text:
Contigo Restaurant
- Address:
1745 East River Road, #165
Tucson, AZ 85718Neighborhood:
- Cuisine:
Latin / SpanishPrice: $30 and under
Contigo Restaurant
- Dining Style: Casual Elegant
- Website: http://www.eatatcontigo.com/
- Phone: (520) 299-1730
- Hours of Operation:
Dinner: Monday - Thursday: 5:00pm - 9:00pm, Friday - Saturday: 5:00pm - 10:00pm.
- Payment Options: AMEX,Diners Club,Discover,JCB,MasterCard,Visa
- Cuisine: Latin American, Latin / Spanish, Brazilian
- Executive Chef: Dana Elyse Montenegro
- Dress Code: Smart Casual
- Accepts Walk-Ins: Yes
- Additional Details: Bar Dining, Bar/Lounge, Full Bar, Gluten-free Menu, Late Night, Non-Smoking Restaurant, Patio/Outdoor Dining, Wheelchair Access, Wine, Wine Bar
A word from Contigo Restaurant
Contigo Latin Kitchen is a restaurant with both Latin heart and soul. With only 45 seats, it is one of the most intimate dining spaces in Tucson. Whether for an extended happy hour or a relaxed family dinner, Contigo is the place to meet old friends and make new ones and enjoy the best in modern Latin cuisine.Continued
Stop in to experience unforgettable hospitality, soulful Latin cuisine and refreshing drinks in a hip, urban space.
Stop in to experience unforgettable hospitality, soulful Latin cuisine and refreshing drinks in a hip, urban space.
Foodspotting photosSee all photos
Awards voted by OpenTable diners
- Diners' Choice WinnerBest Overall
- Diners' Choice WinnerFit for Foodies
- Diners' Choice WinnerNeigborhood Gem
Contigo Restaurant - Best Restaurants in Tucson ›
Contigo Restaurant reviews from OpenTable diners
70 reviews since July 30, 2014
- Food4.3Service4.3
- Ambiance4.1Noise LevelModerate
fit for foodies (47)neighborhood gem (33)special occasion (25)romantic (22)notable wine list (11)good for groups (7)late-night find (4)hot spot (2)vibrant bar scene (1)Show More
- Birthday dinner was a failuretravelguy100Dined on 11/22/2014I booked the reservation with comments. When we were greeted after waiting for the hostess to finish here socializing with one of the servers. I felt they weren't expecting us when I said we had a reservation. After being seated we placed our drink order and orded the Tapas sampler, chef's choice. Don't expect the sever to point out any of the selected Tapas, she will however Sing " sampler" drop the plat and run off. We played " let's guess what we're eating". Nice touch Contigo. This went on during the entire dining experience. Sure they checked on how the food was tasting, as soon as you say fine, great or what ever your verbiage used they all run off. I felt they were the least interested, just going through the motions of serving. We were planning on havimg a couple of glasses of wine after dinner however, that all changed after thinking about any additional spending on my Birthday dinner. We went to an other restaurant for the after dinner wine and deserts. All the restaurants in town I could have chosen, I chose Contigo. as I noted above, inputting a few comments in the reservation, one was that I was celebrating my birthday. Nothing was said, this confirms they don't care about the little details. Including being seated with an empty salt shaker and missing table settings, we had to take them from the table next to us.Special Features:
- sdvisitorsVIPDined on 11/1/2014Don't know if it was an off night but the food was undercooked and the wait for entrees was nearly an hour after ordering. Reputation outweighed our one night experience. Thirty percent discount was applied for our inconvenience with profuse apologies which helped.
- A tucson gem!AZJSVIPDined on 11/1/2014Contigo has the whole package - food, service, atmosphere. It never misses to deliver a wonderful dining experience!Special Features:I would recommend this to a friend.
- Innovative and outstanding foodMontyDined on 10/31/2014Contigo has a wonderful South American menu. A few tapas to start, very creative main courses--the duck with mole was a taste experience that blended two of my favorites! Service is friendly and efficient. Wine list is nice, small, but just right for the food and excellent South American choices. It is a small place, which for our group made it just perfect.Special Features:
- ScrumptiousOpenTable Diner Since 2010VIPDined on 10/28/2014We've eaten a few times before and the food has always been fantastic. This night we both specials and the chorizo stuffed date wrapped with bacon. One of the specials was Duck Confit tacos w/fruit salsa, black beans, and rice. I thoroughly enjoyed everything I ate.Special Features:I would recommend this to a friend.
- ContigojohnnygreatDined on 10/25/2014Great Spanish dishes - not Mexican. The wines from Spain were unique but appropriate. Check out the tasty and filling appetizers. We shared the tres leches cake for desert - huge and delicious.Special Features:I would recommend this to a friend.
- Great spotAzboltsDined on 10/24/2014Unique flavors, awesome cocktails...always a good spotSpecial Features:
- A Bit NoisygodangusVIPDined on 10/18/2014The noise level makes it a bit difficult to converse easily.
- OpenTable Diner Since 2012Dined on 9/27/2014The food and service were very good, but he noise level was loud. It was hard to talk across the table with out talking very loud your selfSpecial Features:
- Has been betterSandalDined on 9/25/2014We took friends there because we like this restaurant. The food was good as usual, but they seemed to be understaffed that night. Good cocktails!Special Features:
- Best Restaurant in Tucson!TheFoodDudeDined on 9/20/2014I've been twice and both times I've had some of the most amazing food I've ever put to my mouth. If you're a first timer, the tapas sampler is the way to go for your app. You get five or six bite size wonders that really get the taste buds energized and ready for more Contigo flavors. Although each portion is bite sized, they were easy enough to cut in half and share. We then shared the beat salad. Words are honestly not enough for the complex flavors that are made up in this salad. The beets are cooked perfectly and the accompanying sauce and chevre style cheese made this hands down the best beet salad I've ever had, by far. The wife enjoyed the blackened cod and I the rack of lamb. I highly recommend this place. Casual gourmet.Special Features:
- Latin FusionTucsonGourmetDined on 9/13/2014Great menu with an interesting mix of dishes from different Latin American countries. Innovative drinks and good selection of wines. Owner was very attentive and answered questions regarding the various dishes. Will need to go back to try the paella and cochino.Special Features:
- GoldilocksDined on 9/13/2014service was great... mango mojitos - amazing... salads were awesome.... ribeye - tough.... scallops - sandy/gritty atmosphere - busy near front of restaurant - not relaxing
- Great sampling of Latin cuisineFoodie2Dined on 9/4/2014I was in town for a few days and looking for a place between downtown and the Skyline area to meet a friend. We liked too many items on the menu so never made it to the main course dishes. We both wish we had been hungrier. I am putting this on my dining list for future trips to Tucson. Also enjoyed the wine by the glass list!Special Features:
- TapasFoodie4lifeDined on 8/31/2014Go for the cocktails. Stay for the tapas! The entrees weren't that impressive to be honest, but the tapas more than made up for that! The Ribeye was really touch and poorly trimmed. It had lots of gristle. The corn sliders were bland and dry. The cocktails, however are made with skill and are very tasty. We had the chef's choice tapa sampler. It is 6 off menu bites. All were amazing. The bacon wrapped dates are also amazing. The mushrooms where really good after we dumped the chimichurri from the bread onto them.Special Features:I would recommend this to a friend.
- Great Latin American Cusinebw0812VIPDined on 8/22/2014Superb menu with great tasting food. Dined here the night before our trip to Spain because we had heard so many great things about it. It did not disappoint. Wonder service to go along with a wonderful meal..Special Features:
- Always a pleasureAZJSVIPDined on 8/19/2014Contigo is one of our favorite restaurants - the food is unique, well prepared, and delicious. It a special experience that deserves to be repeated over and over again.Special Features:I would recommend this to a friend.
- Great food. GreAt serviceDiningjunkieDined on 8/16/2014Nice and different selection of appetizers salads and mains. Interesting selection of cocktails Service was attentive and friendly.Special Features:I would recommend this to a friend.
- First Time WOW!jeffDined on 8/15/2014Intimate setting wonderful food... I had the lamb chops. Definitely going again.Special Features:
- Check it outTable42PleaseDined on 8/15/2014Delicious food and drinks. Healthy but not huge portions. Great service. A great date place!Special Features:I would recommend this to a friend.
- Best food in TucsonbleuDined on 8/9/2014Every time I've eaten here the food and service have been outstanding. I can't say enough good things about Contigo. It is Tucson's best-kept secret. It is by far the best food in town. It's absolutely fabulous!Special Features:I would recommend this to a friend.
- Loved it!LuckyDined on 8/9/2014Fun food choices with lots of flavor! Enjoyed sampling a variety of items on the menu. Excellent choices of cocktails to pair with all the variety of Tapas.Special Features:I would recommend this to a friend.
- new favoriteswmcDined on 8/6/2014My mom and came in on a quiet weeknight and had a lovely, relaxed dinner. We especially liked the cod and the arepas. It was nice that the music wasn't too loud. Service was excellent. This is the second time we've eaten here and we'll definitely be back!Special Features:
- ContigoFoodie1Dined on 8/5/2014Small gem of a place. Great for a romantic evening or for celebrating with a few friends. The staff is friendly and efficient but not overbearing. The open kitchen is fun to watch if you sit in that area. While not having an extensive wine list the ones offered are varied and not what is found in every other restaurant. Lamb Chops and Ribeye are our most favorite and the Elote is so yummy. Save room for dessert, they are so good!Special Features:I would recommend this to a friend.
