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Emeraude Perfume
By Coty for Women
Emeraude Perfume by Coty, Launched by the design house of coty in 1921, emeraude is classified as a refined, oriental fragrance . This feminine scent possesses a blend of jasmine, orange, and other citrus florals. Ending with spices and sandalwood. It is recommended for evening wear. All products are original, authentic name brands. We do not sell knockoffs or imitations. ... Read More
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2.5 oz Cologne Spray
Item #412762
In Stock & Ready to Ship!
$ 28.75Add To Cart
0.38 oz Mini Cologne Spray
Item #412761
In Stock, Ships within 13 hours
$ 7.91Add To Cart
1.8 oz Cologne Spray (unboxed)
Item #440693
Unboxed items are a great way to save! They are the same as the boxed version, always original, fresh and authentic... Read more Why are they unboxed? Sometimes boxes can be damaged in transit, torn, or in less than perfect condition. We can buy these items cheaper than the boxed versions and we pass the savings on to you. Be sure to take advantage of great unboxed deals!
In Stock, Ships within 13 hours
$ 12.86Add To Cart
4 oz Dusting Powder
Item #444027
In Stock, Ships within 13 hours
$ 12.99Add To Cart
Gift Set - 1 oz Cologne Spray + 2.5 oz Body Lotion
Item #502182
In Stock, Ships within 13 hours
$ 13.95Add To Cart
This product has 12 Out of Stock items |
1.5 oz Cologne Spray (Tester)
Item #462526
1 oz Cologne Spray (unboxed)
Item #502183
1.5 oz Cologne Spray (unboxed)
Item #446437
2.5 oz Cologne Spray (unboxed)
Item #500315
2 oz Body Lotion
Item #412760
2.3 oz Body Powder
Item #429216
Gift Set - .8 oz Mini Perfume Spray + .8 oz Cologne Spray + 1.75 oz Dusting Powder
Item #412763
Customers Who Bought This Item Also Bought
More Coty fragrancesfor Women: Vanilla Fields , Exclamation , Sand & Sable , L'origan , Muguet Desbois , more
for Men: Stetson , Aspen , Stetson Black , Preferred Stock , Gravity , more
See all Coty products
Customer Comments
FragranceX.com did provide prompt service and the products were in good condition. Will do business again with them. Thank you
K. Noorani (Northbend, WA)
REVIEW SNAPSHOT®by PowerReviews
- Great smell (60)
- Great value (50)
- Draws compliments (37)
- Clean & fresh (35)
- Long-lasting (27)
- Doesn't hold (5)
- Too weak (3)
Best Uses
- Daily use (42)
- Anytime (30)
- Signature fragrance (27)
- Evening (21)
- Special occasions (17)
- Reviewer Profile:
- Classic style (40), Natural style (29), Adventurous style (6)
- Fragrance Type:
- Oriental/spicy (29), Powdery (29), Floral (27), Woody/earthy (15), Citrus/fruity (12)
Most Liked Positive Review
My friend and I used to wear this in our teens and we were really disappointed when the UK stopped selling it. When i discovered it was being sold in the US I just...Read complete review
My friend and I used to wear this in our teens and we were really disappointed when the UK stopped selling it. When i discovered it was being sold in the US I just had to buy it. I've also bought a bottle for my friend and wil be taking it to her in September as she lives in South Africa now. We both celebrated our 50th birthdays last year!!
Most Liked Negative Review
vintage style
I had to buy this based on the reviews and comparisons to Shalimar (my all time fave). The notes listed looked so promising. I bought blind off FragranceX because the selection of perfumes...Read complete review
I had to buy this based on the reviews and comparisons to Shalimar (my all time fave). The notes listed looked so promising. I bought blind off FragranceX because the selection of perfumes you can sample in New Zealand is really limited.
I wonder if I got an old bottle because I am not detecting all of the notes listed. I do not get any of the citrus top notes - I just re-sprayed, yes, they are there, ever so faintly, and last about 10 seconds. All I can detect from the first spray is benzoin and opoponax and I am not a fan of resins unless used sparingly, to me, there's too strong of an association with baby products and by extension, dirty nappies! As others have mentioned, there is no smoky, incence note as there is in Shalimar. I don't really see the strong comparison except that they're both a 1920's style oriental.
The middle notes are there, rosewood, vanilla, resins, patchouli. I don't get any florals, which is a shame because I really like ylang ylang. Its very warm and comforting, to my nose that strong resinousness feels sickly and... I hate this term... old lady. The base notes don't last long which is a shame because its quite a pretty sandalwood/vanilla.
I sprayed this perfume on today to give it another go. Its interesting but not complex. I like it, and find it comforting, but I don't think I'd wear it out, it feels old to me, not vintage, old. Just my opinion, and maybe just my chemistry, I'm certain on someone elses skin, if that patch was a bit stonger, resins a bit toned down, it could be gorgeous. I'm desperately curious what this smelt like originally before synthetics.
Reviewed by 83 customers
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Displaying reviews 1-5
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- Clean & Fresh
- Draws Compliments
- Great Smell
- Great Value
- Long-Lasting
- Not Overpowering
- Sensual
- Sexy
- Very Nice Clean And Fresh
Best Uses
- Anytime
- Daily Use
Comments about Coty Emeraude Perfume:
Not much to say, it is the only fragrance I use. My husband gave me my first bottle in 1972.I just love. Thank You Janice
- Clean & Fresh
- Great Smell
- Not Overpowering
- Sensual
Best Uses
Comments about Coty Emeraude Perfume:
The fragrance is not overpowering yet clean smelling.
- Great Smell
- Great Value
- Not Overpowering
Best Uses
- Anytime
Comments about Coty Emeraude Perfume:
Been using this for many years-beautiful fragrance
- Fragrance Type:
- Floral
- Not The Same Frafrance As
- Too Weak
Best Uses
Comments about Coty Emeraude Perfume:
Another Coty disappointment. The body lotion
has no fragrance . Apparently Coty changed their
formula, this product is nothing like it used to be. Higher price but the original fragrance is no longer there.
- Not Worth The Money
- Too Weak
Best Uses
Comments about Coty Emeraude Perfume:
very disappointed ! very little fragrance
Displaying reviews 1-5
Previous | Next »


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25, Carrboro, NCMy name is Anna. I'm currently working my way through school as a barista and soccer coach. After school I plan on teaching in a parochial school. I grew up in a charismat...
31, Carrboro, NCI am not quite sure where to start, but I grew up mostly in Colorado and have moved around a bit since (Seattle, Nashville and now NC :) ). I went to school for a while, then ...
28, Chapel Hill, NCI am a fun easy going person. I love being outdoors and doing physical activity on a daily basis. I am a hard working person and try to do the best I can at anything I do. I a...
31, Chapel Hill, NCI enjoy listening to music and dancing however, I cannot sing or dance to save my life. I enjoy hanging out with friends and once in a while having them over for a meal. I hav...
45, Chapel Hill, NCFriendly, kind and very social. Love to be around friends and family. Like to go out to dinner, movies, concerts and plays. Favorite place is the beach! Fitness is important t...
29, Chapel Hill, NCHi! Thanks for taking the time to read my profile. I am a teacher in the area and Ive lived in North Carolina for most of my life, although I dont consider myself a southern...
22, Carrboro, NCI graduated with a degree in biology from Campbell University. I swam for 4 years on a division I team in high school. I work in the neurology department at UNC chapel hill. I...
50, Chapel Hill, NCI'm a strong Catholic Christian. Hope you will join me for some adventures! My friends consider me loyal, supportive, and fun. I don't have any kids, but I definitely enjoy ki...
64, Chapel Hill, NCOccupation: Other; Height: 5' 1"; Eye Color: Hazel; Hair Color: Blonde; Political Views: Unknown
51, Chapel Hill, NCAs a mother of four kids I would like to meet someone who shares the same views of family life.I am looking for a friend and a partners to do the things We enjoy doing togethe...
26, Chapel Hill, NCHi my name is Natalie and I am 25 years old. I was raised Catholic and still am Catholic. I love everything about being Catholic and love the church I go to. I put God first a...
26, Chapel Hill, NCI recomend eating more turkey. Just buy a large turkey, Tupperware that is all the same size, and some veggies. Cook the turkey and separate the meat into the different Tupper...
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subset: commoncrawl


