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Archive by Date | Archive by Article Title
Abacination - Torture Methods in History
History is fully of examples of torture used for political, religious, and personal reasons. It is meant to inflict pain and terror. There are hundreds of ways a person can be tortured with each one of them highly effective. One method of torture used in history was abacination.
Atrocities Toward Women During Egyptian Revolution
In early 2011, Egypt found itself in the midst of a revolutionary change. The steps women took in the Egyptian revolution and the months following could be a contentious tsunami that would sweep across the Arab world at a very high price forcing the status of women to come into question.
Charlemagne as Germanic King and Roman Emperor
Charlemagne was a ruler that has left his mark on the annals of history. In reality, Charlemagne was not just a Germanic king or a Roman Emperor. He was the perfect combination of both.
The Need for Seclusion and Oneness
All too often a person, a community, or a culture wants to eat their cake and have it, too. They want to hold onto tradition while using the advances in technology while not giving up anything. In the end, it is discovered that it is an impossible dream.
History of the Foster Care System
Fostering a child is not something new. It has been around since the Middle Ages and beyond. During that time, the term fostering had a different meaning.
Mandate of the Palestinian Conflict
In carving out a home for the displaced Jews of the twentieth century, the United Nations sparked a feud that shows no decrease in hostilities. The claims stretched beyond religion and centered around a place they both call home, and were recognized as being a contention that would find no peace.
Humanism Effect on the Rensaissance
Humanism was the single most revolutionary concept the Renaissance gave the world. It touched all aspects of society and lifted mankind up.
Roman Sunset - A Book Review
One area of history that is not neglected but not really focused on is the Roman occupation of Britain. Fiction or nonfiction, this period is very interesting. Elizabeth May approaches this period with a story youll fall in love with in Roman Sunset
Columbus Letter to the Spanish Crown
Too often, the actual letters of famous are ignored. Only intense historians take the time to look at them. The following is a letter from Christopher Columbus to the King and Queen of Spain sometime during the 1490s.
The Defining Concept of the Renaissance
The defining element of the Renaissance was the humanist movement. It was this single concept that affected every area of the Renaissance society and closed the door on the Middle Ages. Humanism was the essence of the Renaissance.
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subset: commoncrawl


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13 September, 2011@4:00 am
2 comments
Coming from Black Thought's Money Making Jam Boys crew, which also shares membership with Dice Raw, Truck North, and P.O.R.N., is STS. Standing for Sugar Tongue Slim, STS was arguably the breakout star of the MMJB's mixtape, The Prestige. With The Illustrious, he continues his underground solo career with a concise street album of all original music.
The album opens with the old school tribute track, "Fresh", which pays homage to early tracks from Schoolly D, Eazy-E, UTFO, and other classic rap legends, as STS tells a tale in his high-pitched, nasal style. But perhaps a more fitting introduction to STS is the go-go influenced "Sugar's Here", which bangs with celebratory horns and a well-timed DJ Kool sample. He reveals more on The Alchemist helmed, "The Interview", which finds STS interviewing himself with some laugh-out-loud lines. "Cliche" has a southern bounce to match his twang, but a closer listen reveals he's parodying today's popular styles, hence the title.
STS remains consistent throughout the LP, but it's clear that most of the strongest tracks are pushed up front towards the beginning of the release. One other minor gripe is that being a self-released album, there are a few rookie mistakes that come through, such as "Get Up On It", which comes in off beat and too loud, suggesting the album still needs a proper mixdown.
All in all, STS is a young emcee with a lot of potential. While he's still a bit green, The Illustrious is a cool LP to listen to, which may pave the way for even greater things to come.
Review is about right from the joints I heard. Dude tryin to bring the nasal steez back.
This was a killer album to me. I had The Illustrious in constant rotation for 2 weeks after it dropped.
I thought STS's LP was strong throughout with my favorite tracks being "Hello Sunshine" and "Here Tonight" as well as the bonus track at the end of the album.
And yeah, there were a few rookie mistakes in the crafting of this project but, I just Love the way STS flips words and flows on a track and I enjoyed his choices of production.
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Nintendo's all-stars assemble once again, resulting in one of the best reasons to own a Wii U (and eight GameCube controllers).
The move to more powerful consoles has resulted in a prettier looking wrestling game, but also a far less enjoyable one.
Far Cry 4's open-world provides ludicrous moments and enough chaotic fun to make it worth your while.
Game »
consists of 3 releases.
Released Jun 26, 2006
Grabbing the attention of a nearby enemy NPC. Usually leads to them attacking.
A female warrior from the Amazons, an all-female nation in Classical and Greek mythology.
A creature with characteristics of both a human and an arachnid, most often a spider or scorpion.
A term for a humanoid creature with animalistic features which can comprehend everything from slightly feral humans to savage monsters with trace amounts of anthropomorphism.
A proprietary video codec (.bik extension) developed by RAD Game Tools and used in a very large number of video games.
Bats, hammers, wrenches, maces, staves, or even brass knuckles. These are weapons intended for blunt trauma rather than cutting or slicing.
The boar were one of the most feared animals in Medieval Europe during the Middle Ages.
A boss fight is a culminating challenge that pits the player against one or more enemies representing a greater threat and/or difficulty than those previously faced. These scenarios typically feature unique antagonists.
On some box art, the main character is facing away.
Button Mashing is a concept used to describe any game or gameplay wherein skill is an aside to how fast a player can hit the buttons on the controller.
Centaurs have the upper half of a man, and the lower half of a horse. Typically they are hunters.
Classes are different archetypes and playstyles that players can choose to play their game with.
A common concept in RPGs and MMOs, color-coded loot is a concept where the quality/rarity of loot items are defined by a series of colors.
The ability to combine different schools of magic or spells to create a new or enhanced effect. Sometimes this can be done with a partner.
A simple mechanic used in many types of games, however is most notable in RPGs.
Cooperative play in games allows humans to play together as a team to accomplish a task. Instead of playing against a human opponent, the team must defeat an AI.
An attack that does more damage than usual, usually affected by random chance and some sort of modifier.
Currency has all forms in video games. It is used to buy characters, vehicles, weapons, and more.
Environments cycle between day and night, often with effects on other aspects of the game.
Demons are generally creatures of evil, usually from Hell, who are often totally untrustworthy even when they're not murdering everyone and destroying everything in their path.
Given that Hell totally sucks, it's not surprising that Demons are semi-constantly trying to get from there to Earth.
Digital Distribution is the concept of purchasing digital media via the internet and having it sent to the user directly via the internet. No physical representation of this content is given but the content resides on the users hard drive and is legally owned by them.
Digital distribution method for PC games. Direct2Drive is maintained and owned by Gamefly Digital Inc.
The concept of using two weapons at once, often for more damage at the cost of accuracy, the use of a shield, grenades, or other similar accessories.
Carefully exploring a large, labyrinthine area full of enemies (i.e., a dungeon) in the hopes of finding treasure, leveling up, or completing a specific task. Having their roots in tabletop games, video game dungeon crawls are found almost exclusively in RPGs.
The 2006 Electronic Entertainment Expo (E3) took place at the Los Angeles Convention Center in Los Angeles, California on May 10-12.
Think of all the things that you would never have noticed if it weren't for the exclamation mark.
Experience Points are part of a character advancement system commonly found in RPGs. These points are generally gained by defeating an enemy or completing a task.
Humanoids with feline characteristics. Feline humanoids are most commonly seen in Japanese games.
Weapons that use a freezing effect to damage opponents, slow them up, or freeze them solid.
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a man who posseses godlike qualities, and is very good looking and funny
man.....you are like frassetto today, niccceee
also see jesus
also see jesus
by mike a. F. May 24, 2007
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Comfort Inn & Suites Airport
3111 26 St NE
Calgary, AB T1Y 7E4
Phone: (403) 735-1966
Fax: (403) 735-1955
Starting From
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3111 26 St NE, Calgary, AB, CA, T1Y 7E4
- Phone: (403) 735-1966
- Fax: (403) 735-1955
4.3 out of 5 (129 reviews)
88% of guests recommend this hotel
Located on the 12 Avenue, Soda has everything that you would expect from an eclectic hangout in Calgary. This neighborhood club is a hot spot for live music and club nights where you can gyrate to the thumping tunes given out by the bands and DJs. The place caters to the crowd with varied music sensibilities right from house to old school music. After a bout of dancing, you can always walk up to the well-stocked bar and gulp down a few beverages like cocktails, whiskey or beer. Call ahead to know more.
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Latest From Sinan
Trying hard to make it unpleasant for migrants
"He's stuck between the two isn't he?" I suggest to Dave Smith, the director of The Boaz Trust, as we sit in their tiny meeting room. "As far as the Home Office is concerned he has no grounds to be here – he's not personally fleeing persecution – but he can't prove his nationality so the Turkish authorities won't have him back."
"That's pretty much it, yes," agrees Dave. Read more


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Animal Lovers Converge On Pet Fair
Similar imagesView all
Hippie a kind of nearlyhairless dog called a Chinese Crested stands... News Photo 155257129Animal,Berlin,Chinese,Dog,Domestic Animals,Germany,Hippie,Horizontal,Human Interest,Kind,Owner,Pets,Stand,TradeshowPhotographer Sean GallupCollection: Getty Images News 2012 Getty ImagesBERLIN, GERMANY - NOVEMBER 02: Hippie, a kind of nearly-hairless dog called a Chinese Crested, stands next to its owner at the pet trade fair (Heimtiermesse) at Velodrom on November 2, 2012 in Berlin, Germany. Exhibitors are showing the latest trends in collars, snacks and other accessories for cats, dogs and other household pets. (Photo by Sean Gallup/Getty Images)


