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Dorsey had previously been ruled out for the game, while McDonald, Brock and Ellington were all listed as questionable on the team's final injury report.
Cornerback Tramaine Brock (hamstring), wide receiver Bruce Ellington (ankle) and tight Vance McDonald (back) were all listed as questionable, while running back Frank Gore (knee), wide receiver Brandon Lloyd (quadricep), defensive end Ray McDonald (knee), running back Bruce Miller(shoulder), safety Eric Reid (ankle), defensive end Justin Smith (back) and safety Raymond Ventrone (groin) were all listed as probable.
Listed as questionable are cornerback Tramaine Brock (hamstring), wideout Bruce Ellington (ankle), linebacker Dan Skuta (ankle) and tight end Vance McDonald (hip).
The probables are linebacker Chris Borland (shoulder) and wide receiver Brandon Lloyd (quad).
The following players were labeled probable for Sunday: Chris Borland (shoulder), Frank Gore (hip), Ray McDonald (knee), Eric Reid (ankle) and Justin Smith (rest).
Brock has been slammed by physical problems this season, which has resulted in him playing in just three games. He lost six games to a toe injury.
Tramaine Brock (toe), Brandon Lloyd (hamstring) and Quinton Dial (eye) were all limited participants in Friday's practice and ruled questionable. Dan Skuta (ankle) and Patrick Willis (toe) were unable to practice, but were still deemed questionable for Sunday.
Brock has missed six games this season due to a turf toe injury.
Both Brock and Willis were listed as questionable to play on Friday's final injury report due to toe injuries, and the 49ers defense wil have to survive without both. Willis has played in six games, recording 34 total tackles and an interception, but he hasn't played since facing the Rams in Week 6. Brock has seen action in just two games this season.
The probables are cornerback Chris Culliver (hamstring) and safety Jimmie Ward (quad).
Culliver and Ward received questionable designations on the team's final injury report, while Willis was already listed as out. Cornerback Tramaine Brock (toe) and tackle Anthony Davis (knee, ankle) are active after being listed as questionable.
Wide receiver Steve Johnson (hip) and tight end Vernon Davis (back) head the list of players who were listed as probable that are active in Week 7, a list that also includes cornerbacks Chris Cook (quad) and Perrish Cox (quad) as well as defensive linemen Justin Smith (not injury related), Ian Williams (ankle, shoulder) and Tony Jerod-Eddie (shoulder).
Meanwhile, cornerback Tramaine Brock (toe), cornerback Chris Culliver (shoulder), tackle Anthony Davis (knee, ankle) and defensive back Jimmie Ward (quadriceps) were all labeled questionable for Sunday.
The following players were ruled probable: Cornerback Chris Cook (quadriceps), cornerback Perrish Cox (quadriceps), tight end Vernon Davis (back), wide receiver Steve Johnson (hip), defensive end Tony Jerod-Eddie (shoulder), defensive tackle Ian Williams (ankle) and defensive end Justin Smith (not injury related).
Brock is the only player the team ruled out for the contest. He's dealing with a toe injury and was unable to practice this week.
Perrish Cox will likely start against the Rams.
Six 49ers were listed as questionable to play, including cornerback Tramaine Brock (toe), offensive tackle Anthony Davis (knee, ankle), tight ends Vernon Davis (back) and Vance McDonald (knee), safety Eric Reid (hamstring) and nose tackle Ian Williams (ankle).
Six additional players were listed as probable, including safety Antoine Bethea (ankle), wide receiver Michael Crabtree (foot), running back Frank Gore (back), punter Andy Lee (right ankle) and defensive ends Tony Jerod-Eddie (shoulder) and Justin Smith (not injury related).
Deemed questionable were safety Antoine Bethea (ankle), cornerback Tramaine Brock (toe), tackle Anthony Davis (hamstring), tight end Vernon Davis (ankle, knee) and tight end Vance McDonald (knee).
Wide receiver Michael Crabtree (quaricep), running back Frank Gore (back), defensive end Justin Smith (not injury related) and linebacker Patrick Willis (wrist) were all labeled probable for Sunday.
Cornerbacks Chris Culliver and Tramaine Brock are both questionable heading into the game. Tackle Anthony Davis is also questionable. Punter Andy Lee is probable due to a knee.
Nickel corner Jimmie Ward suffered a head injury, but it was determined he does not have a concussion. He's expected to play.
San Francisco cornerback Tramaine Brock was carted off the field Week 1 against the Cowboys.
The team announced Brock has a toe injury, and is questionable to return. He had an ankle injury early in the preseason, but was not listed on the injury report this week.
On the play, cornerback Tramaine Brock blanketed receiver Harry Douglas and knocked the ball up in the air. Brock got his own interception on the game's final play, snagging a Hail Mary in the end zone.
San Francisco finished with those two interceptions and got a sack from defensive tackle Justin Smith. Thus the 49ers came through for Fantasy owners despite giving up 402 yards.
The 49ers DST visits Arizona in Week 17.
Brock has emerged as a contributor for the 49ers after being an undrafted free agent, and will start in Week 12 in place of Tarell Brown (ribs).
Brock picked off Matt Schaub on the third play of the game, returning it 18 yards for a touchdown. He intercepted Schaub on another out route in the second quarter, this time deflecting the ball to himself.
On both picks Brock was covering Andre Johnson, who pulled him down from behind the second time. Brock later drew a pass-interference flag on DeAndre Hopkins.
Brock played in place of No. 3 corner Nnamdi Asomugha, who was out with a knee injury. He appears likely to keep the job even when Asomugha returns.


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Scope: 30mm tube Side focus parallax adjustment Multi-coated optics TruPlex reticle Finger-tip ... The Simmons Predator Quest Varmint Hunting Riflescope - 6-24x50mm 656245 has been designed ... to be the ultimate way to keep those pesky rascals off of your property. This Riflescope from Simmons ... for lightning-fast, pinpoint precise adjustments. The side focus adjustment knob on the Predator ... Quest Riflescope lets you hunt in even the harshest conditions, thanks to its fully waterproof ... and fogproof design. The Simmons 6-24x50 Predator/Varmint Riflescope is exactly what you need to hunt ... varmints like a pro. Simmons 656245: 6-24x50 Matte, TruPlex, 30mm Tube, Side Focus, Box...
Hawke Sport Optics Sidewinder Tactical 8.5-25x42mm Side Focus Rifle Scope
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SMS and VMS for an Instant Messaging in the Future Home Environment
Free registration required
Executive Summary
Almost all homes will be connected by many kinds of network utilities in the near future and require a service gateway as a platform to bridge the gap between external network and internal home network. Also, home users require an instant messaging what is happening in their home. In this paper, the OSGi service platform is used for the service gateway since it can deliver new applications dynamically from a broader network and SMS & VMS are used for the instant messaging to notify what is happening in their home.
- Format: PDF
- Size: 175.4 KB


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Wiki Headlines
18th Nov: We've switched servers and will be updating the old code over the next couple months, meaning that several things might break. Please report issues here.
main index
Dragon View (also known as Drakkhen II or Super Drakkhen) is a video game developed and published by Kemco for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System in November 1994. Although it bears little resemblance to its predecessor, Drakkhen, it utilizes the same pseudo-3D overworld system for which the series is most famous. Other features of Dragon View are its side-view Action RPG hybrid gameplay (used when exploring more detailed areas such as towns and dungeons), its well-translated second-person storyline, and its emphasis on player-driven "free" exploration.Needs Wiki Magic Love.
