text: United States Patent: 7630109 ( 1 of 1 ) United States Patent 7,630,109 Phillips , et al. December 8, 2009 Covert security coating Abstract A multilayer thin film filter is disclosed an organic dielectric layer serving as a spacer layer in a Fabry-Perot structure. The dielectric has embossed regions of varying thicknesses wherein the thickness within a region is substantially uniform. Each different region of a different thickness produces a different color (shift). The size of one of the embossed adjacent regions is such that the color of said one region is uniform and cannot be seen by a human eye as different in color from the uniform color of an adjacent region thereto, and wherein the color within a region can be seen with magnification of at least 10:1. This serves as a covert color coding system useful as a security device. Inventors: Phillips; Roger W. (Santa Rosa, CA), Bie; Roy (Rohnert Park, CA) Assignee: JDS Uniphase Corporation (Milpitas, CA) Appl. No.: 11/424,033 Filed: June 14, 2006 Related U.S. Patent Documents Application NumberFiling DatePatent NumberIssue Date 60691499Jun., 2005 Current U.S. Class: 359/2 ; 283/91; 359/567 Current International Class: G03H 1/00 (20060101); G02B 5/18 (20060101) Field of Search: 359/2,567 283/85,87,91 References Cited [Referenced By] U.S. Patent Documents 3011383 December 1961 Sylvester et al. 4066280 January 1978 LaCapria 4126373 November 1978 Moraw 4155627 May 1979 Gale et al. 4168983 September 1979 Vittands et al. 4434010 February 1984 Ash 4705300 November 1987 Berning et al. 4705356 November 1987 Berning et al. 4721217 January 1988 Phillips et al. 4756771 July 1988 Brodalla et al. 4779898 October 1988 Berning et al. 4838648 June 1989 Phillips et al. 4930866 June 1990 Berning et al. 5002312 March 1991 Phillips et al. 5009486 April 1991 Dobrowolski et al. 5059245 October 1991 Phillips et al. 5084351 January 1992 Philips et al. 5106125 April 1992 Antes 5128779 July 1992 Mallik 5135812 August 1992 Phillips et al. 5142383 August 1992 Mallik 5171363 December 1992 Phillips et al. 5214530 May 1993 Coombs et al. 5254390 October 1993 Lu 5278590 January 1994 Phillips et al. 5279657 January 1994 Phillips et al. 5339737 August 1994 Lewis et al. 5364467 November 1994 Schmid et al. 5364689 November 1994 Kashiwagi et al. 5411296 May 1995 Mallik 5424119 June 1995 Phillips et al. 5464710 November 1995 Yang 5549774 August 1996 Miekka et al. 5549953 August 1996 Li 5571624 November 1996 Phillips et al. 5591527 January 1997 Lu 5624076 April 1997 Miekka et al. 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Tomkins, Kurz Hastings, Transparent overlays for security printing and plastic ID cards, pp. 1-8, Nov. 1997. cited by other . The Mearl Corporation brochure for "Mearl Iridescent Film," Peekskill, New York. cited by other . J.A. Dobrowolski; K.M. Baird; P.D. Carman; and, A. Waldorf, "Optical Interference Coatings for Inhibiting of Counterfeiting," Optica Acta, 1973, vol. 20, No. 12, 925-937. cited by other . The R.D. Mathis Company Manual for "Thin Film Evaporation Source Reference," Long Beach, California. cited by other . Minolta Manual for "Precise Color Communication, Color Control From Feeling to Instrumentation," pp. 18, 20, 22, 23, 46, 47, 48 and 49. cited by other . Frans Defilet, LGZ Landis & Gyr Zug Corporation, "Kinegrams `Optical Variable Devices` (OVD's) For Banknotes, Security Documents and Plastic Cards," San Diego, Apr. 1-3, 1987. cited by other . S.P. McGrew, "Hologram Counterfeiting: Problems and Solutions," SPIE, vol. 1210 Optical Security and Anticounterfeiting Systems, 1990, pp. 66-76. cited by other . Rudolf L. van Renesse, "Security Design of Valuable Documents and Products," SPIE, vol. 2659, Jun. 1996, pp. 10-20. cited by other . Steve McGrew, "Countermeasures Against Hologram Counterfeiting," Internet site www.iea.com/-nli/publications/countermeasures.htm, Jan. 6, 2000. cited by other . Roger W. Phillips, "Optically Variable Films, Pigments, and Inks," SPIE vol. 1323, Optical Thin Films III: New Developments, 1990, pp. 98-109. cited by other . Roger W. Phillips and Anton F. Bleikolm, "Optical Coatings for Document Security," Applied Optics, vol. 35, No. 28, Oct. 1, 1996, pp. 5529-5534. cited by other . J.A. Dobrowolski; F.C. Ho; and, A. Waldorf, "Research on Thin Film Anticounterfeiting Coatings at the National Research Council of Canada," Applied Optics, vol. 28, No. 15, Jul. 15, 1989, pp. 2702-2717. cited by other . J. Rolfe, "Optically Variable Devices for Use on Bank Notes," SPIE, vol. 1210 Optical Security and Anticounterfeiting Systems, pp. 14-19, 1990. cited by other . OVD Kinegram Cor, "OVD Kinegram Management of Light to Provide Security," Internet site www.kiknegram.com/xhome/home.html, Dec. 17, 1999. cited by other . I.M. Boswarva, et al., "Roll Coater System for the Production of Optically Variable Devices (OVD's) for Security Applications," Proceedings, 33rd Annual Technical Conference, Society of Vacuum Coaters. pp. 103-109 (1990). cited by other. Primary Examiner: Amari; Alessandro Attorney, Agent or Firm: Pequignot; Matthew A. Pequignot + Myers LLC Parent Case Text CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS The present invention claims priority from U.S. Patent Application No. 60/691,499 filed Jun. 17, 2005, which is incorporated herein by reference for all purposes. Claims What is claimed is: 1. A multilayer thin film filter having an organic dielectric layer therein, spanning a plurality of regions of the filter, wherein the dielectric layer is embossed to define the plurality of regions of different uniform thicknesses, wherein some adjacent regions of the dielectric layer have a different uniform thickness, and wherein the size of one of the embossed adjacent regions is such that the color of said one region is uniform and cannot be seen by a human eye as different in color from the uniform color of an adjacent region thereto, and wherein the color within a region can be seen with magnification of at least 10:1. 2. A multilayer thin film filter as defined in claim 1, wherein one of the multi layers is an absorber layer that is more uniform in thickness than the embossed organic dielectric layer. 3. A multilayer thin film filter as defined in claim 2, wherein one of the multi layers is a reflective layer that is more uniform in thickness than the embossed organic dielectric layer. 4. A multilayer thin film filter as defined in claim 3, wherein the reflector layer is more uniform in thickness than the absorber layer. 5. A multilayer thin film filter as defined in claim 3 further comprising a second embossed organic dielectric layer on an opposite side of the reflective layer and a second absorber layer over the second embossed organic dielectric layer. 6. A multilayer thin film filter as defined in claim 5 wherein the filter is symmetrical and wherein the reflective layer is sandwiched between the organic dielectric layer and the second organic dielectric layer and where the absorber layer and the second absorber layer cover the embossed dielectric layer and the second embossed dielectric layer respectively. 