- Paella SpecialArizonavisitorDined on 8/5/2014We went for the Tuesday night Paella special and it was excellent. Very pleasant staff, good sangria and paella. Quieter than on weekends. This was our fourth visit, enjoyed them all. Try the small dishes.Special Features:I would recommend this to a friend.
- over ratedlike2dineDined on 8/1/2014Saw review in foothills magazine, food was ok, at best. service was horrible. slow to get drinks & everything. we won't be back.
- The following 18 reviews are from the Contigo Restaurant reviews archive.
- YumSusanVIPDined on 7/26/2014I had one of the best meals ever. Dinner of seared black cod was so delicious. And, something that seems to be hard to achieve...the meal was was hot! Also the food all looked good on the plate. The chard and corn were very good and went well with the fish.Special Features:
- luvRpupsDined on 7/23/2014Unique menu-fresh herbed drinks vibrant tastes. Looking for quality in a quaint upscale setting-this is it. We liked everything we ordered- the portions were large and we took extra home. We will be back with friends...Special Features:I would recommend this to a friend.
- bmeleEATSDined on 7/19/2014Contigo is a well run restaurant with fun finds on the menu, as well as great sangria! A must see.Special Features:
- Amazing food!TUSKIDLuvs2dineinAZDined on 7/17/2014Love this restaurant! Walked in, was greeted by the owner Deborah, immediately felt welcomed!! Selected a variety of tapas, a great way to sample some of the amazing creations! The ceviche, THE BEST either of us ever had even on the beaches in Mex or CA! The Sangria was awesome! Contiqo's food continues to get better with the menu changing each time I am there. Our server, though pleasant wasn't as attentive as we felt she should have been. Also when we asked to take the leftovers the small bit of ceviche left was not included, bummer. Highly recommend Contigo for full dining or late night appetizers/drinks. This place is small yet MIGHTY & should not be the best kept secret!!!Special Features:
- Disappointing paellaNicknameVIPDined on 7/15/2014We had a fabulous meal a few evenings ago at Contigo so we invited friends to join us to go again. It was paella evening and we all enthusiastically ordered it. There were very few shellfish in it and the rice was pretty bland, have had much tastier paellas.I would recommend this to a friend.
- Anniversary Dinnergsquare12Dined on 7/12/2014WE were met at the door with a "Happy Anniversary" and served a complimentary champagne when seated. The service was excellent. Many options for food and all that we tried were excellent. Noise level is high but adds to an exciting atmosphere. We will definitely return and recommend Contigo.Special Features:
- Good, Good FoodLuvgoodfoodDined on 7/12/2014As always our dinner at Contigo was fantastic. I never have the same thing because there are so many good things to have. We always have a great time here.Special Features:I would recommend this to a friend.
- Interesting and well-prepared menuNicknameVIPDined on 7/12/2014We were very impressed with the unique menu items including drinks. We enjoyed every sip and every bite. It is a small, intimate space so reservations might be a good idea!Special Features:
- Under the RadarGourmetGhettoGoerVIPDined on 7/10/2014Contigo could be the best but least known restaurant in Tucson. It should definitely be in every foodie's rotation. The food is gourmet Latin American cuisine. Every dish is extremely flavory and lovingly prepared and presented. I cannot tell you how good the Aji tequilla marinated crispy black cod with choclo corn, swiss chard and chili oil was. It is simply one of the best fish dishes I have ever had. Everything is first rate from the appetizers (we had the tapas sampler) to the dessert (I had the chocolate/cinnamon cake that had a kick) to the beverages (the creative cocktails we had are top shelf as was the cabernet/malbec wine-by-the-glass). Hopefully now that Contigo is on Open Table it will attract more diners.Special Features:I would recommend this to a friend.
- Just ok1starVIPDined on 7/2/2014it was really loud, service was spotty - no pepper, forgot to bring silverwear with the meal, had to ask a 2nd time for knife, no desert menu, hard to understand the waiter with all the noise. Long drive for middle of the road.Special Features:
- A Tucson Gem!AZJSVIPDined on 7/1/2014Contigo is a special place - it is a small restaurant with big food. The cuisine is latin fusion and everything is wonderful. You can make an entire meal out of the appetizer tapas. The entrees are varied and well prepared. We had the summer paella and wine special which is a fabulous deal and delicious - we added the excellent tomatillo poblano gazpacho and the unbelievable dulce de leche sundae - a perfect meal!Special Features:
- Interesting Menu!DesertjoDined on 6/26/2014Another great meal at Contigo! Terrific menu. The tapas were outstanding, especially the ceviche. The mixed drinks we excellent. Service was attentive without hovering. All four entrees were enjoyed by all! Wonderful evening.Special Features:I would recommend this to a friend.
- Mostly hits but one missJimSDined on 6/24/2014My wife and I went on the spur of the moment after having read a positive revue in a local paper. We started with mojitos and the appetizer plate of five separate tastes. Both of there were excellent but sadly we selected the paella special with a bottle of sangria. First the good, the sangria was excellent. But then came the paella which suffered from dry overcooked chicken breast rather than the skin-on thigh which I have had in other paellas. The shrimp were a little bit overcooked as well and the sausage such as there was did not have the spicy taste I would have expected. The service and deserts were excellent but the paella did not measure up. I give them four stars but it could have easily been two or three. I liked the room.Special Features:
- Mixed bagagoodeaterVIPDined on 6/20/2014We really wanted to like this restaurant, and with some tweaks, it could really be outstanding. Loved the grilled romaine salad, but half of it was over-dressed while the other half was naked. The sangria was only a half-full glass' worth, and almost all ice - for $8, there should have been more than 5 sips. We've had tapas in Spain, and croutons do NOT count as a tapa (making up 20% of the appetizer plate). The duck tacos dish was mostly rice, beans, and cabbage. It was interesting for a first time, but we won't be back.Special Features:


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A computer program for manipulating diagnostic images obtained with computed tomography or magnetic resonance systems stores acquired voxel data in addresses in an electronic memory related to the spatial location of the voxels. Sample lines are identified in the space of the voxels and interpolated values are determined for points along these sample lines by accessing the volume data in the electronic memory as a "tube" which includes voxel data having spatial coordinates which vary only in the dimension of the sample line. The tube of data may be more easily accessed from the electronic memory than would a series of random accesses and also allows the sharing of interpolation calculations for the interpolated points along the sample lines.
1. A method of generating a diagnostic image of a body comprising the steps of:
directing a radiated energy through a region of interest of the body;
detecting an interaction of the energy with the body to acquire data at a plurality of voxels, the voxels having spatial coordinates in dimensions of a coordinate system of x, y, and z and being located within the region of interest wherein the data of each voxel corresponds to a physical property of the body at the spatial coordinates;
storing the voxel data in first addresses in an electronic memory wherein the addresses are related to spatial coordinates of the voxels;
determining a desired view axis along which to view the voxels, the desired viewing axis defined by two rotative coordinates, tilt and rotate, about the x and y axes, and by one rotative coordinate, spin, about the z-axis;
determining a projection axis defined by the rotate and tilt rotative coordinates only;
identifying sampling lines of constant y and z coordinates regularly spaced along rays parallel to the projection axis;
accessing a tube of voxel data from memory, the tube including a plurality of voxel data having addresses corresponding to spatial coordinates lying along tube edges of constant z and y values;
for each data tube interpolating sample values among data of the tube at intervals along sampling lines within the data tube;
projecting the interpolated sample values along the projection axis to image values having image coordinates;
storing the image values at second addresses in the electronic memory wherein the second addresses are related to image coordinates of the image values.
2. The method of claim 1 wherein the voxel data is x-ray attenuation data produced in a three-dimensional field by a computed tomography scanner.
3. The method of claim 1 wherein the voxel data is nuclear magnetic resonance data produced in a three-dimensional field by magnetic resonance imaging equipment.
4. The method of claim 1 including the additional step of transforming the image coordinates of the image values by the spin prior to storing the image values in the second memory addresses.
5. An apparatus generating a diagnostic image of a body comprising:
a means for directing a radiated energy through a region of interest of the body;
a means for detecting an interaction of the energy with the body to acquire data at a plurality of voxels, the voxels having spatial coordinates in dimensions of a coordinate system of x, y, and z and being located within the region of interest wherein the data of each voxel corresponds to a physical property of the body at the spatial coordinates;
an electronic memory for storing the voxel data in first addresses wherein the addresses are related to spatial coordinates of the voxels;
an input means for receiving a desired view axis along which to view the voxels, the desired viewing axis defined by two rotative coordinates, tilt and rotate, about the x and y axes, and by one rotative coordinate, spin, about the z-axis;
a means for producing a projection axis defined by the rotate and tilt rotative coordinates only;
a means for identifying sampling lines of constant y and z coordinates regularly spaced along rays parallel to the projection axis;
a means for accessing a tube of voxel data from the electronic memory, the tube including a plurality of voxel data having addresses corresponding to spatial coordinates lying along tube edges of constant z and y values;
a means for interpolating sample values, for each data tube, among data of the tube at intervals along sampling lines within the data tube;
a means for projecting the interpolated sample values along the projection axis to image values having image coordinates;
a means for storing the image values at second addresses in the electronic memory wherein the second addresses are related to image coordinates of the image values.
