text:
Dextromethorphan attenuation of postoperative pain and primary and secondary thermal hyperalgesia.
ABSTRACT To determine the effect of 90 mg dextromethorphan (DM) p.o. vs placebo 90 min preoperatively, on the immediate and delayed postoperative course.
Thirty patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy or inguinal hernioplasty under general anesthesia were studied. Half (DM) received 90 mg dextromethorphan and half received placebo 90 min before anesthesia. Intravenous Patient Controlled Aanalgesia with morphine was available for two hours within a six-hour observation period; 75 mg diclofenac i.m. prn was given later in PACU and on-ward (24 hr). Pain was assessed using the visual analogue scales. Thermal thresholds for cold and hot sensation and for pain (by limit method) were evaluated at the site of skin incision (primary-) and distantly (secondary hyperalgesia). Von Frey filaments were applied testing touch sensation. Sedation level and morphine consumption were also assessed in PACU.
Demographic, surgical and perioperative parameters were similar; no untoward effects were encountered. Pain intensity and sedation were lower, and the feeling of well-being was greater, in the DM patients: one vs five (median), two vs five, five vs two, respectively, P <0.01 (90 min time-point). Thermal application revealed absence of primary and secondary hyperalgesia only in the DM patients; von Frey filaments induced similar pain sensation in both groups. Mean morphine/group, morphine/weight and diclofenac injection rates were approximately 55% lower in the DM group: 2.1 +/- 1.2 (SD) vs 4.7 +/- 2.3, 0.03 +/- 0.02 vs 0.07 +/- 0.03, 1.0 +/- 0.3 vs 2.4 +/- 0.2, respectively, P <0.01.
Compared with placebo, DM enabled reduction of postoperative analgesics consumption, improved well-being, and reduced sedation, pain intensity and primary and secondary thermal hyperalgesia.
- [Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: The mammalian ionotropic glutamate receptor family encodes 18 gene products that coassemble to form ligand-gated ion channels containing an agonist recognition site, a transmembrane ion permeation pathway, and gating elements that couple agonist-induced conformational changes to the opening or closing of the permeation pore. Glutamate receptors mediate fast excitatory synaptic transmission in the central nervous system and are localized on neuronal and non-neuronal cells. These receptors regulate a broad spectrum of processes in the brain, spinal cord, retina, and peripheral nervous system. Glutamate receptors are postulated to play important roles in numerous neurological diseases and have attracted intense scrutiny. The description of glutamate receptor structure, including its transmembrane elements, reveals a complex assembly of multiple semiautonomous extracellular domains linked to a pore-forming element with striking resemblance to an inverted potassium channel. In this review we discuss International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology glutamate receptor nomenclature, structure, assembly, accessory subunits, interacting proteins, gene expression and translation, post-translational modifications, agonist and antagonist pharmacology, allosteric modulation, mechanisms of gating and permeation, roles in normal physiological function, as well as the potential therapeutic use of pharmacological agents acting at glutamate receptors.Pharmacological reviews 09/2010; 62(3):405-96. · 17.00 Impact Factor
Article: Comparison of the Effects of Preemptive Gabapentin and Dextromethorphan on the Postoperative Pain after Open Prostatectomy[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: AbstractBackground and Objectives: Preemptive administration of gabapentin and dextromethorphan has been shown to be effective for reduction of postoperative pain; but the effect of these two drugs has not yet been compared. The aim of the present study was to compare the effects of administration of gabapentin and dextromethorphan on the postoperative pain after open prostatectomy. Methods: In a randomized clinical trial, 80 adult males with ASA class of I, II and III who were candidate for open prostatectomy under spinal anesthesia in Shahid Hasheminejad Educational Center (in Tehran) were enrolled and randomly allocated to two groups of gabapentin (n=40) and dextromethorphan (n=40). In dextromethorphan group, 60 mg of dextromethorphan syrup and in gabapentin group, 300 mg of gabapentin syrup were administered 2 hours preoperatively. During operation, the maximum height of block was determined at 5, 10 and 15 minutes after spinal anesthesia establishment. In postoperative period, at 1, 2, 12, and 24 hours, the pain intensity was measured through Visual Analogue Pain Scale (VAS); and, overall opioid consumption and the time to first analgesic request were recorded as well.Results: While the pain intensity in all the measurements was comparable between groups, at the 2nd hour, the pain was significantly lesser in gabapentin group (2.70±1.51 vs. 3.74±1.77, P=0.006). Also, the time for the first analgesic request was comparable between study groups; however, the total dose of postoperative opioid consumption was lesser in gabapentin group (45.0±39.32 vs. 64.45±32.12 mg, P=0.018). Moreover, the height of block showed no significant difference. Conclusion: Preemptive oral administration of 300 mg of gabapentin syrup in patients undergoing open prostatectomy under spinal anesthesia significantly lessens the pain intensity and the total dose of opioid consumption compared with 60 mg of dextromethorphan syrup. Meanwhile, the level of spinal anesthesia and the time for the first analgesic request were comparable between groups. Keywords: Gabapentin; Dextromethorphan; Anesthesia, Spinal; Analgesia.Qom University of Medical Sciences Journal. 01/2009;
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ABSTRACT: Opioids are commonly used to treat moderate to severe pain. Opioid-induced hyperalgesia is a paradoxical response to opioid agonists resulting in an increased perception of pain rather than an antinociceptive effect. Even though there is a debate regarding its clinical relevance, it is becoming a challenge in both acute and chronic pain settings. The study of opioid-induced hyperalgesia is an emerging field with multiple challenges faced by investigators with regard to defining the diagnosis and characterizing the findings. The objective of this study was to review the preliminary evidence related to the treatment and management of opioid-induced hyperalgesia. Lack of data, small patient numbers, short-term follow-up, and variations in study design limited the review. With the literature on this subject being sparse, this study attempts to provide a preliminary look at the available data and to set the stage for an eventual meta-analysis. Case reports in the literature have shown success with various pharmacological interventions. Possible treatment regimens include ketamine, dextromethorphan, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), opioid switching, amantadine, buprenorphine, α(2) agonists, and methadone. These agents are briefly discussed in this paper. Further well-designed, placebo-controlled trials are needed to assess the effectiveness of the interventions investigated in this review.Journal of Pain & Palliative Care Pharmacotherapy 08/2011; 25(3):219-30.
Page 1
Purpose: To determine the effect of 90 mg dextromethorphan (DM) po vsplacebo 90 min preoperatively, on the
immediate and delayed postoperative course.
Methods: Thirty patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy or inguinal hernioplasty under general anes-
thesia were studied. Half (DM) received 90 mg dextromethorphanand half received placebo 90 min before anes-
thesia. Intravenous Patient Controlled Aanalgesia with morphine was available for two hours within a six-hour
observation period; 75 mg diclofenac imprnwas given later in PACU and on-ward (24 hr). Pain was assessed using
the visual analogue scales. Thermal thresholds for cold and hot sensation and for pain (by limit method) were eval-
uated at the site of skin incision (primary-) and distantly (secondary hyperalgesia). Von Frey filaments were applied
testing touch sensation. Sedation level and morphine consumption were also assessed in PACU.
Results: Demographic, surgical and perioperative parameters were similar; no untoward effects were encountered.
Pain intensity and sedation were lower, and the feeling of well-being was greater, in the DM patients: one vsfive
(median), two vsfive, five vstwo, respectively, P < 0.01 (90 min time-point). Thermal application revealed absence
of primary and secondary hyperalgesia only in the DM patients; von Frey filaments induced similar pain sensation in
both groups. Mean morphine/group, morphine/weight and diclofenac injection rates were ~ 55% lower in the DM
group: 2.1 ± 1.2 (SD) vs4.7 ± 2.3, 0.03 ± 0.02 vs0.07 ± 0.03, 1.0 ± 0.3 vs2.4 ± 0.2, respectively, P< 0.01.
Conclusions: Compared with placebo, DM enabled reduction of postoperative analgesics consumption, improved
well-being, and reduced sedation, pain intensity and primary and secondary thermal hyperalgesia.
Objectif : Déterminer l'effet de 90 mg de dextrométhorphane (DM) po vsun placebo, administrés 90 min avant
l'opération, sur l'évolution postopératoire immédiate et tardive.
