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A thin-film microcircuit resistant to high temperatures comprises a substrate fabricated of high-purity, densely packed alumina ceramic with a fine grain size, and metallization deposited thereon. The high temperature resistance is further improved by applying a vacuum anneal to the metallization. The present invention allows a glass fusing process to bond adjacent substrate layers together in forming a multi-layer module. The multi-layer modules integrate infrared detector arrays to signal conditioning circuitry. The prior art thin-film microcircuits were susceptible to damage from the glass fusing process, where the melting point of the glass reached 600° C.
1. A thin-film microcircuit operational up to a temperature of about 600° C. comprising:
a substrate imaging a substantially impurity-free etched surface and fabricated of at least 99.9% aluminum oxide with a density greater than 3.90 grams per cubic centimeter and an average grain size of less than 1 micron, wherein the surface finish of the substrate is approximately 0.03 microns; and
a thin-film metallization formed on and having an interface with said surface, wherein the substrate, metallization, and interface therebetween structurally are substantially cross sectionally uniform throughout.
2. The microcircuit of claim 1, wherein the thin-film metallization comprises:
an underlying layer of refractory metal of 1500 to 3000 angstroms in thickness; and
a top layer of gold of 1 to 1.5 microns in thickness.
3. The microcircuit of claim 2 wherein the refractory metal is selected from the group consisting of: titanium, tungsten, a titanium-tungsten composition, titanium nitride, and molybdenum.
This application is a divisional of Ser. No. 08/421,809, filed Apr. 12, 1995, now Pat. No. 5,856,235.
The present invention relates generally to high density multi-layer integrated circuit modules for integrating infrared detector arrays to signal conditioning electronics, and more particularly to thin-film microcircuits with fine lines and pitches of 30 microns or less.
Space-based surveillance systems use infrared detectors coupled to computerized data processors for monitoring heated objects and their movements in the atmosphere below and on the ground. The infrared spectrum covers a wide range of wavelengths, from about 0.75 micrometers to 1 millimeter. The function of infrared detectors is to respond to energy of a wavelength within some particular portion of the infrared region. Heated objects dissipate thermal energy having characteristic wavelengths within the infrared spectrum. Different levels of thermal energy, corresponding to different sources of heat, are characterized by the emission of signals within different portions of the infrared frequency spectrum. Detectors are selected in accordance with their sensitivity in the range of interest to the designer. Similarly, electronic circuitry that receives and processes the signals from the infrared detectors is also selected in view of the intended detection function.
Current infrared detection systems incorporate arrays of large number of discrete, highly sensitive detector elements, the outputs of which are connected to sophisticated processing circuitry. By rapidly analyzing the pattern and sequence of detector element excitation, the processing circuitry can identify and monitor sources of infrared radiation. It is difficult, however, to actually construct structures that are made of a million or more detector elements and associated circuitry. Practical applications for contemporary infrared detection systems have necessitated that further advances be made in miniaturization of the detector array and accompanying circuitry, and improvements in reliability and economical production.
In the prior art, a number of detector array modules have been proposed for coupling an array of closely spaced detectors to processing circuitry. Such modules are typically formed such that all connection to and from the module are disposed on a first horizontal layer, with electronic devices and connecting circuitry disposed within the module on one of several stacked horizontal layers interconnected by vertical conductors, known as vias, extending through the layers. A principal shortcoming of this construction is that a single layer is unduly congested with connections to all detectors and external electronics and must also support a large number of vias extending to the parallel layers. The number of detector elements that may be connected as well as the number of connectors to external electronics that support on-focal plane processors are thereby limited by the size of the connecting layer and the minimum width and spacing of the conductors.
Other modules proposed in the prior art address the congestion and space optimization by orienting the detector array perpendicular to the plane of the module layers, adjacent to one edge of the module. Such constructions are commonly referred to as "Z-technology architectures". Z-technology modules are typically formed by stacking multiple layers of thin-film substrates and bump bonding an end of each layer to an adjacent row of the detector array. Conductors extending along the surface of the substrates have end portions that are carefully aligned to contact leads from the individual detector elements. Such constructions advantageously avoid wiring congestion associated with connecting all detectors to a single module layer and reduce the accompanying need for vertical vias that detract from the useable space with the module. The detector arrays have pixels which are typically less than a 100 microns apart and are integrated to the modules by flip-chip bump bonding.
To maintain an interconnect directly behind each pixel in the Z direction the module layers must be kept very thin, usually less than one pixel center-to-center spacing. The layers, which are ceramic substrates having thin-film microcircuits printed thereupon, are laminated using extremely thin thermal setting adhesive sheets. A principal shortcoming to this laminated multi-layer assembly is the poor dimension stability that exists due to a mismatch of the coefficients of expansion between the ceramic layers and the thermal set adhesive sheets. To alleviate this problem in the past, a thermal-stress barrier commonly known as a buffer board, was used to absorb the thermal stress from the module. The buffer board was placed between the infrared detector arrays and the module and thus provides for electrical and mechanical interconnection therebetween.
A fused multi-layer module was disclosed by Hornback, U.S. Pat. No. 5,128,749 (also assigned to Grumman Corporation), the entire disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference. Hornback disclosed a glass binding material that adhesively attached adjacent substrate layers together. The glass binding material has a coefficient of expansion approximately equal to the coefficient of expansion of the substrate layers such that the thermal stress is reduced and the need for a buffer board is consequently eliminated. The glass binding material has a low temperature of melting point between 400-550° C., and bonds adjacent substrate layers utilizing firing durations of less than twenty minutes.
Thin-films have been in general use for well over a hundred years. Among the earliest uses were decorative thin-films on glass and ceramics. From the early examples have evolved the diverse types of thin-films currently used. Included are thin-films used for protective and insulating purposes, as well as conductive thin-films used in micro-electronics. Chemical vapor deposition is the most common technique for forming thin-film materials on substrate surfaces. Reactants are absorbed by the substrate and a chemical reaction and diffusion occur on the surface.
It is important that high temperatures either in the field or during manufacturing processing not degrade thin-film metallization once it is deposited. Patterns in the microcircuits may be damaged as a result of diffusion, migration, and oxidation, which may cause the thin-film materials to form hillocks or lose their adhesion to the substrate. Thin-film circuits are generally not used with high temperature applications nor processed at temperatures above 400° C. Instead, thick film materials are used but they cannot achieve the same fine line geometries as required in the thin-film microcircuits.
