text: (IJCSIS) International Journal of Computer Science and Information Security, Vol. 9, No. 9, September 2011 GPS L2C Signal Acquisition Algorithms for Resource-Limited Applications in Challenging Environments Nesreen I Ziedan Computer and Systems Engineering Department Faculty of Engineering, Zagazig University Zagazig, Egypt firstname.lastname@example.com Abstract—Many emerging indoor and wireless applications and CL, that are multiplexed chip-by-chip, i.e. a chip of the require the positioning capabilities of GPS. GPS signals, however, CM code is transmitted followed by a chip of the CL code. suffer from attenuations when they penetrate natural or man- The chipping rate of each code is 511.5 KHz. The CM code made obstacles. Conventional GPS receivers are designed to detect signals when they have a clear view of the sky, but they has a length of 10230 chips; it repeats every 20 ms, and it is fail to detect weak signals. This paper introduces novel algo- modulated by a 50 Hz data message. The data and the CM code rithms to detect the new GPS L2C civilian signal in challenging are synchronized such that each data bit has exactly one code. environments. The signal structure is utilized in the design to The CL code is 75 times longer than the CM code (767,250 achieve high sensitivity with reduced processing and memory chips), and it is data-less. Performance evaluations for the L2C requirements to accommodate the capabilities of resource-limited applications, like wireless devices. signal were presented in [3] [4]. The L2C signal consists of a medium length data-modulated GPS signals suffer from attenuation if their paths are ob- code (CM) and a long length dataless code (CL). The CM code structed by natural or man-made objects- such as trees or is acquired using long coherent and incoherent integrations to buildings. Conventional GPS receivers can detect signals if increase the acquisition sensitivity. The correlation is calculated their carrier to noise ratio, C/N0 , is over 35 dB-Hz, but they in the frequency domain using an FFT-based approach. A bit synchronization method is implemented to avoid acquisition fail to detect weaker signals. Special algorithms are needed degradation due to correlating over the unknown bit bound- to acquire and track weak signals. Many devices that are aries. The carrier parameters are refined using a Viterbi-based prone to receiving weak signals, like cell phones, have limited algorithm. The CL code is acquired by searching only a small resources. So, the processing and memory requirements must number of delays, using a circular correlation based approach. be considered when designing such algorithms. The algorithms' computational complexities are analyzed. The performances are demonstrated using simulated L2C GPS signals The acquisition goal is to find the visible satellites, the with carrier to noise ratio down to 10 dB-Hz, and TCXO clocks. code delay, τ , and the Doppler shift, fd . A search for a satellite is done by locally generating its code and using it Index Terms—GPS, L2C, Acquisition, Weak Signal, Indoor, in a 2-dimensional search on τ and fd . The received signal is Viterbi correlated with different versions of a code-modulated local signal, each version is compensated by one possible τ -fd combination. The codes' properties cause the correlated signals I. I NTRODUCTION to generate a clear peak only if their codes are the same The Block IIR-M GPS satellite series started the transmis- and their code delays and Doppler shifts are close enough. sion of a new and more robust civil signal on the L2 carrier A positive acquisition is concluded if a correlation exceeds a frequency- the signal is known as L2C. The first satellite in the predefined threshold. series was launched in September 2005, and by August 2009, The conventional hardware approach [5] [6] searches for the eighth and final IIR-M satellite was launched. The L2C a satellite at each possible code delay and Doppler shift signal [1] [2] has different structure and enhanced properties sequentially. Circular correlation [7] [8] uses Fast Fourier over the GPS L1 C/A signal. The L2C codes and the C/A Transform (FFT) methods. It calculates the correlation at all code have a chipping rate of 1.023 MHz. The C/A signal is the delays at once, for each Doppler shift. Double Block modulated by a 1023-chip code, and a 50 Hz data message. Zero Padding (DBZP) [7] [9] [10] calculates the correlations The code repeats every 1 ms, and each data bit has exactly in the frequency domain, and uses only one version of the 20 codes. While the L2C signal consists of two codes, CM replica code. It requires less processing, but it suffers from 42 http://sites.google.com/site/ijcsis/ ISSN 1947-5500 (IJCSIS) International Journal of Computer Science and Information Security, Vol. 9, No. 9, September 2011 limitations when working with weak signals. This is because is 20 ms, so the phase difference between the start and the end it does not consider the Doppler effect on the code length. The of one code could be relatively large. Using 20-ms correlated Doppler shift changes the speed of the code, so the code length signals directly will not provide high accuracy estimation for either shrinks or expands based on the Doppler shift's polarity. the carrier parameters. This problem is handled in this paper This effect can be ignored with small integration lengths, by dividing the code into small length segments, calculating but it will cause acquisition failure with long integration the correlation for each segment separately, and then using lengths. The problem is that correlating a fixed length local the correlated segments to find fine estimates for the carrier code with a changing length received code will cause the parameters. delay to continuously change with respect to the local code. The acquisition of the long length CL code is done using As the integration length increases, the signal power will a minimized search approach, MS-CL. It uses the estimates continue to accumulate at different delays. This will prevent of the CM-ABS and FAVA-L2 to acquire the CL code by the correct delay from accumulating enough power to exceed searching only 75 possible delays. A method is introduced the acquisition threshold. This limitation is circumvented in to calculate the coherent integration in smaller steps to avoid a modified version of DBZP, called MDBZP, which was processing large number of samples at once. introduced in [11]. The MDBZP divides the whole Doppler range into a small number of ranges. The correlations in each II. S IGNAL M ODEL range are calculated using a version of the replica code that The received L2C signal is down converted to an interme- is compensated, in length, by the Doppler shift located in the diate frequency (IF), fIF , and sampled at a rate of fs . The middle of that range. signal model for one satellite is A joint acquisition algorithm of the CM and CL codes was introduced in [12]. An assisted acquisition of the CL code was rL2C (tδ ) = A {d(tδ,τ ) CM0 (tδ,τ ) + C0L (tδ,τ )} presented in [13]. An FFT-based approach was introduced in cos θnδ + θ0 + 2 π (fIF + fd0 ) tδ + π α t2 + n(tδ ), δ (1) [14] to acquire the CM and CL codes. A method called XFAST was introduced in [15] to acquire the long P(Y) code of the where tδ is the sampling time. tδ,τ = (tδ − L1 signal. This method was extended in [16] to acquire the τ ) {1 + (fd0 + α tδ /2)/fL2} is the sampling time taking into long CL code; the extended method was called hyper-codes. account the Doppler effect on the code length. τ is the code For resource-limited devices, the problem with acquiring weak delay. fd0 is the initial Doppler shift. α is the Doppler rate. signals using the CL code is the high processing and memory fL2 is the L2 carrier frequency. A is the signal amplitude, required to correlate and search the 767,250-chip code. which is normalized to drive the noise variance to 1 as in This paper introduces acquisition and fine acquisition al- [5], i.e. A = 4 C/N0 Ts , Ts = 1/fs . d is the navigation gorithms for the new L2C signal to work under weak signal data. θ0 is the initial phase. θnδ is the phase noise at tδ ; it is conditions. The algorithms utilize the L2C signal structure to composed of the total phase and frequency clock disturbances. achieve high sensitivity and reduced processing and memory n is a white Gaussian noise (WGN) with zero mean and requirements. Three algorithms are introduced to work sequen- unit variance. The two codes are modeled such that CM0 is tially to first acquire the medium-length CM signal, then refine a chip-by-chip combination of the CM code and zeros, and the estimates of the carrier parameters, and then acquire the C0L is a chip-by-chip combination of zeros and the CL code. long-length CL code. A computational complexity analysis for the algorithms is provided. III. CM ACQUISITION AND B IT S YNCHRONIZATION The acquisition of the CM code is done using a new (CM-ABS) version of the MDBZP designed to fit the CM code structure The CM-ABS calculates the correlation in the frequency and deal with the fact that each CM code is modulated domain. The separation between the code delays is taken as the by one data bit, which has an unknown value. The new sampling time. The number of possible code delays is defined algorithm- called CM Acquisition and Bit Synchronization as Nτ . The algorithm produces Doppler bins with frequency (CM-ABS)- implements a bit synchronization method within separation of fres = 1/TI , where TI is the coherent integration the acquisition to avoid correlating over bit