text:
fall winter
Results: 1 - 8 of 8
The GQ Eye: GQ on Style
GQ Selects: Thom Browne Wingtip Brogue
"There are only a handful of shoes that we'd recommend to wear with both your best-tailored suit and the most beat up jeans in your closet and this is one of them. In a... read more
Friday, 11/21/2014 at 2:00PM
- Tags:
- Brogue,
- Fall Winter,
- GQ Selects,
- Jim Moore,
- Menswear
The GQ Eye: GQ on Style
It's a Shirt! No, It's a Jacket! 10 Wool Shackets to Buy For Fall
Shirt + Jacket = Shacket, but together they're worth more to your fall wardrobe than the sum of their parts. Here's 10 shackets to buy right now. Click here to view the slideshow... read more
Friday, 10/3/2014 at 5:00PM
- Tags:
- Buy Right Now,
- Coats,
- Fall Winter,
- Jackets,
- Outerwear
The GQ Eye: GQ on Style
The 25 Most Hyped Clothing Items of the Season
Thom Browne sweats, furry Margielas, the impending Kanye x Adidas collection, and twenty-two other drops that will have the kids lining up. Click here to view the slideshow.... read more
Wednesday, 10/1/2014 at 12:45PM
- Tags:
- Adidas,
- Fall Winter,
- Kanye West,
- Margiela,
- Shopping
The GQ Eye: GQ on Style
This Just In: 7 New Scents for Fall (No Pumpkin Spice)
The lowdown on our favorite new colognes, in plain English.... read more
Wednesday, 9/24/2014 at 3:00PM
- Tags:
- Cologne,
- Fall Winter,
- Grooming,
- Scents,
- Shopping
The GQ Eye: GQ on Style
Norse Projects Fall-Winter 2014: For Those Who Live by the Motto "Less is More"
"Less is more" isn't always true, but it's pretty easy to believe when it comes to the minimalist offerings of Danish label Norse Projects. Since 2009, the brand has been at the top of... read more
Thursday, 9/11/2014 at 1:00PM
- Tags:
- Fall-Winter,
- Menswear
The GQ Eye: GQ on Style
Levi's Made & Crafted Teams Up With Wilder Quarterly For Their Fall-Winter 2014 Lookbook
The great outdoors often serve as a rich source of inspiration for many menswear labels, the latest being Levi's Made & Crafted. But rather than just create clothes that reference the wilderness, they took... read more
Tuesday, 8/12/2014 at 4:30PM
- Tags:
- Denim,
- Fall-Winter,
- Levi's,
- Style
The GQ Eye: GQ on Style
Shipley & Halmos Take On the Real-World for Fall-Winter 2014
Sam Shipley and Jeff Halmos always bring a unique spin to their collections and this season the duo is playing with the reality (and novelty) of what you where, well, wear. Scenes of islands... read more
Friday, 3/28/2014 at 1:00PM
- Tags:
- Fall-Winter,
- Menswear,
- Shipley and Halmos
The GQ Eye: GQ on Style
Haspel Reinvigorates Southern Gent Classics for Fall-Winter 2014
Haspel designers Sam Shipley and Jeff Halmos looked back at the brand's 100 year history to create their Fall/Winter '14 collection, a lineup full of cold weather pieces that builds off of warm weather... read more
Monday, 3/24/2014 at 2:15PM
- Tags:
- Fall-Winter,
- Haspel,
- Menswear
Results: 1 - 8 of 8
News + Politics
- The Original Donald
- GQ Style: Wes Anderson's Highly Influential, Slightly Tweaked Take on Reality
- Jerry Lee Lewis Will Not go to Hell
- Matthew McConaughey: America's Space Cowboy
- Logan Lerman Went to Bootcamp with Brad Pitt for Fury
- Under the Influence: How Def Jam's Early Days Inspired this Season's Look
How To
Food + Travel
- David Chang's Kitchen: Don't Get All "Fresh" with Me
- David Chang's Kitchen: Your Idea of Bologna is Total Baloney
- Chart: The Family Tree of Bourbon Whiskey
- Recipe: Semi-Summer Salad - Chef Jeff Taibe of Oak + Almond
- The Great Franco-Italian Pasta Experiment
- How to Pick from an Overpriced Restaurant Wine List


text:
November 26, 2014
Stay up-to-date with KAKE News:
June 10, 2013
Japan's Softbank says it has sweetened its offer for No. 3 cell carrier Sprint Nextel Corp. by $1.5 billion, raising it to $21.6 billion.
The revised deal announced Monday also calls for Sprint shareholders to get more cash: $16.6 billion, up from $12.1 billion in the previous offer. Softbank will own about 78 percent of Sprint if the deal is completed, compared with a previous 70 percent.
Satellite TV broadcaster Dish Network Corp. has launched a competing bid it values at $25.5 billion. But Sprint says a special committee of its board has determined Dish will not be able to come up with an offer superior to Softbank's.
Sprint's second largest shareholder, Paulson & Co., says it will vote all its shares in favor of Softbank's sweetened offer.
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What Does The Tea Party Actually Stand For?
Can you answer the question, "what does the Tea Party stand for?"
John Kerry Jokes About McGovern, Olver, Clooney Arrests
Massachusetts Senator John Kerry jokingly weighed in on the arrests of his congressional colleagues on Friday.
Gay Marriage Opponents Rally In Favor Of Repeal In NH
A controversial bill to eliminate gay marriage has not been scheduled for a vote, but both sides are preparing for a fight.
UMass Lowell Professors Protest Outgoing President's Salary
Adjunct professors, who are in contract negotiations are protesting the $425,000 salary for outgoing UMass President Jack Wilson's sabbatical.
Wikipedia To Be Blacked Out Wednesday In Protest
Wikipedia will black out the English language version of its website Wednesday to protest anti-piracy legislation under consideration in Congress.
Occupy Harvard Protestor Plan To Remove, Tents, Continue Demonstration
The protestors at "Occupy Harvard" are planning to take down most of their tents after this weekend.
Lack Of Focus Hinders "Occupy Boston."
Will Occupy Boston's all inclusive nature in terms of agenda be it's downfall? Many hesitate to embrace the group due to it's lack of focus.
"Occupy" Group Setting Up Camp In Providence, Rhode Island
The group Occupy Providence is set to begin its occupation of a city park on Saturday in an effort to "give voice" to Rhode Islanders.
Protesters Occupy Boston's Financial District
There's a city within a city in downtown Boston. About 100 people have set up tents in the financial district for a protest called "Occupy Boston."
Arrests At Bank Of America Protest In Boston
Police have arrested two dozen protesters for trespassing during a demonstration against Bank of America's foreclosure practices at the banking giant's headquarters in downtown Boston.


text:
Indio, California, 2009
Website - BrianPescador.com
Posted on Wednesday, October 3, 2012.
Pine (Remembering Andrew Sie), 2009
Untitled, 2012
Steve Harris, 2011
Sunset I, 2008
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text:
Andy Sumner - Research Fellow
Vulnerability and Poverty Reduction
E: firstname.lastname@example.com
Deborah Shenton
Thematic Expertise:
Aid; Poverty; Poverty Inequality and Wellbeing.
Geographic Expertise:
South East Asia.
Andy Sumner is an associate of the VPR team. He is Co-Director of the King's International Development Institute at King's College London, a newly established institute that has a particular focus on the emerging economies.
Prior to King's, he was a Research Fellow in the VPR team IDS.
Andy is an inter-disciplinary Development Economist with research interests in the fields of global poverty, economic development and inequality with reference to middle-income countries and emerging economies. His primary regional focus is Southeast Asia and Indonesia in particular.
He is a Vice-President of the European Association of Development Research and Training Institutes and a council member of the Development Studies Association.
In 2011 he was listed in Foreign Policy magazine's 'Top 100 Global Thinkers'.
His recent work on the 'new bottom billion' in middle-income countries has been covered recently by the Economist and Voice of America.