6. The apparatus of claim 5 wherein the directing means is an x-ray tube and wherein the detecting means is an array of x-ray detectors to provide voxel data related to the attenuation of the x-rays by the body.
7. The apparatus of claim 5 wherein the directing means is an RF coil for transmitting RF energy and the detecting means is an RF antenna for receiving NMR signals to provide voxel data related to the precessing of protons caused by the RF energy.
8. The apparatus of claim 5 wherein the storing means includes means for transforming the image coordinates of the image values by the spin prior to storing the image values in the second memory addresses.
1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to a method and apparatus for generating images from physiological data acquired at multiple points in a volume. In particular, the invention relates to a method of generating images, the method accommodating the physical constraints of conventional computer hardware so as to increase the speed with which diagnostic images may be transformed and displayed.
2. Background Art
Advances in technology have provided the medical practitioner with a variety of medical imaging systems. One important class of medical imaging systems works by radiating energy through a region of interest in the body, either from an external source, such as x-rays or an RF field, or from an internal source, such as an injected radioisotope. The interaction of the radiated energy with the body is measured at a variety of small volume elements ("voxels") within the body. The spatial coordinates of each of these voxels are identified and a map of the body within that region of interest is developed.
Two important types of medical imaging systems which provide such voxel data are Magnetic Resonance Imaging ("MRI") and X-ray Computed Tomography ("CT")
a. Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Any nucleus which possesses a magnetic moment attempts to align itself with the direction of the magnetic field in which it is located. In doing so, the nucleus precesses around this direction at a characteristic angular frequency (Larmor frequency) which is dependent on the strength of the magnetic field and on the properties of the specific nuclear species, i.e. the gyromagnetic constant γ of the nucleus. Nuclei which exhibit this phenomenon are termed "spins".
When a substance such as human tissue is subjected to a uniform magnetic field, the individual magnetic moments of the spins in the tissue precess about it in random order at their characteristic Larmor frequency. A net magnetic moment Mz is produced in the direction of the polarizing field, but the randomly oriented magnetic components in the perpendicular, or transverse, plane (x-y plane) cancel one another.
If the tissue is subjected to an oscillating radio frequency magnetic field which is in the x-y plane and which is near the Larmor frequency, the net aligned moment, Mz, may be rotated, or "tipped", into the x-y plane to produce a net transverse magnetic moment Mt, rotating in the x-y plane at the Larmor frequency. The degree to which the net magnetic moment Mz is tipped, and hence the magnitude of the net transverse magnetic moment Mt, depends primarily on the length of time and the magnitude of the applied excitation field.
The practical value of this phenomenon resides in the signal which is emitted by the excited spins after the excitation signal is terminated. In simple systems, the excited spins induce an oscillating sine wave signal in a receiving coil. The frequency of this signal is the Larmor frequency, and its initial amplitude is determined by the magnitude of the transverse magnetic moment. The amplitude of the emission signal decays in an exponential fashion with time, t:
A=AO e-t/T* 2 (1)
The decay constant 1/T* 2) depends on the homogeneity of the magnetic field and on T2, which is referred to as the "spin-spin relaxation" constant, or the "transverse relaxation" constant. The T2 constant is inversely proportional to the exponential rate at which the aligned precession of the spins would dephase, after removal of the excitation signal, in a perfectly homogeneous field.
Another important factor which contributes to the amplitude of the NMR signal is referred to as the spin-lattice relaxation process which is characterized by the time constant T1. It describes the recovery of the net magnetic moment M to its equilibrium value along the axis of magnetic polarization (z). The T1 time constant is longer than T2, much longer in most substances of medical interest.
The NMR measurements of particular relevance to the present invention are called "pulsed NMR measurements". Such NMR measurements are divided into a period of RF excitation and a period of signal emission. Such measurements are performed in a cyclic manner in which the NMR measurement is repeated many times to accumulate different data during each cycle or to make the same measurement at different locations in the subject. A wide variety of preparative excitation techniques is known which involves the application of one or more RF excitation pulses of varying magnitude, duration, and direction. The prior art is replete with excitation techniques that are designed to take advantage of particular NMR phenomena and which overcome particular problems in the NMR measurement process.
When utilizing NMR to produce images it is, of course, necessary to elicit NMR signals from specific locations in the subject. This is accomplished by employing magnetic fields (Gx, Gy, and Gz) which have the same direction as the polarizing field BO, but which have a gradient along the respective x, y and z axes. By controlling the strength of these gradients during each NMR cycle, the spatial distribution of spin excitation can be controlled and the location of the resulting NMR signals can be identified.
Typically, the volume which is to be imaged (region of interest) is scanned by a sequence of NMR measurement cycles. The resulting set of received NMR signals are digitized and processed to reconstruct data indicating the physical properties of specific voxels within the imaged volume. The voxel data is stored in an array in memory so that the spatial coordinates of each voxel may be identified.
b. Computed X-Ray Tomography
In a computed tomography system, an x-ray source is collimated to form a fan beam with a defined fan beam angle. The fan beam is oriented to lie within the x-y plane of a Cartesian coordinate system, termed the "gantry plane", and is transmitted through an imaged object, such as human tissue, to an x-ray detector array oriented within the gantry plane.
The detector array is comprised of a set of detector elements each of which measures the intensity of transmitted radiation along a different ray projected from the x-ray source to the particular detector element. The intensity of the transmitted radiation is dependent on the attenuation of the x-ray beam along that ray by the tissue.
The x-ray source and detector array are rotated on a gantry within the gantry plane and around a center of rotation within the tissue so that the angle at which the fan beam axis intersects the tissue may be changed. At each gantry angle, a projection is acquired, comprised of the intensity signals from each detector element. The gantry is then rotated to a new angle and the process is repeated to collect a number of projections along a number of gantry angles to form a tomographic projection set.
The acquired tomographic projection sets are typically stored in numerical form for later computer processing to "reconstruct" a slice image according to reconstruction algorithms known in the art. The reconstruction process converts the data of the rays, which represents total attenuation along the lines of the rays, to voxel data which represents the incremental x-ray attenuation provided by a voxel within the scanned area.
A typical computed tomographic study involves the acquisition of a series of "slices" of the imaged tissue, each slice parallel to the gantry plane and having a slice thickness dictated by the width of the detector array, the size of the focal spot, the collimation and the geometry of the system. Each successive slice is displaced incrementally along a z-axis, perpendicular to the x and y axes, so as to provide a third spatial dimension of information. After reconstruction, voxel data over a volume of the patient is obtained.
c. The Display of Voxel Data
As noted above, each of these imaging systems employs energy radiated through a region of interest of the body and detects the interaction of the energy with the body to acquire data at a plurality of voxels. The type of radiated energy is different for different imaging systems. The radiated energy is x-rays in the case of computed tomography (CT) and a radio frequency magnetic field in the case of nuclear magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The energy is sound waves, in the case of ultrasound and high energy particles from an injected radioisotope, in the case of nuclear medicine or PET scanning. In each case voxel data is obtained over a volume.
The processing and display of the voxel data produced by the above systems present two problems. The first problem is simply the large amount of data that is acquired: a typical study may generate data for over 4,000,000 voxels. Efficient processing of this data is essential if the technology is to be practically useable.
The second problem is the need to present the voxel data in a meaningful way. The data is unintelligible when represented as numerals alone, so typically, each voxel value is projected to a brightness value of a picture element("pixel") on an image plane. The pixels of the image plane together produce a picture-like image. The image may be more easily understood to a human operator.
Projecting the voxels of the three dimensional volume to the pixels of a two dimensional picture requires discarding some voxel information. Ideally, however, an appropriately selected image plane will capture most of the diagnostically significant information. Alternatively, several image planes may be generated, and viewed, sequentially. In this latter case, just as one may comprehend the three dimensions of a statue by viewing it from various angles, the multiple projections allow one to gain a more complete understanding of the voxel data.
In both cases, it is critical that the orientation of the image plane be freely selected, easily adjusted and that new images be rapidly generated. This allows the ideal image plane to be determined on an interactive basis, or permits the quick shifting between different image planes necessary to visualize the three dimensions of the data.
For the projection of high resolution images, it is known to employ a ray tracing technique in which a series of rays are generated normal to the imaging plane and spaced to correspond with the spacing of each pixel in the desired image. For each ray, the ray's path through the imaging space is calculated and the voxel having spatial locations closest to the ray read from the computer memory. This voxel data is used to generate interpolated values at points lying on each ray. These interpolated values are combined to generate the value for the particular pixel associated with that ray. This method requires the reading of large amounts of voxel data at random memory addresses and an unwieldy number of interpolations and is therefore unacceptably slow when used to process the large amounts of voxel data associated with typical medical imaging systems. Ideally, one should be able to rotate and project medical imaging voxel data on a near "real-time" basis much as one might rotate a physical object within one's hands.
The present invention significantly increases the speed with which large arrays of voxel data may be rotated and projected to an image, thereby improving the ability of a human operator to understand and use such data.
Specifically, after voxel data is acquired in three dimensions, defined by an x, y and z coordinate, a desired view axis is determined. The view axis is defined by two rotative coordinates, tilt and rotate, about an x and y axis, and by one rotative coordinate, spin about the z-axis. From the view axis a projection axis is generated, embodying the rotate and tilt rotative coordinates only. Sampling lines, through the voxel data, are identified, spaced along rays parallel to the projection axis.