7. A multilayer thin film filter as defined in claim 1, wherein a color difference can be seen with a magnification of at least 100 times, and wherein a color difference is imperceptible with a magnification of 10 times or less. 8. A multilayer thin film filter as defined in claim 1, wherein a region of the embossed dielectric layer having a different thickness than another adjacent region is embossed with a diffraction grating therein, and wherein the average thickness of said embossed region is different than the thickness of an adjacent region. 9. A multilayer thin film filter as defined in claim 8, wherein the embossed region provides diffractive effect and color shifting effects, and wherein the adjacent region only provides color shifting effects. 10. A multilayer thin film filter as defined in claim 9, wherein the thin film filter is a chromagram. 11. A multilayer thin film filter as defined in claim 1, wherein the filter comprises a pigment flake, and wherein one of the embossed regions provides a covert security feature. 12. A multilayer thin film filter as defined in claim 11 wherein the covert security feature is in the form of indicia. 13. A multilayer thin film filter as defined in claim 1 wherein the plurality of different color regions define a coven color code that is only discernable with magnification. 14. A multilayer thin film filter as defined in claim 1, wherein a region of the embossed dielectric layer has non-sinusoidal impressions in adjacent regions and wherein the impressions form cavities with flat bottoms and wherein the cavities are below eye resolution. 15. A multilayer thin film filter as defined in claim 14, wherein cavities are square, rectangular, circular or triangular. 16. A multilayer thin film filter as defined in claim 1, wherein the plurality of different color regions differ in their color from one another by at least a .DELTA.E value of 10. 17. A multilayer thin film filter having an organic dielectric layer therein sandwiched between an absorber and reflector layer, wherein the dielectric layer is embossed to provide a coven security information only discernible with magnification wherein the absorber layer and the reflector layer are non-embossed and have substantially a uniform thickness. 18. A multilayer thin film filter comprising: an organic dielectric layer therein, spanning a plurality of regions of the filter, wherein the dielectric layer is embossed in at least one region to define a different thickness than in an adjacent region and wherein the embossing is of a dimension that produces an optical effect that cannot be seen by a human eye without magnification of at least 10 times; an absorber layer covering the organic dielectric layer; and, a reflector layer supporting the organic dielectric layer. Description FIELD OF THE INVENTION This invention relates generally to thin film optical coatings for use in producing security articles and to the production of diffractive surfaces such as holograms or gratings having color shifting or optically variable backgrounds which can be used as security articles in a variety of applications. More particularly this invention relates to the field of coating and or stamping a dielectric substrate to provide a grating or hologram preferably within a vacuum roll coating chamber while in a vacuum to produce a Chromagram.TM. type of device or to produce a base device on which to fabricate a Chromagram.TM. type of device. The invention also relates to the manufacture of a covert optical device having a dielectric layer of varying thickness. By way of example a Chromagram may have a light transmissive substrate having a diffraction grating or hologram etched or embossed into the substrate and wherein patterning of some form is done on the substrate, or the hologram or diffraction grating, generally in the form of an opaque reflective coating. The remaining windows or regions absent the reflective coating can be uncoated or may have another coating covering the windows that is visually distinct from the opaque reflective patterned coating. For example color shifting coatings may be used adjacent to a highly reflective aluminum pattern. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION The Relevant Technology Security devices are being used more and more to protect currency and other valuable documents such as passports, drivers' licenses, green cards, identity cards and the like. These security devices are also used to protect commercial products such as pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, cigarettes, liquor, electronic media, wearing apparel, toys and spare parts for automobiles and aircraft from counterfeiting. In fact, it is estimated that counterfeit articles now comprise between 5% and 7% of world trade. Holograms attached to such articles have been the traditional method to foil counterfeiters. Color shifting pigments and colorants have been used in numerous applications, ranging from automobile paints to anti-counterfeiting inks for security documents and currency. Such pigments and colorants exhibit the property of changing color upon variation of the angle of incident light, or as the viewing angle of the observer is shifted. The primary method used to achieve such color shifting colorants is to disperse small flakes, which are typically composed of multiple layers of thin films having particular optical characteristics, throughout a medium such as paint or ink that may then be subsequently applied to the surface of an object. Diffraction patterns and embossments, and the related field of holographs, have begun to find wide-ranging practical applications due to their aesthetic and utilitarian visual effects. One very desirable decorative effect is the iridescent visual effect created by a diffraction grating. This striking visual effect occurs when ambient light is diffracted into its color components by reflection from the diffraction grating. In general, diffraction gratings are essentially repetitive structures made of lines or grooves in a material to form a peak and trough structure. Desired optical effects within the visible spectrum occur when diffraction gratings have regularly spaced grooves in the range of hundreds to thousands of lines per millimeter on a reflective surface. Diffraction grating technology has been employed in the formation of two-dimensional holographic patterns which create the illusion of a three-dimensional image to an observer. Three-dimensional holograms have also been developed based on differences in refractive indices in a polymer using crossed laser beams, including one reference beam and one object beam. Such holograms are called volume holograms or 3D holograms. Furthermore, the use of holographic images on various objects to discourage counterfeiting has found widespread application. There currently exist several applications for surfaces embossed with holographic patterns which range from decorative packaging such as gift wrap, to security documents such as bank notes and credit cards. Two-dimensional holograms typically utilize diffraction patterns, which have been formed on a plastic surface. In some cases, a holographic image which has been embossed on such a surface can be visible without further processing; however, it is generally necessary, in order to