Méthode : L'étude a porté sur 30 patients devant subir une cholécystectomie laparoscopique ou un hernioplastie
inguinale. La moitié a reçu 90 mg de dextrométhorphane et l'autre moitié, un placebo, 90 min avant le début de
l'anesthésie générale. La morphine, en qualité d'analgésie intraveineuse autocontrôlée, a été disponible pendant
deux heures sur une période d'observation de six heures; 75 mg de diclofénac imprnont été administrés plus tard
à la salle de réveil et à la chambre (24 h). La douleur a été évalué grâce à l'échelle visuelle analogique. Les seuils
thermiques de sensation au froid et à la chaleur ainsi qu'à la douleur (selon une méthode du seuil différentiel) ont
été évalués au site de l'incision cutanée (hyperalgésie primaire) et à distance (hyperalgésie secondaire). Des filaments
von Frey ont été appliqués pour tester le toucher. On a aussi évalué, à la salle de réveil, le niveau de sédation et la
consommation de morphine.
Résultats : Les paramètres démographiques, chirurgicaux et périopératoires ont été similaires; aucun effet indési-
rable n'a été noté. L'intensité de la douleur et de la sédation a été plus faible, et le confort meilleur, chez les patients
du groupe DM : un vscinq (médiane), deux vscinq, cinq vsdeux, respectivement, P < 0,01 (90 min après le début
de l'analgésie). L'épreuve de sensibilité thermique a révélé l'absence d'hyperalgésie primaire et secondaire chez les
patients du groupe DM seulement; les filaments von Frey ont induit une sensation de douleur similaire chez les
patients des deux groupes. La consommation moyenne de morphine selon le groupe et selon le poids des patients
ainsi que les taux d'injection de diclofénac ont été de ~ 55 % plus bas dans le groupe DM: 2,1 ± 1,2 (écart type)
vs4,7 ± 2,3; 0,03 ± 0,02 vs0,07 ± 0,03; 1,0 ± 0,3 vs2,4 ± 0,2, respectivement, P< 0,01.
Conclusion : Comparé à un placebo, le DM a permis de réduire la consommation d'analgésiques postopéra-
toires, a amélioré le confort et a réduit la sédation, l'intensité de la douleur et l'hyperalgésie thermique primaire et
attenuation of postoper-
ative pain and primary
and secondary thermal
Avi A. Weinbroum MD,*§
Alexander Gorodezky MD,§
David Niv MD,†
Ron Ben-Abraham MD,*
Valery Rudick MD,§
Amir Szold ‡
From the Post-Anesthesia Care* and the Pain Control Units,† the Endoscopic Surgery Service‡ and the Department of Anesthesiology
and Critical Care Medicine,§ Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, and the Sackler Faculty of Medicine Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
Address correspondence to: Dr. Avi A. Weinbroum, Director, Post Anesthesia Care Unit
Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, 6 Weizman Street, Tel Aviv 64239, Israel. Phone: +972-3-697-3237; Fax: +972-3-692-5749; E-mail:
Accepted for publication October 22, 2000.
Page 2
H E involvement of N-methyl-D-aspartate
(NMDA) receptors in modulating the
process of central sensitization and percep-
tion of pain is well-established.1The
process of the arrival of pain stimuli from the periph-
ery, and the role of these receptors, mediated by exci-
tatory amino acids, in causing perpetuation and
aggravation vs modulation of acute and chronic pain
have been comprehensibly described as well.2–4
Dextromethorphan (DM), the D-isomer of the
codeine analog levorphanol of established clinical safe-
ty,5is an NMDA receptor antagonist which, when
administered before a nociceptive stimulus is applied,
reduced slow temporal summation of electrically and
thermally evoked secondary pain sensation in a dose-
dependent manner.6 Both A and C fibres are involved
in the transmission of both thermal and pain sensation
towards the cortex.7Thus, heat and cold stimuli could
determine more precisely and objectively perception
of pain that is evoked and transmitted via these fibres,
before and after drug application.8
We investigated the effect of oral DM premedication
during a six-hour postoperative period on pain intensi-
ty perception, morphine requirement, and patients'
subjective ratings of parameters, such as changes in the
thermal threshold and pressure-touch sensation.
Patients and methods
Study groups
Thirty patients (ASA I-III) undergoing laparoscopic
cholecystectomy or inguinal hernioplasty under gener-
al anesthesia were enrolled in this prospective, double
blind study. After institutional human research and
ethics committee approval, patients gave written
informed consent to participate and received a full
explanation regarding DM, the intravenous patient
controlled analgesia (iv-PCA) device and the mode of
administration of morphine (MO), and the linear visu-
al analogue scale (VAS) mode of evaluation on the day
before surgery. They were trained to use the Thermal
Sensory Analyzer (see below). Half of the patients
were given oral 90 mg DM 90 min before the opera-
tion and the rest received placebo. Baseline cardiovas-
cular and respiratory vital signs were recorded; no
other drugs were administered preoperatively.
Exclusion criteria were treatment by the use of opi-
oids of any sort, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
(NSAIDs), sedatives, centrally acting antihypertensive
drugs, CNS depressants or antidepressants during the
21 dy before the study. Patients aged < 18 yr, pregnant
women and individuals suffering from congenital or
acquired neuromuscular disease or chronic pain were
also excluded.
Anesthesia and surgery protocols
Anesthesia was induced with 4 mg·kg–1thiopental and
endotracheal intubation was facilitated with 1.5 mg·kg-
1succinylcholine. Anesthesia was maintained with a 50%
mixture of oxygen and nitrous oxide (N2O) fresh gas
flow. Atracurium was infused as necessary and 2.5
µg·kg–1fentanyl was used for maintaining anesthesia. At
the end of surgery, N2O was stopped and neuromuscu-
lar relaxation was not reversed pharmacologically. Based
on normal train-of-four and clinical criteria, the trachea
was extubated and patient was taken to the Post
Anesthesia Care Unit (PACU).
Patient assessment
Vital signs were recorded upon arrival to the pre-anes-
thesia area. Differences of >20% compared with earli-
er baseline values excluded the patient from the study.
In the PACU, the patients were under close obser-
vation of a physician. When the patient complained of
pain intensity 4 on the subjective 0-10 pain VAS (see
below), an iv-PCA system was activated by the anes-
thesiologist who was blinded to the patient's group
assignment. A bolus of 2 mg morphine was adminis-
tered by the attending physician and this was followed
by 1-mg boluses at the patient's request. Lockout
time was set at seven minutes. iv-PCA was adminis-
tered for two hours, after which patients remained in
the PACU for observation for a total study period of
six hours in order to assure the recognition of late-
onset pain or sedation.
The following parameters were assessed in each
1. Thermal sensation: This test evaluated patient-
determined changes in heat and cold sensation and
pain thresholds. Baseline tests were performed 30 min
before drug premedication, and postoperative values
were obtained 30 min after the patient's arrival to the
PACU and when sedation score as judged by the
attending anesthesiologist was 3 (see below). The test
was performed again 60 min later and the resulting
mean of the postoperative tests is reported as one
value. This average was considered appropriate since it
tested the effect of DM rather than the cumulative
effect of MO over time.
Changes in the thermal thresholds were evaluated
using the 2001 Thermal Sensory Analyzer (TSA)™
(MEDOC®, Ramat Yishai, Israel) that applied the
methods of limits.9This method is less time consum-
ing and more suitable to postoperative patients than
the methods of levels,1 0and is consistent in detecting
changes of thermal sensation in a sequential record-
ing.1 1This methodology allows a dermatome-related
evaluation of subjective warmth and cold threshold
Page 3
sensations and of when a sensation of warmth
becomes painfully hot as well as when mere cold
reaches a level of inducing pain whereupon the patient
halts the stimulus.1 0The device delivers stimuli of
increased intensity starting at skin temperature, the
rate of which changes was set to 1°C/ 1.5 sec and
room temperature was kept stable at 25°C. The tem-
perature of the stimulus then immediately returned to
adaptation temperature, in preparation for the next
stimulus. Several successive stimuli are given at the
same skin area, and the thresholds are recorded in
order to derive the mean threshold. Four stimuli are
usually sufficient for threshold temperature determi-
nation. The tests were performed bilaterally at the
midaxillary line at T1 0(within the area immediately
adjacent to the site of skin incision and laparoscope
insertion, the "primary hyperalgesic zone") and at the
level of T6(~10 cm cephalically to the site of incision,
the "secondary hyperalgesic zone"). The mean of each
bilateral value was considered as one result.
2. Von Frey filaments: This skin touch and pain
meter was applied bilaterally as noted above. Patients
were asked to close their eyes and the von Frey hairs,
starting with No. 1, were applied to the area to be
tested. Each hair was applied once to the site and the
patient was asked to report its sensation and recogni-
tion of the touch, the "touch threshold". Thresholds
of pain were determined at the same sites. The patient
was then asked to open his/ her eyes and to report
when the sensation elicited by the filaments first
became painful. This double-checking was intended to
exclude the possibility that the patient indicated pain
before having sensed the touch of the filament. This
evaluation was applied 30 min after TSA application to
avoid interdependent response. Due to technical rea-
sons, both TSA and von Frey measurements were not
continued on the ward.