Dragon View provides tropes such as:


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It turns out that Todd Hardcastle has one more high school softball game to coach.
CLOVIS - The clock struck midnight sooner than Vincent Herrera wanted.
Vincent Herrera graduated from Manteca High last week, but he has one more day to sport the school's colors.
When the Manteca Little League major division White Sox fell behind the A's 1-0 in the first inning, the chances of their season ending seemed pretty good.
It was only fitting that when post-season accolades were distributed for Trans Valley League play, that nine Ripon Indians led the charge securing the most spots on the 2010 all-TVL team.
Just like every other athlete in this area that is closing down their season, me and this dude I work for are closing down another campaign.
SACRAMENTO - One came up inches short. Another was fast enough by an eye blink.
A season to remember got a little bit better for Ripon Christian head coach John De Visser and senior Clayton Prins.
After a softball season that saw the Escalon Cougars put together another Sac-Joaquin Section Division V Championship run, Ripon and Ripon Christian high schools saw the reward of their hard work payoff with the announcing of the All-Trans Valley League team.
SACRAMENTO - Hector Solorio ran and hurdled the race of his life.
Manteca High's Matt Barber closed out his senior season as the Valley Oak League's Most Valuable Player.
SACRAMENTO – The level of play it would have taken for the Manteca Buffaloes to compete for their first Sac-Joaquin Section title in school history abandoned them, in a season-ending 5-1 second round loss to El Dorado Wednesday at McAuliffe Memorial Park.
Sierra High junior Ulysses Knapps walked away from the long jump pit at Modesto Junior College last Thursday with a Sac-Joaquin Section Division III title in the event but was not completely satisfied.
Teammates and coaches call her "Hammer," and it's a fitting description to what East Union High junior Brittany LaMar did for the Lancers this season.
The pressure of trying to extend its postseason took a back seat to rainy weather for the Manteca Buffaloes, as the Valley Oak League No. 2 seed's elimination contest against El Dorado High was postponed until today by unfavorable weather conditions.
Brooke Riley's round didn't end as well as she had hoped during East Union's Valley Oak League dual match at Oakdale Golf and Country Club on Tuesday.
Scoring was at a premium Saturday when the Manteca Jr. Timberwolves junior novice squad locked up with the Tracy Jr. Bulldogs, who prevailed 6-0 in Delta Youth Football League action.
STOCKTON - The blond streak in Esteban Paramo's hair may have started as a personal statement of style, but it's come to symbolize something much bigger.
Sierra played perfect defense from the second minute to the 78th Monday against visiting East Union.
Brooke Riley shot an even-par 37 to lead East Union's 246-288 win over Manteca at Manteca Park Golf Course. Monday's win moves the Lancers to 5-0 in the Valley Oak League.
RIPON – After an explosive defensive Ripon Christian start left the visiting Orestimba Wildcats wearing roller-skates and its fleet-footed gunslinger struggling to breathe, the Southern League opener at Stouffer Field Friday night looked like an exercise in futility.


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- Cooking Time:
- Servings:
- Preparation Time:
- 1/3 cup milk
- 1 cup fresh bread crumbs
- 1 lb. each ground beef, pork and veal
- 1/3 cup fresh flat-leaf parsley plus more for garnish
- 3 eggs, lightly beaten
- 3 garlic cloves- minced
- 1 3/4 tsp kosher salt
- 1/2 tsp. ground pepper
- 1/3 lb mozzarella or provolone, cut into 1/2 inch cubes
- olive oil for frying
- About 6 cups tomato sauce
- 2 lbs. spaghetti, cooked & drained
- Grated Parmigiano-Reggiano for serving
- In a large bowl, combine milk and bread crumbs. Add meats, parsley, eggs, garlic, salt and pepper. Mix briefly with hands. Form into 2" balls. Seal a cheese cube into center of each ball. In a large electric skillet set on medium high, heat 1/2" oil until almost smoking. Brown meatballs 1 minute per side. Transfer to paper towel and drain.
- Discard oil in pan. Pour tomato sauce into pan; bring to simmer over medium high heat. Add meatballs and simmer until cooked through- about 30 minutes. Uncover; cook 10 minutes more. Serve over pasta with grated cheese.
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Easy Chocolate Tart
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Staten Island Neighborhoods: North Shore
Local news & events from West Brighton, St. George, Stapleton and more
Smile, you're on Facebook: Victim used social media to identify mugger, says source
By Frank Donnelly | firstname.lastname@example.com
November 21, 2014, 2:56PM
A 15-year-old victim used Facebook to identify his mugger, Philip Joe, after the defendant robbed him, said a law enforcement source. Full story »
1 man in critical condition, 2 others injured in West Brighton collision
By Maura Grunlund | firstname.lastname@example.com
November 21, 2014, 2:00PM
A total of three people were injured in a two-car accident on Friday morning in West Brighton. Full story »
Powered by the sun: Staten Island JCC launches one of the largest solar electric systems in the city
By Kiawana Rich | firstname.lastname@example.com
November 20, 2014, 3:28PM
STATEN ISLAND, N.Y. -- And David Sorkin said, "Let there be light!" When Sorkin said it, of course, it wasn't on the monumental, life-creating level written in the book of Genesis, but on Thursday morning it was sufficient enough for the JCC. Sorkin, the JCC's executive director, made the pronouncement during the launch of the completed installation of a... Full story »
Prison-bound again: Repeat drug felon sentenced to 4 and a half years
By Frank Donnelly | firstname.lastname@example.com
November 20, 2014, 1:02PM
Repeat felon Isaiah Gravely was among 39 people arrested in the summer of 2013 as part of a drug-and-gun trafficking ring. Full story »
From Hollywood to vaping: Sisters reinvent themselves to become Staten Island business owners
By Tracey Porpora | email@example.com
November 20, 2014, 7:00AM
ECig Connection in Castleton Corners offers a full range of electronic cigarettes and vaping juices. Full story »
Man injured in fall from McDonald's construction building site in Graniteville
By Maura Grunlund | email@example.com
November 19, 2014, 10:23AM
A man suffered a hand injury when he fell from a building on Forest Avenue in Graniteville on Wednesday morning in an injury that involved scaffolding. Full story »
Legal community receives blessing at annual Red Mass
By Melinda Gottlieb | email@example.com
November 18, 2014, 7:45PM
STATEN ISLAND, N.Y. -- On Tuesday, members of the Staten Island legal community — judges, attorneys, law school professors, students and those who are employed in the court system — participated in the 31st annual Richmond County Red Mass at Blessed Sacrament R.C. Church, West Brighton. The sacred tradition is a way to mark the beginning of the court... Full story »
Man sought for questioning in connection with knife-point robberies of smart phones in New Brighton
By Eddie DAnna | email@example.com
November 18, 2014, 11:16AM
STATEN ISLAND, N.Y. -- Police are asking for the public's help identifying a male sought for questioning in connection with a brazen spree of knife-point robberies targeting teens in New Brighton with smart phones. The pattern began at 7:15 a.m. on Oct. 3, when a suspect approached a 15-year-old male in front of 236 Hamilton Ave., flashed a blade and fled... Full story »
Two more 'Operation Jersey Boys' sing the blues, are sentenced to prison
By Frank Donnelly | email@example.com
November 17, 2014, 6:33PM