The Evolving Composition of Poverty in Middle-Income Countries: The Case of Indonesia, 1991–2007
This paper discusses the evolution of education and health poverty in middle-income countries using the case of Indonesia. More details
The New Face of Poverty: How has the Composition of Poverty in Low Income and Lower Middle-Income Countries (excluding China) Changed since the 1990s?
To what extent do education, health and nutrition poverty rates differ by the spatial and social characteristics of households? And how has the composition of education, health and nutrition poverty changed since the 1990s in terms of the spatial and social characteristics of households? More details
Beyond Low and Middle Income Countries: What if There Were Five Clusters of Developing Countries?
Many have challenged the use of income per capita as the primary proxy for development. This paper continues this tradition with a twist. More details
Where will the World's Poor Live? Global Poverty Projections for 2020 and 2030
A 'double bottom billion' or 80 per cent of the world's $2 poor (2 billion people) live in middle income countries (MICs). I More details
MDGs 2.0: What Goals, Targets and Timeframe?
The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) are widely cited as the primary yardstick against which advances in international development efforts are to be judged. More details
From Deprivation to Distribution: Is Global Poverty Becoming A Matter of National Inequality?
This paper asks the following question: does the shift in global poverty towards middle-income countries (MICs) mean that global poverty is becoming a matter of national inequality? More details
Where Do The World's Poor Live? A New Update
This paper revisits, with new data, the changes in the distribution of global poverty towards middle-income countries (MICs). In doing so it discusses an implied 'poverty paradox' – the fact that most of the world's extreme poor no longer live in the world's poorest countries. More details
What Do National Poverty Lines Tell Us About Global Poverty?
The basic question about 'how many poor people are there in the world?' generally assumes that poverty is measured according to international poverty lines (IPLs). Yet, an equally relevant question could be 'how many poor people are there in the world, based on how poverty is defined where those people live?' More details
Poverty and Inequalities in Middle-Income Southeast Asia
This paper outlines a research agenda related to poverty in lower middle income Southeast Asia, notably Indonesia and Viet Nam. More details
Global Poverty and the "New Bottom Billion" Revisited: Exploring The Paradox That Most Of The World's Extreme Poor No Longer Live In The World's Poorest Countries
This paper revisits, with new data, the changes in the distribution of global poverty towards middle-income countries (MICs). In doing so it discusses an implied "poverty paradox" - the fact that most of the world's extreme poor no longer live in the world's poorest countries. More details
Is Global Poverty Rapidly Becoming A Matter Of National Inequality?
The paper asks the following question: Does the shift in global poverty towards middle-income countries (MICs) mean that global poverty is becoming a matter of national inequality? The estimated cost of ending extreme poverty is 0.7% of world GDP (PPP). More details
Poverty in Middle-Income Countries
This paper describes a shift in the global distribution of poverty from low-income countries to middle-income countries and how the role of external development actors might have to change to meet the challenges that this new distribution of poverty represents. More details
Global Health and the New Bottom Billion: What Do Shifts in Global Poverty and the Global Disease Burden Mean for GAVI and the Global Fund?
This paper examines the implications of this for global health efforts and recommends a tailored middle-income strategy for global health funders. More details
Where Do The Poor Live?
This paper argues that the distribution of global poverty has changed and that most of the world's poor no longer live in countries officially classified as low-income countries (LICs). It is estimated that the majority of the world's poor, or up to a billion people, live in middle-income countries (MICs). More details
Related Content - News & Blogs
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The Valuing Volunteering project that IDS is undertaking with VSO is exploring the role of volunteers as development workers. I often hear volunteers tell me that one of the conditions of their success is the "willingness of the community".
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How do I turn of the brake indicator light after the brake pads have been replaced?
View questions for:All Volkswagen
2000 Volkswagen Jetta
Volkswagen Q&AAsk Your Question
2000 Volkswagen Jetta Question: I had the front brake pads replaced. How do I turn off the indicator light?
crystallowery1981, 6 Cylinder, Coatesville, PA, December 29, 2011, 05:31
1 Answer
Answer #1Dave Gomes from F & M Discount Tire and Auto Service, December 29, 2011, 08:46Enthusiast
Sometimes it requires the factory volkswagon scantool to reset, we have on here.
Replycrystallowery1981, December 29, 2011, 15:14Rookie
How much does it cost.
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League Two side Bury have signed Tom Lees, Kyle Bennett and Phil Picken in a busy day of transfer activity on Tuesday.
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Football Betting
Bet £5 Get £20 Free
Lees, who spent time on loan with Accrington last season, has joined the Shakers on a six-month loan from Leeds.
The 19-year-old is highly thought of at Elland Road and signed a two-year extension at the club after returning in the summer.
Joining Lees at Gigg Lane is former Wolves midfielder Bennett, who has signed a one-year contract after being released.
To complete the triple swoop Picken, who was a junior at Manchester United, like Bennett, has penned a 12-month deal.


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11/25/2014Green & Gold Shop's Annual "After Thanksgiving Sale"
11/19/20142015 Athletic Hall of Fame Inductees Announced
11/17/2014Faculty Blog: Mr. Bodle, Math
11/12/2014Faculty Blog: Mr. Froelich '08, Math and Engineering
11/6/2014Faculty Blog: Ms. Good, English


text:
Cablevision exec James Dolan accused of illegally attempting to influence union vote
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Lawyers warn of consequences when allowing college athletes to form a union
There are many complex issues that arise by letting Northwestern football players unionize.
Proposed NLRB rules could change how unions vote
Similar rules were proposed in 2011, but they were promptly torpedoed by business groups representing employers.
House Subcommittee holds hearing on importance of worker centers
The House Subcommittee on Health, Employment, Labor, and Pensions is holding a hearing titled "The Future of Union Organizing."
Indiana right-to-work law is unconstitutional, court says
Passed amid a cloud of controversy in February, the right-to-work law in Indiana has been ruled unconstitutional, according to a state court judge.
Labor: Your "Please keep this quiet" demand may itself raise a ruckus
The National Labor Relations Act, puts particular emphasis on protecting certain "concerted activities" among employees, regardless of whether the employer is unionized on not.
Labor: 6th circuit upholds NLRB's Specialty Healthcare "Micro-Union" Decision
The new standard for evaluating whether it is necessary to expand a bargaining unit will be difficult for employers to surmount.
New Bangladeshi law strengthens worker protections
A new Bangladeshi law, approved in the wake of April's deadly garment factory collapse, will give new protections to workers in the country.
Labor: Collective bargaining and the Affordable Care Act
Employers and unions alike are scrambling to come to terms with the Affordable Care Act (ACA), which establishes new rules for employment-related health coverage.
Cheat Sheet: A guide to the NLRB recess appointment controversy
President Barack Obama's first term saw a spate of pro-labor rulings emerging from the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB), which included three Democratic members with links to unions.


text:
question on Fage yogurt...
- chelleyd01 Apr 10, 2007 06:20 PM
So, I keep hearing Fage this and Fage that, all on Chow. So when I was scouting my organic section the other day, I saw Fage 2% with a little side cup of honey. I bought it. It was $2.69! I haven't eaten it yet because I want to make sure there isn't something life altering I should be doing with or to it before I attempt to consume.
Differences in Fage and Fage 2%?
Thanks Chowsers.
I've only had Fage 0%, and it's really good. Very thick and creamy, and smooth, fresh flavor. I like that it's not as sharply tangy as some other plain yogurts.
Fage is imported from Greece so, I suppose, it can be counted as real Greek yogurt. It's good but pretty expensive. They sell yogurt with honey all over Greece as street food.
Trader Joe's has a "greek-style" yogurt which is about as thick and tangy as the imported stuff, at about 60% of the price. We usually go with that.
You can approximate the thick stuff by putting regular yogurt to drain in a strainer lined with a paper towel for several hours or overnight (in the fridge.) This makes a pretty good base for Tzatsiki or other sauce of your choice. It's better to use a yogurt without gelatin or other thickeners.