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Op-ed: What It's Like Being Trans In Military Academies
'There are two types of hiding: the kind that requires you to lurk in the dark spaces of the day, behind shadowy places ... and there is hiding in plain sight.'
Hagel: Full National Guard To Recognize Gay Couples
Less than two months after the Defense Department launched an inquiry into how to recognize same-sex couples, each National Guard organization is now falling in line to observe the policy.
Coast Guard Academy Sees First Same-Sex Engagement Announcement
It's tradition that engagements are announced to the entire student body, and this was the first one for a same-sex couple.
Louisiana National Guard Will Extend Partner Benefits
Louisiana is the latest state to announce that members of its National Guard will extend benefits to its gay members' legal spouses.
Texas National Guard Amends Policy For Same-Sex Couples
Gay and lesbian members of the Texas National Guard will now be able to receive benefits for their spouses.
Progressives Blast Air Force Academy's 'Ex-Gay' Counselor
The Military Religious Freedom Foundation reveals a new billboard to call out the U.S. Air Force Academy's hiring an advocate of 'ex-gay therapy' to lead its mandatory cadet counseling program.
WATCH: New Trailer for Doc on Trans Servicemembers
Transmilitary hopes to get the public riled that openly transgender people are banned from military service.
Gay Cadet Slams USAFA's Defense of 'Ex-Gay' Therapist
The U.S. Air Force Academy claims that gay cadets are safe and welcomed on campus, despite the academy's hiring of a staunch advocate of 'ex-gay' therapy who developed the school's mandatory counseling program.
Texas: Military Spouse Takes Extra Steps, Still Denied Benefits
The wife of a female member of the Texas National Guard says she was denied housing benefits despite going through the extra steps required for same-sex couples to receive benefits.
Chelsea Manning Willing to Go to Court for Gender Procedures
In a letter published this week, she says her attorney will make a court filing if the military does not grant her requests.
Hagel: Denying Military IDs to Gay National Guard Spouses is Wrong
Defense Secretary Chuck Hagel has ordered the head of the National Guard to look into the matter.
Charlie Morgan's Widow Can Finally Access Her Late Wife's Military Benefits
Karen Morgan, who was married to the late chief warrant officer and outspoken lesbian military activist Charlie Morgan, received a military ID card for the first time Wednesday.
Peace Prize Winner Chelsea Manning Doesn't Consider Herself a Pacifist
Meanwhile, Fox News continues to refer to Chelsea as a man, using her given name, despite her August announcement that she's a transgender woman.


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4700 Riverside Drive, Suite 100,
Pompano Beach, FL, 33067
Pompano Beach, FL, 33067
Tel: (954)575-1231
The mission of Center Academy is to provide students with a learning environment that facilitates the development of self-confidence, motivation, and academic skills, and gives students the opportunity to achieve success in life.
It is often difficult for a child to maintain self-esteem when his/her learning requirements differ from other students in school.
Therefore, we offer a highly structured educational program in an atmosphere that is familiar, understanding, nurturing, and supportive.
Center Academy helps students with average to above average intelligence who "fall through the cracks" in school, or who need special help with organization, motivation, and/or social skills.
School Overview
|School Type
|Special Education School
|School Membership(s)School Assoc.
|National Independent Private Schools Association
Southern Association Of Colleges And Schools (SACS)
Learning Disabilities Association of America (LDA)
Children and Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (CHADD)
|Religious Affiliation
|Grades Offered
|Grades 6 - 12
|Learning Difference Programs
|Learning Programs Supported
|Dyslexia, Dysgraphia, Specific Learning Disabilities, ADD/ADHD, Language Impairment, Asperger Syndrome/ASD
|Year Founded
Student Body
|Total Students
|77 students
|Student Body Type
|% Students of Color
State avg.: 33%
|Students by Grade
Academics and Faculty
|Total Classroom Teachers
|8 teachers
|Student : Teacher Ratio
National avg.: 13:1
|Average Class Size
|18 students
Finances and Admission
|Admission Deadline
|None / Rolling
|Yearly Tuition Cost
|Tuition Notes
|John McKay and Center Academy scholarships available for students with IEPs, 504 Plans, or financial need
|Admissions Director
|Barbara Cooper
Nearby Schools:
All Schools | High Schools | Elementary Schools | Preschools | Public Schools
Show me:
- School Location Miles Students Grades
Pompano BeachHoliday Springs KinderCare
3225 Holiday Springs Boulevard
Pompano Beach, FL, 33063
(954)753-7833Daycare / Preschool1.5 mi | n/a students | Gr. NS-PK
ParklandMary Help Of Christians Catholic School
6000 N University Dr
Parkland, FL, 33067
(954)323-8006(Roman Catholic)1.6 mi | 464 students | Gr. KG-8
Pompano BeachSouth Florida Christian Academy
6042 Nw 66th Avenue
Pompano Beach, FL, 33067
(954)655-3170(Pentecostal)1.7 mi | 11 students | Gr. 2-12
Coral SpringsZimmerman School House
10168 W Sample Rd
Coral Springs, FL, 33065
(954)753-4441Special Education School2 mi | n/a students | Gr. UG
Pompano BeachCoral Springs Montessori
10154 W Sample Rd
Pompano Beach, FL, 33065
(954)344-0027Montessori School2 mi | 6 students | Gr. NS-K
School Reviews
Area Statistics
Recent Articles
Updated October 26, 2014
What do you do when you are dissatisfied with your local public schools? Homeschool your children? Send them to private school? Let's look at your options.
Your religion matters to you. You want your child to attend a school which will combine academics and religious education. Here is an overview of what is available together with some links to denominational web sites.
Add things up and you'll quickly find the answer- math is crucial both in academics and the real world. By following these strategies and following personal training programs, students can uncover their weaknesses and conquer math.


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Book your room at One Guadalajara Periferico Norte
Superior RoomMax Occupancy: 4 guests (up to 3 children, 3 infants)
Standard RoomMax Occupancy: 2 guests (up to 1 child, 1 infant)
Zapopan hotel with a restaurant
Situated in Zapopan, this hotel is close to Telmex Auditorium, Basilica de Zapopan, and Telmex Stadium. Also nearby are Municipal Palace of Zapopan and Plaza de las Americas.
Hotel Features
In addition to a restaurant, One Guadalajara Periferico Norte features complimentary wireless Internet access. Other amenities include a business center and free self parking.
Room Amenities
All guestrooms include wireless Internet access (surcharge).Information missing or incorrect? Tell us!
One Guadalajara Periferico Norte
Hotel Amenities
The hotel offers a restaurant. Guests can enjoy a complimentary breakfast each morning. Public areas are equipped with complimentary high-speed wireless Internet access. This 3-star property offers access to a business center and meeting rooms. 4 meeting rooms are available. Onsite self parking is complimentary.
One Guadalajara Periferico Norte is a smoke-free property.
- Number of meeting rooms - 4
- Meeting rooms
- Free Wi-Fi
- Total number of rooms - 126
- Number of floors - 7
- Business center
- Free breakfast
- Express check-out
- Restaurant
- Free self parking
- Year Built 2011
- Smoke-free property
- Number of buildings/towers - 1
Available in all rooms: Wireless Internet access (surcharge)
Available in some public areas: Free Wi-Fi
Room Amenities
- Wireless Internet access (surcharge)
- Connecting/adjoining rooms available
Where to Eat
A complimentary breakfast is served each morning between 6 AM and 10 AM.
One Guadalajara Periferico Norte has a restaurant on site.
Hotel Policies
Check-in time starts at 3 PM
Check-out time is 1 PM
Payment types
You need to know
Extra-person charges may apply and vary depending on hotel policy.
Government-issued photo identification and a credit card or cash deposit are required at check-in for incidental charges.
Special requests are subject to availability upon check-in and may incur additional charges. Special requests cannot be guaranteed.
Only service dogs are allowed
We should mention
The property has connecting/adjoining rooms, which are subject to availability and can be requested by contacting the property using the number on the booking confirmation.


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Fernet Branca and Walnut Ice Cream Pie
A couple of weeks ago, Bon Appetit posted a walnut and Fernet Branca pie from Morgenstern's to their Instagram. To say that I was beyond excited is a gross understatement. I love Fernet… Continue reading
A couple of weeks ago, Bon Appetit posted a walnut and Fernet Branca pie from Morgenstern's to their Instagram. To say that I was beyond excited is a gross understatement. I love Fernet… Continue reading
The Great Outdoors* wasn't a movie that I grew up watching all of the time, but it's one that I came to love later on. My family has always been big John Candy… Continue reading
This recipe is one of my mom's favorites – it's actually how she learned to bake. She frequently says that this is the perfect recipe for people who don't know how to bake… Continue reading
I am going to preface this post by saying that I know that these pictures are not the prettiest. I am more than totally aware. But this dish is one of my family's… Continue reading
So, as everyone is aware, my mom is one of my biggest helps when it comes to figuring out what to make for this blog. She's been in town the past few weeks… Continue reading
I butchered a duck. I didn't want to, but I did it. I broke down a duck. I didn't know if I was going to be able to, and about the time where I… Continue reading
The other day we had a department meeting and everyone was talking about pumpkin ice cream. We were having a major ice cream manufacturer come to our station to bring some holiday flavors… Continue reading
This is such an easy cocktail (when are they not?), but I had to post it, mainly for the "slimy" part of the cocktail. My mom and I were hashing out ideas one… Continue reading
This baked "fried" chicken is the ultimate one-pan meal. You don't have to dirty a bunch of dishes to make this; just a baking sheet, a cutting board, and a bowl to soak… Continue reading
Even though I may work for a TV station, I don't watch all that much TV – at least not broadcast. I've never watched Dancing with the Stars, or Scandal, or NCIS, or Parks… Continue reading


