at a summit next week, delaying efforts to meet international demands for Europe to strengthen its defenses against the region's sovereign debt crisis.
Many finance leaders of G20 countries, meeting in Mexico City this weekend, have demanded that Europe strengthen its firewall as a condition for providing more resources to the International Monetary Fund.
Euro zone decision on size of bailout fund seen delayed
MEXICO CITY, Feb 25 (Reuters) – Euro zone leaders may
not be able to meet international demands to ramp up their own
funds for bailing out the bloc's debtors when they meet next
week because Germany is showing no sign of dropping its
opposition to the plan, euro zone officials said.
A bigger European fund is a condition for major non-European
economies before they lend more money to the International
Monetary Fund to provide an even bigger wall of cash to fight
the crisis that has already claimed three euro debtor countries
and now threatens the much bigger economies of Italy and Spain.
Sarkozy launches re-election bid with pledge to listen
PARIS (Reuters) – President Nicolas Sarkozy declared his candidacy for a second term on Wednesday, seeking to overturn a wide opinion poll deficit with promises to get the unemployed back to work and to listen more to French voters by calling referendums on reforms.
The conservative leader ended the wait to officially launch his campaign against Socialist frontrunner Francois Hollande by saying that, like a sea captain in a storm, he could not "abandon my post."
France's Sarkozy launches presidential election campaign
PARIS (Reuters) – President Nicolas Sarkozy formally declared his candidacy for a second term on Wednesday seeking to overturn a wide poll lag with promises to get the unemployed back to work and use referendums to consult the French people on reforms.
The centre-right president, who trails Socialist challenger Francois Hollande in opinion polls, ended weeks of speculation over the timing of his bid by saying that like a sea captain in a storm, he could not "abandon my post".


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From Hello to I Do Save the Date Magnets They arrived in 2 days from when they were shipped!!!They are great quality and we couldn't have been any happier!!! I loved that i could make the design my own! I also liked that we got a sample before we ordered all of them!!!!
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|School Membership(s)School Assoc.
|Other school association(s)
|Religious Affiliation
|Grades Offered
|Grades Kindergarten - 11
Student Body
|Total Students
|25 students
|Student Body Type
|% Students of Color
State avg.: 43%
|Students by Grade
Academics and Faculty
|Total Classroom Teachers
|4 teachers
|Student : Teacher Ratio
National avg.: 13:1
Nearby Schools:
All Schools | High Schools | Elementary Schools | Preschools | Public Schools
Show me:
- School Location Miles Students Grades
Los AngelesCanyon Oaks School
1308 L Ron Hubbard Way
Los Angeles, CA, 90027
(323)953-33400 mi | 40 students | Gr. 8-12
Los AngelesHollywood Preschool & Kindergarten
1313 N Edgemont St
Los Angeles, CA, 90027
(323)660-7896Daycare / Preschool0.2 mi | 5 students | Gr. PK-K
Los AngelesProgressive Student Learning Academy
1518 N Alexandria Ave
Los Angeles, CA, 90027
(323)906-15400.3 mi | 12 students | Gr. 2-8
Los AngelesRose & Alex Pilibos Armenian School
1615 N Alexandria Ave
Los Angeles, CA, 90027
(323)668-26610.4 mi | 686 students | Gr. PK-12
Los AngelesHollywood Lutheran Child Devel
1733 N New Hampshire Ave
Los Angeles, CA, 90027
(323)666-8107Daycare / Preschool (Lutheran Church -- Missouri Synod)0.4 mi | 14 students | Gr. PK-K
School Reviews
Area Statistics
Recent Articles
Updated October 26, 2014
What do you do when you are dissatisfied with your local public schools? Homeschool your children? Send them to private school? Let's look at your options.
Your religion matters to you. You want your child to attend a school which will combine academics and religious education. Here is an overview of what is available together with some links to denominational web sites.
Add things up and you'll quickly find the answer- math is crucial both in academics and the real world. By following these strategies and following personal training programs, students can uncover their weaknesses and conquer math.
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Oscar de la Renta's Most Iconic Red-Carpet Gowns
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