Just eat it and enjoy it! Okay, one suggestion: don't mix the honey in too thoroughly -- I think it's better laced with ribbons of honey rather then completely mixed. Also, since I didn't figure this out right away, I should mention that the container is designed so you just fold the honey container over the yogurt side to pour it out.
re: Ruth Lafler
"...just fold the honey container over..." Neat-O!!! I didn't know this!!!
The honey is really good, so be sure -- as Ruth has advised -- to be able to taste it without homogenizing it into the yogurt. Fage will not reveal their honey source; I have spoken with their reps on several occasions, but they remain quiet.
re: Ruth Lafler
I was unaware of this, but I think the honey is WAY to thick for it to "pour" out, especially since it's refrigerated.
When I bought the smaller cups with honey cups alongside, I would dip the tip of the spoon into the honey, and then get some yogurt on the spoon and eat it that way.
Now I just buy the big containers and I've got a tin of Greek thyme honey purchased in a Greek store in Arlington, MA in my pantry that I just spoon some honey out of into a small Tupperware container to eat alongside the Fage.
re: LindaWhit
after hearing about fage all over the american boards i had to pick up some while visiting a TJs in philly... omg... it's fantastic at 2% with honey and i'd probably sit around and eat this stuff for dessert, if not all day.
completely agree with lindawhit though, that honey is way too dense out of the fridge to drip over top of the yogurt. i'd do the same and cover my soon with some honey then dip into the yogurt. the sweetness is just fantastic with the lower sour yogurt. it's like low-fat panna cotta!
re: LindaWhit
I agree about it being too thick to pour -- I actually mulled the phrasing for a while. Actually, though, what it makes it easy to to is scoop/scrape it into the yogurt.
Zergut (a widely available Bulgarian/Eastern European brand) multiflower honey does a pretty decent approximation of the Greek honey for a reasonable price. Better than any American honey I've tried (and I've tried lots, because I have quite a few different "artisinal" honeys).
re: Ruth Lafler
The Orino brand Greek thyme honey I have wasn't too costly for the amount I got, IIRC. I bought it several years ago, and because of the intense flavor, a little goes a long way! I am nearing the bottom third of the tin, so a trip back to that little Greek store will be in order.
re: Ruth Lafler
Ruth -- I, too, love the Zergut the best! And, like you, I have a cabinet full of various honeys that I have tried -- during my honey period! -- when I searched the various markets and specialty stores for honey. You specifically mentioned their multiflower one, but have you tried their Acacia? It is my favorite! And I also agree with you -- actually, I could have written your post! -- that the Zergut brand most approximates the Fage yogurt honey.
When I spoke with some reps at Fage, trying to purchase their honey, she directed me to Attika brand, which is another honey available in most Middle Eastern markets. However, I don't like the Attika honey as much as the Zergut honey.
I also purchased some dry, powdered honey at a Korean market; it offers a nice crunch in the Fage yogurt. While the dry honey has a definite honey flavor, it is not as rich and pronounced as our more traditional syrup honey.
I will offer my vote for the 0% Fage yogurt. I find it quite rich enough for my tastes, and then if I am short on fat at the end of the day, I can always go get a donut!
I've never tried the 2% Fage with honey, but the 0% Fage is my go-to treat (for that price--almost $6 for 16 oz. at my local co-op--i mean: Daa-yaaam!). It's so good, that I'm convinced the fabulously diet-friendly nutritional information on the package is a bald-faced lle.
re: shaebones
TJs. *Shudder*
I only shop at TJs under duress. I'd rather pay an extra $2 and have 0% Fage be an once-a-month treat than deal with that place.
re: Kagey
I disagree. 2% tastes as good as full fat version. It feels lighter though without sacrificing the taste (I can never finish the 5oz container of the full fat version, but can the 2% one). I disliked 0% though - too tart and thin. I just recently tried 5% - it was good, definitely creamier (slightly) than 2%. Interesting though the calorie content was the same as 2%, but it looked like there was less yogurt in the container than 2% version.
re: NancyC
I enjoy the Trader Joe's version of the 2% just as much as the Fage 2%. I began putting lemon curd in, and crubles of freeze-dried strawberries. It sits in my lunch bag for a while, and buy the time I eat it the strawberries are plump. Yum.
This morning I tried ginger preserves and a couple drops of mint extract, and the strawberries. It was great.
re: NancyC
I thought that 2% with honey must have been an urban myth, but (and I'm almost afraid to reveal this for fear of it selling out before I can get my hands on some) I just saw it on sale at Freshdirect.
Way too pricey at 2.69.
Look around, it goes for 1.59 to 1.99 elsewhere.
PS: The 0% not quite as good, but still better than any other yogurt, and the full fat is really super-terrific but just too much fat to be healthy IMO. I favor the 0%, a good "compromise".
re: Eat_Nopal
Fage (ok, TJ's I'm not paying 5 bucks for yogurt) with ginger preserves, honey and a bit of cinnamon over sliced strawberries is now my after-work snack of choice.
re: Jeters
I love Fage with pomegranate molasses and some walnuts.
re: marcia2
So, I know this is going to sound horrible. I didn't love it. It was just okay for me. A little too sour almost even with the honey. Maybe it's just not something I'm used too. Maybe the full fat would be better to try. The honey was great though.
Don't shoot, Hounds! I'm going to give it another whirl.
re: chelleyd01
Chelley - it IS an acquired taste - nothing like American yogurt, IMO. In texture, more like sour cream because of its thickness and tangyness (sp?). I really don't like it by itself. But mixed with honey, or fruit preseves, or candied ginger and other things, it really does take on a life of its own!
Any true Greek-style yogurt is a treat compared to the crap we get here in the U.S. I prefer it sprinkled with Demerara sugar, rather than honey: the crunch vs the smooth is really nice.
re: pikawicca
For that same crunch effect -- which I quite like -- I have tried dried honey (easily found in Korean markets). I also like raspberry jam with the seeds!
re: liu
Hmmmm....overpriced, imported yogurt....makes me appreciate the "Byblos" brand (from the Kradjian Importing Co. out of Glendale, Calif.), and the labne from Karoun Dairies (LA). Thick, creamy, a little tangy, a little sweet - great to eat, great to cook with...of course, not near the cachet.
re: Alice Letseat
You're right, those are wonderful. But for me -- and probably many others -- the issue is not "cachet" as you so dismissively put it, but the fact that Fage does a low fat and a nonfat version. I can't eat full fat drained yogurt/lebne on a regular basis, but I can (and do) eat Fage 0% every day.
re: Ruth Lafler
It's the same for me, Ruth!
I love the 0% Fage, but I can not just eat the Byblos or other labne. I am happy to use any yogurt-type "cream" for dips and marinating and dressings, but they just don't have the Fage flavor for everyday consumption.
re: Ruth Lafler
AGreed- As I type this, I am enjoying the Fage 0% with some frozen blueberries and a squirt of honey. Bought at TJ's- and I will have to notice the price next time I am there. It is the 17.6 oz size. I have one container at home, and whten will have to go and stock up. i can say it is something I can eat- and enjoy every day for breakfast.
re: Jeters
I have no idea!! I have one at home, and will see if it still has the price on it. If it is that high, I will still buy it- I enjoy it so much more than regular yogurt- but I will also see if there is a tj brand of greek yogurt at my local tj's. will test that out- but the creamy, thinck style is so much more enjoyable.
re: LindaWhit
I usually go to the Burlington or Peabody location- have not tried the 2%, only the 0%.
re: macca
The TJ's yogurt is pretty good I think.
I've actually been buying a carton of the TJ's and a carton of Strauss Yogurt (which is also nice and creamy, but not as thick as greek) and folding together a scoop of the TJ's with it. It bumps up the thickness of the yogurt, and even better it lasts a lot longer-- all for the price of one carton of Fage!
re: Jeters
Thanks. Will give it a try. Have only had it w/ fruit for breakfast, but will venture to try it when cooking.