boundaries. The length. The number of Doppler bins, Nfd , depends on the correlations are calculated in the frequency domain, and the Doppler shift range, ±fdcov , where Nfd = 2 fdcov TI . The Doppler effect on the code is considered. Long coherent and values of the Doppler bins, defined as fdv , can be calculated incoherent integrations are used, without requiring assisting as Nfd information from outside sources- like wireless networks. The fdv = v − − 1 fres , v = 1, . . . , Nfd . (2) likely data bit combination is estimated over each coherent 2 integration interval, and used to remove the data signs. The samples in each TI ms, of the received signal and the The fine acquisition algorithm is based on the Viterbi replica code, are divided into Nfd blocks. The size of each Algorithm (VA) [17] [18] [19], which is an optimal dynamic block is Sblock = fs TI /Nfd samples. programing technique. The new algorithm is called Fine Ac- Coherent and incoherent integrations are used. The coherent quisition VA-based for L2, or FAVA-L2. The CM code duration integration length, TI , can be multiple, Nt , of one data bit 43 http://sites.google.com/site/ijcsis/ ISSN 1947-5500 (IJCSIS) International Journal of Computer Science and Information Security, Vol. 9, No. 9, September 2011 length, Tdms . The incoherent integration accumulates L results of TI -ms coherent integrations to get the total integration, L TI ms. The coherent integration is obtained by first gen- erating a TI /Nfd -ms partial coherent integration, and then generating the TI -ms coherent integration. The partial coherent integrations, at the Nτ possible code delays, are generated in Nstep steps. In each step, the partial coherent integrations are generated at a number of adjacent code delays equal to one block size, Sblock . So, Nstep = Nτ /Sblock . The arrangement of the blocks of the replica code and the received signal relative to each other determines which Sblock partial coherent integrations are generated in each step. Each Sblock partial coherent integrations are generated by applying circular corre- lation (FFT/IFFT) between each two corresponding blocks of the replica code and the received signal. Each CM code period has exactly one data bit, which has an unknown value. To avoid correlating over bit boundaries, a bit synchronization method is implemented within the acquisition. The idea of the algorithm is to search for the start of the code in the received signal by fixing the samples of the replica code and moving forward the samples of the received signal, until the start of the received code coincides with the start of the Fig. 1. Illustration of the CM-ABS algorithm. replica code. This is done instead of searching directly for the code delay in the received signal by allowing the correlation to be calculated using samples from two adjacent received the ith range, and Nfdi as the number of Doppler bins in the codes, which could have data bits with different polarities ith range. The indexes of the first Doppler bin and the last that will result in correlation loss. The aforementioned idea Doppler bin, respectively, in each range are is implemented by arranging the replica code's blocks to start i−1 at the beginning of the code and fixing that arrangement at all the Nstep steps, and shifting the received signal's blocks in λsi = Nfdj + 1, (4) j=1 each step. The received signal's blocks are arranged such that the first block contains the code delays at which the partial i coherent integrations are generated. After each step, the first λei = Nfdi . (5) block is discarded, the remaining blocks are shifted forward, j=1 and an additional block is added at the end of the blocks. The following items are repeated L times, once for each Nfd + Nsteps − 1 blocks are needed to find the Nτ partial coherent integration: coherent integrations. 1. Nrange versions of the replica code are generated. Each The process of generating Nτ partial coherent integrations version is compensated, in length, by one of the fmidi fre- is repeated L times, once for each TI -ms integrations. In each quencies. The un-compensated length of each version is TI repetition, the last (Nstep − 1) blocks used in the generation ms. The model for each version is of the previous coherent integrations are the same as the fmidi first (Nstep − 1) blocks used in the generation of the current CLM0D i (tδ , fmidi ) = CLM0 tδ 1 + . (6) fL2 coherent integrations. This is because the generation of two consecutive coherent integrations, for the same possible delay, Where, CLM0D i is the ith replica code version. CLM0 is should use two consecutive TI -ms lengths of the signal. Since an un-compensated code, which consists of the CM code circular correlation involves calculating FFT for each block multiplexed chip-by-chip with zeros. The samples of each of the received signal, then FFT for each of the (Nstep − 1) version is divided into Nfd blocks, each block has a size overlapping blocks is calculated only once. The algorithm is of Sblock samples. From the blocks of the ith version, only illustrated in Fig. 1. Nfdi blocks are preserved, and the others are discarded. The The algorithm's implementation details are as follows. The preserved blocks, of the ith version, are those located at offsets received signal in (1) is converted to baseband to produce from λsi to λei . All the preserved blocks are arranged together, where their order is maintained, i.e. blocks coming from the rc (tδ ) = r(tδ ) exp {− j 2 π fIF tδ } . (3) ith replica code are located at offsets from λsi to λei . Each The whole Doppler range is divided into a small number, block is padded with Sblock zeros at its end. The complex Nrange , of ranges. Define fmidi as the middle frequency of conjugate of the FFT of each block is calculated. Assume 44 http://sites.google.com/site/ijcsis/ ISSN 1947-5500 (IJCSIS) International Journal of Computer Science and Information Security, Vol. 9, No. 9, September 2011 Fig. 2. Example illustrating the local code's blocks arrangement. a simple example where Nrange = 2 and Nfd = 4. Fig. 2 shows the blocks arrangement. The 1st and 2nd replica codes' blocks are defined by (A1, A2, A3, A4) and (B1, B2, B3, B4), respectively. Here, Nfd1 = Nfd2 = 2, and λs1 = 1, λe1 = 2, λs2 = 3, λe2 = 4, so A1, A2, B3, and B4 are preserved, while A3, A4, B1, and B2 are discarded. The preserved blocks are then padded with zeros and the processing proceeds. Fig. 3. Example illustrating the received signal's blocks arrangement. 2. Processing the received samples depends on whether this is the first coherent integration or not. Thus, there are two approaches as follows: integrations for Sblock delays. They are repeated Nstep times 2.a. If this is the first coherent integration, a size of to calculate the Nτ partial coherent integrations. The index of (Nfd + Nstep ) Sblock samples of the received signal is divided the first used received signal's block is increased by one in into (Nfd + Nstep ) blocks. Each two adjacent blocks are each step to simulate the shifting process, which is explained combined into one block to produce (Nfd + Nstep − 1) earlier in this section. overlapping blocks, with a size of 2 Sblock . FFT is calculated 3.a. At the mth step, of the Nstep steps, the blocks at indexes r for each block. The last (Nstep − 1) blocks are preserved in a from mr to (mr + Nfd − 1), which are generated in item 2, matrix MF F T temp to be used in the next coherent integration. are multiplied block-wise by the blocks generated in item 1. Returning to our example where Nfd = 4, assume that IFFT is calculated for the multiplication result. This produces Nstep = 3. Fig. 3-a illustrates the blocks arrangement. The Nfd blocks of size 2 Sblock points. received samples are divided into 7 blocks, defined as R1 to 3.b. The first Sblock points from each produced block are R7. Each 2 adjacent blocks are combined to form 6 blocks. preserved, while the rest are discarded. The preserved points After FFT is calculated, the 2 blocks marked as (R5, R6) and are arranged to form a matrix of size Nfd xSblock . The ith (R6, R7) are preserved in MF F T temp . row contains the results of the ith block, and the j th column 2.b. If this is not the first coherent integration, a size of contains the results at index j from each block. This matrix is (Nfd + 1) Sblock samples of the received signal is divided into appended to a matrix, Mc , at row indexes from 1 to Nfd and at (Nfd + 1) blocks. Each two adjacent blocks are combined column indexes from [(mr − 1) Sblock + 1] to [mr Sblock + 1]. into one block to produce Nfd overlapping blocks. FFT is At the end of the Nstep steps, Mc will have a size of Nfd xNτ . calculated for each block. The blocks preserved in MF F T temp 4. Each cell in the Mc matrix is generated using samples of are added at the start of the Nfd blocks. The last (Nstep − 1) size TI /Nfd ms, where TI = Nt Tdms . Each Nfd /Nt rows are blocks are preserved in MF F T temp , overwriting the previous generated using samples of size equal to one data bit interval, preserved blocks. Returning to our example, Fig. 3-b illustrates Tdms . To remove the effect of the data bit signs, the Mc matrix the blocks arrangement in the second coherent integration. is multiplied by the possible data bit combinations. Since the Only 5 blocks are generated, where the first block will be purpose is to have data bits with the same sign over each block R7 from the previous step. Again, each two adjacent coherent integration interval, only half the possible data bit blocks are combined to form 4 blocks. After FFT is calculated, combinations are considered, i.e. 2Nt −1 possible combinations. the 2 blocks preserved from the previous step, (R5, R6) and This will generate 2Nt −1 matrices. Define these matrices as (R6, R7), are added at the start of the 4 blocks to complete McEi , where E = 1, . . . , 2Nt −1 . the 6 blocks needed in the processing of this step. The 2 5. The TI -ms coherent integrations are found by applying blocks marked as (R9, R10) and (R10, R11) are preserved FFT to each column in the McEi matrices. Each cell (i, j), of in MF F T temp . the results, corresponds to the TI -ms coherent integration at 3. Items 3.a and 3.b are done to generate the partial coherent the ith Doppler shift and the j th code delay. 