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Tesoro Corporation
Tesoro Corporation Jobs & Careers
Summer 2015 Intern - Mechanical Engineering
Tesoro – San Antonio, TX
in support of one of the following Business Units: * Logistics * Refining Operations Through orientation and professional development offerings… Beyond.com
Tesoro Corporation Photos
Tesoro Corporation Reviews
1 person found this helpful
"One of the better paying companies, although benefits are reducing and the cafeteria is terrible "
- Comp & Benefits
- Work/Life Balance
- Senior Management
- Culture & Values
- Career Opportunities
I have been working at Tesoro Corporation full-time (more than an year)Pros
Good salary, a little less conservative environment. Contrary to online opinions/reports, they are very serious about safety.Cons
Benefits are fine, but not on-par with their peers. Reduction of medical benefits is occurring.
The cafeteria is awful, especially for a company this size. All of the food is prepared to be available by 11. This means if you come down at 12:30, your pizza/sandwiches/entree has been sitting there for hours.Advice to ManagementAdvice
I wish TSO would increase their presence and visibility in the community. The new Foundation is a good start, but I think we need highly coordinated and visible efforts to help out in the community.
More investment in IT, less focus on offshoring development - support local citizens instead of attempting to save money - which will not happen in the long run.
Companies are not offshoring like they used to. Other companies have seen the trade off between low wages and the time it takes to get something completed and the quality of the work is not beneficial in the long run.RecommendsPositive OutlookApproves of CEO


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My Homemade Laundry Products "Cheat Sheet"
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No one wants to toss a perfectly good shirt because of a stain that won't come out! Next time, try these tried true techniques for removing almost any stain. From blueberries to wine, these simple steps will keep your laundry looking good as new. There's even a cute printable cheat sheet to hang in your laundry room!
Laundry Stain Cheat Sheet!
Crochet pattern cheat sheet! I can read those crazy diagrams now!!!!!!!
Crochet Cheat Sheet | Crochet stitches | Learn Crochet Stitches | Crochet Abbreviations


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|NSFW Content
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What do you think? Give us your opinion. Anonymous comments allowed.
#21 - harbingerwolf (06/20/2014) [-]
Scientists do seem to be like this sometimes, there's this nasty ass beetle larvae that lets itself get eaten by frogs, then eats them from the inside out. After 10 frogs the beetle larvae won every time, so they then carried the test out like 50 more times...
#48 to #41 - harbingerwolf (06/20/2014) [-]


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Special Lecture - Narratives in Peacebuilding and Peace Obstruction
"You MUST Listen!" Israeli and Palestinian narratives in peacebuilding and peace obstruction
View the main segment of the special lecture featuring peace and conflict studies expert Dr. Julia Chaitin. Shortly we will provide additional segments and Q & A.
In this talk, Dr. Chaitin presented a conceptualization of four different kinds of personal narratives of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, two of which usually hinder peacebuilding efforts between former enemies, and two that have the potential to support peacebuilding and reconciliation if they are undertaken in a supportive, dialogical group space. She presented examples from the Israeli-Palestinian context.She will explore the consequences that the sharing of such narratives can have on autobiographers and others in their society by raising issues that need to be addressed when working with members of 'enemy' groups on peacebuilding endeavors.


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They are both young and cute, but which would you rather take to bed: Justin Bieber or Jaden Smith?
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Bank of America
"Bank of America Middle Office Review "
I have been working at Bank of America
Good work life balance and people
Not a lot of growth
6977 Other Employee Reviews for Bank of America (View Most Recent)Sort: Rating Date
"Ability to achieve advanced career goals. "
- Comp & Benefits
- Work/Life Balance
- Senior Management
- Culture & Values
- Career Opportunities
I have been working at Bank of America full-time (more than 10 years)Pros
Excellent management, career growth opportunities, great benefitsCons
Due to the size, there are opportunities for better communication. Also, there have been times where there hasn't been work/life balance. It is evident that both issues have been acknowledged and resolution is being attempted.Advice to ManagementAdvice
Bank of America is a great company. Please just realize and acknowledge that when the workload is too high for extended periods of time and associates have to work 60 hours plus a week for years that it will cause burn out and low job satisfaction.RecommendsNeutral Outlook
1 person found this helpful
"Not to bad great opportunities and learning leadership "
- Comp & Benefits
- Work/Life Balance
- Senior Management
- Culture & Values
- Career Opportunities
I have been working at Bank of America full-time (more than 3 years)Pros
workers are great, learn many things here on this job than any other jobs I worked with. Develop skills to improve in career. If you have great management team if will make your job lot easier. Management are there for you if you give them a chance.Cons
everything is sales and numbers now. They are restructuring so who knows how the changes going to affect work place.RecommendsNeutral OutlookApproves of CEO


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A Round Up Of Easy Alternative Re-Purposed Christmas Trees
I love junk! I especially love Holiday Junk! Over the past three years, I have put together an assortment of alternative re-purposed Christmas trees, using
International Falls, MN Blog: http://www.organizedclutterqueen.blogspot.com
I am the author of the blog Organized Clutter. I enjoy flower gardening, vintage decor and upcycling/repurposing.
Decorating my home and flower gardens with vintage items and collectibles.


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PITTSBURGH (AP) Rashard Mendenhall's surgically repaired right knee is just fine. So too it seems is the Pittsburgh Steelers' running game.
The weeping team owner held up the game ball and vowed to leave the stadium with it.
INDIANAPOLIS (AP) Andrew Luck capped a second-half comeback by throwing a 4-yard touchdown pass to Reggie Wayne with 35 seconds to go that gave Indianapolis a stunning 30-27 victory over Green Ba
Quarterbacks Robert Griffin III and Matt Cassel were knocked out of their games with head injuries Sunday, and Steelers star safety Troy Polamalu limped off the field after aggravating his straine
PITTSBURGH (AP) Backed up deep in their own territory, their slow start to the season in danger of turning into a legitimate freefall, the Pittsburgh Steelers did what they always seem to do when


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Reviews by Margaret F. L.
From (Cincinnati, OH)
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Excellent transaction with your company from start to finish. The only thing I could not locate were instructions, but as it was only for knobs with screws, it was pretty self-explanatory.
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1 of 1 people found this review helpful
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beautiful pushplate although tricky installation...
I didn't receive any instructions with the push plate. It is beautiful and yes I would recommend the product. I did have a problem with the door I was using however. I was attaching this to a metal door rather than a wood door, and we had a bit of a hard time installing it with the screws provided. Had to use regular aluminum colored screws with threads all the way up to the head rather than the beautiful antique brass screws provided with the pushplate, which had threads maybe only 2/3 of the way up the screw. I will look for matching screws at the hardware store when I get there next time and we should be good to go.
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Almost Perfect
1 of 1 people found this review helpful
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Sophie: Dog OverboardPaperback
List price $14.08
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- Publisher: Hodder Paperback
- Format: Paperback | 320 pages
- Dimensions: 130mm x 198mm x 22mm | 246g
- Publication date: 2 August 2012
- Publication City/Country: London
- Illustrations note: One 8-page colour section, maps, B&W photos throughout
- Sales rank: 148,480
Product description
When Jan and Dave Griffith's beloved cattle dog, Sophie, fell overboard from the family yacht during rough weather, she feared the worst. But Sophie, a true Aussie battler, wasn't going to give up that easily. She swam six miles through shark-infested waters to a remote Whitsunday island where she survived for five months before being miraculously reunited with her amazed owners. Sophie, a highly domesticated dog, had been living ferally - and surviving. Yet one glimpse of her owners when they were reunited was enough for the old Sophie to re-emerge. This is an amazing, inspirational story of survival, loyalty and what binds animals and humans together.
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Author information
Emma Pearse is an Australian journalist who has been living and working in New York for over ten years, where she wrote for New York, Slate, Salon and The Village Voice, among others. She moved back to Australia to write the book and is currently living in Byron Bay.
Review quote
'It was amazing how this dog swam to a remote island and survived to be reunited with her family. All dog lovers should read this book.' Temple Grandin, author of Animals in Translation and Animals Make Us Human 'Inspiring and heart-warming, Sophie tells many stories: of family and friendship, of survival and loyalty and, most of all, of the exclusive bond between man and his best friend.' Bendigo Advertiser 'This is a story about survival, loyalty, family and what makes a dog tick.' Hobart Mercury 'A tender, delightful story of how a cosseted pup turned into a hardy, intrepid - and very lucky - "supercanine", this book will endear itself to dog and adventure lovers everywhere.' Publishers Weekly 'This story of canine loyalty and the power of human-animal relationships is as charming as its blue-furred heroine. A treat for dog lovers.' Kirkus Reviews 'It's an amazing story. What a pity dogs can't talk. I am sure Sophie's own tale of her survival, courage and strength would be amazing.' The Launceston Examiner 'Sophie's incredible story of survival is remarkable.' Sunday Tasmanian 'Interwoven with images and filled with colourful details about her survival, Sophie's heart-warming, inspirational story is beautifully told in Emma Pearse's book.' Dog's Life


text:
Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia
Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia Jobs & Careers
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text:
Brothers jailed for conspiring to attend terror training camp in Syria
Two brothers have been jailed for conspiring to attend a terror training camp in Syria.
07 March 2012
Fulham today announced the signing of former Real Madrid midfielder Mahamadou Diarra, pending a successful visa application.
27 February 2012
Catalan Dragons snatched a dramatic 34-32 victory over St Helens at Langtree Park, coming from 26-8 down and scoring the winning try with the last move of the match to go top of Stobart Super League for the first time in their seven-year history.
24 February 2012
Wales' revered World Cup back row will be reunited at Twickenham on Saturday when the RBS 6 Nations leaders bid for Triple Crown glory.
24 February 2012
Comedian John Bishop's challenge for Sport Relief appears to have been scuppered by the French authorities.
22 February 2012
Lee Jones is looking to celebrate his new Edinburgh contract by helping Scotland find the finishing touch to their promising but ultimately disappointing start to the RBS 6 Nations campaign.
22 February 2012
Prop Gethin Jenkins will join the Welsh player exodus to France next season.
21 February 2012
David Cameron heaped praise on "my friend" Nicolas Sarkozy today as the two leaders buried their notorious differences in the run-up to the French elections.
17 February 2012
Peter Crouch is targeting a return to the England squad following Fabio Capello's resignation last week.
15 February 2012
Newcastle boss Alan Pardew is hopeful key midfielder Yohan Cabaye did not suffer any lasting damage after finding himself on the wrong end of an X-rated tackle.
16 January 2012