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- Publisher: Teyon
- Release Date: May 3, 2012
- Summary: Bird Mania 3D has players take the role of Mojo as he begins a frantic chase after his friends so he can go on vacation too.
- Developer: Teyon
- Genre(s): 2D
- # of players: 1 Player
- Cheats: On GameFAQs
- More Details and Credits »
Score distribution:
Positive: 1 out of 8
Mixed: 4 out of 8
Negative: 3 out of 8
May 4, 2012Bird Mania 3D is the most pleasant kind of surprise: simple, fun, addictive and inexpensive. Charmingly simple yet rewardingly versatile gameplay overcomes any concerns we might have had. For a fast and fun score attack game, you really can't do any better.
Jun 20, 2012It's not quite original or addictive enough to compete with the best in the casual genre, but this is a polished and fun enough game that's unlikely to be a purchase you regret. [July 2012, p.107]
Sep 10, 2012Not quite the Angry Birds clone that some may believe at first glance, and it isn't without issues, but for the asking price Bird Mania 3D fundamentally holds true to what cheaper quick-burst games need to be to succeed; fun, inimitable, and packing in that 'one more go' factor.
May 23, 2012You can see Bird Mania 3D as cheap entertainment... Or as a huge waste of time. Both points of view are valid.
May 18, 2012There simply isn't enough to do, especially for a 3DS game. Throw in poor dialogue and barely evident stereoscopic 3D effects, and Bird Mania 3D just isn't worth your time.
May 4, 2012Bird Mania 3D is not a fun game. It is repetitive, lacks the addictiveness of other high-score-focused affairs, has an insult of a story-focused mode, contains no substance outside of a basic mode, and does nothing to convince the player that a good purchase was made. That's all there is to it.
Score distribution:
Positive: 4 out of 8
Mixed: 2 out of 8
Negative: 2 out of 8
Jun 24, 2012This is a great little score attack game. Perfectly executed with lovely 3d visual. It's hard to put down, you really want to try again and again to beat your record. It would be nice with a leaderboard, maybe an update could fix that but even without that this is a must buy, and will only cost you £1.80.… Expand
Oct 1, 2013OK. The good? Cute graphics, slightly addicting, decent music and a fair challenge for those trying to beat all the achievements.
The bad? No levels, lacks variety(few settings, enemies, etc.), no online scoreboard, no story development, overly simplistic.… Expand
Mar 9, 2014This game is as simple as they come, move the stylus up and down to move the bird. Collect baubles and stars while trying to get as far as you can. It has only one level as far as I can tell. It is essentially the sort of game you would find on iOS. Was it worth 89p? Probably.… Expand
May 24, 2012A very bad game. You just turn on and fly to the first collision, and then all over again. It has no plot, no levels, nothing. Such games are created in one day and should be distributed free of charge.… Expand
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On the road (in the air) again!
Jim and I kicked off our busy month of October with a big benefit for Foster Care in Salt Lake City. The sponsors couldn't have been nicer and the turnout was fantastic. Whats more, it felt like a launch party for concert season! I did poke a hole in my dress as I ascended the stairs to the stage and Jim knocked over a glass of water on the floor near his foot pedal, but apart from those oops moments, this black- tie affair was a success from every point of view! The following day, within a few hours of touching down at Clevelands Hopkins ...


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Joined: 05 March 2010
Posts: 1609
The following 1 member(s) liked the above post:radev2010,
Joined: 16 February 2010
Posts: 2882
@anu17 :Thanks, Good to know you loved the VM :-)
@Tazzi : Thanks Glad you like my work
@radhika5 : Thanks, I am glad you like the VM.
if everyday is a Saturday they wont be CB and I will not have scenes to create the VM.
But, I understand what you mean. don't worry, I don't always wait for a Saturday to start on new VM :-)
@chalhov: Thanks, I can read your excitement loud and clear
@misti73 : Thanks , glad you like it :-)
@sv003 : Swetha, The song is one of my favorite too :-) and it suite the Dev situation very well. Good to know you liked my work.
@laxmi_avinafan : Thanks glad you like it. Will work on next one when I something interesting :-)
@neela55 : Welcome to CB2 forum. Glad you like the VM.
@Avina_fan1 : Thanks
@zam123 : Yes, Its a beautiful song and I love the singers voice too. It does suite the RaDev situation very well.
@billo77 : Belated Happy Birthday! Looks like I missed the party :-( Hope you had a nice day.
I like Jab se tere naina VM over Tum se hi ..
Glad you enjoyed it. Thanks for watching the VMs and dropping your comments :-)
@sun_singh : Remember my poster life with CB forum ? Its not that bad now ..but, I am on the forum when I get some free time ..
@Ansa786 : Thanks , Glad you loved it :-)
Thanks to all the silent viewers too :-)
Have a nice day/night.
The following 4 member(s) liked the above post:-Swetha-, Ansa786, radhika5, Neerjaa,
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Posts: 2068
The following 2 member(s) liked the above post:radhika5, radev2010,
Joined: 16 February 2010
Posts: 2882
Ladies :
Hope you all are doing well and enjoying the show! I started working on this VM few weeks back but, didn't get the time to complete it.. I did few quick updates today and completed it . Its not perfect but, hope you will like it .
Have a good night/day !
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|Topic Starter
|Last Post
|Happy UGADI GUDI PADWA NEW YEAR CHETI CHAND
|04 April 2011 at 4:05pm
By Tazzi


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Give Now
Where most insects fear to tread, a brave beetle feasts on beaver-ravaged cottonwood trees.
Sleep loss negatively affects school performance more than binge drinking or smoking marijuana.
Iron can be used by our body for good or bad, depending on which cells get a hold of it.
Serving kids vegetables often and early might best way to influence their diet.
Why did the snail cross the road? To get back home.
The same brain hormone affects feelings and behaviors in both chimps and humans, causing humans and chimps to share a variety of traits.
MRI, or magnetic resonance imaging, is a noninvasive means by which doctors get detailed visuals of the body's interior and are able to detect abnormalities.
Hair loss is not "Just For Men." Female pattern baldness, though rarely discussed, affects 20 million women in the U.S. alone.
The ratio of brain to body size is no greater in humans than other primates, so where do we get our smarts?
Greens are highly nutritious, and so are potato skins. But when it comes to green potato skins, stay away!


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Well, that was mostly unexpected: Halo Legends producer Joseph Chou offered up that the live-action Evangelion film is still "very active."
This is pretty interesting, since now-defunct ADV was the company that had the rights to the film (and is still listed as such on IMDb Pro, though I will note that IMDb Pro is not necessarily the fastest to update). But then again, those rights are probably among those that ADV signed away back in September. At that point, AEsir Holdings was the company that acquired "all the ADV Films assets," while Section23 inherited all the distribution work for those same assets; I'm guessing the Eva movie is among those.
However, said IMDb Pro listing notes, as many of you will already be aware, that the film has been in development hell since at least 2003. But if it's back onthe calendars?...Well, we'll just have to see. Apparently the complex plot has been a tough sell to Hollywood producers-- but it looks like not everyone balks at it.
So, let the games begin! Let's talk casting and directors. Anyone have any ideas? First person to suggest Michael Cera as Shinji loses all of their account points. (Kidding! Mostly.)