45 http://sites.google.com/site/ijcsis/ ISSN 1947-5500 (IJCSIS) International Journal of Computer Science and Information Security, Vol. 9, No. 9, September 2011 6. To allow the signal power to accumulate at the correct IV. F INE ACQUISITION BASED ON T HE VA (FAVA-L2) delay, a compensation is done to account for the difference in The model for the local signal is the Doppler effect on the code length between a middle range ˆ ˆ fd0 + α tδ /2 fmidi and each frequency in that range. Since each row in IQLM0 (tδ ) = CLM0 tδ 1+ McEi corresponds to a possible Doppler shift, it is circularly fL2 shifted by a number of samples, Nsv , which depends on the ˆ ˆ exp j θ0 + 2 π fIF + fd0 tδ + π α t2 ˆ δ , (7) difference between fmidi and the frequency value, fdv , and the coherent integration length TI and its index, l, within the ˆ where fd0 is the estimated initial Doppler shift, α is theˆ total incoherent integration. Where ˆ estimated Doppler rate, and θ0 is the estimated initial phase. |fdv − fmidi | The CM code duration is 20 ms, so the phase difference Nsv = sign(fdv − fmidi )round (l − 1)TI fs . between the start and the end of one code could be relatively fL1 large. Thus, using 20-ms correlated signals in a fine acquisition 7. Only one of the 2Nt −1 matrices is preserved and the algorithm will not provide high accuracy estimation for the others are discarded. The preserved matrix corresponds to the carrier parameters. This problem is overcome by dividing the likely data bit combination, which is estimated by a method code into NcF rag segments, calculating the correlation for each we developed in [11], chapter 3, and is briefly described below. segment separately, and then using the correlated segments to 8. The preserved matrix is added incoherently to the previ- find the fine estimates. Considering the Doppler effect, the ous total incoherent integration. estimated code length is defined as Tdm in the mth code After calculating the final total incoherent integration, the period. The integration is calculated over several codes, Ndα . cell that contains the maximum power will correspond to the Hence, there will be NcF rag Ndα correlated segments. Each ˆ ˆ estimated code delay, τ , and Doppler shift, fd , given that the correlated segment is expressed as power exceeds the acquisition threshold. After an acquisition Ti is concluded, the carrier parameters are refined using the fine yi = A di R(τei ) sinc fei + αe Ti 2 acquisition algorithm presented in the next section. Ti T2 Estimation of the likely data bit combination: One or exp j θei + 2 π fei + 2 π αe i + ny i , (8) more of the following approaches can be used. 2 6 1. Let IcE and QcE define the real and imaginary parts of the where Ti is the segment length. nyi is a noise term. R(.) is the lth coherent integration after the multiplication by a possible autocorrelation function. τei is the code delay error. θei and data combination, E. Define Pl,E as the incoherent integration fei are the phase and Doppler shift errors, respectively, at the after including that coherent integration, Pl,E (τu , fdv ) = start of the ith segment. αe is the Doppler rate error. fei = Pl−1 (τu , fdv ) + IcE (τu , fdv )2 + QcE (τu , fdv )2 l . Each Pl,E fei−1 + αe Ti + Wfd , i . θei = θei−1 + 2 π fei Ti + Wθ, i . Wθ, i is a matrix of size Nτ xNfd . The matrix that contains the cell and Wfd , i are the clock phase and frequency disturbances. that has the maximum power, out of all the matrices, is chosen FAVA-L2 works in three stages to find fine estimates for as Pl , and the others are discarded. The problem with applying the phase, Doppler shift and rate. First, a Doppler rate error, this approach directly with weak signals is that the cell that αfe , is estimated under the assumption that θei and fei has the maximum power could be a noise cell. are zeros. Second, both αe and fe0 are estimated, where 2. The likely data combination is estimated separately for αe = αfe − (3/2) (fe0 /Tα ) − Eα . Tα is the total data intervals each cell. The 2Nt −1 matrices are compared cell wise, i.e. cells used to obtain αfe , and Eα is an estimation error. Third, the at the same index in each matrix are compared. The maximum phase error is estimated. This method is similar to a method from each index forms the new integration. At a delay τu and we introduced in [11], chapter 4, for the C/A L1 signal. Doppler fdv the new integration is This section focuses on describing the modifications and new approaches that are developed for the L2C signal. Pl (τu , fdv ) = αfe is obtained as follows. Define Nα as the number of max Pl1 (τu , fdv ), Pl2 (τu , fdv ), . . . , Pl2Ntk −1 (τu , fdv ) . possible Doppler rate errors, and αt as a possible error. The segments that belong to the mth code, defined in (8), are There will be no loss due to a wrong combination in the correct counter rotated by each αt , and then added, so cell, but the noise power might increase. NcF rag m 3. The likely data bit combination is estimated once for each Sm,αt = yi code delay. The data combination is the one that generates the i=NcF rag (m−1)+1 maximum power among all the Doppler shifts, in the 2Ntk −1 1 matrices, at each code delay. exp −j π αt Tt2 + Ti2 , (9) i 3 The algorithm can start with the 2nd or the 3rd approach, m−1 i−1 then switch to the 1st one after several integrations. This is where Tti = n=1 Tdn + k=NcF rag (m−1)+1 Tk . The data to increase the sensitivity and reduce the degradation due to a bit values are jointly estimated with αfe . The estimation can wrong data bit combination. be expressed by 46 http://sites.google.com/site/ijcsis/ ISSN 1947-5500 (IJCSIS) International Journal of Computer Science and Information Security, Vol. 9, No. 9, September 2011 increase by NEα . The estimation is done iteratively, starting Ndα 2 with the whole frequency range and with large frequency αfe = arg min ˆ ¯¯ dm |Sm,αt | − A dm , (10) separation. After each iteration, an estimated ft is obtained ¯ N αt , {dm } dα and used as the middle value of a reduced frequency range. m=1 m=1 ˆ After the last iteration, the estimate of fe0 is concluded, and the ˆ where dm is an estimated value for the mth bit, which is corresponding αft ,Eα is taken as αe . Following that, a similar ˆ ¯ obtained as the sign of the real part of Sm,αt . A is the approach is used to estimate θe0 . Following the CM-ABS and ¯m is a possible data bit value (±1). expected signal level. d FAVA-L2, the CL code is acquired using the MS-CL. The estimation process is based on the VA. Define, Ndα 2 V. M INIMIZED S EARCH FOR T HE CL C ODE ACQUISITION ΛNdα , αt , p = ˆ ¯ dm |Sm, αt | − A dm, p , (11) (MS-CL) m=1 The CL and CM codes are synchronized such that the start where p defines a possible data sequence, p = 1, . . . , 2Ndα . of the CL code coincides with the start of the CM code. Since dm, p is the mth data in the pth sequence. Each combination the CL code is 75 times longer than the CM code, and the CM of p and αt defines a path in a trellis graph. The algorithm code is acquired, then there are only 75 possible code delays operates recursively to find the path that generates the mini- to search for the start of the CL code. The local replica is mum ΛNdα , αt , p . Define Γm, αt , pm as the optimal ΛNdα , αt , p in the mth step, for αt . Since there are Nα of αt , there are Nα of Γm, αt , pm . Since an optimal path consists of optimal ˆ ˆ fd0 + α tδ /2 IQL0L (tδ ) = CL0L tδ 1+ sub-paths, it can be shown that fL2 Γm+1,αt ,pm+1 = Γm,αt ,pm ˆ ˆ exp j θ0 + 2 π fIF + fd0 tδ + π α t2 ˆ δ . (12) ˆ ¯ ˆ ¯ + min (dm+1 |Sm+1,αt | − A)2 , (dm+1 |Sm+1,αt | + A)2 . Long coherent integration can be used, but the error in the After each recursive step, only the Nα paths that correspond to estimated Doppler shift, fe , will put a limit on its length, TI , Γm, αt , pm are retained, while the other paths are discarded. At where TI ≤ 1/fe . The coherent integration is generated in the last step, αt that corresponds to the minimum cumulative steps, with a length of Tn ≤ TI , to avoid processing large path, among the Nα optimal paths, is taken as the estimated number of samples at once. The number of steps needed to αfe . obtain the total coherent integration is Lcoh = ⌈TI /Tn ⌉. The The accuracy of the estimated αfe depends on the separation coherent integration in the last step could be less than Tn . between the αt values. If the range of the possible αfe is In addition, LCL coherent integrations are incoherently added large, then FAVA-L2 is operated iteratively to avoid increasing to obtain a longer incoherent integration. The total number the processing and memory requirements. The first iteration of steps to get the total incoherent integration is Ntotal = covers the whole αfe range, and uses large separation between LCL Lcoh . the αt 's. After each iteration, an estimated αfe is obtained The integrations are calculated for each possible code delay and used as the middle value of a reduced range. In each and placed in two vectors, H and P , which hold, respectively, iteration, Nα possible values are considered, but the separation the total coherent and incoherent integrations. U and V are between the αt 's is decreased. The process continues until the counters initialized to zero. Tk is the total length of the separation between αt 's is within the desired resolution. received signal that is used up to the start of the step k, Following the estimation of αfe , fe0 and αe are estimated k = 1, . . . , Ntotal ; Tk is initialized to zero. The MS-CL works using a similar approach. Define Nf req as the number of as follows: possible frequencies, and ft as a possible frequency value. 