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UNION — Union Library Director, Laurie Sansone, traveled to New Orleans ten months after Hurricane Katrina to attend the American Library Association Conference, the first major conference held in New Orleans after the disaster.
Elizabeth Residents: Free Job Training In Customer Service And Sales
by staff report •
ELIZABETH –From Oct. 4 to Oct. 22, Union County College's Retail Skills Center, located in Jersey Gardens Mall, will be offering free job training to all Elizabeth residents who qualify. The free job training will be in the areas of customer service and sales. Classes will be held daily from 9 a.m. to 3:30 p.m.
Clark Environmental Commission Plans Reservoir Cleanup
by staff report •
CLARK — Help improve the environmental condition of the Clark Reservoir by joining the Clark Environmental Commission for the eighth Annual Clark Reservoir Cleanup on Saturday, Oct. 2, from 8:30 a.m. to noon. In the event of rain, the cleanup will be held on Sunday, Oct. 3.
Mobile Document-Shredding Program Will Visit Scotch Plains
by staff report •
SCOTCH PLAINS – Union County residents will be able to take advantage of the county's mobile document shredding program on Saturday, Sept. 25 in Scotch Plains.
UCC To Offer Free Job Training In Customer Service And English As A Second Language
by staff report •
ELIZABETH – From Oct. 4 to Oct. 29, Union County College's Retail Skills Center will be offering free job training to all Elizabeth residents who qualify. The free job training will be in the areas of customer service and English as a second language.
Free Job Training For Elizabeth Residents Interested In Working In The Restaurant Industry
by staff report •
ELIZABETH – From Oct. 4 to 22, Union County College will be offering a free job training course in the restaurant industry to residents of the city of Elizabeth. All Elizabeth residents over the age of 18 are eligible to participate in this program.
NJCU Men's Golf Places 9th In Purchase Invitational
by staff report •
PURCHASE, N.Y. — The New Jersey City University men's golf team teed off in its second-ever event on Tuesday afternoon as the Gothic Knights placed ninth overall in the one-day Purchase College Invitational, at the Old Oaks Country Club.
ALJ Alum Honored By Liberty League
by staff report •
GENEVA, N.Y.—William Smith College first-year defenders Melanie O'Connor (Pope John XXIII/Stockholm) and Morgan Atanasio (Arthur L. Johnson/Clark) were honored by the Liberty League earlier this week.
Potosnak Opens Woodbridge Campaign Office
by staff report •
WOODBRIDGE–Ed Potosnak, Democratic nominee for New Jersey's 7th Congressional District, hosted voters and supporters on Sunday in Woodbridge to celebrate the grand opening of his campaign office.


text:
What is Facebook marketing? How can one do it successfully? What are the options available to a company? There is a lot to know before you create a campaign to market on Facebook, so finding the best information is key. This article has expert advice you can't find elsewhere, so continue reading.
Reach out to the friends of your subscribers by encouraging them to share your content. You could for instance ask subscribers to share your updates to receive a coupon code or focus on sharing entertaining content your subscribers will want to send to their friends. Keep track of which strategies work best.
If you are especially shy, you should find a way to overcome that before you start trying to market your business. People will not clamor to do business with someone that seems to have a hard time communicating. If this is not something you can change, you should consider hiring someone to do your marketing for you.
Do not let the excitement over your page die down. Commit yourself to updating at least a few times a week. If you do not, your followers are going to feel neglected and they probably will not follow you or your products as passionately. Once you set up a http://www.giovanileoniautomobilecode.org page, you have to be committed to its maintenance.
Think about buying Facebook ads. One of the benefits of this is that it can be custom programmed to only be viewed by demographics you dictate. You can use your own budget, doing as little or as much as you want to do. Finally, there is no long-term commitment. Whenever you would like to end your ad, you can.
Do not repost any pictures on Facebook that sensationalize tragedy. You may think there is nothing wrong with sharing a photo that insists people need to like it to show respect for a crime victim, but it is the total opposite. You will be looked at as someone that is trying to profit from the bad fortune of someone else.
Ask your fans to get involved in the conversation on your Facebook page. The more engagement and interactivity you have, the more likely you'll gain more fans in the process. Let your current fans do some of the heavy lifting for you! Their conversation will generate interest from other people.
Offer something in exchange for signing up on your Facebook page. Having visitors register on your page lets you engage them in ongoing dialogue about your business. Offering them something, such as an entry in a sweepstakes, makes them more likely to register on your page and provide your business with valuable leads.
Companies that only have rare contact with customers may not need Facebook pages. There is no reason for these customers to see the daily happenings at your company. Invest your marketing dollars in a targeted Facebook ad instead.
Answer the different questions that your followers post on Facebook link. Doing so helps you develop a good reputation. It's like a phone call: you would never leave it at a message left on your machine, would you?
Facebook marketing is all about eventually selling more of your product. Thus, you should try to set achievable goals each month. Getting people to visit and like your Facebook page is great, however it is more important that your efforts translates to more sales. You should think about changing your strategy if you do not see an increase in your business.
Now instead of feeling helpless, you can feel like you have all the answers you need. You can take this advice and turn it into a plan which will be successful. You'll be able to find the gains you need thanks to opening your business up to the world of people who use Facebook.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
San Diego Comic Con, 2013. Of course we got shawarma after.
(Harry Potter)
Stephen Wildish put together another one of these great film alphabet challenges. Can you name each movie?
(Mass Effect)
Get Over Here and Play a Video Game
The First Official Trailer for 'Jurassic World' is Here, ...
No Matter Who You Are, You've Always Got to Start With a ...
Buddy, We've Got Bad News for You
Link is So Happy in His Kart
No Makeup, Except for the Part With Makeup
Dancing With the Stars Had a Mario Bros. Freestyle Dance ...
The Best Type of Girlfriend
She's Not Into You Bro
Pancake, Do a Barrel Roll!
When Did it Become a Contest?
Pick Your Site Name
Tell me more


text:
The Tennis Times
#TennisChannel's @Martina Navratilova proposing in the TC @usopen suite! Congrats!! #shesaidyes #happilyeverafter pic.twitter.com/bDfdCVfDAD — TennisChannelPR (@TennisChannelPR) September 6, 2014
Andy Murray is at Flushing Meadows for the last grand slam of the year. He has progressed to the second round of this years tournament, but it has not been an easy road. Whenever Andy has to play on Louis Armstrong court (by his own admission, not one of his favourite courts) he struggles. In [...]
If you haven't heard Roger Federer has just launched his official Instagram account – http://instagram.com/rogerfederer Here is his first and only shot:
Ana Ivanovic thought she would share a selfie of her team as they were heading to the US Open 2014.
Head and (RED) are partnering to help fight for an AIDS free generation. HEAD stars Novak Djokovic, Maria Sharapova, Andy Murray, Tomas Berdych, Sloane Stephens, Marin Cilic and Richard Gasquet show their support for the good cause.
Adidas announced what Ana Ivanovic would be wearing at the 2014 US Open. Here it is!
The New York marathon is getting very close. Caroline Wozniacki has been training to run the marathon, so after her match today she went for a 10km run.
Roger Federer has just announced he will be using his new racquet at the US Open. Here is the cool intro video. Enjoy.
Ana Ivanovic was doing some shopping in the USA yesterday and thought she would stop and take a selfie showing the world her friends lipstick. Very weird.
Sabine Lisicki Hits WTA World Record Fastest Serve for a Female| 131mph. She played it so cool.. and didnt even notice!
Novak Djokovic is back on court getting his fitness levels up and ready for the US Open series.
Donna Vekic seemed to be having fun at the beach (Cote d'Azure). Showing us her bikini body.
In an email to ITWA members on Wednesday, he admitted to plagiarizing material for the official Wimbledon Yearbook, which he was hired to write by the LTA: I am writing to you as co-President to inform you that I have decided to resign from ITWA and do so with a heavy heart but it is [...]
Sabine Lisicki enjoys a last walk on the beach before tournaments. Shame … cant always have the good life. Dont worry Sabine you can do a lot more of this after you stop playing tennis
Ana Ivanovic shows off her guest speaker badge after a visit to Google today.