text:
A system for controlling combustion in internal combustion engines of both the Diesel or Otto type, which relies on establishing fluid dynamic conditions and structures wherein fuel and air are entrained, mixed and caused to be ignited in the interior of a multiplicity of eddies, and where these structures are caused to sequentially fill the headspace of the cylinders.
1. A method for executing the combustion of reactants in internal combustion engines, which comprises the steps of:
compressing a gaseous working fluid, comprising at least a part of one or more said reactants;
sequentially injecting into said gaseous working fluid, at predetermined time intervals upon at least partially compressing said working fluid, a plurality of jets comprising the balance of said reactants under conditions leading to the formation of a plurality of plumes, each of said plumes having a fluid dynamic structure comprising a multiplicity of eddies entraining reactants from said working fluid and causing said reactants to be mixed within the interior of said eddies of said plumes; initiating thereupon the exothermic process of combustion to proceed in the interior of said plumes, each of said plurality of plumes occupying a fraction of the volume containing said working fluid, and the totality of plumes occupying upon their expansion due to the exothermic effects of combustion, essentially the entire head space.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein said internal combustion engine if of the premixed type, and wherein said working fluid comprises air and hydrocarbon fuel, and wherein said jets comprise products of combustion of fuel and air in a pre-combustion chamber, within an appropriate jet generator plug, to act as the reagents for initiating combustion reactions in the interior of said eddies.
3. The method of claim 2, wherein said jets are products of combustion of gasoline or methanol and air.
4. The method of claim 3, wherein the mixture of said air and hydrocarbon fuel in said working fluid contained in the engine cylinder is lean by virtue of excess air and mixed with a diluent consisting of recirculated combustion products, whereas the mixture of said fuel and air in the pre-combustion chamber, contained within the plug employed for the generation of said jets, is fuel rich.
5. The method of claim 2, wherein said plurality of jets is comprised of groups of jets, each jet in each of said groups being injected simultaneously with the other jets in the same group, by being issued from the same pre-combustion chamber and wherein said groups are injected independently during a predetermined time interval at the optimum time for ignition near the end of the compression stroke.
6. The method of claim 2, wherein the number of plugs is between two and six.
7. The method of claim 1, wherein said internal combustion engine is of the non-premixed charge type and wherein said gaseous working fluid contained in the engine cylinder comprises air, and wherein said jets comprise fuel dispensed in a carrier stream of compressed air, and wherein said reagent for initiating combustion reactions in the interior of said eddies is said air of said working fluid, contained in engine cylinder, having been heated to a temperature sufficient to cause combustion of said fuel in the interior or said eddies.
8. The method of claim 7, wherein said plugs generate between 1-6 jets directed into separate distinct regions of the head space.
9. The method of claim 7, wherein said plurality of jets are injected independently during an appropriate time interval near the maximum compression of said working fluid.
10. The method of claim 9, wherein said time interval is determined by sensing engine conditions.
11. The method of claim 10, wherein said engine conditions are selected from one or more parameters of crank angle marking the position of the piston, pressure of the working substance in the cylinder head space, temperature of the working substance, concentration of representative chemical species indicative of the chemical composition of the working fluid, luminosity, or ionization signal generated in the course of the exothermic process of combustion.
12. The method of claim 10, wherein engine conditions are sensed, signals indicative of said engine condition compared with a set of predetermined engine condition data indicating optimal combustion characteristics, and wherein signal commands for jet formation are issued in response thereto.
13. The method of claim 8, wherein the number of jets is one of 4 or 8.
14. The method of claim 1, wherein said internal combustion engine is a two stroke engine of the premixed charge type.
15. The method of claim 1, wherein said internal combustion engine is a two stroke engine of the non-premixed charge type.
16. Apparatus for executing the combustion of reactants in internal combustion engines wherein gaseous working fluids comprise at least a part of one or more of said reactants, and are compressed and burned in the head space of a piston and cylinder arrangement, comprising:
at least two means for forming and injecting into distinct regions of said head space a plurality of jets comprising the balance of said reactants, said jets having the fluid dynamic characteristics leading to the formation of plumes within said regions of said head space, said plumes comprising a multiplicity of eddies entraining reactants from said working fluid and causing them to contact the reactants within said plumes;
and means for introducing into said plumes reagents for initiating combustion reactions between said reactants in the interior of said eddies.
17. The apparatus of claim 16, wherein said internal combustion engine is an engine of the premixed charge type, wherein said working fluid is a mixture of fuel and air, and wherein said means for forming and injecting said jets comprises a combustion prechamber having at least one exit orifice for forming said jets, in fluid communication with said head space;
means for introducing a fuel and air into said prechamber;
and means for establishing an electrical discharge through said prechamber.
18. The apparatus of claim 17, wherein said fuel and air introduced into said prechamber constitute a rich mixture.
19. The apparatus of claim 18, comprising separate fuel supply systems for introducing fuel into said working fluid and into said prechamber.
20. The apparatus of claim 17, wherein said fuel introduced into said prechamber is methanol or a mixture of methanol and gasoline.
21. The apparatus of claim 17, wherein the number of said means of injecting jets into said head space is from two to six.
22. The apparatus of claim 16, wherein said internal combustion engine is an engine of the non-premixed charge type, wherein said working fluid is air, wherein said plurality of said jets contain essentially all the fuel to be burned in said head space in the course of a working stroke of said piston, and wherein said reagent for initiating combustion is said air, contained in the cylinder and heated by piston compression above the ignition temperature of said fuel.
23. The apparatus of claim 22, wherein said means for forming and injecting said jets comprises valve means for interrupting fluid communication between said means for forming jets and said head space, and wherein said means for injecting said jets comprises means for generating a stream of high pressure air and means for disposing in said stream of high pressure air a dispersion of fuel.
24. The apparatus of claim 23, including means for cooling said air and fuel to a temperature below the temperature of the working fluid into which the jet is to be injected.
25. The apparatus of claim 23, wherein said engine is a two stroke engine.
26. The apparatus of claim 16, further including
sensors for sensing engine conditions and issuing signals indicative of engine conditions;
microprocessor means operatively connected to said sensor means for receiving said signals, converting said signals into a set of command signals,
and means for establishing engine operation parameters operatively connected to and responsive to said command signals.
This invention relates to a new method and apparatus for executing combustion in internal combustion engines both the premixed (Otto) and non-premixed (Diesel) charge so that instead of flame fronts traversing the charge, a characteristic feature of the current state of the art, it is carried out by having combustion take place in the interior of turbulent plumes created by jets injected into the working fluids within internal combustion engine cylinders.
The U.S. Government has rights to this invention pursuant to contract DE-AC03-76SF00098 between the U.S. Department of Energy and the University of California for the operation of Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory.
In conventional reciprocating-piston, internal-combustion engines the process of the evolution of exothermic energy (heat release) is accomplished by a flame traversing the combustion chamber. In a gasoline engine it is a turbulent flame propagating across the charge. In a diesel engine it is a diffusion flame which is usually established as an envelope around a cloud of evaporating fuel spray (the so-called group combustion mode). As a consequence, in both cases the spatial and temporal distribution of the specific exothermic power (rate of heat release per unit mass of the working substance), as well as the residence time of reacting particles in the zone of the most effective chemical activity (region of significant concentration of active radicals) are virtually beyond control. This is exacerbated by the fact that the expansion due to the deposition of the exothermic energy in the reacting medium tends to expel the reacting particles prematurely from this zone. The reason for this is that a close coupling between the exothermic region of chemical activity with the flame front is essential to assure a sufficiently high rate of flame propagation so that combustion is completed within the relatively short time interval required for proper operation of the engine.
In conventional premixed charge or gasoline (Otto) engines combustion is initiated by forming a flame kernel whose front thereupon sweeps across the working substance. The important point is that after ignition takes place, the combustion process spreads through the head space at its own natural speed, essentially beyond any further control. The specific exothermic power as well as the residence time of the reacting species in the zone of the essential chemical activity are virtually uncontrolled.
In conventional non-premixed charge or diesel engines, liquid fuel is injected into piston-compressed air at an appreciable inlet velocity. Upon entering the combustion chamber, the fuel is atomized into a set of droplets whose number density is high enough to form a cloud of sufficiently densely spaced fuel droplets for the flame to become established as an envelope around it. Its front is then driven across the compressed air charge as a consequence of the momentum imparted upon the spray in the course of its formation by the injector, an action leading often to the detrimental effects of fuel wetted cylinder walls.
The establishment of the front of a diffusion flame front as an envelope of a spray is technically referred to as its group combustion mode. Under such circumstances oxygen is completely depleted inside the flame envelope while fuel is fully consumed at the front. As a consequence, maximum temperature the fuel is capable of reaching by combustion in air, is actually achieved at the flame front, stabilizing the process of combustion. This maximizes, however, the formation of nitric oxide and, in approaching this high temperature zone in the absence of oxygen, fuel is pyrolized to generate soot. Moreover, as a consequence of imperfections due to the relatively narrow zone of the exothermic power pulse associated with the essential chemical activity concentration at the front, optimum conditions are attained for the generation of carbon monoxide and the formation of a residue of unburnt hydrocarbons. In essence then, the combustion system acquires automatically the most favorable conditions for the generation of all the known pollutants.
To make matters worse, in order to assure good contact of fuel with air, using the conventional system of a single injector per cylinder, one has to rely on the momentum of the spray in order to drive the flame across the compressed air charge. Created thus is the familiar noise of diesel engines and the concomitant tendency to knock, creating the demand for fuels of a relatively high cetane number, that is fuels that auto-ignite relatively fast to keep up with the flow rate at which they are injected into the combustion chamber.
The present invention provides a solution to the quest for controlled combustion in internal combustion engines. The invention exploits a fluid mechanical phenomenon which has been studied extensively over the last fifteen years and become known as a turbulent free shear layer. As revealed thereby, such a layer is made out of a characteristically interlaced sequence of large scale eddie, acting as whirlpools that are instrumental in intermixing the media between which it is situated. The essence of the invention is to take advantage of the fact that pulsed jets create plumes whose internal structure is essentially akin to a turbulent shear layer.
For the present purpose the media of the jets injected into the head space are:
(1) in the case of a premixed charge engine, a stream of hot products of incomplete combustion of a rich mixture burned in the cavity of the generator plug, acting as a reagent for combustion of the appropriately lean air/fuel mixture compressed in the cylinder head space that constitutes the charge. "Rich" means excess of fuel with respect to the so-called stoichiometric proportion when the amount of oxygen provided with air is theoretically just sufficient to produce fully saturated oxides, that is, in the case of hydrocarbon fuels, carbon dioxide and water molecules; "lean" means excess of air with respect to the stiochiometric proportion. The preferred excess of fuel in the cavity is of an order of 50%. The preferred excess of air in the charge can be up to 50%; or, preferrably about 25% excess air combined with approximately an equal amount of recirculated products of combustion (exhaust gas or residual gas) and
(2) in the case of a non-premixed charge engine, air stream carrying fuel droplets acting as the charge which is ignited by contact with the high temperature air compressed in the head space providing thus the service of a reagent.
The preferred function of the jet plume is then as follows:
The phenomena taking place in the plume are associated with the fact that the essential process of combustion does not occur instantaneously and immediately upon the contact of the charge with the reagent. For the exothermic process, or heat release, to take place, a preparatory action of what is known as the induction process is necessary. In its course, molecular intermixing between the media of the charge and the reactant is accomplished by diffusion, while the concentration of active radicals acting as chain carriers attains the threshold level to usher in the chain branching and recombination processes, the latter yielding saturated oxides, the ultimate product of combustion whose formation is associated with the evolution of exothermic energy. The period of time taken up by the induction process is long enough to cause physical separation between the exothermic zone and the interface where the initial contact between the charge and the reagent takes place. In a turbulent shear layer, such as that formed by a pulsed jet generating a plume, the most likely places for the exothermic process to occur are the kernels of eddies, because they are associated with the most vigorous mixing. By proper control over the composition of reacting media, the process is then executed so that the initiation of combustion, as well as its exothermic process, take place in the interior of the eddies, assuring thus proper operation of the system.
One of the key aspects of the present invention is to inject into the head space of an internal combustion engine a plurality of such jets of reactants to form a number of such plumes. These jets are injected with a spatial distribution such that the plumes formed by them fill, upon completion of combustion in their interiors, a substantial fraction of the head space in the engine cylinder when the piston is approaching top dead center. The temporal distribution of the jets is over externally (microprocessor) controlled time intervals towards the end of the compression stroke of proper durations to develop optimum pressure rise without causing explosion or knock. The conventional process of combustion accomplished by the natural process of flame front propagation is thereby replaced by an externally controllable system whereby combustion reactions take place within a set of eddy structures within turbulent plumes of sequentially introduced pulsed jets. The full volume of the cylinder head space is then eventually filled by a plurality of such plumes. The development of flame fronts is thus significantly inhibited and the normal burning speed of a flame which dominates the conventional combustion process is rendered therefore irrelevant. The present method of combustion control essentially relies on the fluid mechanical eddies to execute combustion everywhere, but in a delicately controlled sequential fashion, achieved by timing externally the jet ignition signal. The entire process of combustion is carried out then within a proper time interval so that it is accomplished within a period of time comparable to that taken by the flame front propagation
Objects, advantages and benefits of the invention include:
1. Premixed charge (Otto) engines are provided with a capability to operate with lean mixtures diluted by recirculated combustion products--a feature inhibiting significantly the tendency to knock, as well as making feasible their part-load operation at wide open throttle, i.e. modulating the work output of the engine entirely by varying the air/fuel ratio and hence significantly improving fuel economy.
2. Non-premixed charge (Diesel) engines are equipped with a device to mix fuel with air before the exothermic process of combustion takes place, reducing thereby significantly the formation of pollutants, in particular the smoke generating particulates.
3. Optimum conditions are established for the execution of chemical reaction by the system of the essentially well stirred reaction zone formed by the large scale, whirlpool-type, eddy structures of which the plumes, produced by the pulsed jets, consist. Moreover, this combustion mode lends itself to the introduction of suitable chemical additives to stimulate or inhibit the reaction as required for proper execution of the process of combustion in terms of its performance as a controlled chemical reactor, that is, a system devoid of undesirable molecular composition of the effluent stream.
4. All sorts of combustion instabilities, in particular the tendency to knock are effectively restrained. This property fosters fuel independence that makes the engine tolerant to a wide variety of fuels.
As specified above, the invention is generally applicable to internal combustion engines. Its key concept is that, instead of having to rely upon a flame traversing the charge, the process of combustion is performed within turbulent plumes created by a plurality of jets of burnt gases, produced by combustion of rich mixtures in cavities of generator plugs, directed into different segments of the cylinder head space. Details of such jet generators are described further below and also in copending patent application "Pulse Jet Plume Combustion Generator for Premixed Charge Engines" by A. K. Oppenheim, K. E. Stewart, and K. Hom which is incorporated herein by reference.
The charge in the head space of a premixed charge engine is conceptually treated as if it consisted of a number of regions, combustion in each of them being accomplished by a plume consuming its contents in its entirety. The progress of the process is thus governed by the size of each plume and the timing of its jet generators.
Jets for producing such plumes are best generated by combustion of rich fuel/air mixtures in confined prechambers, adjacent to, and or occupying part of the head space, ignited typically by means of an electric spark. Orifices in these prechambers direct the jets into the desired regions of the head space. The orifices are, as a rule, sharp edged in order to conserve active radicals in the stream by minimizing their recombination promoting collisions with the walls. The ignition of the reactants leads to a rapid rise in pressure in the confined prechamber, expelling the combustion expanded medium it contains in the form of a jet or jets through orifices in desired direction. The jet streams then form turbulent plumes. The plumes consist of a sequence of large scale, whirlpool type eddy structures which entrain (inhale) the fuel/air mixture of the charge into their interior. Combustion takes place inside these eddies upon ignition by contact with the hot medium of the jets issuing from the prechambers of the generator plugs. Control of the rate and extent of the combustion process in the head space is readily obtained by managing (1) the amount and nature of the reactants introduced into the prechamber, and (2) timing of their ignition.
The preferred arrangement involves the use of pulsed jet combustion (PJC) generators, generally sparkplug size devices, a plurality, say two to about six, of which are threaded into the cylinder head. Each such generator comprises one or more orifices directed into a desirable region of the head space. Each generator defines a prechamber of about 1 cc, or 0.05-0.1 in3, in volume. Generally, the total volume of the prechambers is between about 3% and 10% of the minimum volume of the head space. Individually controllable, valved reactant supply lines permit the introduction of desired reactants in preferred quantities and at appropriate times into the prechamber. Also associated with each generator is an electric power supply and electrodes for producing a spark discharge at the desired time. While PJC generators may employ mixtures of a wide variety of hydrocarbons and/or alcohols with air, the latter are of particular interest because of anti-fouling properties of their combustion products.
In accordance with the present invention, control over the combustion process in non-premixed charge engines is attained by the same basic approach of exploiting the fluid dynamic structural properties of jet plumes to execute the combustion process. Again the head space of the cylinder is conceptually divided into a plurality of regions, into each of which is directed a jet comprising relatively low temperature air carrying liquid fuel that is atomized into small droplets. The jets in turn generate plumes, consisting, as before, of a sequence of turbulent, whirlpool-type eddy structures which entrain (inhale) the relatively high temperature, piston-compressed air. Ignition takes place upon contact with the entrained hot air and the resulting combustion zones are constrained within the kernels in the interior of the eddy structures, inhibiting the formation of a flame envelope around the spray, the characteristic feature of the group combustion mode, and thus preventing the production of particulates (soot).
