text:
Campus rape is the rape of a student attending an institute of higher learning such as a college or university. The term references the campus where these institutes are, although not all reported incidents occur on campus property. The issue is concentrated in the Western nations, given the unique residential practices of higher-education in these countries. The prevalence of campus rape in the United States, and what was perceived as negligence on the part of colleges and universities, spurred the rise of The New Campus Anti-Rape Movement beginning in 2011.[1]
Estimates vary greatly as to the number of women who experience a sexual assault during college, with surveys focused on the United States placing it as low as 1 in 50 (2%)[2] to as high as 1 in 4 (25%).[3] One study found the rate of male victims to be 1 in 7 (14%).[4] The nature of the surveys and the wording of the questions appears to be the largest factor in the variance of figures, with other estimates being in between.[5] Multiple researchers have found that the vast majority of campus victims reporting as being victims of unwanted sexual assault through "physical force" do not regard the event as "rape", expressing reluctance to report it.[6]
Campus rape is a felony that affects different ethnic groups, different social classes, and different places on the gender spectrum. Many victims totally or partly blame themselves for the occurrence, with a 1999 study concluding that "[w]omen generally do not report their victimization, in part because of self-blame or embarrassment".[6]
- 1 Prevalence
- 2 Influence of alcohol
- 3 Variation
- 4 College campus reactions
- 5 Prevention
- 6 See also
- 7 References
- 8 Further reading
In 1985, Mary Koss, a professor of psychology at Kent State University, conducted a national rape survey on college campuses in the United States, sponsored by the National Institute of Health and with administrative support from Ms. Magazine. The survey, administered on 32 college campuses across the USA, asked 3,187 female and 2,872 male undergraduate students about their sexual experiences since age 14. The survey included ten questions related to sexual coercion. Out of the 3,187 undergraduate women Koss surveyed, 207, or 6%, had been raped within the past year. 15.4 percent of Koss' female respondents had been raped since age 14, an additional 12.1 percent of female respondents had experienced attempted rape since age 14, and 4.4 percent of college men reported perpetrating legal rape since age 14.[3] The combined figure for rape and attempted rape of women since age 14, 27.5 percent, became known as the "one in four" statistic.[5]
According to Christina Hoff Sommers, the Koss study and the oft-quoted "one in four" statistic is based upon flawed data. One of the three questions used by Koss to calculate rape prevalence was, "Have you had sexual intercourse when you didn't want to because a man gave you alcohol or drugs?" According to Sommers and professor Neil Gilbert, this left the door open for anyone who regretted a sexual liaison to be counted as a rape victim, even if neither partner thought of the situation as abusive.[5] In 1999, researchers Martin Schwartz and Molly Leggett found that most victims did not report the incident and did not consider it as "rape" both in cases of being physically forced while alert and of being intoxicated.[7][6]
Other studies of the time, such as those by scholars Margaret Gordon and Linda George, found much lower measured rape prevalence,[5] with their research simply asking women if they had been raped rather than asking behaviorally specific questions. The use of multiple behaviorally specific questions in rape surveys has since become the accepted approach used by both academic researchers and multiple U.S. federal government agencies.[8]
In 1997, The National Institute of Justice (NIJ) and the United States Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS) conducted the National College Women Sexual Victimization (NCWSV) survey. In it, 4,446 American college women were chosen randomly and surveyed. The effort consisted of behaviorally specific questions that describe an incident in graphic language and cover the elements of a criminal offense, such as "Did someone make you have sexual intercourse by using force or threatening to harm you?" According to that survey, 1.7% of women had experienced a rape and another 1.1% had experienced an attempted rape. The National Institute of Justice pointed out in a report that this single estimate does not take into account variation between semesters and calculated, with caveats, that it can climb to between one-fifth and one-quarter over the course of a school career.[9][10]
Research of American college students suggests that white women, prior victims, first-year students, and more sexually active women are the most vulnerable to sexual assault. Another study shows that white women are more likely than non-white women to experience rape while intoxicated, but less likely to experience other forms of rape. This high rate of rape while intoxicated accounts for a white women reporting a higher overall rate of sexual assault than non-white women, although further research is needed into racial differences and college party organization.[10] Regardless of race, the majority of victims know the assailant. Black women in America are more likely to report sexual assault that has been perpetrated by a stranger.[11] Teenage girls[clarification needed] are more likely to think that stranger rape is more serious than other forms of rape.[12] Victims of rape are mostly between 10 and 29 years old, while perpetrators are generally between 15 and 29 years old.[13]
As stated before, a complicating issue is that many victims totally or partly blame themselves for the occurrence. This trend is similar regardless of if the woman was unable to consent due to use of drugs or alcohol or if women were made to submit using direct physical force, with half of women surveyed subject to "forcible rape" blaming themselves either totally or partly. The aforementioned 1999 study by researchers Martin Schwartz and Molly Leggett concluded, "Women generally do not report their victimization, in part because of self-blame or embarrassment".[6]
The National Institute for Mental Health and Ms. Magazine study mentioned before also found a 1 in 7 sexual assault rate for men, indicating that violence against men was also a significant problem.[4] A 2007 National Institute of Justice study found that, in terms of perpetrators, that about 80% of survivors of physically forced or incapacitated sexual assault were assaulted by someone that they knew.[4]
Influence of alcohol[edit]
Alcohol consumption is known to have effects on sexual behavior and aggression. During social interactions, alcohol consumption also encourages biased appraisal of a partner's sexual motives, impairs communication about sexual intentions, and enhances misperception of sexual intent, effects exacerbated by peer influence about how to act when drinking.[14] The effects of alcohol at point of forced sex are likely to impair ability to rectify misperceptions, diminish ability to resist sexual advancements, and justifies aggressive behavior.[14] Alcohol provides justification for engaging in behaviors that are usually considered inappropriate. Studies have shown consistent alcohol use in reported cases of sexual and non-sexual violence. The increase of assaults on college campuses can be attributed to the social expectation that students participate in alcohol consumption. The peer norms on American college campuses are to drink heavily, to act in an uninhibited manner and to engage in casual sex.[15]
Various studies have concluded the following results:
- On average, at least 50% of college students' sexual assaults are associated with alcohol use[14]
- 74% of perpetrators and 55% of victims of rape of a nationally representative sample of college students had been drinking alcohol[14]
- Women whose partners abuse alcohol are 3.6 times more likely than other women to be assaulted by their partners[16]
- In 2002, more than 70,000 students between the ages of 18 and 24 were victims of alcohol-related sexual assault in the U.S.[17]
- In those violent incidents recorded by the police in which alcohol was a factor, about 9% of the offenders and nearly 14% of the victims were under age 21[17]
However, the method for obtaining these numbers has come under criticism. Professor Neil Gilbert pointed out the ambiguity of the role of alcohol in answering whether or not a sexual encounter was consensual:
"What does having sex 'because' a man gives you drugs or alcohol signify? A positive response does not indicate whether duress, intoxication, force, or the threat of force were present; whether the woman's judgment or control were substantially impaired; or whether the man purposefully got the woman drunk in order to prevent her resistance to sexual advances.... While the item could have been clearly worded to denote "intentional incapacitation of the victim," as the question stands it would require a mind reader to detect whether any affirmative response corresponds to this legal definition of rape."[18]
The Blade released a special report, "The Making of an Epidemic", criticizing the "Koss" study (which concluded that 55% of rape victims have been intoxicated). According to The Blade, Koss specifically ignored an Ohio statute that excluded "...situations where a person plies his intended partner with drink or drugs in hopes that lowered inhibition might lead to a liaison." Koss later admitted that the wording of the survey had been ambiguous.[19]
Some universities only hold men accountable for gaining consent even when both parties are intoxicated. In a recent lawsuit against Duke university, a Duke lawyer when asked does verbal consent need to be mutual when both participants are drunk stated "Assuming it is a male and female, it is the responsibility in the case of the male to gain consent before proceeding with sex."[20] Other institutions state only that a rape victim has to be "intoxicated" rather than "incapacitated" by alcohol or drugs to render consent impossible.[21]
For these reasons it is difficult for a campus rape case to receive its day in court if the survivor or rapist were under the influence of alcohol. District attorneys are known for not accepting campus rape cases on this basis alone. There has been a sector of the anti-rape movement that has focused on this issue creating an "Alcohol is Not Consent" campaign. The presence of this campaign has been visible on campuses across the United States, such as at UCLA where a student organization 7000 in Solidarity: A Campaign Against Sexual Assault was featured on buzz feed for their photo exhibit "Alcohol is Not Consent." [22]
Acquaintance rape[edit]
Acquaintance rape is the most common form of rape. Victims between 18 and 29 years old are the highest risk group for acquaintance rape. In half of acquaintance rape cases the victim and rapist are somewhat familiar with one another, while 40% accounts for casual acquaintances. Acquaintance rape, which includes date rape, may also include party and gang rape.[13] Sexual assault has become a predictable outcome resulting from synergistic relationship of processes that operate at individual, organizational, and interactional levels.[23]
Date rape[edit]
Date rape, a form of acquaintance rape, is a non-domestic rape committed by someone who knows the victim.[24] This constitutes the vast majority of rapes reported. It can occur between two people who know one another usually in social situations, between people who are dating as a couple and have had consensual sex in the past, between two people who are starting to date, between people who are just friends, and between acquaintances. It includes rape of co-workers, schoolmates, friends, and other acquaintances, providing they are dating.[25] Date rape is considered the most unreported crime on college campuses.[26] The term date rape is often referred to as 'acquaintance rape' or 'hidden rape' and has been identified as a growing problem in western society.[27] College and university campuses are prime locations for date rape to occur due to the high volume of students' interest in romantic relationships. A college survey conducted by the National Victim Center reported that one in four college women have been raped or experienced attempted rape.[28] This report indicates that young women are at considerable risk of becoming victims of date rape while in college.