text:
A condensation nucleus counter (1) for measuring particulate concentration within a gaseous environment, including an inlet orifice (3) leading to a flow path (5) within saturator (4). The resultant vapor (10) enters a condenser section (11) wherein the particulate matter suspended within serves as the nucleus for condensation. The enlarged droplets (23) thus formed enter a conventional optical particle counter section (15).
1. A thermal-diffusional continuous-flow condensation nucleus counter comprising:
(a) a reservoir;
(b) a saturator block, the saturator block residing within the reservoir, the saturator block being formed of a porous, electrically conductive material such that a static electric charge cannot be accumulated in regions in fluid communication with the reservoir;
(c) a liquid, the liquid being housed within the reservoir, the liquid thereby permeating throughout the saturator block;
(d) a sample gas stream, the sample gas stream being in fluid communication with the reservoir, the reservoir having a volume substantially filled by the saturator block, the sample gas thereby entraining the vapor from the saturator block;
(e) a cooling condenser, the condenser substantially surrounding the sample gas stream as the sample gas exits the reservoir, the condenser serving to cool the sample gas stream such that the entrained vapor condenses on any particulate matter residing within the sample gas stream so as to form droplets relatively larger than the particulate matter; and
(f) indicating means, the indicating means encountering the sample gas stream as the sample gas stream exits the cooling condenser, the indicating means serving to count and identify the number of droplets formed within the sample gas stream.
2. The condensation nucleus counter of claim 1 wherein the liquid residing in the reservoir is an alcohol.
3. The condensation nucleus counter of claim 2 wherein the sample gas stream is introduced into a region proximate the saturator block via a flow passage, the flow passage having a slotted cross section configured so as to optimize the exposed surface area of the gas stream to the saturator block, thereby enhancing evaporation of the liquid into the sample gas stream.
4. The condensation nucleus counter of claim 3 wherein the cooling condenser comprises a plurality of flow passages, thereby permitting an increased flow rate through a relatively compact condenser.
5. The condensation nucleus counter of claim 4 wherein the plurality of flow passages within the condenser are formed as at least one pair of two convergent flow passages, each flow passage having an entrance end and an exit end, each entrance end being adjacent to the saturator block so as to receive the sample gas stream, the exit end of each flow path converging to a common region, the common region leading to an area in which the indicating means may process the sample gas stream.
6. The condensation nucleus counter of claim 5 wherein the flow passages within the condenser are oriented in a substantially vertical position.
7. The condensation nucleus counter of claim 5 wherein each pair of flow passages is formed so as to create a front flow passage and rear flow passage, each flow passage having a longitudinal axis, each longitudinal passage being displaced at approximately the same angle from a perpendicular plane, the exit end of each flow passage meeting at a common apex region.
8. The condensation nucleus counter of claim 7 further comprising a rod, the rod being formed integrally with the condenser, the rod being located within the perpendicular plane about which each flow passage is equally angularly displaced, the rod extending from the condenser to the saturator so as to allow liquid that has condensed within the cooling condenser to flow into the saturator as a continuous stream.
9. The condensation nucleus counter of claim 8 further comprising temperature control means. The temperature control means controlling the temperature of the condenser in relation to the temperature of the reservoir such that a desired supersaturation ratio may be maintained.
10. The condensation nucleus counter of claim 9 wherein the indicating means comprises a heated optical housing, the heated optical housing serving to evaporate liquid droplets after the droplets have been detected and counted within a desired viewing volume.
11. The condensation nucleus counter of claim 10 further including heat dissipating means, the heat dissipating means comprising an airflow passage which receives the sample gas stream after the sample gas stream has exited the heated optical housing, the airflow passage being filled with a thermally-conducting mesh mounted within a heatsink.
12. The condensation nucleus counter of claim 11 further comprising evacuation means, the evacuation means tending to remove gas from inside the instrument cabinet, secondary to the sample gas, to remove airborne contaminants from within the cabinet.
13. A method of measuring particulate matter concentration within sample gas streams, comprising the steps of:
(a) saturating a block formed from a porous material with a volatile liquid;
(b) introducing the sample gas stream through a slotted cross section flow passage, the flow passage being in fluid communication with the saturator block such that the liquid may readily evaporate within the sample gas stream;
(c) routing the resultant sample gas stream through a condenser section, the condenser section being formed from a plurality of air flow passages, the flow passages being configured as a front flow passage and a rear flow passage, each flow passage being equally angularly displaced about a perpendicular plane such that particulate matter within the gas stream will serve as a nucleus for condensation, thereby forming a droplet corresponding to each discrete particle;
(d) passing the resultant sample gas stream through an optical counter in order that the droplets may be identified and counted; and
(f) heating the sample gas stream exiting from the optical counter so as to cause the evaporation of the droplets, thereby preventing the counting of a particular droplet more than once.
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to devices for counting the number concentration of fine particles suspended in air or gas, and, more particularly, pertains to that class of devices termed condensation nucleus counters. The primary purpose of the device is for monitoring air quality within designated areas, but it is useful in a variety of other scientific and industrial applications for counting the number of particles in the atmosphere.
2. Discussion of Related Technology
With the line widths of semiconductor devices going below 1 micrometer and the layer thickness below 0.1 micrometers, there is an increasing need for detecting and controlling submicrometer particles in the clean areas where the devices are manufactured. Particle contaminants much smaller than the line geometries can destroy the device and reduce production yield.
A common technique for detecting airborne particles is with an optical particle counter. Sample air flows into the device and intersects with a controlled beam of light. The particles in the sample air scatter the light in proportion to their size, shape and refractive index. The scattered light is collected onto a photoelectric device and converted into an electrical signal. The electrical signal is typically calibrated and processed to give the size distribution and number concentration of the particles. The theoretical lower limit of detection is approximately 0.05 micrometers diameter. Knollenberg R. G. and R. Luehr: Open Cavity Laser "Active" Scattering Particle Spectrometry, Fine Particles, edited by B. Y. H. Liu, Academic Press, Inc., New York (1976) pp. 669-696. The practical lower limit is closer to 0.1 micrometers diameter.
Another technique, useful for identifying and counting extremely small particles, is condensation nucleus counting. In this method, a liquid condenses on the particle, thus enlarging the target and thereby simplifying its identification. The theoretical lower limit of detection for a condensation nucleus counter is about 0.003 micrometers. Stolzenburg, M. R. and P. H. McMurry: Counting Efficiency of an Ultrafine Aerosol Condensation Nucleus Counter: Theory and Experiment, Aerosols:Formation and Reactivity, 2nd Int. Conf. Berlin, Pergamon Journals Ltd., Oxford, Great Britain (1986) pp. 786-789.
The literature describes three basic techniques for condensing vapor onto small particles for use in a counting instrument: (1) adiabatic expansion, (2) diffusional thermal cooling, and (3) two-flow mixing.
The first condensation technique (Aitken, J.: On the Number of Dust Particles in the Atmosphere. Proc. Royal Soc. Edinburgh, 35 (1888) uses adiabatic expansion of a water-saturated air-sample to cool and condense water onto small particles. In the Aitken method, the droplets are counted as they fall onto a grid. Later improvements to the technique include using light and electrical photodetectors to measure the light attenuation from the cloud formation, use of both under and overpressure systems, and automation of the flow system and adiabatic expansion. All of the presently available commercial instruments use water as the condensing fluid and operate in a pulsed flow fashion. The lowest particle concentration sensitivity obtainable with this method is approximately 100 particles/cm3.