Dominika Cibulkova seems to really enjoy posting sexy selfies. We enjoy her posting sexy selfies
We just posted about Daniela Hantuchova going surfing in the USA. We just came across an old video from January 2013 when she went surfing in Australia on the Sunshine Coast. Very cheesey video, but I had to post it because Im from the Sunshine Coast. Enjoy.
Daniela Hantuchova goes surfing on a hot sunny USA day. Its a tough life for those professional tennis players!
Victoria Azarenka wanted to show the world a close up of her chest. Ohhh.. wait.. she wanted us to read her Nike shirt.
Ana Ivanovic doing a sexy selfie in San Francisco during a very windy day.
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In conjunction with Silverstone Circuits Ltd, Porsche are pleased to offer unique hospitality packages for the 2014 British Grand Prix weekend at Silverstone, Friday 4th to Sunday 6th July 2014*.
Throughout the race weekend you can watch all the action unfold from the roof of the Porsche Experience Centre which offers panoramic views of Becketts, Hangar Straight and through to Stowe.
Event Package Includes:
• Admission, VIP ticket wallet and passes to Porsche Experience Centre
• Viewing from Porsche Restaurant and roof terrace
• Car parking (one parking space per two guests)
• Silverstone TV showing live race action, video replays and interviews in the restaurant
• Giant screen viewable from roof terrace
• Passenger ride with Porsche Driving Consultant in Porsche Panamera
• Hospitality team hosts to ensure your day runs smoothly
• Radio tuned to Silverstone Radio
• Official Grand Prix souvenir
• Only facility to offer an exclusive restaurant style service breakfast, lunch and afternoon tea, plus a roof top BBQ
• Full complimentary bar service, with champagne, specially selected wines, spirits, beers and soft drinks
Event Cost*:
• Friday - £255 per person
• Saturday - £345 per person
• Sunday - £1,050 per person
• Saturday & Sunday - £1,309 per person
All prices are subject to VAT at 20%
* Event date subject to confirmation by Formula 1 Management
To book your place please call 08443 575 911 or email firstname.lastname@example.com.


text:
Urban Decay • Brow Box • Brows
(92 reviews)
|Average Rating.
|Would buy this product again.
Selmiiee on 2/23/2012 8:45:00 AM more reviews by Selmiiee
Age: 19-24 Skin: Dry, Fair-Medium, Warm Hair: Brunette, Straight, Fine Eyes: Brown
I LOVE this product it creates the most perfect eyebrows ever! Mine is in beige betty and it is prefect for my warm, fair to medium skin tone and dark brown hair. I never thought I could find such a perfect product for my eyebrows, everything I have ever tried always seemed overly artificial and fake to me. I whole heartedly recommend it to anyone looking for perfectly defined, natural looking eyebrows. It comes with two shades of powder a little brush and tweezers and a large compartment of eyebrow wax; so it a complete package of everything you need. I hate the packaging though. Urban Decay more often than not had disgusting packaging ew. It is functional and hasn't broken or anything it just lacks any appeal from a style perspective. Great product though!
1 out of 1 people found this review helpful. Was this review helpful to you? Yes No
NicolaKate on 1/23/2012 4:47:00 PM more reviews by NicolaKate
Age: 18 & Under Skin: Dry, Fair Hair: Blond Eyes: Blue
I own this product in 'Gingersnap' as I'm a red head, and I must say I absolutely love it. I use the lighter powder for my overall brow shape and shading, and the darker shade to fill in any patchiness that I have in my brows.
The wax that comes with it excellent for holding my brows in shape for most of the day. The packaging is adorable and the mini tweezers work like a charm.
I've used this product almost everyday for over a year now and there is still a TONNE of product left. It looks like I've only just scratched the surface!
However, my brush bristles have just started to fall out. I'm personally not to fussed though, I have plenty of other eyebrow brushes and a think a years usage isn't too bad at all. It's a little pricey but I'd say totally worth it.
Was this review helpful to you? Yes No
*TOP REVIEWER* sharee20 on 11/27/2011 4:28:00 PM more reviews by sharee20
Age: 30-35 Skin: Normal, Fair-Medium, Cool Hair: Red, Wavy, Fine Eyes: Brown
I have this in gingersnap for redheads. I love that you get 2 shades which you can mix if needed. Great color for me.
Was this review helpful to you? Yes No
*TOP REVIEWER* melangerehab on 11/1/2011 9:02:00 PM more reviews by melangerehab
Age: 19-24 Skin: Sensitive, Fair, Cool Hair: Brunette, Wavy, Medium Eyes: Blue
Eh, I bought this during one of UD's huge sales for only seven dollars. I got in Gingersnap but it does NOT match my hair, not at all. I didn't rate it down for color difference, though.
This product doesn't last a long time throughout the day. The little brush and tweezers that come with it are practically unusable and just seem gimmicky, like they wanted less room for the powder itself. I gave it three lippys because I like the wax that comes with it - I use that every time.
Not worth the money, especially the full price of thirty dollars! That's a complete and total ripoff!
1 out of 1 people found this review helpful. Was this review helpful to you? Yes No
BluegrassGal on 10/13/2011 2:12:00 PM more reviews by BluegrassGal
Age: 19-24 Skin: Acne-prone, Fair-Medium, Warm Hair: Brunette, Wavy, Coarse Eyes: Blue
INSTANT LOVE!!! My sister has been raving about this product for a while now so I decided to give it a go... Its AMAZING!! I got it in 'honey pot' and the color looks great on my brows. the texture of the powders are silky, I LOVE the pan of wax, and the small brush is great for precise application!! My brows look perfectly natural, not overdone, not underdone! I'll be repurchasing when I run out =)
1 out of 1 people found this review helpful. Was this review helpful to you? Yes No
littlestarstef on 7/1/2011 11:16:00 AM more reviews by littlestarstef
Age: 19-24 Skin: Combination, Fair Hair: Blond Eyes: Blue
No love for this product at all :( Thankfully I was given this as a present because I would of kicked myself for buying it! Box is bulky in my purse, colours are so contrasting from each other so u take you take the risk with one or other of the colours.
The box: 2 compartments, one upper lid which holds the small tweezers,brush and mirror and one drawer for the wax.
Its bulky in make up bag and often opening it the tweezers fell out. Cute little design typical of Urban Decay range.
The mirror is decent size for one eye and practical.
The Tweezers is so small, hard to grip the hair and ofter dropped out of the box.
The brush small , but what can u expect from the box size.
The Wax is horrible, you have to apply it with your finger, and plaster it on to your brow making it look greasy :( ..then your finger is horrible with wax in your nail.
There is 2 choice of colours Dark and Extreamly Dark, I have fair hair and these colours are horrible on my face. I tried applying more to see if it looked better NO, I just looked like markered on my brows and I tried a very little amount NO I looked dirty so there was no winning with this product
so if you have blonde, fair skin blue eyes and decent eyebrows ..just dont even consider this product
*recommend* I would only advise some one with darker skin, hair and brows to give it a go otherwise stay away!
Was this review helpful to you? Yes No
meeleessa on 6/13/2011 4:32:00 PM more reviews by meeleessa
Age: 19-24 Skin: Combination, Medium Hair: Brown Eyes: Brown
My eyebrows have never looked better! I really like how the brow powders can be mixed to match my brows and the wax keeps my brows tame the entire day.
Was this review helpful to you? Yes No
theiriina on 5/17/2011 11:34:00 AM more reviews by theiriina
Age: 19-24 Skin: Acne-prone, Fair, Neutral Hair: Red, Curly, Fine Eyes: Green
I love it but I think I got a wrong shade though I'm a redhead.. I got this in Gingersnap but it is too orange-y/red for my eyebrows.. I love the texture of this product, I love the little brush that applies the color evenly and I love the tweezers which are very handy for plugging the most shortest hairs out but I hate the shade.. Oh well, I guess I'm gonna have to try out the one in Honey Pot! :)
2 out of 2 people found this review helpful. Was this review helpful to you? Yes No
*TOP REVIEWER* luisajames on 2/26/2011 2:43:00 AM more reviews by luisajames
Age: 25-29 Skin: Combination, Fair, Warm Hair: Black, Wavy, Medium Eyes: Brown
I have pretty full eyebrows but my arch is a little sparser than I'd like and I have a scar on my left eyebrow that needs a little bit of love so my friend that used to work for UD gave this product to me in 'beige betty' and I love it. My hair is naturally very dark (2N) and these neutral/ash browns work very well on me. I get compliments on my eyebrows all the time and I swear it's this product. People don't believe that I fill them at all because this makes them so natural looking. It's hard for me to find something that works for my eyebrows because my hair is so dark and using black is too harsh and usually brows are too warm. I was using an Anastasia pencil in ultimate brown but I found that to be too warm still. I could probably have gone a shade darker tho I still thought it was too warm. Anyway the only thing I dont really like is how bulky the box is. Though I do like the wax that's in the box I don't use it and I just use brow gel. The only thing I would change is the bulkiness of the product but it is convinient since it comes with everything you would really need (tweezers, brow brush, powders and wax) overall a great product!