Allah Walker and Dashawn Bracy, were among two separate crews, busted in "Operation Jersey Boys," which ran drug-delivery operations that helped fuel Staten Island's ballooning heroin crisis. Full story »
300 ferry terminal parking spots unavailable beginning Dec. 1, when outlet mall project work gets underway
By Tracey Porpora | email@example.com
November 17, 2014, 3:10PM
Parking near the Staten Island Ferry will be minus 300 spaces come Dec. 1 when the first phase of construction begins on the Empire Outlet project. Full story »
Knife-wielding bandit on prowl for smart phones in New Brighton, cops say
By Eddie DAnna | email@example.com
November 17, 2014, 1:03PM
This story has been updated to include video footage of a man sought for questioning in connection with the robbery spree. ---- STATEN ISLAND, N.Y. — Hide your Apple products, New Brighton residents. Police say a brazen, knife-wielding bandit is on the prowl, preying on teens in that community who have iPhones and iPods in a series of broad-daylight... Full story »
Staten Island Sunday: Sights and scenes in New Brighton
By Virginia N. Sherry | email@example.com
November 16, 2014, 2:06PM
Staten Island Sunday: Sights and Scenes is a weekly neighborhood photo feature. Full story »
West Shore Little League honors veterans with ceremony, updated war monuments (with photos)
By Vincent Barone | firstname.lastname@example.com
November 15, 2014, 2:47PM
About 250 veterans and Islanders headed to the West Shore Little League on Saturday to get a peak at the newly updated veterans monument park. Full story »
Fine and probation for driver who hit and injured pedestrian, left scene
By Frank Donnelly | email@example.com
November 14, 2014, 3:45PM
Redmond O'Hanlon hit and injured a pedestrian on Dec. 23, and drove off after bystanders began screaming at him, said his lawyer. Full story »
Dramatic video captures moment missing Staten Islander Philip Caruso returned to his family
By Eddie DAnna | firstname.lastname@example.com
November 14, 2014, 2:28PM
STATEN ISLAND, N.Y. — The mother of Staten Islander Philip Caruso was being interviewed by a local news station the moment her son, who had been missing for three days, returned home -- and the dramatic reunion was caught on film. "Is that my son," Helen Caracappa asked as the door opened in the middle of an interview with NY1 reporter... Full story »
Staten Island news:
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North Shore headlines
More: North Shore »
North Shore Forum Restaurants on the North Shore by alex_dushkin_1 4:45 PM North Shore's Only Summer Basketball League by proficio 8:46 AMSt. George Forum Joanne's Deli under a new name. by myturn13 7:31 AM http://gopaidweekly.com/?ref=27277 by liberalwitch 1:47 PMWesterleigh Forum GKLL HOSTING TURKEY BASH BASEBALL TOURNEY by RegiGirl 4:42 PM Beautiful Music - Great Cause! by TheatreLover74 9:51 AM


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'Mummy and Daddy love you very much': Emotional final message to darling daughter
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'Mummy and Daddy love you very much': Emotional final message to darling daughter


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600 Italy Avenue,
San Francisco, CA, 94112-0941
San Francisco, CA, 94112-0941
Tel: (415)337-4030
The school of the Epiphany is known for innovation and its commitment to progress.
The school's commitment to curricular excellence includes a balance between keeping abreast of new trends while never abandoning tried-and-true educational practices.
The School of the Epiphany is a Catholic, Parochial school serving the youth of Epiphany Parish and its surrounding areas.
We challenge students to achieve educational excellence within a Catholic tradition.
The School of the Epiphany operates in service to Epiphany Parish and in the spirit of the Presentation Sisters.
We believe that the School of the Epiphany is an active ministry within the larger Epiphany Catholic Christian Community.
We believe that Catholic education teaches to the whole child by promoting the spiritual, moral, intellectual, emotional, social, and physical development of each student through comprehensive curricular and co-curricular programs.
Recognizing the innate dignity of the students as children of God, we nurture educational excellence.
We believe that the School of the Epiphany models the gospel message of Jesus Christ and that teaching is a grace-filled, professional ministry of the Catholic faith.
We believe that the School of the Epiphany is a model of Christian values and social justice.
We believe that parents, as the primary educators of their children, join with the larger Epiphany community to supportively enhance the students' education.
School Overview
|School Membership(s)School Assoc.
|National Catholic Educational Association (NCEA)
|Religious Affiliation
|Roman Catholic
|Grades Offered
|Grades Kindergarten - 8
Student Body
|Total Students
|545 students
|Student Body Type
|% Students of Color
State avg.: 43%
|Students by Grade
Academics and Faculty
|Total Classroom Teachers
|18 teachers
|Student : Teacher Ratio
National avg.: 13:1
|Classroom Dress Code
|Admission Deadline
|None / Rolling
Nearby Schools:
All Schools | High Schools | Elementary Schools | Preschools | Public Schools
Show me:
- School Location Miles Students Grades
San FranciscoCorpus Christi School
75 Francis St
San Francisco, CA, 94112
(415)587-7014(Roman Catholic)0.8 mi | 197 students | Gr. K-9
San FranciscoCalvary Baptist Academy
5655 Mission Street
San Francisco, CA, 94112
(415)585-9190(Baptist)0.8 mi | 263 students | Gr. PK-12
San FranciscoSan Francisco Christian School
25 Whittier Street
San Francisco, CA, 94112
(415)586-1117(Baptist)0.8 mi | 228 students | Gr. K-12
San FranciscoLick-wilmerding High School
755 Ocean Ave
San Francisco, CA, 94112
(415)585-17250.9 mi | 445 students | Gr. 9-12
San FranciscoSan Francisco Adventist
66 Geneva Ave
San Francisco, CA, 94112
(415)585-5550(Seventh-Day Adventist)1 mi | 21 students | Gr. KG-8
School Reviews
Area Statistics
Recent Articles
Updated October 26, 2014
What do you do when you are dissatisfied with your local public schools? Homeschool your children? Send them to private school? Let's look at your options.
Your religion matters to you. You want your child to attend a school which will combine academics and religious education. Here is an overview of what is available together with some links to denominational web sites.
Add things up and you'll quickly find the answer- math is crucial both in academics and the real world. By following these strategies and following personal training programs, students can uncover their weaknesses and conquer math.


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A United States International Tennis Federation senior tennis team on which two locals, Frank Ackley and Vinnie Horcasitas, played recently won the Amigos Cup in Merida, Mexico.
Ackley, Horcasitas, and Mark Harrison, who, in the summer, is the head pro at the East Hampton Tennis Club, played together in the same tournament two years ago, but the Mexicans successfully argued then that they should keep the Cup even though Hurricane Ida, with Mexico holding a slim 6-4 lead, had forced the cancellation of 50 of the scheduled 60 matches.
Putting my money where my mouth was I redistributed a chunk of my wealth this past weekend in the city, living large, as it were, and tipping lavishly, though remaining all the while humble and thankful for my good fortune — a pluralist despite exceptionalist tendencies.
At the Oyster Bar, and having ordered six Blue Points and six round ones from Maine, I knew that while I was no Diamond Jim Brady, I was blessed — all the more so because Mary, who I had thought would be sharing, contented herself with shrimp.