The acquired voxel data is stored in computer memory at first addresses related to spatial coordinates of the voxels. For processing, the data of the voxels is accessed as a "tube", the tube including a number of voxel data having addresses corresponding to spatial coordinates lying along tube edges of constant z and y values. Generally, each data tube is bounded by four tube edges. Sample values are interpolated at sample points among data of the tube at intervals along the sampling lines within each data tube.
The interpolated sample points are then projected along the projection axis to image values having image coordinates. The image values are stored at second addresses in the electronic memory, wherein the second addresses are related to image coordinates of the image values.
It is one object of the invention to allow accurate and rapid projection of large arrays of voxel data from medical imaging systems to an image, using present computer hardware. Processing the voxel data as grouped in data tubes allows more rapid memory access, by caching techniques and the like, because the data is read from blocks of adjacent memory addresses. The selection of the sampling lines based on tilting and rotation without spin, ensures that the sample points of each data tube will map to a single row of the image. This speeds the writing of image data.
Incident to the rotation of the array, the coordinates of each rotated voxel will no longer map regularly to pixels of the image. For high resolution images, new interpolated data, at sample points, must be generated prior to projection of the voxel data to pixels. The reading of voxel data in the form of a data tube allows each such interpolation to share calculations from previous interpolations, thus speeding this interpolation process.
The voxel data may be pre-processed by defining a subset of the voxel data within a volume of interest; the volume of interest("VOI") is reflected as limits at either end of each data tube.
It is thus another object of the invention to provide a method of projecting image data from a volume of voxel data that realizes an improvement in speed when an image comprising less than all the voxel data is desired. Once the data tube is selected, only a single test must be performed to identify that data that is within the VOI. In contrast, were the voxel data read in a random access, as is required in a conventional ray-tracing projection, each voxel accessed would need to be tested against six limits.
The foregoing and other objects and advantages of the invention will appear from the following description. In the description, reference is made to the accompanying drawings which form a part hereof, and in which there is shown by way of illustration a preferred embodiment of the invention. Such embodiment does not necessarily represent the full scope of the invention, however, and reference is made, therefore, to the claims herein for interpreting the scope of the invention.
FIG. 1 is a block diagram of an NMR system as may be used with the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic representation CT system as may be used with the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a pictorial representation of an imaged volume of voxel data as acquired and as projected to an image plane;
FIG. 4 is a schematic representation of the storage of rows of voxel and pixel data at sequential addresses in computer memory;
FIGS. 5(a)-(c) are perspective views of one row of voxels in a volume array and the projection of that row to a row of the image plane after rotation and tilting;
FIG. 6 is a perspective view of an array of voxels showing tilt and rotation of a view axis to provide the same effect as tilting and rotating the array;
FIG. 7 is a flow chart depicting the method of the present invention and the accessing of the voxel data in data tubes;
FIG. 8 is a view of the y-z plane of the imaged volume of FIG. 3 showing the positioning of sampling lines within a data tube of voxel data;
FIG. 9 is a perspective view of the sampling lines of FIG. 8 showing their interception of projection rays for projecting an image;
FIG. 10 is a perspective of a data tube of FIG. 8 showing the sampling lines within the data tube;
FIG. 11 is a perspective view of interpolated sample points along the sampling line as projected along projection rays to an imaging plane.
a. Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Referring first to FIG. 1, there are shown the major components of a preferred NMR system which incorporate the present invention and which is sold by the General Electric Company under the trademark "SIGNA". The operation of the system is controlled from an operator console 100 which includes a console processor 101 that scans a keyboard 102 and receives inputs from a human operator through a control panel 103. The console processor 101 also drives a video display 104 to produce images. The data for these images is received through a serial link 105 from an image processor 106 that forms part of a separate computer system 107.
The computer system 107 is formed about a backplane bus which conforms with the VME standards Versa Module Eurocard), and it includes a number of modules which communicate with each other through this backplane. In addition to the image processor 106, these include a CPU module 108 that controls the VME backplane, and an SCSI interface module 109 that connects the computer system 107 through a bus 110 to a set of peripheral devices, including disk storage 111 and tape drive 112. The computer system 107 also includes a memory module 113 for storing voxel data arrays, and a serial interface module 114 that links the computer system 107 through a high speed serial link 115 to a system control 116.
The system control 116 includes a scan control module 117 and a series of modules which are connected together by a common backplane 118. The backplane 118 conforms to the VME standards and it is controlled by a CPU module 119. A serial interface module 120 connects this backplane 118 to the high speed serial link 115, and a pulse control module 121 connects the backplane 118 to the scan control module 117 through a link 122. The scan control module 117 is also connected to the operator console 100 through a serial link 125, and it is through this link that the system control 116 receives commands from the operator which indicate the scan sequence that is to be performed.
The scan control module 117 operates the system components to carry out the desired scan sequence. It conveys data to the pulse control module 121 which indicates the timing, strength and shape of the RF pulses which are to be produced, and the timing and length of the data acquisition. The scan control module 117 also connects through serial link 126 to a set of gradient amplifiers 127, and it conveys data thereto which indicates the timing and shape of the gradient pulses that are to be produced during the scan. The scan control module 117 also receives patient data through a serial link 128 from a physiological acquisition controller 129. The physiological acquisition controller 129 can receive a signal from a number of different sensors connected to the patient. For example, it may receive ECG signals from electrodes or respiratory signals from a bellows and produce pulses for the scan control module 117 that synchronize the scan with the patient's cardiac cycle or respiratory cycle. And finally, the scan control module 117 connects through a serial link 132 to a scan room interface circuit 133 which receives signals at inputs 135 from various sensors associated with the position and condition of the patient and the magnet system. It is through the scan room interface circuit 133 that a patient positioning system 134 receives commands which move the patient cradle and transport the patient to the desired position for the scan.
The gradient waveforms produced by the scan control module 117 are applied to a gradient amplifier system 127 comprised of Gx, Gy and Gz amplifiers 136, 137 and 138, respectively. Each amplifier 136, 137 and 138 is utilized to excite a corresponding gradient coil in an assembly, generally designated 139. The gradient coil assembly 139 forms part of a magnet assembly 141 which includes a polarizing magnet 140 that produces a 1.5 Tesla polarizing field that extends horizontally through a bore 142. The gradient coils 139 encircle the bore 142, and when energized, generate magnetic fields in the same direction as the main polarizing magnetic field, but with gradients Gx, Gy and Gz directed in the orthogonal x-, y- and z-axis directions of a Cartesian coordinate system. That is, if the magnetic field generated by the main magnet 140 is directed in the z direction and is termed BO, and the total magnetic field in the z direction is referred to as Bz, then Gx =∂Bz /∂x, Gy =∂Bz /∂y and Gz =∂Bz /∂z, and the magnetic field at any point (x,y,z) in the bore of the magnet assembly 155 is given by B(x,y,z)=BO +Gx x+Gy y+Gz z. The gradient magnetic fields are utilized to encode spatial information into the NMR signals emanating from the patient being studied.
Located within the bore 142 is a circular cylindrical whole-body RF coil 152. This coil 152 produces a transverse RF field in response to RF pulses provided by a transceiver module 150 in the system control cabinet 116. These pulses are amplified by an RF amplifier 151 and coupled to the RF coil 152 by a transmit/receive switch 154. Waveforms and control signals are provided by the pulse control module 121 and utilized by the transceiver module 150 for RF carrier modulation and mode control. The resulting NMR signals radiated by the excited nuclei in the patient may be sensed by the same RF coil 152 and coupled through the transmit/receive switch 154 to a preamplifier 153. The amplified NMR signals are demodulated, filtered, and digitized in the receiver section of the transceiver 150. The transmit/receive switch 154 is controlled by a signal from the scan control module 117 to electrically connect the RF amplifier 151 to the coil 152 during the transmit mode and to connect the preamplifier 153 during the receive mode. The transmit/receive switch 154 also enables a separate RF coil (not shown) to be used in either the transmit or receive mode.
In addition to supporting the polarizing magnet 140 and the gradient coils 139 and RF coil 152, the main magnet assembly 141 also supports a set of shim coils 156 associated with the main magnet 140 and used to correct inhomogeneities in the polarizing magnet field. In the case of a resistive magnet, a main power supply 157 is utilized to continuously energize the magnet 140, and in the case of a superconductive magnet, the main power supply 157 is utilized to bring the polarizing field produced by the magnet 140 to the proper operating strength and is then disconnected. In the case of a permanent magnet, power supply 157 is not needed.
The received NMR signal is at or around the Larmor frequency, which in the preferred embodiment, is around 63.86 MHz. This high frequency signal is demodulated in transceiver 150. The resulting demodulated NMR signal has a bandwidth of 125 kHz and it is centered at a frequency of 187.5 kHz. The demodulated NMR signal is digitized by an analog-to-digital (A/D) converter, also in transceiver 150, and the output of the A/D converter is applied to a digital quadrature detector in the transceiver 150 which produces 16-bit in-phase (I) values and 16-bit quadrature (Q) values corresponding to the received digital signal. The resulting stream of digitized I and Q values of the received NMR signal is output through backplane 118 to the memory module 160 where it is employed to reconstruct an image according to reconstruction techniques known in the art.