More specifically, in the Z-technology ceramic multi-chip modules, thin-film materials are sputter deposited onto thin-film grade alumina (99.6% Al2O3) substrates and delineated to form the required microchip patterns. Sputtering is a process in which material is removed from a source (the cathode) and accelerated through a plasma and deposited on the substrate (the anode). Then individual pattern layers are laminated together to form a multi-layer Z-module using a glass fusion-lamination technique, as described in Hornback, U.S. Pat. No. 5,128,749. The fusion-lamination process uses low temperature firable glass at temperatures as high as 600° C. with pressure up to 300 kN/m2. Under these conditions, however, microcircuits made with sputtered thin-film materials have failed on the conventional substrates due to the factors described above.
In view of the shortcomings of the prior art it is desirable to provide thin-film microcircuits with fine lines and pitches, that are resistant to high temperature processing and operating conditions.
The present invention specifically addresses and alleviates the above deficiencies associated with the prior art. Generally, the present invention comprises a substrate of a high purity alumina ceramic that is densely packed with small grain size, and a sputtered thin-film metallization system deposited on the substrate to form a thin-film microcircuit that is resistent to temperatures above 400° C. More particularly, in the preferred embodiment of the invention, the metallization system includes an underlying layer of a refractory metal and a top layer of gold.
A process to manufacture the thin-film microcircuit of the present invention includes the steps of providing a substrate of a high purity alumina ceramic, densely packed and small grain size, and sputtering a thin-film metallization onto the substrate. The preferred embodiment includes applying a vacuum anneal to further strengthen the structure of the metallization and its adhesion to the substrate. Annealing is a heat treatment where material is exposed to an elevated temperature for an extended time period and then slowly cooled. Application of the vacuum anneal may also be used to strengthen the patterns on thin-film microcircuits made on the conventional alumina substrate, but the improvement is small.
The present invention allows fine line thin film microcircuit patterns to be processed at temperatures up to 600° C. for the first time, without degradation and migration of the refractory metal into the substrate. As evidence by the exceptional adhesion strength, TABLE 1 below reports the results of wire pull tests comparing the same thin-film system deposited on regular 99.6% alumina substrates and high-purity substrates. The wire-pull test is an indication of the metal to substrate adhesion strength.
These, as well as other advantages of the present invention will become more apparent from the following detailed description. It is understood that changes in the specific structure shown and described may be made within the scope of the claims without departing from the spirit of the invention.
FIG. 1a is a micrograph representation of a high purity, densely packed alumina ceramic formed in accordance with the present invention;
FIG. 1b is a micrographic representation of a conventional sintered alumina ceramic, thin film grade (99.6%);
FIG. 2a is a micrograph representation of a gold thin film on a conventional substrate after being heated to 500 °C;
FIG. 2b is a micrograph representation of a thin film substrate formed in accordance with the present invention after being heated to 500 °C; and
FIG. 3 is a fragmentary side view showing a glass binding material layer disposed intermediate plural substrate layers such that the substrate layers are disposed in overlapping registry, to fuse the substrate layers together to form an infrared high-density multi-layer integrated circuit mode.
The detailed discussion set forth below is intended as a description of the presently preferred embodiment of the invention, and is not intended to represent the only form in which the present invention may be constructed or utilized. The description sets forth the functions and sequence of steps for constructing and operating the invention. It is to be understood, however, that the same or equivalent functions and sequences may be accomplished by different embodiments that are intended to be encompassed within the spirit and scope of the invention.
The substrates of the present invention is a high purity (99.9%) aluminum oxide, Al2O3, with a very densely packed grain structure greater than 3.90 grams per cubic centimeter and an average grain size of less than 1 micron, resulting in a as fired surface finish of approximately 0.03 microns. Conventional commercial thin-film grade 99.6% alumina have an as sintered density of 3.86-3.90 grams per cubic centimeter and an average grain size of 2 μm, resulting in a surface finish of 0.08 microns. See Table 2 below for a comparison between the substrate of the present invention and the prior art.
The high purity alumina ceramic material, with a trade name Naltus, is available from Asahi Chemical Industry Co. in Japan.
Surface cleanliness is very important in adhesion of the thin-film metallization to the substrate. Prior to the sputter deposition, the substrates are cleaned in a 10% hydrochloric acid and then scrubbed and rinsed. When placed inside the sputtering chamber before sputter deposition, a 3 minute radio frequency etching process is applied.
The thin-films consist of a sputter deposited underlying refractory metal, preferably a titanium (Ti)-tungsten (W) mixed composition, followed by preferably a gold layer. The refractory metal alternatively may be titanium, tungsten, titanium nitride or molybdenum. The breakdown of the preferred refractory metallization source material is a high purity (99.9%) 10-90 weight percent Ti-W, although other compositions such as 20-80 weight percent are also acceptable. The deposited composition of the Ti-W on the anode may differ from that of the cathode source by 3-5 weight percent. Sputter deposition of the direct current-magnetron technique is performed, with power of 4500 volts and an argon backfilled vacuum of 3×10−5 mbar. Gold is subsequently deposited atop the Ti-W layer. Typical deposited thicknesses are 1500-3000 Angstroms for the underlying metals and up to 2 microns for the gold. The magnetron technique uses a closed magnetic field loop to confine and compress the plasma causing the ionized gas to sputter efficiently.
The Ti-W/Au metallization, as deposited on the high purity (99.9%) aluminum oxide (Al2O3) substrate, has improved strength for being heated and processed at temperatures up to 550° C. An additional vacuum annealing procedure may be applied to further increase the mechanical strength and durability of this metallization. In this procedure, the as-deposited metallized substrates are placed in a vacuum oven and heated to between 500-600° C. for 20-30 minutes under 0.05 Torr vacuum. The vacuum annealed metallization shows improved strength and may be processed at temperature up to 600° C. without deforming its patterns or losing adhesion. The vacuum annealing procedure may also be done with a trace of nitrogen, such as 5% nitrogen in the 0.05 Torr vacuum.
It is understood that the high temperature resistant thin-film system described, as applied to integrating infrared detector arrays to signal conditioning electronics, represents only a preferred embodiment of the invention. Indeed, various modifications and additions may be made to the preferred embodiment, without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. These modifications and additions may be obvious to those skilled in the art and may be implemented to adapt the present invention for use in a variety of different applications.