Was this review helpful to you? Yes No
Kikilynn09 on 2/23/2011 12:56:00 PM more reviews by Kikilynn09
Age: 19-24 Skin: Acne-prone, Fair-Medium Hair: Blond Eyes: Blue
Love, love, love this product!! Being blonde haired and blue eyed... Its really hard to find a product that colors in my eyebrows without making them look unnatural. But, this product does it. :) I bought this at Ulta when Urban Decay artist we're there for a show. I was a little hesitant spending $30.00, but I love Urban Decay and I trust the brand, so I went ahead and bought it... And I'm not disappointed!! $30 is a little steep, but I don't think I'll have to repurchase in 3 to 4 years. Its amazing. I love the wax and the two fillers. The tweezers are great for touch ups. All in all, I love this product and if you purchase it, you won't regret it. :)
Top Rated Brows
Etude Drawing Eye Brow Pencil32 reviews
Milani Brow Fix Brow Kit143 reviews


text:
- Music
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- Sports
- Theater
- Art
- Family Fun
- Fitness/Health
- Neighborhoods
- About
- The Weekender
SkyBar is revitalizing its Friday night dance party this Friday night at 11 with special guests Glittertitz DJz. If you haven't been to a Glittertitz show, get ready for a crazy dance party with crazy beats, lasers and fog. Lots and lots of fog. If you have been to one of their shows, then you know it's like being in a club in outer space.
SkyBar is the music venue located directly above Saints Pizza and Pub in the heart of St. Matthews. Saints and SkyBar recently went through management changes and extensive renovations. The new managers are now ready to restart this once popular event.
Plans are still preliminary, but Jenny Drake, marketing coordinator, hopes to see this as a resurgence of SkyBar as a nightlife spot. For now, Glittertitz DJz will play every other Friday night, with other music acts taking the stage in between those shows.
There's a $5 cover at the door. Drink specials start at 10.
Photo courtesy of Glittertitz DJz.
|Dancing and Leftovers for Black Friday
|Winter Hit List: Ten Must Do Things in and around Louisville and Southern Indiana
|Moon Taxi Crashes into a Full House at Headiners Music Hall
|Additional Lady Gaga tickets made available by the Yum! Center [Music]
|Thanksgiving: The Louisville.com Writers Express Their Thanks
|Halloween Hit List 2014: Top 10 Things to Do Around Louisville
|CONGO14 Festival Welcomes Bruno Mars for Muhammad Ali Center Benefit Concert


text:
To think this advice to a mum regarding seperation anxiety is sad?(100 Posts)
MightTinge Thu 29-Nov-12 20:49:14
MrsJamin Sat 01-Dec-12 07:12:40
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Scheherezade Sat 01-Dec-12 00:41:31
rainrainandmorerain Sat 01-Dec-12 00:40:13
Alisvolatpropiis Sat 01-Dec-12 00:31:59
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rainrainandmorerain Fri 30-Nov-12 23:52:22
Scheherezade Fri 30-Nov-12 23:33:46
Scheherezade Fri 30-Nov-12 23:32:19
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Anchored by Jake Tapper, The Lead airs at 4 p.m. ET on CNN.
A look at Obama's immigration plan. Plus, how long Takata knew of problems with its airbags.
(CNN) - A lengthy report on wait times at VA health care facilities in Phoenix found that 28 veterans had "clinically significant delays" in care, and six of them died, but investigators couldn't conclusively link their deaths to the delays.
The scathing report, released Tuesday by the Department of Veterans Affairs' Office of Inspector General, said the delays were because of scheduling issues.
There were also 17 patients - 14 of whom died - in the review who received poor care but not as a result of access or scheduling issues.


text: Articles Published On: Jul 06 2012 04:49:47 PM EDT Updated On: Feb 19 2013 05:06:50 PM EST Sweetheart swindler arrested by BSO Pompano Beach woman run over, killed Man shot to death at Miami gas station Man arrested in fatal Pompano Beach shooting Local FSU student captures cellphone video of shooting victim Man sets house on fire, kills responding deputy Lack of turkeys in Miami Gardens leaves residents angry Student who stood near victim describes FSU shooting Motorcyclist killed in Pompano Beach crash Obama on 2016: Americans want 'new car smell' Man shot multiple times in North Miami Beach faces charges Family of FSU shooting victim seeks help Underground grow house discovered in Fla. Miami Beach cafe to make a comeback FSU student shot returns to Miramar 1st Haitian cardinal celebrates Mass in Miami Man, woman shot in NW Miami-Dade Winning Fantasy 5 ticket sold in South Fla. Man accused of stealing 2 Dolphins Super Bowl rings from home Man arrested after running over, killing woman Dept. of Children unaware of investigator's past Local record-setting pilot reaching out to students Report: Leaked emails show GOP redistricting plans Police charge 90-year-old man, 2 pastors with feeding homeless Broncos storm back in 4th to beat Dolphins Beauty shop sells man with dementia $8K worth of items Buffalo's forecast: Warming + rain = flooding Virginia keeps hopes alive, beats Miami Why no word from Ferguson grand jury? Herb Waters carted off after helmet-to-helmet hit View More


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Whatever 10.14
Your daily dose of Whatever!!
Your daily dose of Whatever!!
We found so many ideas for fun Nail Art to match your Halloween spirit!
For all you puppy lovers, this is the cutest thing you will ever see a puppy do -- a little bulldog trying to howl.
Check out all the pictures from Saturday morning!
If you are struggling to pick out a certain type of candy to hand out this Halloween, look no further because buzzfeed has you answer! Just answer these 10 questions and you will have your answer and you will not have to stress about what candy to buy for Halloween
In this hilarious video these boyfriends are trying to be honest with their significant other. They admit and say things that every guy would never say to their girlfriend or wife. For example they mention a girls time of the month and how every guy is being patient waiting for their other half to finish getting ready when they decided to be honest and say that they are mad for having to wait
Need help planning your Halloween Party? Well at least the food part of the party that is (which is the most important). Buzzfeed came out the 29 party snacks that are perfect for Halloween. They feature quite a few healthy options but of course you have your great foods like fried cheese and also pudding cups with oreo crumbs
Ellen decided to have a little bit of fun with her Executive Producer, Andy Lassner. "Annabelle" is that new movie that just came out about that doll that haunts people and somehow Ellen got ahold of one and decided to scare some of the people she works with but mainly Andy Lassner
Your comprehensive guide to all Halloween Attractions in the area!
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Every Friday in October is a Fantastic Friday thanks to "Connie & Curtis" and the Michigan Lottery!
Each Friday from now until the end of the month, one lucky listener will have a chance to become a Michigan Millionaire all courtesy of the Michigan Lottery!
Somehow a guy on a plane this week found a way to make people even angrier than if he'd dared to recline his SEAT. Amazing, right?


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Corporations Guilty of Killing Workers Being Rebated Millions of Dollars by WSIB: OFL Report
Nov. 24, 2014
Time "running out" for COSTI Immigrant Services to get serious about a fair contract, warns CUPE 2221 President
Nov. 21, 2014
Ontario should stop hitting its head against a fiscal wall
Nov. 21, 2014
2014 Transgender Day of Remembrance
Nov. 20, 2014
On National Child Day, child welfare workers urge government to safeguard at-risk children by implementing inquest recommendations
Nov. 20, 2014
Province must take action on growing gender income gap
CUPE Ontario president to help take Equal Pay Day message to the street
TORONTO, Ont. – A new report shows the wage gap between women and men has grown to 31.5 percent and that needs to change, says Fred Hahn, president of the Canadian Union of Public Employees (CUPE), Ontario, who will be taking to the streets of Toronto tomorrow during an Equal Pay Day event at University and College.