1. 75 versions of the CL replica code are used. Each version, The counter rotation of yi is CL0Li , is initialized to start at one of the possible code delays, where i = 1, . . . , 75. NcF rag m 2. The estimates of phase and Doppler shift are propagated ˆ to each Tn ms. Define the propagated values as θk and fdk . ˆ Sm,ft ,Eα = yi 3. The Tn length, taking into account the Doppler effect, is i=NcF rag (m−1)+1 calculated as Ti Tt2 T2 exp −j2π ft Tti + + αft ,Eα i + i , fL2 2 2 6 Tnk = Tn . (13) ˆ + αTn /1000/2 fL2 + fdk ˆ 3 ft αft ,Eα = αfe − Ndα − Eα . 4. 75 versions of the local signal in (12) are generated, each 2 Tdm m=1 version uses one of the CL0Li code versions. Each one starts Eα models the error in the estimated αfe . It can be set to a few at a time Tk and spans Tnk ms of the CL code. Define each values, NEα , (e.g. 0,1,-1), and thus the number of paths will version as IQL0Li . 47 http://sites.google.com/site/ijcsis/ ISSN 1947-5500 (IJCSIS) International Journal of Computer Science and Information Security, Vol. 9, No. 9, September 2011 5. Each IQL0Li is correlated with the received signal, In item 7, if the 1st approach is used to find the likely data starting at Tk . Define each result as Yi . combination, each matrix is added incoherently to the previous 6. Yi is added coherently to the previous total coherent total incoherent integration. The number of computations is integration, H(i) = H(i) + Yi . The counters are updated, CN C = 2Nt −1 Nτ Nfd . (15) U = U + 1, V = V + 1. 7. If the desired coherent integration length is reached, i.e. Only the matrix that corresponds to the likely data combination U = Lcoh , then the contents of H are added to the previous is kept and the other matrices are discarded. Finding the total incoherent accumulation, P (i) = P (i) + ℜ{H(i)}2 + maximum can be done by one of the sorting methods described ℑ{H(i)}2 , where ℜ and ℑ define the real and imaginary parts, in [20], chapter 2. Thus, the number of comparisons needed respectively. Following that, H and U are set to zero. is 8. If V < Ntotal , Tk+1 is set as Tk + Tnk , and then steps CCM1 = 2Nt −1 Nτ Nfd − 1. (16) (2)–(7) are repeated. If the 2nd approach is used to estimate the likely data combi- 9. If V = Ntotal , the CL code delay is concluded from the nation, the number of comparisons is P (i) that has the maximum power. To reduce processing as the algorithm progresses, the un- CCM2 = 2Nt −1 Nτ Nfd . (17) likely code delays can be eliminated. Those will be the delays In item 8, the real and imaginary parts of each cell are that generate the minimum P (i). The unlikely code delays can squared and added together. This requires be eliminated every Nelim steps, where Nelim is set based on the C/N0 , which can be estimated after the fine acquisition. CIQ = 3 2Nt −1 Nτ Nfd computations. (18) Another method is to eliminate the delays at indexes imin if P (imax )/P (imin ) > pelim . Where, imax is the index of the B. FAVA-L2 delay that generates the maximum power at the current step, The operations include generating correlated signals, and pelim is a predefined ratio. counter rotating the correlated signals by the possible carrier parameters, and choosing the optimal path. The number of VI. C OMPUTATIONAL C OMPLEXITY A NALYSIS computations can be found directly. A. CM-ABS C. MS-CL The following are repeated L times to get the total inco- The operations include generating 75 versions of the CL herent integration. In item 1, FFT is calculated for Nfd local local code, multiplying the samples of the received signal code's blocks. In item 2.a, FFT is calculated for (Nfd +Nstep − and the local one, adding them together to form the coherent 1) received signal's blocks, while in item 2.b, FFT is calculated integration, and adding the coherent integration to the total for Nfd received signal's blocks. In item 3.a, each two corre- incoherent integration. The total number of computations can sponding blocks of the received signal and the local one are be shown to be multiplied, then IFFT is calculated; this is repeated Nstep Nfd times to get the coherent integration at all the code delays. CCL ≈ 75 LCL Lcoh [4 Tn fs + 4] . (19) Each FFT or IFFT operation requires (2 Sblock ) log2 (2 Sblock ) computations. The number of computations to get the first VII. S IMULATION AND R ESULTS coherent integration (items 1, 2.a and 3) is The algorithms are demonstrated using simulated GPS L2C signals. The CM code is modulated by ±1 data with 50 Hz CBP1 = [2 Nfd + Nstep − 1 + Nstep Nfd ] rate and 0.5 probability of data transition. fs = 3500 kHz. [2 Sblock log2 (2 Sblock )] + [2 Sblock Nfd Nstep ] . fL2 = 1227.6 MHz. The initial phase is modeled as a uni- formly distributed random variable (UDRV) between (−π, π). For the rest of the coherent integrations (items 1, 2.b and 3), A Doppler shift range between (−5, 5) kHz is assumed. The this number is oscillator phase and frequency noises are modeled with normal CBPl = [2 Nfd + Nstep Nfd ] [2 Sblock log2 (2 Sblock )] random walks; the model is similar to the one in [21], and the variances are derived as in [22]. A temperature compensated + [2 Sblock Nfd Nstep ] . crystal oscillator (TCXO) is simulated. The values of the phase The matrix Mc will have a size of Nfd xNτ . In item 4, and frequency random walk intensities are Sf = 5 · 10−21 s, 2Nt −1 versions of Mc are generated, each one corresponds to and Sg = 5.9 · 10−20 s−1 , respectively. a possible data bit combination. In item 5, FFT is calculated The CM-ABS algorithm is tested using very low C/N0 , for each column of the 2Nt −1 matrices. The number of 10 and 15 dB-Hz, to demonstrate its ability. A coherent computations in items 4 and 5 is integration length of 80 ms is used. For the 15 dB-Hz signal, a total of 30 incoherent accumulations are calculated. Fig. 4 CF F T = 2Nt −1 Nτ Nfd log2 (Nfd ). (14) shows the power versus the code delay. The acquired signal 48 http://sites.google.com/site/ijcsis/ ISSN 1947-5500 (IJCSIS) International Journal of Computer Science and Information Security, Vol. 9, No. 9, September 2011 6 130 5 120 4 σα Hz/s 110 Σ I2 +Q2 3 100 e 90 2 80 1 70 0 60 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 C/N0 dB−Hz 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 Code Delay (chips) x 10 4 Fig. 6. Standard deviation of Doppler rate estimation error vs. C/N0 using the FAVA-L2 algorithm, with TCXO clock. Fig. 4. Power vs. code delay of the acquisition of the CM signal, with C/N0 = 15 dB-Hz, TCXO clock, TI = 80 ms, and 30 incoherent 10 accumulations. 9 8 450 7 6 σf Hz 5 e 4 400 Σ I2 +Q2 3 2 1 350 0 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 C/N0 dB−Hz Fig. 7. Standard deviation of Doppler shift estimation error vs. C/N0 using 300 the FAVA-L2 algorithm, with TCXO clock. 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 Code Delay (chips) x 10 4 Fig. 5. Power vs. code delay of the acquisition of the CM signal, with coherent integration of 100 ms is used, with 4 incoherent C/N0 = 10 dB-Hz, TCXO clock, TI = 80 ms, and 145 incoherent accumulations. Fig. 8 shows the power versus the 75 possible accumulations. code delays of the acquisition result. The algorithm correctly estimated the CL code delay at the 31st delay, which generated a power of 52. The maximum noise power was 23. had a power of 135, while the maximum noise power was 100. For the 10 dB-Hz signal, a total of 145 incoherent 50 accumulations are calculated. Fig. 5 shows the power versus 45 the code delay. The acquired signal had a power of 453, while 40 the maximum noise power was 402. 35 The FAVA-L2 algorithm is tested using C/N0 between 10 30 and 24 dB-Hz and TCXO clocks. For this test, the Doppler Power shift and rate errors are modeled as UDRV's in the ranges of 25 (-50, 50) Hz and (-20, 20) Hz/s, respectively. The algorithm 20 is run for 1000 trials; each trial used 6 seconds of data. The 15 standard deviation (SD) of the estimation error is calculated. 10 Fig. 6 shows the SD of the Doppler rate estimation error versus 5 C/N0 . The SD was about 5.5 Hz/s at 10 dB-Hz, and was about 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 0.5 Hz/s at 24 dB-Hz. Fig. 7 shows the SD of the Doppler shift Code Delays estimation error versus C/N0 . The SD was about 8.5 Hz at Fig. 8. Power vs. the 75 possible code delays of the acquisition of the CL 10 dB-Hz, and was about 2 Hz at 24 dB-Hz. signal, with C/N0 = 15 dB-Hz, TCXO clock, TI = 100 ms, and a total of The MS-CL algorithm is tested using 15 dB-Hz signal. A 4 incoherent accumulations. 