achieve maximum optical effects, to place a reflective layer, typically a thin metal layer such as aluminum, or a high index layer, like ZnS, onto the embossed surface. The reflective layer substantially increases the visibility of the diffraction pattern embossment. Every type of first order diffraction structure, including conventional holograms and grating images, has a major shortcoming even if encapsulated in a rigid plastic. When diffuse light sources, such as ordinary room lights or an overcast sky, are used to illuminate the holographic image, all diffraction orders expand and overlap so that the diffraction colors are lost and not much of the visual information contained in the hologram is revealed. What is typically seen is only a silver colored reflection from the embossed surface and all such devices look silvery or pastel, at best, under such viewing conditions. Thus, holographic images generally require direct specular illumination in order to be visualized. This means that for best viewing results, the illuminating light must be incident at the same angle as the viewing angle. In addition upon rotation by 90 degrees even in specular light, the standard hologram disappears and all one sees is a silver like patch since now the groves of the diffraction pattern are mainly oriented in line with the incoming light as ones eye; i.e. no diffraction occurs. Since the use of security holograms has found widespread application, there exists a substantial incentive for counterfeiters to reproduce holograms, which are frequently used in credit cards, banknotes, and the like. Thus, a hurdle that security holograms must overcome to be truly secure, is the ease at which such holograms can be counterfeited. One step and two step optical copying, direct mechanical copying and even re-origination have been extensively discussed over the Internet. Various ways to counteract these methods have been explored but none of the countermeasures, taken alone, has been found to be an effective deterrent. One of the methods used to reproduce holograms is to scan a laser beam across the embossed surface and optically record the reflected beam on a layer of a material such as a photo-polymerizable polymer. The original pattern can subsequently be reproduced as a counterfeit. Another method is to remove the protective covering material from the embossed metal surface by ion etching, and then when the embossed metal surface is exposed, a layer of metal such as silver (or any other easily releasable layer) can be deposited. This is followed by deposition of a layer of nickel, which is subsequently released to form a counterfeiting embossing shim. Due to the level of sophistication of counterfeiting methods, it has become necessary to develop more advanced security measures. One approach, disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,624,076 and 5,672,410 to Miekka et al., embossed metal particles or optical stack flakes are used to produce a holographic image pattern. A further problem with security holograms is that it is difficult for most people to identify and recollect the respective images produced by such holograms for verification purposes. The ability of the average person to authenticate a security hologram conclusively is compromised by the complexity of its features and by confusion with decorative diffractive packaging. Thus, most people tend to confirm the presence of such a security device rather than verifying the actual image. This provides the opportunity for the use of poor counterfeits or the substitution of commercial holograms for the genuine security hologram. In other efforts to thwart counterfeiters, the hologram industry has resorted to more complex images such as producing multiple images as the security device is tilted to the right or left. These enhanced images provide the observer with a high level of "flash" or aesthetic appeal. Unfortunately, this added complexity does not confer added security because this complex imagery is hard to communicate and recollection of such imagery is difficult, if not impossible, to remember. U.S. Pat. No. 6,761,959 to Phillips et al, assigned to JDS Uniphase Corp. discloses a security article having Chromagram.TM. thereon. The chromagram provides both color shifting and holographic effects to the viewer. In the '959 patent an organic substrate stamped with a holographic grating or pattern is coated with a color shifting multilayer film. United States patent application 2005/0128543 in the name of Phillips et al, assigned to JDS Uniphase Corp. discloses a more complex type of Chromagram.TM. wherein patterning is shown. In some regions, holographic effects are shown, and in other regions only color shifting effects are visible. Another United States patent application which discloses diffraction gratings with color shifting coatings but deviates from the teaching of Phillips et al, is U.S. patent application 2003/0058491, in the name of Holmes et al. United States Patent application '491 appears to deviate from the teaching of Phillips in that a decoupling layer is taught as way in which to separate the diffraction grating effects from the color shifting effects. Holmes suggests placing a decoupling layer between the relief structure and the thin film reflection filter, which is described to be a thin film reflection filter. In contrast to Holmes et al. prior art U.S. Pat. No. 6,987,590 teaches a different novel Chromagram.TM. wherein a decoupling layer is not required, but wherein separate color shifting and holographic effects are exhibited. For example in FIG. 6 a color shifting ink provides color shifting effects and a reflective coating adjacent thereto provides holographic effects. In all of these aforementioned security structures, coating is suggested in common, known ways. That is, by first stamping a grating, and subsequently applying the coating layers required to create the desired patterns of reflective and color shifting coatings. Although these prior art fabrication methods appear to perform their intended function, of making Chromagram-like structures having both holographic and color shifting effects, it would be most advantageous, if the entire process or most of the fabrication process was performed in-situ, within the vacuum roll coating machine. It would therefore be of substantial advantage to develop a suitable, practicable, process and apparatus that would allow a diffraction grating or hologram to be formed within a vacuum coating chamber on an organic dielectric layer (ODL) wherein coating of the hologram or grating with a reflective and or color shifting coating was performed to the ODL before or after forming the diffraction grating or hologram within the vacuum chamber without breaking the vacuum. More particularly, it is an object of this invention to provide an in-line process for providing a hologram or grating in a roll type process within a vacuum chamber without breaking vacuum. Another aspect of this invention which can be fabricated in an in-line system as mentioned above, or is not restricted to manufacture in an in-line system is related to providing an organic dielectric layer within a Fabry-Perot structure or a dielectric