"Women in Ontario are still paid substantially less than men. A quarter century after passing the Pay Equity Act, we're still having to take employers before the pay equity commission on behalf of CUPE members, the majority of whom are women," says Hahn.
Studies show women continue to be paid less, even when their skill, effort, responsibility and working conditions are similar to men's. Racialized women, Aboriginal women and women with disabilities face the greatest discrimination. The gap grew from 28 percent in 2010 to 31.5 percent in 2011, according to a new report from the Equal Pay Coalition.
"The gap is smaller in unionized workplaces, but we still have work to do," says Hahn. "So does the government. Right now, for example, no party in the legislature is standing up for a minimum wage above the poverty line. Ensuring a fair minimum wage would go a long way to closing the gender pay gap."
The event on Wednesday morning is being organized by the Equal Pay Coalition. Participants will begin handing out leaflets and buttons to raise awareness at 10:30 a.m
WHAT: Equal Pay Day leafleting and speakers
WHERE: Northeast corner of University Avenue and College Street, Toronto
WHEN: Leafleting from 10:30, speakers at 11:30
SPEAKERS INCLUDE: Fred Hahn, President, CUPE Ontario, Mary Cornish, Chair, Equal Pay Coalition, Kelly O'Sullivan, Chair, CUPE Ontario Health Care Workers Coordinating Committee, Diana O'Brien, UFCW 1000a, Holly Marsh, child care worker at U of T Mississauga Early Learning Centre
Equal Pay Day events will also take place in Kingston, London, Ottawa and Windsor. For more information about Equal Pay Day and pay equity, visit equalpaycoalition.org and cupe.on.ca.
CUPE is Ontario's community union, with members providing the quality public services we all rely on, in every part of the province, every day. CUPE Ontario members are proud to work in social services, health care, municipalities, school boards, universities and airlines.
For further information:
Craig Saunders, CUPE Communications 416-576-7316


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Posted Nov 05, 2012By
The Warriors tried to rally from behind, as they did on the road in the season opener. But this time, they fell shot, losing 94-92 at Sacramento.
Guard Klay Thompson led the Warriors with 22 points and seven rebounds. David Lee had 20 points, six rebounds and four assists. Point guard Stephen Curry totaled 12 points, eight assists and six rebounds, and center Andrew Bogut totaled 12 points in 19 minutes.[insertSlideshowjava xml="http://director.mercurynews.com/images.php?album=2510" api="merc2"]
On a night when Kobe Bryant set the record for most missed field goals in an NBA career, the Memphis Grizzlies exte
The San Antonio Spurs visit the Los Angeles Clippers for the first time since winning the 2014 NBA Champoniship.(An
The Golden State Warriors take on the Houston Rockets in an NBA basketball game at the Toyota Center, Houston, Texa
The Sacramento Kings defeated the LA Clippers at Staples Center 99-92 Sunday.
The Golden State Warriors (1-0) take on the Los Angeles Lakers (0-3) in an NBA basketball game at Oracle Arena, in
Lakers vs Clippers, Friday, October 31, 2014.


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text:
A liquid crystal cell useful in light valves is disclosed in which positive anisotropy liquid crystals are installed at an initial off-perpendicular alignment within the approximate range of 6°-45°. A light valve employing the cell is initially biased to a voltage approximately corresponding to a transmissivity peak; the selection of the exact bias voltage involves a trade-off between contrast and response speed. The cell surfaces are characterized by generally flat macrostructures and tilted surface microstructures, with an overcoat on the surfaces of a long chain alcohol with alkoxy groups derived therefrom bonded to the tilted surface microstructure. The alcohol molecules have the formula ROH, where R is a carbon chain having at least six carbon atoms therein.
1. A liquid crystal light valve system, comprising:
a liquid crystal light valve including a liquid crystal cell operable in a tuneable birefringent mode having a pair of walls with opposed inner surfaces, and means for establishing a spatial voltage pattern across said cell in response to the spatial pattern of an input radiation beam, said cell containing a positive dielectric anisotropy liquid crystal medium at a tilt angle off-perpendicular to said opposed cell surfaces within the approximate range of 6°-45°, said liquid crystal being characterized by a peak transmissivity at a corresponding first bias voltage, and by a progressively decreasing transmissivity at bias voltages greater and lesser than said first bias voltage, and
means for applying a bias voltage across said cell which is approximately equal to said first bias voltage which corresponds to said peak transmissivity, and
first and second polarizers, said liquid crystal light valve being positioned between said polarizers.
2. The liquid crystal light valve system of claim 1, wherein said bias voltage applying means applies a bias voltage across said cell which is less than said first bias voltage by an approximate tolerance factor sufficient to ensure that the peak transmissivity is within the light valve's operating range, thereby providing for high contrast.
3. The liquid crystal light valve system of claim 1, wherein said bias voltage applying means applies a bias voltage across said cell which is greater than said first bias voltage by an approximate tolerance factor sufficient to ensure that the cell returns to the predetermined bias voltage in the absence of input radiation, thereby providing for a fast liquid crystal response.
4. The liquid crystal cell of claim 1 said wall surfaces being characterized by generally planar macrostructures and tilted surface microstructures, with an overcoat on the surfaces comprising a long chain alcohol with alkoxy groups derived therefrom being bonded to the tilted surface microstructure, the alcohol molecules having the formula ROH, where R is a carbon chain having at least about 6 carbon atoms therein.
5. The liquid crystal cell of claim 4, wherein the cell wall surfaces are formed from SiOx, where x is from 1 to 2.
6. The liquid crystal cell of claim 4, wherein the carbon chains have from about 6 to about 24 carbon atoms therein.
7. The liquid crystal cell of claim 4, wherein the tilted surface microstructure has a generally sawtooth profile.
8. A method of operating a liquid crystal light valve to modulate a readout beam in accordance with an input signal, said light valve including a liquid crystal cell having a pair of walls with opposed inner surfaces, said cell containing a positive dielectric anisotropy liquid crystal medium at a tilt angle off-perpendicular to said opposed cell surfaces within the approximate range of 6°-45°, said liquid crystal being characterized by a peak transmissivity at a corresponding first bias voltage, and by a progressively decreasing transmissivity at bias voltages greater and lesser than said first bias voltage, comprising:
applying a bias voltage across said cell which is approximately equal to the voltage level corresponding to said peak transmissivity,
applying an input signal to the light valve,
superimposing a signal voltage corresponding to said input signal upon the second bias voltage across said cell to control the liquid crystal tilt angle,
directing a readout beam through said cell, and
modulating said readout beam in accordance with the signal voltage and liquid crystal tilt angle.
9. The method of claim 8, wherein the bias voltage applied across the cell is less than said first bias voltage by an approximate tolerance factor sufficient to ensure that the peak transmissivity is within the light valve's operating range, thereby providing for high contrast.
10. The method of claim 8, wherein the bias voltage applied across the cell is greater than said first bias voltage by an approximate tolerance factor sufficient to ensure that the cell returns to the first bias voltage in the absence of an input signal to the light valve, thereby providing for a fast liquid crystal response.
11. A liquid crystal tuneable birefringent system comprising:
a liquid crystal cell operable in a tuneable birefringent mode, said cell having a pair of opposed inner surfaces, said cell containing a positive dielectric anisotropy liquid crystal medium at a tilt angle off-perpendicular to said opposed cell surfaces within the approximate range of 6°-45°, said liquid crystal being characterized by a minimum transmissivity at a corresponding first bias voltage, and by a progressively increasing transmissivity at bias voltages greater and lesser than said first bias voltage;
means for applying a bias voltage across said cell approximately equal to said first bias voltage, and
first and second polarizers, said cell being positioned between said polarizers.
This application is related to Ser. No. 919,155, filed Oct. 14, 1986 by Leroy J. Miller, Willis H. Smith, Jr., Anna M. Lackner and J. David Margerum for "Method and Apparatus for Tilted Alignment of Liquid Crystals With Improved Photostability", and assigned to Hughes Aircraft Company, the assignee of the present invention.
1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates in general to the alignment of liquid crystals in electro-optical devices, and more particularly to a stable tilted alignment in liquid crystal light valves and displays for low voltage operation.
