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In honor of our Halloween week, we look back on one of the scariest people ever to live in Springfield, Brent Lawrence aka Marian Cramer. If you haven't heard the story, after Alan-Michael Spaulding shot Lawrence as he attacked A-M and his love Lucy Cooper everyone in town thought Lawrence was dead, despite the fact his body had disappeared. Actually his sister had discovered him and took him away, nursing him back to health. When he returned to town he knew he needed a disguise to get close to his targets for revenge, A-M and Lucy. His disguise was incredible. He turned himself into the female Marian Cramer. Frank Beaty did an amazing job portraying this complicated role.
Watch a summary of his storyline through the Character Profile in this post:
The mainstream press was also taken with the storyline which brought in lots of press for the show. Besides the interview above, which shows what Beaty went through to transform into Marian he was interviewed by multiple sources.
Robansuefarm is the handle of one of Manny and Guiding Light's biggest fans following in her family's footsteps of Guiding Light fandom since 1939. This blog is an effort to make it easy to find Guiding Light and especially Manny online. Check back here for her blog, find fanfic previews and fake WSPR newscasts on her YouTube, find podcasts that look back to old shows and audios of her fanfics on Blog Talk Radio, and finally follow her on Twitter and Facebook.


text: Quick View The Highlander's Touch by Karen Marie Moning September 1, 2013 | Audio Book (CD) In stock online from $14.43 A Warrior of Immortal Powers He was a mighty Scottish warrior who lived in a world bound by ancient laws and timeless magic. But no immortal powers could prepare the laird of Castle Brodie for the lovely accursed lass who stood before him. A terrible trick of fate had sent her 700 years back in… See Details $15.19 / $14.43 lowest price*, or used from $13.71was $19.99

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Family and Consumer Science Teacher Resources
Find Family and Consumer Science educational ideas and activities
Showing 1 - 20 of 194 resources
Interdisciplinary Unit On Wellness
Young scholars create a portfolio throughout their middle school years on wellness. Students explore their awareness of the connections between health, physical education, and family and consumer sciences with particular emphasis on the areas of fitness and nutrition.
6th - 8th Health
Kitchen Vocabulary Words
Working in groups of four, class members sort cards, labeled with kitchen equipment vocabulary words, into groups based on function, i.e., mixing tools, measurement tools, serving tools, baking pans, stove top pans, or preparation tools. Although designed for a Family and Consumer Science Class, the concept could be adapted to any class, especially ESL/ELL.
7th 21st Century Skills
Wildflower Beautification Project
Learners, in cooperative groups, design and create a wildflower garden for the community. They write letters to property owners requesting use of their land and then write invitations to their parents and to local, state, and federal dignitaries to attend their Wildflower Ceremony.
4th - 12th English Language Arts
Apples: Family and Consumer Science
Learning to cook and making good food choices are extremely important life skills. Seventh graders explore food science in relation to health and nutrition, by conducting several experiments on apples. Websites, movies, and instructional resources are included as web links.
7th Health
Discovering Japan Through Cooperative Research
Search a variety of sources to create a multimedia or book project about Japan. Learners use the independent investigation method to plan and conduct research about Japan. They use the information they discover to create a computer book or a multimedia project for an oral presentation.
4th - 6th 21st Century Skills CCSS: Adaptable
Have Your Math and Eat It Too!
Two podcasts introduce scholars to geometry basics (types of polygons, lines of symmetry, and congruence) and finding area of simple shapes. Be sure learners comprehend these concepts before moving on. What foods can they think of that are geometrically shaped?
5th - 8th Math CCSS: Designed
Japan Teacher Implementation Plan/ Japanese Culture
Students in a variety of activities in order to appreciate the culture of Japan. The primary assessments are an art project and a written report. This lesson is extremely helpful because it includes the rubric for both projects.
6th - 8th Visual & Performing Arts
Introductory Game, Consumed
Students play a board game that reviews the basic areas of family and consumer sciences. They follow the directions found in the space on which he/she lands. Play continues until someone has consumed all of the family and consumer tasks needed to reach the end of the game.
10th - 12th Social Studies & History
Career and Family Leadership
Discussion-based lessons can provide learners with an opportunity to learn collaboratively and actively. With the handy questions included in this activity, they'll talk their way to a better understanding of their own personality traits. After discussion, they consider how their traits can be used in both family and career life.
7th - 12th 21st Century Skills
Why Garden in New York State Schools?
A lovely presentation in which slide after slide outlines the many educational, physical, emotional, and social benefits of gardening in schools. This presentation is meant to be shown to parents, and would be a terrific choice to present at Back to School Night as a way to introduce your intention to garden with your students.
K - 6th Science
Money Math Lessons for Life
An outstanding lesson on financial literacy is here for you. Learners are presented with six scenarios, then compute the amount of savings they will have in their accounts. They complete a series of exercises designed to teach them that they should begin saving as soon as possible and leave their savings in an interest bearing account as long as they can.
7th - 9th Math
College Bound: Moving Out!
Here's a real life research project that should get those upper graders excited! They conduct research into everything they'll need to know before moving out on their own. They compare university tuition, housing, textbooks, living arrangements, leases, credit card offers, and financial aid packages.
10th - 12th 21st Century Skills
Personal Learning Plan
Setting goals, career exploration, and self-awareness are three major components found on the path to college. A wide variety of wonderful teaching tools are provided to help you facilitate an understanding of how simple it can be to plan out an academic career.
7th - 12th 21st Century Skills
Fast Food and Daily Nutrition Choices
Students explore food. In this nutrition lesson, students investigate multiple facets of healthy eating and how the fast food industry impacts our society. They will participate in class discussions, read from their text-book, and watch a fast food documentary.
8th - 10th Health
Sewing Unit (Textiles)
Get out that sewing machine it's time for a textile project. The class learns how to use a sewing machine, read a pattern, and create a simple article of clothing. They identify the sewing machine parts, use an iron, and think about exploring a career in the clothing industry.
6th - 8th Visual & Performing Arts
What Am I Missing?
Discuss nutrition and identify components of a healthy diet, view a Food Guide Pyramid, and create a Personal Food Pyramid, listing all foods eaten in the past 24 hours. Compare food lists with the standard Food Guide and determine where dietary changes need to be made.
K - 8th Health


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MasonL2010's Mom Answers Activity
Brown discharge during 9 weeks of pregnancy
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Hi, I'm 10 weeks pregnant and also experiencing the brown discharge. This page has really help me stay calm, because I was so scared....posted by millicentmartin25
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6 months 2 weeks... or 6.5 monthsposted by usafbritt09
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study says sooner the better, so you can skip 2 or 3 cycles to se eif its normal and then get to the business if your mind and body feels...posted by a BabyCenter Member
micarriage at 6wks and 4 days, will it be hard to become pregnant again
posted by a BabyCenter Member 02/19/2008


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Gain a comprehensive view of EU regulatory affairs for pharmaceuticals and biologics during this two-day workshop. Essential regulations, directives, and guidelines affecting Europe's regulatory system will be covered, with specific focus on development considerations, clinical trials, marketing authorization applications, post-marketing requirements, and life-cycle management.