3. Subjective pain intensity: Patients used a linear
VAS from 0 (no pain) to 10 (unbearable pain).
4. Objective sedation (judged by the attending
anesthesiologist): 1=awake and tense, 2=awake and
calm, 3=drowsy and calm, 4=drowsy with frequent
awakening due to pain, 5=sedated and calm, 6=sedat-
ed but wakes up to a state of drowsiness associated
with pain.
5. Subjective sedation: Based on VAS 1-10 (fully
awake - heavily sedated);
6. Subjective feeling: Based on VAS 1-10 (sad,
gloomy - happy, content).
7. Total morphine consumption: The individual
and mean group-consumed MO were assessed at the
end of the experiment.
8. Number of requests: Due to the lockout time,
the number of requests for morphine boluses by the
iv-PCA button pressure was noted separately.
The monitored vital signs included heart rate, sys-
tolic and diastolic non-invasive blood pressures, respi-
ratory rate, end-expired CO2, SpO2(Cardiocap™,
Datex-Ohmeda®, Helsinki, Finland) and a 5-lead
ECG. Side effects that would have occurred were
recorded by the protocol-blinded attending physician
and treated accordingly.
At the end of the six-hour study period, the
patients were transferred back to the ward in accor-
dance with the PACU discharge regulations; they
were all sent home 24 hr later. A late on-the-ward fol-
low-up recorded patients' pain VAS and the number
of times diclofenac 75 mg intramuscularly was admin-
istered, as well as the rate of PONV.
Statistical analysis
The analyses were performed at the Statistical
Laboratory of the Tel-Aviv University using the
BMDP Statistical Software (W. J. Dixon, Chief Editor,
University of California Press, USA, 1992) and the
SPSS Release for IRIS, Version 9 (USA, 1999). The
background characteristics of the two study groups
were compared using the t test. ANOVA or co-
ANOVA with repeated measures was used to evaluate
differences between the two study groups, changes
over time during treatment and time-treatment inter-
actions where appropriate. Paired t tests were used to
assess the initial effect of treatment by comparing val-
ues prior to the first bolus (loading dose) to those
immediately afterwards. Fisher's exact test was used to
compare categorical variables. Since various VAS
scores, both objective and subjective, could also be
regarded as being non-parametric, they were analysed
using the Mann-Whitney U – Wilcoxon Rank Sum
Test. Thermal thresholds and pain sensations as well as
von Frey thresholds were analysed with the Mann-
Whitney U test. The effect of DM on pain expressed
by the need for MO and number of button presses
were analysed with the non-parametric Freedman
ANOVA. All parametric values are expressed as mean ±
standard deviation (SD) and the non-parametric by
median and ranges, with significance defined asP 0.05.
There were no differences between the two study
groups in terms of age, weight, ASA grade, the type
and the duration of surgery (Table I). Two patients
from each group were withdrawn from the study
because of failure to maintain proper respiration fol-
lowing extubation or due to failure to report the use
of benzodiazepine in advance. None of the patients
Weinbroum et al.: D E X T R OME T H OR PH ANF O R AC U T E H YPERPAT H IA
Page 4
was excluded form the study because of perioperative
changes >20% in vital signs.
Morphine consumption, pain and sedation scores
Both the total postoperative self-administered MO
consumption and the MO requirement per body
weight during the two-hour iv-PCA period were (P
<0.01) lower in the DM-treated than in the placebo-
administered patients, as was the number of times the
button was pressed (Table I), but not the number of
patients who did not request MO at all (1 vs 0). The
cumulative doses of MO used by the two groups at
the time of the thermal and the von Frey measure-
ments were similar (data not shown). None of the DM
patients requested diclofenac in the PACU, two place-
bo-injected individuals (P <0.05) made use of one
dose each.
Subjectively, evaluated pain intensity by VAS
demonstrated that pain soon after surgery was at or
above the predetermined (4/ 10) score in most
patients (Mann Whitney U test). Differences between
the groups were detected at all times starting 30 min
after the iv-PCA was started (Figure, upper plane).
The subjectively assessed feeling was similar between
the groups during the first part of the study but the
DM patients rated their feeling (P <0.01) better than
the placebo individuals (Figure, central plane) towards
the end. Both subjective and objective sedation ratings
indicated deeper sedation in the placebo group than in
the DM group (P <0.01) throughout the study
(Figure, lower plane).
Thermal and touch threshold determinations
Changes in the cold and heat thermal sensation
thresholds measured bilaterally at the T1 0levels in the
DM-treated patients remained either unchanged from
baseline or there was a newly generated resistance to
temperature tests, i.e., patients perceived less heat or
TABLE I Patients data (mean ± SD).
Age (yr)
Sex (male / female)
Weight (kg)
Cholecystectomy / inguinal hernioplasty
Duration of surgery (min)
Button pressed (nX)
Morphine (mg)
Morphine/ body weight (mg·kg–1)
On-ward subjective pain VAS
On-ward use of diclofenac (nX)
35 ± 1
8/ 5
70 ± 7
1.9 ± 0.5
8/ 5
85 ± 9
3.1 ± 0.3
2.1 ± 1.2
0.03 ± 0.02
1.2 ± 0.5
1.0 ± 0.3
35 ± 3
9/ 4
67 ± 8
1.7 ± 0.2
6/ 7
94 ± 12
8.6 ± 1
4.7 ± 2.3
0.07 ± 0.03
2.3 ± 0.4
2.4 ± 0.2
DM90=90 mg oral dextromethorphan, ASA=American Society of Anesthesiologists class; nX=number of times used; NS=not significant.
TABLE II Thermal cold and heat and pain threshold sensations (expressed in C) and pressure-touch-induced pain threshold (expressed
by numerical scale) data (mean ± SD).
SiteTes t DM90 patients
Placebo patients
PreopPostop PostopP
Heat sensation threshold
Cold sensation threshold
Heat pain sensation threshold
Cold pain sensation threshold
Heat sensation threshold
Cold sensation threshold
Heat pain sensation threshold
Cold pain sensation threshold
Von Frey pain sensation
Von Frey pain sensation
35.6 ± 1.6
30.0 ± 1.0
40.2 ± 1.3
26.5 ± 2.0
34.6 ± 0.7
31.2 ± 0.9
39.01 ± 1.4
26.1 ± 2.7
2.64 ± 0.74
1.85 ± 0.66
36.5 ± 1.6
28.0 ± 1.7
42.5 ± 1.8
20.1 ± 5.0
35.9 ± 1.3
28.6 ± 2.1
41.3 ± 2.5
21.4 ± 5.7
4.28 ± 1.20
4.14 ± 1.95
35.6 ± 0.9
27.7 ± 2.0
42.6 ± 2.9
22.7 ± 6.0
35.5 ± 1.0
27.8 ± 2.2
40.9 ± 2.3
22.7 ± 3.5
3.53 ± 2.14
3.00 ± 1.95
35.1 ± 1.0
29.3 ± 1.5
40.9 ± 2.3
25.2 ± 4.9
35.4 ± 1.9
29.1 ± 2.0
40.9 ± 2.1
25.8 ± 3.6
3.76 ± 1.53
3.23 ± 1.57
DM90 =90 mg oral dextromethorphan; Preop=preoperatively; Postop=postoperatively.
*P values apply to differences between the preoperative and postoperative values in the placebo patients or between the pre- and postoper-
ative differences in the placebo compared to the differences in the DM90 patients.
Page 5
cold sensation and were better resistant to warm- and
cold-induced pain. The placebo-administered patients
had reduced thresholds so that they sensed cold at
higher temperatures and heat at lower grades than
before drug administration and surgery, compared
with DM patients (Table II). This indicated that the
placebo patients experienced primary thermal hyperal-
gesia and hyperpathia at sites near the site of surgery.
At a site distant to the injured dermatome (T6), this
phenomenon reiterated for cold pain sensation thresh-
old, where DM patients sensed pain at grades lower
than before, while the placebo group sensed tempera-
ture more acutely and in the opposite direction; only
the difference in cold pain thresholds reached statisti-
cal significance between the groups (Table II). Heat
sensation and pain thresholds did not delineate statis-
tical differences between the groups.