Statistics (according to a National College Women Sexual Victimization study, related to American colleges):
- 1 in every 36 women will experience rape or attempted rape by the end of a college school year
- 9 out of 10 women raped know their attacker
- The majority of students raped are proven to have been using alcohol or other drugs
- Intimate partner violence is the leading cause of injury to women.[9]
Gang rape[edit]
Gang rape is a rape perpetrated by multiple offenders at once. The Bureau of Justice Statistics report that 15% of all rape cases involve more than one offender.[13] Between one and two percent of college women are victims of gang rape. "Overall on college campuses, 16 percent of all rapes and 10 percent of all attempted rapes engage multiple perpetrators" (Neaumann,398).[29] Fifty-five to seventy percent of gang rape perpetrators belong to fraternities. Eighty-six percent of off-campus attempted rape or sexual assaults are at fraternity houses.[29] College gang rape tends to be perpetrated by middle- to upper-class men.[30]
There are higher incidents of gang rape within fraternities for many reasons: peer acceptance, alcohol use, the acceptance of rape myths and viewing women as sexualized objects, as well as the highly masculinized environment. The Neumann study found that fraternity members are more likely than other college students to engage in rape.[29] Part of the prevalence of fraternity rape may be due to the fact that some colleges do not have complete control over the privately owned fraternity houses.[10] Although gang rape on college campuses is an issue, however, date, acquaintance, and party rape are more likely to happen.[30]
Stranger rape[edit]
Sexual assault by an assailant upon a person he or she does not know,[31] known as stranger rape, though less common, can still occur on or around college campuses.[32]
College campus reactions[edit]
Some colleges have come under federal investigation for their handling of sexual assault cases, described by civil rights groups as discriminatory and inappropriate.[33][34] College campuses can be described as either "rape-free" or "rape-prone". Rape-free campuses are those that seriously deal with incidents of rape, and do not condone alcohol use, while rape-prone campuses do neither.[30]
According to sociologist Michael Kimmel, rape-prone campus environments exist throughout several university and college campuses in North America. Kimmel defines these environments as "…one in which the incidence of rape is reported by observers to be high, or rape is excused as a ceremonial expression of masculinity, or rape as an act by which men are allowed to punish or threaten women."[35]
The Campus Sexual Assault Victims' Bill of Rights was a 1992 amendment to the 1990 act. It requires that schools have prevention policies and provide care for victims.[36] The law was amended again in 1998 to expand requirements, including the crime categories that must be reported. Some universities have taken additional steps to reduce the amount of rape on their campuses. Schools now celebrate Rape Awareness week, which is devoted to educating the students about the rape epidemic. There are also other educational opportunities, with experts on the subject speaking at mandatory dorm meetings where students get reading material about safety and information about people who work at the women's center so that if something happens, a victim would know who to call and what to do. Other options to promote a safe campus environment are to sell pepper-spray at discounted prices and offer self-defense workshops. To truly change the cycle of violence, perpetrators needs to be educated on how to understand when sex is inappropriate.[10]
Prevention efforts by the Obama administration[edit]
In 2011, the United States Department of Education sent a letter, known as the "Dear Colleague" letter, to the presidents of all colleges and universities in the United States stating that Title IX requires schools to investigate and adjudicate cases of sexual assault on campus.[37] The letter also states that schools must adjudicate these cases using a "preponderance of the evidence" standard, meaning that the accused will be responsible if it is determined that there is at least a 50.1% chance that the assault occurred. The letter expressly forbid the use of the stricter "clear and convincing evidence" standard used at some schools previously. In 2014, President Barack Obama established the White House Task Force to Protect Students from Sexual Assault, which published a report reiterating the interpretation of Title IX in the "Dear Colleague" letter and proposing a number of other measures to prevent and respond to sexual assault on campus, such as campus climate surveys and bystander intervention programs.[38][39] Shortly thereafter, the Department of Education released a list of 55 colleges and universities across the country that it was investigating for possible Title IX violations in relation to sexual assault.[40]
Civil liberties concerns for the accused[edit]
The Obama administration's approach toward sexual assault on campus has been widely criticized for not taking into account the issue of false allegations and wrongful convictions.[41][42][43][44][45][46] Critics claim that the "preponderance of the evidence" standard is not appropriate for college and universities to base sanctions upon, and leads to students being wrongfully expelled. Campus hearings have also been criticized for failing to provide many of the due process protection that the United States Constitution guarantees in criminal trials, such as the right to be represented by an attorney and the right to cross-examine witnesses. The American Association of University Professors and the Foundation for Individual Rights in Education have publicly opposed the "Dear Colleague" letter.[47]
Anti-Rape advocates have also protested the Obama administration. In early 2014, RAINN, the nation's largest non-profit dedicated to preventing rape, wrote an open letter to the White House calling for campus hearings to be de-emphasized due to their lack of accountability for survivors and victims of sexual violence. According to RAINN, "The crime of rape does not fit the capabilities of such boards. They often offer the worst of both worlds: they lack protections for the accused while often tormenting victims."[48]
Since the issuance of the "Dear Colleague" letter, a number of lawsuits have been filed against colleges and universities across the country by male students alleging that the schools violated their rights under Title IX by expelling them for rapes they did not commit.[49][50][51][52] Xavier University entered into a settlement in one such lawsuit in April 2014.[53]
Position of NCHERM[edit]
In May 2014, the National Center for Higher Education Risk Management issued an open letter to all parties involved in the issue of rape on campus.[54] While NCHERM expressed support for the "Dear Colleague" letter and the adjudication of rape cases by schools, they took no position on whether the "preponderance of the evidence" standard is appropriate and raised a number of concerns. They claim that many cases are not clear-cut, and there is often not adequate evidence to know what actually happened. The letter expresses concern that "in a lot of these cases, the campus is holding the male accountable in spite of the evidence – or the lack thereof – because they think they are supposed to."