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Improve how effectively you network and advocate for yourself with ideas and techniques from this on-demand webcast.
Local or global—RAPS has you covered with offices in Washington, DC, Shanghai and Singapore. There are RAPS chapters in Canada, Israel, Switzerland, Taiwan and throughout the United States, and local networks in Australia, Belgium, Brazil, Germany, India, Mexico, The Netherlands, Poland and Singapore.
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An experimental imaging agent dubbed "tumor paint" could help surgeons
resect tumors with the least amount of damage to surrounding healthy
tissues. The tumor paint is being studied in gliomas, among the
deadliest forms of cancer.
Welcome to our Asia Regulatory Roundup, a new weekly overview of the top regulatory news in Asia, the Middle East and Oceania.
A final guidance document issued by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) aims to make medical devices used by patients in their homes safer and more reliable.
The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) plans to hold a meeting to collect public feedback on a controversial proposal to revoke a longstanding regulatory exemption for lab-developed tests (LDTs) and regulate them more like traditional medical devices.
A new final guidance document released on 15 February 2013 by the US Food and Drug Administration's (FDA) Center for Devices and Radiological Health (CDRH) is intended to assist sponsors of surgical ablation devices for the treatment of atrial fibrillation (A-fib/AF) generate clinical trials data that will be of greater use to FDA's device review staff.
A-fib is a common form of irregular heartbeat (arrhythmia), often associated with other cardiac problems such as congestive heart failure and stroke. Its incidence increases with age, and is usually treated with pharmaceuticals, including anticoagulants and other drugs intended to moderate heart rhythm.
But in some cases, physicians may also opt to treat patients using a medical device. In one of those procedures, doctors insert a wire into the heart, and radio wave energy is used to restore normal functioning to the heart by selectively destroying tissue to restore the normal communication of electrical signals, thus reducing arrhythmia.
A-fib can also be broken down into a number of subcategories (per FDA's definitions), including:
FDA's final guidance document, Clinical Study Designs for Surgical Ablation Devices for Treatment of Atrial Fibrillation, noted that the agency "believes that several important elements of appropriate clinical study design - such as inclusion and exclusion criteria and assessment of effectiveness - differ for subjects with longstanding persistent AF, persistent AF, and paroxysmal AF, as well as for stand-alone versus concomitant procedures."
Because patients with A-fib exhibit different degrees of severity, as measured using the above definitions, sponsors should take care to evaluate them differently as well, FDA said. For example, a temporary rhythm disturbance is inherently different than an ongoing, persistent case of A-fib. FDA recommends in the guidance that sponsors conduct separate studies for different types of A-fib, and justifications should be provided if this norm is strayed from.
The guidance goes on to explain that while FDA doesn't believe that there's a single "best design" for clinical investigations, there are a number of common elements that ought to be considered.
Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are preferable because they tend to be least burdensome, but alternative study designs are permissible so long as they account for similar measures of comparability, historical controls and trial performance goals. The latter may prove especially tricky considering the heterogeneous study population, FDA explained.
Study endpoints exhibit many common elements as well, FDA said. A successful trial will be one that demonstrates the meaningfulness and statistical likelihood of a clinical benefit, either in or absent the presence of an antiarrhythmic drug (AAD).
Follow-up should be provided to patients at the 12-month post-surgery mark to determine the long-term effectiveness of the therapy, FDA recommended.
Though FDA said it didn't believe that a reduction in AF burden was an "optimal primary effectiveness endpoint," it said it recognized that this could come to be justified, particularly during follow-up monitoring. A sustained reduction in A-fib in patients with longstanding persistent A-fib, for example, might be clinically significant. During a trial, however, it is difficult to determine clinical significance of such a development.
Under normal circumstances, however, "FDA recommends freedom from AF/AFL/AT for one year in the absence of Class I or III AADs as the primary effectiveness endpoint" in longstanding persistent and persistent A-fib. For patients with Proximal A-fib, FDA "recommends freedom from AF/AFL/AT for one year in the absence of Class I or III AADs as the primary effectiveness endpoint."
All scenarios should be pre-specified, FDA added. Secondary endpoints may include:
Safety evaluations should also be conducted with an emphasis on those symptoms most likely to occur in A-fib patients, including stroke, heart attack, excessive bleeding, infection, blood clots and damage to non-intended tissue. These should be noted both during the trial and during a one-year follow-up examination of the patient.
Read the entire guidance here.
Tags: AF
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When developing a regional African regulatory strategy, it is very
important to make an early determination of the key markets that will be
targeted based on the size of country vs. medical need, time to
approval, competition, language, etc. This article addresses East and
Southern Africa, as they are major markets that often follow European
initiatives. View More
Welcome to Regulatory Reconnaissance, your daily regulatory news and intelligence briefing. View More
A generic attention deficit hyperactive disorder (ADHD) drug manufactured by Mallinckrodt has been found by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to not be sufficiently equivalent to its reference drug, Concerta. View More
The US Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) today unveiled new proposed requirements for its online clinical trials register, ClinicalTrials.gov, that will require pharmaceutical and medical device companies to submit more information regarding patient enrollment, the progress of trials and the results of those trials--even when a product is never approved in the US. View More
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I placed an order on the 8th of November and I'm a resident of Québec, and I received my order on the 14th! Just 6 days! I'm very Impressed...Read More ->
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Blvd. Benny - Rock It Out (Remix) ft. Jadakiss & Fabolous
Artist: Blvd. Benny
Producer: Blvd Benny
Album: Que Sera, Sera
Avg Rating: 3.3 ( 15 votes )
As the newest representative of Latino hip-hop in New York City, Blvd Benny has already completed his debut album, Que Sera, Sera (Spanish for "what will be, will be"), and is waiting for a major label to come get it. One of the standout tracks on that album is Rock It Out; with a swagga-heavy flow and a bass-thumping beat (both by Benny), it would be the appropriate choice for single once he gets signed. Then again, given the industry's taste for collabos, the actual single might be the remix with two other NYC MCs (both signed to Def Jam, no less): Yonkers' Jadakiss and Benny's fellow Brooklynite Fabolous each rock in in their own ways as well, bringing sharp lyricism and delivery (quite a unique combination these days) to enhance the original. Stay tuned to the DJBooth for updates on Blvd Benny's label situation.
Blvd. BennyJadakissFabolous Club
Written by Burmy on 01/6/09
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This is the first song featured on DJBooth from this artist. If you would like to hear more, be sure to rate and comment!
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Remains of final Costa Concordia victim recovered
Published On: Jan 14 2012 08:28:56 PM EST Updated On: Nov 04 2014 10:09:01 AM EST
Authorities have recovered the remains of the final victim in the Costa Concordia wreck. The ship turned on its side after striking rocks off the Italian island of Giglio on Jan. 13, 2012. Look back on the disaster that killed 32 people.