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Get everything right and save time Shop Ford Bronco II Tail Light or Call our auto parts experts at 1-800-913-6119
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IPCW EURO TAIL LIGHTS, CLEAR AND RED PLASTIC LENS, SET OF 2 -- Bulbs not included; SAE and DOT compliant to FMVSS-108; With black housing; Features clear, sturdy top lenses for maximum brightness and specialized heat vents to prevent extreme temperature lens damage; Vacuum tested and 3-point inspected before finished to ensure air-tight lenses and quality; No drilling or modification required; Easy installation; With 6-month IPCW limited warranty.
- Brand: IPCW
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- 1989-1990 | All Engines | XLT Plus
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WADE AUTO SOLID TAIL LIGHT GUARDS, ACRYLIC, SMOKED, SET OF 2 -- Made of high impact acrylic; Smoke tinted enough for a blackout look while still allowing brake lights to show through; Easy no-drill installation with 3M automotive dual lock.
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Audiences in Greenwich will be the last to see an award-winning musical before it is turned into a Hollywood movie later in the year.
The Last Five years, starring Over the Rainbow winner Danielle Hope and West End actor Jon Robyns, is at Greenwich Theatre from May 15 to 17.
The rights to perform the play have been suspended with the movie, which stars Anna Kendrick, due to be released this year so Greenwich is the last place you can see it before the big screen.
Greenwich Theatre's executive and artistic director James Haddrell said: "It's very exciting because this will be the last stage production."
James described The Last Five Years – an emotionally powerful modern love story - as the sort of musical that everyone who is a performer wants to be in.
He added: "It's unusual with a cast of two people, just Jon and Danielle, who tell the story of a New York couple's relationship, one chronologically and the other backwards.
"They only meet in time once – at their wedding. It's right up my street as far as musicals are concerned because it's my challenge to people who say they don't like musicals. Well, try this one."
The Last Five Years is at Greenwich Theatre from Thursday, May 15, to Saturday, May 17. Tickets £16 or £11 concessions. Go to greenwichtheatre.org.uk or call 020 8858 7755.
- Jeff Wayne's War of the Worlds coming to Greenwich on its way to final performance
- Comedian Russell Peters headed for Greenwich
- TOWIE's Mark Wright, Caroline Flack and more join Strictly Live tour
- 'I'm going to be absolutely cacking it': Jason Manford on starring in The Producers in Bromley
- Christmas show in Greenwich for kids too young for panto


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Globe Trekker
WASHINGTON, D.C. CITY GUIDESeries Website »
Episode Guide »
Meet politicians on both sides of the divide & explore the city's huge African-American community.
Vermont transplant and Guster frontman Ryan Miller seeks out far-fetched friends across the state! Available exclusively online.
A second HD broadcast service offering alternative programming and more content from local and regional producers.


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Where a Long Time Ago Meets a Galaxy Far, Far Away
Dig out those history books and see how World War II influenced George Lucas and Star Wars.
Dig out those history books and see how World War II influenced George Lucas and Star Wars.
In the late '70s and early '80s, Lyons Maid ice cream was strong with the Force.
Take a look at hallowed Star Wars celebrations, from Life Day to Boonta's Eve.
"Jingle Bells." "Christmas (Baby Please Come Home)." "What Can You Get a Wookiee…?"
Celebrate the holidays Star Wars-style!
Follow us. It is useless to resist.
Learn one of the famed actor's most vivid Star Wars memories!
Learn about the experiences of Star Wars actors and creators who have served in the military.
Albin Johnson
Amy Ratcliffe
Ashley Eckstein
Dan Brooks
Bryan Young
Cole Horton
Mary Franklin
Jennifer Heddle
James Burns
Jason Fry
John "Dak" Morton
Mark Newbold
J.W. Rinzler
StarWars.com Team
Steve Sansweet
Tom Hutchens
Tim Veekhoven
Dan Zehr


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- Freeport murder suspect Damon Dixson taken into custody in Rockford
- Local gas station employee arrested for selling liquor to minor
- Renewable Fuel Standard delay 'a mixed blessing,' Bustos says
- Rockford delegation presents inaugural 'Rockford Award' to Norwegian Air
- Education in Illinois making slow progress, according to report
- Illinois GOP Congressional delegation: Obama's immigration plan undermines rule of law
- Suspect, 17, charged in Halloween hit-and-run in Roscoe
- Saint Anthony College of Nursing president to retire
- Man found guilty in deadly August 2013 crash at Mulford and Garrett Lane
- 'The Price is Right Live!' at Coronado March 1; tickets on sale Nov. 21
U of I Extension helps attract good insects to your garden
Online Staff Report
University of Illinois Extension will be offering a low-cost, one-hour program about attracting beneficial insects to your garden. The program will be from 11 a.m. to noon, July 19, at Severson Dells Nature Center, 8786 Montague Road.
Candice Miller, Extension horticulture educator, will provide the information you need to identify beneficial insects in your garden, and will offer tips about attracting these insects and maintaining a population in your garden. She will also offer specific plant recommendations that will nurture natural pest control.
"Don't kill that insect," said Miller. It is always tempting to kill that lurking spider in your garden, but don't do it! Spiders and many other beneficial insects can be a great benefit to your garden by helping to control those "bad" bugs assaulting your plants.
U of I Extension has introduced Miller as the newest addition to their team of educators. She recently received her master's degree in agricultural education, as well as a bachelor's degree in horticulture, from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. She will be serving six northern Illinois counties, including Winnebago, Jo Daviess, Stephenson, Ogle, Boone and DeKalb.
The cost of the event is $5 per person; the program is open to the public. If you are interested in attending this program, as well as other programs in the Summer 2012 series, visit http://web.extension.illinois.edu/jsw or call the Extension office at (815) 986-4357.
Posted July 11, 2012


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DESCRIPTION: Here is a very nice early postcard of the Sandy Stream bridge, Unity Me. The card was published by E. T. Whitestone, Unity, Me. It is postally used with a postmark at Unity, Me. on October 21, 1905 and a received postmark at Pittsfield, Me. on the same date.
DIMENSIONS: It is a standard size card.
CONDITION: There is corner wear. There is also a crease beginning at left center bottom and going up about halfway up.
Item ID: 12PC0617
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Burlesque, wow, you guys never ALWAYS talk about burlesque. How unusual.
Is Wash. U. to Blame for This Student's Death?
By Danny Wicentowski
The Post Endorses Pot for 2016
By Lindsay Toler
By Lindsay Toler
Audit Says Carpenter Misspent $130,000+
By Danny Wicentowski
The Tale of St. Louis' Most Prolific Dead Poet
By Anne Valente
Press, Human Rights Violated During Protests
By Lindsay Toler
How 2 Grams Can Get You 20 Years
By Ray Downs
15 People Stoked About Gas Prices
By Lindsay Toler
Katrina sees herself as a role model.
"If you say you're a pole dancer, people think you're just some stripper who gets on her back and splays her legs," she declares. "They probably just expect two girls to hold onto a pole and make out. But when we get up there and don't do that when we show that we really are using our bodies to do interesting things it helps people break their stereotypes a little bit."
Burlesque, wow, you guys never ALWAYS talk about burlesque. How unusual.