Von Frey filaments detected slight changes in skin
sensitivity (data not shown). Skin touch-induced pain
both at the site near the cut wound (T1 0) and at the
more cephalically (T6) site in the DM group, but these
did not reach a statistical difference compared to the
changes in the placebo group (Mann-Whitney T test,
Table II).
Postoperative follow-up: the three- to six-hour PACU
All patients were disconnected from the iv-PCA with-
out incident and none required supplementary MO
during this period. All the tested parameters were con-
Weinbroum et al.: D E X T R OME T H OR PH ANF O R AC U T E H YPERPAT H IA
FIGU RE Subjective patient data (expressed as medians).
Pain depicts patient's self judgment of pain intensity on a 0-10 (none-unbearable) linear visual analogue scale (VAS); feeling depicts
patient's subjective 1-10 (worst-best) VAS of well-being; sedation is patient's own description on a 1-10 (awake-sedated) VAS. Numbers
within the columns represent anesthesiologist's judgment of patient's sedation on a 1-6 (awake-sedated) scale.
*P <0.05, †P <0.01, ‡P <0.001 between the dextromethorphan (DM)-treated and the placebo-administered patients.


text:
|November 25th, 2014 Update
Hello Everyone,
Today the winds will be South at 5-10kts. The seas will be 3-4feet and the ride will be very good.
To continue reading This Weeks's Weather Update Click "Read More"
|Read more...
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
CLAP 3 - Pictograms
Put down your hog dog burrito, it time to learn the Chinese.4.56 / 5.00 6,749 Views
Hoenn Confirmed
Hoenn Intro Animated4.30 / 5.00 5,379 Views
Nites Episode 2
The second episode of Nites4.20 / 5.00 4,547 Views
Quite Outstanding
The animation was superb, no mistake in that. Very lively and smooth. The tweening was done very well and eased. The graphics where cartoonish and the it was animated with a more of a "boiling" effect like traditional animation, something not seen around here a lot.
The Plot was quite funny, very good, and unique to say the least. The music was very fitting and classical.
In overall I'd say this animation is nicely done and very original, keep up the good work!
I am truly so impressed with this piece. I mean, this isn't Clock Day Flash, yet it is.
The graphics are really, really cool. For the background and the clocks, it has this somewhat cartoony feel to it, and you've also added some depths with lighting and coloring.
The animations are very fluid, looks absolutely amazing, very smooth, never choppy.
And of course, the story is just amazing to me. Tells a really long, detailed story of Strawberry Clock running from death, somewhat symbolic of the Clock Crew's early day, with them evading death from the admins and becoming such an important part of the website.
I certainly don't think this would be the same without the music you've used, I'd think it'd be very different, and certainly not as dramatic, the music itself adding so much to the feel and atmosphere of the flash.
Great work on this.
Review Request Club
(and thanks for reposting!)
Creative and Unique
I don't wanna insult any of the other flash programmers who submit something on this years clock day, I've seen a lot of good flashes, but this here is by far my favorite!
The animation is great, the way of story-telling with the use of a whole new perspective is inimitable, music fits fine - very well done!
On my former review I gave only 9 stars 'cause of the sad ending, but Ray told me to hit the replay button and after I've done that I smiled and can't find any reason to give this flash less then 10 stars.
(and for the 10!)
Great flash
One of the best clock day submissions I've seen so far (and I've seen some great ones already). The story is pretty good and I like how the music goes along so well with the story.
The graphics are very neat, especially the grim reaper clock looks good.
Too bad the flash ended on such a sad note with the death of SBC. But it also shows that nobody can escape the grim reaper!
{ Review Request Club }
I love it!
I got to admit that one of the best Clock Day submission I've seen.
The animation was fluid and came out very smoothly. I especially like the music you selected for this only because it was very beautiful and followed the story extremely well. Speaking of that, I enjoyed the story of this flash a lot and it was pretty well written from the beginning to the end of it. Though, it's sad that StrawberryClock had to die, like they say, you could never kill StrawberryClock. I also love the characters in the flash too, especially the Grim Reaper character when he encounters StrawberryClock so he will be ready to be perished and to face his own death.
But overall, I enjoyed seeing this flash and you did an extremely well job on making this for Clock Day 2011! I am expecting to see much more flashes like this one from you in the future only because you are a pretty excellent flash artist. So good job, MasterMerol!


text:
ALBUQUERQUE, N.M. (AP) — A homeless man who was stuck in thick mud near the Rio Grande river in Albuquerque for three days was rescued Saturday after some high school students on a field trip heard him yelling for help, authorities said.
However, the man's newfound freedom wasn't going to last. Police said he was wanted on a felony warrant, and they planned to arrest him after he was treated at a local hospital.
A group of La Cueva High School students and their biology teacher heard the man yelling Saturday morning from a marshy wetlands area in the Oxbow Open Space Preserve, the Albuquerque Fire Department and police officials said.
The students were in the area — about two miles north of Interstate 40 in Albuquerque — doing a school project. They called authorities and told them that the man said he'd been stuck in the river for three days and could not move, according to a police report.
Fire crews and preserve officers responded and found a "male subject stuck on a reed island about a hundred yards from the west bank of the river," the report said.
Crews deployed an air boat and used a pulley system to lift the man from the mud and water, and up a hill.
Police later identified the man as Clayton Senn, a transient who'd been living near the river.
Authorities said they discovered a warrant for Senn's arrest on suspicion of aggravated assault with a deadly weapon, a felony. Senn was taken to an Albuquerque hospital for treatment and was to be booked on the warrant upon his release, police said.
Details on Senn's condition were not immediately available.
Man Rescued after Being Stuck in N.M. Mud for 3 Days
Police said he was wanted on a felony warrant, & they planned to arrest him after he was treated at a local hospital
ALBUQUERQUE, N.M. (AP) — A homeless man who was stuck in thick mud near the Rio Grande river in Albuquerque for three days was rescued Saturday after some high school students on a field trip heard him yelling for help, authorities said.
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From: Godzilla 2014 Movie Replies: 20
10 Posts
Posted Jan-05-2014 2:37 PM
I think it would be cool if they re-released all the movies in one package. I think it would cost about 250$ for Bluray and about 150-200$ for DVD. A fair price nontheless. What do you Gfans think?
133 Posts
Posted Jan-05-2014 3:10 PM
sounds awesome but i'd lower the price
598 Posts
Posted Jan-05-2014 3:25 PM
i'd prefer 150-200$/£ for blu ray and 90-150$/£ for dvd
10 Posts
Posted Jan-05-2014 4:10 PM
Yeah that would be good but regaurdless of price I would purches them. Maybe if everyone talks and brings it up enough eventually someone at TOHO will catch word, would be pretty cool in my opinion.
598 Posts
Posted Jan-05-2014 4:15 PM
a problem about this that how do the re-release the dvd/blu-rays, who's distrubuting it, will tristar cause troubles because they put godzilla vs king ghidorah 1991-godzilla final wars on dvd, and smaller companies including bfi(uk)/criteion collection(us) have released gojira recently.
10 Posts
Posted Jan-05-2014 4:37 PM
Good point but since TOHO owns Godzilla I think they can work something out with all the companys that worked on godzilla. It's a must now, it's also a good time since this new movie is creating such hype.
598 Posts
Posted Jan-05-2014 4:40 PM
well hopefully toho recognizes that it's not 'just' americans who love godzilla, they really do not recognise the value of a international audience.
Are we talking about Japan or America? Because there's issues with both.
First is that they've already done this in Japan with the Godzilla Final Box: Click Here
But that's DVD only. Toho has not completed releasing the Godzilla movies on bluray yet.
Second, it is unlikely that a Godzilla box set with every film will be released in America within the next 20 to 30 years. Even then is unlikely so I'm going to go ahead and say there will never be a complete box set for the Godzilla series in America. Here's the problem-- Different companies in America own the video rights to different Godzilla movies, take a look:
Classic Media/Criterion: Godzilla (1954)
Classic Media: Godzilla Raids Again, Mothra vs. Godzilla, Ghidorah: The Three Headed Monster, Monster Zero, Godzilla's Revenge, Terror of MechaGodzilla
Media Blasters: Destroy All Monsters, Godzilla vs. Megalon
Universal: King Kong vs. Godzilla
Echo Bridge: Godzilla vs. Biollante
Sony: Godzilla vs. King Ghidorah, Godzilla and Mothra: The Battle for Earth, Godzilla vs. MechaGodzilla II, Godzilla vs. SpaceGodzilla, Godzilla vs. Destroyah, Godzilla 2000, Godzilla x Megaguirus, Godzilla, Mothra, King Ghidorah, Godzilla x MechaGodzilla, Godzilla: Tokyo S.O.S., Godzilla Final Wars
A Black Hole: Godzilla (1984)
Currently No American Distribution Company Owns: Godzilla vs. the Sea Monster, Son of Godzilla, Godzilla vs. Hedorah, Godzilla vs. Gigan, Godzilla vs. MechaGodzilla
So the Godzilla films that have American distributers are stretched across 7 different companies. It is unlikely 7 companies will agree to come together and create one boxset for a niche franchise. It just won't happen.
