text:
A system for measuring temperatures using the thermal-noise electrical output of a conductive element in which a reference resistor and the conductive element are connected by a sampling switch arrangement to two amplifiers provided with filters whose band width or characteristic pass frequency corresponds to the noice-voltage frequency. The outputs of the latter are applied to a multiplier or squaring circuit and the latter supplies an analog or d-c signal to the output stage via a commutating switch synchronized with the sampleing switch. The switch arrangement is such that both amplifier-filter paths are either simultaneously connected to the reference resistor or with the measuring resistor.
Claims available in
Description (OCR text may contain errors)
United States Patent 1191 1451 June 24, 1975 Brixy [75] Inventor:
[73] Assignee:
Heinz Brixy, Julich, Germany Kernforschungsanlage Julich GmbH, .lulich, Germany [22] Filed: June 13, 1973 [21] Appl. No.: 369,733
[30] Foreign Application Priority Data June 15, 1972 Germany 22291403 [56]- References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS 12/1955 Hoffman 73/362 AR 11/1959 Kanne 6/1974 Brixy et a1. 73/359 Primary Examiner-S. Clement Swisher Assistant ExaminerDenis E. Corr Attorney, Agent, or Firm-Karl F. Ross; Herbert Dubno 57 ABSTRACT A system for measuring temperatures using the thermal-noise electrical output of a conductive element in which a reference resistor and the conductive element are connected by a sampling'switch arrangement to two amplifiers provided with filters whose band width or characteristic pass frequency corresponds to the noice-voltage frequency. The outputs of the latter are applied to a multiplier or squaring circuit and the latter supplies an analog or d-c signal to the output stage via a commutating switch synchronized with the sampleing switch. The switch arrangement is such that both amplifier-filter paths are either simultaneously connected to the reference resistor or with the measuring resistor.
7 Claims, 9 Drawing Figures JUN 24 1915 SHEET SHEET PHENTEB JUN 2 4 ms SHEET PATENTED JUN 2 4 I975 Fl G. 68
F i G. 7
THERMAL NOISE MEASUREMENT SYSTEM CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS This application is related to the commonly assigned copending applications Ser. No. 238,833 (now US. Pat. No. 3,818,761) and Ser. No. 238,834, both filed 28 Mar. 1972.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to a system for measuring temperatures using the thermally-generated noise voltage produced in a metallic conductor (measuring resistor) as a function of temperature and, more particularly, to a thermal-noise temperature-measurement system.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION A number of temperature-measuring systems have been proposed heretofore wherein thermal/electric transducers are employed. Such systems make use of temperature-related electrical parameters of various devices. For example, in a thermocouple the metallic junction of two dissimilar metals produces an output in the millivolt range when subjected to a temperature differential. Thermoresistive devices, on the ohter hand, become more or less conductive in accordance with the ambient temperature. There exist also systems in which thermoemission is detected in order to indicate temperature conditions or changes.
While the foregoing is not an exhaustive discussion of the various electrical parameters which have been used for temperature measurement, they have been described to distinguish between such systems and systems in which a metallic strand, wire or film generates an electrical output by thermal agitation of electrical charges within the conductor. The output is a noise voltage and is produced in an electrical conductor by such thermal agitation. Thermal noise, also known as Johnson noise, can be produced in a conductor even at temperatures approaching Kelvin (K) and is partic ularly suitable for the measurement of temperatures in the range of 0 to several hundred K. The available thermal-noise power is proportional to the absolute temperature over the frequency bandwidth over which the noise is measured. With a fixed bandwidth, the available thermal noise power can be measured in terms of the noise voltage and is proportional to absolute temperature. The theory of such systems and various circuits using same are described in US. Pat. Nos. 2,710,899, 2,728,835, 2,768,266 and 2,884,786.
As already indicated, various temperature/electrical transducers are known for the measurement of temperatures in addition to the noise-voltage sensors mentionedabove. In prior-art systems using sensors of the latter type, practical limitations have precluded widespread use. The systems have been prone to failure and frequency give an erroneous temperature measurement. In the earlier systems using such thermally sensitive elements as bimetallic switching devices, resistance thermometers, thermistors or pyrometers, various problems have been encountered. Firstly, the sensing element has only a limited range of operability, i.e. it can be used only for a narrow temperature range. Secondly, many of the prior-art elements cannot be readily disposed at locations where temperature sensing is required. For example, pyrometers cannot effectively be incorporated in a wall without an appropriate window; resistance elements are sensitive to high pressure, intensive radiation (e.g. as may develop in a nuclear-reactor core), and to high temperature in the range of several 1000 K. In general they have insufficient accuracy in the range of temperatures slightly above 0 K to 3000 K.
Conventional thermal-noise temperature-measuring systems also have some of these drawbacks and, further, may be ineffective since the high gains required in amplifying the thermal-noise signal also multiply the inherent noise of the amplifier path.
OBJECTS OF THE INVENTION It is, therefore, an important object of the present invention to provide a temperature-measurement system which may be used within a relatively wide temperature spectrum (i.e. from somewhat above 0 K to about 3000 K) with high accuracy and at relatively low cost.
It is another object of the invention to provide a temperature-measurement system which is less sensitive to enviromental influences than prior-art devices.
More specifically, it is an object of the present invention to provide a temperature-measurement system which is less sensitive to the particular atmosphere in which the sensing element is disposed, is substantially unaffected by radiation of the character described and is substantially uninfluenced by pressure.
Yet another object of the invention is to provide a temperature-measuring system which is independent of the material from which the sensor is constituted and its mechanical and thermal treatments.
A more general object of the invention is to provide a highly versatile temperature-measurement system which avoids the aforedescribed difficulties and provides, at low cost, a highly accurate indication of temperature, free from external influences and within a relatively wide temperature range.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION These objects and others which will become apparent hereinafter are attained, in accordance with the present invention, in a noise-voltage temperature-measuring system comprising a noise-voltage temperature sensor, a preamplifier circuit connected to this sensor, a multiplier for forming an algebraic product of the amplified output of the sensor and a reference signal, and an output network including an amplifier arrangement for feeding a temperature indicator or display circuit. According to the invention, the reference signal is generated by a reference resistor. A sampling gate or switch arrangement alternately resistor. A sampling gate or switch arrangement alternately applies the outputs of the measuring resistor and the reference resistor to the multiplier as alternately derived from the respective amplifier chains.
According .to the present invention, therefore, the system comprises a noise-voltage measuring resistor and a reference resistor alternately connected through preamplifier branches to a sampling gate or switch which is synchronized with an output sampling gate or switch for commutating the output of the multiplier to two inputs having respective capacitors (signal-storing condensers) of a differential amplifier which may be connected through an analog integrating amplifier, operating also as a signal inverter, and supplying the output or temperature-indicating circuit. This circuit has been found to be highly desirable because the intrinsic noise of the amplifier branches is canceled or so reduced that the measurement precision is markedly increased.
The temperature-measuring system of the present invention uses the principles enunciated earlier whereby the statistical distribution of electrical charges in an electrical conductor, i.e. the thermal noise, is measured in the form of minute voltage fluctuations measured across the conductor (measuring resistor) and is directly proportional to the absolute temperature thereof in accordance with the NYQUIST formula:
where E is the measured voltage (noise voltage) signal, E is the mean-square voltage fluctuation and is essentially a d-c amplitude, Af is the frequency band over which the fluctuations are measured, k is the Boltzmann gas constant, R,.(Z) is the real part of the complex impedance of the measuring resistor, and T is the absolute temperature thereof. This relation can be transposed to:
where Af is a constant because the measured frequency band is limited by a bandpass filter and R (Z) is canceled by the use of a reference signal, Tis directly proportional to F.
It is preferred to provide the reference resistance with an adjustable resistor, an adjustable capacitor and an adjustable inductor by means of which the inductance, resistance and inductance of the sensing resistor and its connecting line may be matched. The system has been found to be highly simple, free from breakdown and capable of long-term use with a minimum of repair or supervision.
According to the present invention at least the first switching means (connecting the sensing resistor and the reference resistor via the preamplifier branches with the multiplier) is constituted as a sampling gate having two alternately conducting field-effect transistors (FETs) and provided with a triggering input for the sampling. The output or second switch means, according to the invention, may likewise be constituted as a sampling gate with such field-effect transistors and is synchronized with the first sampling gate by the use of a common trigger for both.
The use of field-effect transistors as switching devices has the significant advantage in that the breakdown rate of the apparatus is substantially reduced and a maximum utilization of the noise voltage of the sensing resistor is obtained. It should be noted that electromechanical switches have a tendency to change operating characteristics with age and are provided with contact resistances which are seltom constant. The resistances constituted by the field-effect transistors are much smaller than the measuring resistances and the reference resistances, thereby increasing the precision of the system.