The views expressed are not those of this company or its affiliated companies. Please note by clicking on "Post" you acknowledge that you have read the Terms Of Service and the comment you are posting is in compliance with such terms.blog comments powered by Disqus


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Cloud 9 have continued the trend of big organisations picking up Halo teams, and this time it is The Agency
In the recent surge of big name organisations, runners up of i49 Machine Gun Sheep have been picked up by
The head of 343 studio's Bonnie Ross has issued a "heartfelt apology" to Halo fans over the continuing issues that have
Faisal 'Goofy' Khan has recently announced on Twitter the new VwS Halo squad, consisting of himself, Ryanoob, Destin and Tizoxic.
With the recent announcement of HCS and ESL's involvement, ESL EU have launched their 4v4 online community cups and ladders!
After a weekend of Halo at the Ricoh Arena in Coventry, a Champion has been named for the Halo 2
In a recent update from 343i industries, they talk about the reliability of the content patch that was released Thursday night/Friday morning. We
Today yet another big name within Esports entered into the world of Halo! With the recent departure from the Call
With just under 48 hours until Europe's finest descend to the Ricoh Arena for I53 we get chance to speak with Dynasty captain,


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hector needs to call him out would be a great pay day and chance to be top contender
- Phil Davis vs Ryan Bader Official For UFC On FOX 14
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Hector Lombard Ain't No Friend Of Tyron Woodley
There has been a lot of talk recently about a possible match-up putting two of the top welterweights in the world, No. 3-ranked Tyron "The Chosen One" Woodley and No. 6-ranked Hector Lombard, up against each other. UFC president Dana White has even stated that the company was looking to book this fight to headline a UFC Fight Night card in Australia. Lombard agreed to the fight and has been pushing for it ever since the news of it being a possibility broke. However, Woodley's side did not have the same feelings.
When approached by the UFC brass about the fight here's what Woodley had to say:
"He can say whatever he wants, he's about him and he's always been about him. This fight doesn't work for me and my brand."
"When talking about how Lombard has always been about himself, Woodley is regarding the fact that he and Lombard are "team mates". They both train under the American Top Team banner in Florida, but according to "Showeather", Woodley isn't a full member of the gym and he only trains there when he has a fight scheduled so there is no relation between the two men which would stop this fight from happening. When speaking to MMAJunkie.com, Lombard elaborated on the subject:
"We're not friends. He just comes to use the gym. He doesn't even live here. It's not a difficult decision at all. "Training partners are the ones that train with you full-time, all year-round," he said. "They help you on other fights, fights that you have with someone else. That's a training partner. A training partner is a person that lives in your camp. Like Robbie (Lawler), he moved all his family, his wife, everyone, and now he lives here. If you live in Mississippi or whatever and you just come when your training comes and use the trainers and the trainers help you to go for your stuff, and you leave, I don't know."
"Woodley was previously gunning for a fight with the ultra-tough brawler Matt Brown who currently sits at No. 5 in the welterweight rankings despite coming off a decision loss to title challenger Robbie Lawler. Lombard also had a few words on this fight and what it means to be a "company man".
"That doesn't make sense anyway. I'm going to make him be the next Dana White. Is that fair? I don't think that's fair at all. You've got to do what the company wants you to do. I understand that once you get injured, there's no way you can fight. Whoever you have to fight, you have to fight. Period.The company is so strong because it is what they tell you to do, not because it's like, 'Hey, lemme fight in Australia, and I'm going to fight so-and-so. What a beauty. Lemme fight over there, and I don't want to fight three rounds; I want to fight two rounds, and let's see how it goes. That's not the way it goes."
By these bold statements from the former Bellator champion, it seems like he has no problem fighting Woodley and is hoping the fight becomes a done deal. For Woodley, his feelings may change after he hears what his "training partner" had to say. Either way this would be quite an interesting fight and one I would definitely like to see happen. What do you guys think, does Woodley have the right to duck this fight because they are apparently team mates or should "The Chosen One" sign on the dotted line and make it happen?
Tune into LowKickMMA.com for any more news on this potential scrap.


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Friendship is emotionally priceless. It makes a bad day tolerable and turns fun events into stellar, life-long memories. It can also save you money.
The 2014 Texas Renaissance Festival
It's that time of year again, and I accompanied my best buds to the Texas Renaissance Festival (TRF) on the opening weekend this past Sunday. It ended up being a rainy day for the first couple of hours, but the last 3-4 hours were clear and much drier. I also noticed one other, giant difference. I was comfortable the entire day!
My friend and house mate, Mandy, had replaced the super tight arm bands off of my usual Renaissance Festival dress with gold fabric she had left from a past project. Not only did my dress still look as awesome as ever, but it was comfortable for the whole day! No cut off blood supply, no red marks on my arms when I took off my outfit, and no tiny holes where the fabric had started pulling apart because of the strain! Woot!
Cost of Dress in 2011 – $40
Years Worn to TRF – 4 years and running
Cost of Dress Alteration from Mandy – $0
Total Cost of Costume from 2011-2014 – $10 per year
That's just fantabulous!
The Friendship Barter System
This is not a post condoning the outright use of your friends. This is a post to point out the value of bartering, the give and take, when it comes to friendships. Mandy is a seamstress and makeup artist. She has fun doing craftsy projects and doing our nails during Girls' Nights. She was the one that made me really look like the Black Widow and Cat Woman at the last Comicpalooza. She spoils us rotten with her talents. Her boy, H, is good with his hands and fixes what he can around the house. Our friend, Will, is an amazing artist that made me the most awesome Halloween decorations I own. You get the point…all of our friends are extremely talented in some way, and we all trade our talents to each other as needed.
When it comes to my own offerings, I am not craftsy and my cooking is still improving. BUT I am the go-to person in our friend group for money questions, anything to do with online website stuff, and they all know that I love them and will be a listening ear or shoulder to cry on at any time. Mandy likes to run budget stuff by me to double-check herself. I helped Dee create her own budget last year, which helped her reach her goal for her trailer purchase recently. I've also helped Mandy and her boy find their most recent cheap but running car, and I helped our other friend, Isabelle, work out a good deal for her nearly-brand-new Honda Civic. I tagged along with Dee to find her trailer, although she found a great one on her own a few months after that. So I may not be as great with the detail-oriented stuff like my closest buddies, but I do try to make up for it whenever I can be useful.
Do you remember to ask your group of friends for suggestions when stuff pops up? You may be surprised on what everyone can bring to the joint table.


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798cc, 125bhp, 140mph, Insurance group 17
A departure from their usual sportsbike and super naked range, the Rivale 800 is MV Agusta's first ever supermoto-style machine. In fact, despite its looks it rides more like a naked sportsbike and doesn't suffer the bar-wagging flightiness you get with a big, road-going supermoto. It's also the Italian firm's first machine to feature their second-generation ride-by-wire system, so the ...
1078cc, 142bhp, 165mph, Insurance group 17
MV's new range-topping Brutale 1090RR, the first of the new-generation of machines built under Harley Davidson ownership, might not look very different to the old one, but it's a revelation. It's 85% new, boasts a dual power map, an eight-stage traction control system and is 4kg lighter than the out-going 1078RR. But most importantly it's night-and-day friendlier and easier to ...