The letter makes note that, in cases where a school is inaccurately portrayed in the media as having let a rapist off the hook, the school cannot set the record straight due to its confidentiality obligations under the Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act. It also raises the issue of false allegations arising from mental health issues, in which the accusers sincerely "believe something has happened to them that evidence shows absolutely did not." NCHERM criticizes schools for "[holding] men accountable for drunken hook ups that shouldn't violate campus policies" and advocates for allowing students to have legal representation during campus hearings.
See also[edit]
- Bullying in academia
- Campus Accountability and Safety Act
- Sexual harassment in education
- Rape culture
- Violence against men
- Violence against women
- ^ Young, Cathy (29 July 2014). "Daughters of Feminism Strike Back". Newsday. Retrieved 3 August 2014.
- ^ Louis Harris and Associates (1994). "The Commonwealth Fund Survey of Women's Health". Womens Health Issues (Jacobs Institute of Women's Health) 4 (1): 20. PMID 8186725.
- ^ a b Koss, Mary (1988). "Hidden Rape: Sexual Aggression and Victimization in a National Sample of Students in Higher Education". Rape and Sexual Assault (Garland Publishing) 2: 8.
- ^ a b c "Rape on College Campus". Union College. Retrieved May 19, 2014.
- ^ a b c d Who Stole Feminism? (Simon & Schuster Inc., New York, 1994) by Christina Hoff Sommers, chapter 10, pp. 209-226. {excerpt here}.
- ^ a b c d Ellen R. Girden; Robert Kabacoff (2010). Evaluating Research Articles From Start to Finish. SAGE Publishing. pp. 84–92. ISBN 9781412974462.
- ^ Schwartz, Martin (1999). "Bad Dates or Emotional Trauma? The Aftermath of Campus Sexual Assault". Violence Against Women (Sage Publications) 5: 251–271. doi:10.1177/10778019922181211.
- ^ Fisher, Bonnie (2004). "Measuring Rape Against Women: The Significance of Survey Questions". National Criminal Justice Reference Service.
- ^ a b "The Sexual Victimization of College Women". Us Department of Justice. Retrieved 2011-07-05.
- ^ a b c d Armstrong, E. A., Hamilton, L., Sweeny, B., Sexual Assault on Campus: A Multilevel, Integrative Approach to Party Rape. pp. 483–493
- ^ Furtado, C., "Perceptions of Rape: Cultural, Gender, and Ethnic Differences" in Sex Crimes and Paraphilia Hickey, E.W. (ed.), Pearson Education, 2006, ISBN 0131703501, pp. 385–395.
- ^ McGowan, M.G., "Sex Offender Attitudes, Stereotypes, and their Implications" in Sex Crimes and Paraphilia Hickey, E.W. (ed.), Pearson Education, 2006, ISBN 0131703501, pp. 479–498.
- ^ a b c Flowers, R.B., Sex Crimes, Perpetrators, Predators, Prostitutes, and Victims, 2nd Edition, p. 28.
- ^ a b c d Abbey, A (2002). "Alcohol-related sexual assault: A common problem among college students". Journal of Studies on Alcohol 63 (2): 118–128. PMID 12022717.
- ^ Nicholson, M.E. (1998). "Trends in alcohol-related campus violence: Implications for prevention". Journal of Alcohol and Drug Education 43 (3): 34–52.
- ^ Demetrios, N; Anglin, Deirdre; Taliaferro, Ellen; Stone, Susan; Tubb, Toni; Linden, Judith A.; Muelleman, Robert; Barton, Erik; Kraus, Jess F. (1999). "Risk factors for injury to women from domestic violence". The New England Journal of Medicine 342 (25): 1892–1898. doi:10.1056/NEJM199912163412505. PMID 10601509.
- ^ a b "Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services". Retrieved 2011-02-26.
- ^ Gilbert, "Examining the Facts," pp. 120-32
- ^ Blade, special report. "The Making of an Epidemic", p. 5. October 10, 1993
- ^ "PA Duke senior sues the university after being expelled over allegations of sexual misconduct". Durham, N.C.: Indy Week. 2014. Retrieved August 2, 2014.
- ^ "Stanford Trains Student Jurors That 'Acting Persuasive and Logical' is Sign of Guilt; Story of Student Judicial Nightmare in Today's 'New York Post'". FIRE.org. 2011. Retrieved August 2, 2014.
- ^ http://www.buzzfeed.com/krystieyandoli/powerful-messages-from-the-alcoholisnotconsent-campaign
- ^ Armstrong, Elizabeth (2006). "Sexual Assault on Campus: A Multilevel, Integrative Approach To Party Rape". Social Problems 53.4:483-499. Retrieved 10 February 2013.
- ^ Curtis, David G. (1997). "Perspectives on Acquaintance Rape". The American Academy of Experts in Traumatic Stress, Inc.
- ^ Cambridge Police 97 crime report[dead link]
- ^ "K-State Perspectives". Retrieved 2011-01-25.
- ^ "Perspectives on Acquaintance Rape". Retrieved 2011-01-25.
- ^ Office of Justice Programs (1996). "National Victimization Survey, U.S. Department of Justice".
- ^ a b c Neumann, S., "Gang Rape: Examining Peer Support and Alcohol in Fraternities" in Sex Crimes and Paraphilia Hickey, E.W. (ed.), Pearson Education, 2006, ISBN 0131703501 pp. 397–407.
- ^ a b c Thio, A., 2010. Deviant Behavior, 10th Edition
- ^ http://www.thefreedictionary.com/stranger+rape
- ^ https://www.rainn.org/public-policy/campus-safety
- ^ "Feds launch investigation into Swarthmore's handling of sex assaults". Philadelphia Inquirer. 2013-07-16.
- ^ "Annual campus crime report may not tell true story of student crime". Daily Nebraskan. 2013-07-16.
- ^ Kimmel, Michael (2008). The Gendered Society Reader. Ontario: Oxford University Press. pp. 24, 34. ISBN 9780195421668.
- ^ http://permanent.access.gpo.gov/lps66801/205521.pdf
- ^ "Dear Colleague Letter". United States Department of Education. April 4, 2011.
- ^ Bidwell, Allie (January 22, 2014). "White House Task Force Seeks to Tackle College Sexual Assault". U.S. News and World Report.
- ^ "The First Report of the White House Task Force to Protect Students from Sexual Assault". April 2014.
- ^ Anderson, Nick (May 1, 2014). "55 colleges under Title IX inquiry for their handling of sexual violence claims". The Washington Post.
- ^ Grasgreen, Allie (February 12, 2014). "Classrooms, Courts or Neither?". Inside Higher Ed.
- ^ Taranto, James (December 6, 2013). "An Education in College Justice". The Wall Street Journal.
- ^ Hingston, Sandy (August 22, 2011). "The New Rules of College Sex". Philadelphia.
- ^ Grossman, Judith (April 16, 2013). "A Mother, a Feminist, Aghast". The Wall Street Journal.
- ^ Berkowitz, Peter (February 28, 2014). "On College Campuses, a Presumption of Guilt". Real Clear Politics.
- ^ Young, Cathy (May 6, 2014). "Guilty Until Proven Innocent: The Skewed White House Crusade on Sexual Assault". Time.
- ^ "Feds Want Campus Sex Convictions Made Easier". WND. February 24, 2014.
- ^ "RAINN Urges White House Task Force to Overhaul Colleges' Treatment of Rape". Rape, Abuse, and Incest National Network. March 6, 2014.
- ^ Schow, Ashe, "Backlash: College men challenge 'guilty until proven innocent' standard for sex assault cases", Washington Examiner, 11 August 2014
- ^ Van Zuylen-Wood, Simon (February 11, 2014). "Expelled Swarthmore Student Sues College Over Sexual Assault Allegations". Philadelphia.