In order for that to happen all the rights for these movies will have to revert to Toho and Toho will have to sell them to just one distributor. That's unlikely to happen, because Toho likes making money off of other companies selling their product. Plus the rights for all the Sony Godzilla movies don't expire until 2025. Classic Media recently renewed their rights, so they have Godzilla for another decade or so as well. That's a long time before Toho gets the American distribution rights back. If it were to happen, it have to happen likely after 2025 or 2030.
I'd love to have a single Godzilla boxset, but the likelyhood of that happening is literally zilch. It would be cool though...
598 Posts
Posted Jan-05-2014 4:45 PM
well i hope they release those movies inplaces that can't get godzilla movies with their region code like the UK and the rest of europe.
I'm unfamiliar with the Godzilla rights in countries outside of North America and Japan. I'll have to do some research on that, but I imagine Toho treats other regions similarly and sells them to several different distribution companies per country. It's unlikely any country (other than Japan) will ever see a complete boxset.
That be cool but I think its best if the make a seperate box set for each series.
598 Posts
Posted Jan-05-2014 4:54 PM
well there is only gojira from bfi for the uk on dvd and no bluray, only vhs. poland got a dvd copy of G:FW. thats all i know
Yeah, there looks to be some other movies in Region 2 as well, but I don't think they're in your prefered language. Godzilla vs. Destroyah seems to be available in Sweden. And I'm seeing a few from Germany as well, but I don't think any, other than the ones you mentioned, are subbed or dubbed in English.
You can wait and see if the new movie produces more interest to release these films where you live, but otherwise I'd recommend getting a Region Free DVD player and importing from countries that do have it.
54 Posts
Posted Jan-05-2014 7:04 PM
Thanks for the information. That's a very impressive and well researched list.
I wish that Classic Media would get the rights to most if not all of the Godzilla films. They did a really great job with the films that they own the video rights to, showcasing both the Japanese and English versions of the films.
I was kind of surprised to see that Sony owns many of them and also disappointed that they have not done a better job with the DVD and Blu-Ray releases here in the states.
@Ray Burrberry
Yeah, I'm hoping Classic Media will pick up Godzilla vs. the Sea Monster, Son of Godzilla, Godzilla vs. Hedorah, Godzilla vs. Gigan, Godzilla vs. MechaGodzilla since Sony dropped them. I'm looking into how likely that is though. I don't know if they'd want those movies, find it finacially feasable or could even negociate everything with Toho in time for a retail release this year. I'm not sure yet.
Shout!Factory might also be an option, but we'll see.
Sony DVDs are really hit or miss. Their Showa DVDs were awesome, their Heisei DVDs are absolutely abysmal and the Millennium DVDs are okay, but have issues. I hope they re-release the Heisei and Millennium movies they own with the appropriate aspect ratios, Japanese language and better subtitles. Extras would be awesome too, but Sony doesn't really like to put much effort with their Godzilla releases.
494 Posts
Posted Jan-05-2014 8:10 PM
please make this happen, take my money
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Manga Poll
Which kind of story would you find more interesting
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These are all posts ordered by last posting time.
New Poll - Dystopia vs. Utopia
(32 posts, 663 views) Posted: 5d 2h, 41m ago by
in News
I don't understand enough of utopia and dystopia, aside from one's green and the other's barren to sum them up.
This is hard to do when there isn't any specific about what part the poll is asking...
If it's purely setting without characte ...
Looking for manga about "Born into another World"
(12 posts, 924 views) Posted: 64d 17h, 50m ago by
in I'm Looking For...
many of Re:translation's other work fit
Gun-Ota ga Mahou Sekai ni Tensei Shitara, Gendai Heiki de Guntai Harem wo Tsukucchaimashita!? (Novel)
Slime Tensei Monogatari
Souen no Historia
New Poll - Background Art
(13 posts, 481 views) Posted: 131d 4h, 4m ago by
in News
there's no option...background that tell the story...really that's all I need
I don't care how much detail or how spacey, I just want it to have content, used as background is suppose to be used.
set the setting, the mood, and tell us more story. ...
interested in what other people likes
(3 posts, 241 views) Posted: 155d 5h, 27m ago by
in Manga General
I am attracted to smart MC. MC that know what to do and use his brain, MC with wit.
doesn't have to be strong, but being being good at what he do is a plus.
recent favorite: no game no life (oh yes,mind game!)
also theme like different world, human->inhuma ...
Group Links Removed
(226 posts, 30745 views) Posted: 358d 6h, 25m ago by
in News
O_O now it will be harder to find scanlation group
guess I will sport "Google" on another tab each time I come here ...
New Poll - Bullying
(28 posts, 2085 views) Posted: 418d 7h, 14m ago by
in News
I don't care much about it as much, actually fanservice disturb me more
it really depend on the author, sometimes bullying is needed in a plot and often used to show how weak the MC is. It's a symbol of weakness in manga.
Black Haze is a recent man ...
New Poll - Pokemon
(47 posts, 3206 views) Posted: 425d 10h, 48m ago by
in News
*stare* why pokemon?
anyway I am torn between celebi and Lucario movie
Celebi won in term of cinematic, it caught more moment than Lucario does.
I remember the Kanto-Johto Movie is all good movie,
The recent movie is meh, I don't even watch them a ...
New Poll - Favorite Character Type
(36 posts, 2178 views) Posted: 446d 5h, 57m ago by
in News
Voted for "Scheming Plotter" since those kind often bring refreshing story or sometimes amaze me with what they did.
I really want...
naughty, strong ,scheming plotter aka clever
naughty as in those troublesome individual that likes to make trouble
The w ...
From human to something else
(4 posts, 663 views) Posted: 481d 5h, 59m ago by
in I'm Looking For...
I starred the recommended one
Major..the transformation is the main topic
Dawn - Tsumetai Te
Higanbana no Saku Yoru ni
Human to youkai
Kaibutsu Oujo*
human to er..undead
Mahou Tsukai no Neko
human to magical cat
World Embryo
human to demon ...
New Poll - Vehicle
(46 posts, 2934 views) Posted: 497d 2h, 17m ago by
in News
Teleport... instantly arrive
or flying castle will be cool too for a home
for transportation is too uneficient, where will you park it? ...
New Poll - Last 5 Years (Manga)
(39 posts, 2899 views) Posted: 535d 4h, 43m ago by
in News
I start when I was 6 and 15 years later, I notice I read less and less.
It's just, I already read many that interest me and now,
I am getting picky and higher standard for my read.
It is part of growing up i guess.
Now, I only follow some chapter and a number of rea ...
Why is manwha so much better than manga?
(85 posts, 11009 views) Posted: 538d 4h, 57m ago by
in Manga General
Quote from renseih
You serious? Is there ANY manhwa that's better than manga? Okay... I like Evyione. But that's the only one I can think of that I didn't drop halfway. Bad mangas are bad mangas, but manhwa? Far as I care, they all have an a ...
New Poll - Manga vs Others
(33 posts, 2560 views) Posted: 541d 12h, 47m ago by
in News
I vote for manga, but I read webcomic and love it too
"Tower of God" is highly recommended, I,myself like it better than noblesse in term of plot.
That last game with Quant is impressive, I am stunned at the level of twist in there.
give me shiver there. From ...
New Poll - Manga vs Others
(33 posts, 2560 views) Posted: 541d 12h, 51m ago by
in News
My top three:
1. Manga
2. webcomic/webtoon
3. light novel (because of slow update)
I majority read manga,but recently also webcomic (tower of god,dr frost, trace, etc)
really love the long strip type, convenient to read since I don't have to click page per page ...
how'd you get into one piece
(21 posts, 1834 views) Posted: 546d 4h, 38m ago by
in One Piece
stumbled on the manga at my cousin's house.
Since I was bored,I decided to read it
and here I am now, still following the manga ...
New Poll - RPG Class
(43 posts, 3094 views) Posted: 585d 8h, 42m ago by
in News
not sure is it in game or reality...
I often changes my preference:
o I like melee since they are easy in normal rpg game.
o In MMO my laptop can't handle the constant moving needed (lag), so I go with ranged. cleric/archer
o If i enter the game, I like being assa ...