49 http://sites.google.com/site/ijcsis/ ISSN 1947-5500 (IJCSIS) International Journal of Computer Science and Information Security, Vol. 9, No. 9, September 2011 VIII. S UMMARY AND C ONCLUSIONS [5] B. Parkinson and J. Spilker, Global Positioning System: Theory and Applications. AIAA, 1996. Acquisition and fine acquisition algorithms were presented [6] P. Misra and P. Enge, Global Positioning System: Signals, Measurements, in this paper for the new L2C GPS signal. The algorithms and Performance. Ganga-Jumuna Press, December 1 2001. were designed to work with weak signals, without requiring [7] J. B. Y. Tsui, Fundamentals of Global Positioning System Receivers: A Software Approach, Second Edition. Wiley-Interscience, 2004. assisting information from wireless or cellular networks. The [8] D. J. R. V. Nee and A. J. R. M. Coenen, "New Fast GPS Code- paper focused on implementing techniques to increase sensitiv- Acquisition Technique Using FFT," IEEE Electronics Letters, vol. 27, ity and reduce processing and memory requirements to enable no. 2, January 17, 1991. [9] D. M. Lin and J. B. Y. Tsui, "Comparison of Acquisition Methods for the implementation of the algorithms on devices with limited Software GPS Receiver," in ION GPS, Salt Lake City, UT, September resources, like wireless devices. 19–22, 2000, pp. 2385–2390. Three algorithms were developed to work sequentially to [10] D. M. Lin, J. B. Y. Tsui, and D. Howell, "Direct P(Y)- Code Acquisition Algorithm for Software GPS Receivers," in ION GPS, Nashville, TN, acquire the CM and CL codes and to provide fine estimates for September 14–17, 1999. the carrier parameters. The CM-ABS was designed to acquire [11] N. I. Ziedan, GNSS Receivers for Weak Signals. Artech House, the CM code and implemented a bit synchronization method Norwood, MA, July, 2006. [12] C. Yang, "Joint Acquisition of CM and CL Codes for GPS L2 Civil to avoid correlating over bit boundaries. Long coherent and (L2C) Signals," in ION AM, Cambridge, MA, June 27–29 2005, pp. incoherent integrations were used. The Doppler effect on the 553–562. code length was handled by correctly aligning the coherent [13] G. S. Ayaz, T. Pany, and B. Eissfeller, "Performance of Assisted Acquisition of the L2CL Code in a Multi-Frequency Software Receiver," integration before adding it to the incoherent accumulation. in ION GNSS, Fort Worth, TX, September 25–28 2007, pp. 1830–1838. The FAVA-L2 was designed to provide fine estimates for the [14] M. L. Psiaki, "FFT-Based Acquisition of GPS L2 Civilian CM and CL phase, Doppler shift and rate. It was based on the optimal Signals," in ION GNSS 04, Long Beach, CA, September 21–24 2004, pp. 457–473. Viterbi algorithm. The difference between the total phase at [15] C. Yang, J. Vasquez, and J. Chaffee, "Fast Direct P(Y)-Code Acquisition the start and end of the CM code could be relatively large. Using XFAST," in ION GPS 1999, Nashville, TN, September 14–17 So, the CM code was divided into small segments, and the 1999, pp. 317–324. [16] A. R. A. Moghaddam, R. Watson, G. Lachapelle, and J. Nielsen, "Ex- correlation for each segment was calculated separately. The ploiting the Orthogonality of L2C Code Delays for a Fast Acquisition," carrier parameters were propagated to each segment's time and in ION GNSS 06, Fort Worth, TX, September 26–29 2006, pp. 1233– used to counter rotate each segment's total phase before further 1241. [17] A. J. Viterbi, "Error Bounds for Convolutional Codes and an Asymptoti- processing the segments. The MS-CL was designed to acquire cally Optimum Decoding Algorithm," IEEE Transactions on Information the CL code by searching only 75 possible delays. It used long Theory, vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 260–269, April 1967. coherent and incoherent integrations. The integrations can be [18] G. D. Forney, "The Viterbi Algorithm," Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 61, no. 3, pp. 268–278, March 1973. calculated in smaller steps to avoid exhausting the available [19] R. Riccardo, P. Andreas, and T. Ching-Kae, "Per-survivor processing," resources. Digital Signal Processing, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 175–187, July 1993. The computational complexities of the algorithms were [20] T. Cormen, C. Leisersen, R. Rivest, and C. Stein, Introduction to Algorithms, Second Edition. MIT Press, 2001. analyzed. The analysis results can be used to determine the [21] R. G. Brown and P. Y. C. Hwang, Introduction to Random Signals and maximum integration lengths that can be used, and the mini- Applied Kalman Filtering. J Wiley, 1992. mum C/N0 that can be detected based on a device's available [22] A. J. V. Dierendonck, J. B. McGraw, and R. G. Brown, "Relationship Between Allan Variances and Kalman Filter Parameters," in 16th PTTI resources. Application and Planning Meeting, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, The algorithms were tested using C/N0 down to 10 dB- November 27–29, 1984, pp. 273–293. Hz and TCXO clocks. The results indicated the ability of the algorithms to work efficiently with such low C/N0 . AUTHOR PROFILE Nesreen I Ziedan received a Ph.D. degree in Electrical and Computer R EFERENCES Engineering from Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA, in 2004. She [1] R. Fontana, W. Cheung, P. Novak, and T. Stansell, "The New L2 Civil also received an M.S. degree in Control and Computer Engineering from Signal," in ION GPS, Salt Lake City, UT, September 11–14 2001, pp. Mansoura University in 2000, a Diploma in Computer Networks from the 617 –631. Information Technology Institute (ITI), Cairo, in 1998, and a B.S. degree [2] R. Fontana, T. Stansell, and W. Cheung, "The Modernized L2 Civil in Electronics and Communications Engineering from Zagazig University in Signal," GPS World, 2001, September 2001. 1997. Dr. Ziedan is an Assistant Professor at the Computer and Systems [3] M. Tran and C. Hegarty, "Performance Evaluations of the New GPS Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Zagazig University, Egypt. L5 and L2 Civil (L2C) Signals," in ION NTM, Anaheim, CA, January Dr. Ziedan has several U.S. Patents in GPS receivers design and processing, 22–24 2003, pp. 521–535. and she is the author of a book entitled "GNSS Receivers for Weak Signals", [4] M. Tran, "Performance Evaluations of the New GPS L5 and L2 Civil which was published by Artech House, Norwood, MA, USA, in 2006. (L2C) Signals," ION Journal of Navigation, vol. 51, no. 3, pp. 199–212, 2004. 50 http://sites.google.com/site/ijcsis/ ISSN 1947-5500


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SHARON ŌĆō Three Kane wrestlers advanced to this morningŌĆÖs semifinals of the Northwest Regional Tournament at Sharon High School. The top four finishers at last weekendŌĆÖs District 9 tournament advanced to compete at Sharon along with the top six finishers from District 10. KaneŌĆÖs Austin Woolcock (113 pounds), Cody Blankenship (120 pounds) and Evan DeLong (170 pounds) won their quarterfinal match-ups to move into the semifinal round.
CLARION ŌĆō Clarion-LimestoneŌĆÖs size and experience was just too much for the Kane girlsŌĆÖ basketball team to handle as the Lady Lions defeated the Lady Wolves 53-32 in the D9 AA semifinals on Thursday night at Clarion University.
These three Kane indoor track and field athletes each placed at last Saturday's Tri-State Track Coaches Association Championship meet.
The Kane Lady Wolves will look to upset a higher seed for the second time this postseason in tonightŌĆÖs District 9 AA semifinal game at Clarion University.
These seven Kane wrestlers qualified for the northwest regional tournament, which will take place at Sharon High School this Friday and Saturday. From left to right are, front row, Austin Hulings, Keaton Rounsville, Evan DeLong; back row, Cody Blankenship, Jon Gelsick, Darren Brown and Austin Woolcock. The top three finishers at each weight class in Sharon advance to the PIAA Championships in Hershey.
CLARION ŌĆō The Kane wrestling team will be sending seven wrestlers to FridayŌĆÖs northwest regional tournament in Sharon, including two District 9 AA champions, Evan DeLong and Cody Blankenship.
Joining the two seniors will be Austin Woolcock, Jon Gelsick, Darren Brown, Austin Hulings and Keaton Rounsville.
CLARION ŌĆō Ten of 12 Kane wrestlers to take part in the 2014 District 9 Class AA Championships remain alive in the hunt to advance to next weekendŌĆÖs Northwest Regional Tournament in Sharon. Seven Wolves will wrestle in this morningŌĆÖs semifinals while three are still alive in the consolations. Kane goes into SaturdayŌĆÖs action in third place in the team score, with 66 points, behind BrookvilleŌĆÖs 72 and Redbank ValleyŌĆÖs 70.5.
CLARION ŌĆō The 2013-2014 Kane boysŌĆÖ basketball team left everything they had on the court in Thursday nightŌĆÖs District 9 AA playoff game with Karns City. The Wolves and Gremlins battled it out for four quarters but it came down to the final seconds as a Kane basket was ruled after the buzzer to give Karns City a 44-43 win.
ST. MARYS ŌĆō For the Lady Wolves' inexperience in the playoffs, Kane sure knew how to finish Thursday's playoff game with Curwensville.
The Kane Area Middle School wrestlers traveled to Brockway on Saturday to take part in the District 9 Junior High Tournament. Nine Wolves wrestlers competed in the district tournament, with one Kane wrestler, Aiden Hulings, coming away with a championship.


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I grew up eating the never ending pot of American Chop Suey. My mother would just add more tomatoes and pasta to it until I thought I would gag at the thought of one more dinner of it. Thing is, I wanted to have it when I got older after trying other people's versions, so I found some recipes and glued together this. It is creamy because of the cheese, but if you don't like it, you can have it "regular". Without the kids being little, I now add hot sauce to it to spice it up, but that is not a part of my original recipe.