- ^ Lauerman, John (December 16, 2013). "College Men Accused of Sexual Assault Say Their Rights Violated". Bloomberg.
- ^ Parra, Esteban (December 17, 2013). "DSU student who was cleared of rape charges sues school". The News Journal.
- ^ Myers, Amanda Lee (April 24, 2014). "Basketball star Wells settles suit against Xavier". Associated Press.
- ^ Sokolow, Brett A. (May 27, 2014). "An Open Letter to Higher Education about Sexual Violence from Brett A. Sokolow, Esq. and The NCHERM Group Partners". The NCHERM Group, LLC.
Further reading[edit]
- Bain, Kristen (September–October 2002). "Rape Culture on Campus". Off Our Backs, Vol. 32, No. 9/10 (off our backs, inc.). JSTOR 20837660.
- Armstrong, Elizabeth (2006). "Sexual Assault on Campus: A Multilevel, Integrative Approach To Party Rape". Social Problems 53.4:483-499. Retrieved 10 February 2013.
- Fernandez, Sarah; Houlemarde, Mark (July 2012). "How to Progress From a Rape-Supportive Culture". Women in Higher Education. Retrieved 10 February 2013.


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Justin Timberlake - Summer Love (Remix) ft. Stat Quo
Artist: Justin Timberlake
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Album: FutureSex/LoveSounds
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Regardless of the season, it seems as though Justin Timberlake always knows how to heat things up. Though the winter season will soon be in full effect, the remix to Summer Love featuring Shady's Stat Quo is sure to burn up the dance floors. Not on the original version of J.T.'s sophomore solo venture FutureSex/LoveSounds, the collaboration is chalked full of infectious production work from none other than Timbo.
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Use to reduce the input level to a machine to improve headroom, feed a line level signal to a mic level input, or simply lower the level of an audio line to match standard system levels. Two-channel variable attenuator utilizes dual 15 turn potentiometers for precise, independent adjustment of each channel. Passive circuit requires no power, and provides up to 85dB attenuation.
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Dangerous or toxic toys can still be found on America's store shelves, CoPIRG announced today in its 25th annual Trouble in Toyland report.
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Designer Butternut Double-Faced Wool Coating (Made in Italy) LIMITED STOCKThis elegant and luxurious Italian coating comes from a trip to a select New York designer fashion house. It's a double-faced 100% wool in a golden butternut squash color that will simply melt in your hands. Remarkably soft, cozy, and pliable, it will complement any neutral, tweed or texture--perfect for a new chic winter coat with wide lapels and deep cuffs. Made in Italy This fabric is 54" wide. LIMITED STOCK$124.99
Crinkled Hot Pink & Silver Sheer Silk ChiffonThis crinkled silk chiffon is kissed by silver dewdrops. Soft, light and ethereal, this chiffon is painted with metallic ovals of various sizes to give it that extra va-voom. With sparkle combined with super-saturated, startling color, you've got the perfect fabric for dramatic garments or costumes. It simply begs to be beaded and worn at your very next belly dancing class. 100% silk. 54" wide.$29.99 $23.99
Spicy Dijon Wool & Cashmere CoatingA wool blend coating. This is a midweight spicy Dijon yellow ocher coating with a luxurious soft and pliant hand. This would make a wonderfully urbane topcoat, with a contrasting slate grey lining and wide cuffs. 10% wool and 10% cashmere. 61" wide.$89.99
Designer Midweight Yummy Yellow Silk Crepe (Imported from Italy) LIMITED STOCKA midweight high end designer brilliant yolk yellow silk fabric. Soft and drapey, this is heavy enough for a spring jacket, yet light enough to wear throughout summer. 100% silk. Made in Italy. This fabric is 47" wide. LIMITED STOCK$89.99
Ethnic Plaid Sunny Yellow & Purple Woven Cotton Fabric LIMITED STOCKA midweight cotton fabric, in a woven plaid of royal purple and sunny yellow. The repeat on the purple stripes is 1 1/2". With a definite ethnic feel, this would make a super vintage-inspired casual sports shirt or a vibrant ankle-length pleated skirt. The purple and red stripes on this fabric run lengthwise. This fabric is 45" wide and 100% cotton.$22.99
Guest Blogger Pick! Lightweight Pale Wheat Linen (Made in Italy) LIMITED STOCK
A light to midweight linen fabric. This beautiful linen fabric is a pale yellow wheat shade, and has a wee amount of variation and slubbiness to it's texture. A bit heavier than lightweight, this would make a fabulous shirtwaist dress with a full pleated skirt and delicate shell buttons..or even lovely napkins. Made in Italy. 100% linen. 58" wide. LIMITED STOCK$24.99
Midweight Pale Daffodil Eyelet Linen (Made in Italy) LIMITED STOCKA midweight linen fabric. This linen fabric is a pale daffodil yellow shade, with an open embroidered eyelet design - perfect lined in a contrasting color. Make a frivolous capelet or a full gathered skirt! Made in Italy. 100% linen. 58" wide. LIMITED STOCK$59.99
Midweight Golden Wheat Striped Linen LIMITED STOCKA midweight linen fabric. This linen fabric comes in warm shades of golden meadow wheat, with width-wise (selvage to selvage) woven stripes. This would make a splendid pair of wide-legged drawstring pants -- perfect for frolicking on sand dunes or at the zoo.100% linen. 60" wide.$29.99
Midweight Deep Peach Linen LIMITED STOCKA midweight linen fabric in juicy deep peach -- just the right weight for a fresh spring-time jacket or a generously pleated skirt. 100% linen. 62" wide. LIMITED STOCK$24.99
Lightweight Golden Wheat Linen & Silk BlendA mid to lightweight linen and silk blend in a warm golden wheat shade. This wonderful pliable fabric is the perfect weight for a sophisticated tailored shirt, or perhaps a summery short pleated skirt. Linen/silk blend. 61" wide.$49.99


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Find records of Carlos Rivera Diaz
Find birth, death, marriage, military, and other records of Carlos A Rivera Diaz at Ancestry.com.Search for records
Biography & Family History Add details
Carlos A Rivera Diaz (1946 - 2007) was born on January 17, 1946. He was born into the Rivera Diaz family.
There are no known marriages or children on record for Carlos. Carlos died on November 30, 2007 at age 61.
Carlos A Rivera Diaz's last known residence is at San Juan, San Juan County, Puerto Rico.
This record of Carlos A Rivera Diaz comes from the United States Social Security Death Index. According to information provided to the SSDI, this death record has been verified by a family member of the deceased. This data can be considered very accurate. What is the SSDI?
This look at Carlos A Rivera Diaz's life is a collaborative effort by the AncientFaces community Contribute any information you have to connect with the people who know him. Some things we would like to know about Carlos's genealogy:
- Where was Carlos born?
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History of Carlos A Rivera Diaz Add details
- Given name
- Carlos
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- Rivera family history, Diaz family history
- Last Known Residence
- San Juan, San Juan County, Puerto Rico
- Born
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- Male
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Bargain Bill's Craft Classes and Companywide Event Schedule
Join us for any of our craft demonstrations or Crop Nights as we have a ball sharing our ideas and knowledge about crafts!
Please join us for any of the events our stores put together. We thank you for being part of our happenings!
Craft Class Schedule
Learn How to Knit – This is a 3 Session Class
Monday, Wednesday, Friday, December 1st, 3rd, 5th
3:00 p.m. to 5:00 p.m.
Learn How to Knit Class!
We are having a knitting class in December. It will be a 3 day session class. The cost is $10.00 which includes needles and yarn to complete a scarf. It will be held in our Craft Store on December 1st, 3rd and 5th from 3:00 PM to 5:00 PM. Learn to knit, purl and read a pattern and know what knitting abbreviations mean. So call now to reserve your spot. Bargain Bill's Craft Store 715-234-3505
Monthly Crop Night
Friday, December 19th
6:00 p.m. to 11:00 p.m.