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16th July 2007
Oxford Pride – idyllic in every way
6:05 PM — The fifth Oxford Pride, held on Saturday, was well-attended and went off without any unfortunate rain.It was held on Oxpens Field and the patrons for this year's event were Peter Tatchell, Lord Waheed Ali and Sir Ian McKellan.Live music from acts including Natalie Powers and Lizzy Drip featured on the main stage, sponsored by public service trade union Unison.
Gay candidate welcomes Boris to Mayoral race 7
4:44 PM — PinkNews.co.uk exclusive Andrew Boff, a candidate for the Conservative candidate Mayor of London, has welcomed MP Boris Johnson to the contest.Nominations closed at noon today. Mr Boff, who is gay, was one of the first Tories to put himself forward for the job of taking on Ken Livingstone.The 49-year-old is former leader of Hillingdon council but failed to be elected Mayor of Hackney. He is up against a range of candidates.
Sex scandal peer opens up about being bi 4
3:54 PM — Lord Montagu, who was jailed after a notorious trial for homosexual offences in 1954, has said that he is bisexual and that to describe his sexuality any other way would be 'dishonest.'He will appear in a Channel 4 documentary about the case and its fascinating aftermath, when the public and press unexpectedly began to question the law which criminalised homosexuality.
Interview: Nemesis talk God, Clinton and Michael Jackson 1
1:01 PM — Pop duo Nemesis Rising normally get noticed because of the way they look - and hey, even I had my head turned by these identical twins.They certainly got a lot of attention when cameras from Logo TV followed them around for a reality series called Jacob and Joshua: Nemesis Rising.Jacob (blond) and Joshua (dark) showed off their gay life in LA, but also took an emotional trip home to Montana to come out to their Jehovah's Witness family.
G-A-Y bars partner to sell shares
12:25 PM — Mean Fiddler, the company which co-owns G-A-Y Bar and G-A-Y Late, is considering a provisional offer from MAMA group to sell these night spots.Mean Fiddler's Managing Director Melvin Benn has said that he sees this as good for business.G-A-Y is co-owned by promoter Jeremy Joseph and the Mean Fiddler Group, a subsidiary of the American advertising and media giant Clear Channel.
15th July 2007
Brian Paddick may be Lib Dem candidate for Mayor 1
3:43 PM — Fresh rumours appearing to be emanating from spin doctors at the Liberal Democrats imply that Brian Paddick, until his retirement, the most senior openly gay British police officer, may stand as a candidate for Mayor of London.PinkNews.co.uk first reported the suggestions last May when the then Metropolitan Police Deputy Assistant Commissioner, casually mentioned the possibility of standing for the post at the launch of the Way We Are Now, a collection of essays from gay community members.
13th July 2007
Suicide shocks Derry gay community 1
4:35 PM — Eamon Johnston, the winner of Mr Gay Derry 2003, has committed suicide. He was 22.His body was discovered on Wednesday and he was pronounced dead at Altnagelvin hospital. Mr Johnston was a hairdresser and support counsellor for gay group Rainbow Project.His mother told Derry Journal that her son was a "lovely wee boy" and appealed to other suicidal people to seek help instead of taking their lives.
Gay MEP accuses David Cameron of ignoring homophobia 2
4:15 PM — Michael Cashman, a Member of the European Parliament for the West Midlands, has revealed he has written to David Cameron three times about the failure of Tory MEPs to vote against homophobia, but has not received a reply.On Wednesday we revealed that five Labour MPs wrote to Mr Cameron in 2006 asking him to distance himself from the homophobic campaign literature used by Sayeeda Warsi at the last election. The Leader of the Opposition did not respond to that letter either.
TURING: Of pink pride and prejudice 6
12:57 PM — Late January, 2002. A middle-aged American family man relaxes in his garden, reading his favourite magazine.Loud, if cheesy, pop music on the street begins to distract him.He joins the rest of his family staring at the rainbow flags, the colourful flotillas and gorgeous hunks with six-packs parading in front of them."Rainbows? Tank Tops? Empowerment? This is the gay pride parade!" the family man cried.
Interview: Sex, surveillance and gay royals
12:41 PM — Surveillance is a fast paced sexual and political thriller set in London.It stars Tom Harper as Adam, a gay teacher who lives in Surrey and comes to London on the weekends to go clubbing and pick up men.A casual encounter with a handsome stranger, Jake (Sean Brenden Brosnan) brings Adam to the attention of powerful, unseen forces.
I Will Survive singer wants to 'lead gays to Christ' 23
12:01 PM — Gloria Gaynor, the American singer whose hit I Will Survive is seen as a gay anthem, told Radio 4 this morning that gay people should embrace Christ and that her status as a gay icon allows her to lead them to Him.She repeatedly refused to say whether or not she thinks homosexuality is wrong. Many readers have contacted PinkNews.co.uk to complain about her comments.Ms Gaynor, a committed Christian, is currently on a tour of the UK.
C4 executive apologises for Big Brother homophobia row 1
10:43 AM — The head of Legal and Compliance at Channel 4 has told a gay audience that they made mistakes in their handling of a contestant on Big Brother who used the word 'poof.'Jan Tomalin was speaking at an event organised by the channel entitled "Homosexuality and the Media: How far have we come?"She frankly admitted when asked about the incident: "we got it wrong."
12th July 2007
Gay.com to close London office
5:50 PM — PlanetOut Inc, owner of Gay.com, has announced it is to close its London office."While we plan to continue serving our global audience, we made this decision to streamline our business operations and reduce expenses," said Karen Magee, chief executive officer, PlanetOut.It is unclear what will happen to the UK portal of Gay.com, which offers personals, chat, job adverts and scene information as well as news, entertainment and health stories.
Gay dogs show off and compete for Best In Show
1:53 PM — Brighton and Hove Pride's annual pooch parade was hailed the by organisers as the most successful in years, with 560 entries to the novelty, pedigree and condition classes.Hove Rugby Club played host to the fifth annual Pride Companion Dog Show. More than 700 people attended last Sunday, which was the sunniest day in Brighton for many weeks.The best in show and this year was Coco the Whippet whose owner, Lisa Uba of Peacehaven, was thrilled to take first prize
New strategies required on HIV says AIDS Trust
1:35 PM — The National AIDS Trust today launched Updating Our Strategies, a report from a recent expert seminar on HIV testing and prevention.The seminar brought together experts in the field, including representatives from the Department of Health, the NHS, the Health Protection Agency and leading HIV organisations.They discussed how HIV testing and prevention strategies should be updated and refreshed within the National Strategy on Sexual Health and HIV.
11th July 2007
'Homophobic' leaflet used again by Tory candidate 28
5:01 PM — PinkNews.co.uk Exclusive Sayeeda Warsi, who was appointed to the Conservative Shadow Cabinet last week by party leader David Cameron, has said she regrets the hostile language used in her 2005 election leaflets.It has now emerged that a Tory candidate at last year's council election used the same campaign literature.PinkNews.co.uk has obtained a letter sent to David Cameron last July by a group of Labour MPs representing the Kirklees District Council area complaining about homophobic campaigning.
Homophobic bus driver brought to book by gay motorist 3
1:43 PM — Former Grenadier Guardsmen Lee Wardle caused traffic mayhem in south London last month after being subject to a bus driver's homophobic abuse."Is it because you are a dirty, f***ing batty boy," the irate driver of the No 200 bus screamed at him during a road rage incident.Mr Wardle called the police after blocking in the bus driver with his car when the driver refused to repeat his homophobic comments on June 26th.
Win tickets to see Barbra Streisand in London 2
1:30 PM — Acclaimed singer and actress Barbra Streisand will be playing her first ever show in Europe later this month and internet company AOL are offering PinkNews.co.uk readers the chance of a lifetime.Just click here for your chance to win 2VIP tickets to Barbra's first ever European show on 25th July at The O2 arena.
Birmingham towpath rapists might get life
11:38 AM — A judge at Birmingham Crown Court told two man convicted of robbing and then raping his male victim that they could be given a life sentence.Daniel Myers,20, of Barry Jackson Tower in Aston, was found guilty alongside Nikos Johnson, 26, of Rawling Street, Ladywood, of one charge of robbery and two of rape.The Birmingham Post reports that during the trial Myers revealed under cross-examination that he is HIV+
Gay poem still contrary to 'law of the land' 1
10:10 AM — Today marks the 30th anniversary of the day when Denis Lemon was found guilty of committing libel against Christianity.He was the editor of the now defunct but iconic UK newspaper Gay News.Mary Whitehouse, founder of the National Viewers and Listeners Association, (NVLA) announced her intention to sue in December 1976 after she read the poem entitled The Love Which Cannot Speak Its Name by James Kirkup, published in Gay News.