According to another feature of the invention, each of the preamplifier branches comprises a preamplifier stage connected directly to the output side of the sampling gate and in parallel to one another, and a filter responsive to the selected frequency band of the noise voltage. The filters then feed main amplifiers whose outputs are supplied to the multiplier. For further calibration of the resistance, capacitance and inductance of the reference-resistance range to bring about the matching of these parameters with those of the measuring resistance, there are provided narrow-band amplifiers with a band width within the measurementfrequency range of 500 kHz to 2 MHz, i.e. the narrowband width of about 20 kHz to 50 kHz, the narrowband amplifier being switched to shunt the filter and mainamplifier of each amplification band by a manually operated pair of interconnected switches. Of course, as described in the patents cited earlier, the resistance, inductance and capacitance of the reference branch and the sensing branch, including the respective parameters of the cables are compared and balanced by a conventional measuring bridge of the wheatstone bridge, capacitance bridge, or inductance bridge type, using alternating-current energization.
While the use of two amplifier-filter paths between the measuring/reference resistors and the multiplier or squaring circuit with commutation of the paths to the resistors and commutation synchronously to the two inputs of the differential amplifier downstream thereof (as described in the aforementioned copending application Ser. No. 238,833), has represented a major improvement in thermal-noise measuring systems over the prior art for the reasons described, the output signal depends upon the adjustment of the variable reference resistor so that its voltage signal is applied to one storage capacitor and the voltage signal from the measuring resistor is applied to the other storage capacitor through its connecting cable whereby the two signals are compared.
It has now been found to be advantageous to arrange the sampling switch at the input to the amplifier paths so that both amplifier paths (each consisting of a preamplifier, filter and main amplifier) are either simultaneously connected with the measuring resistor or with the reference resistor, i.e. both paths are connected alternately to the measuring resistor and the reference resistor via separate cables.
This differs from the parallel connection of the amplifier paths whereby the two amplifier paths were connected in parallel and jointly connected alternately to the measuring resistor or the reference resistor.
The present invention thus makes use of two switch devices (electronic or mechanical) at the input to the amplifier paths, one connectd to each amplifier path. The two switch devices are each adapted to commutate between the measuring resistor and the reference resistor and, of course, the respective cables or leads connecting the resistors to the amplifier and detection circuits.
This has the advantage that the noise signals of the cable resistance, i.e. the effect of the cable resistance upon the desired signal is cancelled out or rendered incapable of detrimentally acting upon the thermal-noise signal from the measuring resistor.
This is important when the measurement site is far from the amplifier path. Also, this arrangement eliminates any noise effect of the ohmic resistance path of the switch when the latter is in a conductive state between the measuring resistor and the respective amplifier path.
it has been found that the two-switch arrangement between the cable and the amplifier paths completely eliminates the superimposition of cable and switch resistance noise upon the ultimate output.
Another important advantage is that it enables the use of the measuring resistor in high radiation fields such as may be encountered in nuclear reactors. In such fields a radiation-induced noise current may arise to affect detrimentally the measurement; the present improvement allows the use of a measuring resistor of small size and low measuring resistance and a connecting cable of small cross-section and relatively long length (as is needed in radioactive installations) because the extraneous noise apart from the measuring noise signal is minimized for the reasons stated.
The noise-voltage temperature sensor comprises, as described in application Ser. No. 238,834, a body of insulating material, preferably an electrically nonconductive ceramic, and a plurality of turns (undulations or loops) of a thin strand of a pure metal or a metal alloy capable of a noise-voltage output in response to variations in temperature, the turns being distributed along the length of the sensor whereby the latter provides a larger output for a given sensor size. The metal strand according to the present invention has a cross section corresponding to a circular area with a diameter between 5 p. and 50 IL and preferably has a thickness within this range. Suitable metals include pure metals such as tungsten, tantalum, molybdenum, niobium, titanium, zirconium, platinum; alloys of chromium, nickel and iron, preferably with the aforementioned metals, are also effective.
The strand is, over the length of the elongated sensor, provided with a number of turns in a spiral coil or meander configuration. It has been found that such systems are able to provide a high output in a small space without any difficulties with respect to elongation of the sensing element with a temperature rise which has been characterized in earlier arrangements.
In accordance with still another feature of the invention the major portion of the length of the strand is received within the outlines of the insulating body which is composed of a ceramic. Advantageously the body consists of alumina (Al O beryllia (BeO), thoria (ThO magnesia (MgO) or mixtures thereof sintered or fired into a rigid state. High temperature glasses may also be used.
According to one feature of the invention the ceramic insulating body is formed with a plurality of passages, each of which receives a respective stretch of the metal strand. In another configuration, the metal strand is embodied in a sintered ceramic body, e.g. of alumina, while the preferred case provides the metal strand as a wire, advantage also found it possible to make use of a thin metal film on a carrier of electrically insulating material. In all of the cases described, the temperature sensor is found to have a long useful life and to be easily handled.
DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING The above and other objects, features and advantages of the present invention will become more apparent from the following description, reference being made to the accompanying drawing in which:
FIG. 1 is a circuit diagram illustrating the invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic of a sampling gate adapted to be used with the system of FIG. 1;
FIG. 3 is a circuit diagram illustrating an improvement over the system of FIG.
FIG. 4 is an axial cross-sectional view, partly in diagrammatic form, of a temperature sensor for use with the system of the present invention;
FIG. 5 is an axial cross-sectional view through the ceramic body of FIG. 4;
FIG. 6A is an elevational view a sensing element for a temperature-measuring instrument otherwise having the configuration shown in FIG. 4;
FIG. 6B is a cross-sectional view taken along the line VIB VIB of FIG. 6A;
FIG. 7 is an axial cross-sectional view through another sensing element; and
FIG. 8 is a perspective view illustrating a portion of yet another sensing element.
'SPECIFIC DESCRIPTION In FIG. 1 of the drawing, a temperature-responsive noise-voltage sensor in the form of a resistor R subjected to a temperature T has been shown in diagrammatic form connected on one side to ground and connected at its other end via a cable or line K to one terminal of the first switching means or sampling gate 8,. The temperature sensor R (whose electrical output may be represented as R subsequently), may be a thin platinum wire as described above but preferably is of the type described in the concurrently filed, commonly assigned copending application Ser. No. 238,834 and entitled TEMPERATURE-MEASURING INSTRU- MENT or in connection with FIGS. 4-8. The inductance of the cable K (and the sensor R is represented at L while the intrinsic or line capacitance of the measuring branch is represented at C The reference branch includes a referenced resistance R (at temperature T,.) connected in series with an adjustable inductor L and bridged by a parallel adjustable capacitor C the adjustability of the elements R L and C permitting matching of the ohmic, inductive and capacitance impedances of the measuring and reference branches. The reference branch further includes a cable or lead K connected to another terminal of the first switching means or sampling gate 8,.
As seen in FIG. 2, the sampling gate S may comprise a pair of field-effect transistors FET and FET here shown to be of opposite-conductivity types (n-type and p-type) so as to be energizable by a common trigger T. The field-effect sampling gate may be of the type described at pages 658 ff. of PULSE, DIGITAL AND SWITCHING WAVEFORMS, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1965'. The inputs from the measuring and reference brancliB and B are applied to the drains of the field-effect transistors FET and FET the commonly connected sources of which feed the preamplifier stages of the amplification networks. It will be apparent that the alternate polarity triggering pulses of the trigger-pulse generator T render the field-effect transistors alternately conductive to apply the measuring branch and the reference branch to the inputs of the respective amplifier chains V F H, and V F and H respectively.
The amplifier branches each comprise a preamplifier V, or V a filter F or F having a pass-band width of the portion of the noise-voltage spectrum which is desired for measurement, and a main amplifier H or H The outputs of the main amplifier H and H are applied to the two inputs of a multiplier/squarer M through a pair of mechanically operated (manual) contacts of a switch S the contacts being connected or for joint actuation. The contacts of switch S are each of the single pole, double-throw type and can connect, in the alternative, the main amplifier of the respective amplifier branch or a calibration amplifier B to the multiplier.
The multiplied (squared) voltage output IE from multiplier/squarer M is applied through resistor R and a commutating switch S to the signal-storage capacitors C and C The sampling switch S, and the commutating switch S (which may be constituted by a pair of field-effect transistors as described in connection with FIG. 2 but connected inversely) are synchronized, e.g. via the common trigger-pulse generator T, so that the noise voltage signal attributed to the measurement branch B, is always applied to the capacitor C while the multiplier signal attributable to the branch B is always applied to capacitor C,,.