Join us for our monthly Crop Night. The Cost is just $5.00 with 2 Non-perishable Food Items to reserve your seat. You'll get pizza, snacks and drinks as well as discounts on any products purchased that night. There will be a Make and Take table to make a card for the Holidays, cost will be $1.00. Come alone or brings your friends. This is a night when you can catch up on your projects or start new ones. We're here to help! Call today to reserve your seat 715-234-3505 Craft Store. Stay Warm with us!
Main Store Event
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Yabba Furniture Event
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Floor Store Event
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Greenhouse Event
No events to show


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Journal of Biosciences
Published by the Indian Academy of Sciences, the Journal of Biosciences covers all areas of Biology and is India's premier journal within its scope. It is indexed in Current Contents and other standard Biological and Medical databases.
The Journal of Biosciences began in 1934 as the Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences (Section B). In 1978 it split into Proceedings-Animal Sciences, Proceedings-Plant Sciences and Proceedings-Experimental Biology. Proceedings-Experimental Biology was renamed Journal of Biosciences in 1979; in 1991, it merged with Proceedings-Animal Sciences and Proceedings-Plant Sciences.
Articles span a broad range of relevant topics, including, for example, protein classification by surface comparisons; the contribution of bioinformatics to genome and genomics research, and mathematical modelling of spatio-temporal interactions within the cell.
- 39 Volumes
- 175 Issues
- 2,731 Articles
- 5 Open Access
- 1979 - 2014 Available between
Latest Articles
Quantum chemical investigations of AlN-doped C60 for use as a nano-biosensor in detection of mispairing between DNA bases
Shamoon Ahmad Siddiqui, Nadir Bouarissa, Tabish Rasheed… (November 2014)
Modulation of phagolysosome maturation by bacterial tlyA gene product
Ekansh Mittal, Santosh Kumar, Aejazur Rahman… (November 2014)
Evolution and expression analysis of the soybean glutamate decarboxylase gene family
Tae Kyung Hyun, Seung Hee Eom, Xiao Han, Ju-Sung Kim (November 2014)
- Journal Title
- Journal of Biosciences
- Coverage
- Volume 1 / 1979 - Volume 39 / 2014
- Print ISSN
- 0250-5991
- Online ISSN
- 0973-7138
- Publisher
- Springer India
- Additional Links
Continue reading...
To view the rest of this content please follow the download PDF link above.


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Spyderco Tasman Salt
0 reviews
5-star: 0
4-star: 0
3-star: 0
2-star: 0
1-star: 0
4-star: 0
3-star: 0
2-star: 0
1-star: 0
Manufacturer's Description
Visit Spyderco's Tasman Salt page.
Retailers' Descriptions
Here's what other sites are saying:
Designed for the true ocean going fisherman or boater this H1 steel blade cannot rust because it is hardened with 1% nitrogen, not carbon. A Hawkbill blade curves around rope, webbing, and netting for cutting while pulling downward. The curved tip holds what you're cutting against the sharpened edge keeping it from slipping off and away. Yellow FRN handle for a positive grip. DIMENSIONS #8226; Length: Blade 2.9 inches, Closed 4 inches, Wt: 2 ounces.
- Teton Village Sports
Spyderco Tasman Salt
The Spyderco Tasman Salt is not available from the stores we monitor. It was last seen November 3, 2009 at Teton Village Sports.
If you're looking for a new folding knife, check out the best reviewed current models.


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Manchester woman takes part in CongoSwim 2013
Coco Ramazani of Manchester, a native of the Democratic Republic of Congo, took part in CongoSwim 2013, a fundraising and public awareness campaign for the humanitarian crisis in the central African nation. (COURTESY)
"When I gave Keris a hug before he went into the water, I gave him my bag full of pain, shame, guilt, anger and non-stop tears as a rape survivor," Ramazani said. "When he found the right spot in the middle of the lake, I threw the rock and it buried my bags. He came out without my baggage. That's my brother."
|NH Angle >> Human Interest
0 Hampton groundhog attack spoof photos go viral
0 NH one 5 best states for African American people say stats
0 Sudanese runner with NH ties hoping to crowdfund way to 2016 Olympics
0 Tilton police officer has a kidney transplant
0 Casey Kasem family battles NH native as body rots
0 Thanksgiving proclamation printed in Exeter expected to fetch $12M at auction now on sale for only $8.4M
0 Time: NH author Jodi Picoult cites homosexual marriage as what she's thankful for this year
0 NH's Sarah Silverman Tweets Bill Cosby rape jokes: Funny or inappropriate? - WARNING, EXPLICIT CONTENT
0 104th fighter jets to scramble Thursday as part of a drill over New Hampshire
Most Read
NH couple hit slot for $2.4m in Las Vegas


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In The NewsSubscribe
Featured News
Herkimer College to Offer Instant Admit Days in DecemberHerkimer College will offer three Instant Admit Days in December. Students interested in enrolling for the spring 2015 semester will be able to visit, apply and get admitted to the College on the same day.Instant Admit Days will be held on Friday, December 5, 12 & 19 from 8 a.m. to 4 p.m.
Herkimer College Announces Four Candidates for PresidentThe Herkimer County Community College Board of Trustees has announced the finalists for the position of president. Campus forums with each of the four candidates will be held in December. Specific dates and details related to the visits will be forthcoming.
Introduction to Excel Course Offered at Herkimer College
Herkimer College is offering a non-credit computer course in Microsoft Excel.
Herkimer County Arts and Crafts Fair to Feature Over 100 Quality Crafters
The 38th Herkimer County Arts and Crafts Fair will take place Saturday and Sunday, November 8 and 9 at Herkimer College.
Alcohol Awareness Week
In observation of National Collegiate Alcohol Awareness Week, Herkimer College students participated in a Mocktail Event.
Mind Body and Healing Course Offered at Herkimer College
Herkimer College is offering a personal interest course Mind, Body and Healing.
Herkimer College Offers Veterans Day Information Session
Herkimer College will hold a Veterans Day Information Session for prospective students on Tuesday, November 11 from 9 a.m.