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At the recent MWA Night of Champions it was announced that Pathfinders Trials MCC (Inc) had won the prestigious Motorcycling WA Club of the Year for 2012.
Simon Price and Leo Nolan (both Life Members) accepted the trophy and while thanking MWA for this honour; both said it was reward for the hard work of the Club Committee in ensuring Pathfinders always operated within the rules and administrative guidelines. The award was presented by Rick Gill – MWA Executive Director – as the finale of the night and he praised the Club as "one of the quiet achievers who just get on with the job".
The award is based on the Club's performance over the last year against criteria such as compliance with competition permits, event reporting, financial management and membership communication. Leo Nolan was also honoured on the night receiving a MWA Achievement Certificate for his dedication and hard work in the organisation of this year's Smarter than Smoking Australian Moto Trials Championships in Pinjarra, and his ongoing role as a MWA Official.
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Alliance Boots on Monday announced that China Securities Regulatory Commission has approved the group's investment in Nanjing Pharmaceutical Company Limited.
Supervalu announced the completion of the sale of its Albertsons, Acme, Jewel-Osco, Shaw's and Star Market stores and related Osco and Sav-on in-store pharmacies to AB Acquisition LLC, an affiliate of a Cerberus Capital Management-led investor consortium, in a stock deal valued at $3.3 billion, including $100 million in cash and $3.2 billion in debt assumption.
Teva Pharmaceutical Industries has transferred its stock listing from NASDAQ to the New York Stock Exchange, the drug maker said Wednesday.
Taro Pharmaceutical Industries will list its shares on the New York Stock Exchange, the Israel-based generic drug maker said Monday.


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The GQ Eye: GQ on Style
Last-Minute Valentine's Day Idea: Learn to Give Her a Killer Massage
Valentine's Day gifts are awful. But do nothing for her, and you're an awful person. One suggestion: learn how to give her a really great massage. We tapped Sonja Lilljeberg, a massage therapist at... read more
Friday, 2/14/2014 at 7:30AM
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- Gift,
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- Oil,
- Valentine's Day
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News + Politics
- The Original Donald
- GQ Style: Wes Anderson's Highly Influential, Slightly Tweaked Take on Reality
- Jerry Lee Lewis Will Not go to Hell
- Matthew McConaughey: America's Space Cowboy
- Logan Lerman Went to Bootcamp with Brad Pitt for Fury
- Under the Influence: How Def Jam's Early Days Inspired this Season's Look
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Compositions containing peptides which are capable of absorption in the stomach are supplied to animals, such as but not limited to ruminants, in order to supply nutrients and treat dietary deficiencies. In a preferred embodiment, peptides containing at least one other amino acid which animals are deficient in are supplied to animals to treat specific amino acids deficiencies. Preferably, the peptides contain glycine, phenylalanine, or proline, and the peptides are formed from a total of four or less amino acid residues. An alternative embodiment involves formulation of peptide derivatives through the attachment of mineral compounds or medicaments to peptides, and the peptide derivatives are then supplied to the diet to treat mineral deficiencies or illnesses. The compositions and methods are particularly useful in treating amino acid deficiencies, such as but not limited to methionine deficiencies in ruminants.
1. In a feed composition for providing nutrients to ruminants, said composition comprising:
an effective amount of peptides sufficient to increase the amino acid concentration available for metabolic utilization in ruminants when a sufficient quantity of said composition is ingested by ruminants, said peptides being capable of absorption into the blood stream through the liming of the reticulorumen and omasum of a ruminant ingesting said composition;
said peptides having the formula AB, wherein A is the N terminal amino acid residue and is selected from the group comprised of proline and phenylalanine; and
B comprises from one to three amino acid residues, said residues being the same or different and selected from the group comprised of alanine, glycine, methionine, arginine, threonine, tryptophan, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, asparagine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, glutamine, serine, tyrosine, and valine.
2. A composition according to claim 1, wherein A is selected from the group comprised of proline, phenylalanine, methionine, threonine, tryptophan, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, asparagine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, glutamine, serine, tyrosine, and valine; and
B comprises proline, phenylalanine and glycine.
3. A composition according to claim 1 wherein A is proline and B is methionine.
4. A method for the treatment of amino acid deficiencies in ruminants comprising the step of:
feeding an effective amount of a composition to a ruminant suffering from a deficiency of at least one amino acid, said composition comprising at least one peptide, said at least one peptide comprising at least one amino acid residue of an amino acid which said ruminant is deficient in, wherein said at least one peptide is capable of absorption into the blood stream of said ruminant through the reticulorumen and omasum, wherein the concentration of said amino acid in the blood is increased.
5. A method according to claim 4, wherein:
said peptide further comprises at least one amino acid residue formed from an amino acid selected from the group comprised of proline, phenylalanine, and glycine, and said peptide comprises between two and four amino acid residues.
6. A method according to claim 5, wherein:
said peptide further comprises at least one amino acid residue formed from an amino acid selected from the group comprised of: methionine, arginine, threonine, tryptophan, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, and valine.
7. A method according to claim 4, further comprising the step of:
producing said peptides by fermenting proteins with microorganisms.
8. A method according to claim 4, further comprising the steps of:
producing said peptides by growing bacteria which produce said peptides, said bacteria being selected from the group comprised of naturally occurring bacteria and genetically engineered bacteria, harvesting said bacteria, and incorporating into said composition said bacteria, or the products of said bacteria.
9. A method according to claim 4 wherein said composition comprises an effective amount of a peptide comprising residues of proline and methionine.
10. A method of modifying the dietary intake of a ruminant to increase the level absorbed by said ruminant of at least one selected amino acid essential to the dietary requirements of said ruminant which comprises the step of:
incorporating into the dietary intake of said ruminant at least one peptide or a synthetic precursor of said at least one peptide which is capable of absorbtion through the reticulorumen and omasum of said ruminant, said at least one peptide or precursor being present in an amount sufficient to increase the absorbed level of said at least one amino acid above that achieved by the normal dietary intake of said ruminant.
11. A method for the treatment of amino acid deficiencies in ruminants comprising the step of:
feeding an effective amount of a composition to a ruminant suffering from a deficiency of at least one amino acid, said composition being capable of making available at least one peptide in the reticulorumen and omasum of a ruminant, said at least one peptide comprising at least one amino acid residue of an amino acid which said ruminant is deficient in, wherein said at least one peptide is capable of absorption into the bloodstream of said ruminant through the reticulorumen and omasum wherein the concentration of said amino acid in the blood is increased.
12. The method of claim 11, wherein:
said at least one peptide has the formula AB, wherein A is the N terminal amino acid residue and is selected from the group comprised of proline and phenylalanine; and
B comprises from one to three amino acid residues, said residues being the same or different and selected from the group comprised of alanine, glycine, methionine, arginine, threonine, tryptophan, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, asparagine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, glutamine, serine, tyrosine, and valine.
The present invention relates to the treatment of dietary deficiencies of animals, especially ruminants, and relates more particularly to compositions capable of absorption into the blood stream through the stomach and their use in supplying nutrients and treating dietary deficiencies or other maladies. .