1187cc, 115.3bhp, 125mph, Insurance group 17
If the idea of a 1187cc, 115bhp V-twin machine with Scrambler clothing and mild off-road capability provokes the madness within, the Scrambler is the doorway to the nearest nut house. On the road-biased tyres (an optional fit because the standard knobblies aren't speed rated for 100mph-plus action), the Scrambler is a scream. Wheelies and sports-like riding come with a twist ...
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Makes 6 servings
Ingredientsadd to shopping list
- 6 ounces bittersweet (not unsweetened) or semisweet chocolate, chopped
- 3/4 cup (1 1/2 sticks) unsalted butter, diced
- 3 large eggs
- 3 large egg yolks
- 6 tablespoons sugar
- 1/8 teaspoon salt
- 6 tablespoons all purpose flour
- Whipped cream
Preheat oven to 350°F. Butter six 3/4-cup soufflé dishes or custard cups. Stir chocolate and butter in heavy medium saucepan over medium-low heat until melted and smooth; cool to lukewarm. Using electric mixer, beat eggs, egg yolks, sugar and salt in large bowl at high speed until pale yellow and thick, about 5 minutes. Fold cooled chocolate into egg mixture. Sift flour over; fold until well incorporated. Divide batter equally among prepared dishes. Transfer to baking sheet.
Bake until set at edges but still soft in center, about 18 minutes. Serve warm with whipped cream.
my notes
Nutrition Informationper serving (6 servings) POWERED BY Edamam
- Calories480
- Carbohydrates37 g (12%)
- Fat34 g (52%)
- Protein5 g (11%)
- Saturated Fat20 g (102%)
- Sodium90 mg (4%)
- Polyunsaturated Fat2 g
- Fiber2 g (8%)
- Monounsaturated Fat10 g
- Cholesterol154 mg (51%)
recipe featured in
recipe at a glance
type: Kid-Friendly, Entertaining, Cake
main ingredients: Chocolate, Dairy, Egg
holiday/celebration: Valentine's Day, Fall, Party, Oscars, Anniversary


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Renaming iPod
Ask iLounge offers readers the opportunity to get answers to their iPod-, iPhone-, iPad-, iTunes-, or Apple TV-related questions from a member of the iLounge editorial team. We'll answer several questions here each week, and of course, you can always get help with more immediate concerns from the iLounge Discussion Forums. Submit your questions for consideration using our Ask iLounge Submit Form. We reserve the right to edit questions for grammar, spelling, and length.
Q: How do you change information like the name that you give the iPod? I bought one for my husband that was supposed to be new, but when I plugged it into the computer for the first time to download songs it had "Jeremy's iPod" as the name. My husband's name is Jason and he hasn't touched it.
- Charlotte
A: Actually, this is fairly simple, although not necessarily intuitive: Simply connect the iPod to your computer, and double-click on the name of the iPod where it appears in the iTunes source list on the left-hand side of the screen:
The name will change to an editable field, and you can type in any name you wish and then click the mouse button elsewhere on the screen or simply hit the return key.
Note that another option is to perform a full "Restore" of the iPod from within iTunes, which will return the iPod to factory settings, erasing everything on it. This will result in an iPod that is in the same state as a new one that you just took out of the box. The "iPod Setup Wizard" will then run, prompting you to name your iPod and select a few setup options such as manual or automatic management of content. To perform a restore, simply click the "Restore" button that appears in iTunes when connecting the iPod to your computer. This is a good way to ensure that your used iPod is completely refreshed back to its default settings, but is not strictly necessary if all you want to do is change the name and are otherwise happy with the setup.
The most asked question at iLounge.com:
Converting DVDs, web video, TV shows and more:
The Complete Guide to iPod, Apple TV and iPhone Video Formats
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The Complete Guide to iPod, iPhone and Apple TV Video Conversion (Mac)
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The Complete Guide to iPod, iPhone and Apple TV Video Conversion (Win)
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Chicken with Corn Bread Stuffing >
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Nutritional Facts
Chicken with Corn Bread Stuffing
Simple and convenient, I can easily bake this for us in our motor home's toaster oven. Even though it's quick, it tastes like a Thanksgiving dinner. We like it with sweet potatoes.
2 Servings
Prep: 20 min. Bake: 20 min.
2 boneless skinless chicken breast halves (5 ounces
1-1/2 cups crushed corn bread stuffing,
1 medium tart apple, chopped
4 green onions, chopped
2 teaspoons canola oil
1/4 teaspoon celery seed
Flatten chicken to 1/2-in. thickness. Finely crush 1/4 cup corn bread
stuffing; place in a shallow bowl. Coat chicken with crumbs; set
In a small skillet, saute apple and onions in oil until tender. Stir
in celery seed and remaining corn bread stuffing. In a greased
11-in. x 7-in. baking dish, shape stuffing mixture into two oval
mounds. Top each with a chicken breast.
Bake, uncovered, at 350° for 20-25 minutes or until a meat
thermometer reads 170°. Yield: 2 servings.
Nutritional Facts:
1 serving equals 405 calories, 10 g fat (1 g saturated fat), 78 mg cholesterol, 553 mg sodium, 43 g carbohydrate, 4 g fiber, 33 g protein.
© Taste of Home 2014


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Born and raised in Ottawa, Canada Hugh started cooking at a young age and decided to make it his career. At age 15, he began working in restaurants after school and learning as much as possible. Today, Hugh's experience includes working under Chef Rob MacDonald where he learned stylized French cuisine, wine and etiquette at the renowned Henri Burger restaurant in Ottawa as well as in San Francisco as the chef de cuisine with Chef Mike Fennelly at Mecca, and later as opening sous-chef with famed Chef Gary Danko at his namesake restaurant.
Taking these experiences, Hugh developed a style of his own forging together the beauty of the South with the flavors of Europe and opening the critically acclaimed Athens, GA, restaurant Five & Ten in March of 2000. Hugh went on to open The National, with fellow chef Peter Dale, in 2007. His Atlanta-based restaurant Empire State South opened in 2010 and most recently, in 2014; Hugh opened both Cinco y Diez, in Athens, and The Florence in Savannah.
Hugh's fresh approach to Southern food has earned him a great deal of recognition including Food & Wine's Best New Chef (2002), the AJC Restaurant of the Year (2007), a 2007 Rising Star from StarChefs.com and winner of their Mentor Award in 2012, and a six-time James Beard nominee for Best Chef Southeast (2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011 and 2012) and winner in 2012. Chef Mario Batali chose Hugh as one of the 100 contemporary chefs in Phaidon Press' Coco: 10 World Leading Master Choose 100 Contemporary Chefs.


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Health Teacher Resources
Healthy bodies and minds make healthy learners! Here you'll find a wealth of health-related lesson plans and activities on nutrition, wellness, growth and development, injury prevention, and first aid.
Showing 1 - 20 of 218 resources
The Wellness Triangle
Health is not simply the absence of disease or a one-dimensional notion, but is really a combination of physical, emotional, and social components. Discover the wellness triangle, which not only includes signs of health and ways to maintain it, but also emphasizes the need to have balance.