text:
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Why fight? Socially dominant jackdaws, Corvus monedula, have low fitness
ABSTRACT Social dominance is intuitively assumed to be associated with higher fitness, because social dominance implies better access to resources. We found that, in a colony of jackdaws, the dominant males consistently produced fewer fledglings, which had lower chances of survival to 1 year of age. Laying date and clutch size were independent of dominance, but females that mated with dominant males were in poorer condition and laid smaller eggs. Parental survival was independent of social dominance, and the frequency of extrapair fertilizations in jackdaws is negligible. Dominance was a stable trait of individuals, and not a state that all individuals eventually attained. We conclude that, in this colony, dominant jackdaws had lower fitness. To our knowledge, this is the first example of such a pattern in a free-living species. We hypothesize that the high density of our colony resulted in high testosterone titres, which suppressed paternal care of mate and offspring to the extent that it outweighed the benefits of higher resource access.
- SourceAvailable from: Anni Hämäläinen[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Fighting is a fundamental determinant of male fitness in species where females prefer socially dominant males as mates or where dominants can prevent subordinates from mating. This in turn can lead to the evolution of honest inter- and intra-sexual cues of male dominance. Fighting as a behaviour comprises both fighting rate (number of fights per unit of time) and fighting performance (success in winning fights), but it is not always clear which of these components are important for female choice and how they link to signals of male quality. To quantify the relative importance of fighting as a cue for females, we recorded detailed behavioural data from male black grouse Tetrao tetrix at leks. We explored the relationship between phenotypic traits (body mass, eye comb size, tail (lyre) length and blue chroma colouration) and fighting performance and rates and how these were related to male mating success. In older males' pairwise fights, winners had lower blue chroma than losers, but there were no differences in other morphological traits. In yearlings, no morphological trait predicted success in pairwise contests. Both fighting rate and performance were positively related to the number of copulations acquired by a male; however, when controlled for lek centrality, fighting performance and not fighting rate was significantly related to mating success. Our results indicate that females may be using components of fighting behaviour as cues for mate choice.Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 01/2012; 66(12). · 2.75 Impact Factor
Article: Personality predicts social dominance in female zebra finches, Taeniopygia guttata, in a feeding context[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Although personality has been defined as a suite of correlated behaviours, most studies of animal personality actually consider correlations between a few traits. We examined the repeatability and correlational structure of five potential personality traits (activity, neophobia, exploratory tendencies, risk-taking behaviour and obstinacy), in female zebra finches. In addition, we assessed to what extent personality influenced social dominance in a feeding context in this gregarious species. All personality traits were found to be highly repeatable within individuals. In addition, except for obstinacy, all of them were related to each other, thus defining a behavioural syndrome. Social dominance was predicted by personality, with proactive individuals being more likely to be dominant. Our results suggest that personality can be considered as a new static factor influencing within-group hierarchies. We finally discuss these results in terms of the consequences for the evolution of personalities and the need to take several traits into account to provide full descriptions of individual personality.Animal Behaviour. 01/2011;
Article: Physiological condition and blood parasites of breeding Great Tits: a comparison of core and northernmost populations[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Several studies have shown considerably poorer breeding success of Great Tit Parus major populations in northern Finland than in mid- and western Europe. The aim of this study was to find out whether the poor success is linked to physiological condition and loads of blood parasites. This was done by comparing several condition indices, blood parasite prevalences and infection intensity in two populations, northern Finland (66°N) and Latvia (56°N). It was found that Great Tits had smaller clutches and produced fewer fledglings in northern Finland than in Latvia. Great Tits breeding in northern Finland had higher levels of haematocrit and higher concentrations of heterophils, lymphocytes, eosynophils and total globulin, while they had lower albumin/globulin ratios, which indicate higher levels of physiological stress and increased probability of infectious diseases. Surprisingly, Great Tits had lower blood parasite prevalence and the intensity of infection in northern Finland than in Latvia, while parasite vectors were more abundant in northern Finland.Journal of Ornithology 01/2013; 154(4):1019-1028. · 1.63 Impact Factor
Page 1
Why fight? Socially dominant jackdaws,
Corvus monedula, have low fitness
Zoological Laboratory of the University of Groningen
(Received 3 October 2003; initial acceptance 26 November 2003;
final acceptance 31 December 2003; published online 25 August 2004; MS. number: 7872)
Social dominance is intuitively assumed to be associated with higher fitness, because social dominance
implies better access to resources. We found that, in a colony of jackdaws, the dominant males consistently
produced fewer fledglings, which had lower chances of survival to 1 year of age. Laying date and clutch size
were independent of dominance, but females that mated with dominant males were in poorer condition
and laid smaller eggs. Parental survival was independent of social dominance, and the frequency of
extrapair fertilizations in jackdaws is negligible. Dominance was a stable trait of individuals, and not a state
that all individuals eventually attained. We conclude that, in this colony, dominant jackdaws had lower
fitness. To our knowledge, this is the first example of such a pattern in a free-living species. We hypothesize
that the high density of our colony resulted in high testosterone titres, which suppressed paternal care of
mate and offspring to the extent that it outweighed the benefits of higher resource access.
? 2004 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Social groups are usually structured in the sense that some
individuals are consistently more successful at obtaining
resources when there is a conflict (Allee 1952; Drews
1993). Because socially dominant individuals, by defini-
tion, have priority of access to resources, it is generally
assumed that these individuals also attain the highest
reproductive success. The fitness advantage to socially
dominant individuals is crucial in understanding the
existence of dominance hierarchies; if dominants did
not benefit, investment in acquiring and maintaining
social dominance would be wasted (Pusey & Packer 1997).
Such investments are, for example, costly signals used in
agonistic interactions (Zahavi & Zahavi 1997) and harm-
ful side-effects of high androgen levels (Folstad & Karter
1992; Frank et al. 1995; Packer et al. 1995; Buchanan et al.
2001), and that agonistic interactions consume time and
energy and increase the risk of an injury. Such costs could
potentially outweigh the benefits of having priority of
access to resources, resulting in neutral or even negative
effects of social dominance on fitness (Rohwer & Ewald
1981; Ellis 1995). Many studies of primates have reported
positive or neutral effects of dominance on reproductive
success (reviewed in Ellis 1995), but this relation has been
little studied in other taxa (reviews in Ellis 1995; Piper
1997; Koivula 1999). Negative effects of dominance on
indicators of reproductive success have also been found,
but only in captive animals (Ellis 1995). However, the
greater access to resources ensured by being dominant is
unlikely to yield a fitness advantage when resources are
abundant, as is usually the case in captivity. For this
reason, and because free-living individuals face a multitude
of trade-offs and behavioural options that are absent in
captivity, the fitness consequences of dominance can be
assessed only in free-living animals.
We studied the life history consequences of social
dominance in a colony of free-living jackdaws. Jackdaws
spend much of their time in groups that have a strong
linear dominance hierarchy, in the sense that jackdaws
rarely lose a conflict with an individual with lower social
status (Tamm 1977; Ro ¨ell 1978; Wechsler 1988). They are
facultatively colonial during breeding, and colonies can be
found in buildings as well as under more natural con-
ditions, for example, in rabbit warrens (Ro ¨ell 1978; Vogel
2002). We determined social dominance by observing
interactions over an artificial food source. The outcome of
a conflict can be state dependent; hungrier birds may, for
example, win more conflicts over food (Andersson &
Ahlund 1991; Cristol 1992). However, jackdaws that
were successful in interactions over food also had
primary access to available nestboxes and succeeded in
defending more nestboxes during winter (Ro ¨ell 1978).
Correspondence: S. Verhulst, P.O. Box 14, 9750 AA Haren, The
Netherlands (email: firstname.lastname@example.com).
*The authors contributed equally to this paper.
? 2004 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Page 2
This information, together with the observation that the
hierarchy is highly stable over successive years, indicates
that dominance in competition over food reflects re-
source-holding potential (Parker 1974), rather than some
transient effect of state.
There are two previous studies of the relation between
social dominance and reproductive success in jackdaw
colonies. Henderson & Hart (1995) showed that dominant
pairs produced more fledglings. In contrast, Ro ¨ell (1978)
reported evidence suggesting that dominant pairs had
fewer fledglings; neither study compared parental sur-
vival. However, Ro ¨ell assessed dominance in June, during
or after chick production, and he suggested that high
dominance was the consequence of being without chicks
(Ro ¨ell observed temporary rank shifts in the breeding
season that were subsequently reversed in autumn).
Furthermore, Ro ¨ell presented only the cumulative fledg-
ling production of eight males over 5 years. These males
were selected from a much larger sample, because they
were present in all 5 years of the study, and these males
may therefore constitute a biased sample of the popula-
tion. Data on fledgling quality were not available, and low
fledgling production might have been compensated by
producing high-quality fledglings. However, finding a spe-
cies where the fitness consequences of social dominance
depend on the ecological or social setting to the extent
that dominance even results in low fitness would offer
a valuable tool to study the costs and benefits of domi-
nance and increase our understanding of the evolution of
dominance and social structures. We therefore studied the
association between dominance and reproductive success
in the same colony as did Ro ¨ell, but we determined social
dominance before the breeding season, and we also
measured parental survival and offspring quality in
relation to social dominance.
Study Population
We studied free-living jackdaws in the colony at the
Zoological Laboratory in Haren, The Netherlands, a semi-
urban environment. The colony was established in 1965
and enlarged to 36 nestboxes in 1996 when the study was
resumed. Data on dominance and reproduction reported
in this study were collected in 1998 and 2000, and
survival was measured up to 2003. The study was carried
out under licence from the Ethical Committee for animal
experiments of the University of Groningen.
Nestboxes were checked daily, starting in the first week
of April, until the clutch was complete. To determine from
which egg a chick had hatched (for another study), we
moved clutches to an incubator 1–2 days before the
estimated hatching date (temperature 37.7?C, RH 75%).
Clutches were exchanged for hardboiled quail eggs, which
birds readily accepted. Length and width of the eggs were
measured (G0.1 mm), and egg volume (V, in cm3) was
estimated using the formula: V Z (p ! A2! L ! K)/6,
where A is width, L is length and, for jackdaws, the
constant, K, is 0.00096 (Soler 1988). Eggs in the incubator
were checked at least every 2 h during the daylight period.
Eggs that did not hatch were dissected to check for
presence of an embryo. Hatching success of eggs with an
embryo was 95.7% (N Z 211, years combined). Hatch-
lings were weighed, individually marked by clipping the
tip of one or two nails and returned to their nests. An
equal number of quail eggs was subsequently removed
from the nest.
We checked the survival of the chicks in the nest every 5
days (day 1 Z hatch date of the first egg). At days 10, 20
and 30, we also weighed the chicks and measured tarsus
and wing length (days 20 and 30). At day 30, shortly
before fledging, the chicks were ringed.
Breeding birds were individually marked with colour
rings and a metal numbered ring. Birds were caught in
a large baited cage or in their nestbox using trap doors.
Early in the nestling period (day 5), a sample of adults was
captured in 1998, and most breeding birds were captured
in 2000. Biometric characteristics (tarsus and wing length,
mass) were measured, a small blood sample (!60 ml) was
taken for DNA from the brachial vein, and most birds were
released within 20 min.
To estimate survival and identify nestbox owners, we
regularly observed colour-ringed birds from mid-February.
Whenever possible, other colour-ringed jackdaws visiting
the colony and the surrounding areas were also identified.
Resighting probability is the product of the probability
that a bird is still alive and the probability that a living
individual is seen, and survival analysis usually requires
estimating both these parameters using capture–recapture
analysis. However, the probability of observing individu-
als known to be alive was high (91–100% over the study
years 1998–2003 for both sexes, except for 1999, when
fieldwork intensity was low). We therefore used the
Kaplan–Meijer test to compare survival between dominant
and subdominant birds. Resighting probability of an
individual was independent of the fate of its partner in
all years (0.34 ! P ! 0.99).
Agonistic interactions were recorded during March and
the first half of April of 1998 and 2000, until the first egg in
either through displacement, threat or fights, and these
were all scored to obtain a rank order (Ro ¨ell 1978). To stage
conflicts,weofferedfoodinsmallpits(diameter10 cm,one
in1998, twoin2000)approximately 10 m fromthenearest
nestbox. The pits were 30 m apart. At these pits, only one
jackdaw or a jackdaw pair could eat at a time. The feeding
pits were filled only preceding an observation period. We
used only interactions at the feeding pit in which both
participantswere ringed
(XGSD ¼ 80:0G58:2 interactions=male, N Z 42 males).
The success in agonistic interactions (R) of bird J was
calculated following Henderson & Hart (1995): R Z (N
interactions won by J/N interactions lost by J) ! (N
individuals supplanted by J/N individuals that supplanted
J). This equation takes both the proportion of interactions
won and the proportion of individual birds supplanted
tocalculate socialrank
Page 3
into account; other methods to assign rank yielded almost
identical results. Based on the success score (R), a rank
number was assigned to each bird. We then scaled rank
between 0 and 1 (most and least dominant male, re-
spectively), because the number of birds in the hierarchy
differed slightly between years.
Male jackdaws are dominant over females, and the
females' success in conflicts is highly dependent on the
rank and proximity of her partner (Lorenz 1931; Ro ¨ell
1978; Wechsler 1988). Consequently, we cannot deter-
mine female rank independently and instead used the
rank of the male to characterize the rank of the pair.
Statistical Analysis
A number of individuals bred in the colony in both
1998 and 2000, and different breeding attempts from the
same individuals cannot be considered independent sam-
ples. Data were therefore analysed with a repeated meas-
ures hierarchical linear model to avoid pseudoreplication,
using the program MLwiN (version 1.10, Rabasch et al.
2000). Statistical significance of variables was assessed
from the increase in deviance (DDev) when the variable
was removed from the model. The change in deviance is
asymptotically distributed as c2
change in degrees of freedom (Snijders & Bosker 1999).
Unless stated otherwise, data from both years (1998 and
2000) were combined in the analysis. Separate regressions
(calculated using SPSS 9.0) are also shown in Table 1 for
comparison between years.
with corresponding
The Hierarchy
Birds present in both 1998 and 2000 had very similar
ranks in the 2 years (F1,7Z 12.5, P Z 0.01; Fig. 1). Despite
becoming 2 years older, males did not acquire higher
dominance between 1998 and 2000 (mean difference Z
?0.03, paired t test: t8Z ?0.41, P Z 0.7). The rank of
birds determined at both feeding pits separately was
highly correlated (Pearson: r12Z 0.90, P ! 0.001; data
from 2000), indicating that rank was not site dependent
on the scale of the colony. Observations at the two feeding
pits were therefore combined. The constancy of domi-
nance rank in space and time shows that our method
yields highly repeatable estimates of rank.
Rank was not correlated with laying date of the first egg
or clutch size (Table 1). However, more dominant pairs
produced smaller eggs (Fig. 2) and smaller hatchlings
(Table 1). Nestling mortality was higher in nests of
dominant pairs, especially in 1998. This resulted in fewer
fledglings produced by dominant birds (Fig. 3a). Further-
more, chicks of dominant pairs fledged with lower mass
(Fig. 3b) and smaller size (Table 1). Too few fledglings were