The second condensation technique (Madelaine and Reiss, United Kingdom Pat. No. 1,422,188 and Sinclair, U.S. Pat. No. 3,806,248) utilizes continuous-flow thermal-diffusional cooling of an alcohol vapor. The air sample is saturated with alcohol vapor as it passes over a heated pool of liquid alcohol. The vapor-aerosol mixture is then cooled by thermal diffusion from the cold walls of the condenser tube. The vapor supersaturates and condenses on the surface of the particles so as to form larger droplets. The droplets are detected in a conventional optical particle detector or by photo attenuation of a light beam. A commercial instrument (Agarwal, J. K. and G. J. Sem: Continuous Flow, Single-Particle-Counting Condensation Nucleus Counter. J. Aerosol Sci., Vol. 11, No. 4, (1980) pp. 343-357) employs two modes of concentration measurement to cover the range of particle concentrations from 0.01 to 107 particles/cm3. For particle concentrations of less than 1000 particles/cm3, the optical detector counts individual particle-produced pulses as they pass individually and sequentially through the beam of light. For higher particle concentrations, the total amount of light scattered, measured as the DC electrical signal from the photodetector, is calibrated to a known concentration using the electrical calibration technique (Liu, B. Y. H. and D. Y. H. Pui: A Submicron Aerosol Standard and the Primary Absolute Calibration of the Condensation Nucleus Counter. J. Colloid Int. Sci., Vol. 47 (1974) pp. 155-171).
The third condensation technique (Kohsaka, Nonaka, and Tachibana, U.S. Pat. No. 4,449,816) turbulently mixes two aerosol-laden vapors, one hot and one cool, which causes rapid vapor supersaturation and condensation on the particles. The droplets are counted with a conventional optical particle detector. The two flows are continuous. The concentration range is similar to the previously discussed diffusional-cooling technique.
The present invention, a condensation nucleus counter, is a device that detects and counts the number concentration of small airborne particles predominantly in the submicrometer size range.
The device is not limited to air, but is suitable for many other gases as well. Condensation formed on the particles from a supersaturated vapor enlarges the particle size and forms liquid droplets. The droplets are detected with a light scattering technique similar to that used in an optical particle counter. The lower detection limit of the present invention is a particle of approximately 0.014 micrometer diameter. The invention uses a similar principle of operation to the continuous-flow thermal-diffusional technique. The unique features of this invention have improved the performance, reduced the size, increased reliability, stability, and ruggedness, and provide for contamination-free operation in clean environments.
The present invention is an instrument that continuously counts the number concentration of submicrometer particles from concentrations of zero to 5�104 particles/cm3 and has design features that make it small, rugged, reliable, noncontaminating, and otherwise compatible with the clean environment.
FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a preferred embodiment of an apparatus constructed according to the principles of the present invention.
FIG. 2 is an elevation in section, showing particularly the saturator and reservoir section.
FIG. 3 is a plan in section of the saturator of the apparatus depicted in FIG. 1.
As seen in FIGS. 1 and 2, the apparatus 1 constructed according to the principles of the present invention is compact in design and its many elements interact with each other to make an efficient and reliable particle concentration measurement instrument.
As best seen in FIGS. 2 and 3, the sample gas 2 enters the inlet tube 3 of the instrument 1, the inlet tube 3 leading to saturation chamber 4. The saturation chamber 4 is formed from a block of electrically conductive porous material such as fused polyethylene beads impregnated with carbon black. Formed integrally within the saturation chamber 4 is a slotted-hole flow path 5 through which the sample gas 2 passes. The saturator block 4 constitutes a liquid reservoir 14 and continuously wicks the condensing fluid (not shown) to the gas stream 6. The liquid evaporates and nearly saturates the gas 6 as it passes through slotted hole flow path 5. A solid, electrically conductive flow deflection piece 7 at the entrance 8 to the saturation chamber 4 forces the gas 2 to flow more uniformly through the entire width of the flow slot 5. At the exit 9 of the saturation chamber, the flow path is constricted and turned 90 degrees so as to evenly mix the vapor-particle stream 10 before the stream 10 enters the condenser section 11.
The saturator block 4 is constructed so as to be electrically conductive in order to avoid the accumulation of a static electrical charge and the subsequent attraction and deposition of aerosol particles on the walls 12 of the flow slot 5.
The flow path 5 is formed so as to have a slotted, high aspect ratio rectangular cross-section in order to increase the exposed surface area of the porous walls for a given volume and, thereby, enhance the evaporation process. A high surface area has the advantage of decreasing the residence time required of the gas stream 2 in the region adjacent to the saturator block 4, and also permits a shorter length for flow path 5, thereby permitting the construction of a more compact, portable apparatus. In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the height of flow path 5 is approximately 0.2" and the width is approximatley 1". Previous nucleus condensation counter designs have used a circular saturator flow path.
The porous block material 4 acts much like a sponge and tends to completely absorb all of the liquid in which it is immersed before becoming unusable due to excessive drying. This novel feature provides maximum durational use of the instrument before there is a need to add more liquid (not shown) to the reservoir 14. Also note that liquid draining and filling goes through fitting 32 as shown in FIG. 3. This feature also allows the instrument to be filled with liquid and subsequently drained and still have ample liquid in the block 4 for several hours of accurate operation. This is useful for operation in airplanes and other dynamic applications where the instrument may be tipped or operated in other than an upright fashion for extended time periods.
The gas flow path 5 and the liquid reservoir 14 are isolated from each other by the porous block material 4. The liquid (not shown) permeates throughout the block creating a continuous leak-free seal for the sample gas 6 in the flow path 5. The instrument 1 can be tipped momentarily in any direction and the flow of liquid (not shown) will be impeded. The likelihood of liquid spilling out of the instrument or into the condenser 11 and optics section 15 is reduced. The instrument 1 may be easily transported without having to first drain the reservoir 14.
The reservoir 14 is formed integrally within the entire base 16 of the instrument. The base/reservoir provides structural strength and acts as an additional heatsink for the dissipation of heat from the thermoelectric device 17 used in the condenser section 11. The reservoir 14 is in physical and thermal contact with the back panel heatsink 18. The operating temperature of the section formed by the reservoir 14 and saturator 4 is typically a few degrees above ambient temperature. The reservoir 14 temperature is not controlled to a specific value and no additional heat is added by means of an electrical heater. The temperature of the reservoir is monitored by sensor 31, and used to control the temperature of the condenser by means of electrical circuitry well known in the art.
The vapor-aerosol stream 6 flows past saturator 4 via slotted flow path 5 and into the condenser section 11. The condenser 11 is cooled by means of a thermoelectric heat pump 17 that is sandwiched between the condenser block 20 and a heatsink 18. The condenser block 20 is thermally insulated from the rest of the instrument 1. The vapor 21 is cooled by thermal diffusion from the cold walls 19 of the condenser 11. The vapor 21 supersaturates and condenses on the particles (not visible) and on the condenser walls 19. The condenser 11 is oriented vertically so that liquid that condenses on the walls 19 will run back down into the saturator section 4. The vapor that condenses on the particles forms droplets 22 that will be detected optically with a single-particle-counting optical-detector 15 as is well known in the art. Particles are generally not visible, although droplets may be. The droplets 22 increase in size as they travel upwardly within the condenser 11.
As the gas stream 10 enters the condenser section 11, the flow 21 is equally divided into multiple flow paths. The condenser 11 comprises a plurality of entrance zones 26 that are equally spaced on a radius about the centerline 24 at the condenser entrance 25. The zones 26 are aligned laterally, the longitudinal axes of the flow paths 21 thus defined thereby forming an acute angle near the top 27 of the condenser 11. The multiple flow paths 21 combine at the top 27 of the condenser and flow through a nozzle 28 into the optical section 15.
The size of the particle 22 that can act as a nucleus site for condensation depends on the supersaturation level of the condensing fluid and absolute temperature. Smaller particles will require a higher level of supersaturation for condensation than a larger particle will. The supersaturation profile in the condenser passages 26 depends on the flow rate, condensing fluid properties, gas properties, incoming gas temperature, and the temperature of the condenser wall. The maximum supersaturation level will occur at some distance from the entrance of the hole 25. Beyond the point of maximum supersaturation, no new particles will be activated as condensation sites. Particles that were too small to be activated will remain as ultrafine particles and will not be detected in the optical system 15. The remaining length of the condenser beyond the maximum supersaturation point is used for continued condensation and droplet growth.