Preferred jet plume generators for diesel engines are described in detail in a pending U.S. Patent Application entitled "Pulsed Jet Combustion Generator for Non-Premixed Charge Engines" by A. K. Oppenheim and H. E. Stewart. These plume generators employ controllable, valved pressurized air and fuel supply lines to form air jets carrying highly atomized fuel particles, approximately 10 micrometer size or less, for example. Each cylinder is outfitted with a plurality of such generators, between two to about six in number, whose orifices are aimed at neighboring segments of the cylinder head space volume. Again, control over the combustion process is achieved by adjusting the quantities and sequential timing of the reactants introduced thereby into the head space, by adjusting the pressure, relative proportion of fuel to air, and time of the release of a pintle valve causing injection of the stream of air with fuel droplets into the cylinder. For non-premixed charge engines the driving force for forming appropriate turbulent jet plumes is thus the momentum of the compressed air governed by pintle valve release action, rather than the rate of combustion in the cavity of the generator, as is the case in premixed charge engines. In other words, the timing of jet formation is then accomplished mechanically by the action of a pintle valve, admitting the jet into the cylinder, rather than by the timing of the electric spark discharge for igniting the reactants in the cavity and their composition in a jet generator for premixed charge engines.
The nature of the inventive subject matter and its advantages become more apparent upon consideration of the following description of the preferred embodiments which are illustrated in the following drawings, in which
FIG. 1 shows a representative turbulent plume at an early stage of development upon injection of a pulsed jet into a region of the head space of a cylinder.
FIG. 2 shows the plume towards the end of its function as a well-stirred reactor when the bulk of the exothermic process of combustion has taken place in its interior.
FIGS. 3a and b illustrate the application of the invention to a premixed charge (gasoline Otto) engines, FIG. 3a showing an engine cylinder in horizontal cross section and FIG. 3b in vertical cross section, along with the schematic illustration of an appropriate jet generating system with the concomitant microprocessor control apparatus; and
FIGS. 4a and b illustrate the application of the invention to a non-premixed charge (Diesel) engine, with FIG. 4a showing an engine cylinder in horizontal cross section, and FIG. 4b in vertical cross section, together with a schematic illustration of an appropriate jet generating system with the concomitant microprocessor control apparatus.
An important aspect of the invention is the nature of the flow structure of the plumes. Turbulent jet plumes, such as shown in FIG. 1, have the attribute of entrainment, the capability to inhale the surrounding medium into their midst. According to experimental measurements, for a pulsed jet, the mass ratio of entrained gas to that of the initiating jet can reach values as high as 10.
One of the key ideas of the invention is the concept that this property can be exploited to have the exothermic process of combustion, its essential element, take place in the interior of the turbulent plume created by a pulsed jet, rather than having it accomplished by a flame traversing the charge, as is usually the case. As a consequence of exothermicity, the plume increases in size, acquiring an expanded shape as depicted in FIG. 2. Following this stage, further propagation of combustion could be performed by propagating flames established at the contours of the plume of FIG. 2, but this is prevented by the intervention of other plumes. The whole process of combustion is executed then by a suitable number of jet plumes activated sequentially, rather than by means of a traversing flame or a single plume. It is this feature that constitutes the unique aspect of this invention.
FIGS. 1 and 2 schematically illustrate cylinder walls 10, confining medium 12, comprising either a--air fuel mixture, or compression heated air, into which jet 14 is propelled at relatively high exit velocity from the orifice of the generator 51. FIG. 1 shows the contours of the plume 11 at an early stage of its formation, and FIG. 2 shows the plume at the end of its useful function, after the exothermic reaction in its interior has caused expansion manifested by the deformation of the outer boundary 13.
With reference to FIGS. 1 and 2 the sequence of events in a premixed charge system, taking place in the course of combustion in a jet plume, is thus as follows:
At first, as a consequence of shear it encounters as it exits the orifice, the medium of the hot jet 14 behaves essentially as a chemically inert substance. Under proper operating conditions of momentum pulse, it forms than a plume 11 as shown in FIG. 1. Internally, its flow field consists of vortex nodules, or kernels, displaying the today well known large scale eddy structure of a turbulent shear layer. By virtue of their internal recirculation pattern the nodules behave as whirlpools, with all the advantages of heat and mass transfer they can exert, providing, therefore, optimum sites for chemical reaction to take place. They act then, in effect, as well stirred reactors.
As the region of the exothermic process of combustion occurring in the interior of the plume progresses, its outer boundary expands as shown in FIG. 2. At that stage enough time has elapsed from the onset of the plume for a flame front to become established at its periphery, while the unburnt medium it entrained became consumed by combustion. Under such circumstances the plume becomes a puff, a cloud that grows solely as a consequence of the action of the flame fronts at its boundaries. The influence of the jet is then essentially terminated and so is the active life of the plume as the motive force for entrainment.
The most important consideration in the practical realization of the invention is thus to prolong the life of the plumes as much as possible, and, at the time, reduce the life span of the puffs to the minimum, all of which is controllable by the combustion of the reacting media, as well as the functional parameters which affect the jet performance.
In a premixed charge engine, the interface at the outer boundary may give rise to a flame front which could propagate through the remainder of the burnt medium in the regions outside of the plume. However, besides the fact that the composition of the charge is too close to extinction limit to support flame propagation, this is prevented by providing other PJC generators which inject other plume forming jets into these regions before this event takes place. Thus the process of combustion is accomplished by a sequence of consecutively activated PJC generators, rather than by a self-propagating flame as in conventional internal combustion engines. Each PJC fulfills its task within an assigned time interval and within a proper region of space in the combustion chamber.
FIGS. 3a and b show an exemplary controlled combustion system for a premixed charge engine. It should be pointed out that although the present concept of combustion control is applicable to two-as well as four-stroke engines, its practical advantages are realized to a greater extent in two-stroke engines, primarily because they provide an excellent countermeasure to the necessity of diluting the charge in order to impede the formation of flames. The engine described represents a somewhat advanced but essentially standard state-of-the-art two-stroke engine, which per se is not a part of this invention. However, in combination with the combustion control system according to the present invention such an engine will possess all the attributes enumerated earlier, i.e. flexible, fully controllable operation maximizing fuel economy, minimizing pollutant emission, and optimizing fuel tolerance.
With reference to FIGS. 3a and b, piston 41 is connected by means of rod 42 to crankshaft 43 using a scotch yoke type linkage 44 as an example of a two stroke engine employing a sealed crank case 45 and gas lubricated pistons provide sealed cylinder space below the piston to compressed scavenging air, as well as to minimize the influence of crank case oil upon the formation of unburnt hydrocarbons.
Air inlet port 47 has a controllable reed check valve 48 to obstruct back flow to make the bottom part of the cylinder act as a piston activated compressor. The exhaust port 46 is outfitted with a variable outlet aperture 49 to control the amount of the inlet air, as well as the thermodynamic state and composition of the charge, as governed by the fraction of recirculated products of combustion retained from pervious cycle. Conventional injectors 50 introduce fuel into the cylinder at the start of the compression stroke.
Four pulsed jet plume combustion generators 51 are mounted in the top portion of the cylinder wall 52. Their exit orifices 55 are disposed to sequentially direct jets 53 of pre-ignited fuel and air mixtures into different regions of the head space to generate plumes therein. As indicated above, our copending patent application "Pulse Jet Generator for Premixed Charge Engines" by A. K. Oppenheim et al describes a preferred pulsed jet combustion generator system for premixed charge engines in detail and is incorporated herein by reference.
The operation of the engine, including the PJC generators, can be controlled in a variety of ways. For example, one can provide a conventional distributor type control device (not shown) which is mechanically geared to the crankshaft in a per se known fashion. However, the preferred control system is based on microprocessor technology and is illustrated schematically in the drawing. The microprocessor 59 is programmed to issue its commands as a function of crankangle CA and pressure P of the medium in the cylinder, as graphically illustrated by trace 60. The engine condition data inputs 61 are continuously provided to the microprocessor by crankangle encoder 62, and pressure tranducer 63. The numeral 64 schematically indicates one or more alternate sensors, which may serve to provide an additional reference for programming the command signal, i.e. it may be used for sensing incipient instability such as knock, concentration of pollutants such as nitric oxide, or for redundancy to safeguard against primary sensor failure. Such sensors could measure flame luminosity or ionization pulse, piston acceleration, heat transfer, or the like.
At appropriate values of the input data, the microprocessor then issues its output commands 65. In particular, these commands comprise signals for opening and closing the primary and secondary solenoid activated reactant supply valves 56 and 57 for the PJC generator and the electric discharge for ignition in the cavity of the PJC generator. Reactants for use in the PJC generator can be gaseous or liquid hydrocarbons and/or alcohols, such as methanol air mixtures, the latter especially, because of the anti-fouling properties of their combustion products. In principle the particular kind of fuel used in the PJC generator is independent of the main engine fuel.
The quantity of feedstock admitted into the prechamber of the PJC generator 51 depends on the pressure of the reactant supply and the length of time valves 52 and 53 remain open. These valves are shown to be operated in tandem, but could be individually controlled. It is preferable to dimension supply lines to meter and deliver an appropriate fuel rich reactant mixture to the PJC generator as well as to provide an ample concentration of radical species in the effluent stream to ensure ignition and jet formation. The valve signal pulse length thus determines delivery of the correct quantity. The jet is formed by causing the PJC generator reactant mixture to ignite in the prechamber. This is accomplished by an electric discharge in the prechamber executed in response to firing signals in the output signal command set 65. Note that ignition in the 4 PJC generators is individually controlled. This is so because the preferred mode of operating the PJC generators is to form the reacting plumes independently influencing thereby the rate of pressure rise in the combustion chamber to assure optimum momentum transfer rate to the piston.
Another command of the set 65 operates the conventional main fuel injectors 50. As mentioned above, the main fuel may be different than the PJC reactants and could normally be gasoline, methanol or their suitable mixture. In view of the reliable control afforded by the present combustion system, generally the quantity of fuel injected would be such as to provide a lean mixture, the diluent consisting of excess air mixed with recirculated combustion products.
Other commands in the output signal in the command set relate to operating the air intake and exhaust outlet controls, 48 and 49 respectively, the former a reed valve and the latter a variable area diaphragm, to control the amount of residual gas recirculation.
FIGS. 4a and b show an exemplary embodiment of the present combustion control system applied to non-premixed charge or Diesel engine. This system is similar to the premixed charge engine configuration in that the basic engine components comprising case 81, piston 82, rod 83, crankshaft 84, air inlet port 85, exhaust port 86, bypass duct 87, are all similar. The salient differences are that the engine is dimensioned to achieve a high compression ratio required to heat the air above the ignition temperature of the fuel, and that all the fuel is injected immediately prior to the instant of preferred auto-ignition.
The preferred control system is also similar in that it is comprised of a microprocessor 90 which receives input signals 101 from pressure sensor 91, alternate sensor 92, and crankangle encoder 93 to provide the input data which indicate engine condition. The microprocessor then issues a set of output signals 102 whose timing and duration are a function of engine condition, as indicated by the graphical representation 94.
A set of four PJC generators 106 produce jets 103 which are directed into different regions of the head space, are actuated sequentially by a subset 110 of output signals 102, and produce jets 103 forming plumes 104 to carry out the combustion process as described earlier, i.e. by entraining hot air into the plume interior as the reagent causing combustion to take place in the eddy interiors.
The set of the PJC generators in an engine cylinder, preferably 2-6 in number, must introduce all the fuel required for the combustion process. A preferred PJC generator for non-premixed charge engines is the subject of copending patent application "Pulsed Jet Combustion Generator for Premixed Charge Engines" by A. K. Oppenheim, and H. E. Stewart, which is incorporated herein for reference. The generator essentially forms a plume of fuel in a finely atomized form carried by an air stream. The generators 106 receive fuel through fuel lines 107 while the high pressure air required for injection is withdrawn from the cylinder, cooled, and, upon pressure intensification, introduced through tubing 108. Injection is controlled by a solenoid controlled needle valve mechanism 109, responsive to signals received through channels 110.
The pressure of the air supply is adjusted so as to provide the high velocity flow required for appropriate jet and plume formation. It is desirable to disperse the fuel in the air stream as finely as possible. The preferred generator disclosed in the above cited application achieves sufficiently small droplet sizes by shearing the fuel with a high pressure air stream in the orifice region of the generator whereby the fuel is atomized into fine droplet embodied within the air carrier.
Having thus described the invention, it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that numerous modifications may be made without departing from the spirit of the invention, whose scope should therefore be limited only by the following claims:
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Date: 1994-07
Description: "'Gebby' Weber, with daughter Karen, hoisted an empty beer keg on his shoulder to recreate the Journal photo on the opposite page [Page 48]."
Date: 1978-05
Description: Auction of old items at the Weber Brewery.
Date: 1995-07
Description: Milwaukee Street in Theresa, Wisconsin.
Date: 1968-12
Description: View of a snowstorm in downtown Theresa.
Date: 1992-12
Description: Built in 1916, the Theresa Village Dam has played a large part in the appearance of the Rock River. Dam is pictured in winter.
Date: 1922 ca.
Description: Two young men stand together in a jaunty pose. A group of boys are in the background.
Date: 1954
Description: "Telephoto picture of the old bridge. Note Highway is 175."
Date: 1904-12
Description: William Wendorf standing outside in the snow near a fence and a shed. He is wearing his white suit from Costa Rica and a straw hat, and is holding a cane...
Date: 1902 ca.
Description: Ed, Martha, and William Wendorf posing in front of their home in the winter.
Date: 1978-02
Description: "Brenda Widmer teaches her beginning Sunday School pupils at St. Peter's Church. They are: l-r. Kim Neitzel, Kim Krueger, Jimmy Wendling, Brenda Bernhard,...
Description: Gorden Senn displays a bottle that he purchased.
Date: 1995-08
Description: Street view of Theresa Firemen's Parade.
Date: 1992-12-27
Description: "Michael and Carol Weymier home at 302 Park Street."
Date: 1925
Description: Exterior view from lawn of the front of the Oak Grove House near Juneau. There is a sign hanging from the railing of the second floor porch.
Date: 1948-08-28
Description: The wedding of Arlene Kuehl and Reuben Pribnow at Zion Lutheran Church.
Date: 1973
Description: "Paul 'Skip' Trauba."
Date: 1995
Description: A shot of a snowy Main Street in Theresa, Wisconsin.
Date: 1975
Description: "Main (Milwaukee) Street. Six taverns were in business in the span of one block!"
Date: 1985-07
Description: "Dr. Greg Langenfeld congratulated Postmaster Paul 'Skip' Trauba when the new Theresa Post Office was opened."
Date: 1971
Description: "Kay Widmer pulls her toboggan up the hill that is on the southwest edge of the village."
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Future Focus, a diabetes board game helps familys prevent diabetes
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|Home > Diet.com Blogs > Search results for "diet" > Page 1
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Could the Vegan Diet be your Answer to Weight Loss
posted @ 1:32pm ET on November 21, 2014
by DietitianConsult
A new study from the University of South Carolina found that in a comparison of various vegetarian diets, the vegan diet produced more weight loss ...
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Blog: Dietitian Consult
Monday's eats
posted @ 1:17pm ET on November 18, 2014
by arcticmom
Monday Breakfast, 1 hard boiled egg, 1 tablespoon mayo, tea with cream Snack, 1 oz almonds Lunch, 5 stuffed mushrooms (mushroom stems, scallions, ...
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Blog: Fall down 7 times get up 8.
4 Big Holiday Dieting Tips to Shrink Your Stomach
posted @ 6:00am ET on November 17, 2014
by Stephen Cabral
I want to share with you 4 of my fast and easy tips you can use to have no fear this holiday season when it comes to eating your favorite ...
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Blog: Fit Life with Stephen Cabral
Fast 3-Exercise Fat-Burning Holiday Workout
posted @ 6:00am ET on November 17, 2014
by FitnessProAmmo
We've arrived at a crucial time of year -- the busy holiday season. Time is precious, but we need to burn off the extra calories we'll eat and ...
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Blog: More Ammo For Your Workout
Posting more meals
posted @ 8:58pm ET on November 16, 2014
by arcticmom
Friday B- 2 scrambled eggs, 2 Tablespoons olive oil, 1 oz mozzarella cheese, water with fresh squeezed lemon juice. S- 1 oz peanuts L- crustless ...
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Blog: Fall down 7 times get up 8.
Your weight is not your worth
posted @ 11:39am ET on November 14, 2014
by arcticmom
These are powerful words. Your weight is not your worth. I spent my whole life believing that it is my worth. I've seen it, overweight friends and ...
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Blog: Fall down 7 times get up 8.
Letting Myself Down
posted @ 8:13pm ET on November 11, 2014
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I started out so well today, but I'm back in my toxic cycle and can't seem to climb my way out. I should have followed Bailey's advice about having ...
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Blog: What If?
posted @ 10:47pm ET on November 10, 2014
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Thank God It's Monday - sometimes that's how I feel when I want to make a fresh start. There's always tomorrow and there's always Monday morning. ...
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Blog: What If?
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State needs to increase access to ERs
Re "Flu creates space crunch" (Our Region, Jan. 12) : California is slowly improving in its support for emergency care, but still ranks near the bottom of the country in a Access to Emergency Care. According to the just-released, state-by-state report card "America's Emergency Care Environment" by the American College of Emergency Physicians, California earned an overall grade of C-minus, but is still ranked 42nd in the country, with an F for access to emergency care, the same grade it earned in 2009. The biggest contributors to California's failing grade are hospital and workforce shortages. The state has the lowest number of emergency departments per person and an inadequate number of hospital beds, as well as shortages of orthopedists, hand surgeons and registered nurses. Our huge and diverse state has complex problems that create barriers to care. Our state legislators need to make access to emergency care a top priority. -- Douglas Brosnan, Roseville, M.D.
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RECAP: Despite a season high eight saves from keeper Andrew Wolverton (Atlanta, Ga.) and goal from forward Connor Maloney (Harrisburg, Pa.), the Penn State men's soccer team fell to No. 9 seeded Syracuse 2-1 in the second round of the NCAA Tournament, Sunday at the SU Soccer...
PREVIEW: Fresh off their thrilling 2-1 NCAA Tournament opening round victory over Hartwick, the Penn State men's soccer team will travel to Syracuse to take on the No. 9 seeded Orange, Sunday, Nov. 23 at 2 p.m. in New York
BLOG: Less than a month ago, Brett Gravatt was a bench player trying to fight his way into the lineup for the Penn State men's soccer team.
RECAP: Two second half goals, capped off by Penn State sophomore Brett Gravatt's first of the season proved to be the difference as the Nittany Lions men's soccer team (13-5-1) defeated Hartwick (6-10-4), Thursday night at Jeffrey Field.
PREVIEW: Nittany Lions host Hartwick Hawks in the opening round of the 48-team field, Thursday 7 p.m. on the Jeffrey Field pitch
There's not much you can throw at the Penn State men's soccer team that it hasn't seen before.