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Breaking Local News
Work Zone Awareness Week Continues
This is the 15th anniversary of Work Zone Awareness Week, and the orange signs mean business. Through Friday, the West Virginia Trucking Association wants drivers to slow down and pay close attention to work crews that are out fixing roads damaged by the harsh winter.
Gas Prices Edge Up
Average gasoline prices in West Virginia are up 1 cent over the past week. AAA East Central says the price of a gallon of regular gas is $3.61. That's 4 cents cheaper than a year ago. Prices range from $3.58 in Bridgeport and Clarksburg to $3.70 in Martinsburg. Nationally, gas prices average $3.59 this week.
Flags at Half-Staff Honor Fire Chief
State flags at the Capitol Complex Wednesday and at state facilities in Logan County were at half-staff in honor of a fire chief who died while responding to a call for assistance. Gov. Earl Ray Tomblin ordered the flags to be lowered in honor of Lake Volunteer Fire Department Chief, 63-year old George Underwood. Assistant state fire marshal Jason Baltic told WCHS-TV that Underwood collapsed on April 3 as he was helping to clean out a blocked culvert. Tomblin said in a news release that Underwood had served as the fire department's chief for more than 25 years.
Suit Settled in Randolph County
The Randolph County Commission and the county 911 Center have settled a wrongful death lawsuit for more than $210,000. The lawsuit alleged that the county EMS's slow response time might have contributed to 37-year-old Melanie Nicole Miller's death in 2010. Miller's mother, Wilma D. Miller of Elkins, sued the commission, the 911 Center, the county EMS and the city of Elkins in 2012, and when the ambulance didn't arrive, the family took Miller to the hospital where she died later that day. The city was later dropped from the case. The county EMS remains as a defendant. The Inter-Mountain reports that a circuit judge approved the settlement last week.
Investigation Continues Into 4-Year Old's Shooting
Sheriff's deputies say a young girl was shot by her brother Monday. It happened in South Charleston...a 4-year-old girl was taken into Thomas Memorial Hospital in South Charleston with a gunshot wound, and Kanawha County Sheriff's deputies think she was shot by her 5-year old brother. The girl's wound was in the arm and she is expected to be okay. The father was questioned and detained, and eventually arrested, and charged with Child Neglect resulting in Risk of Serious Bodily Injury. 23-year old John Seymour and 24-year old Tabitha Bowen, both of Cross Lanes, are facing the same charges. Child Protective Services is also involved in the investigation.
Awards Ceremony Kicks Off Crime Victims Rights Week
Two West Virginia corrections officials and a correctional organization are recipients of an award honoring efforts on behalf of crime victims. Corrections Commissioner Jim Rubenstein, Mount Olive Correctional Complex warden David Ballard and Correctional Industries were given the Geneva Foster Pioneer Award during a ceremony Monday in Charleston. Foster was a longtime advocate of crime victims and their survivors before she died in 2004. U.S. Attorney Booth Goodwin hosted the ceremony at the Robert C. Byrd U.S. Courthouse.
Putnam County Officers Watch For Texting While Driving
Putnam County deputies have been cracking down on distracted driving, and several people were cited last weekend. The Putnam County Sheriff's department said it issued 22 citations for texting/talking on phones while driving. Don't think the crackdown is over...the sheriff's office said previously that it was focusing on the crackdown from April 4th through 13th, along Interstate 64.
WV American Water Ordered To Keep Partnerships
State regulators have ordered West Virginia American Water Company to continue participating in a series of public-private water projects. Monday's ruling by the Public Service Commission came on a complaint filed by five public service districts and several other local agencies. The complaint alleged that West Virginia American Water improperly withdrew from partnerships to expand water service in various areas of the state. The PSC ruled that the water company has an obligation to continue participating in projects proposed by the local agencies that would extend service to new customers in areas that the company could reasonably serve. The projects must be technically feasible and the company must have a reasonable opportunity to earn a return on its investment.
Road Work Starts Later This Month
Some of the worst roads around Charleston will get a little makeover. Finance committee members from the Charleston City Council voted Monday in favor of renewing the annual street pavement agreement. It's going to take a little over a million dollars to fix the potholes and cracks that have appeared because of the harsh winter. The repaving projects will start around April 21st.
Road Closed TFN in Logan County
West Virginia highway officials have closed a road in Logan County amid fears of a landslide. The Division of Highways says the closure involves Madison Creek Road. Just above that road, construction is underway on a new portion of West Virginia Route 10. The project's contractor has said he fears the hillside above Madison Creek Road could give way during heavy rains. The closure is in effect until further notice.


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Popular gladiator in the brutal televised arena battles on planet 892-IV. Known in the arena as Flavius Maximus, he rejected the Roman culture of the planet and refused to kill when he heard the words of the Children of the Sun, and opted to live in a cave along with other believers. He was captured in 2267, along with the Enterprise landing party investigating the fate of the S.S. Beagle crew. Flavius was killed trying to prevent the televised execution of James Kirk.
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Much like the rebels did in Libya, the Syrian rebels are turning workshops into improvised weapon factories. Al Jazeera reports …
Unguided rockets fired at an airfield miles away would be quite ineffectual, but those anti-tank shaped charge mines look like they would be some real damage.
[ Many thanks to Konmrad for the tip. ]
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Moelis enters London IPO advisory fray
18 March 2014
Moelis, the independent advisory house, has landed a role on its first initial public offering to launch in London, with a planned £400 million flotation for UK manufacturer Polypipe.
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LG External Blu-ray Re-WriterDescription LG External Blu-ray Re-Writer External eSATA/USB 2.0 12x Super Multi Blue LightScribe The LG Super Multi Blue BE12LU38 external Blu-ray rewriters feature eSATA and USB connectivity with 12x BD-R write speeds. Simply plug in and record up to 50GB of files, photos, or business documents onto a dual layer BD-R disc. LightScribe gives you the added feature of creating customized labels that are etched onto a special coated LightScribe discs (sold separately). With Blu-ray, DVD and CD... read more Hide£90.54
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text:
As INDYCAR's writer, I run across more interesting stories than I have shelf space for on the homepage of the mother ship (indycar.com). So this blog is a good outlet for those pieces that might otherwise get lost – and/or allows me to expand on one- and two-sentence notes that continue my daily goal of promoting the league, its teams, drivers and partners. Here's hoping you enjoy.