Reducing the flow rate in the condenser passages will cause the maximum supersaturation level to occur at a shorter distance from the condenser entrance 25. Similarly, higher flow rates will cause the maximum supersaturation level to occur further from the condenser entrance. The absolute value of the maximum supersaturation does not change appreciably with flow rate. By using multiple flow paths in the condenser 11, the overall flow rate of the instrument can be increased without needing to increase the length of the condenser tube. The flow rate increase is an integral factor equal to the number of separate flow paths in the condenser. This invention uses multiple flow paths in the condenser and is, therefore, much smaller than previous designs and also has a higher sampling flow rate. The preferred embodiment of the present invention comprises 8 flow paths having a typical flow capacity of 0.177 L/min each, resulting in a total flow of 1.415 L/min.
A small wire rod 28 is connected at the center 24 of the condenser 11 at its entrance 25 and extends down and touches the saturator block 4. Liquid that runs down the rod into the saturator 4 without dripping. Drips would cause small particles to be released in the sample flow and result in false detection of particles. The condenser has a smooth, rounded point where the rod is connected. This has a twofold purpose: (1) so that liquid drops will not accumulate on the condenser but will continuously and smoothly flow down the rod, and (2) so the gas flow will be evenly divided between the condenser holes.
The temperature of the condenser is measured and compared to the temperature of the reservoir. The temperature sensors 31 are resistance thermistors. The temperature of the condenser is controlled to maintain a constant thermistor resistance ratio. The electrical output to the thermoelectric heat pump 17 is adjusted until the condenser block registers the correct temperature to maintain this ratio. Because the thermistors are not absolutely linear, the electrical circuit does not maintain a constant temperature differential between the saturator reservoir and condenser.
Ideally, the instrument has the same detection efficiency for small particles under all operating conditions. In other words, the smallest particle that could be activated for condensation would be the same for all ambient operating temperatures. Vapor supersaturation is not constant with a constant temperature differential between the condenser and saturator if the absolute temperature changes. At higher absolute temperature, a larger temperature differential is required to maintain the same supersaturation level. By using the resistance ratio of the thermistors to control the condenser temperature, the temperature differential does increase with increasing absolute temperature. In the preferred embodiment of the present invention, the maximum supersaturation and minimum detectable particle size varies over only a relatively small range throughout the ambient operating temperature range of 10 to 45 degrees Celsius.
The sample flow exits the condenser 11 through a plastic nozzle 28 into the optical detector 15. The single-particle-counting optical detector uses a solid state 3 mW laser diode for the light source. The laser light is collimated and focused with a cylindrical lens into a very thin sheet of light just above the nozzle tip. The droplets exiting the nozzle scatter the laser light. The combination of the high velocity of the droplets as they exit the nozzle and the narrow focused laser viewing volume results in a pulse of scattered light that is only about 0.25 microseconds in duration. The scattered light is collected in a near forward scatter direction and focused onto a photodetector. The photodetector transforms the light into an electrical signal. The main beam of laser light is stopped with a light stop.
The minimum electrical pulse height is approximately 200 mV, and electrical noise is about 10 mV, giving a signal-to-noise ratio of greater than 20 to 1. Since all of the droplets grow to nearly the same size, every particle produces a signal pulse well above the electronic noise level. The counting trigger is set to about 60 mV, also well above the noise level.
The large signal-to-noise ratio virtually eliminates the possibility of false counting due to electrical noise. The instrument is accurate for low particle concentration measurement. Many hours of measurements can be made of absolutely particle-free air without a single count being registered. Accurately measuring aerosols with very low concentration is of particular importance to the microelectronics and pharmaceutical industries and other applications needing ultra-clean air or gas.
The instrument is also capable of measuring relatively high concentrations accurately while still counting single particles. The coincidence error at high concentrations is the counting error due to more than one particle being in the viewing volume at the same time, such that only one count is registered for the multiple particles. Coincidence is calculated by the following equation:
Na =Ni exp(Na Qt)
Na =actual concentration
Ni =indicated concentration
Q=sample flow rate
t=effective time each particle spends in the viewing volume.
For t=0.25 microseconds (pulse width) and Q=1.4 L/min, the coincidence error for 104 particles/cm3 is only 6%. This is a great improvement over previous designs of condensation nucleus counters and optical particle counters.
The wide dynamic concentration range is useful for measuring the quality of filters. The instrument can measure both the upstream and downstream side of a filter without the necessity of dilution or modification to the sample. Other applications for the high concentration measurement is for general aerosol research, atmospheric sampling, remote sampling, and submicrometer size distribution measurement using ancillary devices such as a differential mobility analyser, diffusion battery, or electrical aerosol analyzer.
The optical housing 15 is in physical and thermal contact with the heatsink 18 and is several degrees above ambient temperature. Once the droplets leave the cold condenser 11, the liquid starts to evaporate as the gas stream warms. Liquids with a high vapor pressure, such as isopropyl or n-butyl alcohol, will evaporate very quickly. The droplets are large when passed through the laser viewing volume, but they soon evaporate completely leaving only the original particle. Particles that recirculate in the optics housing from flow eddies are too small to scatter much light as they float through the laser beam. Recirculating particles will not affect the accuracy of the particle concentration measurement. The heated optical housing ensures that the working fluid will vaporize and will not collect to form a liquid pool in the optics that could affect the detection capabilities.
From the optics 15, the gas flow passes through a critical orifice 32 made of sapphire and out to an external vacuum source. The orifice controls the flow at a constant flow rate no matter what the vacuum pressure, provided the ratio of downstream to upstream pressure is at least 0.528. The size of orifice 32 and the optics nozzle 28 together restrict the flow to the desired flow rate. Pressure variations at the inlet of the instrument will change the flow rate some, and can be corrected in the final concentration calculations.
The critical orifice 32 is positioned in the optical housing 15. The flow through the orifice continues through a passage 33 in the spine of the heatsink 18. The cooler sample gas helps to cool the heatsink. The connector port 30 for the vacuum flow source is located at the base of the heatsink 18. The vacuum flow passage in the heatsink is filled with copper mesh 29 to increase the heat transfer from the heatsink 18 to the gas.
The entire flow path from the inlet of the instrument to the optical sensing volume is short and streamlined. The possibility of flow eddies is minimized. In the preferred embodiment of the present invention, the calculated flow transit time through the instrument for 1.4 L/min is less than one second. The measured response time of the instrument, which accounts for small flow eddies, is also very low. The response to a step change in aerosol concentration is about 2 seconds, even when going from high to low concentration. The fast response time is important when measuring rapidly changing aerosol conditions; for example, aircraft studies, air-pollution studies, smokestack plumes, filter scanning systems, and clean-area monitoring.
The heatsink 18 makes up the entire back panel of the instrument and is exposed to the ambient air. It dissipates heat by natural convection to the surrounding air. Some of the heat is dissipated to the connecting parts of the instrument and to the gas stream, as already described. The instrument does not use a cooling fan, thus avoiding the generation of contaminating particles in the clean environment. The instrument avoids moving mechanical devices which can produce particles by friction and heat. The instrument is designed to be clean and is especially useful for ultra-clean areas.
A second parallel critical orifice 34 connected to the "vacuum" tube in the heatsink controls the flow of purge air from inside of the instrument cabinet 1. The purge air 35 and sample gas 2 mix inside of the vacuum tube and together exit the instrument out to the vacuum source. The purge air has two purposes: (1) the continuous purging of the air from within the cabinet helps to cool the internal electronics and mechanical parts, further reducing the need for cooling fans, and (2) if particles are generated within the cabinet, possibly from combustion or evaporation and condensation around hot electrical devices, they are quickly swept away through the vacuum line and cannot escape into the surrounding air and cause contamination. The slight underpressure inside the cabinet causes particles and air to leak into the cabinet--not out.