To increase the measuring precision, the capacitors are connected to respective inputs of a differential amplifier D which, in turn, feeds an integrating amplifier I through a resistor R.,. The output of the integrator/inverter R is applied to a readout or recording device represented at RV. The latter device may be a pen recorder, a dial or other conventional readout apparatus. With the switches S, and S in the position shown in FIG. 1, the measuring signal from branch B, and the reference output of branch B are applied alternately to both amplifier chains V,, V and thus to the multiplier/squarer M by which in connection with R and C,,, C the intrinsic amplifier noise and like spurious signals are eliminated so that the output of multiplier/squarer M on C, or C represents the noise voltage only. From time to time, or at the commencement of operation, the inductivity and the capacity of the connecting cable of branch B, may be minimized by manually operating switch S to apply the narrow-band amplifiers to the circuits and adjusting the capacity of condenser C and the inductivity of inductance L, for balance. The temperature, of course, can be given by the relationship where T is the temperature of the measuring resistor R,, T, is the temperature of the reference resistor R when L and C balance is achieved and when the relation R, T R T, is fulfilled by variation of R, then the temperature T,,, is given by the aforementioned relationship.
FIG. 1 also shows a set of switches SW adapted to be manually operated to connect the measuring branch B, and the reference branch B in a balancing bridge circuit with a galvanometer G and a supply-current source G for the setting of the variable capacitor C the inductor L etc. in the event the amplifiers B are not to be used.
In the modification illustrated in FIG. 3, in which similar reference characters are used to designate structure having counterparts in the system of FIG. 1 and in which the balancing bridge, alternating-current supply therefor and the switches for connecting the balancing bridge across the measuring and reference resistors, have not been shown but are understood to be identical to those of the system used in FIG. 1.
The embodiment of FIG. 3 comprises a temperaturemeasuring resistor R,, which may be of the type described in connection with FIGS. 4 through 8 or in the cited prior art, connected by cables K, and K, each having an inductivity contribution as represented at L, and L, and a capacitance C, and C The cables extend to the lower terminal of switches S, and 8,, here represented as a single-pole, double-throw switches which are ganged and are connected to respective amplifier paths. Thus the switch S, is connected at the input of a preamplifier V and in turn has its output connected to a bandpass filter F ahead of a main amplifier H. v
Simultaneously, the switch S, is provided at the input to a preamplifier V feeding filter F at the input side of a main amplifier H, respectively.
The reference resistor R is connected by two cables K and K, with the upper contacts or poles of the switches S, and S,.
The switches S, and S, may each be a single-pole double-throw mechanical switch, operated by electrical means (e.g. a solenoid), a single-pole double-throw contact of a relay having a coil actuating the switches simultaneously, or an electronic switch arrangement, preferably of the type illustrated in FIG. 2 using two field-effect transistors (FETs).
In the latter case, one cable from each of the measuring and reference resistors will be applied to the input terminal of the FET switch while the output terminal thereof is connected to only one of the preamplifiers V or V instead of being branched to the two in parallel.
If the switch of FIG. 2 is employed, therefore, the cable K, is connected to the input B, of one of the two FET switches while the cable K is connected to the other input B2 thereof. The output of this switch is applied to the preamplifier V. Correspondingly, the cable K, is connected to the input B, of the other FET switch while the cable K is connected to the input B and the output of this latter switch is applied to the preamplifier V.
With this circuit, either the measuring resistor R, or the reference resistor R is applied over both amplifier paths to the multiplier/squarer M, the remaining circuitry being similar to that in FIG. 1.
The reference resistor R is provided, as described in connection with FIG. 1 and shown in FIG. 3, with a variable inductor L and variable capacitor C and is also itself formed as a variable resistance or potentiometer to balance the inductance, capacitance and resistance of the reference branches with the measuring branches.
As previously described, each of the amplifier paths VF-I-I is connected by a respective mechanical switch S to the multiplier/squarer M, the switches 8,, being ganged for joint operation.
Previously it was pointed out that the absolute temperature T is proportional to the value of E The signal arriving from each of the amplifier paths can be represented as KE where E is the detected signal from the measuring or reference resistor over the bandwidth Af defined by the filter F and F", and K is the overall gain of the amplifier path. E is, of course, an alternatingcurrent signal and is a function of time so that the instantaneous value thereof is applied to the multiplier or squaring circuit M in which the signal E is multiplied by itself so that the product at the output of the multiplier is the substantially d-c signal K E Since K is a constant it may be disregarded for the present purpose.
The output of the multiplier is then fed via a resistor R and a switch S alternately to the storage capacitors C and C,,, respectively, at the inputs to the differential amplifier D. The switches 5,, S, are ganged as represented in FIG. 3 and are jointly synchronized with switch S by a clock pulse generator or other timer T as previously described. As a result, the thermal-noise signal E, from the measuring resistor R (processed through the amplifier and multiplier/squarer systems) is applied to the capacitor C, while the reference signal E simultaneously processed, is applied to the capacitor C Since the capacitors collect the voltage they function as averagers so that the mean value E and of each signal is applied to the differential amplifier whose output is supplied via the integrator I to the recording device RV.
To minimize perturbations of the thermal-noise signal caused by variations in inductivity and the capacitance of the connecting cables K,', K provided between the measuring resistor R and the amplifier paths V'F'H and V-F"H, each amplifier path is provided with a narrow-band amplifier B, B" which can be connected to the multiplier/squarer M by the switches S in the other positions thereof to allow balancing via capacitor C and inductor L The frequency range of the narrow-band amplifier should be within the main amplifier range of 500 kHz to ZMHz.
As described for the system of FIGS. 1 and 2, the temperature T will be determined from the relation:
where the fraction E /F is formed between differential amplifiers and T,, is the temperature at the measuring resistance while T,, is the temperature at the reference resistor.
What is claimed is:
1. A system for the measurement of temperature,
a measuring branch having a measuring resistor adapted to generate a thermal-noise signal proportional to absolute measure temperature and at least one cable in series with said measuring resistor;
a reference branch including a reference resistor at a reference temperature and at least one cable in series therewith;
a pair of amplifier paths each comprising a preamplifier, a filter connected to the output of the respective preamplifier, and a main amplifier energized through the respective filter;
switch means for alternately connecting said branches to said amplifier paths so that both amplifier paths are simultaneously connected in one switch condition with one branch and in another switch condition with the other branch;
a multiplier circuit receiving inputs from the main amplifier of both said amplifier paths for producing an output representing the product of the signals applied thereto;
a differential amplifier having a pair of inputs each connected to a respective storage capacitor;
a commutating switch synchronized with said switch means for applying the output of said multiplier corresponding to connection of one of said branches to both said amplifier paths to one of said capacitors in one such condition and the output of said multiplier corresponding to connection of the other of said branches to both said amplifier paths to the other capacitor in said other switch condition;
an integrator receiving an output from said differential amplifier; and
read out means connected to said integrator for registering the temperature at said measuring resistor, said switch means including two single-pole double-throw switches having respective output contacts connected to the preamplifier of each of said amplifier paths, said measuring branch comprising a first cable connected to one input contact of one of said single-pole double-throw switches and a second cable connected to the corresponding input of the other single-pole double-throw switches, said reference branch having a first cable connected to the other input contact of said one of said single-pole double-throw switches and a second cable connected to the other input contact of the other single-pole double-throw switch, said single-pole double-throw switches being ganged for joint operation.
2. The system defined in claim 1 further comprising a respective narrow-band amplifier connectible between the output of the preamplifier of each amplifier path and said multiplier, said reference branch including a variable capacitor, a variable inductor and a variable resistance enabling balancing of said branches.
3. The system defined in claim 1 wherein said measuring resistor is disposed in the radiation field of a nuclear reactor.
4. The system defined in claim 1 wherein said measuring resistor includes an elongated housing, a thermal-noise-generating strand composed of a metal from the group which consists of tungsten, tantalum, molybdenum, nioblum, titanium, zirconium, chromium, nickel and iron, and alloys of chromium, nickel and iron, wound in a plurality of turns along the length of said housing, a body of electrically insulating ceramic material separating said turns from one another and composed of at least ceramic from the group which consists of alumina, beryllia, thoria and magnesia, and conductors extending into said housing and connecting said strand to the cable of said measuring branch.
5. The system defined in claim 4 wherein said strand has a cross-section corresponding to a circle with a diameter between 5 and 50 microns.
6. The system defined in claim 5 wherein said body is provided with a multiplicity of passages,said strand passing through said passages in alternately opposite directions.
7. The system defined in claim 6 wherein said switch means includes at least one pair of field-effect transis- IOI'S. I
Patent Citations
Referenced by
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So You've Had a Baby… Does That Mean an Ugly House?
Cabinet locks, outlet fillers, corner bumpers, door knob covers… once you have a baby, your whole home seems to become a litany of protective devices! Stop the insanity by instead decorating your home with baby-friendly items which are as gorgeous as they are safe.
The first step is to replace any square cornered or glass tables with round options. If a child runs into this, they'll get a bruise instead of their eye poked out. Choosing chairs without arms is another good way to avoid corner collisions.
If you love it, lock it up. Put anything you truly cherish behind glass so little hands can't get at it. When your heart is broken because the last gift you got from your mother before she died lays smashed on the floor (oh yes, that happened to me!), you'll wish you'd dealt with the situation sooner.