Recent posts by Dave:
- INDYCAR featuerd at Festival of Machines, 10 Sep 2014 in Uncategorized
- Rahal lobbies for car swap, 26 Mar 2014 in Uncategorized
- All he wants for Christmas is …, 17 Dec 2013 in Uncategorized
- History of car No. 8 in Indianapolis 500, 15 Apr 2013 in Uncategorized
- Beatriz piling up the miles, 09 Apr 2013 in Uncategorized
- Does it look like Helio?, 04 Apr 2013 in Uncategorized
- Franchitti cheers on fellow Scot, 01 Apr 2013 in Uncategorized
- East meets West, and West listens, 23 Mar 2013 in Uncategorized
- The best cubanos and history tidbit, 18 Mar 2013 in Uncategorized
- Mader's contributions go beyond Firestone tires, 13 Mar 2013 in Uncategorized


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Kelsey M.
A Babysitter in Tolono
I am a teen in high school looking for a summer job to be more independent and to start saving for college. I have experience with children 1-10 years old. I love reading, playing games, and staying active. I have my own vehicle and am capable of driving children... more >
View more Caregivers in Tolono, Illinois
Tolono Babysitters
Sarah E. – Babysitter in Tolono, IL I recently resigned from full-time teaching/coaching to stay home with my little one. I have 13 years experience with children (teaching, coaching, practicums, camps, etc.).
Tolono Nannies
Tiernee R. – Nanny in Tolono, IL I've had 10+ years of experience babysitting and caring for children of various ages ranging from 6 months old to 13 years old! I have a Bachelor's degree in Art from a State University and have completed 2 years of an education degree! I have volunteered at schools,...
Grace S. – Nanny in Tolono, IL My Qualifications Include: *17 years dance experience- worked as an assistant teacher for a creative movement class for 3 summers in high school *volunteered at a Recreation Center as an assistant teacher, a summer volunteer job at a Park District with preschoolers,...
Tolono Home Childcare
Angela H. – Child Care Provider in Tolono, IL I was a licensed daycare provider for 23 years in my home when I lived in Mattoon IL but I am just subbing in a local school system right now but I am interested in working in the daycare field again and I am willing to go to someone else's home too. I am from...
Tolono Senior Care
Chrissie Y. – Senior Care Provider in Tolono, IL I have had the pleasure of taking care of developmentally disabled individuals, individuals with Down Syndrome, Dementia, and also behavioral issues. I've had experience with ADL, doctors appointments, ROM, and also toileting. I enjoy helping those that have a...
Tolono Pet Care
Madison J. – Pet Care Provider in Tolono, IL I've had dogs for years and have lots of experiences with them. I also have had other pets, such as turtles, fish, and hamsters, and can feed, care, and give medicine appropriately to animals.
Tolono Housekeepers
Kristy E. – Housekeeper in Tolono, IL While caring for the elderly is what I love to do, at most in-home care jobs, I am required to clean, as well just like I would clean in my own home. I can do the dishes, sweeping, mopping, cleaning kitchen, bathrooms, dusting, laundry, etc.


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Va. Crime Commission To Discuss Lessening 'Sexting' Penalties
After several stories involving 'sexting' among teenagers in Virginia drew national attention earlier this year, the Virginia State Crime Commission is discussing the criminal consequences of such behavior.
Virginia Teen Gets Probation In Sexting Case
A Virginia teenager has been given a year on probation in a sexting case that once included a search warrant for a picture of his genitals.
Police Back Off on Plan to Take Explicit Photo
Police in Virginia said Thursday that they no longer will pursue efforts to take sexually explicit photos of a 17-year-old in an effort to prove a sexting case against him.
Report: Va. Police Want Photo of Teen's Erect Penis As Part of 'Sexting' Search Warrant
A northern Virginia 17-year-old accused of 'sexting' his 15-year-old girlfriend could be forced to have his erect penis photographed as part of a search warrant obtained by police investigating the claims, according to a Washington Post report.
Va. 'Sexting' Probe Implicates More Than 100 Teens
Authorities say more than 100 central Virginia teenagers have been implicated in a six-county "sexting" investigation.
Weiner Admits to More Lewd Photos, Won't Drop Out of NYC Mayoral Race
Anthony Weiner found himself caught in another sexting scandal Tuesday like the one that destroyed his congressional career, but stood side-to-side with his wife to say that he will remain in the race for mayor of New York City.
Study: Vast Majority Of Homemade Porn, Private Photos End Up Online
The vast majority of homemade pornography and private images on personal computers ends up on public websites.
The LaVar Arrington Show with Chad Dukes-11/19/10 3-4pm
During this hour Ariel Helwani from Fanhouse.com joins the show to talk MMA. Also, the Tony Parker/Eva Longoria Debacle


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Thursday, April 17, 2014
MCC Sale
Was warm good weather - the highest quilt sold for $11,600. Coins collected by all the children get brought and sorted through a machine that is fun to watch - they raised over $12,000 as well.
If you are ever in the area - stop by at this spring annual event....they even have a 5K walk/run event! Check out their website or find KS MCC sale on FB.
Posted by Washer Mom Val
Labels: MCC Sale
1 comment:
- Dee said...
I love these type of events...family fun and for a good cause....amazing price for the quilt...:)
- April 19, 2014 at 7:52 AM
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Blue Corals Beach Resort
Blue Corals Beach Resort in Maya
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Stop at Blue Corals Beach Resort to discover the wonders of Cebu. Offering a variety of facilities and services, the hotel provides all you need for a good night's sleep. All the necessary facilities, including 24-hour room service, meeting facilities, babysitting, shops, family room, are at hand. Each guestroom is elegantly furnished and equipped with handy amenities. Recuperate from a full day of sightseeing in the comfort of your room or take advantage of the hotel's recreational facilities, including water sports (non-motorized), massage, water sports (motorized), private beach, garden. Blue Corals Beach Resort is an excellent choice from which to explore Cebu or to simply relax and rejuvenate. ...read more
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IHMA - the national platform of Indian homoeopaths is relentless in its efforts to raise the standards of homoeopathic education & practice in India.
National Conference and Scientific Seminar on 30th November at Coimbatore (Kovi) Tamil Nadu More details..
IHMA conducts a grand Europe tour including a visit to master Hahnemann's Birth place. Click here for more details..