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Originally written on Throw The Flag | Last updated 11/20/14
TUSCALOOSA, AL - NOVEMBER 13: Quarterback A. J. McCarron of the Alabama Crimson Tide sets for play against the Mississippi State Bulldogs November 13, 2010 at Bryant-Denny Stadium in Tuscaloosa, Alabama. (Photo by Al Messerschmidt/Getty Images)
Between AJ McCarron, Johnny Manziel, and Jeff Driskel, the SEC quarterbacks are absolutely dating some pretty stunning girls. Jeff Driskel happens to be dating head Florida Gator cheerleader Tarin Moses and she was nice enough to do an interview for the site. Johnny Manziel had plenty of pictures of him on Halloween with plenty of co-eds and then we found out he was dating Sarah Savage. According to Fox Sports, AJ McCarron is dating Miss Alabama who happens to be a an Auburn graduate. Oh, the scandal! According to her Twitter account, former Miss Alabama Katherine Webb and McCarron are now an item and have become a popular topic of conversation around the state of Alabama. Since sending out of picture of the two together, Webb, who also plans to sit with McCarron's family during the national title game, has received some pushback for the relationship through her account. The main reason? She's an Auburn grad. Of course, Johnny Manziel got to take a picture with Megan Fox as well. No...
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PLAYERS: A.J. McCarron, Jeff Driskel, Megan Fox
TEAMS: Alabama Crimson Tide
TEAMS: Alabama Crimson Tide
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|November 27, 2012 01:01 PM EST
Apprenda, a private platform-as-a-service (PaaS) for developing, delivering and managing next-generation cloud applications, today launched version 4.0 of its flagship platform.
Apprenda 4.0 will set the model for how to modernize existing mission-critical enterprise applications and build new cloud architected applications and services, extending its leadership in best-of-breed support for Windows-based cloud environments.
Enterprises Extend Datacenter to Windows Azure
Apprenda connects Windows Server 2012 environments with cloud-based Windows Azure resources, achieving a hybrid cloud PaaS approach for enterprises. Windows Azure users can use Apprenda to develop, deploy and manage cloud applications without conflict with private PaaS.
"Windows Azure is a global, scalable cloud platform that gives developers flexibility to target public, private, and hybrid cloud environments," said Bill Hilf, General Manager, Windows Azure Marketing. "Apprenda helps enterprises utilize Windows Azure's strengths so that applications can take advantage of public and private PaaS scenarios."
Single-Click Hybrid Cloud
Apprenda enterprises want hybrid cloud architectures. In 4.0, IT can apply resource policies to infrastructure and applications in seconds, moving them with a simple single-click feature across the boundaries from private to public cloud or can set policies for doing so automatically based on business needs and parameters.
"Hybrid cloud is helping traditional enterprises become more comfortable with Net-based application development," said James Governor, RedMonk founding analyst. "Organizations want common tooling for deployment, monitoring, security and management across public and private cloud; Apprenda is targeting this deployment flexibility directly with its 4.0 release."
Enterprises Easily Embrace Mobile, Other App Patterns
As enterprises extend their application portfolios to embrace mobile, multi-tenant and other cloud application types, Apprenda extends its market-leading developer cloud platform for deployment and management with technology that helps keep the focus on product innovation. As a best-of-breed platform for Windows Server and .NET, Apprenda 4.0 adds support for all Windows and Visual Studio integration and extends support for all of Microsoft's latest releases, including .NET 4.5, SQL Server 2012, and Windows Server 2012.
Developers increase productivity in building next generation cloud architected applications and modernizing existing application portfolio with minimal adjustment to code.
Apprenda 4.0 has best-in-class operation advancements in third-party authorization and authentication systems designed to improve agility in application deployment and deployment policies to implement governance, risk management and compliance (GRC). With new System Center 2012 integration, Apprenda can run across multiple datacenters (private/public/hosted) and yet be managed centrally.
About Apprenda
Apprenda is a platform-as-a-service (PaaS) that transforms how enterprises can develop, deliver and manage next generation applications in a public, private or hybrid cloud environment. Apprenda's platform makes writing and managing enterprise cloud applications easy and efficient, without compromise. The Apprenda PaaS equips enterprises with the runtime, APIs and tools that allow them to easily build, deploy and manage cloud applications using today's skillsets and investments. By decoupling applications from infrastructure and developers from IT, Apprenda empowers organizations to achieve significant cost savings and massive productivity improvements that result in better business.
SYS-CON Events announced today that Windstream, a leading provider of advanced network and cloud communications, has been named "Silver Sponsor" of SYS-CON's 16th International Cloud Expo®, which will take place on June 9–11, 2015, at the Javits Center in New York, NY. Windstream (Nasdaq: WIN), a FORTUNE 500 and S&P 500 company, is a leading provider of advanced network communications, including cloud computing and managed services, to businesses nationwide. The company also offers broadband, phone and digital TV services to consumers primarily in rural areas.
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The major cloud platforms defy a simple, side-by-side analysis. Each of the major IaaS public-cloud platforms offers their own unique strengths and functionality. Options for on-site private cloud are diverse as well, and must be designed and deployed while taking existing legacy architecture and infrastructure into account. Then the reality is that most enterprises are embarking on a hybrid cloud strategy and programs. In this Power Panel at 15th Cloud Expo (http://www.CloudComputingExpo.com), moderated by Ashar Baig, Research Director, Cloud, at Gigaom Research, Nate Gordon, Director of T...
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The definition of IoT is not new, in fact it's been around for over a decade. What has changed is the public's awareness that the technology we use on a daily basis has caught up on the vision of an always on, always connected world. If you look into the details of what comprises the IoT, you'll see that it includes everything from cloud computing, Big Data analytics, "Things," Web communication, applications, network, storage, etc. It is essentially including everything connected online from hardware to software, or as we like to say, it's an Internet of many different things. The difference ...
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Cloud Expo 2014 TV commercials will feature @ThingsExpo, which was launched in June, 2014 at New York City's Javits Center as the largest 'Internet of Things' event in the world.
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An entirely new security model is needed for the Internet of Things, or is it? Can we save some old and tested controls for this new and different environment? In his session at @ThingsExpo, New York's at the Javits Center, Davi Ottenheimer, EMC Senior Director of Trust, reviewed hands-on lessons with IoT devices and reveal a new risk balance you might not expect. Davi Ottenheimer, EMC Senior Director of Trust, has more than nineteen years' experience managing global security operations and assessments, including a decade of leading incident response and digital forensics. He is co-author of t...
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ARMONK, N.Y., Nov. 20, 2014 /PRNewswire/ -- IBM (NYSE: IBM) today announced that it is bringing a greater level of control, security and flexibility to cloud-based application development and delivery with a single-tenant version of Bluemix, IBM's platform-as-a-service. The new platform enables developers to build ap...
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Explosive growth in connected devices. Enormous amounts of data for collection and analysis. Critical use of data for split-second decision making and actionable information. All three are factors in making the Internet of Things a reality. Yet, any one factor would have an IT organization pondering its infrastructure strategy. How should your organization enhance its IT framework to enable an Internet of Things implementation? In his session at Internet of @ThingsExpo, James Kirkland, Chief Architect for the Internet of Things and Intelligent Systems at Red Hat, described how to revolutioniz...
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Technology is enabling a new approach to collecting and using data. This approach, commonly referred to as the "Internet of Things" (IoT), enables businesses to use real-time data from all sorts of things including machines, devices and sensors to make better decisions, improve customer service, and lower the risk in the creation of new revenue opportunities. In his General Session at Internet of @ThingsExpo, Dave Wagstaff, Vice President and Chief Architect at BSQUARE Corporation, discuss the real benefits to focus on, how to understand the requirements of a successful solution, the flow of ...
Nov. 21, 2014 08:00 PM EST Reads: 1,396
The security devil is always in the details of the attack: the ones you've endured, the ones you prepare yourself to fend off, and the ones that, you fear, will catch you completely unaware and defenseless. The Internet of Things (IoT) is nothing if not an endless proliferation of details. It's the vision of a world in which continuous Internet connectivity and addressability is embedded into a growing range of human artifacts, into the natural world, and even into our smartphones, appliances, and physical persons. In the IoT vision, every new "thing" - sensor, actuator, data source, data con...
Nov. 21, 2014 08:00 PM EST Reads: 1,336
"BSQUARE is in the business of selling software solutions for smart connected devices. It's obvious that IoT has moved from being a technology to being a fundamental part of business, and in the last 18 months people have said let's figure out how to do it and let's put some focus on it, " explained Dave Wagstaff, VP & Chief Architect, at BSQUARE Corporation, in this SYS-CON.tv interview at @ThingsExpo, held Nov 4-6, 2014, at the Santa Clara Convention Center in Santa Clara, CA.
Nov. 21, 2014 07:00 PM EST Reads: 1,254
Focused on this fast-growing market's needs, Vitesse Semiconductor Corporation (Nasdaq: VTSS), a leading provider of IC solutions to advance "Ethernet Everywhere" in Carrier, Enterprise and Internet of Things (IoT) networks, introduced its IStaX™ software (VSC6815SDK), a robust protocol stack to simplify deployment and management of Industrial-IoT network applications such as Industrial Ethernet switching, surveillance, video distribution, LCD signage, intelligent sensors, and metering equipment. Leveraging technologies proven in the Carrier and Enterprise markets, IStaX is designed to work ac...