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HoopsHype Aaron Gordon rumors
Josh Robbins: Magic have signed Aaron Gordon & Elfrid Payton. Their contracts will be at 120% of their draft slots' rookie-scale amounts. Twitter @JoshuaBRobbins
Steve Kyler: House keeping... Magic sign both Aaron Gordon & Elfrid Payton to rookie contracts, both will play in Orland Summer League starting Saturday. Twitter @stevekylerNBA
Michael Scotto: League source says the Orlando Magic are keeping Aaron Gordon after drafting him No. 4 overall. "He was our guy all the time." #NBADraft Twitter @MikeAScotto
Alex Kennedy: Aaron Gordon said he was surprised that Orlando picked him. He found out five minutes before the pick. He said his workout there was great. Twitter @AlexKennedyNBA
Alex Kennedy: Aaron Gordon said his sister, who just graduated from Harvard, was first to point out that he's fortunate there's no state income tax in ORL Twitter @AlexKennedyNBA
Adrian Wojnarowski: The Orlando Magic will select Aaron Gordon with the No. 4 pick in the NBA Draft, league source tells Yahoo Sports. Twitter @WojYahooNBA
Jody Genessy: Some believe Jazz will take Aaron Gordon or Noah Vonleh (assuming Embiid/Exum are off board) ahead of Marcus Smart. Decisions, decisions. Twitter @DJJazzyJody
The top 10 picks in the NBA draft could include the selection of three power forwards in Vonleh, Arizona's Aaron Gordon and Kentucky's Julius Randle. Vonleh is expected to be selected first among those three power forwards while Gordon is not expected to drop any later than the eighth selection from the Sacramento Kings, sources said. Gordon and Randle have also worked out twice for the Los Angeles Lakers, who have the seventh pick. Yahoo! Sports
Tom Moore: Interesting neither Parker, Gordon nor Stauskas worked out for #Sixers. That's a top-2 pick, one likely go 5-9 & other around 10. #76ers Twitter @tmoore76ers
Jody Genessy: Hearing Aaron Gordon is a strong possibility at 5 for Jazz, but there are mixed feelings in front office on players likely to be available. Twitter @DJJazzyJody
Aaron Gordon averaged 12.4 points and eight rebounds last season as a true freshman for Arizona. The athletic 6-foot-9, 225-pounder had a 39-inch vertical leap at the draft combine. He has been fine-tuning his jumper with basketball trainer Charlie Max Torres, who also trains Golden State Warriors guard Klay Thompson. Gordon, 18, is receiving consideration from the Orlando Magic (pick No. 4) and is not expected to get past the Sacramento Kings with the eighth selection, sources said. "If and when I reach my full potential, I think I will be better than everybody [in this draft]," Gordon said. "I think I will have an edge." Yahoo! Sports
Aaron Gordon, 18, is receiving consideration from the Orlando Magic (pick No. 4) and is not expected to get past the Sacramento Kings with the eighth selection, sources said. "If and when I reach my full potential, I think I will be better than everybody [in this draft]," Gordon said. "I think I will have an edge." Yahoo! Sports
Chad Ford: Confirmed NBA Green Room invites: Wiggins, Parker, Embiid, Exum, Vonleh, Gordon, Randle, Smart, McDermott, Saric, Harris, Payton, Stauskas, Young, LaVine, Nurkic, Payne, Warren, Ennis, Hood, Napier. 21 total. Twitter @chadfordinsider
Asked about being drafted by the Celtics. Gordon said, "I hope. I'm excited. We'll see. June 26, a lot of things are going to happen from now to then, and even on that day. But I'd be happy. Really, I'm just excited to be drafted anywhere. Boston Globe
Michael Scotto: Boston Celtics have Aaron Gordon, Doug McDermott, Jerami Grant, C.J. Fair, Luke Hancock and Geron Johnson in for a workout today. #NBADraft Twitter @MikeAScotto
Any rumor missing? E-mail us at firstname.lastname@example.com.


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Boxie - Let Me Show You ft. Juelz Santana
Artist: Boxie
Featuring: Juelz Santana
Producer: Mel & Mus [for Wallstreet Ent.]
Album: TBD
Avg Rating: 3.6 ( 37 votes )
While he might be inexperienced in the music game, Queens-bred artist Boxie seems awfully knowledgeable in the dating game. On his new single, Let Me Show You, the 18-year-old takes charge of his relationship and sounds extremely confident in his delivery of the message. Featuring fellow New Yorker Juelz Santana and the production of Wallstreet Entertainment duo Mel & Mus, Let Me Show You is a large step in the right direction for Boxie, who started his professional career with Murder, Inc. in 2005. Signed to Polo Grounds Records, the talented singer was featured on Hurricane Chris's Playa's Rock single and will also be featured on several songs off Ja Rule's long-awaited release of The Mirror.
Written by DJ Z on 06/11/08
Submit your Rating
Polo Grounds Music/J Records
First DJ Booth Appearance:
"Playa's Rock ft. Boxie" (2007)
Total DJ Booth Features:
2 Songs
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Verify any mix and match of stocks, exchange-traded funds, and mutual funds.Windows Version 1.9 ... Added: 07/02/14Total Downloads3,042Last Week9
Real-time Stock Tracker +Alerts - The most comprehensive stock app in the mobile world. Brings you free streaming live quotes,...iOS Version 5.5.3 ... Added: 10/28/14Total Downloads111Last Week3
Place trades, manage positions, and access news in Forex market.Android Version 1.0 ... Added: 06/10/13Total Downloads8Last Week3
Beacon is an ambient information source for stock market information. Infinite color range between highs and lows. Set it up and let it glow. A...iOS Version 1.0 ... Added: 08/26/10Total Downloads2Last Week2
Manage your trade data and optimize gain/loss strategy, prepare Schedule-d.Windows Version 3.5.201 ... Added: 12/06/12Total Downloads392Last Week2
*Explanation*StockPOP is a Picture Of Performance of the stocks you choose to monitor. The StockPOP monitor is a screen divided into quadrants. The...iOS Version 1.1.1 ... Added: 08/13/11Total Downloads3Last Week1
Chart and display your investment returns from Quicken data.Windows Version 2.0 ... Added: 07/04/13Total Downloads40Last Week2
Monitor and trade Trends.Windows Version 2.0 ... Added: 12/07/10Total Downloads34Last Week2
Track all of your investment accounts, all in one place with Wikinvest PortfolioAndroid Version 1.7.8 ... Added: 11/23/11Total Downloads27Last Week2
Monitor just about any stock or index in the world.Windows Version 2.7.2 ... Added: 06/13/12Total Downloads1,027Last Week2
Monitor and trade on the financial market from the palm of your hand.Android Version 1.1.7 ... Added: 10/25/13Total Downloads305Last Week2
Download and display free EOD stock data.Windows Version 1.0.1 ... Added: 09/13/09Total Downloads1,466Last Week2
#1 App for Day & Swing TradersArbitrage Trader provides real-time trading signals for selected S&P500 stocks based on a complex mathematical...iOS Version 5.1 ... Added: 11/11/14Total Downloads11Last Week2
VERSION 2.1 IS NOW LIVE AND INCLUDES MANY NEW and REQUESTED FEATURES!- New Stock Screening capability. - Redesigned user interface.- So much...iOS Version 2.1 ... Added: 02/02/10Total Downloads6Last Week1
Critics and fans alike are raving about StreetAuthority's new iPhone app, which delivers a daily dose of actionable stock tips, research and...iOS Version 1.1 ... Added: 03/05/11Total Downloads36Last Week1
This application provides the list and detailed evaluations of 100 top-rated stocks that have the best probabilities of moving up.How do we...iOS Version 2.0 ... Added: 02/04/10Total Downloads3Last Week1
FinMarkets by Concorde CapitalFinMarkets is your one-stop mobile portal for the latest market news, videos and trading information, with a Ukraine...iOS Version 2.0 ... Added: 07/23/11Total Downloads1Last Week1
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The ONLY application on iTunes that has daily stock picks & actually makes you money! #1 Stock App on iTunes! Make Money Daily like a...iOS Version 1.1.2 ... Added: 03/04/11Total Downloads6Last Week1
Please read the description before you make your purchase! We know it is boring to read descriptions and it is probably the worst marketing...iOS Version 1.0 ... Added: 03/05/11Total Downloads2Last Week1
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Prototype Improves Mobile Typing by Ditching the Keyboard
Typing on mobile devices such as tablets and phones is notoriously dodgy. It can be done, but it's awkward, inefficient and frustrating. Sort of like rooting for the Chicago Cubs. A startup in Austin, Texas, may have found a way to solve the mobile keyboard problem: Get rid of the keyboard entirely.