Mmmm, tassles! While they may not look tasty to you, they sure do to a baby. Get rid of your beaded and bedazzled pillows and lampshades and replace them with washable covers and simple shades. You'll appreciate this down the road when they become stained or damaged from childhood accidents.
When you love your baby, you know you must protect them from danger. At the same time, when you love the possessions in your home, you must protect them from the baby. As this goes both ways, you need to put the most effort possible into the project. That said, you do not have to sacrifice a beautiful home just to have a baby.
What sort of changes have you made since bringing baby home?
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Here is a collection of scientific papers finding adverse biological effects or damage to health from Wi-Fi signals, Wi-Fi-enabled devices or Wi-Fi frequencies (2.4 or 5 GHz), complied by campaign group WiFi In Schools. The papers listed are only those where exposures were 16V/m or below. Someone using a Wi-Fi-enabled tablet computer can be exposed to electromagnetic fields up to… Continue reading
Cell Phone Radiation Health Risks Higher for Children
A new review of studies on cell phone radiation health risks has been published by L. Lloyd Morgan, senior science fellow at Environmental Health Trust, in the Journal of Microscopy and Ultrastructure. The review highlights findings on radiation effects on children and unborn babies.
In reviewing peer-reviewed cell phone exposure studies from 2009 to 2014, along with cell phone radiation data, government documents, manufacturers' manuals, and similar publications, the authors found that children face a higher health risk than adults.
Highlights of the Review
- Children absorb more electromagnetic radiation (EMR) than adults.
- EMR is a Class 2B (possible) carcinogen.… Continue reading
CDC Issues Precautionary Health Warnings on Cell Phone Radiation
The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) have updated the "Frequently Asked Questions" about cell phone radiation and health on their website. They now assert that "Along with many organizations worldwide, we recommend caution in cell phone use."
The CDC's recommendations are rather mild considering the vast amount of independent, peer-reviewed research linking many health risks to cell phone radiation, and also considering steps already taken by a number of other countries in the world to reduce cell phone health risks. However, they do represent a step forward in the US government's position regarding cell… Continue reading
New Documentary Links Cell Phone Radiation to Brain Cancer
A new investigative documentary called Mobilize—the first feature-length film to examine the potential long-term harmful effects of cell phone radiation—will be opening soon at selected theaters in California. The film examines the most recent scientific research, outlines national legislative efforts, and reveals the influence technology companies have on public health.
Filmmaker Kevin Kunze started creating the film as a student and has paid the production costs himself, and this is evidently apparent in the quality of the film production. And yet the information given by professors and researchers about the harmful effects of cell phone radiation on… Continue reading
Radiation from Cell Phones—
Is it Causing Your Exhaustion?
If you're feeling chronically exhausted and you also spend a lot of time on your cell phone, you may want to consider the possibility that these two things are connected.
It may come as a surprise to hear that radiation from cell phones can cause exhaustion—but it's one of the many symptoms that increasing numbers of people are feeling these days since cell phones have become an essential part of their lives.
It's not surprising really, when you think of what researchers have found—that wireless radiation impacts the nervous system, keeping it constantly on the alert. It also affects the… Continue reading
Searching for Drug-Free Headache Relief?
Finding drug-free headache relief without medication isn't easy. Natural treatments often don't work. A healthy diet and stress reduction exercises can help, but they often don't reach the core of the problem. Drugs aren't the answer—they generally just treat the symptom. And who wants to be dependent on drugs, anyway?
You may not realize it, but it may be your technology that's causing your headaches.
Your computer, your cell phone, and all your other wireless devices bombard you daily with hazardous electromagnetic radiation, a high frequency type of electromagnetic field (EMF). Your electricity and appliances generate another type of… Continue reading
How to Improve Your Athletic Performance with EMF Protection
Want to know how to improve your athletic performance and move to the next level? You're likely aware of the energy-depleting effects of poor diet, lack of sleep, and stress.
But are you aware that EMFs (also known as electromagnetic radiation) in your environment may also be sapping your energy and stamina?
The Effects of EMF Exposure
We live in a sea of EMFs today, filled with cell phone radiation, WiFi radiation, and smart meter radiation. Cell towers and power lines also add their radiation into the mix, along with the EMFs from our electricity and… Continue reading
Berkeley Calls for Cell Phone Radiation Warnings
Berkeley may be the first city in the US to pass legislation stating that stickers must be attached to cell phone packaging, warning people that the devices may emit cancer-causing radiation. The proposal for this ordinance has been co-sponsored by City Councilman Max Anderson, who states he believes that cell phone radiation poses a risk and that the public has a right to information that is credible and understandable.
Similar efforts to pass such a law occurred in San Francisco in 2010, but they ended two years later through a federal court defeat, in which the court ruled that… Continue reading
GMO Labeling Victories Encouraging Protestors
It's very exciting to read in this article below about all these GMO labeling victories happening. It really is about taking the protection of our health into our own hands. VF
The East Coast has been getting most of the attention lately on the state by state effort to label genetically-engineered food.
Vermont recently passed a bill and New York State's bill is now moving. But let's not forget about the western states, which are also critical to this fight. Right to know advocates in Oregon and Colorado are currently gathering signatures to place measures on… Continue reading
Helping your Child to Deal with Stress
You may not think of your child as someone who has to deal with stress. But kids are no different from adults. They feel stress too.
The stresses they deal with may not seem like much compared to what you may be dealing with—paying bills, providing food & shelter for your family, and all the rest.
But they have their own anxieties that cause them stress. And they can experience the same kind of responses to the stress as any adult.
What Exactly is Stress?
Stress is a response we have to a situation or event that requires us… Continue reading
Longevity – EMF Exposure May be Shortening your Life
You may think you're doing all you can to increase your longevity—exercise, good diet, lots of sleep, anti-aging health supplements. All important.
But you might be missing an important piece of information about the aging process: the damage that exposure to electromagnetic fields (EMFs) does to your body. There are hundreds of independent, peer-reviewed studies that have correlated exposure to EMFs to damaging biological effects, and more that link it to a number of diseases.
Studies have found correlations to Alzheimer's, Diabetes, and High Blood Pressure. Exposure to high frequency electromagnetic radiation from WiFi, cell… Continue reading
Researchers Prepare Study on Cell Phone Impact on Children's Brains
Although much research has been done linking cell phone radiation with numerous health effects, not as much has been done on the effects of radiation on the brains of children and teens.
A group of British researchers led by Paul Elliott, director of the Center for Environment and Health at Imperial College London, is preparing to remedy this situation. They will be conducting the largest study yet to determine just what the impact of radiation from cell phones and other wireless devices has on the brain development of children and teens.
In September 2014, the Study of Cognition, Adolescents and… Continue reading
How to Avoid WiFi Radiation Health Risks
Concerned about WiFi radiation health risks? You have reason to be. WiFi uses hazardous RF radiation to send its signals through walls. If you have WiFi, you are receiving massive amounts of RF radiation that may be causing you and your family health problems.
WiFi Radiation Health Risks
Scientists & Organizations Cautioning about Radiation Health Risks
One prolific researcher of WiFi radiation, Dr. Magda Havas, Professor of Environmental & Resource Studies, Trent University, ON, Canada, states:
"The scientific evidence clearly shows… Continue reading
Erectile Dysfunction:
Is Radiation from Electronic Devices a Cause?
Erectile dysfunction (ED) affects as many as 30 million men, with its effects becoming increasingly prevalent with age. It's estimated that around 50% of men over the age of 40 experience problems developing or maintaining an erection.
One of the main causes of erectile dysfunction is simply aging, but only to a certain extent; certain factors can cause premature erectile dysfunction to develop in otherwise healthy younger men, and one of the biggest threats to penile health is electromagnetic radiation caused by electronic devices.
In 2004, scientists discovered that laptop usage could dramatically reduce a man's sperm count, sometimes resulting… Continue reading
EMFs May be Causing Your Fibromyalgia
If you've been diagnosed with fibromyalgia, you've probably been told that the causes of fibromyalgia are unknown. And that all you can do is take medications to help manage your symptoms.
This wouldn't be so bad, if the medications weren't so expensive and they were relieving all your symptoms. But probably they're not—and they're also causing side effects.
Is it Fibromyalgia or Electrosensitivity?
Perhaps the causes of fibromyalgia are unknown, but what many health practitioners are unaware of is how the symptoms of fibromyalgia and those of electrosensitivity (aka electromagnetic hypersensitivity) are very similar.
Electrosensitive people often don't… Continue reading


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|By Marketwired .
Article Rating:
|February 26, 2013 01:00 PM EST
SANTA CLARA, CA -- (Marketwire) -- 02/26/13 -- SiSense, the Big Data Analytics Company, is showcasing the record breaking performance of its Prism solution by analyzing 10 Terabytes in 10 seconds, on a single server node at the O'Reilly Strata Big Data Conference this week (Booth P3).