New Poll - Living in Japan
(48 posts, 4464 views) Posted: 599d 16h, 2m ago by
in News
hmm...I am not so sure. I should try going there first. Though I heard stories from my teacher (he is a designer and once help open up exhibition in japan) what happened is Japanese is ashamed to come to foreign exhibition that is not by their own (they set up a clos ...
New Poll - Demographic Hate
(156 posts, 14192 views) Posted: 634d 14h, 1m ago by
in News
hentai, I am a girl so...this only serve to annoy me
especially when it's random and has no function other than fan-service
when you are reading good story,but ended up *cough* have to read it in hiding
because it will be awkward went your parent see what yo ...
What type of cellphone do you have?
(270 posts, 16630 views) Posted: 637d 11h, 35m ago by
in Chatter Box
Samsung Galaxy W
Queen x Commoner
(20 posts, 3191 views) Posted: 641d 10h, 36m ago by
in I'm Looking For...
Apothecarius Argentum
Bokura no Kiseki
the closest I know of. ...
Tragedy manga without tragic ending
(12 posts, 1407 views) Posted: 641d 10h, 52m ago by
in I'm Looking For...
Tower of God
it's not marked tragedy, but sure has a lot of tragic like scene in it. Start up slow,but if you read further it will improve greatly. ...
New Poll - Non-Manga Reading
(23 posts, 2180 views) Posted: 684d 8h, 22m ago by
in News
About the same..I think
I read a lot of manga and novel,but content wise Novel and Light novel have a lot more content.
1 volume of novel normally cover from beginning to ending or ending an arc,if you think about it, we get more from Novel.I feel more sense of sat ...
New Poll - Visiting Japan
(58 posts, 9459 views) Posted: 697d 3h, 10m ago by
in News
you will only stay there for
24 hours
...house or permanent thing in Japan will be of no use...
which is why I decided to go for the anime and manga XD actually I will do most of them ...
Your opinion about the End of the World!
(45 posts, 2625 views) Posted: 706d 6h, 28m ago by
in Chatter Box
Quote from G-17
As far as I'm concerned, the world died the day that stupid Korean Gangbang Style song came out and destroyed my ear-drums. Some overrated cataclysmic apocalypse ain't gonna make an iota of difference.
lol yeah,those are so ...
New Poll - Manga Price
(49 posts, 4760 views) Posted: 725d 11h, 34m ago by
in News
Quote from ns2np5
I guess the price of manga in Indonesia is really cheap when you compare it to other countries but for me, it's expensive. It's more than what I have to pay for the price of food for a day. I used to be able to buy lots of manga on a w ...
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As a part of the passive on Yi's Highlander ultimate, whenever he kills an enemy champion, the cooldowns on all of his abilities are to be refreshed. When you pop your ult, and then kill a champion, you are supposed to be able to pop it again.
A lot of times lately that I've played Master Yi, the cooldowns stay the same even if I get the kill (I realize they don't refresh on assists, I'm speaking about when I kill an enemy champion.)
It can be really frustrating in big teamfights and the like, so if this could be fixed, that would be fantastic.
Junior Member
Yeah, I don't understand that this doesn't get more support. I'm having the same problem and it really DOES kill you or prevent from winning a tf sometimes. fix plox
This. Bringing it up from the grave, reason I don't play Yi more, when it matters his highlander doesn't refresh.
Slick Sauce
Senior Member
so true. Bump.
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The most important things to know when shopping for a new laptop, hybrid, or Windows tablet.
The wireless carrier is expanding its existing Wi-Fi calling and texting service with promises of more coverage in the home and in the air.
As part of the $200 million project, the first new hubs are expected to come online in late 2015.
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After some digging, this smart plant sensor's app may be too smart for it's own good.
The low-cost waterproof smartphone joins a growing roster of devices capable of making phone calls over Wi-Fi.
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James Russell Lowell Quote
Picture Quote:
"Truth forever on the scaffold, Wrong forever on the throne,—
Yet that scaffold sways the future, and, behind the dim unknown,
Standeth God within the shadow, keeping watch above his own."
―James Russell Lowell
The Present Crisis (1844)
The Biglow Papers (1848-1866)
Picture Source: Wikimedia CommonsJames Russell Lowell
Born: February 22, 1819
Died: August 12, 1891 (aged 72)
Nationality: American
Occupation: Poet
Bio: James Russell Lowell was an American Romantic poet, critic, editor, and diplomat. He is associated with the Fireside Poets, a group of New England writers who were among the first American poets who rivaled the popularity of British poets. These poets usually used conventional forms and meters in their poetry, making them suitable for families entertaining at their fireside.
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"Seymour once said that all we do our whole lives is go from one little piece of Holy Ground to the next."


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I'm looking for a recipe for homemade brown sugar cured ham. Any suggestions?
Introducing The Homemaker's Hutch
I'm excited to share something brand new with you. A digital magazine we are putting together each month full of fun recipes, crafts and helpful tips and ideas. This first issue is packed full of 50 pages of fun stuff for Halloween and Fall.
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Tamra says
I like to bake a butt ham with the bone in it. after the ham is cooked, I clean it get rid of the bone and fat. Then I put 2 cups of brown sugar and 1/2 cup of mustard together I usually put it in the microwave for a min. I then stir it and pour it on top of the cooked ham I then place it back in the oven 350 for about 20 min.
Michelle says
If you're referring to a "real" sugar cured ham:
1 medium ham
1 pint salt
2 Tbsp black pepper
1 Tbsp red pepper
3 Tbsp brown sugar
Combine salt, peppers, and brown sugar. Place cloth on flat surface, place meat on cloth and rub meat with mixture, getting a lot at bone end. Wrap meat in cloth using all mixture. Wrap in newspaper and place in cloth sack, tie shut. With bone end DOWN, hang in shed–takes at least 6 weeks to cure. Can hang until summer if desired. Obviously this should be done in fall when hogs are normally butchered.


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US debt crisis: simplified; Apple is the most valuable company; UK rioters: the shame, the tragedy and the amusing; Wikipedia says it's losing contributors
Apple Is the Most Valuable Company; US debt crisis: explained; UK Rioters: the shame, the tragedy and the amusing; Wikipedia Says It's Losing Contributors.
August 11, 2011 3:17 by Eva Fernandes
Apple Is the Most Valuable Company
On Tuesday, Apple surpassed Exxon Mobil, to take the title as the stock market's most valued company. On Tuesday afternoon Apple's stock was $366.62, up $10.66, or 3.02 percent, giving it a market valuation of $337.11 billion. But should this be a cause for concern for the end user? After all, earlier this week Apple had been granted a temporary injunction preventing Samsung Electronics from selling iPad tablet computer rival Galaxy Tab 10.1 in the European Union, (except in the Netherlands.)
Wikipedia Says It's Losing Contributors
Speaking to The Associated Press Wikipedia founder Jimmy Wales has said it is revamping editorial guidelines inorder to retain and attract contributors.
"We are not replenishing our ranks," said Wales. With the inital batch of Wikipedia contributors growing up and moving on to other projects, could this be the begining of the end of Wikipedia?
How did one hashtag bring #MARA3I brand down
Erm, don't look at us—the first we heard of this story was from this article. According to this blog, an increased price in Al Marai products spurred on a flurry of ""Boycott Marai" Twitter accounts (and) a Facebook page with 25K members and growing." So is this pure hype or real fact? Read on and make up your mind...
Jail threat for spreading rumours on Twitter, BBM
"Spreading rumours or disclosing false information and news [that] threatens the public security or causes panic among the people…will be a crime [even] if it is through email, BlackBerry or any type of tool that spreads the information," were the words from the director of Dubai Police's anti-organised crime unit Col. Abbulrahim bin Shafi that was got people's attention this week. So, the question remains: exactly does constitute as rumors or false information?
Though we know our Kipp readers possess an excellent understanding of economics, we still thought we'd recommend this simple break down of what the US debt crisis is all about. We liked it.
Vending Baguettes Machines
Don't you hate when you are craving a nice warm French baguette at midnight and there are no bakeries opened to service you? Well, if you do, then perhaps you will find this description of a baguette vending machine a dream come true.
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The invention relates to an acoustic insulation screen. The screen comprises a cushion (5) consisting of a flexible bag (4) inflated with a gas under pressure and allowing the gas to flow freely inside the bag, said bag being selected so as not to transmit vibration energy from one point of the bag to another, and the gas being selected from gases in which the speed of sound is greater than the speed of sound in the air. The invention applies particularly to the protection of the payload compartment in a launcher.