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Barkat: My goal is to be able to respond within one minute to any security incident
Touting the management of Gaza war reporting
Labor MK Shai mocks Israeli threat to Iran
EXCLUSIVE: IDF c'tee reimposes multiple life sentences on Schalit deal rearrested Palestinians
Troops kill Gazan who approached security fence
Coalition in turmoil after cabinet approves controversial 'Jewish state bill'
Ministers okay poverty panel's recommendations
Deri: We won't join government until after next elections
Galilee man arrested for joining Islamic State
Sharp rise in additional, private health insurance costs
Health Scan: BGU course makes med students more empathetic
The toilet taboo
Pro-public health advocates battle against private-medicine lobbying and ad campaign
From Silicon Valley to Silicon Wadi
'Leviathan gas reservoir to begin flowing by early 2018'
New kid's Israeli archaeology game launched for iPhone
Green Knesset advances as MKs replace paper with iPads
Funeral Monday for Israel Zamir, only son of Isaac Bashevis Singer
Festival review: Curtain Up 2014
JEST's grand finale
A taste Of Poland
Jerusalem still perfect after tough battle in Rishon
Sakhnin edges Beitar in subdued showdown
Rishon's credentials to come under scrutiny vs J'lem
Vermut clinches dramatic win for Hapoel TA
Analysis: Will controversial 'Jewish state bill' shake up Netanyahu's coalition?
Turkish governor's wish to morph synagogue into museum raises ire
Nazi-looted art collection may find new home in Switzerland
Ukrainian president to mark Auschwitz liberation in Prague
Reform to ease accreditation of immigrant professionals
A View from Down Under: Anti-Semitism rising in NZ
Analysis: When the West and Arab nations differ
Iran seeks a second political framework as historic nuclear talks stall
Iran and world powers set to miss nuclear talks deadline, seek extension, sources say
Egypt would send troops to future Palestinian state if all parties agree, Sisi says
Day before Iran nuclear deal deadline, PM says Israel will always defend itself
Think About It: National unity and a national unity government
Terra Incognita: Murder, tourism and loving Islamic State
November 24: A modest soul
Berlin: Stumbling Stones and street art
Reality Check: Netanyahu has given up on full equality for Israel's Arabs
Wishful doing
Cinema of reconciliation
On the volcano's edge
Knowledge, power and abuse
Q&A with a Colombian lone soldier
European Press: Dividing line
Veterans: Keeping an ear out for change
Book Review: Written from his heart
This Week in Jerusalem
Who is your God?
Grapevine: Amazing place
A voice from India
Happily Eva After: When the going gets tough...
Grapevine: Reclaiming our heritage
Upscale dining in Neveh Tzedek
Recognizing Palestine – anomalies and ambiguities
Dacca fighting New Delhi's war too
A war for the soul of Israel's Arab community
Iran and the West – how big a gap?
A song for Cheshvan: 'The Eucalyptus Grove'
דְיוֹקְנְאוֹת תַרְבּוּת
מָה הַסִיפּוּר?
הָאַרְכִיוֹן שֶל רוֹמַן וִישְנִיָאק
Har Nof in flames
Q&A with a Guatemalan combat soldier
Meet the Ambassador: No longer a conference diplomat
'Post' leads the way with new podcast
Grapevine: The highest accolade of all
The secret of Jewish survival
Tempête au sein de la coalition
Crise de confiance
Qui prendra la relève de Mahmoud Abbas ?
Arafat, Abbas, même combat ?
Daniel Oren, maestro d'Israël, d'Italie et d'ailleurs !
Nos plus belles années ?
De Berlin à New York, 1920-1975
Le pogrome de Constantine
Le pot de chocolat liégeois par qui le scandale arrive
Le dernier kibboutz
La course aux étoiles
Les mordus du français
On n'invite pas un pyromane à éteindre un incendie
Tuer l'EI dans l'œuf
Le mont du Temple et la guerre sainte de l'islam
Les attentats du lundi 10 novembre vus par la presse française
L'Europe, nouvelle alliée d'Abbas ?
Ces enseignants-éclaireurs
Temple Mount: Common ground between Jews and Christians
Pope Francis condemns Palestinian violence
Last Christian shop-owners in Old City: 'Tourists afraid of the politics'
Kurdish refugees struggle to survive as they outrun Assad's army and ISIS
Discover Ramla from a Christian persepective
KKL Belgium Donates Portable Bomb Shelter to Kiryat Gat
KKL-JNF Awards 2014 Blumberg Prize
Exploring the Ilanot Botanical Garden and the Vickar Observation Point
Cornerstone Laid for Sports Rehab Park at Meir Hospital
Mexican Politician and Business Leader Miguel Aleman Velasco Visits KKL-JNF in Jerusalem
International Conference in Sde Boker: Combating Desertification Together
Rehabilitation of the Lower Jordan: Bringing the River Back to Life
Central America Celebrates Independence at the Rabin Center
In his Footsteps: Heritage Excursions in Memory of Yitzhak Rabin
Cleanup Day Activities in Central Israel
International Cleanup Day: Cleaning Together in Northern Israel
KKL-JNF's Eyes in the Forest - The Horshim Forest Green Patrol
Israel Today and Tomorrow: KKL France Mission Visits Israel
Start-up Israel: KKL Italy November Mission Learns about Israel's Past and Future
KKL-JNF and Desert Agriculture Latin American Diplomats visit the Negev
A Successful Annual Fundraising Event for KKL Milan
Living Green in Israel: the Contest and the Winners
Addressing Climate Change Conference
Nurturing the Foresters of the Future
Saving the Sabras
11.24.2014 | 2 Kislev, 5775
Rioting resumes throughout east Jerusalem Saturday night
MK calls to ban Secret smartphone application
Confirmed: Body of Aaron Sofer found in Jerusalem Forest
US: Israeli police harassing another Abu Khdeir cousin
With another yeshiva student arrested, haredi 'draft dodgers' could soon number in hundreds
Missing American's parents meet with Jerusalem police chief
Ayala Hasson, first woman to head Channel One News Division
Bar-Lev: Allow siblings' names on IDF headstones
Sa'ar denies presidential deal with haredim
Police heighten security ahead of haredi protest in capital
Analysis: US tries policy of 'shame' to stem Chinese cyber-hacking
Israeli nightlife figure found dead in Tel Aviv apartment in apparent murder
National News
04/17/2013 05:14
Jerusalemites brave cold, celebrate independence
Independence Day at Sacher Park 370.
(photo credit:Daniel K. Eisenbud)
Hundreds of Jerusalem residents gathered at Sacher Park to celebrate Israel's
65th year of independence on a brisk April day, amid a backdrop of fragrant
barbecues, kites flying, children playing and a shared sense of
gratitude."Sixty-five is a milestone," said Avi Margolin, a tour guide,
formerly from Piedmont, California, who made aliya nine years ago and attended a
barbecue at the park with fiancé, Yael Gluck and several friends."Every
milestone we celebrate in Israel gives people hope that we can celebrate the
next [one]," he added.Gluck, who studies biology at Hebrew University,
and made aliya from Chicago nearly five years ago, also expressed gratitude in
observing another anniversary of statehood."It's especially significant
how Israel's Independence Day comes immediately after Memorial Day because you
can't celebrate Independence Day without acknowledging the sacrifice soldiers
made to make today a reality," she said."What greater Independence Day
can you have other than celebrating the dead for their contributions?" Marc
Neugroeschnel, a graduate student of sociology at HU, originally from Aachen,
Germany, said Independence Day reminds him why he made aliya 12 years
ago."Once you get into an everyday routine here you tend to forget about
why you came in the first place," he said. "But, when you celebrate Independence
Day it reminds you why you came here – which is because you feel a special
relationship with Israel and want to actualize it."Indeed, Matt
Churchill concurred that Independence Day also made him reminisce about why he
decided to make aliya 10 years ago."I remember what made me want to come
to Israel," he said. "I was in college and went to hear Eli Wiesel speak, and
they started with the "Hatikva" [Israel's national anthem], and it hit me on an
emotional level."Churchill continued, "Everyone stood up, and I knew
[the anthem] having sung it hundreds of times, but this time it made me feel
like there's a whole world out there that I'm not a part of and it really
inspired me to go deeper into Jewish study and the history of Israel. It was one
of those key moments that made me decide that I had to be a part of
Israel."Churchill, the father of a newborn boy, added that despite
having spent nearly one-third of his life in the country, he felt a renewed
sense of gratitude on Independence Day to be living here."I'm more
deeply appreciative about being here than ever before, especially on
Independence Day, because of the sacrifice and service of the soldiers," he
said. "I feel very indebted to those who laid down their lives for this country,
many of whom [had] just survived the Holocaust."He then paused, before
adding, "I just hope to make my own contribution one day."