This new record demonstrates how SiSense technology can analyze 100 times more data than traditional in-memory solutions, at a fraction of the cost, and how it democratizes Big Data Analytics by providing businesses of all sizes with everything they need in one package. The server used for this performance is an "off-the-shelf" Dell PowerEdge R720 Rack Server, and SiSense shows it can analyze on one node what normally requires 20 nodes.
The company is also a finalist in the conference's "Startup Showcase" competition taking place Tuesday, Feb. 26 at 6:00pm PST.
"The majority of businesses struggle with Terabytes of Data, not Petabytes. And they shouldn't have to worry about setting up complex clusters and distributed environments that were initially designed for Petabyte scale," says Amit Bendov, SiSense CEO. "With this record, we show that the answer can be very simple: our software provides the scale they need on one server and it contains the entire solution, in one package; from the database to beautiful visualizations on the web." Bendov continues: "We want to show that Data Analytics is not just reserved for the few companies that can afford complex systems. We aim to make Big Data Analytics approachable and simple for all."
SiSense Secret Sauce
The secret is SiSense's unique technology, the ElastiCube, a high-performance analytical database that leverages the latest innovation in hardware to maximize machine RAM and CPU use. "The ElastiCube is exceptionally efficient at harnessing machine capacity that typically goes untapped," says Bendov.
Wayne Eckerson, an industry thought leader and the founder of BI Leadership Research highlights: "One of the key innovations I was impressed with, is the way SiSense combines vectorization, in-memory and columnar algebra to boost query performance -- this is a very different and new approach."
SiSense Prism's columnar data structure and compression algorithms provide great storage improvements. Its compiler runs inside the CPU and inside the machine control unit, and decides in real-time how to best execute queries -- either in RAM, Disk, or both. SiSense also uses "vectorization," a process that refers to a machine's ability to apply the same operation to multiple pieces of data simultaneously, resulting in immediate performance gains.
A Big Data Analytics Revolution
"Big Data Analytics is in need of a Revolution. Two weeks ago, we organized an event that included customers and companies of all sizes from Wix to Facebook to Netflix, and SurveyMonkey. Regardless of their size, companies consistently complain about the same issue: Big Data Analytics is too complicated," said Bendov.
SiSense boasts a fast-growing list of customers, spanning across 48 countries. It includes very large companies like Merck, ESPN, and NASA to Silicon Valley icons like Yahoo! or Fusion-IO, to small companies like Uber or Fiverr. SiSense Prism can be deployed on-premises or in the cloud.
SiSense Prism provides everything a business needs to succeed with Big Data Analytics:
- Ability to process 100x more data than RAM based in-memory solutions
- Can store and query tens of billions of rows of data
- Runs on commodity, "off-the-shelf" hardware
- Provides automatic extraction ("ETL") from all major databases including Microsoft SQL Server, Oracle, MySQL, PostgreSQL and Intuit QuickBase, and applications like Salesforce.com, Google Adwords, Google Analytics, Google Spreadsheets, Zendesk and Intuit QuickBooks, and data from Hadoop/Hive
- Comes with Out-of-The-Box Web based visualizations based on HTML 5 and JavaScript
At fully functional trial version of SiSense Prism can be downloaded for free at http://www.sisense.com/prism-free-trial
About SiSense
SiSense is democratizing Big Data Analytics by pioneering a new approach that enables organizations of all sizes to make sense of their data. SiSense Prism -- powered by Elasticube technology -- delivers unmatched performance, agility & value. With customers in 48 countries, including global brands like Target and Merck, SiSense was recently designated a company to watch by Information Management, its solution was named by CRN a "Hot Product to See at Dreamforce," and included in the "Top 10 Things to See at Hadoop World." Download a free trial version of the software at http://www.sisense.com/prism-free-trial
Legal Notices
Copyright © 2013 SiSense. All Rights Reserved. All trademarks, trade names, service marks, and logos referenced herein belong to their respective companies.
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Leron Kornreich
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"There is a natural synchronization between the business models, the IoT is there to support ," explained Brendan O'Brien, Co-founder and Chief Architect of Aria Systems, in this SYS-CON.tv interview at the 15th International Cloud Expo®, held Nov 4–6, 2014, at the Santa Clara Convention Center in Santa Clara, CA.
Nov. 23, 2014 12:00 PM EST Reads: 1,541
The major cloud platforms defy a simple, side-by-side analysis. Each of the major IaaS public-cloud platforms offers their own unique strengths and functionality. Options for on-site private cloud are diverse as well, and must be designed and deployed while taking existing legacy architecture and infrastructure into account. Then the reality is that most enterprises are embarking on a hybrid cloud strategy and programs. In this Power Panel at 15th Cloud Expo (http://www.CloudComputingExpo.com), moderated by Ashar Baig, Research Director, Cloud, at Gigaom Research, Nate Gordon, Director of T...
Nov. 23, 2014 07:45 AM EST Reads: 1,401
The definition of IoT is not new, in fact it's been around for over a decade. What has changed is the public's awareness that the technology we use on a daily basis has caught up on the vision of an always on, always connected world. If you look into the details of what comprises the IoT, you'll see that it includes everything from cloud computing, Big Data analytics, "Things," Web communication, applications, network, storage, etc. It is essentially including everything connected online from hardware to software, or as we like to say, it's an Internet of many different things. The difference ...
Nov. 22, 2014 10:00 PM EST Reads: 1,220
ARMONK, N.Y., Nov. 20, 2014 /PRNewswire/ -- IBM (NYSE: IBM) today announced that it is bringing a greater level of control, security and flexibility to cloud-based application development and delivery with a single-tenant version of Bluemix, IBM's platform-as-a-service. The new platform enables developers to build ap...
Nov. 22, 2014 05:30 PM EST Reads: 1,416
Cloud Expo 2014 TV commercials will feature @ThingsExpo, which was launched in June, 2014 at New York City's Javits Center as the largest 'Internet of Things' event in the world.
Nov. 22, 2014 05:30 PM EST Reads: 1,373
An entirely new security model is needed for the Internet of Things, or is it? Can we save some old and tested controls for this new and different environment? In his session at @ThingsExpo, New York's at the Javits Center, Davi Ottenheimer, EMC Senior Director of Trust, reviewed hands-on lessons with IoT devices and reveal a new risk balance you might not expect. Davi Ottenheimer, EMC Senior Director of Trust, has more than nineteen years' experience managing global security operations and assessments, including a decade of leading incident response and digital forensics. He is co-author of t...
Nov. 22, 2014 05:30 PM EST Reads: 1,210
Explosive growth in connected devices. Enormous amounts of data for collection and analysis. Critical use of data for split-second decision making and actionable information. All three are factors in making the Internet of Things a reality. Yet, any one factor would have an IT organization pondering its infrastructure strategy. How should your organization enhance its IT framework to enable an Internet of Things implementation? In his session at Internet of @ThingsExpo, James Kirkland, Chief Architect for the Internet of Things and Intelligent Systems at Red Hat, described how to revolutioniz...
Nov. 21, 2014 09:15 PM EST Reads: 1,304
Technology is enabling a new approach to collecting and using data. This approach, commonly referred to as the "Internet of Things" (IoT), enables businesses to use real-time data from all sorts of things including machines, devices and sensors to make better decisions, improve customer service, and lower the risk in the creation of new revenue opportunities. In his General Session at Internet of @ThingsExpo, Dave Wagstaff, Vice President and Chief Architect at BSQUARE Corporation, discuss the real benefits to focus on, how to understand the requirements of a successful solution, the flow of ...
Nov. 21, 2014 08:00 PM EST Reads: 1,385
The security devil is always in the details of the attack: the ones you've endured, the ones you prepare yourself to fend off, and the ones that, you fear, will catch you completely unaware and defenseless. The Internet of Things (IoT) is nothing if not an endless proliferation of details. It's the vision of a world in which continuous Internet connectivity and addressability is embedded into a growing range of human artifacts, into the natural world, and even into our smartphones, appliances, and physical persons. In the IoT vision, every new "thing" - sensor, actuator, data source, data con...
Nov. 21, 2014 08:00 PM EST Reads: 1,325
"BSQUARE is in the business of selling software solutions for smart connected devices. It's obvious that IoT has moved from being a technology to being a fundamental part of business, and in the last 18 months people have said let's figure out how to do it and let's put some focus on it, " explained Dave Wagstaff, VP & Chief Architect, at BSQUARE Corporation, in this SYS-CON.tv interview at @ThingsExpo, held Nov 4-6, 2014, at the Santa Clara Convention Center in Santa Clara, CA.
Nov. 21, 2014 07:00 PM EST Reads: 1,247
Focused on this fast-growing market's needs, Vitesse Semiconductor Corporation (Nasdaq: VTSS), a leading provider of IC solutions to advance "Ethernet Everywhere" in Carrier, Enterprise and Internet of Things (IoT) networks, introduced its IStaX™ software (VSC6815SDK), a robust protocol stack to simplify deployment and management of Industrial-IoT network applications such as Industrial Ethernet switching, surveillance, video distribution, LCD signage, intelligent sensors, and metering equipment. Leveraging technologies proven in the Carrier and Enterprise markets, IStaX is designed to work ac...