The NMR signals picked up by the RF coil 152 are digitized by the transceiver module 150 and transferred to a memory module 160 which is also part of the system control 116. When the scan is completed and an entire array of data has been acquired in the memory modules 160, an array processor 161 operates to Fourier transform the data into an array of voxel data. This voxel data is conveyed through the serial link 115 to the computer system 107 where it is stored in memory module 113. In response to commands received from the operator console 110, this voxel data may be stored for later use in the disk memory 111, or archived on the tape drive 112. It may be further processed by the image processor 106, or it may be conveyed to the operator console 100 and presented on the video display 104.
The voxel data is stored in memory module 113 at addresses related to the spatial coordinates of the voxel of the voxel data. Hence, only the value of the voxel data need be explicitly stored; the spatial coordinates are implicit from the address of the imaged data in the memory of memory module 113.
b. Computed X-Ray Tomography
Referring to FIG. 2, a gantry 220, such as may be used in a "third generation" computed tomography (CT) scanner, includes an x-ray source 210 collimated by collimator 238 to project a fan beam of x-rays 222 through an imaged object (not shown) to detector array 214. The x-ray source 210 and detector array 214 rotate on the gantry 220 about a center of rotation 213. The rotation of the gantry 220 is within a gantry plane aligned with the x-y plane of a Cartesian coordinate system.
The patient rests on table 217 which is radio-translucent so as not to interfere with the imaging process. Table 217 may be controlled so that its upper surface translates along the z axis perpendicular to the x-y imaging plane, moving the imaged object across the gantry plane.
The detector array 214 is comprised of a number of detector elements 216, organized within the gantry plane, which together detect the projected image produced by the attenuated transmission of x-rays through the patient.
The x-ray source 210 includes an anode (not shown) positioned within an evacuated glass envelope. A stream of electrons from a cathode (not shown) is accelerated against the face of the anode to produce the x-ray beam 222. The production of x-rays may be controlled by x-ray controller 262.
The control system of a CT scanner, suitable for use with the present invention, has gantry-associated control modules 260 which include: x-ray controller 262 which provides power and timing signals to the x-ray source 210; collimator controller 264 which controls the positioning of the collimator 238; gantry motor controller 266 which controls the rotational speed and position of the gantry 220; and the image reconstructor 272 which receives projection data from the detector array 214 and process it to produce voxel data. The image reconstructor 272 may be an array processor such as is manufactured by Star Technologies of Virginia.
The gantry-associated control modules 260 communicate with the x-ray tube 210, collimator 238 and detector 214 via slip rings 261. It will be recognized that direct cabling using a take up reel may be substituted for the slip rings 261 for a limited gantry rotation system.
The x-ray controller 262, the collimator controller 264 and the gantry motor 266 controller are connected to a computer 270. The computer 270 is a general purpose minicomputer such as the Data General Eclipse MV/7800C and may be programmed to synchronize the rotation of the gantry 220 with the position of the fan beam 222.
The speed and position of table 217 along the z-axis is communicated to and controlled by computer 270 through table motor controller 274. The computer 270 receives commands and scanning parameters via operator console 276 which is generally a CRT display and keyboard which allows an operator to enter parameters for the scan and to display the reconstructed image and other information from the computer 270. A mass storage device 278 provides a means for storing operating programs for the CT imaging system, as well as voxel data for future reference by the operator.
The technologies of MRI imaging and CT imaging differ but they are similar in the respect that they both produce an array of voxel data of physical parameters at a large number of points over a volume within a patient. Importantly, each voxel is identifiable by spatial coordinates. MRI and CT imaging may be broadly classed, in this respect, with other medical imaging systems such as ultrasound and positron emission tomography "PET") which ultimately produce similar voxel data. Co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 07/867,597, entitled: "Ultrasound Imaging System With Improved Dynamic Focusing, filed Apr. 13, 1992, and co-pending U.S. application Ser. No. 07,904,719 filed Jun. 26, 1992 entitled: "Gamma Ray Detector For PET Scanner", describe such systems. Both cases are assigned to the assignee of the present invention and are hereby incorporated by reference.
Referring now to FIG. 3, voxel data 13 produced by such systems is collected over an imaged volume 10 encompassing a volume of interest ("VOI") of the patient. Each voxel 12 encloses a portion of the imaged volume 10 and identifies the volume of tissue to which the voxel data 13 is related. The voxels 12 are identified to a spatial coordinate described by three values measured along the axes of a conventional Cartesian coordinate system. For simplicity, a voxel's spatial coordinate is defined as the location of the center of the voxel 12. Although only the voxels 12 have spatial coordinates, the voxel data 13 may be said to have coordinates, those coordinates being the coordinates of its associated voxel 12.
The orientation of the axes of the Cartesian coordinates is arbitrary, although ordinarily it is determined by the mechanics of the voxel acquisition. The spatial coordinates of the voxels 12 and their corresponding voxel data 13 will be termed the acquisition coordinates 15 and represented by the variables x, y, and z. Image coordinates 29 of x', y' and z' are defined with respect to the transformed and projected images which will be described below.
For simplicity, and in keeping with the orthogonal nature of the x, y and z axes of the Cartesian coordinate system, each voxel 12 is considered to be a simple rectangular prism. The size of each side of the voxel will ordinarily be defined by the limits of resolution of the imaging system. The voxels 12 fill the imaged volume 10 without gaps, in rectilinear columns 20 along the y-axis, and rows 22 along the x-axis, and slices 14 along the z-axis.
To simplify the storing of the voxel data 13 in computer memory 16, the latter which is addressed by sequential integer addresses, the units of the acquisition coordinates 15 and hence the spatial separation of the voxels 12 are normalized to the corresponding dimensions of the voxels 12 themselves so that the spatial coordinate of each voxel 12, for a given axis, changes by one as one moves to a next voxel 12 along that axis. The spatial coordinates for each voxel 12, therefore, may be integer values and hence more easily identified to particular integer addresses of the computer memory 16, as will now be described.
Referring to FIG. 4, the voxel data 13 of each voxel 12 of the imaged volume 10 is stored in memory 16, such as memory module 113 in the above described MRI system or memory associated with computer 270 of the above described CT machine. Memory 16 includes a plurality of words 18 each having a unique and sequentially numbered integer address.
Each word 18 of memory 16 holds the voxel data 13 for one voxel 12. The normalization of the units of the acquisition coordinates 15 allows the address of the particular word 18 to be used to indicate the spatial coordinates of the voxel 12. The voxels 12 are stored first by their order within a row 22, then according to their order in columns 20 and then according to their order in slices 14. The number of voxels in a row 22 is fixed and known, as is the number of columns 20 and slices 14, therefore, the spatial coordinates of the voxel 12 are easily calculated from the address of the voxel data 13 in computer memory 16, and vice versa.
As a result of this mapping of voxel data 13 to addresses of memory 16, the voxel data 13 of one row 22 of voxels 12 will be held in sequential words 18 of memory 16. The voxel data 13 of voxels 12 for a next row 22', adjacent to row 22, will be stored in words 18 forming a block 24 of memory 16 contiguous (in address) to the block storing the voxels 12 of row 22. Thus, to the extent possible, voxel data 13 for voxels 12 that are spatially proximate are stored in words 18 of memory 16 that are close in address.
Referring again to FIG. 3, in the present invention, the voxel data 13 associated with the imaged volume 10 will be converted to an image on a monitor 32. In this image, the voxel data 13 for selected voxels 12 are represented as a brightness or color of a picture element 26 ("pixel"). A pixel 26 will be typically the smallest unit of area in the image on the monitor 32 independently controllable in brightness or color. Pixels 26, in a manner analogous to voxels 12, are generally rectangular areas arranged contiguously over an image plane 30, of the image on monitor 32, in image coordinates 29 along rectilinear columns 36 along image axis x' and rows 38 along image axis y'. A third axis z' runs normal to the image plane 30.
Pixel data 27 indicating the brightness or color of each pixel is also stored in memory 16. As in the case with the voxels 12, the image coordinates x' and y' of the pixels 26 may be deduced from the address of the particular word 18 to be used to store the pixel data 27. The data of the pixels 26 are stored first by its order within the row 38, then according to order in columns 36. The number of pixels in a column 36 is fixed and known, as is the number of rows 38 and therefore, the image coordinates of the pixels 26 are easily calculated from the address of the pixel in computer memory 16, and vice versa.
Also, as with the voxels, a result of this mapping of pixels 26 to addresses of memory 16, is that the pixel data 27 of one row 38 of pixels 26 will be held in sequential words 18 of memory 16. Thus, pixel data 27 for pixels 26 that are spatially proximate are stored in words 18 of memory 16 that are close in address.
3. Transformation of Voxel Data to Pixel Data
The imaged volume 10 is three-dimensional but the image on the monitor 32 is two-dimensional. For this reason, the voxel data 13 must be projected, as indicated by arrow 28, to "compress" it to the two dimensions of the image. The process of projection 28 requires a selection of a view axis 34 which corresponds to a line-of-sight of a hypothetical viewer viewing the imaged volume 10 that will best exhibit the structure of interest in the patient. The view axis 34 is normal to the surface of the image plane 30 and parallel to the image axis z' when the image is displayed.
After the view axis 34 is selected, voxel data 13 of voxels 12 along the view axis is combined, according to one or more compression techniques, as will be described below, to produce the pixel data 27.