Nov. 20, 2014 09:15 PM EST Reads: 1,351
C-Labs LLC, a leading provider of remote and mobile access for the Internet of Things (IoT), announced the appointment of John Traynor to the position of chief operating officer. Previously a strategic advisor to the firm, Mr. Traynor will now oversee sales, marketing, finance, and operations. Mr. Traynor is based out of the C-Labs office in Redmond, Washington. He reports to Chris Muench, Chief Executive Officer. Mr. Traynor brings valuable business leadership and technology industry expertise to C-Labs. With over 30 years' experience in the high-tech sector, John Traynor has held numerous...
Nov. 20, 2014 06:00 PM EST Reads: 1,301
Bit6 today issued a challenge to the technology community implementing Web Real Time Communication (WebRTC). To leap beyond WebRTC's significant limitations and fully leverage its underlying value to accelerate innovation, application developers need to consider the entire communications ecosystem.
Nov. 20, 2014 04:45 PM EST Reads: 1,088
The 3rd International @ThingsExpo, co-located with the 16th International Cloud Expo - to be held June 9-11, 2015, at the Javits Center in New York City, NY - announces that it is now accepting Keynote Proposals. The Internet of Things (IoT) is the most profound change in personal and enterprise IT since the creation of the Worldwide Web more than 20 years ago. All major researchers estimate there will be tens of billions devices - computers, smartphones, tablets, and sensors - connected to the Internet by 2020. This number will continue to grow at a rapid pace for the next several decades.
Nov. 20, 2014 01:00 PM EST Reads: 1,547
The Internet of Things is not new. Historically, smart businesses have used its basic concept of leveraging data to drive better decision making and have capitalized on those insights to realize additional revenue opportunities. So, what has changed to make the Internet of Things one of the hottest topics in tech? In his session at @ThingsExpo, Chris Gray, Director, Embedded and Internet of Things, discussed the underlying factors that are driving the economics of intelligent systems. Discover how hardware commoditization, the ubiquitous nature of connectivity, and the emergence of Big Data a...
Nov. 20, 2014 12:30 PM EST Reads: 1,775
Almost everyone sees the potential of Internet of Things but how can businesses truly unlock that potential. The key will be in the ability to discover business insight in the midst of an ocean of Big Data generated from billions of embedded devices via Systems of Discover. Businesses will also need to ensure that they can sustain that insight by leveraging the cloud for global reach, scale and elasticity.
Nov. 18, 2014 09:00 PM EST Reads: 2,004
SYS-CON Events announced today that IDenticard will exhibit at SYS-CON's 16th International Cloud Expo®, which will take place on June 9-11, 2015, at the Javits Center in New York City, NY. IDenticard™ is the security division of Brady Corp (NYSE: BRC), a $1.5 billion manufacturer of identification products. We have small-company values with the strength and stability of a major corporation. IDenticard offers local sales, support and service to our customers across the United States and Canada. Our partner network encompasses some 300 of the world's leading systems integrators and security s...
Nov. 18, 2014 08:15 PM EST Reads: 1,540
IoT is still a vague buzzword for many people. In his session at @ThingsExpo, Mike Kavis, Vice President & Principal Cloud Architect at Cloud Technology Partners, discussed the business value of IoT that goes far beyond the general public's perception that IoT is all about wearables and home consumer services. He also discussed how IoT is perceived by investors and how venture capitalist access this space. Other topics discussed were barriers to success, what is new, what is old, and what the future may hold. Mike Kavis is Vice President & Principal Cloud Architect at Cloud Technology Pa...
Nov. 18, 2014 01:30 PM EST Reads: 1,998
Cloud Expo 2014 TV commercials will feature @ThingsExpo, which was launched in June, 2014 at New York City's Javits Center as the largest 'Internet of Things' event in the world. The next @ThingsExpo will take place November 4-6, 2014, at the Santa Clara Convention Center, in Santa Clara, California. Since its launch in 2008, Cloud Expo TV commercials have been aired and CNBC, Fox News Network, and Bloomberg TV. Please enjoy our 2014 commercial.
Nov. 13, 2014 05:00 AM EST Reads: 3,538


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Amazon Harry Potter Action Figures
Imported from Japan! IT ALL ENDS HERE! A huge part of the saga of Harry Potter, this unique Kubrick release is presented in his ...Quidditch uniform as a special Kubrick and is certain to pique the interests of the millions and millions of Potter fans around the world! The most famous wizard in the world, Harry Potter, has received the Kubrick treatment courtesy of Medicom! Wearing his Quidditch robes, posable Harry stands 7cm tall, and he comes with a broomstick for maximum Quidditch action. Read More
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This hotel is recommended if you want to culture, life of Thailand. A resort hotel has a few way of enjoying. There is the hotel in a residential area. Children play on a way in front. There is a coin laundry in the place of two minutes on walk. I can buy drink, snack and same thing. In addition, there... More
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Find records of Rodie Bulba
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EOS Bodies - For Stills / Re: Shooting an event soon -- could use some advice« on: September 05, 2014, 02:16:29 PM »
Cameras & Lenses: Always two bodies.... .... Speedlight 600ex-rt on each camera
Two cameras with speedlights attached hanging from straps, in a crowd of kids/parents?
That sounds like a good way to get equipment busted. One bad bump and one of those speedlights can snap off. I think that is a bit over-kill for this type of shoot. Especially for someone doing this type of shoot for the first time.
Agreed - I'd keep one on the 5DIII and the other in a bag/pocket as a spare or for off-camera shots. Two mounted flashes are too easy to bump into each other, crowd or not.
I don't even own two speedlites. #naturallightshooter


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South Korea Hypes Mythical North Korean Threat to Western US
Theoretical Missile Might Conceivably Have 10,000 km Range Some Day
South Korean officials with an eye toward keeping the US engaged in their peninsula are warning that North Korea might conceivably be able to fire a rocket with a range of 10,000 km, enough to hit the west coast of the United States.
At least maybe. The 10,000 km range is a rough estimate based on a marginally successful satellite launch, but ignores the question of whether they have the technology to build a missile that could survive reentry, whether they could fire accurately, and whether they could even figure out how to put a warhead on it.
Officials conceded that the welding on the first stage of the rocket, the only part they've recovered yet, looks exceedingly crude considering it was meant to launch into space, and they are pretty sure everything was done by hand.
Putting satellites in orbit is a first step toward developing ICBMs, which is why the international community is freaking out over the launch. Yet the indicators are that North Korea can barely do that, and not even very reliably, and it seems a foregone conclusion that they would be many, many years away from credible long-range missiles.
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- Kashmir Militant Attack on Indian Soldiers Leaves 11 Dead - November 27th, 2014
- US 'Vigilant' Over Lack of Terror Chatter for Thanksgiving - November 27th, 2014
One Response to "South Korea Hypes Mythical North Korean Threat to Western US"
So there is yet another war monger, now in charge of S Korea, attempting to drag the US into its problems.


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After a very fast and successful 17-day drydocking the cruise ship MSC Magnifica left Damen Shiprepair Rotterdam (part of Damen Shiprepair & Conversion) for
Glosten using Nupas-Cadmatic software for Vigor's Alaska Class Ferry project
Seattle-based naval architecture consultancy Glosten has joined the list of North
Norwegian Cruise Line Holdings Ltd. announces fleet expansion for Oceania Cruises in 2016; Sirena to join sister ships Insignia, Regatta and Nautica
Norwegian Cruise Line Holdings Ltd.
Plentiful supply, low prices and strict regulations on air pollution are fuelling a swift move towards using LNG as fuel for ship propulsion in the USA and Canada.
A trio of 38-metre Flex Ferries, built by Singapore's Penguin Shipyard International and designed by Southampton-based BMT Nigel Gee, have been delivered to their new owner,
MSC Cruises has started a fleet-wide optimization installed by Marlink to improve shipboard VSAT (Very Small Aperture Terminal) connectivity. MSC Cruises said it
Interferry has welcomed a decision at last week's IMO Maritime Safety Committee meeting (MSC94) setting out rules for the location of fuel tanks on LNG-powered ships,
Fincantieri, the world leader in the construction of cruise ships, has signed two memorandums of understanding, respectively with Carnival Corporation, the world's largest cruise line,
Norwegian hybrid to be the first LNG battery ferry to operate on commercial routes
Corvus Energy, Siemens AS and Fjord1 have announced the award of the contract for the Fannefjord LNG hybrid ferry.
Carnival Corporation & plc released a report today detailing its sustainability efforts, including initiatives which enabled the company to meet its corporate goal
South Korea launches a massive new government agency this week to handle emergency rescue and safety management seven months after a ferry disaster killed 304 people
Meyer Turku Oy celebrated the start of production of cruise ship Mein Schiff 5 on November 18, 2014, as the cutting machine was started by Mike Schwanke, Marketing
Corvus Energy announced the completion of the three-month trial of the hybrid ferry MF Finnøy. The refit vessel used a 960V, 260kWh Energy Storage System (ESS)
Britannia Seaways crew who fought raging fire in heavy seas receive 2014 IMO Award for Exceptional Bravery at Sea
One year to the day after surviving an explosive
A cruise ship with 172 passengers and crew members suffering from a gastrointestinal ailment caused by norovirus was met by public health officials when it docked in California on Sunday,
Officials for Italy's Tuscany region and the island of Giglio said on Monday they would seek a total of 220 million euros ($274 million) in damages from Costa Cruises,
The Shipping Corporation of India declared its unaudited financial results for the quarter ended 30.09.2014 posting a profit of Rs.18.59 Crores as compared to a loss of Rs.