An example of the above-described instrument was constructed and operates with a sample flow rate of 1.415 L/min. The purge flow is also 1.4 L/min. The saturator block is made from a molded, carbon-impregnated, polypropylene, porous material. The condensing fluid is typically n-butyl alcohol or isopropyl alcohol. The reservoir holds up to 210 ml of liquid. At an ambient temperature of approximately 25� C., the instrument will operate continuously for up to 4 days without needing to refill the reservoir with more alcohol. The reservoir, condenser, optical housing and heatsink are made from anodized aluminum. The condenser comprises eight flow passages with inside diameters of 0.186 inches and a length of 2 inches. The operating temperatures of the reservoir and condenser are typically 28� C. and 8� C. respectively at an ambient temperature of 25� C. The smallest sized particle that can be detected (50% detection efficiency) is 0.014 micrometers. The overall size of the instrument is 140 mm�155 mm�220 mm and the weight is just under 4 kg.
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Sheryl's Reviews > Playing with Fire
Playing with Fire (Primrose, Minnesota, #1)
by Mia Dymond (Goodreads Author)
by Mia Dymond (Goodreads Author)
Sheryl's review
bookshelves: romance-contemporary, loved-it, romance-erotica
Jan 18, 12
bookshelves: romance-contemporary, loved-it, romance-erotica
Read from January 17 to 18, 2012
Congratulations Ms. Dymond, back to your 5 star best! I loved Shane and Liberty! What can i say? They were so hot together that even i was spontaneously combusting reading about them. Hot, hunky, sexy firefighters...i'm soooo gonna LOVE this series! Looking forward to Jack and Sabrina's story next!(i think?) Can't wait!
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|"Hello there, my hunky firefighter..."
|"Hot hot hot... I'm spontaneously combusting from all the tension between Shane and Liberty.... Someone please pass me an ice bucket!"
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text: http://techcrunch.com – Despite recent suggestions that Nokia is at least keeping an open mind about adopting Google's Android platform, the company has reiterated that it is sticking to its guns with Windows Phone and its homegrown S40-based Asha devices. Speaking during its Q4 earnings conference call today CEO Stephen Elop said Nokia is working with Microsoft to drive the Windows Phone platform lower down the price spectrum, while also cross promoting its S40-based Asha devices to Windows Phone developers. Responding to an analyst's question about whether Nokia might consider adopting Android for low (IT news)


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By Paul Howard, Investor's Business Daily
Liberals hate declaring victory, because "crisis" is the lifeblood of activist government. But when it comes to poverty among the elderly, they really should take a bow.
In 1965, about 30% of seniors lived in poverty. By 2000, that number had fallen to 10%, a two-thirds decline. By 2009, the poverty rate for seniors had risen somewhat (thanks to the recession and financial crisis), but it's still half the poverty rate for children, and about 20% less than for adults 18-64.
This makes sense: We accumulate education, wealth and property as we age. For that reason, seniors have much higher net wealth than their younger counterparts. But while entitlement programs have undoubtedly helped alleviate poverty among the elderly, they are unsustainable as currently structured.
This is because current tax revenues (from working Americans) pay for today's retirees, and far fewer working Americans exist relative to retirees than in the old days. In 1950 nearly 17 people worked for every Social Security recipient. In 2009 the number was three. In 2040 it'll be two.
We're also collecting benefits much longer than originally anticipated.
Life expectancy for seniors in 1965 was just under 70 years. Now it's close to 80, meaning that instead of paying for five years of Medicare benefits, Americans pay for 15.
Baby boomers retiring today will receive far more in Medicare benefits than they ever paid in taxes. Researchers at the Urban Institute project that a married 66-year-old couple paid $110,000 in Medicare taxes, but will receive about $340,000 worth of benefits.
Tinkering Won't Work
President Obama's plan for budget reform is to freeze these entitlement programs in their current arrangements and tinker at the margins — through, for instance, giving more power to Medicare's Independent Payment Advisory Board or applying price controls to drugs sold through Medicare.
Along with higher taxes for high earners (families making $250,000 and up) and defense cuts, Obama's deficit-reduction plan offers little innovation.
If Obama's plan prevails, and these programs aren't fundamentally reformed, poor and elderly Americans who depend on these programs will likely face much larger cuts in the future.
Republican Congressman Paul Ryan's budget improvement isn't perfect, either.
As my colleague Josh Barro notes, the Ryan and Obama deficit-reduction proposals contain some optimistic assumptions about how quickly Medicare costs can be contained.
Ryan should adjust his assumptions about how quickly the premiums should grow to make his projections more realistic.
The "Black Friday" protests staged annually against Wal-Mart by the United Food & Commercial Workers Union are fast becoming a holiday tradition as loathed as an overcooked turkey or dry fruitcake. This year, organizers plan rallies and marches at more than 1,500 Wal-Mart stores around the ...
Voters affirmed that rapid economic growth and job creation remain the nation's top priorities. The new Congress should adopt personal and corporate tax reform that will launch maximum, sustained economic growth. The president, who'd like to "rule America" without congressional "annoyance," may ...
In his immigration speech Thursday night, President Obama announced his intention to sign an executive order that "temporarily" (or until his term is over in January 2015) allows an estimated 4 million illegal aliens to remain in the U.S., he merely formalized what he was already doing. He never ...
Sometimes we Americans just can't handle good news. Wall Street analysts and many prominent economists are describing the big fall in oil prices as "a mixed blessing." The latest line is that, sure, the fall in oil prices to under $75 a barrel from nearly $105 a barrel this summer has been good for ...
The pending U.S. Supreme Court ruling on ObamaCare coupled with a small provision buried in the law could give Republicans in the new Congress the opportunity to power-boost free-market health reform. The high court will hear arguments, likely in March, on whether the Obama administration had legal ...


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My influence?
I kept my loyalty oath, and to do that I had to find a way I could do that. I'm sure the GOP wanted me to leave more than you wanted me to leave the GOP, but a loyalty oath was not going to stop me from the GOAL of materializing the message: RESTORE THE REPUBLIC.
It was not about Ron Paul but materializing the message and I could see the GOP was and is the best way to make that possible.
So,, to vote Romney, not for Romney, but FOR THE MESSAGE, I kept my loyalty oath AND I found a way to agree Romney, being the race is beteween Rombney and Obama, Romney is the best guy. And for me, seeing how I can write respilutions and work with others in the GOP, who remained, like me, despite the loyalty oath, despite Romney.. I voted Romney, and looked forward to continuing the rEVOLution.. even thought what great joy it would be to do peace floats under the GOP flag while Romney was in office.. he may be president but he does not decide what goes on in my county.
I never got a paycheck, but I have contributed money, time, gas and effort and it will pay off, because Ron Paul is still a Republican, like Rand, and all those folks who gave you Rpon Paul in the GOP.
I'm not into a blame game, that's for losers. My GOP is not all Ron Paul supporters, but we are gaining a majority, IN THE GOP, and we all voted Romney, and there's no regrets.
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While we continue to run large deficits in manufactured goods annually, there are lots of advanced economies with long records of positive net exports. If you think the difference is prices, you're thinking like an economist... and you're wrong.
Read Whole Story
While there is room to strengthen the agenda further -- by adding major regulatory reforms -- it provides the building blocks of what is needed for strengthening manufacturing competitiveness, economic growth and job creation.
Right now, three fundamental premises underpin America's overall global economic and trade policy. Each is deeply flawed, especially as it relates to our single most important trade relationship, which is that with China.
Continuity means an enduring commitment from the international community. The Afghan population must have confidence that they will not be abandoned and subjected once again to turmoil, civil war and economic disintegration.
WASHINGTON -- Considering the political obsession within the 2012 Republican presidential field over border security, the announcement of a new initia...
What does Hong Kong have in common with Facebook, business intelligence software, and new mobile medical diagnostic technologies for physicians workin...
CARACAS, Venezuela -- The presidents of Venezuela and Colombia said Monday that they plan to boost trade and are looking to build a pipeline to carry ...
Today, the U.S. government is using negotiations over the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) trade agreement to demand aggressive intellectual property provisions that undermine the Doha Declaration and the safeguarding of public health. These harmful provisions must be removed.