Nov. 20, 2014 09:15 PM EST Reads: 1,341
C-Labs LLC, a leading provider of remote and mobile access for the Internet of Things (IoT), announced the appointment of John Traynor to the position of chief operating officer. Previously a strategic advisor to the firm, Mr. Traynor will now oversee sales, marketing, finance, and operations. Mr. Traynor is based out of the C-Labs office in Redmond, Washington. He reports to Chris Muench, Chief Executive Officer. Mr. Traynor brings valuable business leadership and technology industry expertise to C-Labs. With over 30 years' experience in the high-tech sector, John Traynor has held numerous...
Nov. 20, 2014 06:00 PM EST Reads: 1,291
Bit6 today issued a challenge to the technology community implementing Web Real Time Communication (WebRTC). To leap beyond WebRTC's significant limitations and fully leverage its underlying value to accelerate innovation, application developers need to consider the entire communications ecosystem.
Nov. 20, 2014 04:45 PM EST Reads: 1,077
The 3rd International @ThingsExpo, co-located with the 16th International Cloud Expo - to be held June 9-11, 2015, at the Javits Center in New York City, NY - announces that it is now accepting Keynote Proposals. The Internet of Things (IoT) is the most profound change in personal and enterprise IT since the creation of the Worldwide Web more than 20 years ago. All major researchers estimate there will be tens of billions devices - computers, smartphones, tablets, and sensors - connected to the Internet by 2020. This number will continue to grow at a rapid pace for the next several decades.
Nov. 20, 2014 01:00 PM EST Reads: 1,540
The Internet of Things is not new. Historically, smart businesses have used its basic concept of leveraging data to drive better decision making and have capitalized on those insights to realize additional revenue opportunities. So, what has changed to make the Internet of Things one of the hottest topics in tech? In his session at @ThingsExpo, Chris Gray, Director, Embedded and Internet of Things, discussed the underlying factors that are driving the economics of intelligent systems. Discover how hardware commoditization, the ubiquitous nature of connectivity, and the emergence of Big Data a...
Nov. 20, 2014 12:30 PM EST Reads: 1,768
Almost everyone sees the potential of Internet of Things but how can businesses truly unlock that potential. The key will be in the ability to discover business insight in the midst of an ocean of Big Data generated from billions of embedded devices via Systems of Discover. Businesses will also need to ensure that they can sustain that insight by leveraging the cloud for global reach, scale and elasticity.
Nov. 18, 2014 09:00 PM EST Reads: 2,002
SYS-CON Events announced today that Windstream, a leading provider of advanced network and cloud communications, has been named "Silver Sponsor" of SYS-CON's 16th International Cloud Expo®, which will take place on June 9–11, 2015, at the Javits Center in New York, NY. Windstream (Nasdaq: WIN), a FORTUNE 500 and S&P 500 company, is a leading provider of advanced network communications, including cloud computing and managed services, to businesses nationwide. The company also offers broadband, phone and digital TV services to consumers primarily in rural areas.
Nov. 18, 2014 08:15 PM EST Reads: 1,580
SYS-CON Events announced today that IDenticard will exhibit at SYS-CON's 16th International Cloud Expo®, which will take place on June 9-11, 2015, at the Javits Center in New York City, NY. IDenticard™ is the security division of Brady Corp (NYSE: BRC), a $1.5 billion manufacturer of identification products. We have small-company values with the strength and stability of a major corporation. IDenticard offers local sales, support and service to our customers across the United States and Canada. Our partner network encompasses some 300 of the world's leading systems integrators and security s...
Nov. 18, 2014 08:15 PM EST Reads: 1,529
IoT is still a vague buzzword for many people. In his session at @ThingsExpo, Mike Kavis, Vice President & Principal Cloud Architect at Cloud Technology Partners, discussed the business value of IoT that goes far beyond the general public's perception that IoT is all about wearables and home consumer services. He also discussed how IoT is perceived by investors and how venture capitalist access this space. Other topics discussed were barriers to success, what is new, what is old, and what the future may hold. Mike Kavis is Vice President & Principal Cloud Architect at Cloud Technology Pa...
Nov. 18, 2014 01:30 PM EST Reads: 1,994
Cloud Expo 2014 TV commercials will feature @ThingsExpo, which was launched in June, 2014 at New York City's Javits Center as the largest 'Internet of Things' event in the world. The next @ThingsExpo will take place November 4-6, 2014, at the Santa Clara Convention Center, in Santa Clara, California. Since its launch in 2008, Cloud Expo TV commercials have been aired and CNBC, Fox News Network, and Bloomberg TV. Please enjoy our 2014 commercial.
Nov. 13, 2014 05:00 AM EST Reads: 3,536


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This troper is mostly a lurker, and usually does minor edits. Due to him being a systematisation freak, TV Tropes has become his gold mine, so don't expect him to leave soon. Oh, and yeah, he got here from xkcd. He hails from a faraway land where wild bears roam the streets, which means you may have trouble understanding him. Bear with it. Heh heh... Bear... Likes doing nothing, sleeping, Nanomachines, Face Palm of Doom, giant robots, Mind Screw, Large Ham, duct tape, fiddling around with electronics (when not depressed, which is rare), drawing (rarely), Metal and Chiptunes, Indie games, feeling of harmony when something is done properly. Patiently waits for the Russian section of TV Tropes to open, and for someone to finally leave the "Steal, Kill, F#ck geese" comment on the Alpha Protocol page. Not so talkative outside of TV Tropes. Needs More Love.
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"Not that good"
It was a little laboring in parts and not as good as the reviews said.
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November 26, 2014
A man is recovering after being wounded in a shooting Wednesday night.
Police in the area of North 28th and Spencer head several gunshots just before 10 p.m. and found 25-year-old Hollie Devers in a yard near North 28th Avenue and Wirt Street.
He told officers he was in the area of 30th and Spencer when four unknown men opened fire. Devers was taken to Alegent Creighton Medical Center for treatment.
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A love/hate reading relationship has formed between digital reading on tablets and moi. I dearly wish one side would just finally pummel the crud out of the other so that I could at long last jump on one side of the fence as to how I feel about these things and simply move on with my reading life.
For my latest children's book, I gave myself the challenge of telling a complete story using only one word. I almost succeeded. On the final page, I needed to introduce a second word (and sharp-eyed students are quick to point out that there are four additional words used in the illustrations).
Students and young readers often ask me if I was bullied as a child. It's a fair question, since bullying is a major topic in both of my young adult novels (BUTTER and DEAD ENDS), and it deserves an honest answer.
Yes, I tell them, I was bullied. Sometimes, the youngest—and bravest—students will ask how I was bullied.
Middle school boys have been waiting for Julian Twerski.
In the recent novel TWERP, author Mark Goldblatt turns the bully paradigm on its head, giving us a gruesomely honest account of the middle school power dynamic.
Many books have been written about the "mean girl" mentality and about bullying in general. Let's face it: teasing, ridicule, abuse, and the desire to belong are so rife in our tween years that practically no middle grade book would be complete without them.


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baby bangs, bangs, bob, extensions, girlboss, Hair, hair color, meche salon, melrose, nasty gal, nasty gal flagship store, sophia amoruso, sophia amoruso hair, Tracey Cunningham
Sophia Amoruso primped for the opening of Nasty Gal's first flagship store in LA with a bangin' new 'do. The #GIRLBOSS headed to Mèche to swap her bob for a little more length and to revisit her illustrious baby bangs. Before and after pictures below!
All hands were on deck to create her show-stopping look — coveted colorist Tracey Cunningham revamped her color while Sarah Conner added length with hand sewn extensions and Stacey Ho cut her bangs.


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Midwest Book Review ReviewPraise for Mr. Kubicki's first Book
Midwest Book Review A Dubious Mission: A Colton Banyon Mystery (Paperback)
Weight of the world sometimes places itself on the most unassuming of shoulders. "A Dubious Mission" follows Colton Banyon as he finds his middle aged business life torn to shreds and placed in peril as he enters a story filled with Nazis, white supremacists, thieves, and more. Faced with the remnants of a plot that the Nazis hatched decades ago now coming into fruition,


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Toki Tori 2+ is a puzzle adventure game in which you explore a lush forest island inhabited by strange creatures. Whistle and stomp to influence their behavior, and solve the puzzles. But what's up with that black goo? It's threatening your home world!