The national platform of Indian
Special offer for IHMA members
Read more
Leadership training
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MD (Hom) Entrance Crash


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Looking rather like a 10-meter (33 ft) tall sunflower, IBM's High Concentration PhotoVoltaic Thermal (HCPVT) system concentrates the sun's radiation over 2,000 times on a single point and then transforms 80 percent of that into usable energy. Using a number of liquid-cooled microchannel receivers, each equipped with an array of multi-junction photovoltaic chips, each HCPVT can produce enough power, water, and cooling to supply several homes. Read More
The chemical tree got a bit of a shake this week with scientists at IBM announcing the discovery of the first new class of polymer materials in decades. Discovered using a combination of lab experiments and computer modelling, the new plastics have properties that could potentially have a huge impact in manufacturing, transportation, aerospace, and micro electronics. Read More
IBM's Watson can now debate any topic
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IBM creates world's smallest magazine cover
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AT&T, Cisco, GE, IBM and Intel are the latest companies to band together with the aim of standardizing interoperability across smart machines and ultimately, drive adoption of an Internet of Things. Announced last week, the Industrial Internet Consortium (IIC) is a not-for-profit open membership group created to establish common frameworks for development of inter-connected cyber and physical worlds. Read More
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text: A PROJECT REPORT ON HINDUSTAN UNILEVER LIMITED A Division of NIS Sparta Ltd., A Reliance – Anil Dhirubhai Ambani Group Company (Academic Session 2008-2010) Submitted to MISS In partial fulfillment of requirement for the degree of Master of Business Administration & Advance Diploma in Management & Applied Skills Approved by Annamalai University,Chennai SUBMITTED BY MBA & ADMAS NIS Academy ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Foremost of all, I express my sincere indebtedness to the Almighty for bestowing me with favourable circumstance and keeping me in high spirits. I am highly obliged and grateful to my Major Advisor Mr. Nishant Gaur (Director) and Miss. Mahima Mathur (Center Manager), for their support, motivation and valuable guidance that helped me in the complitaion of the project in a planned and a systematic manner. A feeling of elation insist me on expressing my heartiest gratitude to Miss Shweta Solanki who give me chance to do surveys from some outlets in Kota city and for being my project guide and sharing their view on various topics and helped me a lot from the beginning up to the end of my report. I would like to give special thanks to those persons who gave me information about HUL products from their outlets and other teachers of my college for their willing support, valuable suggestion, mature and moral advice during the itinerary. With deepest sense of gratitude, I express my thanks and regards to my family, relatives and friends for their close association, encouragement and support to take on this stupendous task. I am highly privileged to thank all the people, directly and indirectly related and the respondents for being cooperative and sparing a few moments from their busy schedule, without whose help this project would not have proven meaningful. MBA & ADMAS 1st YEAR PREFACE The M.B.A. curriculum has been designed to provide the future manager ample practical exposure to the business world. The project program is necessary and essential part of the M.B.A. degree course. It helps the student to gain the knowledge about various aspects of market, consumer and industry. At the time of making this report I came to know that Fast Moving Consumer Goods popularly known FMCG is as the name suggests is the most demanded products in the market. It includes every thing from food items like flour, biscuits, ice cream, etc to body products soaps, face creams to cigarettes to beverages, etc. Consumers need these things in their everyday life so they invests a good portion of their income in these things. There are so many companies which are dealing in FMCG products like HUL, Dabur, Cavin Care, AMUL dealing in dairy products, etc. By the vary nature of the product the companies are seeing this as a great source of income. As large number of companies are looking this sector as a profitable venture, so for sustaining there position and gain new market they have to bring some thing unique in there products or services to gain position in the market or to sustain there. In this project my focus is on tracking down the changing requirements, preferences, needs of customers and their changing perspective on the different products offered. This report is a written account of what I learnt and experienced during my survey, I wish that, those going through it, will not only find it readable but also get useful information. Acknowledgement Preface CONTENTS Introduction History Conversion of HLL in to HUL Company Profile Mission Vision Objective Unit Office Organization Structure Segmentation Marketing Mix Major Competitors Questionnaire Conclusion Bibliography INTRODUCTION FMCG major Hindustan Unilever Limited (HUL), formerly known as Hindustan Liver Limited, employs 36,000 people, including over1,350 managers. It"s one of the earliest MNCs to have entered India. It was in the summer of 1888 that Unilever of England first marketed Sunlight soap in India. This was followed by brands like Pears and Vim. Vanaspati was launched in 1918 and Dalda came to the market in 1937. In 1931, Unilever set up its first Indian subsidiary, Hindustan Vanaspati Manufacturing Company, followed by Lever Brothers India Limited (1933) and United Traders Limited (1935). These three companies merged to from HUL in November 1956. Hindustan Unilever Limited is India"s largest consumer products company and was formed in 1933 as Lever Brothers India Limited. It is currently headquartered in Mumbai, India and its 41,000 employees are headed by Harish Manwani, the non-executive chairman of the board. HUL is market leader in Indian products such as tea, soaps, detergents, food items, beverages, personal care products, as its products have become daily household name in India. The Anglo-Dutch company Unilever owns a majority stake in Hindustan Unilever Limited. The company was renamed in late 20 February 2007 "Hindustan Unilever Limited". HUL"s brands, spread across 20 distinct consumer categories, touch the lives of two out of three Indians. They endow the company with a scale of combined volumes of about 4 million tones and sales of Rs. 13,718 crores. HISTORY Hindustan Lever Limited (HLL) is India"s largest Fast Moving Consumer Goods (FMCG) company. HLL"s brands like Foods and Home and Personal Care brands are manufactured over 40 factories across India and 2,000 suppliers and associates were involved. Hindustan Lever Limited's distribution network comprises about 4,000 redistribution stockists, covering 6.3 million retail outlets reaching the entire urban population, and about 250 million rural consumers. HLL is also one of India's largest exporters. It has been recognised as a Golden Super Star Trading House by the Government of India. Presently, HLL has over 16,000 employees including over 1,200 managers. Its mission is to "add vitality to life." The Anglo-Dutch company Unilever owns a majority stake in Hindustan Lever Limited. In the late19th and early 20th century Unilever used to export its products to India. This process began in 1888 with the export of Sunlight soap, which was followed by Lifebuoy in 1895 and other famous brands like Pears, Lux and Vim. In 1931, Unilever set up its first Indian subsidiary, Hindustan Vanaspati Manufacturing Company, followed by Lever Brothers India Limited (1933) and United Traders Limited (1935). The three companies were merged in November 1956 and the new