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text:
iPod turns 5. Competitors turn stomachs. And Apple's just gettin' warmed up
I was contacted by a public radio reporter today to comment on the fifth anniversary of Apple's iPod and here is basically what I said:In the longstanding tradition of the Mac, Apple has done an absolutely brilliant job demystifying what is otherwise a complex technical process. It is only in recent years that some of the competing products have managed to catch up to the usability of the iTunes/iPod duo.


text:
Posted: November 19th, 2014
TMS Christmas programs are fast approaching - We have just 1 Thursday rehearsal left! We will be sharing our Christmas musical "He Is Here" six times during the month of December. A detailed schedule for November and December will be handed out at TMS this week. Make sure to get your copy and put these dates on your calendars!
Don't forget - 2 EXTRA! EXTRA! TMS REHEARSALS ON MONDAYS! We will have an extra TMS rehearsal on the Monday before and Monday after Thanksgiving. Monday, November 24 and Monday, December 1 we will run through our program with sound system, narrators, soloists, ensemble, etc. These Monday rehearsals will be our dress rehearsals. Our first two programs will be on Thursday, December 4 as we sing at the Arbrook Retirement Center and The Waterford of Pantego.
Wednesday, December 17 – we present our Christmas program at 6:30 p.m. in the Sanctuary. Don't forget – we are collecting items for MIssion Arlington – bring canned food, toys or warm clothing to share. Boxes will be available at the doors of the Sanctuary to collect your items. Please invite friends to come to this worship service – "He Is Here"!


text:
by Gary Inbinder
On a warm summer day in Southwest England during the ninth year of the reign of His Majesty King George IV, a handsome couple—I'll call them Mr. and Mrs. Darcy—were out for a breath of air, dashing through the verdant countryside along one of Mr. McAdam's new roads. They travelled in a jaunty red curricle drawn by a matched pair of high-stepping grays. Pale sunlight streamed through a stand of trees lining the turnpike. A mild wind rustled the leafy branches, barely raising a dust-cloud on the newly laid roadbed.
As they whirled along, the Darcys noticed a strange, dark object looming on the horizon. From a distance, it appeared to be a large carriage of some sort, shimmering in the heat waves and moving toward them at a great rate of speed. The horses sensed it coming; skittish they broke stride and started to gallop. It required all Mr. Darcy's strength and skill to rein them in.
The unidentified vehicle bore down upon the Darcys; its features soon became distinguishable. Could it have been the Royal Mail Coach out of London led by a galloping team, on its way to Bath? They could see no horses. Instead, they spotted a coachman, or more appropriately a "driver" perched on a seat over a single wheel. He was dressed in top hat and red coat; instead of holding reins he grasped a large handlebar attached to a steering mechanism. Passengers, both ladies and gentlemen, sat above and behind the driver on a dragon-like contraption that belched smoke and cinders and hissed steam from every orifice. There were no familiar sounds of pounding hooves, the slapping and rattling of leather straps and fittings, but rather a mechanically rhythmic thumping, puffing and chuffing and a grinding of wheels on macadam as the monster rumbled forward at a blazing twenty miles per hour.
Mr. Darcy steered the jolting curricle to the roadside where they came to an abrupt halt beside a drainage ditch. He tried to quiet his horses as they snorted, whinnied, and stomped the turf with restless hooves. The "thing" chugged by in a cloud of steam, soot, and dust. Presently, Mr. Darcy turned to his wife with a scowl: "I say, Lizzy, I'm deuced if it ain't Gurney's blasted steam carriage!"
Mrs. Darcy frowned and nodded in silent agreement. She lowered her parasol, and then shook and dusted off her white muslin dress. The rumbling subsided; the steam carriage vanished in the distance, leaving a thin trail of smoke in its wake. Mr. and Mrs. Darcy continued their journey in a decidedly less jolly mood following their confrontation with the monstrous progeny of the Industrial Age.
My sketch of an encounter with the steam carriage is fanciful, but such an incident might have occurred on an English road prior to the passage of the Locomotive Acts aka Red Flag Laws that reduced speed limits for "locomotives" to 4 mph in the country and 2 mph in towns and cities, and required a man carrying a red flag to precede each vehicle. These laws retarded the early development of the automobile in Great Britain and their repeal (1894) is celebrated in the annual London to Brighton run for veteran cars.
The steam carriage was the brainchild (there were other steam road vehicles at the time, but Gurney's was among the first and arguably the best) of Sir Goldsworthy Gurney, one of those extraordinary self-taught "gentleman inventors" that seemed to flourish in the nineteenth century. He was born in Cornwall in 1793 into a well-to-do family, studied medicine and practiced as a surgeon, but is best known for his practical inventions including the oxyhydrogen blowpipe, a high-pressure steam jet for extinguishing fires in mines, the Gurney burner and Gurney light. Gurney was knighted in 1863 for improving the lighting and ventilation of the House of Commons. But of all his scientific achievements he is chiefly remembered for building a steam carriage that in 1829 travelled from London to Bath at an average rate of 15 miles per hour.
The steam carriage owed its success to another Gurney invention, the "steam-jet" or blast system that produced greater power in a considerably lighter engine. Interestingly, Gurney's improvement was incorporated by George Stephenson into his highly successful track locomotive Rocket that made railway travel practical.
For a time, Gurney was associated with the great Scottish civil engineer, Thomas Telford. Telford's roads had foundations better able than McAdam's to bear the weight of the steam carriages. He envisioned a British highway system open to steam powered traffic that would compete with the existing canal system and the new railways. There was some interest in Telford and Gurney's schemes. For example, the famous London to Bath journey was made at the request of the army.
But there were powerful lobbies against the development of the steam carriage, and they had some good arguments on their side. Mining and industry were financially committed to the railways; Stephenson's improved engines and a faster and cheaper method of producing wrought-iron rails made the fixed track system more efficient and cost effective. The Stockton-Darlington railway (1825) was a commercial success, and that led to the building of the ambitious Liverpool-Manchester line (1830) where passenger trains could run at speeds of 35 miles per hour.
Following Gurney's successful demonstration of the steam carriage, Sir Charles Dance, using Gurney's design, initiated a regular service between Gloucester and Cheltenham, the nine mile distance being covered in about 45 minutes. This service ran for three months in 1831. Dance also financed a Gurney designed "drag and omnibus" (the engine pulled the omnibus, an attempt to overcome passengers' objections to sitting over a boiler) that ran from London to Brighton and made a demonstration run on London streets in 1833. But by that time the light road locomotive was already doomed by commercial and political opposition and the railway's success. The railways had the mining and manufacturing interests on their side; they were joined by the toll road owners and the mail coach lobby. This combination persuaded Parliament to raise tolls on the steam carriages, effectively driving them out of business. Thomas Telford died in 1834; his vision of a British highway system built for motorized traffic would not be fully realized until the next century. Goldsworthy Gurney went on to other projects and would be honored for his achievements. By the time Gurney died (1875) Siegfried Marcus in Austria and Etienne Lenoir in France had experimented with vehicles powered by internal combustion engines. These automotive pioneers were followed by the Germans Daimler, Maybach, and Benz who began marketing his gasoline powered automobiles in the late1880s. Almost sixty years after Gurney's steam carriage journeyed from London to Bath, the age of the automobile had begun.
Gary is the author of two historical novels published by Fireship Press: Confessions of the Creature and The Flower to the Painter. See the Fireship Press website for more information about Gary and his writing.
©2012 Gary Inbinder