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10 Iconic Photos To Celebrate Queen Elizabeth's 87th Birthday
Next « Back to Story Replay
Queen Elizabeth II acceded to the throne on February 6th, 1952, the day her father, King George VI passed away. Her coronation would be held in June the following year at Westminster Abbey. Atop her head, the Girls of Great Britain and Ireland tiara, gifted to her grandmother, Queen Mary.


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Kevin Ellis
A Pirate Looks at 40 and Beyond
Life Lessons and Loves
Wade Allen's Celebrity Central
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If your favorite store was in danger of closing would you purchase it to keep it open? READ MORE
A look at recent construction through building permits issued by the city of Gastonia. READ MORE
Recent home transactions in Gaston County. READ MORE
These corporations registered with the N.C. Secretary of State in the past week.
The fountain of youth is still fiction. But a Bessemer City trio claims to have a magic wand for lifting years from the face.
Shanna Eaves, along with Crystal Crawford, and Marie Moody, are pro... READ MORE
The Great Recession finally feels like it's over, at least for many of the patients of one Mount Holly dentist.
"We definitely saw things slow down during the recession," Dr. Andrew Oblinger, o... READ MORE
Recent home sales in Gaston County reported to the Register of Deeds office.
These corporations registered with the N.C. Secretary of State in the past week. READ MORE
The N.C. State Bar recently honored Attorney Charles Katzenstein of Katzenstein & Lorance in Gastonia for his 50 years in practice. READ MORE
Ewing Insurance Agency has joined the 1,500 independent agents nationwide who represent the companies of the Utica National Insurance Group. READ MORE