observed in later years to test directly whether dominant
birds produced fewer surviving offspring, and we therefore
Table 1. Dominance rank and reproduction
Dependent variables
19982000Years combined
Laying date
Clutch size
Egg volume
Hatchling mass
Fledgling mass
Fledgling tarsus length
Fledgling wing length
Number of fledglings
Results are calculated for each year separately, and years were combined using hierarchical linear models. All tests for
years combined are with 1 df. Sample sizes for fledgling mass and size are lower because not all nests resulted in
fledged young. Significant correlations are in bold.
00.20.4 0.6
Dominance rank 1998
Dominance rank 2000
Figure 1. Dominance rank of jackdaws in 1998 and 2 years later.
Low rank indicates high dominance. Line indicates equal values
Page 4
verified whether fledging mass predicted survival pros-
pects. For fledglings in 1996–2002, we compared fledging
mass between fledglings found dead within a few weeks of
fledging(XGSD mass at fledging ¼ 155:0G36:3 g,N Z 35),
fledglings whose fate was unknown (194.8 G 31.3 g,
N Z 107) and fledglings seen alive the next year or later
(212.2 G 20.3 g, N Z 24). Using hierarchical linear mod-
els (with year and parents as hierarchical levels), we
found that fledglings that survived their first year
weighed more than fledglings whose fate was unknown
(DDev1Z 8.08, P ! 0.005), which in turn weighed more
than fledglings found dead within a few weeks of
fledging (DDev1Z 27.95, P ! 0.001). When this analysis
was repeated using mean fledgling mass per brood as the
independent variable, and either the proportion of
fledglings surviving or the proportion of fledglings
found dead as the dependent variable, then the same
result emerged (both DDev1O 7.4, P ! 0.01).
Parental Condition
Social dominance was independent of body size (length
of tarsus and wing, males: F1,18! 1.1, P > 0.3; females:
F1,22–21! 0.2, P > 0.6). Enlarging the sample size by in-
cluding birds captured outside the 1998 or 2000 breeding
seasons did not change this result. Condition (residuals
from regression of mass on tarsus) was lower in females
that mated with dominant males (F1,20Z 6.28, P Z 0.02;
Fig. 4a), but male condition was independent of rank
(F1,15Z 0.85, P Z 0.4; Fig. 4b). The relation between
dominance rank and condition differed significantly
between the sexes (rank by sex interaction: F1,36Z 4.20,
To check whether effects of female condition could
explain lower reproductive success of dominant jackdaws,
we included female condition in the model for egg
volume and fledgling quality. Fledgling production was
not correlated with female condition (data not shown),
perhaps because most condition data were from 2000, and
the effect of dominance on fledgling production was weak
in that year (Table 1). The effect of social dominance on
egg volume was mediated through condition of the female
(DDev1Z 7.52, N Z 23, P ! 0.01; Fig. 5), because social
dominance did not explain additional variation when
female condition was taken into account (DDev1Z ?1.8,
P Z 0.2). Fledgling mass was correlated with egg volume,
but there was also a significant effect of social dominance
(Table 2). Thus, female condition and egg volume ex-
plained only part of the correlation between social
dominance and fledgling quality.
Parental Survival
Dominant jackdaws could compensate for lower annual
reproductive output with a longer reproductive life span.
We analysed survival of jackdaws up to the breeding
season of 2003. Birds were assigned to two groups of
equal size, which comprised the top and bottom 50% of
the hierarchy. Data for both years were combined (first
breeding season, either 1998 or 2000, was assigned 0, and
each bird was used only once in the analysis). Survival was
independentof rankinbothsexes(females:log
Dominance rank
Egg volume (cm3)
Figure 2. Egg volume in relation to parental dominance rank. Thin
(B), respectively; bold line showslinear regression for datafrom both
and annual means. Low rank indicates high dominance.
Dominance rank
0.20.40.6 0.81
Number of fledglings
Fledglings mass
Figure 3. Dominance and reproductive success. (a) Fledgling mass
(relative to annual mean). (b) Number of fledglings. Thin and
dashed lines are regression lines for data from 1998 (C) and 2000
(B), respectively; bold line shows linear regression for data from
both years combined. Low rank indicates high dominance.
Page 5
rank Z 1.39, N Z 30, P Z 0.24; males: 0.38, N Z 30,
P Z 0.54; Fig. 6). Average survival rate was 72.7% for
females (N Z 30) and 70.8% for males (N Z 30), in
agreement with estimates on the basis of ring recoveries
(69%; Dobson 1990).
Social dominance was associated with low fledgling pro-
duction and low fledgling quality (Fig. 3). For example,
the five least dominant males annually fledged 1.2 young
of viable quality (fledging mass O170 g), but the five most
Dominance rank
Male condition (g)
Female condition (g)
Figure 4. Social dominance and condition (residuals from regression
of mass on tarsus) of (a) females and (b) males. Low rank indicates
high dominance.
–20 –100 10 2030
Female condition (g)
Egg volume (cm3)
Figure 5. Egg volume in relation to female condition. Egg volume is
deviation from annual mean egg volume, and female condition is
the residual from a regression of mass on tarsus.
Table 2. Effects of dominance, egg volume and female condition on
fledgling mass
DDev Coefficient (SE)
Null model
Final model
Dominance rank
Egg volume
158.46 15
?39.55 (10.93)
70.88 (18.87)
16.57 (6.02)
Rejected term
Female condition
?1 0.44
Data (mean g per brood) were analysed using hierarchical linear
models. Null model includes the constant only. Final model includes
all significant parameters. Changes in deviance (DDev) and in
degrees of freedom (Ddf) indicate the changes when parameters are
dropped from the final model one at a time (or added to the final
model for rejected terms). Female condition is the residual from
a regression of mass on tarsus. N Z 18 broods.
Male survival
Female survival
Figure 6. Parental survival in relation to social dominance in (a)
females and (b) males. All birds were assigned to two groups of
equal size on the basis of their rank (dominants: C; subdominants:
B). Y axis (log scale) shows proportion of birds still alive. Year = 0
denotes first year that rank was known (1998 or 2000). Broken line
between years 3 and 4 is because the sample size is lower for years 4
and 5, with only birds that bred in 1998.
Page 6
dominant males fledged only 0.5 viable young. This
decrease was not compensated with greater longevity,
because survival was independent of social dominance
(Fig. 6). In theory, males could also compensate for low
success with their own partner by having extrapair
fertilizations, but jackdaws have an exceptionally strong
pair bond (Lorenz 1931), and the frequency of extrapair
fertilizations is practically zero (Liebers & Peter 1999;
Henderson et al. 2000). Dominance was a permanent trait
of individuals, and not a state that all surviving indivi-
duals eventually attained. Thesefindings led ustoconclude
that dominant jackdaws in our colony had lower fitness
than did subdominants. To our knowledge, this is the first
example of such a pattern in any free-living species.
Hypotheses that explain low fitness of dominant birds
are based on one of two assumptions. Either it is assumed
that there is a causal relation between dominance and
reproductive success, or it is assumed that a third factor
causes both high dominance and low reproductive suc-
cess. One possible third variable is senescence, when aging
is associated with a decline in reproductive success and an
increase in dominance. Although Henderson & Hart
(1995) reported a correlation between age and dominance,
we consider this explanation unlikely because dominance
was independent of age in our colony, both in recent years
(Fig. 1; S. Verhulst & H. M. Salomons, unpublished data)
and in the 1970s (Ro ¨ell 1978), which may result from the
near absence of breeding yearlings in our colony. We next
consider hypotheses that assume a causal relation be-
tween dominance and reproductive success, although we
acknowledge that we cannot rule out an unknown third
In his extensive review, Ellis (1995) emphasized the
variation in the fitness consequences of dominance, and
proposed that dominance enhances reproductive success
in particular when food availability is low. In agreement
with this proposition, Henderson & Hart (1995) found in
jackdaws that dominance had a stronger effect on fledg-
ling production in years when overall success was low.
Using simple optimality reasoning, this proposition can
logically be extended to explain a negative association
between dominance and reproductive success: when costs
are associated with acquiring and maintaining domi-
nance, and these costs are not compensated with in-
creased resource access (because resources are abundant
regardless of status), the net effect of dominance on
reproductive success will be negative. However, there is
no evidence that resources were abundant in our colony.
One or more nestlings starved in almost every nest, and
fledgling production was approximately equal in our
colony and the colony studied by Henderson & Hart,
where dominance enhanced reproductive success. Thus,
high resource abundance (Ellis 1995) is unlikely to explain
the negative association that we found between domi-
nance and reproductive success.
Females paired with dominant males had poorer condi-
tion and produced smaller eggs, and this explained at least
part of the effect of dominance on reproductive success
(Table 2). Dominant males could have partners in poor
condition because high-quality females prefer subdomi-
nant males as partners, and low-quality females are
'making the best of a bad job' by pairing with a dominant
male (Qvarnstro ¨m & Forsgren 1998). Another possibility is
that females suffer from having a dominant male as
partner. These hypotheses are complementary, because if
females suffer from having a dominant partner, this would
explain why such males are less attractive. Dominant
jackdaws do show more aggression towards their partner
than do subdominant males (1978), and female prefer-
ence of subdominant males to avoid intrapair aggression
has also been demonstrated experimentally in Japanese
quail, Coturnix coturnix japonica (Ophir & Galef 2003). This
evidence lends credibility to these hypotheses, but for
a rigid test, mate choice experiments with jackdaws are
Henderson & Hart (1995) reported a positive effect of
dominance on reproductive success, and a comparison of
our colonies may provide further indications why domi-
nance had a negative effect on reproductive success in our
colony. Both colonies had approximately the same num-
ber of breeding pairs and comparable reproductive suc-
cess, but nestboxes were approximately 8 m apart in their
colony in the U.K. and only 1.5–3 m apart in our colony.
This detail may have far-reaching consequences if closer
proximity induces more interactions. It is well established
that having close neighbours and more agonistic inter-
actions results in higher testosterone titres in birds (Ball &
Wingfield 1987; Wingfield et al. 1990; Beletsky et al.
1992). Testosterone suppresses paternal care (Hegner &
Wingfield 1987; Ketterson & Nolan 1992; Ketterson et al.
1992) and could also explain higher intrapair aggression.
Data to compare aggression levels or testosterone between
colonies are not available, but dominant jackdaws do
participate more in agonistic interactions (Tamm 1977),
including in our colony (effect of rank on number of
interactions: F1,36Z 17.65, P ! 0.001). We consider a tes-
tosterone-based mechanism the most parsimonious ex-
planation of our results, but further experiments, such as
manipulation of colony density and measuring testoster-
one, are required to test this hypothesis. Such experiments
may increase our understanding of the evolution of
dominance and social structures.
The question remains why males invest in acquiring
dominance when they do not benefit. Apparently, the
increase in resource access associated with being dominant
is outweighed by other factors associated with dominance.
This hypothesis suggests that the decision rule that
jackdaws use in conflicts is maladaptive when it is assumed
that birds could also 'choose' not to fight, at least in the
specific circumstances (e.g. high density) of our colony.
However, on a global scale, the decision rule may, on
average, still be optimal, as illustrated by the positive
association found between dominance and reproductive
success in the colony studied by Henderson & Hart (1995).
Alternatively, the decision rule that jackdaws use in
conflicts could be part of a genetically determined behav-
ioural syndrome (as in great tits, Parus major: Verbeek et al.
1996; Drent et al. 2003) in the sense that variation in
dominance reflects different behavioural syndromes.
Variation between colonies in the fitness consequences
of dominance could then contribute to the maintenance
of genetic variation in behavioural syndromes.
Page 7
Peter Visser measured dominance in the 1998 season, and
many students participated in the fieldwork. Many people
reported dead and live jackdaws, and Jeroen Reneerkens
helped to catch adults. Comments from Cor Dijkstra and
Ton Groothuis improved the manuscript. S.V. was sup-
ported by the Technology Foundation Stichting Techni-
scheWetenschappen, applied
Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onder-
zoek and the technology programme of the Ministry of
Economic Affairs.
Allee, W. C. 1952. Dominance and hierarchy in societies of
vertebrates. Colloques Internationaux du CNRS. XXXIV Structure et
Physiologie des Socie ´te ´s Animales, 157–182.
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among strangers in house sparrows. Animal Behaviour, 41, 895–
Ball, G. F. & Wingfield, J. C. 1987. Changes in plasma levels of
luteinizing hormone and sex steroid hormones in relation to
multiple-broodedness and nest-site density in male starlings.
Physiological Zoology, 60, 191–199.
Beletsky, L. D., Orians, G. H. & Wingfield, J. C. 1992. Year-to-year
patterns of circulating levels of testosterone and corticosterone in
relation to breeding density, experience, and reproductive success
of the polygynous red-winged blackbird. Hormones and Behavior,
26, 420–432.
Buchanan, K. L., Evans, M. R., Goldsmith, A. R., Bryant,
D. M. & Rowe, L. V. 2001. Testosterone influences basal
metabolic rate in male house sparrows: a new cost of dominance
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Cristol, D. A. 1992. Food deprivation influences dominance status
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Dobson, A. 1990. Survival rates and their relationship to life-history
traits in some common British birds. Current Ornithology, 7,
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Ellis, L. 1995. Dominance and reproductive success among non-
human animals: a cross-species comparison. Ethology and Socio-
biology, 16, 257–333.
Folstad, I. & Karter, A. J. 1992. Parasites, bright males, and the
Frank, L. G., Weldele, M. L. & Glickman, S. E. 1995. Masculini-
zation costs in hyenas. Nature, 377, 584–585.
Hegner, R. E. & Wingfield, J. C. 1987. Effects of experimental
manipulation of testosterone levels on parental investment and
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Henderson, I. G. & Hart, P. J. B. 1995. Dominance, food acquisition
and reproductive success in jackdaws Corvus monedula. Ornis
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Henderson, I. G., Hart, P. J. B. & Burke, T. 2000. Strict monogamy
in a semi-colonial passerine: the jackdaw Corvus monedula. Journal
of Avian Biology, 31, 177–182.
Ketterson, E. D. & Nolan, V. 1992. Hormones and life histories: an
integrative approach. American Naturalist, 140, S33–S62.
Ketterson, E. D., Nolan, V., Wolf, L. & Ziegenfus, C. 1992.
Testosterone and avian life histories: effects of experimentally
elevated testosterone on behavior and correlates of fitness in
the dark-eyed junco (Junco hyemalis). American Naturalist, 140,
Koivula, K. 1999. Ecological consequences of social dominance in
birds. Proceedings of the 22nd International Ornithological Congress,
Durban, 1580–1591.
Liebers, D. & Peter, H.-U. 1999. Intraspecific interactions in
jackdaws Corvus monedula: a field study combined with parentage
analysis. Ardea, 86, 221–235.
Lorenz, K. 1931. Beitra ¨ge zur Ethologie sozialer Corvidae. Journal fu ¨r
Ornithologie, 80, 50–98.
Ophir, A. G. & Galef, B. G., Jr. 2003. Female Japanese quail that
'eavesdrop' on fighting males prefer losers to winners. Animal
Behaviour, 66, 399–407.
Packer, C., Collins, D. A., Sindimdo, A. & Goodall, J. 1995.
Reproductive constraints on aggressive competition in female
baboons. Nature, 373, 60–63.
Parker, G. A. 1974. Assessment strategy and the evolution of
fighting behaviour. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 47, 223–243.
Piper, W. H. 1997. Social dominance in birds: early findings and
new horizons. Current Ornithology, 14, 125–187.
Pusey, A. E. & Packer, C. 1997. The ecology of relationships. In:
Behavioural Ecology: An Evolutionary Approach. 4th edn (Ed. by
J. R. Krebs & N. B. Davies), pp. 254–283. Oxford: Blackwell
Qvarnstro ¨m, A. & Forsgren, E. 1998. Should females prefer
dominant males?. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 13, 498–501.
Rabasch, J., Browne, W., Goldstein, H., Yang, M., Plewis, I.,
Healy, M., Woodhouse, G., Draper, D., Langford, I. & Lewis, T.
2000. A User's Guide to MLwiN. 2nd edn. London: Institute of
Ro ¨ell, A. 1978. Social behaviour of the jackdaw, Corvus monedula, in
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Rohwer, S. & Ewald, P. W. 1981. The cost of dominance and
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35, 441–454.
Snijders, T. A. B. & Bosker, R. J. 1999. Multilevel Analysis: An
Introduction to Basic and Advanced Multilevel Modeling. London:
Soler, M. 1988. Egg size variation in the jackdaw Corvus monedula in
Granada, Spain. Bird Study, 35, 69–76.
Tamm, S. 1977. Social dominance in captive jackdaws (Corvus
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Verbeek, M. E. M., Boon, A. & Drent, P. J. 1996. Exploration,
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'challenge hypothesis': theoretical implications for patterns of
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of Darwin's Puzzle. Oxford: Oxford University Press.