Referring now to FIG. 6 and FIG. 3, the location of the view axis 34 at an arbitrary orientation, or the movement of the view axis 34 to a new orientation, may be broken into a series of rotations--tilt, rotation, and spin--about orthogonal axes x', y', and z'. "Tilt" rotates the view axis 34 about the x' axis, "rotate" rotates the view axis 34 about the y' axis, and "spin" rotates the view axis 34 about the z' axis. Spin is also known as "clockwise/counterclockwise" in the art. The rotation axes x, y, and z are referenced to the view axis 34 which is always aligned with the z' axis.
In the present invention, movement of the view axis 34 is performed, effectively, in a two-step operation. First, the view axis 34 is first tilted and rotated, to produce a tilted view axis 34', and then a tilted and rotated view axis 34". Second, and only after the voxels 12 have been projected to pixels 26 (not shown in FIG. 6), the view axis 34" is spun to produce view axis 34'". This bifurcation of the rotational transformation of the view axis 34 speeds the reading and writing of the voxel data 13 from and to memory 16 and improves processing of the rotational transformation calculations on computer hardware.
Fundamental to the advantages of the bifurcation of the present invention is the fact that after only tilting and rotation, voxel data 13 from a row of voxels 12 will project to a row of pixels 26 within the image plane 30. This preservation of row to row mapping may be illustrated, referring to FIGS. 5(a)-5(c) by portraying the tilting, rotation and spinning of the view axis 34 as a tilting, rotation and spinning of the voxel data 13 of the voxels 12 about one or more of the three perpendicular viewing axes, x', y', or z'. The original, non-rotated imaged volume 10, shown in FIG. 5(a) includes a representative row 22 aligned with the x' axis. Prior to rotation, this row 22 projects to a line in the imaging plane 30 aligned with the x' axis. As shown in FIG. 5(b), after tilting of the imaged volume 10 about the x' axis, row 22 is displaced along the y' axis but does not rotate in the imaging plane 30. Similarly, and referring to FIG. 5(c), with rotation of the imaged volume 10 about the y' axis, the representative row 22, as projected to the imaging plane 30, becomes shorter but still does not rotate within the imaging plane 30. Thus after tilting and rotation, row 22 of voxels 12 maps to a row 38 in the image plane 30.
This row-to-row mapping will occur for any arbitrary row 22 of voxels 12 within the imaged volume 10 as may be established by referring to the product of matrices Mr Mt (shown in equation (2) below) which may be used to effect the rotation and tilting only of the coordinates of the imaged volume 10 by matrix multiplication with an array of image coordinates [x, y, z]. ##EQU1##
Matrix sub-element column 2, row 1 is zero. As a result, changes in x (as one traverses a row 22) do not affect the ultimate value of the y' coordinate obtained by multiplying the acquisition coordinates 15 by the matrix (6).
Referring again to FIG. 4, it will be understood that the ability to read a single row in the imaged volume 10 and write to a single row of the imaging plane 30 permits accessing memory 16 efficiently in blocks of contiguous addresses ("contiguous memory"). The efficiency of accessing blocks of contiguous memory arises from the ability to use of memory caching systems where blocks are moved from slow storage devices such as off-chip random access memory 16 ("RAM") to faster on-chip RAM while the processor performs other tasks. Such caching systems, implicitly must predict the next address in memory 16 to be used, and are successful only when memory 16 is read or written to at consecutive and hence predictable addresses.
Referring now to FIG. 7, the method of the present invention first acquires of voxel data 13 throughout the imaged volume 10 (shown in FIG. 3), at a variety of voxels 12, as indicated by process block 52. The acquisition of voxel data may be according to any number of medical imaging techniques such as MRI and CT imaging described above.
At process block 54, a volume of interest ("VOI") is designated, the VOI being a subset of the voxels of imaged volume 10, for example those voxels 12 clustered about a particular organ of a patient. The VOI is defined by a set of numerical coordinate limits along each of the axes x, y and z. Outside the range of these limits, voxel data 13 will not be processed. The values of these limits may be constant, in which case the VOI is a rectangular volume within the imaged volume 10, or the limits may be arbitrary functions of the other axis values. In the latter case, the limits are stored in computer memory 16 to be accessed according to the values of the other coordinate of the particular voxel. Typically, the VOI is designated by the human operator of the imaging equipment on an interactive basis, for example, by drawing outlines in planes defined by two of the three coordinate axes, with a cursor control device such as is well known in the art.
At process block 56, coordinates in terms of tilt, rotate, and spin are received from the operator to designate the desired view axis 34 along which the voxel data 13 of the imaging volume should be projected. These coordinates are typically selected with trial and error after review of the generated image for the selected coordinates.
In a typical ray tracing operation, the coordinates of the view axis would be used to generate a plurality of projection rays and the voxel data 13 with coordinates along these rays would be read from memory 16 in a series of individual random access operations and compiled. In contrast, in the present invention, voxel data is collected along sampling lines, and selected at process block 58, and the sampling lines are oblique to the projection rays.
Referring to FIG. 9, projection rays 60, generally parallel to the view axis 34" (being the view axis 34 after only tilt and rotate), will be angled with respect to the x, y and z coordinates of the imaged volume 10 as a result of the arbitrary selection of the tilt, and rotate coordinates of the view axis 34. Sampling lines 62 intercepting the projection rays 60 and extend along the x axis of the imaging volume 10 with constant values of y and z.
Because the projection rays 60 are parallel to the view axis 34", they are angled only with tilt and rotate and therefore multiple projection rays 60 will be contained within an alignment plane 70 perpendicular to the y-z plane. As a result, all the projection rays 60 be will projected to a series of mutually parallel positioning lines 64 on the y-z plane. A sampling line 62 on one of the positioning lines 64 will intersect all the projection rays 60 within the corresponding alignment plane 70.
Sample points 66 are spaced along projection rays 60 at locations where voxel data must be interpolated to map to a particular pixel 26. The spacing of the sample points 66 along the projection rays is generally a unit distance 71 equal to the spacing between adjacent voxels 12. This spacing minimizes any degradation of the resolution of the image to be projected along the projection rays 60; a more compact spacing wastes computational effort, as the fundamental resolution of the imaged volume 10 cannot be increased, whereas a less compact spacing unnecessarily degrades the resolution of the voxel data.
Although the selection of the spacing of the sample points 66 is important, the absolute position of each sample point 66 along the projection rays 60 is essentially arbitrary. Accordingly, the sample points 66 on each projection ray 60 are shifted so that a single sampling line 62 can intersect a sample point 66 on each projection ray 60 in a given alignment plane 70.
Referring to FIG. 7, the position of the sampling lines 62 to intercept the sample points 66 on the projection rays 60 is now determined per process block 58.
Referring to FIGS. 8 and 9, the location of a first sampling lines 62' is arbitrarily fixed in the center of the y-z plane. This in turn defines a first positioning line 64', through the sampling line 62' and at angle r with respect to the y axis. The first positioning line 64' defines a first alignment plane 70' (not shown).
The remaining positioning lines 64 are positioned parallel to and flanking the first positioning line 64' spaced apart from the initial positioning line 64' by a pixel's spacing 68. On each positioning line 64', other sampling lines 62 may be identified spaced from the initial sampling line 62' by cos(t) times the desired unit sampling distance 71 along each projection ray 60. As the projection rays 60 diverge from the y-z plane more steeply, the spacing of the sampling lines 62 along the positioning lines 64 will decrease.
For positioning lines 64 on either side of the initial positioning line 64' the first sampling line may be arbitrarily located. Each sampling line 62 is identified by a z and y coordinate.
Referring to FIGS. 7, 8 and 10, at process block 72 the voxel data 13 of the voxels 12 may be grouped by its z and y coordinates into data tubes 61 having generally rectangular cross sections parallel to the y-z plane and extending along the x axis. The boundary of each data tube 61 is defined by edges of voxel data 13 along lines of constant z and y. The y and z coordinates of each edge differ from the other edges of the data tube 61 by one or zero.
All volume within the imaging array 10 is intercepted by at least one data tube 61; the tubes 61 fit together without gaps along the columns and slices of the imaged volume 10. And each voxel datum 13 may be part of as many as four data tubes.
A given sampling line 62 will fall within or at the edge of a single data tube 61 and the sampling lines are therefore cataloged in memory 16, at process block 58, by their encompassing data tube 61. This permits the sampling lines 62 within a given data tube 61 to be rapidly determined.
Referring to FIG. 7, after the identification of each sampling line 62 to a data tube 61, the voxel data 13 of a first data tube 61 is read from memory 16 as indicated by process block 74. Because the voxel data 13 of the edge of the data tube 61 has constant y and z coordinates and thus is held in a single row of voxel data 13, the voxel data 13 of the edge will be located in consecutive addresses of memory 16. As noted above, this permits much faster access of the voxel data 13 of the data tube 61 than would be obtained if the voxel data 13 were accessed randomly per conventional ray tracing techniques. Only the voxel data 13 within the VOI is acquired as determined by the limits established at process block 54.
At process block 76, and referring also to FIG. 10, the voxel data 13 at the four edges of the data tube 61 at a given x coordinate value are interpolated by bi-linear interpolation to intermediary sample points 78 on the sampling lines 62 within the volume of the data tube 61. The intermediary sample points 78 are typically not coincident with the sample points 66.
As discussed above with respect to FIGS. 5(a)-(c), each row 22 of voxel data 13 will map to a single row of image data 38. Accordingly, the intermediary sample points 78 on each sampling line 62 will also map to points within a single row 38 of pixel data 27 (shown in FIG. 4).