2. Description of the Related Art
Photoactivated liquid crystal light valves convert an input image to an electric field pattern across a liquid crystal cell, whereby the liquid crystal material within the cell is rotated in accordance with the local field. The liquid crystal orientation controls the transmission of an output beam from the light valve such that the output beam contains spatial information from the input beam, but often in a different format. One of the problems encountered with these devices is that, when the liquid crystals are initially aligned with their directors perpendicular to the cell walls in the absence of an applied field, the direction in which they tilt when a field is applied is somewhat random. Liquid crystals in different areas of the cell may tilt in different directions; this phenomenon can interfere with proper light valve operation, especially in the presence of lateral fields resulting from lateral gradients in the input light intensity.
In an attempt to overcome this problem, liquid crystal cells have been fabricated in which the directors of the liquid crystals are given a slight but uniform pretilt in the absence of an electric field. Thus, when a field is applied, the crystals will tilt in the same direction because of their uniform pre-tilt This technique has achieved good short term results in improving light valve operation, but thus far has suffered from a lack of adequate photostability. When exposed to light for significant periods of time, the tilted alignment deteriorates and the crystals return to a perpendicular alignment in the absence of a field. Thus, while a tilted alignment has been demonstrated to improve light valve operation, the short lifetime of devices which employ this technique has placed a practical limitation on their usefulness.
The desirability of maintaining a liquid crystal pretilt of about 2° to about 6° for a light valve is described in an article by Grinberg, et al., "Photoactivated Birefringent Liquid-Crystal Light Valve for Color Symbology Display", IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices, Vol. ED-22, page 775 (1975). This paper also cites the problem of liquid crystal deterioration from ultraviolet and visible light of high intensity.
A prior art technique for achieving a tilted liquid crystal alignment is described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,030,997 by Leroy J. Miller and Jan Grinberg, issued June 27, 1977 and assigned to Hughes Aircraft Company, the assignee of the present invention. This patent describes a technique in which the surface of a substrate is overcoated with a thin layer of SiO2 or other material with reactive surface hydroxyl groups, and then ion beam etched at a shallow angle. The surface is next treated with a mixture of a long chain aliphatic alcohol having the formula CH3 (CH2)n CH2 OH, where n ranges from about 2 to about 18, and an aliphatic amine catalyst The treatment takes place by immersing the substrate in a hot liquid mixture of the alcohol and amine, followed by washing the surface with an inert organic solvent. In this approach the alcohol reacts to convert SiO2 surface hydroxyl groups into alkoxy groups. The liquid crystal tilt angle has been found to be dependent upon the ion beam etching conditions, the length of the alkoxy group bonded to the surface, the liquid crystal mixture used in the cell, and the temperature. Typical photostability lifetimes of cells formed by this method were only about two to four Wh/cm2 of exposure from a xenon arc lamp filtered to give a broad band exposure (385-950 nm) with an intensity of about 150 mW/cm2 on the light valve cell. These cells failed rapidly because the off-perpendicular liquid crystal tilt was rapidly and excessively reduced, e.g., a cell change from an initial tilt of 3° down to 0.4° after only three Wh/cm2 of exposure. The initial tilt angle of the cells also varied substantially with the cell temperature.
Several reports have been made on other techniques for obtaining tilted-perpendicular liquid crystal surface alignment, but none of them disclosed any significant improvement in the photostability of the pre-tilt alignment. An article by W. Urbach et al. in Applied Physics Letters, Volume 25, page 479 (1974) describes the use of the surfactant CTAB (cetyltrimethylammonium bromide) on angle-evaporated coatings of SiO to obtain perpendicular or tilted-perpendicular alignment. A CTAB coating is achieved by slowly pulling the plates vertically from the surfactant solution. The CTAB coating on a shallow angled SiO deposition, deposited at a grazing angle of about 15°, gave large off-perpendicular liquid crystal alignment. Small off-perpendicular alignments were achieved for a medium angle SiO deposition deposited at a grazing angle of about 25°, while a perpendicular alignment resulted from SiO deposited at a large grazing angle of about 50°. Because the CTAB is not chemically bonded to the surface, some or even all of it can dissolve in the liquid crystal, depending upon the liquid crystal structure, thickness and temperature. The dissolved CTAB will increase the conductivity of the liquid crystal, which is undesirable for a field-effect device such as tuneable birefringence. Neither the surface nor the dissolved CTAB would be expected to have long term photostability at high radiation intensities.
The use of lecithin or "acid T" as a surfactant dopant for bulk liquid crystals in cells with medium angle deposited SiO (15°-30° off-surface deposition), or with medium angle deposited MgF2 treated surfaces, is described in K. Fahrenschon and M. F. Schiekel, Journal of the Electrochemistry Society, Vol. 124, page 953 (1977). The article gives examples of 12° and 16° pre-tilts for the liquid crystals in the tilted-perpendicular cells. The surfactants used are not chemically bonded to the surface, and have not been found to be either thermally or photochemically stable alignment agents, especially for long period, high intensity exposures.
W. R. Heffner, et al., Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 36, page 144 (1980) described the use of silane (DMOAP) and of ultrathin plasma polymerized tetrafluoroethylene (UTPFE) on obliquely deposited silicon monoxide shallow angle deposition-SiOx surfaces, with a 5° grazing angle, to obtain tilted-perpendicular liquid crystal alignment. Off-normal liquid crystal angles of 16°-20° were reported with the silane/SiO treatment and the liquid crystal CB-7, 20°-35° with an azoxy liquid crystal, and 22°-32° with the UTPFE/SiO treatment and CB-7. Each of these "surfactant" reagents are reported to give well adhered polymer coatings on glass (or SiO) surfaces, and these could be considerably more stable than the CTAB and lecithin surfactants reported above. However, no devices were described and no photostability data were reported.
An article by L. Rousille and J. Robert in Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 50, page 3975 (1979) describes the use of plasma polymerized polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) films 20 angstroms thick on medium angle deposited-SiO (30° grazing angle deposition) surfaces. Liquid crystals with about a 3° off-perpendicular tilt were obtained. Thicker PTFE films of 50 angstroms resulted in 0° tilt on the shallow angle deposited-SiO. No photostability or thermal stability lifetime data were reported or discussed.
Techniques for obtaining surface-perpendicular (nontilted) liquid crystal alignment by forming surface alkoxy groups bonded to the surface by the reaction of long chain alcohols with surface hydroxyl groups are described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,022,934 by Leroy J. Miller, issued May 10, 1977 and U.S. Pat. No. 4,464,134 by Anna M. Lackner et al., issued Aug. 7, 1984, both assigned to Hughes Aircraft Company. The Miller patent describes the reaction of the surface with long chain alcohols by immersing the surface in a hot bath of the alcohol or an alcohol/ amine mixture. The Lackner et al. patent describes an improved technique of reacting the surfaces with long chain alcohols by exposure to hot alcohol vapor. The two patents deal with the achievement of a perpendicular alignment, rather than a tilted alignment. The Lackner et al. patent deals with methods for obtaining substantially perpendicular liquid crystal surface alignment on surfaces which include an oxide coating selected from the group consisting of SiO2, SiO, indium-tin-oxide/SiO2, tin-oxide/ SiO2 and indium/SiO2 mixtures.
Another technique that is relevant to the present invention is reported in an article by Milo Johnson and P. Andrew Penz, "Low Tilt Angle Nematic Alignment Compatible With FRIT Sealing", IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices, Vol. ED-24, No. 7, July 1977, pages 805-807. The reported technique is used for tilted surface-parallel liquid crystal alignment. In this technique a combination of medium angle deposition (MAD) and shallow angle deposition (SAD) of SiOx on a surface with a basically planar macrostructure is used to achieve a tilted surface microstructure having a generally saw-tooth-shaped profile. This technique is used for low tilt homogenous liquid crystal alignment.
Despite the considerable amount of work that has been done in both the treatment of surfaces to obtain tilted microstructures, and in methods for obtaining both tilted and perpendicular liquid crystal orientations, a liquid crystal cell capable of retaining a tilted-perpendicular liquid crystal orientation over extended operating periods in a light valve was not achieved until the subject matter of related Patent Application Ser. No. 919,155 filed Oct. 14, 1986, was deVeloped.