6th - 9th Physical Education
Asthma and Allergies
Your health class reads two biographical stories: one about a girl who has allergies and the other about a girl who has asthma. They watch a quick cartoon on the KidsHealth website about immunity and take the related online quiz. You will certainly want computers with Internet access for each class member or small group.
4th - 8th Health
A "Moment" of Unprotected Sex Leads to HPV
In a health class, participants read a story about a young woman who contacted HPV. The story is not included in the lesson plan, but is easily located on the Internet. The teacher then describes different scenarios for individuals to consider how they would handle each.
9th - 12th Health
Lose It! – Weight Loss Program and Calorie Counter
Record calorie and nutritional content, exercise, and weight loss with this functional application. As part of a nutrition or health class, open the eyes of teenagers to the make-up of what they really eat. Encourage healthy habits by having learners track their intake and output of calories.
6th - Higher Ed Physical Education
New Review 100 People: Global Issues Through Our Lens
If the world were 100 people...17 would not have access to safe drinking water, 18 would not be able to read or write, and 52 would not have a primary education. Using the theme of "100 people," this resource explores other major issues facing the world today by integrating current events into general curriculum.
9th - 12th Social Studies & History CCSS: Adaptable
What is Fat?
An animated fat molecule explains how some fats are beneficial and some are harmful. He describes triglyceride molecules and how the chemical bonding or overall shape determines the health value of each individual type of fat. This vibrant video has a variety of applications; use in a nutrition lesson for your health class, in your biochemicals lesson for biology, or in a lesson on chemical bonds in your chemistry class.
4 mins 6th - 12th Science CCSS: Adaptable
Should We Eat Bugs?
Cricket cookies? Mealworm mac and cheese? Bugs are super nutritious! Why don't we eat them? Hear the history of entomophagy, that is, the practice of eating insects and spiders, by viewing this video. It is a fascinating exploration of how reviving or expanding this practice could solve many of our world's problems!
5 mins 5th - 10th Science CCSS: Adaptable
New Review Exploring Self-Esteem 1: What Is Self-Esteem?
Adolescents explore self-esteem and the various factors that influence a persons sense of self in this four-part lesson series. Through a combination of whole class instruction, small group discussions, and independent work, students learn how personal relationships, life events, and discrimination all impact the way people feel about themselves.
6th - 12th Social Studies & History
Challenging Stereotypes: A New Look at Old Age
Combine a lesson on the elderly with grammar instruction. Before viewing a series of provided video clips, class members brainstorm a list of words related to senior citizens and organize these words into categories that correspond with the parts of speech.
8th - 10th English Language Arts CCSS: Designed
Digging for Humanity's Origins
"Is this a good evolutionary adaptation, or is it going to lead us to being the shortest lived hominid species on planet earth?" Listen as Kenyan paleontologist Louise Leakey discusses our evolution from common ancestry and her work in East Africa looking for fossil remains to piece together our evolutionary past.
16 mins 9th - Higher Ed Science CCSS: Adaptable
Getting Informed and Informing
Help your young learners understand the importance of privacy when communicating about relationship issues and sexual health. Class members are broken into groups to research various technology-based communication channels that can be used to give or acquire information, and then discuss the consequences of public/private communications.
8th - 10th Health CCSS: Designed
Crossing the Synaptic Gap
As part of a unit on the chemistry of the brain, thinkers learn how chemicals work to transmit messages between individual neurons and how controlled substances impact the synaptic cleft. They do so by playing a dice-and-card game in which the numbers that appear on the dice represent the number of incoming signals and the number of signals inhibited by drugs.
5th - 10th Science CCSS: Adaptable
Is That a Fact?
Investigate popular scientific claims and gather evidence to defend or argue against an author's stance. Writers synthesize information and compose their own "Really?" columns modeled after those found in the weekly "Science Times" section of the New York Times.
5th - 12th English Language Arts CCSS: Adaptable
Good Drugs, Bad Drugs
Add a science experiment on medicine and drugs to your health lesson. After reading a paragraph on the difference between helpful and harmful drugs, kids choose which pictures of bottles they could find at a pharmacy. The last activity prompts them to read an advisory on a pack of cigarettes (with adult supervision), and to design an anti-smoking ad.
3rd - 4th Health


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The capacity to seamlessly file and reveal event encounters is enjoyable, and led to internal discussions at Attendify about planning a model of our event apps for Glass. You will find surely scenarios the place Glass is often applied at events in a very favourable way, documenting sessions, snapping badges, getting notes (just to name a couple of), however it's difficult to overlook the glaring downside – Google Glass can disrupt interpersonal happenings. Attendify


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Join ePHOTOzine, the friendliest photography community.
Upload photos, chat with photographers, win prizes and much more for free!
Thank you for you kind clicks and comments for yesterdays Siskin, they are always gratefully received.
Here is a Squirrel from a week back robbing the feeders.
|Nikon D70 Check out Nikon Nation!
|Nikkor AFS 300mm F4 + TC14e-11 Check out Nikon Nation!
|Recording media:
|RAW (digital)
|A Squirrel for Saturday
|2 Mar 2013 - 8:25 AM
|Dorset, Hide, Squirrel, Trev_b, Wildlife / nature
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Signup to e2Signup to e2 to see which photo this has won or lost against in the vs mode
It wasn't robbing the feeders, just sharing the bounty. Great eye contact, nice pose.
Nominating Constructive Critique
Now he is really gorgeous, yes I know he is supposedly vermin, but still gorgeous never the less. A great capture, the ones near me don't stay still long enough for me to even think about getting a shot let along getting them in focus.
.............. All's fair in love, war and food collection.
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Big ah factor Trev, great sharp eye.
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Excellent capture, well done
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Whenever I've seen these, they always scuttle off when I point the camera at them! However, whilst I was away in Warwickshire, we visited Leamington Spa, and there were loads about in the gardens there, and very tame too, coming right up to your feet, so grabbed a few close-ups!
A fine capture here, Trev, and very nicely posed for you too
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After your Nuts was he Trev well captured here fella
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Ahh a tree rat nice shot Trev
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Rodeside Grill Coupons
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Deals and Coupon Codes near Rodeside GrillTrying to find some great printable restaurant coupon codes and deals for Rodeside Grill for free?
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Quick Facts
- Cuisine: American
- Accepts Credit Card: Yes
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A method is provided for the preparation of nanomaterials, which involves the dissolution and/or suspension of a combination of (a) one or more resin substrate materials and (b) one or more magnetic nanoparticulate substances, in a medium made from one or more ionic liquids, to provide a mixture, and recovering the solid nanomaterial by combining the mixture with a non-solvent (solvent for the ionic liquids but not the other components), while also applying an electromagnetic field to the mixture during the recovering step to align the magnetic nanoparticulate substances, along with the use of the resulting nanomaterials to provide unique information storage media, particularly in the form of sheets or films.