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Although Wood Boi is an underground artist, you can truly say he's "Hollywood." No, not the star-studded L.A. kind, the city in South Florida. In his new single, Back to the Money , Wood divulges his money-making experiences (at age 17), but in a more creative way than most. Cool & Dre protégé C-Ride chips in to add his own air of freshness, laying down his lines similarily to Pushin' and Sittin' On My Porch. With a typical Track Bangas' Miami bass beat and a few vocoder ad libs (sounding suspiciously like T-Pain), Back to the Money will definitely get major spins in South Florida. Who knows, Wood Boi might also be the newest artist in his region to get a major deal?
Written by Burmy on 12/18/07
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Reuters is reporting that Amazon is now accepting pre-orders for an international version of the larger-screen Kindle DX, due to ship on 19 January 2010 for $489, just 3 months after the Kindle 2 was made available in other countries. See "Amazon Extends Kindle Beyond United States" (8 October 2009) for more details on Amazon's international approach.
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bunk1Syllabification: bunk
Pronunciation: /bəNGk /
A narrow shelflike bed, typically one of two or more arranged one on top of the other.
Example sentences
- Some of the crew went off-shift, stringing up hybrid bunks and hammocks belowdecks, the others continued working.
- Inside it's designed as the cabin of a ship: the bunks used to be hammocks and, even when they changed to something more solid, they were famous for having three tiers.
- Few pirates were in there, snoozing deeply in their bunks or hammocks.
berth, cot, bed
verb[no object] chiefly North American Back to top
Sleep in a narrow berth or improvised bed, typically in shared quarters as a temporary arrangement: they bunk together in the dormitory
More example sentences
- The Queenslanders were sleeping in cars or bunking in caravan parks.
- 'Sure,' I said, 'I probably should know what you do if we're going to be bunking together.'
- Baker, Pease, Broadwater, and Lieutenant Charles B. Schofield bunked together in another tent.
mid 18th century: of unknown origin; perhaps related to bunker.
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bunk2Syllabification: bunk
Pronunciation: /bəNGk /
Nonsense: anyone with a brain cell would never believe such bunk
More example sentences
- We like to believe that history is bunk because we don't like being bound by it.
- That he believes his own bunk is the best joke of all.
- Certainly there is as much bunk out there that needs to be unmasked as nonsense or lies.
early 20th century: abbreviation of bunkum.
bunk3Line breaks: bunk
Pronunciation: /bʌŋk/
Entry from British & World English dictionary


text:
Chevin Country Park Hotel & Spa
Top Deals at Chevin Country Park Hotel & Spa
Anytime Break
from £35.00
Anytime Break
Breakfast & Dinner
from £40.00
Entertainment Break
Live Tribute Act Entertainment
from £62.50
Late Deal
Breakfast & Dinner
from £79.00
Wine & Dine
Includes half a bottle of red or white wine with dinner each evening
from £99.00
Why stay at Chevin Country Park Hotel & Spa?
Set in a stunning location on the very brow of the Chevin Hills above the market town of Otley, the Chevin Country Park Hotel & Spa nestles in 44 acres of mature protected silver birch forest woodland. The hotel comprises of a complex of beautifully quaint log bothies, a leisure club and the main building which houses a fantastic wedding venue, market leading conference suites and the Lakeside Restaurant.
Very limited Wi-Fi in the hotel's lodges due to their location being in the wooded area of the grounds. Full service of free Wi-Fi is available in the main hotel building.


text:
Showing 1-24 of 43 items
The President's Photographer: 50 Years Inside the Oval Office Exhibit
Visitors will be transported through presidential history, from photos made when the first official presidential photographer was hired in 1963, to today's unprecedented coverage of Barack Obama. This exhibit will showcase the power of the still image as a tool for understanding 50 years of president's history. Assembled by three-time Emmy Award-winner John Bredar, this exhibition features works by veteran presidential photographers David Hume Kennerly (Gerald Ford), David Valdez (George H.W. Bush), Bob McNeely (Bill Clinton), Eric Draper (George W. Bush), Pete Souza (Barack Obama) and many more.
CITY: Wauconda
17th Annual St. Charles Fine Art Show
Located along the banks of the Fox River, this juried art show features 100 fine artists, live music, demonstrations and artists' awards.
CITY: St. Charles
Festival of the Horse & Drum
Festival of the Horse & Drum is an equestrian festival with a diverse and exciting twist. American Indian Pow-Wow, Horsemen of Spain, Portugal & Mexico, Tanner & Glaze. Equestrian games, Equine abilities expo & more.
CITY: St. Charles
Charlie's Center for the Arts-All of the Arts-All over Town
This event is truly All of the Arts, All over Town. The entire city will be transformed into an Arts Center featuring a major Art Show, music, live theater, and more from some of the best local, regional and national performing and visual artists.
CITY: St. Charles
Charlie's Center for the Arts
The "Charlie's event will run from Friday, March 6th thru Sunday, March 8th. Multiple venues all over St. Charles will feature outstanding students performing and visual artists. More information is available at stcharlesartscouncil.org
CITY: St. Charles
Christmas with the Lincolns
Where did the Lincoln boys hang their stockings for Santa to fill? What might have been in those stockings? What Christmas goodies were on Lincoln's table? Discover how the Lincolns celebrated he holidays by taking a tour through the Lincoln Home.
CITY: Springfield
Christmas Past
Celebrate the winter holidays in the traditional way. Holiday decorations, gifts, games, and historic reenactments come alive in our reproduction log cabins.
CITY: South Holland
Martin Luther King Jr. Celebration
A Martin Luther King celebration, speakers, entertainment, luncheon provided, public welcome.
CITY: South Holland
Great River Eagle Days
To celebrate the return of our National bird, the great Bald Eagle, the Standing Bear Council, the US Army Corp of Engineers and the Quincy Area CVB host Great River Eagle Days at the Oakley Lindsay Center and Lock & Dam 21 for viewing. The public is invited to the free activities at the civic center, Black Fox Singers, Native American dancers, vendors, food, live raptors and an eagle watch.
CITY: Quincy
Celebrating Quincy's German heritage and history. Oktoberfest brings live music, food and specialty beers along with contests and home brewers samplings. All located in the German District between 9th -10th & York Streets. Hosted by the Quincy Rotary Club- held from 4-10pm on the 2nd Sat. in October.
CITY: Quincy
Folk Life Festival
Join us for our Annual Folk Life Festival! Stroll the beautiful grounds of the Quincy Museum and enjoy a variety of demonstrators, crafters and activities for children. Bring your appetite for our famous Buffalo Sandwiches, our Bake Sale booth and delicious caramel apples and old fashioned bottled soda. 1601 Maine Street Quincy, IL 62301 (217)224-7669 thequincymuseum.com
CITY: Quincy
Moraine Valley Jazz Ensemble Holiday Concert
The Moraine Valley Jazz Ensemble is a 20-member big band which explores a wide range of styles from the classic swing of Duke Ellington and Count Basie to soulful blues, burning Latin-jazz and gritty funk. The band also features contemporary works by such composers as Bill Holman and Bob Florence and iconic vocal arrangements such as those performed by Ella Fitzgerald and Frank Sinatra. 7:30PM.
CITY: Palos Hills
Active Aging - An Expo for ages 50 and older
This free event will offer information to baby boomers and seniors on financial planning, real estate, health, travel and more. 9AM-2PM.
CITY: Orland Park
Art Dans La Rue
Join us on Tuesday, August 6th from 12-9pm for Downtown Oak Park's authentic urban French Street Festival! Featuring: art exhibits by local artists, special showing of a French film, Can-Can dancers, French music by "Paris La Nuit," Poodle Parade, French lessons, Fresh made crepes, Wine tastings, Sidewalk chalk contest, Bike Rentals, and much more!
CITY: Oak Park
Christkindlmarket Oakbrook
The Christkindlmarket Oakbrook is an outdoor holiday market featuring vendors from around the world who display hand-crafted ornaments, toys and unique holiday gifts as well as traditional German foods, sweets and beverages. Visit the new Village Green area near Crate&Barrel for a special selection of the German-American Holiday Market you have come to know and love. Open November 28-December 14 from Thursday-Sunday and December 18-24 every day.
CITY: Oak Brook
Be a Tourist in Your Own Backyard
Come visit the Quad Cities during its annual Be a Tourist in Your Own Backyard weekend. While many local residents take advantage of this annual promotion, it is also a great time to explore the Quad Cities as a visitor. Enjoy discounts on lodging, attractions, dining and shopping during the Martin Luther King Day weekend. Go online to take advantage of the discounts or pick up a coupon booklet at the Quad Cities Convention & Visitors Bureau visitor center - Open Monday through Friday 8:30 a.m. to 5 p.m.
CITY: Moline
Superman Celebration
Metropolis, Home of Superman, holds a celebration the second weekend in June each year celebrating the 'Man of Steel'. A Superman Drama kicks off the weekend of contests, music, food and fun, as well as a comic book & artist show, fan films, street vendors, a carnival, costume contest and a Super Car Show.
CITY: Metropolis
Gem & Mineral Show
Annual Gem and Mineral Show showing off Indian artifacts, fossils, lapidary displays, shell crafts and much more.