In the related patent application, one or both opposed surfaces of a liquid crystal cell are treated so as to provide the surfaces with generally aligned microstructures having tilt angles relative to the surface macrostructures which may be inferred to fall within the range of about 0.5° to about 6°. The surfaces are provided with free hydroxyl groups. The desired microstructure configuration is achieved by MAD (medium angle deposition) and SAD (shallow angle deposition) depositions of SiOx, where x is from one to two, with the two depositions oriented approximately 90° to each other. A long chain alcohol is then reacted with the surface and alkoxy groups are chemically bonded to the tilted surface microstructures, the alcohol molecules having the formula ROH, where R is a carbon chain having from about 6 to about 24 carbon atoms. The alcohol may be mixed with an amine, and is preferably bonded to the tilted surface microstructure by exposing the surface to the alcohol vapor. The substrate itself is preferably formed from SiOx. Negative dielectric anisotropy liquid crystals introduced into the prepared cell are aligned by the alkoxy groups to achieve the desired zero-field tilt.
While cells formed in this manner have been found to exhibit a much higher degree of tilt photostability than in previous techniques, both their temperature range and speed of response have been found to be somewhat limited by the availability of suitable liquid crystals of negative dielectric anisotropy. Also, a faint honeycomb pattern known as the "chicken wire effect" has been noticed in the output of some photoactivated liquid crystal light valves. This is believed to arise from the practice of driving the light valve with light from a cathode ray tube through a fiber optic face plate, in which the optical fibers are not perfect and produce the undesired chicken wire effect. The liquid crystals are selected from negative dielectric anisotropy materials, meaning that they rotate away from the field established across the cell in response to an applied input image.
In view of the above problems, the present invention seeks to retain the improved photostability of the related application, and at the same time to provide a lower operating voltage, a wider choice of liquid crystal materials, and to minimize the chicken wire effect in light valves photoactivated through a fiber optic face plate.
These advantages are achieved by providing a liquid crystal cell in which a positive dielectric anisotropy liquid crystal medium is enclosed at an off-perpendicular tilt angle in the range of about 6°-45°. The pre-tilt is established in a manner similar to the related application, but a greater shallow angle deposition is used to produce a significantly greater tilt angle on one or both surfaces.
In a tuneable birefringent mode of operation with the cell rotated 45° with respect to polarizers (either crossed or parallel), the liquid crystal exhibits a peak transmissivity at a predetermined bias voltage across the cell, with progressively lower transmissivities at greater and lesser bias voltages. When incorporated into a light valve, the cell is biased to the region of its peak transmissivity so as to provide high contrast with a small change in the signal voltage. Alternately, the cell can be operated from a bias-controlled transmission minimum to a high transmission on-state. These operational modes are applicable to liquid crystal active matrix devices as well as light valves.
These and other features and advantages of the invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art from the following detailed description of preferred embodiments, taken together with the accompanying drawings, in which:
FIG. 1 is a simplified sectional view of a liquid crystal light valve system;
FIGS. 2(a), 2(b), and 2(c) are a transmissivity-voltage curve, and illustrations of the initial liquid crystal alignment and fully ON liquid crystal alignment, respectively, for a prior hybrid field effect liquid crystal light valve;
FIGS. 3(a), 3(b) and 3(c) are a transmissivity-voltage curve, and illustrations of the initial liquid crystal alignment and fully ON liquid crystal alignment, respectively, for the related patent application identified above;
FIGS. 4(a), 4(b), and 4(c) are a transmissivity-voltage curve, and illustrations of the initial liquid crystal alignment and fully ON liquid crystal alignment, respectively, with the present invention; and
FIGS. 5(a) and 5(b) are illustrative fragmentary drawings of a portion of a liquid crystal cell formed in accordance with the invention, with FIG. 5(a) illustrating the microstructure of the interior cell surface and the orientation of alkoxy groups bonded thereto and FIG. 5(b) illustrating the orientation of later added liquid crystals.
FIGS. 6(a) and 6(b) are examples of transmissivity-voltage curves for the liquid crystal BDH-E7 with two different sets of cell tilt angles and thicknesses, showing operation between both crossed and parallel polarizers in a reflective cell.
FIGS. 7(a) and 7(b) are examples of transmissivity-voltage curves for the liquid crystal ZLI-1132 with two different sets of cell tilt angles and thicknesses, showing operation between both crossed and parallel polarizers in a reflective cell.
A typical liquid crystal light valve 2 of the MOS variety is illustrated in FIG. 1. This and similar devices are described, for example, in articles by U. Efron, et al., "The Silicon Liquid-Crystal Light Valve," Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 57, No. 4, Feb. 15, 1985, pp. 1356-1368, and U. Efron, et al., "The Applications of Silicon Liquid Crystal Light Valves to Optical Data Processing", Proceedings of SPIE-The International Society of Optical Engineering, Jan. 20-21, 1983, pp. 152-161.
The light valves consist of a silicon photoconductor substrate 4 with a back contact electrode 6 and fiber optic plate 8on its input side, and a SiO2 layer 10 on its readout side. The photoconductor is separated from a liquid crystal cell 12 by a dielectric mirror 14 or similar device. A counter electrode 16 followed by a glass cap 18 are provided on the readout side of the device. An AC voltage source 20 connected across the back contact 6 and dielectric electrode 16 establishes a bias to set an operating point for the liquid crystal. In operation, an input image 22 is applied to the input side of the device, while a linearly polarized readout beam 24 is transmitted through the liquid crystal cell and reflected back from dielectric mirror 14 through a crossed polarizer (not shown). The input image produces a corresponding spatial voltage distribution across the liquid crystal cell, altering the localized alignment of the liquid crystals in accordance with the voltage pattern. This results in a spatial modulation of the readout beam 24, permitting a transfer of information from the input to the readout beams. The liquid crystal cell of the present invention is usable not only in place of the liquid crystal layer 12 of the MOS-LCLV configuration shown in FIG. 1 as an example, but also with other types of light valves, including CdS- and CCD- light valves. It is also usable in liquid crystal active matrix devices.
The liquid crystal alignment and operating characteristics of the present invention will now be contrasted with two prior approaches. The first prior approach, illustrated in FIGS. 2(a), (b) and (c), involves a hybrid field effect liquid crystal light valve. This type of device uses a positive dielectric anisotropy liquid crystal in a 45° twisted-nematic configuration as the light modulator. The transmissivity T of the liquid crystal at any localized area of the cell is plotted against the voltage across that area in FIG. 2(a). Beginning initially at A with zero voltage, the curve exhibits lower level preliminary peak transmissivities before reaching a high peak transmissivity at B. In normal operation the light valve is often biased to point B, which would represent the OFF situation with no applied input radiation. The curve then falls along a "back slope" 26 to a minimum C, which is equated with a fully ON input.
The status of the liquid crystals within the liquid crystal cell for points A and C is illustrated in FIGS. 2(b) and 2(c), respectively. A positive dielectric anisotropy liquid crystal is employed, meaning the liquid crystals 28 tend to align in the direction of an applied electric field E. The liquid crystals are initially aligned at about 1°-2°. off-parallel to the cell walls 30, 32, or in other words about 88°-89° off-perpendicular to the cell walls. When field E is applied, the liquid crystals rotate toward the field by an amount determined by the field strength. At operating point C the liquid crystals have rotated substantially toward a perpendicular orientation with respect to the cell walls, as shown in FIG. 2(c); at the maximum transmissivity point B the crystal orientation is between those shown in FIGS. 2(b) and 2(c).
While this device exhibits a fast response to changing voltage levels and liquid crystals can be chosen which have a fairly long photostability lifetime as described by A. M. Lackner et al., Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst., 141, 289-310 (1986), it suffers from a relatively low contrast and does not achieve optimum photostability because small quantities of photo products cause local surface-perpendicular areas of alignment of the liquid crystal.
The approach taken in the related patent application identified above is illustrated in FIGS. 3(a)-(c). This approach employs a negative dielectric anisotropy liquid crystal which rotates away from an applied electric field, rather than towards the field. Its transmissivity characteristic as a tuneable birefringent cell between crossed polarizers is illustrated in FIG. 3(a). At an initial unbiased point A it is essentially non-transmissive, and remains this way until point B, where the transmissivity begins to rise. The device is normally biased to point B, so that further increases in voltage due to an input image will produce positive increases in transmissivity. A peak transmissivity is reached at point C at which the device is considered to be fully ON.