stack formed structure, wherein the organic dielectric layer has a varying thickness, and wherein the effects of the dielectric structure of varying thickness can only be seen under magnification. The provision of a dielectric layer with a varying thickness has been disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,877,895 issued in the name of Shaw et al. Mar. 2, 1999. Shaw et al disclose applying heat variably to create a dielectric layer of varying thickness. Due to the size of the apparatus necessary to provide a thickness difference, adjacent regions of varying thickness are quite large and the effects are noticeable, as is apparently desired. There is no mention or suggestion with the Shaw et al. patent to providing covert security features. In contrast, in an aspect of this invention, a security device is provided wherein a dielectric layer therein has a plurality of adjacent regions. At least one adjacent region of the dielectric layer has a thickness that is less than an adjacent region of the same layer. The dimensions of at least one of the regions is small enough such that a visual effect from the difference in the two adjacent regions is not visible to the human eye, however a visual color difference is visible with magnification of 10:1 or greater. Preferably the different color regions differ in their color from one another by at least a delta E value of 10. It is a further object of the invention to provide a dot matrix grating having a dielectric spacer layer having different thicknesses throughout, so as to provide different visual colors in accordance with the different thicknesses. Thus, it is an object of the invention to provide a security device having a dielectric layer forming a Fabry Perot cavity or within a dielectric stack of dielectric layers wherein the dielectric layer has varying thicknesses so as to form optical cavities exhibiting different colors as visible light is incident thereon; and wherein the visual effect of the different colors is not seen without magnification. In addition, these different regions each have their own color shift with viewing angle. STATEMENT OF THE INVENTION In accordance with an aspect of this invention, there is provided, a multilayer thin film filter having an organic dielectric layer therein, spanning a plurality of regions of the filter, wherein the dielectric layer is embossed to define the plurality of regions of different uniform thicknesses, wherein some adjacent regions of the dielectric layer have a different uniform thickness, and wherein the size of one of the embossed adjacent regions is such that the color of said one region is uniform and cannot be seen by a human eye as different in color from the uniform color of an adjacent region thereto, and wherein the color within a region can be seen with magnification of at least 10:1 In accordance with the invention, there is further provided, a multilayer thin film filter having an organic dielectric layer therein sandwiched between an absorber and reflector layer, wherein the dielectric layer is embossed to provide a covert security information only discernible with magnification. In accordance with the invention, there is further provided, a multilayer thin film filter comprising an organic dielectric layer therein, spanning a plurality of regions of the filter, wherein the dielectric layer is embossed in at least one region to define a different thickness than in an adjacent region and wherein the embossing is of a dimension that produces an optical effect that cannot be seen by a human eye without magnification of at least 10 times; an absorber layer covering the organic dielectric layer; and, a reflector layer supporting the organic dielectric layer. In accordance with another aspect of the invention there is provided, a multilayer thin film filter having a dielectric layer having a first region embossed with a diffraction grating and having adjacent regions that are absent a diffraction grating to provide contrast, wherein both regions provide different color shift effects when the filter is tilted with respect to the viewing angle and wherein the embossed region provides diffractive and thin film interference effects. In accordance with another aspect of the invention, there is provided, a method of coating comprising the steps of: disposing within a vacuum chamber roll of light transmissive substrate embossed with a diffraction grating or hologram; and, patterning a reflector with an oil printing technique so as to evaporate a reflective material within the vacuum chamber without breaking vacuum. In accordance with the invention there is provided a method of providing a chromagram comprising the steps of: embossing an organic coating; curing the organic coating; demetallized patterning of a reflective layer upon the embossed organic coating; curing through the substrate to fully cure the organic coating, thereby allowing a relatively soft organic dielectric into which the embossing can occur. In accordance with the invention there is further provided a method of coating is provided comprising the steps of: disposing a releasable substrate roll of dielectric material into a vacuum chamber; embossing the dielectric material while within the vacuum chamber; and, coating the dielectric material while within the vacuum chamber; wherein coating the dielectric material may be done before embossing. In accordance with the invention a method is provided for coating a substrate comprising the steps of: disposing the substrate within a vacuum roll coater; embossing the substrate; evaporating an absorber upon the substrate depositing an organic layer upon the absorber layer; patterning a reflector with upon the organic layer within the vacuum roll coater; performing steps (b) through (e) without breaking vacuum. In accordance with another aspect of the invention a filter is provided having an organic dielectric layer (ODL) which forms an active part of the filter, wherein the ODL has varying thicknesses and is sandwiched between an absorber layer and a reflector layer, or wherein the ODL forms one of a pair of dielectric layers, wherein the varying thicknesses provide different reflected colors only visible with magnification of at least 10 times. In a preferred embodiment the color difference between two covert colors formed by a dielectric layer of different thickness as described in this document has a .DELTA.E value of at least 10. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS Exemplary embodiments of the invention will now be described in conjunction with the drawings in which: FIG. 1 is a cross sectional view of multilayer Fabry-Perot foil in accordance with an embodiment of the invention, wherein a variable thickness stepped layer of organic dielectric material is shown sandwiched between a uniform thickness reflector layer and a uniform thickness absorber layer, wherein a square wave pattern is embossed in the dielectric. FIG. 2 is a cross sectional view of a symmetric multilayer Fabry-Perot foil shows two similar structures shown back to back sharing a common central reflector layer, in accordance with an embodiment of the invention. FIG. 3a, is a cross sectional view similar to FIG. 1, wherein a release layer is provided between the structure shown in FIG. 1 and a substrate, providing an embossed foil on a releasable substrate. FIG. 3b is a cross sectional view of a non-symmetric Fabry-Perot chromagram having a dielectric spacer shown with two different thickness and wherein the spacer is embossed with a grating. FIG. 4 is a plan view of a single Fabry-Perot flake having a single row and multi-column array of covert colored regions, wherein adjacent colored regions display a different color. FIG. 5 is a color chart showing the gamut of colors due to embossing in a Fabry Perot cavity for an organic layer embossed to different thicknesses. FIG. 6 is a cross sectional view of a non-symmetric Fabry Perot structure having color effects viewed from either side. FIG. 7 is a diagram of an in-line vacuum roll coater for making holograms in accordance with an embodiment of this invention. FIG. 8 is a diagram of an in-line vacuum roll coater for making demetallized Chromagrams.TM.. FIG. 9 is a diagram of an in-line vacuum roll coater for making demetallized Chromagrams.TM.. FIG. 10 is a diagram of an embossing station wherein a plasma treatment unit is provided to reduce the surface energy of the shim to lessen sticking. FIG. 11 is a diagram of an embossing station wherein a plasma treatment unit is provided to provide UV cure of the polymer as it leaves the shim. FIG. 12 is a diagram of an embossing station combining the embodiments shown in FIGS. 9 and 10. FIG. 13 is a diagram of an embossing shim on an embossing roll illustrating unwanted deflection of the impression roll. FIG. 14 is a diagram of a preferred embodiment wherein little or no depression of the impression roll. FIG. 15 is a diagram of a polymer coating station wherein a train of rollers is used to reduce the thickness of the coating monomer. FIG. 16 is a diagram of a polymer coating station wherein a train of rollers is used to reduce the thickness of the coating monomer similar to FIG. 15, wherein a heated roll is provided to vaporize the monomer. FIG. 17 is a diagram of a polymer coating station wherein a train of rollers is used to reduce the thickness of the coating monomer and wherein a slot die is provided to deposit monomer on the first roller. FIG. 18 is a cross section diagram illustrating a deposition drum having various components in communication therewith. FIG. 19 is a cross sectional side view of electron beams penetrating a thin aluminium layer through and into the embossible polymer layer. DETAILED DESCRIPTION Turning now to FIG. 1, a portion of a sheet of foil 100 is shown in cross section, wherein the foil 100 includes a bottom reflector layer 102 having a uniform thickness; upon the reflector layer 102 is deposited on an organic dielectric layer 104 which is embossed so as to have a varying thickness and providing dielectric spacer regions differing in thickness. An absorber layer 106 is deposited to a uniform thickness over the variable thickness organic dielectric layer 104. In a preferred embodiment, the size of the adjacent regions (a) through (e) should be less than the size of a pixel or element that can be seen by the human eye. However, the invention does not require all adjacent steps or different thickness regions to be less than the size a human eye can see, however there must at least be one such element or region to provide the covert desired feature. For example, any element (a) through (e) could be sized to be small enough so that magnification is required to see it, whereas adjacent elements can be large enough to be seen by a human eye; however, preferably, several adjacent pixels or pixels within a sheet or flake are of dimensions that cannot be individually seen by a human eye. Furthermore, preferably the several adjacent pixels under magnification show distinctly different colors, thereby providing a covert color code or pattern, hidden within the structure. With reference to FIG. 1, if the totality of regions, a, b, c, d, and e comprise an area less than 100 microns square, which is the approximately the smallest region an unaided eye can see, distinguishing different colors from a, b, and c will not be possible. Since the dielectric layer in regions, a, b and c are purposefully embossed with different thicknesses, using judicious selection of the embossing depths, light reflecting back to the viewer after impinging upon the reflector will be three different distinct colors. However due to the small size of the regions a, b, and c, the eye will tend to integrate and if the pixel or region defined by (a) through (d) inclusive can be seen; only a single color will be perceived. With sufficient magnification, the individual regions (a), (b), and (c) will be seen and different colors will be perceived. It is preferred the color difference be significant enough to be clearly identifiable, and not just distinguishable between two very close colors. In the La*b* color space system, the colors are plotted in a plane of the CIELAB-system in which a* represents red and green and b* represents yellow and blue. The lightness of the color is on an axis at right angles to the plane going from black or L*=0 to white where L*=100. Thus the color would be grey in the center of the plane with the chroma increasing from the center toward the outer perimeter of the plane. The extreme edge of the plane defines the highest chroma. For example, a red light emitting laser would have high chroma. Between the center and edge, there are various gradations of the red as for example, a pink. Thus, there are planes of these colors which move up and down the L* axis or the lightness value axis. For every illuminant-observer combination of the tristimulus value, the color coordinates can be readily calculated and also can be measured. It is well known to those skilled in the art of color, that any pigment, colored foil or any color can have a different appearance depending upon the illuminant. For example a color under fluorescent light may be quite different from the color under sunlight or under a tungsten lamp. Thus a pigment may be irradiated with a predetermined amount of energy across the wavelength to provide a graph of power versus wavelength. The quantity of light or energy impinging or striking the pigment at a given wavelength will influence the reflectance curve. The spectral power distribution from the light source is integrated with the eye response function typically designated as x, y and z and the reflectance spectrum to yield the tristimulus values X, Y and Z. In connection with the present invention, the L*, a*, b* (CIELAB) color space in used to describe the invention since this system is the most uniform (linear in color) known to date and is generally accepted worldwide for practical use. Thus, in the CIELAB color space, the color of any optically variable device can be characterized by the three tristimulus values, X, Y and Z. These tristimulus values take into account the spectral distribution of the light source, the reflectance of the optically variable pigment and the spectral sensitivity to the human eye. It is from these X, Y and Z values that the L*, a*, b* coordinates are calculated as are the related values of L* (lightness), C* (chroma), h (hue) and associated color differences i.e. delta L*, delta C* and delta h. Thus any color can be represented by the L, a* b*. color (L.sub.1*, a.sub.1*, b.sub.1*) and color (L.sub.2*, a.sub.2*, b.sub.2*) is defined as: The difference between any two colors, .DELTA.E*.sub.ab=[(.DELTA.L*).sup.2+(.DELTA.a*).sup.2+(.DELTA.b*).sup.2].