entity that came into existence after merger was called as Hindustan Lever Limited. HLL offered 10% of its equity to the Indian public, and it was the first among the foreign subsidiaries to do so. The liberalization of Indian economy in 1991 and subsequent removal of the regulatory framework allowed HLL to explore every single product and opportunity segment, without any constraints on production capacity. The 1990s witnessed a string of crucial mergers, acquisitions and alliances. HLL has also set up a subsidiary in Nepal, Nepal Lever Limited (NLL). The NLL factory manufactures HLL's products like Soaps, Detergents and Personal Products both for the domestic market and exports to India. In January 2000, as part of its divestment strategy, the government decided to award 74 per cent equity in Modern Foods to HLL. In 2002, HLL acquired the government's remaining stake in Modern Foods. In February 2007, the company has been renamed to "Hindustan Unilever Limited" to strike the optimum balance between maintaining the heritage of the Company and the future benefits and synergies of global alignment with the corporate name of "Unilever". CONVERSION OF HLL IN TO HUL After 51 years of being known in India as Hindustan Lever Limited, the FMCG giant is going in for a name change: HUL is what it will be known as henceforth Hindustan Unilever Limited. FMCG major HLL has obtained approval on 20 february 2007, from the government for the change of the company name to HUL. The company has unveiled its new corporate identity represented by a new logo under the new name Hindustan Unilever Limited. This logo is symbolic of the company"s mission of "Adding Vitality to life". It comprises of 25 different icons representing the organization, its brands and the idea of Vitality. The company believes that the new name provides the optimum balance between maintaining the heritage of the Company and the synergies of global alignment with the corporate name of Unilever. The company continues to retain 'Hindustan' as the first word in its name to reflect its commitment to local economy, consumers, partners and employees, according to an official statement issued by the company. The company continues to retain 'Hindustan' as the first word in its name to reflect its commitment to local economy, consumers, partners and employees. Hindustan Lever Limited CEO Doug Baillie said, "The identity symbolises the benefits we bring to our consumers and the communities we work in. Our mission is full of promise for the future, opening up exciting opportunities where we have competitive advantage for developing our business and our new identity will help us confidently position ourselves in every aspect of our business." The new name and the new logo will leverage the positioning, scale and synergy that comes with being part of Unilever globally. It positions the organization on a global scale and through the combination of retaining 'Hindustan' in the name brings the very best of local and global to the forefront. This is really an opportunity, collectively as an organization, to renew and strengthen for commitment to continue endeavor to earn the love and respect of India, by making a real difference to every Indian. COMPANY PROFILE MISSION The company"s mission is to "add Vitality to life" by meeting everyday needs for nutrition, hygiene and personal care with brands that help people look good, feel good and get more out of life. True to its mission of adding vitality to life, right from the morning cup of tea to the brushing routine at bedtime, the company and its brands contribute in their own little ways to making the lives of people easy, meaningful and happy. This mission of HUL"s inspires over 15,000 employees with 35 power brands. VISION The company"s vision is to sustainable, profitable growth, creating long-term value for company"s shareholders, their people and their business partners. OBJECTIVE The company"s objective is to earn the love and respect of India by making a real difference to the lives of million Indians. Hindustan Unilever Limited considers quality as one of the principal strategic objectives to guarantee its growth and leadership in the markets in which it operates. The company is committed to respond creatively and competitively to the changing needs and aspirations of their consumers through relentless pursuit of technological excellence, innovation and quality management across their businesses, and offer superior quality products and services that are appropriate to the various price points in the market as well as to their commitment to building shareholder value. UNIT OFFICE The registered office of HUL is in Mumbai, Maharashtra. The shares department is in New Mumbai. The factories and plants of HUL is in Daman & Diu, Goa, Gujarat, Uttar Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, Dadra & Nagar Haveli, Punjab, Uttaranchal, Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Karnataka, Pondicherry, Andhra Pradesh, West Bengal & Madhya Pradesh. ORGANISATION STRUCTURE NAME DESIGNATION Mr. Harish Manwani Chairman Mr. Nitin Paranjpe Managing Director & CEO Mr. D. Sundaram Vice Chairman Mr. Gopal Vittal Executive Director Mr. Dhaval Buch Director Mr. D. S. Parekh Director Mr. C. K. Prahalad Director Mr. A Narayan Director Mr. S Ramadorai Director Mr. R. A. Mashelkar Director Harish Manwani (Chairman) Nitin Paranjpe(M.D & CEO) SEGMENTATION It is a process of dividing a potential market in to distinct sub-market of consumers with common needs and characteristics. As we know that HUL'S product is the most useful for every one. We use the product from morning to till we sleep. It has many varieties of product which is used by every one from the age of 5 to 60 years. But according to me teenagers (age 14 to 30) use the product the most. There are three classes of segments (upper, middle and lower) according to the income. So HUL has all these three segments because the price of its product varies. They have the price accordingly. GEOGRAPHIC HUL"s product is daily use products. Every person uses these products. So the total market is divided in to urban and rural segments. DEMOGRAPHIC Every people use HUL"s product in their life on daily basis, whether they are male or female, they are kid or young or elder. They do not decide ant particular people or target customer. A service class person or businessmen also use these products in their daily life. A person who belongs to different religion is using these products. PSYCHOGRAPHIC HUL"s products are useful for everyone. Every people weather he/she belong for lower class or middle or upper class. All people use these products morning to till night. BEHAVIOURAL Due to high population of the India it is quit beneficial for a company to serve more customers at a time and to acquire good sales figures as customers are more likely to be price and time conscious. These are daily uses product, so the usages rate is very high. MARKETING MIX Marketing mix describes the specific combination of marketing elements and used to achieve an organization or individuals objectives and satisfy the target market. There are some elements of Marketing Mix- PRODUCT There are many product lines – 1. Home and personal care A. Personal wash- Lux , Lifebuoy, Liril , Hamam, Dove , Breeze, Rexona , Pears B. Laundry-Surfexcel, Rin, Wheel C. Skin care- Fair and lovely, pond"s, Vaseline, aviance D. Hair care- Sunsilk naturals, clinic E. Oral care- Pepsodent, closeup F. Deodorants- Axe, Rexona G. Colour cosmetics- Lakme H. Ayurvedic personal and health care- Ayush 2. Foods A. Tea- Brooke bond, Lipton B. Coffee- Brooke bond bru C. Foods- Kissan, Annapurna, Knorr D. Ice cream- kwality wall"s PRICE A price is the flexible element than other. It is based on revenue. HUL"s is target to the upper, middle and lower class customer so the price of their products is not much high. They give discount also on their product. They also offer "Buy One Get One Free". PROMOTION The promotion methods used by the organization to promote its products awareness in the market are- Advertisements- The ads are displayed in the newspaper with their present offers in running. Electronic Media- Ads are displayed at different TV Channels, FM, and Radio to create awareness among the people in Urban as well as in rural areas. Seasonal Discount- Special offer schemes are offered to customer on the festival, occasion, to promote sales. PLACE It is important to marketing activities that make products available to consumer at right time and in a convenient location. So these products are available at shopping mall, outlet or any grocery shop which is near by home. A person can find these products anywhere. MAJOR COMPITITORS Dabur Johnson & Johnon Cavin Care Procter & Gamble Britannia ITC Gillette Jhandu Amul QUESTIONNAIRE Q. 1What is the market share of HUL? 1) 40% 2) 50% 3) 70% 4) 60% Q. 2 How much is the consumption of HUL"s product with respect to the products of other companies? 