text:
Pros: Great item. Does exactly what I needed it to do. Would highly recommend.
Cons: No cons as of now.
Other Comments: With the HDMI cable and the USB Cable, I was able to go from the Computer to the TV with a good picture.
The CD with instructions makes it an easy installation.
Pros: This is taylor made for a technophobe. The directions are simple. Plug one end into your laptop the other into an HDMI cable that's plugged into your TV. Move the window you want over and you're done. Easy peezy Japaneezee.
Other Comments: Boot up your laptop first so it doesn't interfere with your sound defaults. If it does simply change them through control panel
Pros: SMALLER THAN YOU THINK
Cons: EASY TO USE - NO COMPLAINTS
Pros: Works as described. You can change the resolution very easily, and it supports pretty much any resolution your TV/Monitor will support. Perfect HD output source. Audio was also fine.
Cons: It will take some time to figure out the best setup for your device. I had a difficult time finding a way to get video running smoothly. See other comments for my solutions.
Other Comments: I don't see very much information helping people troubleshoot their problems. First off, follow the install directions.
Install from the CD first, then turn your monitor/TV on and connect it to the HDdeck, and finally plug the HDdeck into your usb port.
IF the image on the TV/monitor is too small or too big, this is probably a zoom/aspect ratio problem with your TV settings. Most TVs allow you to change the aspect ratio and screen fit through their own settings. Play around until you find the correct setting. My TV had a fit to screen setting. This corrected the display issues I was having.
For good video playback I had to disable hardware acceleration on my browser. This was the only way I could get video playback to work properly. I'm not sure if this was just my problem, but if you're having problems this might help.
For video playback from a media player, I've had to play around a lot. I do not have a solution for windows media player. What I do have working smoothly is VLC media player. The only way I was able to get smooth video playback was to change the video output. Go Tools->Preferences->Video and look for the output drop down menu. I'm currently using Windows GDI video output.
So those are my solutions. Hopefully this helps someone out. If you don't use VLC already, get it, it's probably the best video player out there.
Pros: This device is amazing. If you are video editor and already have a dual monitor set up, now you can easily connect to a larger plasma/LCD screen and not just mirror one of your other displays, but you get an actual third display. You can drag your video player onto the plasma and show your client the video you are working on on a much larger screen. It was seemless and fast. It even knew that my plasma was not a full HD screen but was 1380 x 720 and it adjusted for that automatically. I can also see the use for this at a trade show when you want to use a large Plasma in your booth connected to your laptop to give demos. In the past I purchased a Gefen DVI splitter for over $400.00 and all that I was able to do was to mirror my second display. Now for around $100 I get a third display.
Cons: None so far
Sewell Direct offers a 30-day money back guarantee and a 1 year warranty on all open box products.
Be the first to know about new products and special events.