1. A method for making a nanomaterial, comprising:
dissolving and/or suspending a combination of (a) one or more resin substrate materials and (b) one or more magnetic nanoparticulate substances, in a medium comprising one or more ionic liquids, to provide a mixture; and
recovering a solid nanomaterial comprising the one or more resin substrate materials having the one or more magnetic nanoparticulate substances distributed therein, by combining the mixture with a non-solvent;
wherein during the recovery step, an electromagnetic field is applied to the mixture to align the one or more nanoparticulate substances within the one or more resin substrate materials.
2. The method of
3. The method of
4. The method of
5. The method of
6. The method of
7. The method of
8. The method of
wherein R is at least one member selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, substituted alkyl, cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, substituted heterocycloalkyl, aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, alkoxy, aryloxy, acyl, silyl, boryl, phosphino, amino, thio, seleno, and combinations thereof.
9. The method of
10. The method of
11. The method of
1. Field of Invention
The present invention relates to the use of ionic liquids as a medium for preparing sheets or films of a resin material containing Nanoparticles, wherein the Nanoparticles are highly oriented within the sheet or film.
2. Discussion of the Background
The production of nanomaterials requires energy intensive processes. Particular difficulty has been met when attempting to capture Nanoparticles and prevent their agglomeration, then align these Nanoparticles to produce an orderly array. This can often be attributed to the importance in the nanoscale world of Brownian motion and surface forces. These forces can be significant factors causing agglomeration, such as when strong surface forces make the moving parts of a NEMS device stick together and seize up. (Jones, Journal of Nanotechnology, August 2004).
A particularly desired oriented nanomaterial is a sheet or film made from a resin material, such as cellulose, in which aligned nanoscale magnetic particles are embedded. Such materials can be used as smart paper, and in magnetic information storage media. While it is well established that the storage capacity of recording media can be significantly increased by further reducing the grain size and distribution of magnetic particles in the thin film in order to increase the signal-to-noise ratio of the medium, upon reaching the nanoscale for the magnetic particles, it becomes increasingly difficult to adequately distribute the particles and avoid agglomeration. Further, it is necessary to increase the magnetic anisotropy of the resulting product in order to guarantee thermal stability of the recorded information.
Ionic liquids are now a well-established class of liquids containing solely ionized species, and having melting points largely below 150° C., or most preferably below 100° C. In most cases, ionic liquids (ILs) are organic salts containing one or more cations that are typically ammonium, imidazolium or pyridinium ions, although many other types are known.
Endres, Chem Phys Chem, 2002, 3, 144-154, discloses the electrodeposition of various materials, such as metals, onto substrates from ionic liquids.
Martin et al, Phys. Rev. E, 61(3), 2818-2830 (2000) disclose the production of magnetic field-structured composites (FSCs) by structuring magnetic particle suspensions in uniaxial or biaxial, e.g., rotating, magnetic fields, while polymerizing the suspending resin. However, since the suspensions are produced by polymerizing the resin in which the magnetic particles are suspended, the disclosed process can only be used with systems in which the suspending resin is prepared during the process.
When a magnetic particle suspension, containing multidomain particles, is exposed to a uniaxial magnetic field, the magnetic dipole moment on the particles will generally increase and align with the applied field. The particles will then migrate under the influence of the dipolar interactions with neighboring particles, to form complex chainlike structures. If a magnetic particle suspension is instead exposed to a biaxial (rotating) magnetic field, the induced dipole moments produce a net attractive interaction in the plane of the field, resulting in formation of a complex sheetlike structure. Similar effects occur when suspensions of dielectric particles are subjected to uniaxial or biaxial electric fields. These materials are known in the art as field-structured composites (FSCs). FSCs can have large anisotropies in properties such as conductivity, permittivity, dielectric breakdown strength, optical transmittance, etc. (Martin et al, ibid.)
There is thus a need for a method to reliably produce nanomaterials having aligned Nanoparticles contained in the material matrix, while also providing high magnetic anisotropy of the resulting material.
Accordingly, one object of the present invention is to provide a method for producing nanomaterials, particularly in the form of sheets or films, which have Nanoparticles uniformly distributed and embedded therein.
A further object of the present invention is to provide a method for producing nanomaterials having high magnetic anisotropy, permitting their use in thermally stable information storage media.
A further object of the present invention is to provide a thermally stable information storage medium having high signal-to-noise ratio and high magnetic anisotropy.
These and other objects of the present invention, either individually or in combinations thereof, have been satisfied by the discovery of a process, comprising dissolving and/or suspending one or more resin substrate materials and one or more magnetic nanoparticulate substances in a medium comprising one or more ionic liquids to provide a mixture, and recovering a solid nanomaterial comprising the one or more resin substrate materials having the one or more magnetic nanoparticulate substances distributed therein by combining the mixture with a substance miscible with said one or more ionic liquids, but immiscible with said one or more resin substrate materials and said one or more nanoparticulate substances, wherein during said recovery step, an electromagnetic field is applied to the mixture to align said one or more nanoparticulate substances within said one or more resin substrate materials;
and the nanomaterials produced thereby, along with their use in providing information storage media such as smart paper and magnetic recording tape.
The term "nanomaterials" as used herein refers to compositions which contain one or more nanoparticulate substances along with a resin substrate material. The term "resin substrate material(s)" as used herein, includes one or more polymers, one or more copolymers and combinations thereof. The term "blend" as used herein, includes two or more polymers, two or more copolymers and combinations thereof, immiscible or miscible at the molecular level or domain level. The term "polymeric materials" includes one or more polymers, copolymers and mixtures thereof. The term "non-solvent" as used herein refers to a substance miscible with the one or more ionic liquids, but immiscible with the one or more resin substrate materials and the one or more nanoparticulate substances.
The present invention provides a process for the production of nanomaterials in which the Nanoparticles are aligned and substantially uniformly distributed within the resin substrate material. The process comprises dissolving and/or suspending one or more resin substrate materials and one or more magnetic nanoparticulate substances in a medium comprising one or more ionic liquids to provide a mixture, and recovering a solid nanomaterial comprising the one or more resin substrate materials having the one or more magnetic nanoparticulate substances distributed therein by combining the mixture with a non-solvent, wherein during the recovery step, an electromagnetic field is applied to the mixture to align the one or more nanoparticulate substances within the one or more resin substrate materials.
The unique solvation properties of ionic liquids allow for the dissolution of a wide range of resin substrate materials, particularly materials useful in the production of magnetic information storage media, such as polyesters and cellulose materials. Further, these unique solvation properties also allow the ionic liquid to dissolve a wide range of magnetic nanoparticulate substances. This dual dissolution ability permits intimate mixing of the resin substrate materials and the magnetic nanoparticulate substances, which, upon adding the mixture to a "non-solvent" in turn, allows for the creation of nanomaterials, most preferably in the form of sheets or films, wherein the magnetic nanoparticulate substances are distributed throughout the resin substrate material and are aligned due to the presence of the electromagnetic field during the reconstitution step during which the Nanoparticles are still mobile and alignable. The resulting nanomaterials can be in any desired form, but are preferably in the form of sheets or films, suitable for the creation of information storage media, due to the high anisotropy and alignment of the Nanoparticles within the resin substrate material. These information storage media can be recorded using any conventional recording force used for the particular type of recording medium, such as electrical, magnetic, light, heat, etc. Preferred information storage media include, but are not limited to materials known as "smart paper" (also known in the art as e-ink, reusable sign media or e-paper; such as the electronic-display technology based on full-color programmable media produced by Magink, from Neveh-Ilan, Israel) and in magnetic storage tapes or disks.