The liquid crystal orientation at points A and C is illustrated in FIGS. 3(b) and 3(c), respectively; the orientation at point B would exhibit an intermediate liquid crystal alignment. At point A the liquid crystals are off-perpendicular to the cell walls by a small angle, in the range of about 0.5°-6°. This small pre-tilt angle is used so that a very dark off-state is obtained. The amount of tilt utilized is generally that required to maintain the tilt direction during operation of the liquid crystal light valve. This is for operation as a tuneable birefringent mode where the cell is generally used between crossed polarizers, with the incident plane of polarization at a 45° angle to the surface direction of the liquid crystal pre-tilt. The liquid crystal tilt is increased as the voltage increases, until it is at an appreciable off-perpendicular angle at point C.
This related approach achieves a high contrast, and also has a very high degree of photostability because the tilted surface-perpendicular alignment at the surface is relatively insensitive to the liquid crystal photodegradation products. However, liquid crystals with highly negative dielectric anisotropy, as well as wide temperature range, high photostability and a fast television range response rate are not readily available, and the device is relatively slow to return to its pre-tilt state when the field is turned off. Also, operation takes place on the front slope 34 of the transmissivity-voltage curve, rather than the back slope 36, because the voltages along the back slope are too high. This means that the transmissivity increases as the voltage increases, rather than decreasing with increasing voltage as in the hybrid field effect device. The result is that the peak light intensity coincides with the peak voltage, giving rise to the "chicken wire" effect discussed above for photoactivated light valves.
An operating scheme of the present invention is illustrated in FIGS. 4(a)-(c). It employs a positive dielectric anisotropy liquid crystal, with a pre-tilt angle which is made large enough to preferably go just past a tuneable birefringent transmission minimum (using parallel polarizers) in the off-state. In its unbiased state the liquid crystals are tilted at a substantial angle to perpendicular, in the range of about 6°-45°, as illustrated in FIG. 4(b). Operation takes place along the back slope 38 of the transmissivity-voltage curve, with the peak transmissivity B corresponding to a biased OFF-state and a very low transmissivity at C corresponding to the ON-state. As illustrated in FIG. 4(c), the liquid crystals reach a slightly tilted perpendicular alignment at point C. This approach provides low voltage operation, is consistent with a high degree of photostability, good contrast, with a wide selection of positive dielectric anisotropy liquid crystals, and with photoactivated switching from high transmissivity to a dark on-state at point C. Cells formed with the new liquid crystal structure can also be operated as tuneable birefringent cells between crossed polarizers, in nearly the reverse mode to the related cells described by FIG. 3(a). In both types of operation the cells are generally used between polarizers, with the incident plane of polarization at a 45° angle to the direction of the liquid crystal pre-tilt.
The general approach to establishing the positive anisotropy liquid crystals with an initial off-perpendicular tilt angle of about 6°-45° is illustrated in FIG. 5(a). Members 42 and 44 are opposed walls in a liquid crystal cell, which is shown empty of liquid crystals. The walls generally have a coating of angle deposited silicon oxide layers, e.g., SiOx, where x is from 1 to 2. The interior surfaces of the opposed walls generally lie in parallel planes indicated by dashed lines 46 and 48, with a generally smooth macrostructure. The two surfaces are treated, however, to produce tilted surface microstructures having generally saw-toothed profiles 50, 52. The precise surface topography of the microstructure has not been measured. However, because the liquid crystal later added to the cell can have a tilt angle within the range of about 6° to about 45°, it can be inferred that the surface of the microstructure is tilted from the macrostructure plane by an angle A which lies in a similar range of about 6° to about 45°.
Long chain alcohol molecules are reacted with each surface, and long chain alkoxy groups are chemically bonded to each surface. Although there is uncertainty as to the exact surface structure, the bonding can be illustrated as in FIG. 5(a) with the alkoxy groups 54 oriented perpendicular to the tilted microstructure.
The situation after a thin layer of liquid crystals, typically about 4-20 microns thick, has been added to the cell is illustrated in FIG. 5(b). The liquid crystals 56 conform to the orientation of the long chains, aligning perpendicular to the microstructure and thus at a uniform tilt angle to the macrostructure surface Whereas the photodegradation of liquid crystals in the presence of other surfaces has been observed to cause a more perpendicular alignment, apparently as a result of the interaction between the degradation products and the surface, the arrangement of FIG. 5(b) has surprisingly been found to produce an unusually high photostability of the tilted perpendicular liquid crystal alignment. Although the explanation for this phenomenon is still under study, it is believed to result not from the outright prevention of liquid crystal photoproducts due to decomposition during light exposure, but rather from such photoproducts becoming attached to the microstructure surface with the same directionality as the alkoxy chains. Accordingly, they do not significantly alter the tilted alignment relative to the macrosurface.
The saw-toothed microstructure profile is preferably obtained by a one-step or two-step process similar to that employed in the related application. In the two-step, a layer of MAD (medium angle deposition)-SiOx is first deposited on the substrate (x is from 1 to 2), preferably by thermal evaporation in a vacuum system, at about a 20°-40° grazing angle, (preferably a MAD grazing angle of about 30°). An undercoating of sputtered SiO2 or Si3 N4 may be provided. The substrate is then rotated 90°, and a second layer of SAD (shallow angle deposition)-SiOx is deposited, at a grazing angle of about 2°-10°, (preferably a SAD grazing angle of about 5°), on top of the first layer, thus orienting the two depositions at approximately 90° to each other. Alternately, the first deposition can be a SAD of SiO or SiO2, followed by a MAD of SiO or SiO2, with an appropriate adjustment in the thicknesses of the two layers. In FIG. 5(a ), with the MAD preceding the SAD, the SAD would be applied from the left for upper substrate 42, and from the right for lower substrate 44. In the one-step process, just SAD-SiOX is used.
Other techniques may be available to obtain the desired tilted surface microstructure. For example, although it has not been demonstrated in this context, it may be possible to form a suitable holographic blazed grating on the cell wall surface to achieve the desired saw-toothed topography. Whatever method is used to obtain the microstructure, free hydroxyl (OH) groups should be present at the microstructure surface to bond with the long alkoxy chains.
In FIGS. 5(a) and 5(b) the microstructures for the upper and lower substrates are generally parallel. In certain cases it may also be possible to have the two microstructures with different degrees of tilt, or by forming the tilted microstructure for only one of the substrates. Under appropriate conditions this may be enough to tilt the liquid crystal throughout the cell.
After the desired microstructure surface topography has been achieved, a long chain alcohol is brought into contact with the surface and chemically bonded to the free hydroxyl groups. The alcohol molecules have the formula ROH, where R is a carbon chain having from about 6 to about 24 carbon atoms therein. The molecules may be either pure aliphatic chains, or may include aromatic rings within the chain. It is possible that modified carbon chains, such as branched chains or chains with additional substances such as oxygen, nitrogen or fluorine, might also work, but this is not known at present. Although in theory there is no upper limit to the length of the chains, chains with more than 24 carbon atoms are quite expensive. For some liquid crystals (e.g., certain Schiff base mixtures), the number of carbon atoms can be as small as 6, or possibly even less for marginally acceptable alignment. For others, the number of carbon atoms must be 14-18 or more.
The substrates are preferably exposed to the long chain alcohol in a heated vapor phase, as in U.S. Pat. No. 4,464,134, or they can be dipped into a molten alcohol and then washed as in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,022,934 and 4,030,997. With the vapor process, the vapor pressure will decrease at a given temperature as the number of carbon atoms in the chain increases, and the rate of reaction with the substrate surface will decrease as the vapor pressure decreases. Octadecanol, with 18 carbon atoms, is satisfactory in most cases and is considered to be the alcohol of choice.
The choice of the thicknesses of MAD and SAD-SiOx layers depends upon the desired liquid crystal tilt angle and the particular liquid crystal being aligned. The resultant tilt appears to result from the topographical effect of the long chain alcohol on the treated surface, and does not depend greatly upon the chain length of the longer chain alcohols.
This preparation differs from that employed with the related patent application principally by the use of more SAD to produce a greater off-perpendicular tilt angle. The following examples of surface preparation, cell fabrication, and electro-optical performance are illustrative of this invention.