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SOURCE: Irish Independent
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Expert unearths evidence of mass graves at Treblinka death camp
A FORENSIC archaeologist has unearthed fresh evidence to prove the existence of mass graves at the Nazi death camp Treblinka.
Some 800,000 Jews were killed at the site, in north east Poland, during the Second World War but a lack of physical evidence at the site has been exploited by Holocaust deniers.
British forensic archaeologist Caroline Sturdy Colls has now undertaken the first co-ordinated scientific attempt to locate the graves, according to an interview in the Radio Times.
As Jewish religious law forbids disturbing burial sites, she and her team from the University of Birmingham have used "ground-penetrating radar"....
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- Raleigh Trevelyan, Chronicler of a Notable Family, Dies at 91
- Former spokesman of B.C. anti-immigration group wants UBC history prof fired
- Harvard's Steven Shapin Wins History of Science Award
- Middle East Studies Association Fights a Rising Tide of Critics
- Juan Cole says the postwar Middle East governments were modeled on the Soviet Union, though not communist (interview)


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- North America »
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- The Top Dawg - WTUP
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The Top Dawg - WTUP is a broadcast radio station in Tupelo, Mississippi, United States, providing 50s and 60s Oldies music. WTUP is famous for ... See more
Tupelo - Mississippi, United States - English
5026 Cliff Gookin Blvd
Songs playing in The Top Dawg - WTUP


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I just wanted to say, You guys rock.
One day before I ordered from you, I made another order from magic.org and I still have not received my...Read More ->
I have used a few different websites for various magic. I always seem to come back to MJM though, I love the inventory, the prices and of course the...Read More ->


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The Top 10 In Action Sports
01This British Council Is Trying To Make Skateboarding A Crime...
02Want To Escape The UK And Surf Every Day? This Is The Place To Go…
03Snowfall In New York Has Been So Deep, People Can't Get Out Of Their Houses
04What Do You Get If You Cross A Zip-Wire With A Roller Coaster?
0523 #FirstWorldProblems People Encounter When Skiing
067 Awkward Moments Every Brit Experiences When Surfing Abroad
07'Has Skiing Made Me Bald?' - What Do You Contemplate When You're On The Chairlift?
08This Squaw Valley Ski Edit Is Not To Be Missed...
09This 22 Year Old Student Took Three Years To Make This Adventure Film. The Result Is Truly Beautiful…
10From Small Photo To Breathtaking Reality: This Ski Trip Is One Of The Best We've Seen...
BMX World Championships 2012: Bike Check - Shanaze Reade
A BMX Racing video by corinnewalder - 28,611 views
Great Britain's World Championship gold medal hopeful Shanaze Reade talks us through her 2012 GT Stay Strong race machine. With 2012 being a huge year for BMX Racing the world's top athletes are going all out, putting together the best components and making the most of the science and technology available to ensure they have everything in their armoury to claim a place on the podium.
For your chance to catch the action in person head over to http://bmxworldchamps.co.uk/ and get your ticket to the event itself.
For more information on Stay Strong go to: http://staystrong.co.uk/


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Kim, If I have the right Keith and James Loper, then they are related to me. Their GGGrandfather and my GGrandfather were brothers. But, I am not familiar with a Mae Loper being their grandmother. Their grandfather could have remarried a woman by that name that I do no know about. I appreciate your help.
Thank you, Mickey
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text: ""; ?> Coti guitar chords, guitar tabs and lyrics - chordie guitar tabs, guitar chords and lyrics Artists Songs Public booksPublic My songbookSongbook ResourcesDiv Forum Browse artists: A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z # -first letter-A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z # All songs - change Chordie needs editors! Improve this page Coti MusicCoti Songs There was no article about Coti in Wikipedia. If you know anything about Coti, please contribute to the free encyclopedia by writing an article. Coti Antes Que Ver El Sol (1) Nada Fue Un Error (1) play their songs - buy their music - support the artists copyright © 2011 chordie guitar chords 5 popular songs In My Place Coldplay I Don't Want To Talk About It Rod Stewart Summer In The City Lovin' Spoonful Who'll Stop The Rain Creedence Clearwater Revival Bad Moon Risin Ccr