Suitable non-solvents include, but are not limited to, polar liquid systems, such as water, alcohols and other hydric liquids. In a preferred embodiment, the ionic liquid is removed by the addition of water.
The magnetic field used can be uniaxial, biaxial or triaxial, depending on the type of orientation of the Nanoparticles desired, and is applied to the resin substrate material containing nanoparticles in accordance with methods well known in the art. The magnetic field used to align the nanoparticulate materials can have any desired field strength, but is preferably in a range of 10 to 1000 Gauss, more preferably from 50 to 350 Gauss.
The process of the present invention can use polymers that contain various repeating monomeric units, as the resin substrate material. These monomer units may contain polar, non-ionic, and charged groups, including, but not limited to, —NH2—, —NHR, —NR2, —N+R3X−, —O—, —OH, —COOH, —COO−M+, —SH, —SO3 −M+, —PO3 2−M2+, —PR3, —NH—CO—NH2 and —NHC(NH)NH2. These groups may be present in sufficient numbers along, or pendent to, the polymeric backbone, in polymers, such as, polyacrylamide, polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl acetate, polyamides, polyesters, polyimideamides, polybenzoimide, aramides, polyimides, poly(N-vinylpyrrolidinone) and poly(hydroxyethyl acrylate). These groups also impact the solubility of the respective polymer. The polymer can have a complex structure due to intramolecular hydrogen bonding, ionic interactions, intermolecular interactions, and chain-chain complexation. These interactions govern the solution properties and performance. Solvent properties such as polarity, charge, hydrogen bonding, interactions between the polymer and the solvent are also important in effective dissolution and blending.
Three abundant polysaccharides, cellulose, starch, and chitin do not dissolve in most common solvents directly, due to their unique molecular and supermolecular structure. One way to enhance a polymer's dissolution is to chemically modify it, for example, by adding one or more hydroxyethyl, hydroxypropyl, methyl, carboxymethyl, sulfate, or phosphate groups to the polymer structure. These modifications alter the polymer's aforementioned interactions, thereby, increasing its solubility in common organic solvents and in many cases water. Instead of chemically altering the polymer, the present invention provides a method of processing the virgin polymer using ionic liquids as the solvent, thus lessening chemical usage and processing steps, and making the overall process more environmentally and economically sustainable. The use of cellulose in particular, is useful in the production of smart papers, which can store information and can be reused upon re-recording of the information on the paper.
Ionic Liquids ("ILs") have a more complex solvent behavior compared with traditional aqueous and organic solvent, because ILs are salts and not a molecular, nonionic solvent. Types of interactions between ILs with many solutes, include dispersion, π-π, n-π, hydrogen bonding, dipolar and ionic/charge-charge. The Abraham solvation equation is an important method used to characterize ILs solvent property to understand the polymer dissolution behavior in ILs. Some typical C4mim ILs interaction parameters are shown in Table 1 below. ILs that have strong dipolarity, hydrogen bond accepting (A) ability, and hydrogen bond donating (B) ability are compared with other solvents that are capable of dissolving cellulose (see table below). C4mimCl, one of the most unique solvents, shows the largest A (a=4.860) and a strong ability to interact with solute molecules via non-bonding or π-electron interaction (r=0.408). The cation C4mim, in combination with the anion Cl−, exhibits significant ability to interact with π-systems of solute molecules (Anderson, J. L. et. al). The smaller Gibbs free energies of hydration of Cl− (ΔGhyd=−347 kJ/mol) shows a larger HBA 4.860, compared to that of 1.660 of [BF4 −] (ΔGhyd=−200 kJ/mol).
The present invention process provides the mixing of one or more resin substrate materials (polymers and/or copolymers) and one or more magnetic nanoparticulate substances with one or more ionic liquids. Mixing can be accomplished by any conventional procedure in the art, including, but not limited to, various stirring mechanisms, agitation mechanisms, sonication and vortexing. In a preferred embodiment, the mixture is heated to about 100° C. The addition of heat may be supplied by any conventional and non-conventional heat source, including, but not limited to, a microwave source. It has been found that microwave radiation not only provides heat, but also facilitates the dissolution of polymeric materials in the ionic solvent. It is speculated that the facilitated dissolution may be due to the absorption and resulting increase molecular motions of solute and solvent.
In a preferred embodiment wherein the resin substrate material is cellulose, ionic liquids allow for the dissolution of cellulose without derivatization, in high concentration. Such a solution may be heated to about 100° C., or to about 80° C., in an ultrasonic bath. This heating can be effectively accomplished by using microwave radiation supplied by a domestic microwave oven. In one preferred embodiment of the invention, an admixture of hydrophilic ionic liquid and cellulose is heated to a temperature of about 100 to about 150° C., using microwave radiation.
Resin Substrate Materials
Suitable resin substrate materials for use in the process of the present invention include, but are not limited to, polymers and copolymers formed by step, chain, ionic, ring-opening and catalyzed polymerizations.
Suitable polymers and copolymers can be derived from natural and synthetic sources, including, but are not limited to, polysaccharides, polyester, polyamide, polyurethane, polysiloxane, phenol polymers, polysulfide, polyacetal, polyolefins, acrylates, methacrylates and dienes. In particular, preferred polymers include, but are not limited to, cellulose, hemicellulose, starch, chitin, silk, wool, poly-2-hydroxymethylmethacrylate, poly-2-hydroxyethylmethacrylate, polyamides, polyesters, polyimideamides, polybenzoimide, aramides, polyimides, polyvinyl alcohol, polyaniline, polyethylene glycol, polyacrylonitrile, polystyrene, polyethylene oxide with terminal amine groups, linear polyethyleneimine, and branched polyethyleneimine.
Monomers include, but are not limited to, α-olefins, 2-hydroxyalkylmethacrylate, aniline, acrylonitrile, ethylene, isobutylene, styrene, vinyl chloride, vinyl acetate, vinyl alcohol, methyl methacrylate, ethylene glycol, cellobiose, vinylidene chloride, tetrafluoroethylene, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, vinylpyrrolidinone, butadiene and isoprene.
Magnetic Nanoparticulate Substances
The magnetic nanoparticulate substances of the present invention can be any magnetic material having nanoscale dimensions that is susceptible of alignment or orientation in the presence of an electromagnetic field. Suitable magnetic nanoparticulate substances include, but are not limited to, iron, cobalt, nickel, oxides thereof and mixtures/alloys thereof. More preferably, the magnetic nanoparticulate substances include one or more of cobalt particles, iron-cobalt particles, iron oxide particles, nickel particles and mixtures thereof.
Ionic Liquids
The ionic liquids comprise one or more cations and one or more anions. In a preferred embodiment of the invention, a mixture of cations and anions is selected and optimized for the dissolution of a particular combination of one or more resin substrate materials and one or more magnetic nanoparticulate materials.