The particular row 38 of the image to which a row of voxel data 13 will map is readily identified by the positioning line 64 associated with the particular sampling line 62: the data associated with each positioning line 64 uniquely maps to a given row in the imaging plane. If the initially selected sampling line 62' is positioned in the center of the y-z plane of the imaged volume 10, then the sampling line 62' will always map to the center of the image plane 30 regardless of the tilting and rotation. The row 38 of the imaging plane 30 to which a sampling line 62 maps can be then determined by simply counting the number of positioning lines 64 from which the positioning line 64 associated with that sampling line 62 is spaced from the initial positioning line 64'. The row 38 will be an equivalent number of pixels displaced from the center of the imaging plane 30.
Referring to FIGS. 7 and 10, sample points 66 are interpolated along the sampling lines 62 from the intermediary sample points 78 at process block 80.
Referring now to FIG. 11, the sample points 66 may be identified along the sampling line 62 by projecting a single end intermediary sample point 78' of the sampling line 62 to the image plane 30 and then truncating the image space coordinates of the projected point 78" so that it lies on a pixel image coordinate, and then re-transforming that image coordinate back to the sampling line 62 to identify the x coordinate of a first sample point 66' on the sampling line 62. The other sample points 66 will be spaced from this sample point 66' by a distance equal to ##EQU2## With the x locations of the sample points 66 on the sampling line 62 known, values for the sample points 66 may be linearly interpolated from the intermediary sample points 78.
For each data tube 61, values of sample points 66 are written to memory 16 for storage. As noted above, each sampling line 62 will map to a row of pixels and thus the accessing of the memory 16 for storage of the pixel data 27 will be facilitated.
Referring again to FIG. 7, during the mapping of the sample points to the image plane 30, indicated by process block 80, the data of the sample points 66 in three dimensions is compressed to the two dimensions of the image plane 30. Compression of sample points 66 along a projection ray 60 is known in the art and generally requires selecting among the sample points 66 along a particular ray aligned with a view axis 34". In the preferred embodiment, the compression method is chosen from those which are indifferent to distance that the sampled points are displaced along the projection ray 60, allowing that information to be ignored during the mapping, simplifying the storage requirements of the compression process. A number of compression techniques meet this requirement including that of finding the minimum or maximum value sample point 66 value along each projection ray 60 or computing a summation of all values of sample points 66 along a projection ray 60. The compression of process block 80 is performed by comparing each value of a given sample point 66 to the then current value of the pixel 26 at the indicated image coordinates. When the maximum value of sample points 66 is sought, the memory 16 for pixels 26 is initially loaded with a value lower than any possible value of a sample point 66. Each sample point 66 is then interpolated from the intermediate sample points and compared to the corresponding pixel data in memory 16. If the value of the sample point 66 is greater than the pixel datum, that sampled point value replaces the pixel datum.
Once all the data tubes 61 have been read at process block 74, the value at each pixel 26 will represent the highest valued sample point 66 along each projection ray 60.
After the compression of the data of the sample points 66 to pixels in the image plane 30, the pixels 26 are further transformed by spinning the image about the z' axis normal to the image plane 30 as indicated by process block 82. This separate step of spinning the pixels in process block 82, distinct from the effective rotation and tilting of the voxels 12 in the previous process blocks, adds little to the computational time needed for the construction of an image because typically there are far fewer pixels 26 than voxels 12. The additional burden of the separate spin step of process block 82 is more than made up for by the computational efficiencies gained by ensuring that rows of voxel data map to rows of image data as provided by the bifurcation of the transforming process.
In operation with present computer technology, the present invention can reduce the time taken to transform a 256 by 256 by 60 matrix of voxel data 13 represented by an MRI or CT scan to near real time speeds.
The image coordinates of the pixels 26 will not necessarily have integer values after the spin of process block 82. For example, a pixel having an image coordinates 1, 2 may rotate to a pixel 26 having spatial coordinates 1.2, 3.6. Accordingly, new values of pixel data are be interpolated at integer coordinates between the transformed coordinates.
At process block 84, a brightness or color value is assigned to the value of each of the pixels 26 for display on the monitor 32. The brightness may be in simple proportion to the value of the pixel data 27.
Many modifications and variations of the preferred embodiment which will still be within the spirit and scope of the invention will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art. In order to apprise the public of the various embodiments that may fall within the scope of the invention, the following claims are made.
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Learn how to continue your breastfeeding relationship while you are apart from your baby. This class will address ways to maintain your milk supply, pumping strategies and milk storage. We recommend attending this class after breastfeeding has been established.
Have questions or concerns about breastfeeding? Need some support? This postpartum moms' group meets every Tuesday at 11am and every 2nd and 4th Monday evening at 7:00pm. No registration or fee.
Learn how to avoid common mistakes and practice harnessing and installation with a Certified Child Passenger Safety Technician.
This support group meets every Tuesday at 10am. It is for moms supporting other moms through the sometimes difficult adjustment that follows a baby's birth. No registration or fee.
Need to get back into shape after baby is born? Help reduce stress? Come to our baby friendly (birth to crawling) exercise classes.
Learn infant and child resuscitation skills from credentialed American Heart Association instructors. Also included is the treatment of conscious and unconscious choking infants and children. Register each participant individually to ensure that enough mannequins are available.
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Anonymous social justice?
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The almighty network that connects each one of us lets you choose a new personality, a new world to live in or just facilitates your efforts to make a university protest.Read more...
Tags:ACTA , anonimity , Anonymous , organization , report
Anonymous Unleashes Operation " The Black March"
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Anonymous organization is announcing its new project called "The Black March"Read more...
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ACT against ACTA
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A second worldwide protest against ACTA to be made on Saturday, Feb. 25. Blagoevgrad also taking part in the initiative this time.Read more...
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Bulgarians Say NO to ACTA
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On Saturday, Feb.11, a protest against the Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement also known as ACTA took place in Sofia. The event was…Read more...
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Carol Sue Mitchell 1940 – 2014
Carol Sue Mitchell, 74, went to be with the Lord on Thursday evening, Oct. 16, 2014, in Fort Worth.
A funeral service was held at 10 a.m. Tuesday at Ash Creek Baptist Church. Interment at Ash Creek Cemetery. Visitation was from 6 to 8 p.m. Monday at Biggers Funeral Home.
In lieu of flowers memorial gifts may be made to Ash Creek Baptist Church, Vitas Hospice, or a charity of choice.… Read the rest
Gary Wayne Bunn 1956 – 2014
Gary Wayne Bunn, 58, passed away Wednesday, Oct. 22, 2014, surrounded by family at a Dallas hospital.
A memorial service was held at 10:30 a.m. Saturday at Midway Baptist Church. In lieu of flowers donations may be made in Gary's name to Disabled Veterans Fund at dva.gov.
Gary Wayne Bunn was born May 25, 1956, in Big Spring, son of Wyndell Ray Bunn Sr. and Thelma Reese Davis.… Read the rest
Ethel Mae Ethridge 1926 – 2014
Ethel Mae Ethridge, 88, a loving mother, grandmother, great-grandmother, sister and friend passed away Thursday, Oct. 23, 2014.
A service was held Monday, Oct. 27, 2014 at the Fundamental Baptist Church in Springtown under the direction of White's Azle Funeral Home.
Interment was at Ash Creek Cemetery in Azle.
Ethel was born to John Wesley and Nancy Elizabeth Goodnight Moree May 4, 1926 in Sulphur, Oklahoma. She was a member of the Fundamental Baptist Church for many years.… Read the rest
Pamela Kay Whorton 1970 – 2014
Pamela Kay Whorton, died peacefully Sunday, Oct. 26 at Harris Methodist Hospital surrounded by family and friends. A memorial celebration/ fundraiser will be set at a later date.
The family would like to thank the Neurosurgical and Vascular Intensive Care Units at Texas Health Harris Methodist Hospital Fort Worth for their week of dedication and care.
Survivors include her father, Delmer Whorton; brother, Robert and wife Gayla; newphews, Shane, Jason and Anthony; nieces, Shannon and Sarah.… Read the rest
Joseph "Joe" Alan Berry 2014
Joseph "Joe" Alan Berry, 30, passed away Oct. 21, 2014.
Visitation was held Monday, Oct. 27 at 9 am at Affordable Burial Funeral Home. Funeral service followed at 10:30 am at Affordable Burial Funeral Home located at 5025 Jacksboro Hwy., Ft. Worth, Texas.
Joe was a volunteer firefighter at Pelican Bay Fire Dept.
Survivors include his fiancé, Terri Horton of Saginaw; mother, Sherri Cardenas of Saginaw; father, James Berry of Saginaw; step-father, Eloy Cardenas of Red Oak; his brothers, Shawn Berry of Rusk, and Nathan Berry of Azle; and sister-in-law, Kathryn Hogan-Berry of Azle.… Read the rest
J L Robertson 1946 – 2014
J L Robertson passed away on Oct. 22, 2014 in Azle.
Visitation was held Oct. 28, 2014 from 6 to 8 pm at Affordable Burial Funeral Home. A funeral service will be held Oct. 29, 2014 at 10 am at Affordable Burial Funeral Home located at 5025 Jacksboro Hwy. Interment to follow at Shannon Rose Hills Cemetery.
J L was a Sergeant in the U.S. Marine Corp. during Vietnam.… Read the rest
Betty Louise Barbee Perry 1937 – 2014
Betty Louise Barbee Perry, 77, passed away peacefully, Wednesday, Oct. 15, 2014, in Azle.