1. A method for passively attenuating transmission of acoustic vibration through a rigid wall of a payload compartment of a rocket launcher, the acoustic vibration being generated in the atmosphere outside the rocket launcher during launching of the rocket launcher, the method comprising:
providing at least a first inflatable bag made of a membrane, the membrane comprising a material selected from the group consisting of mylar polyester film and polyvinyl chloride;
securing the first inflatable bag to the wall of the payload compartment so as to surround the payload compartment, the first inflatable bag being detachable from the wall so that the first inflatable bag can be jettisoned during flight; and
inflating the first inflatable bag with a gas selected from the group consisting of helium and freon, the first inflated bag having a thickness lying in a range between four and twenty centimeters.
2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the step of providing at least a first inflatable bag made of a membrane, the membrane comprising a material selected from the group consisting of mylar polyester film and polyvinyl chloride further comprises the step of securing a second inflatable bag on top of the first inflatable bag so as to form an intermediate cavity layer between the first and second inflatable bags, the second inflatable bag made of a membrane comprising a material selected from the group consisting of mylar polyester film and polyvinyl chloride and being filled with a gas selected from the group consisting of helium and freon, the intermediate cavity layer being filled with a filler selected from the group consisting of air and foam.
This is a continuation of application Ser. No. 07/688,523 filed Jun. 5, 1991 now abandoned.
The present invention relates to a screen for reducing noise level.
It relates in particular to reducing noise in the compartment of a launcher that contains the payload, and particularly in the low frequency range, i.e. typically frequencies below 200 Hz.
A known method of reducing the noise in the payload compartment of a launcher consists of filling said compartment with a gas such as helium, as described for example in the article "Use of helium gas to reduce acoustic transmission" by James G. Belvins et al. (American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc., 1985, p. 96-101).
This particularly expensive method is effective over a wide frequency spectrum, but modifications to the payload-to-cavity coupling make payload qualification difficult, and cause problems of vibration at the first acoustic mode frequencies of the helium cavity. Moreover, the helium may diffuse into the vacuum tubes of the electronic components.
Another proposal has been made to design the wall of the shell of the payload compartment as a double wall and to fill the gap between the two walls with helium. This method is effective at high frequencies, but is not very effective at low frequencies, and it gives rise to problems with solid transmission via the points at which the two walls are attached together.
The present invention proposes a different method of reducing the noise level through a wall by using a screen consisting of a flexible bag inflated with a gas under pressure and allowing the gas to flow freely inside the bag, said bag being selected so as not to transmit vibration energy from one point of the bag to another, and said gas being selected from gases in which the speed of sound is greater than the speed of sound in air.
The word "gas" means a gas or a mixture of gases.
Typically, such a bag is naturally "flexible", i.e. non-rigid in contrast with a rigid body; for example, a metallized bag made of Mylar polyester film or polyvinyl chloride could be used.
The most suitable gas is helium, as in the methods recalled above. It is used pure or in a mixture. As a variant, freon is used. These examples are not limiting: any gas with a density lower than that of air and with a high enough ratio of density to propagation speed is suitable. Hydrogen could be used, but it is too dangerous. The thickness of the cushion is not critical. For example, for a cushion 4 cm thick mounted on a cylinder having a diameter of 1 meter (m), an attenuation of 10 dB is obtained in the range 1 kHz to 2 kHz and above. By increasing the thickness to 20 cm the effectiveness at low frequencies can be improved. In practice, the thickness of the cushion should preferably be not less than 5% of the largest dimension of the cushion.
The inflation pressure is not critical provided that it is enough to make the bag take its cushion shape without being stretched too much. If the bag is too stretched, acoustic energy could be caused to propagate in the membrane which constitutes the bag.
A pressure of the order of 1 bar is generally suitable.
The total mass of the screen is very small, about 30 kg for an area of approximately 100 m2. In the application of the invention to the wall of the payload compartment of a launcher, where the cushion is preferably placed outside the wall, this makes it possible to jettison the cushion after about ten seconds, which corresponds to an altitude of several tens of meters, since the acoustic protection is useful mainly in this critical very first stage of blast-off.
The acoustic effectiveness presents a maximum of about 10 to 12 dB with diffused-type acoustic noise.
When noise reaches the bag at a certain angle of incidence, the effectiveness of 12 dB for an incidence perpendicular to the bag increases up to an incidence of 20� relative to the perpendicular and, beyond 20�, the attenuation is theoretically total, since the incident wave is theoretically fully reflected, but in practice this attenuation is limited by the evanescent pressure which arises from the forced movement of the membrane. To avoid the effect of evanescent pressure and to have the advantages of good acoustic insulation, it is preferable for the cushion to be at least 1 cm thick.
By retaining the inside air around the payload, the invention makes it possible to keep the same qualification philosophy. In particular the elastoacoustic coupling between the air and the satellites is the same and thus any noise reduction measured in the cavity gives rise to a similar reduction in satellite vibration. Furthermore, the vibration of the launcher structure is attenuated in the same way.
In the accompanying drawings:
FIG. 1 is a theoretical view of the payload compartment of a launcher equipped with an acoustic protection screen of the invention;
FIG. 2 is a curve showing the effectiveness of said screen;
FIG. 3 is a graph showing the influence of cushion thickness on acoustic attenuation;
FIG. 4 is a diagrammatic section showing a variant embodiment; and
FIG. 5 is a diagrammatic section of a cushion used to isolate premises.
FIG. 1 is a diagram showing the part of a launcher 1 which includes the payload compartment 2 and on the shell 3 of which a membrane 4 is secured; said membrane is made of metallized Mylar polyester film and constitutes a bag which is inflated with helium until the thickness of the resulting cushion 5 is approximately 20 cm. The bag is secured to the shell by any appropriate means, for example by gluing or lacing.
The helium bag is inflated a few hours before blast-off and if the bag is not sufficiently gastight this inflation is continued until blast-off.
FIG. 2 shows the curve of the raw insulation (in dB) plotted up the Y-axis as a function of the center frequencies of third-octaves (in Hz), plotted along the X-axis in response to white noise excitation, for air (curve C1) and for a cushion of the invention (curve C2).
It can be seen that an average improvement of about 10 dB is obtained.
FIG. 3 shows the influence of the thickness of the cushion on noise reduction: the solid-line curve relates to a cushion which is 4 cm thick and 1 m in diameter, and the dashed-line curve relates to a cushion which is 20 cm thick and 1 m in diameter.
The frequencies (Hz) of the incident diffused noise are plotted along the X-axis and the noise reduction (in dB) is plotted up the Y-axis.
The invention is not limited to the embodiment or to the application described above.
For example, in variant embodiment (FIG. 4), the screen consisting of two cushions 5 and 5' placed one on top of the other and separated by an intermediate layer of air, and optionally filled with foam 7 or other materials suitable for improving effectiveness at high frequencies.
The cushion of the invention can also be used in various other applications, for example to insulate a chamber or a premises, and for this purpose it can take any desired shape. FIG. 5 shows, as an example, a dome-shaped cushion 5 of the invention for acoustically insulating a chamber 8.
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HOF: What Are You Wearing Right Now - Part IV (starting May 2014) - Page 261post #3901 of 108287/23/14 at 10:07pm
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post #3904 of 108287/23/14 at 11:06pm
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Another sunny summer day with high temperatures so I decide to wear a cotton/linen trousers and a fresco sports coat.post #3905 of 108287/24/14 at 1:18ampost #3906 of 108287/24/14 at 1:40amQuote:
Keep the jacket and tobacco monks but team them with white shirt and pocket square, charcoal tie and grey wool pants several shades between tie and jacket.post #3907 of 108287/24/14 at 1:44ampost #3908 of 108287/24/14 at 1:57amQuote:
Very, very nice but only James Bond is allowed to wear a watch like that with a suit.post #3909 of 108287/24/14 at 2:37am
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Kulata, Red Devil - killing it.
I had to give a lecture to some visiting Chinese surgeons today, so I decided to break out a special suit.
In line with recent advice from respected co-contributors, I toned everything else down. Hence, plain white oxford-weave shirt; plain white Irish linen square in a TV fold; shoes are a little outré but only if you look at them carefully.
Apologies for crappy pic quality - taken at dusk.
Big thanks to @conradwu for the shantung tie, @Henry Carter for the square, and @steveyoo1983 (Gentleman's Footwear) for the lizard monkstraps.post #3910 of 108287/24/14 at 4:12am
The weather is alleged to be cooling off a bit, and the air drying out, so I'm back in a suit for today. Today's attire is about as close to "conservative business dress" as I am capable of coming.