Vast sums of money are spent annually to provide high protein feeds to agricultural animals. The productivity and growth of all animals, including humans but particularly agricultural animals, is dependent upon their ability to ingest sufficient nutrients, such as protein, carbohydrates, and minerals. Synthesis of proteins necessary for high productivity and growth requires that animals absorb sufficient amounts of peptides and amino acids into their blood streams. Of the twenty three amino acids found in the proteins of most animals, only thirteen of these can usually be synthesized in nutritionally adequate amounts by biochemical processes in the body from other substances in the diet. The ten other amino acids which can not be synthesized in sufficient quantities must therefore be ingested by the animal. (Generally, proteins are polymers formed from at least 100 amino acid residues, and peptides are oligomers comprised of from two to ten amino acids joined through amide linkages; dipeptides, tripeptides, and tetrapeptides are formed by condensation of two, three, and four amino acids, respectively.)
Therefore, it is common practice to supplement the diet of animals with nutritional sources containing especially those amino acids which can not be synthesized, or to supplement the diet with sources which can be broken down by the body to form such amino acids; otherwise, the productivity and growth of the animals may be limited in proportion to the amino acid deficiency. Obviously, however, merely increasing the available quantities of the limiting amino acids ingested by an animal does not ensure that the amino acids will ultimately be absorbed and synthesized into protein.
For example, when food is consumed by ruminants, such as sheep and cattle, it enters a complex stomach composed of four compartments, the rumen, the reticulum, the omasum, and the abomasum; the reticulum and the rumen are referred to a the reticulorumen. According to D. C. Church, food entering the reticulorumen is degraded by large populations of bacteria, protozoa, and fungi which reside there. See "Digestive Physiology and Nutrition of Ruminants," Vol. 1, O.S.U. Book Store Inc. of Corvallis, Oreg., herein incorporated by reference. The microbial degradation activity in the reticulorumen is extensive, especially in the case of carbohydrates and proteins. However, Church believed that only certain products of microbial degradation in the reticulorumen, such as volatile fatty acids and ammonia, are actually absorbed from the reticulorumen, while undegraded food residues and microorganisms pass from the reticulorumen to subsequent sections of the gastrointestinal track, where more digestion and absorption occurs.
It has also generally been accepted that dietary protein is either degraded by microorganisms in the reticulorumen, or it is passed through the reticulorumen to subsequent regions of the gastrointestinal track; dietary protein passing from the reticulorumen is then thought to be hydrolyzed to peptides and eventually to amino acids which can be readily absorbed from the intestines of the animal.
Products of dietary protein degradation in the reticulorumen were thought to be essentially utilized by microorganisms to synthesize new proteins for their cellular structures and metabolic functions; this degradation is believed to primarily result in the formation of ammonia, with some peptides and amino acids also being formed for further degradation. Peptides resulting from microbial protein hydrclysis in the reticulorumen were assumed by the prior art to be either utilized by bacteria, or degraded further to ammonia and keto acids.
It has also been widely believed that ammonia is the only nitrogen-containing product of protein degradation absorbed from the stomach. Ammonia utilization in animals is minimal, absorbed ammonia being excreted as urea.
Recent evidence suggests that large quantities of peptides are also formed in the reticulorumen, and that certain peptides are utilized by bacteria residing in the reticulorumen; other peptides formed in the reticulorumen are thought to pass through the omasum and the abomasum into the small intestine where further digestion and/or absorption occurs. The prior art concluded from this that amino acids needed by ruminant animals for protein synthesis were derived from dietary protein which had passed from the reticulorumen without degradation and from microbially generated proteins, all of which were believed to be digested in and absorbed from the small intestine and not from any part of the stomach.
Since the supply of microbially generated protein passing to the intestinal tract is limited by the rate at which microorganisms replicate in the reticulorumen, most efforts for increasing protein uptake by ruminant animals have attempted to increase the amount of undegraded protein reaching the small intestine; generally, this involved feeding animals proteins which are naturally resistant to microbial degradation, or feeding animals proteins which were treated with compounds, such as formaldehyde or tannin, to decrease degradation in the reticulorumen.
Wu et al., in U.S. Pat. No. 4,595,584, herein incorporated by reference, state that the natural nutritional balance of ruminant animals was primarily a function of the microbial composition and population, and that the rate of meat, wool, flesh, or milk production could be increased if sources of growth limiting essential amino acids, and/or medicaments were protected from alteration by microorganisms residing in the rumen; the protected compounds are then thought to become available for direct absorption by the animal later in the gastrointestinal track. Therefore, Wu et al. formed pellets for oral administration which had a core material containing necessary nutrients or medicaments, and the cores . were coated, e.g. with an enteric coating, to protect them while in the rumen; the coating was designed to dissolve in the acidic conditions of the abomasum so that the core material could be broken down into a form which the organisms were capable of utilizing.
Despite the widely held belief that amino acid and peptide absorption only occurs further along in the gastrointestinal track than the stomach, it has been ascertained experimentally that certain peptides are not only absorbed into the blood stream through the lining of ruminant stomachs, but some peptides are apparently absorbed more efficiently through the stomach lining. It is believed this absorption is primarily carried out through the lining of the reticulorumen and omasum, rather than the abomasum, because of the large absorptive area in the former compartments. This indicates that prior art attempts to protect protein and medicament containing feeds from degradation in the stomach may actually be counterproductive. Since any peptides in such coated feeds which are capable of being absorbed through the stomach lining are prevented from doing so, feeds protected from microbial degradation may result in reduced utilization of dietary proteins. Further, due to the increased quantity of amino acids in the small intestine resulting from coated feeds, competition for absorption is increased and the efficiency of amino acid absorption may be substantially decreased.
Optimal dietary protein formulations for high producing . ruminants, such as beef cattle and lactating dairy cattle, have not been realized using protected feeds; this is evident from the substantial amounts of waste products from dietary protein excreted in the urine and feces of animals fed prior art feeds, which indicates that optimal mixtures of protein and amino acids are not being presented for digestion and utilization.
It is believed that methionine and lysine are the principle limiting amino acids in ruminant diets, with histidine, phenylalanine, and threonine also playing important limiting roles. Adding these amino acids in synthetic form to ruminant diets has not been effective as the amine acids are destroyed by the microbial population in the reticulorumen, making them unavailable to the animal. Peptides which contain these amino acids and which also resist microbial degradation in the reticulorumen long enough to be absorbed from the stomach, will result in substantial improvements in animal productivity at reduced cost by ensuring that the animals uptake the proper amount of essential amino acids. A further benefit of peptide absorption through the stomach is a reduction in the metabolic energy expenditure required for the absorption of nutrients; since the energy lost in transporting a single amino acid across an absorptive membrane is about the same as transporting a peptide containing multiple amino acid residues, peptide absorption would reduce the energy required to absorb the amino acid needs of the animal. (Absorbed peptides would subsequently be hydrolyzed to their constituent amino acids for use in protein synthesis.)
Thus, there is a need for compositions containing peptides which are capable of absorption from the stomach in order to assure adequate uptake of necessary amino acids. Further, there is a need for methods of treating dietary deficiencies in animals and/or supplying necessary nutrients to animals which does not require coating or other treatment of the nutrients contained therein to prevent microbial degradation or breakdown in the stomach.