New York Harbor Tug Boat Captains and Crews, Staten Island Ferry Workers, Circle Line and Other Tourist Boat Crews Vote to Join New Union.
New York-area watermen who operate tugboats,
Starting November 15, 2014, Royal Caribbean's Explorer of the Seas begins homeporting at Port Canaveral through March 2015, offering a new nine-night itinerary
Eight of the 15 surviving crew members of a South Korean ferry that capsized in April have filed for appeal against their convictions on negligence charges in the


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Tokyo DJs Presented by MAP
Tokyo Knights 東京ナイツ Episode #1
Host DJ Antomattei of Tokyo discusses French cognac cocktail drink maker Alizé debuting on the Tokyo nightlife scene for the first time at the Tokyo Knights 東京ナイツ Opening Party. Tokyo Knights 東京ナイツ debuts with its launch party on December 17, 2011 at Tomodachi Lounge, Roppongi, Tokyo
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Try @Millgate - they often have a good range
As the title says, looking for a laptop with Windows 8 pro downgrade to windows 7 pro. Hp apparently now don't provide customers with downgrade disks but have a selection of laptops on their site with both OS options. Not as cheap as Misco etc etc.
Anyone bought one recently? We only use OEM btw.
Last edited by witch; 17th May 2013 at 08:14 AM.
Thanks guys!
What about the HP Probook 4540s? Part code H5J01EA#ABU. £390 ex vat with free shipping
If you wanted to go away from HP (we like them I might add) then we also have some Toshiba's and they are really nice
Just an alternative perhaps.
I have a number of Probook 4540s' and they are great laptops - lovely finish to them too!
I bought them before Win 8 but I know we got them with Win 7 Professional licenses.
There are currently 1 users browsing this thread. (0 members and 1 guests)


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Webinar: Los Cabos UnstoppableJoin us on 11/25 for the official destination update as the winter season approaches for Los Cabos.Register now
On Demand WebinarsExplore our library of over 50 On Demand webinars. There are items of interest for everyone.Learn Now>>
Travel Jonze was laughing out loud at this clever YouTube video from the folk-country band Sons of Maxwell, which details the band's experience with United after one of their checked guitars was broken -- apparently when baggage crews were flinging it around on the tarmac.
According to a link from the video, band frontman Dave Carroll said United would "do nothing" to compensate him after his $3,500 guitar was damaged on a flight to Nebraska. He said he watched from a window as baggage handlers threw the guitar cases around during a layover in O'Hare.
The catchy chorus on the video ends with: "I should have flown with someone else/or gone by car/'cause United breaks guitars."
The video has received 2.6 million hits.
In another example of the power of viral video, in a followup video Carroll said that United "generously, but late" offered him compensation for the broken guitar. He suggested that the airline send the money instead to a charity of their choice. He also said that a Part 2 video was in production.
"Contrary to some thoughts, travel agents do exist ... We are
usually able to get clients better prices, and we know we can see that
clients have better experiences. And as our personal motto is: Our
Service Travels With You."
The change in policy reflects a tightening of hotel room inventory and
may be a response to the proliferation...
On the third day of CruiseWorld, Norwegian Cruise Line CEO Kevin Sheehan addressed the audience, followed by the President's Panel.
Jaf Travel offers a seven-night trip to Guatemala visiting Guatemala City, Antigua, Chichicastenango, Lake Atitlan and Tikal.
Flo Tours offers an 18-night trip to the South Pacific with two departures in 2015 stopping in Auckland, Waitomo, Rotorua and Queenstown, New Zealand; Sydney, Alice Springs, Ayers Rock, Cairns and Port...
Great Safaris features a land tour in Kenya this winter visiting Nairobi, Samburu, Lake Nakuru and the Masai Mara.
Pacific Delight Tours' China trip spends three nights in Beijing, four nights cruising the Yangtze River, two nights in Xian and three nights in Shanghai.
Flo Tours offers a 13-night trip spending four nights in Azerbaijan, five nights in Georgia and four nights in Armenia with departures in April and October.
With the "Paddington" movie set to debut Nov. 28 in the U.K. (Jan. 16 in the U.S.), the Draycott Hotel in London is offering a Paddington Bear Experience plan.
The Regent Porto Montenegro, located on the Bay of Kotor in Tivat, Montenegro, is celebrating its recent opening with an introductory rate on stays in specific room categories.
Il Salviatino, a restored villa hotel located about 15 minutes from downtown Florence, is offering a package focusing on Tuscan cuisine.
Crossroads Tours is cutting rates for two of its 2015 tours by $100 on bookings made by March 15. In addition, the operator will pay agents 15% commission on all packages from its 2015 lineup.
More than ever, lovers are embracing the allure of Mexico, which translates...
Greece is truly a world of destinations and offers its guests...
Travel Weekly invites you to join us November 5 - 9 for CruiseWorld - where a diverse group of agents...
December 16. 2014
Cast your ballot today to determine the finalists for the
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Join Travel Weekly, TravelAge West and the Mexico Tourism Board for the
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Riviera Nayarit. The words evoke a sense of an exotic gateway.
Sunday, January 25, 2015International Tour Management Institute Symposium
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Helping the Greater Good: From Quadriga Art to Jay Sekulow, Elie Hirschfeld to Irving Moskowitz
So many are good and committed to the right values in this world.: : To name some:
- The: Irving Moskowitz: Foundation is a charitable foundation which has a simple precept and motto -: : 'He who has saved one life, it is as if he has saved the world' and they use that as the simple precept for the many they have helped worldwide
- Elie Hirschfeld: is a trustee for over 30 years of the Continuum Health Partners group of hospitals, where his donations have topped over 1 million dollars.: : He started giving to these hospitals after witnessing the miracle of life — his first two children were born at Roosevelt Hospital. One in every four NYC hospital patients is treated by this group.
- Others, like: Quadriga Art: have helped over 500 of the world's most successful non-profits around the world and believes that non-profits are saving lives, changing the world and making a difference.: : They help people with non-profits in a wide variety of arenas — from health and medicine to education and culture, social services to children's welfare.
- Jay Sekulow: and the ACLJ are devoted to ethics and values.: : One of their most recent projects is opposing a: top FCC Commissioner who wants every broadcast station in America to undergo a public value test where the FCC can take away a stations license if it doesn't like what it hears.: : The ACLJ believes The Federal Communications Commission has no business telling broadcasters what to air.: : They fight and challenge what they see as injustice wherever it is.
Some great quotes detailing the actions like the folks above:
"Volunteers do not necessarily have the time; they just have the heart.": Elizabeth Andrew
"The smallest act of kindness is worth more than the grandest intention.": Oscar Wilde
"Kindness is the language which the deaf can hear and the blind can see.": Mark Twain
"We make a living by what we get, we make a life by what we give.": Winston Churchill
"The value of a man resides in what he gives and not in what he is capable of receiving."Albert Einstein
Ronn Torossian is a Public Relations executive and active in the charity world.
Also see...
After his 20-year old son overdosed on drugs, Mike Stollings decided to post a photo of his body at the funeral home on Facebook out of grief and guilt. The...Read More
Ronn Torossian
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April 30, 2014
The U.S. national DEF truck stop average price decreased in April by one cent to $2.79 in per gallon, while the Canadian average increased to CA$0.81 per liter for the first time since October 2011.
The bigger hike in Canada is for bulk DEF deliveries, which are up for the firth straight month, with the average price increasing one cent from March to CA$0.50 per liter for full truckload deliveries and up two cents to CA$0.59 per liter for less-than-truckload deliveries.
The U.S. national average price for FTL and LTL bulk deliveries remained at $1.61 per gallon and $1.93 per gallon, respectively, in April.
The lowest average prices for all delivery modes were found in the Chicago and Cincinnati metropolitan areas while the highest average prices were found in Denver, Phoenix and Los Angeles areas.
DEF is used in most 2010 and later model year heavy-duty diesel truck engines to reduce the amount of nitrogen oxides released into the atmosphere.
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A while ago I met a young woman who had just become a yoga teacher. When she learned that I also teach, she said, "oh where did you do your teacher training?" My mind went blank for a moment (which was a blessing in itself). It was such a bizarre way for me to think […]
Category Archives: Blog
How to Eat Like a Yogi
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- Jan
Years ago, while I was studying in Mysore, I had a troubling phase with my pranayama practice. After months of deep and steady breathing during my thrice-daily routine, I was suddenly unable to settle into it, so my meditation was wobbly. I went to discuss the issue with one of my teachers, Dr. Shankaranarayana Jois. He […]
Why go on a yoga retreat?
- 22
- Nov
Have you ever noticed yourself striving to get somewhere, or attain something and feeling frustrated by the (lack of) result? What would happen if you simply stopped? The universe responds to a calm state of mind more readily that it does to an eager, frantic one. What a relief that all it takes is learning […]


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