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Filibuster fails! (For now) VideoSubmitted by fonzdrew on Thu, 04/11/2013 - 13:08
Controversial gun legislation cleared a key Senate hurdle Thursday, as lawmakers voted 68-31 to start debate on the package which includes expanded background checks and new penalties for gun trafficking.
Senate Democrats, joined by 16 Republicans, were able to overcome an attempted filibuster by GOP senators opposed to the current bill. Those senators could still slow-walk the debate, but the Senate will eventually begin votes on amendments -- one of which is considered crucial to winning support for a final vote.
The White House called Thursday's tally an "important" but "early milestone," as both sides of the issue prepare for a grueling debate -- one that is being waged in Washington and on the airwaves.
The amendment likely to be at the front of the line is one from Sens. Joe Manchin, D-W.Va., and Pat Toomey, R-Pa., which would scale back the call for universal background checks. The plan would expand checks to gun-show and Internet sales, but exempt certain personal transactions.
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Does anyone know the 16
Does anyone know the 16 Republican senators?
The sellout sixteen are:
Jeff Flake (AZ) (202)224-4521
John McCain (AZ) (202)224-2235
Johnny Isakson (GA) (202)224-3643
Saxby Chambliss(GA) (202)224-3521
Mark Kirk (IL) (202)224-2854
Susan Collins (ME) (202)224-2523
Roger Wicker (MS) (202)224-6253
Richard Burr (NC) (202)224-3154
John Hoeven (ND) (202)224-2551
Kelly Ayotte (NH) (202)224-3324
Dean Heller (NV) (202)224-6244
Tom Coburn (OK) (202)224-5754
Pat Toomey (PA) (202)224-4254
Lindsey Graham (SC) (202)224-5972
Bob Corker (TN) (202)224-3344
Lamar Alexander(TN) (202)224-4944
Thanks for posting the names
Thanks for posting the names and numbers of the sellouts. We should all distribute the list by email to our friends who care.
Go to ther Facebook accounts
And let them know how you feel!
LOL @ the recommended videos
LOL @ the recommended videos on the fox page:
What can we learn from reading the Bible?
Could ObamaCare cause the next recesion?
MTV star admits she made a porno
Did teen mom hire a porn star to make a sex tape?
Pretty much sums up FOX News right there...
We all share this eternally evolving present moment- The past and future only exist as inconsequential mental fabrications.
Call your representives and then...
Email your friends and family. Mail your neighbors a Super Brochure. Talk to them and show that the media is telling them false information.
The Right To Bear Arms once lost is hard to regain.
In Liberty,
Super Brochure: "Right To Bear Arms"
16 republicans need to be
16 republicans need to be removed asap.
Ron Paul 2016
purely political..
they passed this to make sure Rand didn't filibuster. Thats my thought anyway.
'Peace is a powerful message.' Ron Paul
In January, 2008
"George Bush signed into law a measure that aimed to keep firearms from people with mental illness. The law provided $1.3 billion in federal grants to states, so they could improve their tracking of mentally ill people" (p. 228).
Napolitano, A. (2010). Lies the government told you: Myth, power, and deception in American history. Nashville, TN: Thomas Nelson.
Technically it is all ultra viras! These faux senators are ...
Technically it is all ultra viras! These faux senators are without the power in any case!
Of course we understand the reality of the preset battles, as do some of the liberty minded congress critters. Nevertheless, none of these Senators have been appointed by their state legislatures as the constitution still requires to this day!
The clear and well documented evidence of the failure of the 17th amendment to pass the required state legislatures, proves that the amendment which attempted to allow a media bought popularity contest access in electing our Senators to Congress, does not exist in law! All they have passed over the last many years is to be questioned!
Extensive research published on this matter has been suppressed of course, but that does not make right and just what was wrong and criminal, in the actions of then Secretary of State Philander Knox who fraudulently, knowingly, declared the 17th amendment passed! He simply decided for himself that states who did not pass, did pass for all his intents and purposes! His Orwellian approach and blatant gall in declaring it so, could only have survived scrutiny in such an 'internet absent age' as 1916 proved to be.
Again, it was the control of media, coupled with the perfidious oath breaking actions of congress and the administration, which deceived the people and therefore history since that time!
The time has come to unwind this and other errors in law. Justice is ill served by the present alternative. History will no doubt etch this crime into the long epitaph of freedom's headstone!
every congressman and woman is calling the people out
they dont discuss drugs nor video games, to save our children they want our weapons.
congress is a bag of tools so why should we the people allow them to trample the authority of the constitution.
A true flower can not blossom without sunlight and a true man can not live without love.
did it again. voting before they know what's in the
bill. i.e., no one read the bill!
excerpt: They also expressed frustration that, while Manchin and Toomey touted their compromise measure, the bill on the table Thursday [today] did not yet include that. Rather, it included a stricter background checks provision.
"Because the background-check measure is the centerpiece of this legislation it is critical that we know what is in the bill before we vote on it," Sens. Rand Paul, R-Ky.; Ted Cruz, R-Texas; and Mike Lee, R-Utah, said in a statement.
"If you want something you've never had before, you have to do something you've never done before." Debra Medina
We can blame politicians
or we can blame US courts (that do not uphold the Bill of Rights and the Constitution itself) or we can blame people. But in the end, American people are responsible.
Look at the trend according to Gallup (most of the data is before Sandy Hook) http://www.gallup.com/poll/1645/guns.aspx
Nothing will pass the house
Nothing will pass the house
"When the people fear their government, there is tyranny; when the government fears the people, there is liberty."
I'm so ashamed of my senators... I'm from Tennessee, and both Alexander and Corker (both republicans) voted to continue the debate on this gun control bill. So disheartening...
"No physical quantity explains it's own existence, and no amount of time can consume an infinite series of events to bring you to the present, which means all of these somewhere have to be explained by one self-existent cause which is not physical."
Contact these traitorous statist primates, NOW:
Not that I have ANY faith in the system, be that as it may, please call and email them and leave a 'be a dutiful Constitutional servant, now won't ya?' cordiality for the statist servant douchescumfcukery.
Predictions in due Time...
"Let it not be said that no one cared, that no one objected once it's realized that our liberties and wealth are in jeopardy." - Dr. Ronald Ernest Paul
Representatives of the minority have no authority.
No one in this Congress was elected by a majority of eligible voters.
The Congressional noisemakers are polluting the airwaves and wasting billions in borrowed money. (Taxes only pay interest on the principle.
We are going into debt to pay this worthless rabble?
Free includes debt-free!
Got to love traitors!
To hell with them


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The Tablas Creek Vineyard Patelin de Tablas is a blend of four red Rhône varietals: Syrah, Grenache, Mourvèdre and Counoise. The wine incorporates fruit from several of the top Rhône vineyards in Paso Robles, each vineyard selected for its quality. Like many red wines from the Rhône Valley, it is based on the dark fruit, mineral and spice of Syrah, with the brightness and fresh acidity of Grenache, the structure and meatiness of Mourvèdre and a small addition of Counoise for complexity.
Grapes for the Patelin de Tablas are sourced from four regions in Paso Robles. Three are limestone-rich: the warmer, higher-elevation Adelaida Hills near Tablas Creek, the cool, coastal-influenced Templeton Gap to our south, and the moderate, hilly El Pomar to our south-east. These regions provide structured, mineral-laced fruit and excellent acidity. We also source fruit from the warmer heartland of the Paso Robles AVA: the Estrella District, whose mixed sandy loam soils produce juicy, darkly-fruited Syrah.
The 2012 vintage was a classic Paso Robles vintage, warm and sunny, but with above-average yields thanks to average winter rainfall and the frost-reduced 2011 crop. Despite the warm summer, ripening was slowed due to the healthy crop levels, and harvest at a normal time under ideal conditions, starting in early September and finishing in late October. Harvest for the Patelin began with our first lots of Syrah from Estrella Farms on September 6th and concluded with our last lots of Mourvedre from Briarwood, Hollyhock and Chequera the week of October 20th. The various lots from Tablas Creek were harvested between September 10th and October 30th.
All varietals for the Patelin de Tablas were destemmed and fermented in open-top and closed stainless steel fermenters as well as 1500-gallon oak upright casks. Only native yeasts were used. After fermentation, the wines were racked and blended, aged in a mix of stainless steel and 1200-gallon oak foudres, and bottled in August 2013.
The 2012 Patelin de Tablas marries the spice, mineral and structure of Syrah with the generous fruit of Grenache, the backbone of Mourvedre and the brightness of Counoise. Drink it now or over the next decade.
[...more recent Tablas Creek press]
On December 6th, all VINsiders are invited to join Tablas Creek's owners and winemakers for our 10th annual En Primeur Tasting and Futures Offering. Taste the 2013 Esprit de Tablas and 2013 Panoplie, discuss the vintage, and enjoy a seasonal dish created to pair with the wines. The $30 cost to attend the event is refundable on any en primeur purchase. Register for one of two sessions (10:30am or 1:30pm) More information »
This holiday season, choose from 5 gift packages, all with shipping included in a gift box. We even have an epicurean pack including our organic estate olive oil that we can ship to all 50 states! Details & more gift ideas »
We were thrilled to receive such good reviews from this notoriously tough grader, including the 2012 Esprit de Tablas Blanc (92 points; "impeccably refined"), 2011 Panoplie (94 points; "pure elegance"), 2012 Patelin de Tablas (90 points; "a gorgeous wine and a fabulous value"), and the 2012 Esprit de Tablas (93-95 points; "a fascinating Esprit to follow over the coming years"). Read the complete review » More recent press »
November, 21 2014
Over recent weeks, I've received several questions from people wondering how to best preserve a partial bottle of wine for future consumption. Typically, they're wondering if they should invest in a system that replaces the air in the bottle with an inert gas, or in a vacuum system that removes the air from the bottle entirely... Read More »


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Does anyone have any information regarding a female with the last name of Kerfoot from Virginia who married a (male) Chinn from Kentucky any time between 1800 to 1852?
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