1) 40% 2) 50% 3) 60% 4) 70% Q. 3 During purchase what is influence the customer? 1) Price 2) Quality 3) Packaging 4) Influence by others Q. 4 Do you prefer any particular brand? (If "yes" which brand) 1) Yes 2) No Q. 5 Do you think customers are satisfied with HUL"s products? 1) Yes 2) No Q. 6 When there are new brands, do you prefer to try new brand? 1) Yes 2) No Q. 7 How often do the customers come in your shop? 1) Everyday 2) Weekly 3) Monthly 4) Occasionally Q. 8 Do the market share or sell of HUL"s products is effected at the time of occasions like Diwali and Holi? 1) Yes 2) No Q. 9 Which technique you use to sell products? 1) Display 2) Give free coupon 3) 20% free 4) Buy 1 gets 1 free Q. 10 Who comes mostly? 1) Male 2) Female CONCLUSION In recent years, the FMCG sector declined due to down trading. Also because of presence of large number of companies trying to seize this opportunity, this force the old HLL for the change and thus, their transformation has resulted in a new HUL, which has successfully faced this challenge and reversed this trend. It has done so by substantially strengthening their brands and building capabilities. This has already begun to yield benefits and they are returning to growth. Volume growth is being followed by value growth, which in turn is bringing profit growth. India is one of the most exciting markets offering great potential. Over the next 10 years, the per capita income in India is likely to double. In FMCG, there is an opportunity to catalyze penetration, increase usage, and upgrade consumers. As a result, the FMCG market is expected to grow to over Rs.100,000 crores from its current base of Rs.40,000 crores. The new Hindustan Unilever sees an exciting opportunity for growth. They have 35 powerful brands covering all segments, with leading market positions in most. Today, these are stronger and more relevant to the consumer than ever. The people are energized by the scale of the opportunity and determined to seize it. The scale of the business and operations gives them the resources needed. They are delivering good services and the changes they brought in the products are well taken by the customers, by this they are generating sustainable profitable growth. BIBLIOGRAPHY Marketing Management - Philip Kotler Internet - www.google.co.in Website - www.hul.com Visit - visit in outlets, Kota city


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Merkel against unilaterally recognizing Palestine as a state
PA chief warns against resorting to 'religious war'
Jewish youths hurt in brawl with Arabs in east Jerusalem
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דְיוֹקְנְאוֹת תַרְבּוּת
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09/30/2012 09:03
Leah and Kukla, together in life and death
Muslim cartoon 370.
(photo credit:Dry Bones)
The rays of dusk lit up the Kiryat Shaul Cemetery. A whole city adjacent to Tel Aviv whose inhabitants used to live in the neighboring metropolis now lie deceased in the same crowded surroundings, under tombstones stretching to the horizon. Life teaches us that not all people are good and honest, but their tombstones are engraved with words describing the best and most worthy traits in those who are buried under them.Among the many tombstones are twin pillars standing next to each other, white and upright. Buried alongside one another are Moshe (Kukla) and his wife, Leah. They died 17 years and a month apart. Cancer killed him, and then took her too last year.We gathered earlier this month to hold the first joint memorial ceremony for them. A large crowd came, surprisingly, because they are both no longer with us.Moshe Levin was born in Tel Aviv, and the nickname he was given in his youth, Kukla, stuck for the rest of his life. He studied at the Kadoorie Agricultural High School and served in the Paratroopers. He immediately emerged as a brave soldier, and became a charismatic and daring officer who was one of the founders of the IDF General Staff. Soon after his discharge, he joined the Mossad, and rose to the rank of head of operations. He wasn't really interested in heading the organization, intelligence preparedness was not his specialty; he was a field man.Kukla was large and strong, a nonconformist who was not intimidated by anyone, and was considered very tough, both by those under his command and by his commanders.He took part in countless activities throughout the world, providing valuable intelligence, and according to sources in the organization, he was behind the disappearance of certain people who deserved to disappear.A Mossad psychologist termed him, after he passed his acceptance tests, a "lone wolf," while a well-known woman who met Kukele by coincidence looked at him and said, "You must be a criminal.""It's good that they respect us," Kukla once told the head of the organization, referring to the Mossad fighters under their command, "but it wouldn't hurt them to be a bit afraid."And they were more than a bit afraid. He backed them, and they trusted him, but he came on strong in the beginning.He was not a big talker, but he was a big eater, and those who participated with him on secret operations would testify to the huge amounts he consumed during his trips.When he came to our home, Kukla had no trouble demolishing a plate full of lamb chops, and he did it more than once. He did not have many friends, and we were fortunate to be among them.Despite his usual roughness, with us he was soft and full of humor. Most of his acquaintances would probably have a hard time believing this, because they never encountered these qualities in him.Today, Kukla lives on only in the memories of those who got to love him and know him. The day will come in which he will appear only on the yellowed pages of classified folders in archives that will be sealed for many more years.Kukla saw Leah, his future wife, for the first time as she was about to have a baby. She was beautiful and in an unsuccessful marriage."I shall return," he told her, and two days after the birth, he did in fact return. After that, they were inseparable, until he died. She was an interior designer, a highly opinionated and pretty woman until the day she died.She waited with devotion for him during his many trips abroad, and she knew they weren't exactly organized tours that he was going on, and that he was putting his life in danger.But she was quiet and restrained. With the same restraint and nobility, she fought cancer. During the years she was left alone, our appreciation of her grew even more. She worked and studied and traveled the world.When she hosted mutual friends, his presence was felt, not in an imposing way but rather a feeling that he had been there and now he was gone. Indeed, all of us, whoever has been and whoever will be, come into the world and take on a role, then return behind the scenes, and who knows what happens there? Do we reappear on the stage, and when?Parrots flew above the cemetery, squawking loudly and drowning out the voices of the rabbi and the others delivering eulogies at the memorial service. We dispersed in silence.The writer, the son of Ariel Sharon, is the author of Sharon: The Life of a Leader.