In one embodiment, the cation is preferably derived from an organic compound, including, but not limited to, the following heterocyclics: imidazoles, pyrazoles, thiazoles, isothiazoles, azathiozoles, oxothiazoles, oxazines, oxazolines, oxazaboroles, dithiozoles, triazoles, selenozoles, oxaphospholes, pyrroles, boroles, furans, thiophens, phospholes, pentazoles, indoles, indolines, oxazoles, isoxazoles, isotriazoles, tetrazoles, benzofurans, dibenzofurans, benzothiophens, dibenzothiophens, thiadiazoles, pyridines, pyrimidines, pyrazines, pyridazines, piperazines, piperidines, morpholones, pyrans, annolines, phthalazines, quinazolines and quinoxalines, quinolines, pyrrolidines, isoquinolines, and combinations thereof.
The anionic portion of the ionic liquid preferably comprises at least one of the following groups: halogens, BX4 −, PF6 −, AsF6 −, SbF6 −, NO2 −, NO3 −, SO4 2−, BR4 −, substituted or unsubstituted carboranes, substituted or unsubstituted metallocarboranes, phosphates, phosphites, polyoxometallates, substituted or unsubstituted carboxylates, triflates and noncoordinating anions; and wherein R is at least one member selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, substituted alkyl, cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, substituted heterocycloalkyl, aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, alkoxy, aryloxy, acyl, silyl, boryl, phosphino, amino, thio, seleno, and combinations thereof.
In a preferred embodiment, cations that contain a single five-membered ring free of fusion to other ring structures, such as an imidazolium cation are particularly preferred, and the anion of the ionic liquid is preferably a halogen or pseudohalogen. For example, a 1,3-di-(C1-C6 alkyl or C1-C6 alkoxyalkyl)-substituted-imidazolium ion is a particularly preferred cation. The corresponding anion can preferably be a halogen or pseudohalogen. In addition, a 1-(C1-C6alkyl)-3-(methyl)-imidazolium [Cnmim, where n=1-6] cation is also preferred, and a halogen is a preferred anion.
A preferred ionic liquid is one that is liquid at or below a temperature of about 200° C., and preferably below a temperature of about 150° C., and above a temperature of about −100° C. For example, N-alkylisoquinolinium and N-alkylquinolinium halide salts have melting points of less than about 200° C. The melting point of N-methylisoquinolinium chloride is about 183° C., and N-ethylquinolinium iodide has a melting point of about 158° C. More preferably, a contemplated ionic liquid is liquid (molten) at or below a temperature of about 120° C., and above a temperature of minus 44° C. (−44° C.). Most preferably, a contemplated ionic liquid is liquid (molten) at a temperature of about −10 to about 100° C.
Further examples of ionic liquids include, but are not limited to, [C2mim]Cl, [C3mim]Cl, [C4mim]Cl, [C6mim]Cl, [C8mim]Cl, [C2mim]I, [C4mim]I, [C4mim][PF6], [C2mim][PF6], [C3mim][PF6], [iC3mim][PF6], [C6mim]]PF6], [C4mim][BF4], [C2mim][BF4], [C2mim][C2H3O2] and [C2mim][C2F3O2].
Illustrative 1-alkyl-3-methyl-imidazolium ionic liquids, [Cn-mim]X[n=4 and 6, X═Cl−, Br−, SCN−, (PF6)−, (BF4)−] and [C8mim]Cl have been prepared. The dissolution of cellulose (fibrous cellulose, from Aldrich Chemical Co.) in those illustrative ionic liquids under ambient conditions with heating to 100° C., with sonication and with microwave heating, has been examined. Dissolution is enhanced by the use of microwave heating. Cellulose solutions can be prepared very quickly, which is energy efficient and provides associated economic benefits.
A preferred ionic liquid and a solution prepared from such a liquid is substantially free of water or a nitrogen-containing base. Such a liquid or solution contains about one percent or less of water or a nitrogen-containing base. Thus, when a solution is prepared, it is prepared by admixing the ionic liquid and cellulose in the absence of water or a nitrogen-containing base to form an admixture.
A range of different cations can be employed of those screened from the common sets used to prepare ionic liquids; imidazolium salts appear to be most effective, with the smallest imidazolium cation exhibiting the easiest dissolution. Alkyl-pyridinium salts free of organic base were less effective. Smaller phosphonium and ammonium quaternary salts containing shorter chain alkyl substituents are known, but have higher melting points and are often not liquid within the acceptable range for definition as ionic liquids.
The use of an imidazolium chloride ionic liquid as solvent for cellulose provides a significant improvement over the previously-reported solubility of cellulose in the organic salt/base N-benzylpyridinium chloride/pyridine as discussed in U.S. Pat. No. 1,943,176, and in which the maximum solubility was 5 weight percent. Indeed, additional nitrogen-containing bases as were used in that patent are not required to obtain good solubility of cellulose in the ionic liquids.
Other ionic liquids include, but are not limited to, those ionic liquids disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,824,599 and U.S. Pat. No. 6,808,557, the contents of each being hereby incorporated by reference.
Any conventional additive used in polymeric formulations can be incorporated into the nanomaterials of the present invention. If these additives are incorporated during the dissolution stage of the resin substrate materials and magnetic nanoparticulate substances, it is important that such additives do not interfere with the solute-solvent and solvent-solvent interactions. Examples of conventional additives include, but are not limited, plasticizers, fillers, colorants, UV-screening agents and antioxidants. Other additives include, but are not limited to those additives disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,808,557.
The inventive process is further illustrated, using the following examples, but there is no intention that the invention be restricted thereto.
As an example of the operation of the present process, the nanoparticles are suspended in a mixture of the ionic liquid and the resin substrate material, preferably dissolved cellulose. The nanoparticles are present in a range of from 2.0 to 30.0 wt % relative to ionic liquid. The resin substrate material is present in an amount of from 2 to 20 wt % relative to ionic liquid. The obtained suspension is placed in an ultrasonic bath for 1 h, then degassed in a vacuum oven, preferably at 50° C. for approximately 10 min. A 150 Gauss magnetic field is then supplied using a single magnetic field source or a combination of magnetic field sources. The resin substrate material is reconstituted with the nanoparticles captured therein in an aligned configuration, by contacting with water to remove the ionic liquid while causing the resin substrate material to reconstitute in solid form with the nanoparticles encapsulated therein, all while maintaining the presence of the magnetic field. The contacting with water can be performed by a variety of methods, such as extrusion of the mixture in the form of a sheet into water, casting the mixture into a sheet and washing the sheet with water to remove the ionic liquid,
In preferred method for performing the present invention, the mixture is manually homogenized (to ensure complete mutual dispersion) and then cast as a film (approximately 1 mm thickness) on a glass plate using coating rods (R&D Specialties, Weber, N.Y.). The films are reconstituted and the IL solvent is leached from the films with deionized (DI) H2O. Following complete reconstitution, the film is placed in a bath and immersed in DI H2O for at least 24 h to leach residual IL (such as a more preferred IL, [C4mim]Cl) from the film.
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