While normal or conventional dietary compositions for animals may, and presumably do, contain some amount of peptides, given the conviction of prior workers that such ingested peptides would be degraded in the stomach to nutritionally useless by-products or at the least would not undergo absorption until reaching the intestines, at which point the much larger amount of true protein would release its nutritional components at far more significant levels compared to what might be contributed by the peptides, it is hardly surprising that the possible presence of peptides in the feed was ignored, and not even measured in typical analyses of dietary compositions. Under such circumstances, there was no reason for modifying the normal diet to augment whatever starting amount of peptide might have naturally been present, and even less reason to emphasize the selection of peptides characterized by residues of especially valuable or essential amino acids. Further, there was no incentive to take peculiar advantage of the simple structure of lower oligomeric peptides to synthesize special peptides having enhanced levels of such amino acids. However, in this manner the present invention overcomes specific dietary deficiencies in particular animals on the one hand, while on the other, the diet for normal animals can be tailored to optimize the function of the animal in producing meat, milk, offspring, etc. cl SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
Once the fundamental phenomena of the invention are comprehended, the formulation of suitable feed compositions will be immediately obvious to those knowledgeable in the field so that detailed discussion becomes unnecessary; suitable compositions contain peptides, or peptide derivatives, or peptide precursors that release peptides within the stomach by gastric action, the peptides being capable of absorption into the blood stream through the lining of the stomach of animals ingesting them to supply particular nutrients to ruminants and other animals. In a preferred embodiment, feed compositions are modified to incorporate significant amounts of peptides containing one or more amino acid residues in which an animal is deficient. In formulating preferred feed compositions, the peptides selected are those which have been determined to be absorbed in substantial amounts through the lining of the stomach. Synthetic peptides may be used, or feed stocks containing proteins and polypeptides which break down to form peptides which can be absorbed through the stomach lining may be used.
As an alternative embodiment, the possibility exists for complexing peptides capable of absorption into the blood stream through the stomach lining with medicaments or mineral containing compounds which an animal requires, and feed compositions containing these peptide derivatives are fed to nutrient-deficient animals or animals suffering from an illness for which the medicament is effective. In another specific embodiment, compositions are formulated to incorporate peptides or peptide derivatives that contain proline, phenylalanine, or glycine, that appear to be preferentially absorbed in the stomach as well at least one other less readily absorbable amino acid or nutrient in which an animal is deficient in order to facilitate the absorption of the latter into the blood stream through the lining of the stomach.
In a preferred process for providing nutrients to ruminants, or for treating dietary deficiencies in ruminants, feed compositions are formulated which contain increased amounts of peptides known to be absorbed into the blood stream through the lining of the stomach. Preferred peptides contain proline, glycine, or phenylalanine, and have no more than two to four amino acid residues; preferably, the peptides are supplied to animals in concentrations greater than can be found in any conventional feed source. Natural sources containing sufficient concentrations of desired peptides which can be absorbed through the stomach may also be used in a preferred method of supplying nutrients and treating dietary deficiencies.
Thus, it is a primary object of the present invention to provide feed compositions which contain peptides that are capable of absorption into the blood stream through the lining of the stomach.
It is a further object of the present invention to provide feed compositions for ruminants which contain peptides that resist microbial degradation in the reticulorumen and which are absorbed into the blood stream from the stomach.
It is yet another object of the present invention to provide a method for the treatment of dietary deficiencies which involves modifying the dietary intake of animals to incorporate increased levels of peptides or peptide derivatives providing essential nutrients for absorption in the stomach of such animals and into the blood stream thereof.
FIG. 1 is a chart of the mean flux in micromoles per minute (UM/MIN) of free amino acids and peptide amino acids across the stomach of sheep.
FIG. 2 is a chart of the mean flux in micromoles per minute (UM/MIN) of free amino acids and peptide amino acids across the intestines of sheep.
It has been discovered that peptides, particularly oligomeric peptides containing two to about four amino acid residues, can be absorbed from the stomach region of ruminants, such as beef cattle, dairy cattle, and sheep, into the blood stream of the animals. This knowledge can be applied to increase the uptake of specific nutrients by manipulating the diet of animals, such as but not limited to ruminants, to incorporate high level of selected peptides containing specific amino acid residues capable of achieving more efficient animal growth and production.
Studies of ruminants were undertaken to determine uptake of peptides and amino acids through the lining of the stomach. From these studies came the discovery that peptides, preferably peptides containing four amino acids or less, are absorbed through the lining of the stomach, which is contrary to the widely held belief that digestion products of proteins are only absorbed from the intestinal region of the gastrointestinal track of ruminants and other animals.
The discovery of this phenomenon was based upon measurements of the free amino acid and peptide amino acid flux across the stomachs of sheep and cattle. By "free amino acid" is meant those amino acids absorbed directly into the blood stream, while "peptide amino acid" refers to amino acids recovered from peptides absorbed into the blood stream, and subsequently hydrolyzed to their constituent amino acids. With reference to FIG. 1, the mean fluxes in micromoles per minute (UM/MIN) of free amino acids and peptide amino acids across the stomach of sheep are presented. All of the sheep studied were fed the composition having the ingredients listed below in Table 1.
TABLE 1______________________________________SHEEP FEED COMPOSITION INGREDIENTSaINGREDIENT WEIGHT PERCENTb______________________________________Corn, ground 50.00Orchardgrass Hay 30.00Soybean Meal 13.30Molasses 5.00Defluorinated Rock Phosphate 0.42Limestone 0.78Trace Mineralized Salt 0.50Dry Matter 91.06Crude Proteinc 13.92______________________________________ a All animals received intramuscular injections of vitamin A, 500,00 IU; vitamin D, 75,000 IU; vitamin E, 3.7 IU/kg body weight; and selenium, 55 μg/kg body weight. b As fed basis. c Dry matter basis.
Peptide and amino acid fluxes across the stomach lining were calculated as the products of blood flows through the tissue and the arteriovenous changes in the concentrations of the nutrients. The negative values in FIG. 1 represent an output of the nutrients into the venous blood draining the tissue, and indicate absorption. Note that free amino acids do not appear to be absorbed to any significant degree through the stomach, but surprisingly large amounts of peptide amino acids are absorbed through the stomach into blood draining the stomach region.
In order to determine the amounts of peptides and amino acids absorbed respectively from the stomach and the intestines, the peptide and amino acid content of arterial blood plasma was compared to the peptide and amino acid content of venous blood plasma; venous blood from the portal vein (which drains both stomach and intestinal regions of the gastrointestinal track) and blood from the mesenteric vein (which drains only the intestinal region) were collected, and analyzed. Differences in the composition of the portal vein blood plasma and the mesenteric vein blood plasma reflect the composition of blood plasma draining the stomach region.
Amino acids analyzed for were alanine (ala), arginine (arg), asparagine (asn), aspartic acid (asp), cysteine (cys), glutamic acid (glu), glutamine (gln), glycine (gly), histidine (his), isoleucine (ile), leucine (leu), lysine (lys), methionine (met), phenylalanine (phe), proline (pro), serine (ser), threonine (thr), tryptophan (trp), tyrosine (tyr), and valine (val).