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Avatars of the arcane. Magic runs in their blood, and they don't care for hiding it. Talented in their spellcraft, and more than capable of unleashing their true potential, but their lack of focus acts against them at times, making them slower learners. They are powerful and unpredictable. Some people say they descend from dragons and their blood awakens only in the worthiest. They might be right.
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"Shaken Baby Syndrome" used in defense of Trayvon Martin's killer
SANFORD, Florida
SANFORD, Florida (Reuters) - "Shaken Baby Syndrome" was cited on Friday in the defense of George Zimmerman, the Sanford, Florida, man who shot and killed unarmed black teenager Trayvon Martin in a case that has sparked a widespread public outcry.
Hal Uhrig, a lawyer and former Gainesville, Florida, police officer who recently joined Zimmerman's defense team, cited in a TV interview the brain damage that can seriously injure or kill an infant.
His point, which has been made before, was that Zimmerman contends he shot Martin in self defense and feared for his life after the 17-year-old attacked him and began pounding his head into the concrete pavement of a gated community on a rainy evening in Sanford on February 26.
But Uhrig's choice of words, and use of a recognized sign of child abuse to defend a 28-year-old man who killed a kid, seemed likely to raise more than just a few eyebrows.
"We're familiar with the Shaken Baby Syndrome," said Uhrig on the CBS This Morning program. "You shake a baby, the brain shakes around inside the skull. You can die when someone's pounding your head into the ground."
Apart from saying his client suffered a broken nose, Uhrig did not elaborate on the extent of any injuries Zimmerman actually suffered. But characteristic injuries associated with SBS, as Shaken Baby Syndrome is known, include bleeding in the brain. There are often no visible external signs such injuries have occurred.
Police have not arrested Zimmerman because the use of lethal force in self defense is permitted under the Stand Your Ground law approved by former Florida Governor Jeb Bush in 2005.
The lack of an arrest in the Martin case has triggered protests across the United States. A special prosecutor appointed by Governor Rick Scott is investigating to decide whether charges are warranted, amid allegations of racial profiling and initial police bungling of the case.
If it goes to trial, Uhrig said he and his fellow defense attorney, would defend Zimmerman under the Stand Your Ground statute.
"He didn't commit any crime," Uhrig said on CBS. "He was attacked, broke his nose, hit his head into the ground and he defended himself. That's not against the law."
A USA Today/Gallup poll published on Saturday showed that Americans are deeply divided across color lines in their opinions about Martin's killing.
Seventy-three percent of blacks in the survey said they believed Zimmerman, a white Hispanic, would have been arrested if the person he shot dead was white.
Only 33 percent of whites agreed with that view while the majority of whites polled, 52 percent, said race made no difference in the case.
(Reporting By Tom Brown; Editing by Philip Barbara)
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Nuclear Talks
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The Portage County Sheriff's Department is releasing more information about an accident that closed County Highway Y for the majority of the day.
Dispatch received a call around 9:45 a.m. reporting an overturned truck on Highway Y south of Sharonwood Lane outside of Stevens Point in the Town of Hull. The truck blocked both lanes of traffic and was carrying hazardous materials. Several acid containers had been thrown from the crash, but none were compromised.
Investigators say one container of iodine was leaking and was later cleaned up by an environmental contractor.
No one was hurt in the crash, and no residents were endangered by any of the chemicals.
Responding to the call were deputies from the sheriff's office, Town of Hull Fire and EMS units, and responders from Portage County's Hazardous Materials Team, Ambulance Service, Traffic Incident Management Team, and highway department
The road remained closed until 6:30 p.m.
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Following on from the success of the third WAN House of the Year Award we are now rolling out a bi-monthly programme of International Awards by sector. As would be expected, a jury panel of top industry experts will be appointed to ensure that the Awards deliver a tangible value for the architect.
In response to the financial crisis we will be focusing the first awards on the sectors expected to perform stronger in the current climate.
Due to the logistical complexities of organising a truly global competition, WAN has broken the mould of the traditional annual event (surprise) and opted for a rolling programme which enables us to better work with specialist international panels experienced in the appropriate sector throughout the year and give more attention to and gain a better understanding of the projects.
The first sector award, Education will be launched in January. Schools, Universities, Colleges and Academies completed in the last three years will be eligible. This will be closely followed in March by Healthcare.
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3 bed, 2 full bath, 1 half bath. Gorgeous single level 3 bedroom 2. 5 bath home. Located in North Macon on the Barrington hall GolfMore info
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3 bed, 2 full bath. Not the usual. Open floor plan loaded w/windows. 2 fireplaces, large great room plus den & basementMore info
4 bed, 3 full bath, 1 half bath. Desirable North Macon home with 4 Bedrooms, 2. 5 bathroom on 3 levels. Beautiful wooded lot and conMore info
3 bed, 2 full bath. Charming brick bungalow with spacious rooms. Updated and very clean! Tile floors in kitchen, bathsMore info
3 bed, 1 full bath. Great investment property.More info


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Shows featuring Eric Holder
50 Years After March on Washington, Tens of Thousands Say Struggle for MLK's "Dream" Continues
Tens of thousands of people gathered in the nation's capital on Saturday to mark the 50th anniversary of the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom, originally held on August 28, 1963. People filled the National Mall as speakers reflected on the progress in achieving the goals outlined by the event's most famous...August 26, 2013 | Story
By Amy Goodman with Denis Moynihan
It was a dramatic scene in the Senate this week. As Sen. Elizabeth Warren, presiding, announced the defeat of the Keystone XL pipeline, a Crow Creek Sioux man from South Dakota sang out in the Senate gallery. A massive people's climate movement against extracting some of the dirtiest oil on the planet had prevailed ... at least for now.
Show for Nov 21, 2014
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text:
Grape Hyacinth
by Marlene Pixley
Phone Cases
Protect your iPhone with a one-piece, impact resistant, flexible plastic hard case featuring an extremely slim profile. Simply snap the case onto your iPhone for solid protection and direct access to all device features.
Lightning bugs float in a field of grape hyacinth.
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