- sup.1/2 In effect, a covert color code not recognizable by an unaided human eye is present within the coating, wherein only a single integrated color is perceived by an unaided eye looking at the structure. The thickness of the dielectric in these covert different color regions differs and is uniform throughout a region. Preferably, these regions form a square or rectangular wave pattern, however this pattern need not be periodic. Similarly a color shifting dielectric stack of high and low index dielectric layers can serve as a covert coating by using one or more dielectric layers wherein the thickness varies similarly, such that at least one region having a thickness distinct from other regions, is not visible by the unaided human eye, but is distinguishable with suitable magnification. One way in which to manufacture the structure of FIG. 1 is to (a) provide an incoming roll of polyester; (b) coat one side with an absorber such as Cr; (c) evaporate the organic dielectric layer over the Cr layer; (d) emboss the organic dielectric layer; and, (e) coat the embossed organic dielectric layer with a reflective layer with a material such Al. Referring now to FIG. 2 a symmetric structure is shown having small regions of different thicknesses. The structure depicted in FIG. 2 is similar in many respects to that described above in FIG. 1, however, the reflector layer is a common layer to two same embossed dielectric, absorber coated layers. Conveniently, the structure shown in FIG. 2 lends itself to being broken or ground into pigment flakes or particles. Notwithstanding, the structure shown in FIG. 1 can also be used as non-symmetric pigment coating. Although the cross section shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 would lead one to conclude the regions are square or rectangular, this invention is not limited to embossing only squares, rectangles, and the like. Circles, triangles or other regions can be embossed, as long as some of the regions are small enough not to be detected without significant magnification. The structure shown in FIG. 2 is made by passing an aluminum foil that had been coated on both sides with the organic spacer 104 through opposing embossing rollers. The organic layer may be deposited by passing the aluminum foil through a bath by moving the foil through a bath containing an organic coating/solvent and pulling the aluminum foil out straight out using a process known as dip-coating, followed by drying off the solvent. Alternatively the organic coating 104 could be applied on one side, cured, and after flipping over the roll, the other side is coated. After embossing the organic coating the absorber layer is deposited onto the embossed organic layers. Alternatively, a PET substrate coated symmetrically on both sides with a reflector layer and an organic spacer is passed between the opposing embossing rollers and then the absorber layer would be deposited onto each of the embossed layers. The absorber is subsequently added to each side and then embossed. The absorber may be an electro-less deposit of metal such as nickel, silver or tin or could be any semi-transmissive layer deposited from vacuum. The two-sided embossed structures provide a material suitable for chopping into glitter which would be a unique color shift material. Depending the desired result both organic layers need not be embossed. Although it is preferably that the embossed regions are flat, and substantially parallel to the reflector layer, this need not be and the layer may be angled at an angle other than zero with respect to the reflector layer. In a preferred embodiment the covert color pattern within a covert sheet or flake has an embossed dielectric with at least three distinct thicknesses and at least three distinct covert colors. Turning now to FIG. 3a a structure similar to FIG. 1 is shown wherein the embossed organic structure is shown upon a substrate 132 having a release layer 130. Once the foil is stripped from the substrate it can be used to make flakes, which have covert features therein. A hot-stamped structure can be made very similarly to the structure of FIG. 1, but in reverse order, wherein the steps employed are: providing a polymer release layer on a substrate; depositing a chrome layer; evaporating an organic dielectric layer; embossing the organic dielectric; depositing a reflective layer, followed by an adhesive layer. Referring to FIG. 3b, a different embodiment of a Fabry-Perot diffractive structure is shown, having a dielectric layer 104 embossed to one thickness as shown with the dotted line. If one embosses into the dielectric layer of a Fabry Perot filter the average depth of the embossing to a first approximation is the midpoint between the average ridge height and the average valley depth. The region shown in dotted outline is not flat and has ridges and valleys therewithin. Since the distance between ridges and valleys are below the resolution one one's eye, all one sees from the Fabry Perot filter after the Cr absorber layer 106 is added to the dielectric layer is a color shift underneath the relief structure that is a different color shift from those areas not embossed. The colors arising from the different thicknesses of the ridges and valleys blend together so as to appear to the eye as being silver. Thus, the combination of the color from the embossed area is the sum of the effects of the ridges and valleys of the dielectric, that is, the silver-like color plus the color shift from the apparent uniform thickness of the underlying dielectric plus the diffractive effect. FIG. 4 is an illustration of a Fabry-Perot flake 180 having lateral dimensions of about 17 microns and wherein an array or pattern 190 of 2 micron embossing of squares having a different uniform depth are shown varying from blue to green in color effect. However due to the size of the 2 micron squares, magnification of at least 50 times is required to see the color coded squares and to discern their colors, and preferably, a 400 times magnification is required to comfortably distinguish the color of the 2 micron squares. If the pixel element was 80 microns square a magnification of about 1.25 would be required to just see it, and to see it would ease, a magnification of approximately 12.5 would be required. FIG. 5 is an illustration showing the gamut of colors due to embossing in a Fabry-Perot cavity for an organic layer embossed to 0.232-0.442 microns. An alternate structure is illustrated in FIG. 6 that has similar but different effects from the symmetrical structure shown in FIG. 3. Although the reflector layer 102 is shared between two Fabry Perot cavities, the upper cavity has the covert coating therein, wherein the lower cavity displays a single color with no covert features therein. The lower cavity dielectric layer 104b