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GreatSchools Rating
Teacher quality
Principal leadership
Parent involvement
This school is amazing the new principaL is just a great as the old one. This school is so nice a respective of EVERYONE!! :)
My daughter was there in this school in her kindergarten class. Since we have to move to new jersy I have to left the school. my experience was very nice . Teacher was very good and parent teacher interaction was also good and the best asset of school is principal. Extra activities compared to other school are less else I'll love to keep my daughter to this school in future if possible.
My daughter is in Kindergarten I'm currently writing a review because I know that a lot of people read this and I wanted to say that my daughter has been at this school less then two months now and I left this school upset twice. Its seems to me that some of the teachers in this school like to pick and choose what kids they like depending whether or not they know their parents. Dont get me wrong there are good things in the school like the principal and some teachers, but some teachers really do not care anymore about the students and it is a shame because I thought the reason people became teachers is because they loved the kids. I do think the teachers need to communicate with the parents more and not just with the parents they knew from some place.
I'm going to the daley now .I had a great time at the bailey I and friends all ways got straight A's .The teachers are nice and a bit strict and very motavational.I love the bailey my parents do too.I cried puddles on my last day at the bailey.Forever in my memories are he great teachers and my friends from 1st-4th
I moved just to get my 2 kids out of this school. Te teachers there seemed to only want to do the bare minimum. No gifted programs, and no extra help for those falling behind. When we moved to our current area, my older child was behind in what the other children were being taught. They already had learned cursive and their multiplication tables, and she hadn't, which made me realize how behind the Bailey was in their curriculum. Parents are made to feel very unwelcome at this school, with the exception of planned 'family events'. Violence in the area, and even in this elemefamily events. Crime in the area, and in the schools, seems to be on the rise. This standard of education is too poor for any child, not just mine!
Our Daughter started Bailey school from 3rd grade. She was in Charter school from K to 2nd grade. We noticed huge difference in environment, discipline, cleanliness, playground, cafeteria, overall infrastructure. I am surprised to see MCAS score though. But school had higher scores also in last few years. Hoping this year would be better. But compared to several other school, we recommend Bailey School for better environment and academics for little chaps.
My son enjoys going to Baileys and the staff has always been very cheerful and friendly. I'm surprised to see the poor MCAS rating for 2006. I had an impression this was one of the best schools in the state.
Excellent School! We have 2 children who attended this school our daughter attended k-4 and our son attended from prek-1. If it was not for the fact we puchased a home in another part of the state in 2003 our son would still be attending the Bailey. We Truly miss the school & all of the Staff they made you feel like you were part of the Bailey School Family! We would like to acknowledge and thank a few special present & past Bailey School staff members, Ms. McCarthy (Former Principal) Ms. Elchook (PreK), Mrs. Roper(PreK Former Paraprofessional), Ms.Casey (K), Ms. Byrne(K Former ParaProfessional), Ms. Devlin (3rd) Mrs. Fortier (ParaProfessional) You were all such an inspiration to our children and we will be forever grateful. We Mmss you all! So if anyone is considering a School for there children The Bailey School comes highly reccomended! Thank you Bailey School staff! Signed, The Pelletier Family
This school did wonders with my son who has ADHD. They worked very hard with his therapist and myself and his father. My daughter starts kindergarden this year an I am very happy sending her. They are wonderful teachers and peers.
Community ratings and reviews do not represent the views of GreatSchools nor does GreatSchools check their accuracy or verify the reviewers' identities. Use your discretion when evaluating these reviews.
The Community Rating is the school's average rating from its community members (e.g., parents, students, and school staff). The highest possible rating is five stars; the lowest is one star.
175 Campbell Dr
Lowell, MA 01851
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Phone: (978) 937-7644
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Mobb Deep rapper Havoc has released a new subliminal record called "Separated (Real From The Fake)" which appears to take direct aim at estranged but longtime music partner Prodigy.
In the opening verse, Hav seems to take a shot at Prodigy's My Infamous Life 2011 autobiography with a book reference.
"We all gathered here today to say goodbye to the lies, b*tch," Hav raps, "Hammer in a n*gga's face, got him talking high pitch/Falsetto like you belong in a pair of stilettos, you drinking a woman's drink, I'm on that Hennessy level/You sounding real sentimental/It's off in your hooks — 20/20 vision, I had to take another look/Would have thought he was fiction like the motherf*cking book…" ("Separated (Real From The Fake)")
He also appears to take shots at Capital P's new H.N.I.C. 3 solo album.
"You used to spit bars, but now you just chirp," Hav raps, "Like a love bird/And most of your album is for the love birds/Son, you wilding — what happened to your principals/Your style ain't about sh*t/If this is what you call beef, I'm about to take a cow sh*t…" ("Separated (Real From The Fake)")
Last weekend, Hav came clean on lying about having his Twitter hacked in April and confessed to dissing P.
"The tweets is crazy," said Havoc. "So it was you?" asked Creekmur. "Yeah," said Havoc. "And I was speaking of a stand point of being mad, but still being truthful of how I felt – but it was just the wrong thing to do at that time." As for the state of Mobb Deep, Havoc says they are taking a break."Right now Mobb Deep is on hiatus, indefinitely…until things get hashed out," Havoc told AllHipHop.com. "Eventually, the real story will come out; there's two sides to every story. Only one has been spoken for." (All Hip Hop)
In April, he claimed someone stole his cell phone and posted the anti-Prodigy remarks.
"Just getting back into NY after my Easter weekend with family and friends in Jersey. I left my phone at a gas station yesterday evening while on my way to Jersey after a glorious Knick's game. To all Mobb Deep fans: it's business as usual! It's Mobb Deep all day!!! My twitter account @THEREALHAVOC will be down until further notice. The only other real account is @PRODIGYMOBBDEEP. Ignore the rest. One!" (Statement)
Check out Havoc's record below:


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It seems the gravy train has finally run out of steam. A promise to stop that train has been Mayor Rob Ford's favourite phrase. CityNews reporter Cynthia Mulligan tells us the mayor has a brand-new buzzword.
City orders wheelchair ramp removed from downtown restaurant
CityNews reporter Tracy Tong with why the city objects to the ramp at Signs restaurant near Yonge and Wellesley.


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Perfect One Bedroom Just a Few Blocks to Downtown**Queen Bed and Twin Bed
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text: Find this wine Find this wine Turley 2012 Zinfandel Turley 2012 California Zin. Naoi's brought for '13 Thanksgivivg. Good! Pin It Tweet one year ago by Elecinfo More posts 1997 Napa Valley Zinfandel Turley Turley never disappoints 2 months ago by Vasudev V. Turley Zinfandel Fig tree 4 months ago by Hoyasaxamommy Turley 2012 Zinfandel Juvenile Turley Zin and Taylor's burgers... awesome!! 6 months ago by Mrsfunkylamb 2011 California Zinfandel Uvenile Get some- favorite zin from Turley. Released in March each year - sells out quick. Smooth, berry, easy on palate 7 months ago by Janflo678 Turley 2012 Zinfandel Deeeeelicious. $25 at Fuji. A zin that drinks like a cab. one year ago by Naoi Y.


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