CITY: Marion
Holiday Vignettes at the Mansion
Tour the Hegeler Carus Mansion with the maid and visit with the Hegeler family & their friends in period dress as each room will give you a different peek into the Victorian Holidays. The halls are decorated for the occasion. Tickets include a 1 hour tour with a festive beverage from the wine cellar & holiday cookies. Tours will begin at 6pm and every 15 minutes after.
CITY: LaSalle
Annual Downtown Celebration
Plan to be part of the Downtown Celebration, a festive day of music, food and fun in the heart of Historic Downtown Jacksonville.
CITY: Jacksonville
Port Clinton Art Festival
Port Clinton Art Festival is one of the most successful juried art festivals and attracts more than 250,000 art enthusiasts from places near and far. More than 260 of the world's most celebrated artists come together to showcase their work over the course of the weekend, creating an atmosphere brimming with renowned creativity. Alongside established artists, a youth art division celebrates the talents of young artists ages 18 and under, offering them the opportunity to participate, exhibit, and experience the inner workings of an art festival.
CITY: Highland Park
The Golden Dragon Acrobats Present: Cirque Ziva
Cirque Ziva is a fast-paced, technically innovative and beautifully presented new show, featuring the elite members of the Golden Dragon Acrobats. Enjoy an unique cirque spectacular showcases traditional Chinese acrobats who dazzle with amazing feats of athleticism, daring heart-stopping stunts and the grace of their centuries-old art form.
CITY: Grayslake
The Mad Hatter's Ball
Tall Grass Arts Association presents The Mad Hatter's Ball, 57th Annual Beaux Arts Ball. Hat contest and a whole lot of dancing makes it the perfect Ball. 6PM.
CITY: Glenwood
Galesburg Railroad Days
The 38th annual celebration of railroad history in downtown Galesburg. This event returns to Main Street. It marks the 160th year of the Railroad in Galesburg. Come by auto via I-74 or by rail via Amtrak. Galesburg is the gateway to the west and leading Amtrak Depot on the corridor to Quincy.
CITY: Galesburg


text:
I know about the guardianship of Serena. There were TWO Eli Moores -- one born 1780s (?) who lived in Rabun Co., GA (across the river) and David's Eli born 1811. I don't know the relationship between the older Eli and the Pendleton District/Anderson Co. Moores although I've been looking for years. From very old handwritten notes, I may have mixed up the citations for the Serena guardianship and the one for Anthony's children. It may have been in Pickens. I will see if I can track it down.
The 1830 Census on ancestry.com is messed up; all my known Moores in Anderson are listed in "Lancaster, SC" so that is not much help. By the 1840 Census, Eli Moore of Anderson, SC has a household of 7 plus one male servant. He is living very close to brother Willis.
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Additional Information
Meet the digital pet set to storm the toy sector this Christmas
Meet Animin - 2014's answer to the Tamagotchi, or so its creators hope. This next generation digital pet uses the latest augmented reality (AR) technology to bring mobile gaming to life.
Joe Kletz, game director, Animin, said: "With Animin we are creating a truly magical and exciting digital pet for children, tweens and mobile gamers who want to enjoy the very first true AR game, featuring stunning 3D character animations, mind-blowing mini-games, four exclusive collectible character packs and loads more."
Animin will be supported by a £300k marketing campaign – with media buying handled by specialist kids/tween agency Generation Media, PR by gaming agency Bastion PR and creative by FIGURE Digital. UK retail distribution will be handled by Innzone.
Animin will be available to buy in all major UK games, toy and supermarket retail outlets this Christmas, as well as being available to order online from Google Play, Apple iTunes, Amazon or directly via the Animin website.
This article was first published on marketingmagazine.co.uk
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text:
Windows Help
It's free to register, to post a question or to start / join a discussion
Windows Backup Is Not Incremental
« previous 1 2
Likes # 0
Posted May 13, 2013 at 2:45PM
Hi All,
I've set my Win7-64 machine to backup to a USB Hard Drive regularly each week. After the first backup I thought that it would do incremental backups, but it does complete backups each time. How do I change this behaviour, please?
- Tags:
- windows
- backup
- incremental
Likes # 0
Posted May 14, 2013 at 8:14PM
I think I'll stick to Acronis, at least I understand how to use that.
Me too for sure!
Likes # 0
Posted May 14, 2013 at 10:19PM
griffon56 - more here (just to confuse the issue) enter link description here
Likes # 0
Posted May 16, 2013 at 3:48PM
Hi All,
Yes, wee eddie, I have discovered that, in fact, backups set thro' the scheduler ARE incremental, but, unless I've got a uniquely quirky machine they all have the same title with only a number to show a difference in sequence. For example, when you find the Backup many layers down in a lengthy path, it's titled Backup 1, then 2 and so on for each different time the increments are backed up. Very often the backup only consists of Application Data because, presumably, I've not created anything but have only used various programs. It's one of those MS things, it doesn't quite do what it says on the tin. It backs up OK, but each one is difficult to find, is not listed on the backup scheduler and each has almost the same title. Thank you all for your attention. I've now remembered to click the grey tick!
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text:
A, E, I, O, U, and sometimes Y. Why is that?... READ ON
The "little black dress," quintessential staple of any woman's wardrobe, isn't as timeless as most people think.... READ ON
As the kids head off to summer camp, many of them will partake in the timeless tradition of trying to get their friends to pee themselves by slipping their hand into some warm water. Does this actually work, or have generations of campers wasted their efforts?... READ ON
There's a lot of information crammed onto food packaging these days, and along with all of the helpful stuff (like nutritional data and ingredients), there's also the mysterious, multicolored row of circles or squares that serves a very important purpose ... for the printer.... READ ON
On Sunday it was reported that Edward Snowden, the whistleblower and former National Security Agency contractor, would seek asylum in Ecuador.... READ ON
One of America's most intriguing cold cases heated up this week when a tip from a retired mobster sent FBI and Michigan law enforcement officials wielding shovels and bulldozers to a suburban Detroit field in search of the decades-old remains of former Teamsters president James Riddle "Jimmy" Hoffa.... READ ON
It's not only because they have huge lungs.... READ ON
When I saw the Caribbean Sea in person for the first time, my eyes metaphorically popped out of my head. As a kid who grew up in South Jersey, I was used to the dirty, almost brown, kinda-sorta blue color of the coastal Atlantic Ocean. But this was different. Staring at that bright, vibrant, and seemingly crystal-clear water, I had many questions.... READ ON
Above the Supreme Court is a basketball court—"The Highest Court in the Land."


text:
Brooklyn native and veteran emcee Wais P (The Pimp) is PV$$Y RICH... according to the title of his latest mixtape. The 20-track project, which features previously-released selections "Staten Island Ferry" and "What They Came to See," boasts notable guest feature contributions from 8Ball & MJG, Action Bronson, Devin The Dude, GLC and Mistah F.A.B..
Providing the sonic landscape for the free tape are Domingo, Eroc, Grussle, M-Phazes, Pete Twist, Sebb and more.
Fans can also check out Wais P (The Pimp)'s previous albums: Wais P - Random Pimp | Wais P - It's In The Game
Stream PV$$Y RICH
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"Brooklyn Let's Go (Part 1) ft. Various Artists" (2008)
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text:
By Alan Scherstuhl
The Blue Room (La Chambre bleue)
By Alan Scherstuhl
By Stephanie Zacharek
Gone Girl Is Smartly Crafted, Well-Acted, and a Bit Too...
By Stephanie Zacharek
By Aaron Hills
The Subway's the Star in BAM's Transporting Retro
By Melissa Anderson
By Alan Scherstuhl
Terry Gilliam's The Zero Theorem
By Stephanie Zacharek
In this remake of a 2001 BBC television production titled Hot Moneyabout women who clean the Bank of England and smuggle out in their underpants thou- sands of pounds destined for destruction Diane Keaton plays the pampered Bridget Cardigan, who lives with hubby Don (Ted Danson) in a sprawling Midwestern manse. When we first meet the couple, Don's shredding dollar bills and flushing them down the crapper, while Bridget's skedaddling out the back door with a bag full of filthy lucre and the cops on her tail. Their story's told in flashback: Don, once a six-figure exec, has been downsized and is drowning in debt. Bridget gets a gig cleaning the toilets at the Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City, where she meets the ditzy Jackie Truman (Katie Holmes) and the bored-outta-her-brains Nina Brewster (Queen Latifah). It's Nina's job to destroy worn-out currency, and Bridget figures, hell, might as well steal the bills before they're destroyed. So the women stuff the bounty in their panties and walk out the door, a few times too manywhich is no spoiler, as the narrative's often interrupted by scenes of the stars explaining to the feds precisely how the heist worked. And while it's all so breezy and zippy and girl-power peppy, it's Keaton who makes Mad Money worth a few bucks.
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