and 106b could also be made having a thickness that would provide a color effect which was similar in appearance to the color that is integrated by the brain after viewing the variable thickness Fabry-Perot structure. Thus, if flakes were made, and were small enough, the perceived color would be essentially uniform with little, if any, perceived variation. Although embodiments shown heretofore illustrate several different thicknesses within a flake or regions, it would be possible to make a flake having a dielectric layer with only a single small region with a different thickness than the rest of the flake to provide the covert feature. It should also be noted that the covert region having the different thickness dielectric can be in the form of a logo or other indicia that can easily be recognized when sufficiently magnified. Turning now to FIG. 7 an in-line system is shown for making a holographic relief structure. The process flow starts by introducing a web of plastic into the vacuum chamber at the unwind station 80. The plastic web may have a coating of a release hard-coat layer for hot stamping the final product, or alternatively, the plastic web may be an uncoated plastic film such as a polyester terephthlate (PET) film for making labels or security threads. On top of the plastic web or release hard-coat layer is a resin layer capable of being embossed. A single layer employing a release hard coat that is embossible may also be used. The web then moves to the first station, Chamber 5, and is coated uniformly with aluminum, after which the coated web is embossed in Chamber 1. This produces a reflective, relief type structure, by way of example, holograms capable of being hot stamped onto articles for security protection or feed for pressure sensitive labels. FIG. 8 shows a complete process for making a demetalized Chromagram.TM. in one or two passes. Each chamber is situated in its own pumping chamber (not shown) and each chamber is used as a module for each separate operation. By using this type of modular approach, each module can be physically moved and interchanged for another module within the vacuum machine so that the order of operations can easily changed for variations in the way the security products are made. The processing chamber includes an unwind reel 80, Chamber 1 which has an embossing roller 82; a registration sensor 83 is provided between Chamber 1 and 2. Chamber 2 includes of an oil patterning unit that includes an oil pick-up roller 84, an oil-patterning roller 85 and a resistance source of Al 86 and an optional UV or electron beam cure station. A plasma treatment unit 97 comprising an O.sub.2 plasma source is included after the aluminum deposition but before the first front surface roll to ensure that any residual oil is burned off and does not contaminate the metallized surface or give ghosting. Chamber 3 has of an array of DC magnetron sputtering units 87 for depositing the absorber layer. Chamber 4 includes a processing unit to deposit organic acrylics followed by a UV cure station 89. Chamber 5 has a multi-pocket crucible 90 for e-beam coating by electron beam gun 91 of either an inorganic dielectric or a reflective metal. Transmittance monitors 92, 93 and 95, a reflection monitor 94 are also provided within the modular vacuum roll coater system. A variation of this process described above allows for the production of non-demetallized (non-demet) Chromagrams.TM.. In this process flow, the resin layer on the incoming web is embossed in Chamber 1, then coated with an absorber layer at Chamber 3 and is subsequently coated in Chamber 5 with an inorganic dielectric such as MgF2. The roll is then reversed and coated in Chamber 2 with a reflector with the patterning unit turned off so as to complete the Fabry Perot structure. Finally, the non de-met Chromagram.TM. is wound onto the unwind roller 80. This process flow is shown in the second flow process in FIG. 8. De-met Chromagrams can also be produced using color shifting ink or adhesive. Another variation of the processes described above, wherein the same modular system can be used is where the PET release hard coat encounters Chamber 1 and 2 to produce demetallized holograms. After passing Chamber 2 the roll of PET including de-met holograms is wound directly onto the wind-up roll 86. This can then be subsequently processed off-line with color shifting ink or color shifting adhesive to make hot stamp Chromagrams. Referring now to FIG. 9 an in-line vacuum roll coater system is shown for making Demet Chromagrams.TM.. In this embodiment, an embossing resin is applied as a first step. A PET web is introduced to the vacuum coater and coated with the acrylic coating in Chamber 4. In this instance, the lacquer is a coating of a UV curable acrylic monomer based on a technology available from Sigma Technologies Inc of Phoenix, Ariz. A UV lamp or e-beam is provided at Chamber 4 to provide partial or full cure of the acrylic layer takes place at curing station 9 depending on the monomer used. If a partial cure is used, then a full cure by another UV source or electron beam 96 is used following the aluminum deposition by UV curing using a UV lamp 9 transparent substrate or e-beam through the non-UV transparent web following Chamber 4. Since polymers are degraded by UV light, an alternative embodiment is provided, in order to lessen the likelihood of degradation and decay of the polymer substrate due to UV absorption in accordance with Beer's Law. Therefore in this embodiment completion of the polymer is achieved by the use of an electron beam gun but positioned of the metal side of the substrate before the first front surface roller after the aluminum deposition rather than via a UV lamp. In this instance the electrons penetrate the aluminum coating. It could be expected that the aluminum thickness would be in the range 10-100 nm and penetration is sufficient using electron beam curing in air where the electrons have to penetrate a titanium foil of the order 7 microns thickness. Preferably, the electron beam source be driven at a higher voltage in order to penetrate to the full polymer depth than if there were no metal there at all but this would still be much less than an atmospheric electron beam cure system. Although not shown in the figure, plasma treatment following the polymer coating may be provided to increase the surface energy to improve the metal adhesion. Referring now to FIG. 18 a system is shown wherein a reel 182a provides an uncoated web 183 of substrate material to a deposition drum 180 and further to a subsequent reel 182b. After leaving the reel 182a the web 183 passes through the deposition unit 185 and the plasma treater 184 for a partial cure of the deposited polymer. A reflective metal such as Al is deposited on the organic dielectric coated web 183 via a metal deposition source 186. An e-beam gun 181 penetrates the thin Al coating 192 to fully cure the embossible polymer 194. FIG. 19 is a cross-sectional view of the e-beams 193 penetrating the thin Al layer 192 to fully cure the embossible polymer 194 layer beneath supported by the polymer substrate 183. Furthermore, plasma treatments may be provided after metallization