Blood samples to be analyzed were first treated to remove protein and large polypeptides from the blood plasma by passing the plasma through filters which excluded molecules having a molecular weight greater than ten thousand daltons; this molecular weight cut off point was chosen because earlier work showed that most of the peptides in the blood plasma of calves had molecular weights of five hundred daltons or less. Aliquots of the filtrates were then analyzed for their free amino acid content. Additional aliquots of the filtrates were treated with HCl to hydrolyze the peptide bonds, and the hydrolyzed solutions were analyzed for their total amino acid content. The difference between the total amino acid content and the free amino acid content yielded the peptide amino acid content of the blood plasma (although this did not provide sufficient information to determine the composition of specific peptides in the plasma).
Observations were made of free amino acids and peptide amino acids in venous blood draining the intestinal region. These observations also enable testing of the current wide spread belief that amino acids (i.e. free amino acids) are absorbed from the small intestine, but not from the stomach. With reference to FIG. 2, the mean flux in micromoles per . minute (UM/MIN) of free amino acids and peptide amino acids across the intestines of sheep are presented on a considerably enlarged scale in comparison to FIG. 1. Note that both free amino acids and peptide amino acids were observed in the blood plasma draining the intestine, but minimal absorption of free amino acids were observed across the lining of the stomach.
Since FIG. 1 shows little absorption of free amino acids through the stomach, while FIG. 2 demonstrates substantial absorption of amino acids in the intestine, the prior art theory of virtually exclusive intestinal amino acid absorption appears to be confirmed. A comparison of the mean fluxes of peptide amino acids across the stomach of sheep versus the mean fluxes of peptide amino acids across the intestines demonstrates that the amount of peptides absorbed through the lining of the stomach is several times the amount of peptides that are absorbed from the intestine.
A preferred method for determining the identity and amounts of peptide amino acids absorbed through the stomach involves a six step process (although there is no requirement that the steps be performed in any given order). In the first step, the concentration of free amino acids in a portal vein blood plasma sample is subtracted from the concentration of amino acids in a portal vein blood plasma sample which has been treated to hydrolyze peptides contained therein. This provides the portal vein peptide concentration.
In the second step, the mesenteric vein peptide . concentration is determined by subtracting the free amino acid concentration in a mesenteric vein blood plasma sample from the amino acid concentration in a hydrolyzed mesenteric vein blood plasma sample.
The third step involves determination of the arterial peptide concentration by subtracting the free amino acid concentration in an arterial blood plasma sample from the total amino acid concentration in an arterial blood plasma sample which has been hydrolyzed.
Step four involves subtracting the arterial peptide concentration from the mesenteric peptide concentration to obtain the intestinal peptide concentration. The flux of peptides across the intestinal lining can then be determined by multiplying the intestinal peptide concentration by blood flow.
In a fifth step, arterial peptide concentration is subtracted from the portal vein peptide concentration to yield the total peptide concentration. The total peptide flux from the entire gastrointestinal system is then determined by multiplying the total peptide concentration by the blood flow.
The intestinal peptide flux is then subtracted from the total peptide flux in a sixth step to obtain the stomach peptide flux.
Using the above method, it is possible to determine the amounts of peptide amino acids absorbed through the stomach independently of the amounts absorbed through the intestines. Although the method does not provide the identity of specific peptides absorbed, one of skill in the art can determine the absorption of particular peptides by providing only one peptide or several peptides and/or proteins at a time and monitoring absorption; other analytical techniques may also be used to determine specific peptide uptake.
It is also known that the bonds between certain amino acids are more resistant to enzymatic hydrolysis than others. For example, the bonds between glycine, proline, or phenylalanine with other amino acids appear more resistant to hydrolysis in the reticulorumen than other peptide bonds, thereby favoring absorption of peptides containing residues of such amino acids in the stomach. Thus, in a preferred embodiment, proline, glycine, or phenylalanine are attached to amino acids which an animal requires for a healthy diet, or which an animal is deficient in and the peptides are fed directly or are incorporated into a feed composition. It is believed that the preferred peptides are more likely to survive the microbial environment of the reticulorumen, although other peptides which do not contain glycine, phenylalanine, or proline will also be effective, provided sufficient amounts are fed to compensate for any degradation in the stomach.
Preliminary studies indicate that peptides formed of between two and four amino acid residues are absorbed to a greater extent through the stomach of ruminants than peptides containing greater amounts of amino acid residues. Thus, it is preferred that the peptides and peptide derivatives used to supply nutrients, treat dietary deficiencies, or provide medicaments to the blood stream of animals by absorption through the stomach will contain between two and four amino acid residues.
It is also envisioned that proteins can be included in the diet which degrade in gastric conditions to form peptides that can be absorbed through the lining of the stomach, and hence act as precursors for the desired peptides. Thus, the present invention also extends not only to feed compositions containing natural or synthetic sources of peptides which can be absorbed through the stomach, but also to feed compositions containing natural or synthetic sources of proteins or peptides which degrade in the stomach to release those peptides which can be absorbed through the stomach.
In an alternative embodiment, peptide derivatives can be formed by binding chelated minerals, antibiotics, or medicaments to peptides; it is envisioned that these peptide derivatives will also be capable of absorption through the lining of the stomach for providing nutrients, or treating dietary deficiencies or illnesses.
Another embodiment of the present invention includes selective fermentation of proteins with particular microorganisms to produce specific peptides. Alternatively, one may use naturally occurring or genetically engineered . bacteria to produce specific peptides. Such bacteria or their products could be harvested and incorporated into the diet of animals to overcome dietary deficiencies.
While it will be apparent from the foregoing to one of skill in the art how to perform the present invention, the following non-limiting example is provided to facilitate understanding and utilizing the compositions and methods disclosed above for supplying nutrients, and treating dietary deficiencies and disease by absorption of peptides and peptide derivatives through the stomach.
Methionine deficiencies are frequently encountered with ruminant animals. Since peptides formed of methionine bound to proline, glycine, or phenylalanine are expected to be more likely to resist microbial enzymatic hydrolysis in the reticulorumen than other peptides, these peptides can be synthesized, and fed directly to a ruminant animal, or proteins which are degradable in the reticulorumen to produce peptides containing methionine can be fed to a methionine deficient animal. Preferably, prolylmethionine (or methionylproline), or a methionine-containing peptide having no more than two to four amino acid residues, is incorporated into the diet of a ruminant animal suffering from a methionine deficiency.
In a similar fashion, arginine, histidine, threonine, tryptophan, isoleucine, leucine, valine, lysine, or other amino acid deficiencies can be treated by adding peptides containing . these amino acids to the diet. Preferably, the peptides containing these amino acids will contain no more than two to four amino acid residues, and will preferably also contain glycine, phenylalanine, or proline.
In these inventions, peptides can and will be incorporated in the diet at concentrations greater than found in any natural source. In an alternative embodiment, preferred compositions contain peptides which are capable of absorption through the stomach, and which contain relative quantities of amino acids/amino acid residues which promote the most efficient and effective protein synthesis possible. It is envisioned that any naturally occurring nutrient sources containing peptides, or containing compounds which can be degraded to form peptides, in which the peptides are capable of absorption by the stomach and contain important amino acids, might be used to perform the present invention, with their relative proportions in the diet being adjusted upward as necessary to insure an enhanced concentration of the selected peptides in the diet.
Thus, the present invention discloses new compositions and methods for providing nutrients, and treating dietary deficiencies and illnesses in animals, such as but not limited to ruminants. From the above teachings, it is apparent that many modifications and variations of the present pioneer invention are possible. It is therefore to be understood that the invention may be practiced otherwise than as it is specifically described.
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