A memorial service is scheduled for 11 a.m., Saturday in Alexander's Midway Chapel, Springtown and burial of cremated remains at a later date in Merkel Cemetery.
Betty was born June 29, 1937 in Merkel to A.J. and Sue Barbee. They both preceded her in death.
Survivors include children, Kenny Barbee and Deborah Perry; siblings, Darla Moore, Beverly Martin and husband, Gene and Bobby Barbee and wife, Birdie; grandchildren, William, Angela, Brandy and Kenny Jr.; great-grandchildren, Andy, Jordan, Bea, Spencer and Gabe; and 10 great-great-grandchildren all of whom will miss her dearly.… Read the rest
Really? $300 a plate for a banquet of consequences?
Do you know what the most expensive moving violation is? I don't know about everywhere, but I know the answer in at least one Texas panhandle county. You may not know the answer to the question, but I'll bet you know how I know the answer!
I was motoring down 287 last week coming home from spending a week with my perfect and beautiful granddaughter (you knew I'd get that in somehow) when I saw the flashing lights coming up behind me.… Read the rest
Gary Grant Clark 1940-2014
Gary Grant Clark, 74, went to be with the Lord on Wednesday Oct. 15, 2014.
Service with military honors was held at 2 p.m. Saturday at Biggers Funeral Chapel.
In lieu of flowers, the family requests donations in memory of Gary Clark to H.I.S. Bridgebuilders, attn: Crossover Athletics, 2075 Commerce St., Dallas, TX. 75208.
Gary was born in Cleveland, Ohio, Oct. 14, 1940 to Jess Willard and Ruth Elizabeth Clark. He served 22 years and retired from the United States Air Force as a Senior Master Sergeant.… Read the rest
Ray Sessums 1926-2014
Ray Sessums passed away Saturday, Oct. 18, at the Dallas VA Community Center where he had resided for the last two years.
A funeral service will be held at 10 a.m. Friday at Lake Worth Baptist Church, 4447 Hodgkins Road, Lake Worth, 76135. Interment will follow at Azleland Memorial Park. Visitation is from 6 to 8 p.m. Thursday at White's Azle Funeral Home, 105 Denver Trail, Azle, 76020.… Read the rest


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Haven't tried this yet but believe it may be the Chipotle Carnitas recipe which is to die for. Will be trying soon. Braised Pork Shoulder with Tomatoes, Cumin, Cloves and Chipotle Peppers Adapted from the Niman Ranch Cookbook
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adj. Used to described a disheveled appearance, as in facial hair, clothing, etc. Syn. woofing derived from what a hostage looks like because they have been tied up for so long...
"damn I'm looking tied up I need to get this shape-up before the party"
автор: O.D. Sanchez 23 декабря 2009


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Days after being spotted together, new reports claim mega producer Swizz Beatz and longtime rap pal DMX are locking in time to work on a full-length album.
Although not a Ruff Ryders reunion, the music duo will work together on X's next solo release.
Swizz Beatz and DMX had a rapper-producer chemistry that was off the chain in the late '90s and early '00s with a run of hits like, "Ruff Ryders' Anthem," "Money, Cash, Hoes," "Party Up (Up In Here)" and others. The two have continued to work together, with Swizz producing at least one track on each of X's seven solo LPs, but they have yet to regain their chart-topping prowess. The duo is back at it, according to those close to situation. Swizz and X are now back in the studio coming up with new music in hopes of snapping their Billboard topping drought. According to X's camp, Swizz and X are always working on a new song and Swizzy has produced several tracks on DMX's forthcoming album. X is currently working on his eighth studio LP, the follow up to last year's Undisputed. (XXL Mag)
A photo of Dark Man X and Swizzy together started to spread online courtesy of an Instagram post last week.
Swizz Beatz posted a photo of him and DMX together on Instagram earlier today. The caption reads, "It's time for this to happen again got dammit!" with both artists wearing red and black "DMX" hats. Well, DMX is technically wearing a bucket hat, but that's besides the point. Seeing these guys back together again can only mean one thing, and we're loving the possibilities. (Complex)
Reflecting on the Ruff Ryders movement, Swizzy said reunion tour plans were in full effect last year.
"First and foremost, it's great to start off with such an amazing brand as Ruff Ryders that people see as authentic. When we came out, we changed the culture of music at that time. It was just something about the timing of that that made sense to the people. And so to come back years later and have people missing that in their life, to perform with DMX at SOBs and it be sold out, people knowing every word of his songs, it's just like, wow, we really built something. Ruff Ryders was a great starting point, and to tour with it again is a cool thing." (The FADER)
Days prior, X and Swizzy reunited for a New York City concert.
"It don't get no better than this," DMX told the crowd near the end of his triumphant set at S.O.B.'s in New York on Thursday night (Feb. 23). The beleaguered New York native littered his first Manhattan show in years with a decade and a half of hits: after stomping onstage and launching into "We Right Here," X tore through cuts like "What These B*tches Want," "Get At Me Dog," "Party Up" and "Ruff Ryders' Anthem," the latter of which featured special guest Swizz Beatz onstage. (Billboard)
Trying to get your hands on the limited edition Reebok Classics Shaqnosis Escape From LA Kicks? Want your own copy of Young Dro's new High Times? Peep Get Frush now!


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The 7th Dawn
|The 7th Dawn
Original film poster by Howard Terpning
|Directed by
|Lewis Gilbert
|Written by
|Michael Keon (novel)
Karl Tunberg
|William Holden
Tetsuro Tamba
Susannah York
|Music by
|Riz Ortolani
|Freddie Young
|Edited by
|John Shirley
|Distributed by
|United Artists
|Release dates
|2 September 1964
|Running time
|123 minutes
|United Kingdom
The 7th Dawn is a 1964 drama film starring William Holden, Capucine and Tetsuro Tamba. The film set in the Malayan Emergency was based on the novel The Durian Tree by Michael Keon and filmed on location in Malaysia.
Three friends who fought the Japanese in Malaya during World War II end up on opposing sides in the Communist insurgency following the war. Ferris (Holden) becomes a prosperous rubber plantation owner, while his mistress Dhana (Capucine) is now head of a schoolteacher's union. The third former guerilla, Ng (Tamba) goes to Moscow to obtain an education. When he returns, an even more committed revolutionary than during the war, Dhana is torn between the two.
Ferris, whose friendship with Ng makes him and his holdings exempt from terrorism, tries to steer clear of the conflict, but is inexorably drawn in when Dhana is arrested and sentenced to death for carrying explosives for the terrorists. As an additional complication, Candace Trumpey (Susannah York), the daughter of the British Resident who Ferris had met at the end of the war, has an infatuation with the worldly Ferris. The naive Candace offers herself as a hostage and falls into Ng's hands; he threatens to kill her if the sentence on Dharma is carried out. Ferris offers to flush Ng out in exchange for Dhana's life, but is given only seven days to do so.
- William Holden as Major Ferris
- Capucine as Dhana
- Tetsuro Tamba as Ng
- Susannah York as Candace Trumpey
- Michael Goodliffe as Trumphey
- Allan Cuthbertson as Cavendish
- Maurice Denham as Tarlton
- Sydney Tafler as Chief Petty Officer Tom
- Beulah Quo as Ah Ming
The film's score was composed by Riz Ortolani. The theme song The Seventh Dawn was sung by The Lettermen on the movie soundtrack. Their version can be reviewed on YouTube.[1] Sergio Franchi recorded the song on a 1964 single - RCA 47-8409[2] and Roland Shaw provided an instrumental cover version.
External links[edit]
- The 7th Dawn at the TCM Movie Database
- The 7th Dawn at the Internet Movie Database


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HOT TOPICS: Alcoholism Addiction AA Cocaine Heroin
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KannaLife Sciences has teamed up with former player Marvin Washington to raise awareness for a potentially beneficial drug to protect against CTE. MORE
The defensive lineman was caught lighting up in his London hotel room after setting off the fire alarm. MORE
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UFC fighter Chael Sonnen explains failed drug test, New York strippers charged with drugging rich clients, and homeless couple arrested for cooking meth in library. MORE
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Virgina officials call for heroin task force, New York Giants Jayron Hosley suspended for drug violation, and three women busted smuggling coke in Spanx. MORE


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Paseando por punta Couso
de las calas al faroThis photo was shot on film. Taken by rudemuinho with a Yashica MG-1 loaded with Lomography Redscale (35mm) film (available in our Online Shop) in Cangas do Morrazo, Spain. These tags describe this photo: redscale, punta couso, galiza, morrazo, walk, paseo, tarde, afternoon, nature, landscape, summer, naturaleza, verano, paisajes, sol, sun, mar, and sea. Date: 2011-09. Time: Afternoon. This photo can also be found in the album Paseo por Punta Couso.
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Plip Plop Rain Drop
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Flowers absorb the color you add to the water. Mix them up and have fun making pretty flowers !
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Grandpa Koala made a Kazoo for Dawa. Maybe you can make one too ? It is really quick and easy.
Match the family members
Choose the mommy, daddy and baby animals that go together.
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Mummy Koala wants to play witches and potions. Boowa and Kwala would like a story, a song and a...
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Help Boowa and Kwala sail gently up the Nile. Watch out for the crocodiles and the logs. Oops!
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Mom will be pleased if you find all the pairs for Mother's Day.
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