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Warning: Spoiler! (Click to show)post #3911 of 108287/24/14 at 4:28am
post #3912 of 108287/24/14 at 4:29amQuote:Originally Posted by spectre
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Quote:Originally Posted by kulata
Warning: Spoiler! (Click to show)
Do those jackets come in bright colours too? Somehow you pull this off very well. I couldn't but in the right setting and climate it's good. Against my better judgment I suppose not all solid colours have to be sober
Well i lolled.
I like it tho KulataQuote:Originally Posted by Coxsackie
Kulata, Red Devil - killing it.
I had to give a lecture to some visiting Chinese surgeons today, so I decided to break out a special suit.
In line with recent advice from respected co-contributors, I toned everything else down. Hence, plain white oxford-weave shirt; plain white Irish linen square in a TV fold; shoes are a little outré but only if you look at them carefully.
Apologies for crappy pic quality - taken at dusk.
and it worked too IMO- if ur going to wear an outraaaageous suit like that one those r the right kind of accessories I think
Don, great colors. Shout out to Kulata (previous fit), HF,RD & EliodApost #3913 of 108287/24/14 at 4:39am
post #3914 of 108287/24/14 at 5:19am
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@kulata great outfit, even in comparison with @RedDevil10s. Is it a different sillouette for you? What is the suit?post #3915 of 108287/24/14 at 5:20am
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Don C, I like the jacket and color really suits ya-- well played sir!
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Almost wore pinstripes today for same reasons upr crust mentioned, but will save that for Monday.
Solid blue suit, Isaia FC shirt, bontoni dik brown shoes
SOLID BURGANDY TIE by serraicco 😊
Spectre, can't beat a blue face watch with suit or otherwise!Return HomeBack to Forum: Classic Menswear
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The Kent State at Buffalo football game originally scheduled for Wednesday, Nov. 19 has been canceled and will not be rescheduled, the MAC announced. Read Full Story »
Eric Taylor makes his Weekly "Weakly SEC Football Predictions" for the SEC for Week 13 of the 2014 college football season. Read Full Story »
The essential Week 13 college football viewing guide for 2014. Here's a schedule of how to watch games, including USC at UCLA. Read Full Story »
The Boise State Broncos and the Oregon State Beavers have scheduled a home-and-home football series for 2022 and 2023, both schools announced today. Read Full Story »
A special Week 13 episode of Clear Your Schedule takes us to some unfamiliar places in South Carolina, Massachusetts and the western United States. Read Full Story »
The 2015 Big 12 Football Schedule has been announced. Conference play begins on Saturday, Sept. 26 with Oklahoma State at Texas and TCU at Texas Tech. Read Full Story »
The Florida State Seminoles and the Ole Miss Rebels will meet in the 2016 Orlando Kickoff Game, Florida Citrus Sports officially announced today. Read Full Story »
The college football TV schedule for week 13 of the 2014 season kicks off Tuesday night with two #MACtion games. Read Full Story »
The College Football Playoff Top 25 Rankings for Nov. 18 have been released and the Mississippi State Bulldogs remained at number one. Read Full Story »
The football TV schedule has been announced for the weekend of November 29, 2014 by the FBS conferences, including the ACC, Big 12, Big Ten, SEC and Pac-12. Read Full Story »


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"Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon" has officially become the little foreign film to watch this year.
In case you still haven't heard of it, the martial-arts epic -- directed by Taiwanese helmer Ang Lee and starring Chow Yun Fat and Michelle Yeoh, was the talk of the festival-indie circuit the world round, winning the People's Choice Award at this year's Toronto International Film Festival and nabbing the Best Foreign Film nod from the National Board of Review.
But it is the box office figures from the film's debut last Friday in New York that has the whole industry buzzing. Despite playing on only 16 screens, the film took in an estimated $686,000 over the Friday to Sunday period -- a big showing, to say the least.
"We've always said that this is the movie event of the year,'' Sony Classics Co-President Tom Bernard told Daily Variety. "I think this proves us correct."
And the good news is that this is only the beginning. With "Tiger" opening up this weekend in Los Angeles and expanding throughout the country this month and January, the film could generate enough word of mouth to make itself a true killing at the box office.
And on top of that, there's the Oscar hype. Taiwan has already submitted the film as its entry for Best Foreign Language Film for the 2001 Academy Awards, but the film's U.S. studio -- Sony Pictures Classics -- is also angling the film for the ultimate loot: a Best Picture nomination, hoping that it would do what Roberto Benigni's "Life Is Beautiful" did at the Oscars in 1999.
"The studio is trying to build a word of mouth for this film. They're probably praying for an Oscar nomination [for Best Picture] and [then] have the film go wide," box office analyst Brandon Gray of boxofficemojo.com told Hollywood.com.
"Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon" opens in L.A. on Friday.


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I have a rule about internal polling
Scientific polling, based on the laws of probability and the compounding of likelihoods, is a mathematical activity. It's all about the numbers. Without the numbers no poll has meaning. That's
Tags: 2010, Bill Brady, Chicago Tribune, Governor, Illinois, Likely voters, Pat Quinn, WGN


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Houzz is the new way to design your home.
Tonopah, NV Lawn and Sprinkler Professionals
If you have yard envy when you see your neighbors' lush, green grass, seek assistance from a lawn and sprinkler contractor to give your grounds a boost. From planting grass seeds to fine-tuning a sprinkler system, they have the expertise and experience to help you whip your Tonopah, NV yard into shape and keep it there. You can find more lawn & sprinklers in Goldfield, Silver Peak. More
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Twitter's birthday celebration of first tweets proves we're all bad at Twitter at first
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Washburn County
In northern Wisconsin, you'll find pristine forest and water in Washburn County. Some 900 lakes sparkle within the borders complemented by miles of scenic rivers and 150,000 acres of forestland. This means endless opportunity to enjoy the outdoors any time of year. There are also hundreds of miles of groomed snowmobile, ATV, bicycle, horseback riding and hiking trails, which offer fun year-round. Riding stables, historical museums, golf courses, antique shops and a wildlife sanctuary are some of the many diversions offered.
Mark these events on your calendar…
- Jack Frost Festival
- Birchwood Bluegill Festival
- Jack Pine Savage Days
- Minong Summer Days
- Stone Lake Cranberry Festival
- Jack O' Lantern Festival
Explore your adventurous side...
Washburn County is home to over a hundred miles of scenic ATV trails connecting to the largest ATV system in the Midwest. The Namekagon, Totogatic and Yellow Rivers offer great opportunities for canoeing and kayaking. Another great opportunity to explore the area is to visit Hay Lake Ranch and explore this great Northwood's destination on horseback.
Want to travel green?
If you're looking for a great Travel Green destination, be sure to check out Shady Beach Resort located on Lower McKenzie Lake Northwest of Spooner. Clover Meadow Winery, another Travel Green business, is the only certified organic winery in the Midwest, offering wine tastings and tours throughout the year.
Fishing? You'll catch the big one if you…
Drop a line in one of the nearly 1,000 lakes and rivers. Washburn County is home to Long Lake, known as the Walleye Capital of Wisconsin and Birchwood, known as the Bluegill Capital of Wisconsin. Fishing guides are available to help you find the best fishing spots. If you're bringing the kids along, be sure to check out the Minong Kids' Fishing pond which is stocked with trout and panfish or the Yellow River Fishing Pier in Spooner.
When the seasons change you may be surprised to find…
That Washburn County is still hopping with things to do. In the fall, take a drive on the scenic county roads or hit the ATV trails to view the leaves changing to vivid oranges, reds and yellows. Winter brings many fun activities in Washburn County. Snowmobiling is a winter-time favorite in the area with over 250 miles of trails, connecting to the largest system in the Midwest. Other fun winter activities include ice fishing, snowshoeing and cross country skiing. In the spring, explore over 100 miles of great hiking trails.


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November 27, 2014
CHICAGO (AP) -- A new study finds that emergency room doctors are prescribing strong narcotics more often to patients who complain of pain. But minorities are less likely to get them than whites.
Even for the severe pain of kidney stones, minorities were prescribed narcotics such as oxycodone and morphine less frequently than whites.
The analysis of more than 150,000 emergency room visits over 13 years finds differences in prescribing by race in both urban and rural hospitals.
The findings apply to all U.S. regions and for every type of pain.
The study appears in tomorrow's Journal of the American Medical Association.
The study's co-author Doctor Mark Pletcher says the gap between whites and minorities has not closed at all.
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