The U.S. continues to lurch down the rubble-strewn path of free-trade fantasy economics, signing yet more trade agreements when the ones we already have haven't delivered as promised.
The Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation has just concluded its annual summit in Honolulu, once President Obama's home turf. It will probably be most rem...
The US can make some important contributions by acknowledging that Cuba's reforms are real and by ensuring Cubans are getting the cash and credit they need to make use of the newfound freedom to start small businesses.
The EU's move on aviation emissions is leading the way on climate, potentially triggering an upward spiral of climate regulation.
The decision by the government of Pakistan to grant Most Favoured Nation status to India is a significant step towards improving not only economic opportunity in the region, but bilateral relations between the two South Asian powers.
A huge part of the reason we can't get out of this unemployment slump is the trade deficit. We don't buy American and neither do our "trade partners....
Corporate control of the food system locked in by NAFTA not only starves people in Mexico. It locks in a profoundly unhealthy food system for the entire region. No one expects the situation to get better by itself.
UK-US partnership on cyber issues goes back to the very beginnings of the Internet. In fact, the Internet may never have come to be without collaboration between UK and US researchers.
WASHINGTON -- Rupert Murdoch's media conglomerate News Corp. lobbied in favor of the new Panama free trade pact, according to federal lobbying disclos...
With 9 percent unemployment and Americans desperate for job creation, it is unconscionable that President Obama and House Republicans just shoved through a trio of NAFTA-style job-killing trade agreements.
WASHINGTON — President Barack Obama praised a just-completed trade deal with South Korea on Thursday as he welcomed the country's president to t...
WASHINGTON - Congress -- if you listen to pundits and Washington politicians -- is completely broken. But when multinational corporate interests are a...
In the midst of unprecedented long-term unemployment, I cannot support trade agreements that repeat the mistakes of previous trade deals that shipped millions of American jobs overseas.
This piece is a continuation of The Huffington Post's collaboration on trade issues with The Dylan Ratigan Show, called Trading Our Future.
Voting for the Colombia Free Trade Agreement is a vote for violent union-busting, for driving people from their land, and setting the American working man and woman up to compete on an uneven playing field that will cost jobs and livelihoods.
Maybe Herman Cain, the latest boomlet in the GOP presidential race, will be elected president. Or maybe his 15 minutes of fame have just arrived. Either way, it behooves us to see what he thinks about America's trade mess.
Democrats and Republicans in Congress are expected to work together next week to pass the long awaited trade deals with South Korea, Colombia and Panama.
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Spouse's sister's husband' s affair.
Find a Conversation
|Thu, 10-08-2009 - 12:54am
Yeah, my spouses little sister is really wild. She and her de-facto husband of almost ten years and father of her three kids invited a woman to live with them. Little sister thought they were just helping her.
Little sister and spouse would sometimes go swinging. Sometimes she would have sex with other women. But because they did it together, she/he felt ok about it. It was with permission.
Well, her spouse began an affair with the house guest without telling little sister. My souse supposed that because of the openly sexual relationship that it wouldn't be as painful to little sister. WRONG!
Little sister is absolutely devastated. It's the same story we hear here. He's in the affair bubble and won't let the other woman go. He says he want's both women. But little sister said no and moved out.
Little sister is saying all the things about how the affair is affecting her that I said to my spouse over the past year. And the spouse is saying all the things that my spouse has been saying to me. "Just get over it" for example and saying essentially that it's little sister's fault.
My spouse called and talked "at" me for almost an hour today about it. (I didn't need a lunch anyway.) My spouse is really on a roll right now in figuring me out. The cool thing is that she's telling little sister all the things about taking care of herself and giving her really good advice.
My spouse is really walking around in my shoes as of late. She's been really self reflective about the affairs and actually saying it out loud to me which is so very healing for me. I've been able to tell her some of the things that the men said to me for the first time and I guess that sort of sets her back on her heals a bit also. Poor girl. She keeps forgetting that I've had conversations with them about her. And she doesn't really know how those went. I suppose that would be frightening in itself.
5 kids ages 16-10, D Day: August, 2008
What I'm doing to rebuild: Therapy, Books, Exercise, Forgiveness.
|Thu, 10-08-2009 - 8:34am
|Thu, 10-08-2009 - 8:39am
Little sister got STDs many years ago. I think my in-laws just abandoned those last two kids. What a disaster. And my spouse use to laugh about how progressive, sexy and cute her little sister's lifestyle was. Ugh!!
5 kids ages 16-10, D Day: August, 2008
What I'm doing to rebuild: Therapy, Books, Exercise, Forgiveness.
|Thu, 10-08-2009 - 11:25am
I am so sorry for your SIL... though the wild bit is sort of extreme in my eyes, I DO understand how an A is so different from anything that was 'okay' in the relationship between H/W, or BF/GF.
|Thu, 10-08-2009 - 11:48am
"Like, "well... DUH! - why did you ever look at it differently from that??!!" "
Yeah, I said that for months and months. But at some point I realized that our whole marriage we have been looking at the world with very different eyes. Shockingly so. Now that "I" know we are talking past each other. I find it cool when the gears finally fit together and I get what she's saying and visa verse. We have been together for 20 years and it occurred to me we don't really know each other in a lot of ways. I'm studying her now and I'm finding her to be sort of interesting and fun. She likes to joke around during serious stuff. It use to bug the hell out of me. But I'm standing back now and watching her do it and try and appreciate this quirk rather than letting it under my skin. All that sort of thing. I guess I took this from the 180. "Listen, then listen some more."
This girl isn't evil. She just got lost.
So anytime the lights go on for both of us. I'm just reeeaaaally happy.
I do have to say that there was this day when I could see my spouse emerging from the fog and I remember starting to cry and saying. "Hi baby, I've missed you."
"Why haven't you had those conversations yet?" Because she wasn't ready to hear them. Nor was she ready to face the fact that I know about some of what they talked about and it's really awful stuff.
5 kids ages 16-10, D Day: August, 2008
What I'm doing to rebuild: Therapy, Books, Exercise, Forgiveness.
|Thu, 10-08-2009 - 3:30pm
Some things seem workable or maybe even appealing in the abstract but you just know they don't work.


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School of Music
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The School of Music at the University of Leeds is one of the largest and most diverse academic music departments in the country. The School has an international reputation for research and brings together acclaimed scholars, composers and performers in purpose-built premises at the heart of the Leeds campus.Read More
Double boost as staff secure two AHRC research grants
School's psychology and electronic music researchers win funding to progress their study projects
AHRC funding for Doctoral Research in Music at the University of Leeds
The White Rose College of the Arts and Humanities (WRoCAH) will be awarding over 300 AHRC PhD studentships over a five year period to excellent UK/EU research students in the arts and humanities.
Thinking about Postgraduate Study?We are hosting Masters Taster Sessions for prospective students to find out more about studying at postgraduate level.
Graduate spreads musical joy to disadvantaged Indian children
Drummer Kerrie exports her skills to Bangalore to boost young instrumental talent
21st November — 28th November: "Beyond the sphere of grief": English Partsongs and Motets of the Great War
To mark the anniversary of the outbreak of World War I, the Project Choir presents a lunchtime recital of unaccompanied English choral music associated with the period.
27th November, 4.30pm — 6.00pm: Music Research Seminar: Gretchen Larsen
What exactly does it mean to be a 'consumer' as opposed to a 'buyer', 'citizen', or 'person'? In this paper we explore how music groupies transgress, and therefore push the boundaries of music fandom.
28th November, 6.00pm — 8.00pm: Percussion Project
The School of Music's student percussion ensemble perform Varese's classic Ionisation alongside a varied programme of percussion music from around the world.
30th November, 3.00pm — 5.00pm: Stravinsky and Ellington
This programme places Maurice Peress's 1970s symphony orchestra realisation of Black, Brown and Beige alongside what became the last of Stravinsky's symphonies