The liquid crystal BDH-E7 was used a 12.7 um thick perimeter spacer cell in which the transparent indium tin oxide (ITO) electrode surfaces had SAD-SiO2 depositions of 78 Å and 350 Å, respectively, before each was treated with C18 H37 OH vapor for 2 hours at 140° C. The cell was operated in a tuneable birefringent reflection mode (rotated 45° with respect to the incident polarization), using both parallel and crossed polarizers with green light (broad band peaked at 545 nm). This cell is best operated between a bias voltage of 0.5 V and a maximum voltage of 1.2 V, corresponding to a maximum signal voltage of only 0.7 V. It can be operated with either a bright or dark bias off-state, although this particular cell showed the best contrast ratio between crossed polarizers.
The liquid crystal BDH-E7 was used a 3.5 um thick perimeter spacer cell in which one ITO electrode surface had sequential depositions of 76 Å of MAD-SiO2 and 2 Å of SAD-SiO2 before being treated with C18 H37 OH vapor for 2 hours at 140° C. The other ITO electrode had a deposition of 350 Å of SAD-SiO2 only. The cell was operated in a tuneable birefringent reflection mode (rotated 45° with respect to the incident polarization), using both parallel and crossed polarizers with green light (broad band peaked at 545 nm). Its electro-optical characteristics are similar to the cell shown in Example #1, showing that these two different combinations of surface treatment and cell thicknesses result in the same type of tuneable birefringent performance.
The liquid crystal ZLI-1132 was used a 12.7 um thick perimeter spacer cell in which one ITO electrode surface had sequential depositions of 76 Å of MAD-SiO2 and 2 Å of SAD-SiO2 before being treated with C18 H37 OH vapor for 2 hours at 140° C. The other ITO electrode had a deposition of 350 Å of SAD-SiO2 only. The cell was operated in a tuneable birefringent reflection mode (rotated 45° with respect to the incident polarization), using both parallel and crossed polarizers with green light (broad band peaked at 545 nm). This cell showed good "back slope" operation between a bright off-state with a 0.8 V bias and a total overall voltage of 1.6 V for a dark state minimum, corresponding to an operating maximum signal of only 0.8 V and a 2:1 switching ratio between bias and maximum voltage. These conditions, the contrast ratio, and the photostability of ZLI-1132 (enhanced by use of the alcohol treated electrode) are all very favorable for use with photoactivated light valve projectors in which the "chicken wire" effect of a fiber optic CRT writing source would also be minimized.
The liquid crystal ZLI-1132 was used a 6.1 um thick perimeter spacer cell in which one ITO electrode surface had sequential depositions of 76 Å of MAD-SiO2 and 2 Å of SAD-SiO2 before being treated with C18 H37 OH vapor for 2 hours at 140° C. The other ITO electrode had a deposition of 350 Å of SAD-SiO2 only. The cell was operated in a tuneable birefringent reflection mode (rotated 45° with respect to the incident polarization), using both parallel and crossed polarizers with green light (broad band peaked at 545 nm). This cell showed excellent performance (bright or dark off-state) between a 0.2 V bias and a 1.2 V maximum, corresponding to a 1.0 V maximum operating signal. This type of liquid crystal and cell is very favorable for use in an active matrix activated light valve projection system operated at low voltage and with long term photostability.
The optimum tilt angle required to obtain the no-voltage and bias voltage conditions described in relation to FIGS. 4(a), 5(a) and (b) and 6(a) and (b) depends upon the birefringence of the particular liquid crystal used, the liquid crystal thickness in the cell, the use of a transmission or reflective mode, and the mode of operation chosen.
The high off-state tilt angle with liquid crystals of positive dielectric anisotropy are particularly useful when one or more of the following features are desired:
1. Low voltage operation of cells for either photoactivated light valves or for active matrix projection displays.
2. A bright biased off-state, similar to that used in the back slope operational mode in hybrid field effect light valves.
3. High dielectric anisotropy liquid crystals (used for low voltage response), which are most readily available in positive dielectric anisotropy liquid crystals.
4. High photostability combination of liquid crystals and surface tilt as compared to hybrid field effect cells or to tuneable birefringent cells with slightly tilted surface-parallel liquid crystal alignment.
5. High birefringent liquid crystals (used in thin cells for fast time response), which are more commonly available in positive dielectric anisotropy liquid crystals.
The invention is very useful, for example, to obtain longer liquid crystal light valve lifetimes than hybrid field effect devices at lower voltages when using high birefringent liquid crystals of highly positive dielectric anisotropy such as BDH-E7, or for obtaining higher light throughput and longer lifetimes when using liquid crystals of lower birefringence such as Merck Company ZLI-1132. It is particularly useful in providing photostability in liquid crystal light valve cells used for projection displays. It is also very useful for the operation of low voltage active matrix projection displays, such as the reflective cell of highly tilted ZLI-1132 shown in FIG. 7b which can be operated to a fully on-state with only a 1 V rms signal with either a bright off-state (parallel polarizers) or a dark off-state (crossed polarizers). For full color light valves or active matrix projection systems the optimum contrast will be obtained with a cell optimized for each color channel (e.g., red, blue and green) since the position of the minima, maxima, and zero-voltage transmission varies with the wavelength as well as the cell thickness.
While particular embodiments of the invention have been shown and described, numerous variations and alternate embodiments will occur to those skilled in the art. Accordingly, it is intended that the invention be limited only in terms of the appended claims.
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Glenda L's Reviews > Home Again
Home Again
by Kristin Hannah (Goodreads Author)
by Kristin Hannah (Goodreads Author)
Glenda L's review
Jun 12, 10
Read from June 07 to 12, 2010, read count: 1
Another great novel by Kristin Hannah .. this one is of love and hope and miracles. This book is about Madelaine, a brilliant cardiologist, a loving mother, a tender friend. It is the story of her daughter, Lina, a confused and angry teen and about the two men that they both love ... one a priest and the other his Hollywood actor brother. Tragedy brings them all together and gives them courage to love again. This is a very touching book ... Miracles do exist.
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Chaos as shoppers scramble over each other in Black Friday crush
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Sir Philip Green is launching a schools scheme to get teenagers into retail. He tells Rosamund Urwin about having a top shop and his great mate Kate Moss
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Companies are to be recognised by the Mayor for their work in helping young Londoners on to the career ladder, it was announced today.
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Former Supreme Mary Wilson has urged London teenagers to "dare to dream" in an inspiring speech at the Tricycle theatre in Kilburn.
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Locals backed by Michael Gove want a derelict Islington building to become the borough's first free school; the council wants to sell it for social housing. Alison Roberts reports from the front line
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Neil Simpkins's new life in the classroom has fulfilled his ambition to focus on physics and encourage the next generation to get involved in the subject
10 February 2014


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Posted September 25, 2012 on AP on Fox
LOS ANGELES, CA - AUGUST 30: Frank McCourt leaves Los Angeles County Superior Court after day one of a non-jury divorce trial on August 30, 2010 in Los Angeles, California. The trial, being presided over by Judge Scott M. Gordon in California Superior Court, is to decide whether Frank McCourt is the sole owner of the Los Angeles Dodgers baseball team or his estranged wife and former Dodger CEO Jamie McCourt still has ownership stake in the team. (Photo by Kevork Djansezian/Getty Images)
The ex-wife of former Los Angeles Dodgers owner Frank McCourt has filed a motion to set aside the couple's divorce settlement, claiming he committed fraud by vastly understating the team's value. Jamie McCourt's attorney, Bertram Fields, told The Associated Press on Tuesday that attempts to modify what he called a ''massive imbalance'' in the settlement failed, forcing her to return to court. The motion filed Monday in Los Angeles Superior Court claims Frank McCourt misrepresented the couple's Dodger assets as worth less than $300 million before their divorce in 2010. The team sold in May 2012 for $2.15 billion to a group that includes former NBA star Magic Johnson. Representatives for Frank McCourt could not immediately be reached for comment. A hearing for the motion has been scheduled for November.
Original Story: http://msn.foxsports.com/mlb/story/AP...
PLAYERS: Frank McCourt, Jamie Mccourt, Magic Johnson
TEAMS: Los Angeles Dodgers
TEAMS: Los Angeles Dodgers
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