before further polymer coatings are applied. Some of the polymers do not adhere easily and so it is always preferable to prepare the surface using plasma treatment to make sure the surface energy is maximized to help the depositing coating wet out the surface. The plasma treatment before applying the polymer was an argon/nitrogen plasma treatment so that there was no oxygen present to inhibit the polymer cure whereas the plasma treatment of the acrylate before the metal deposition was using an argon/oxygen plasma to provide some oxygen to aid chemical bonding directly between the polymer and metal via the oxide After the web passes from Chamber 4 it then encounters Chamber 2 where a patterned or non-patterned aluminum layer is deposited. A plasma treatment O.sub.2 source 97 is provided to clean up any residual oil and to prevent or lessen ghosting. The web then moves to Chamber 1. Preferably, Chamber 1 uses a drum that is compliant so that the embossing is effective. The steel drum can be wrapped with a hard rubber sleeve that does not outgass. The embossing roller can be heated and the rubber on the drum cooled. Embossing can be selectively applied or over the entire surface of the web or can be applied as indicated just on the aluminum islands. The oil patterning process technology is commercially available. At this point, the roll can travel directly to the wind-up roller without the use of other process steps for the production of demetallized holograms or other types of de-met relief structures or non demetallized structures. These structures can then be subsequently coated with color shift ink in the non-aluminized areas to make ink based or OVP adhesive based Chromagrams.TM.. This coating arrangement allows for embossing into the aluminum which eliminates the possibility of the organic layer fouling of the embossing roller. For further processing, the web travels to Chamber 3 and 5 where it is coated with the absorber layer (Cr), a dielectric layer (MgF.sub.2) and a full reflective layer (Al) is deposited in the reverse direction. In this instance, final wind-up occurs on the un-wind roller 81. Alternatively, the web can be coated with absorber layer, reversed in the machine and sequentially coated with the organic acrylic layer followed by the reflective aluminum layer to make a Chromagram with an organic dielectric rather than an inorganic dielectric. In this case, also the final wind up occurs at the un-wind station. Process flows include: 1) Plastic film (e.g. PET type G)embossaluminize across whole width of webhologram or diffractive label. 2) Plastic film plus release/resin)embossaluminize across whole width of webhot stamp relief reflective hologram or production of diffractive flake with/without symbols. 3) Plastic filmUV acryliccurealuminizeembosshologram or diffractive label. 4) Plastic filmUV acrylicpartial curealuminize in patternembossfull cureEvaporation of absorber layerdeposition of dielectric layerdeposition of reflector layerDe-met Label Chromagram. (Note: embossing may be in register with the aluminum or across aluminum and non-aluminum areas. 5) Plastic film with release/resinaluminize in patternembossDeposition of absorber layerDeposition of dielectric layerdeposition of reflector layerHot stamp demet Chromagram. 6) Plastic film with release/resinDeposition of absorberUV acrylicDeposition of reflectorDeposition of reflectorHot Stamp Non-Demet Chromagram. 7) Plastic filmDeposition of absorberUV acrylicDeposition of reflectorDeposition of reflectorLabel Non-Demet Chromagram. Embossing Embossing can be done in a variety of different ways. The shim can be pressed into the polymer with enough pressure to force the polymer to flow into the shim profile. This becomes easier if heat is used to soften the polymer. Alternatively lower melting point polymers can be used or even in the extreme case a liquid monomer can be used where the cure is done, whilst the liquid has taken up the shim profile and solidified the polymer. When using pressure, or heat and pressure, there is a tendency for the polymer to relax slightly following easing the pressure and the polymer partly recovers the flat surface. Thus the diffraction grating or hologram can appear less bright that the shim original. Full depth embossing usually requires some heat and pressure used together; immediately following the hot nip there is a chilled roll to remove the heat as fast as possible to limit the amount of relaxation of the polymer. The UV cure process that cures the polymer whilst still in contact with shim provides the best chance of obtaining a full depth embossing however some release difficulties can occur. Embossing can be difficult even at atmospheric pressure, and the degree of difficulty can depend on the quality of the embossing shims and on the profile of the embossing pattern. For example sinusoidal and pyramidal patterns are easier profiles to work with compared with square wave zero order diffraction type or deep aspect ratio patterns. The problem is for the shim to release the malleable polymer. At times the polymer may separate from the substrate and clog up the shim, which then fails to emboss on the next and subsequent revolution. To minimize the propensity for the polymer sticking an operator, in a system at atmospheric pressures, would spray the shim with a release agent. Notwithstanding this problem is exacerbated in a vacuum system where it becomes difficult to identify when the shim needs another application of the release spray, and so a method of controlling the shim surface is an aspect of this invention. In accordance with an embodiment of this invention, and as is shown in FIG. 10, the shim 101 can be treated with a contained plasma of a gas mixture of argon and a second component such as fluorinated gas such that the surface energy of the shim can be reduced and so that the shim would be coated and surface treated to provide a low energy surface analogous to a non-stick surface such as PTFE. In FIG. 10 a plasma treater 104a is shown adjacent the embossing roll 101 to fluorinate the shim as a method of providing a release coating to the shim Using a fluorinated plasma with a low level of fluorination would deposit a monolayer, or less, of a PTFE type non-stick coating to the surface. Any monolayer or so that is lost by being taken away by the polymer as it is released it would be replaced during the next revolution of the shim past the plasma. Alternatively an inert gas plasma as a source of UV can be used to sure cure the polymer in-situ whilst still in the shim. This would not work so well if the polymer coating were already metallized. These could be combined in single plasma but the polymer surface would then also become fluorinated and so non-stick. This would make the polymer harder to add coatings to and so would really only be useful if the polymer coating were to be the final layer. Referring now to FIG. 11, Inert gas plasma is shown to provide UV cure of polymer as it leaves the shim to help maximise the embossing depth. Also if the UV penetrates to cure the polymer whilst it is still in the shim it can aid the polymer release from the shim in two ways. One is the polymer strength is increased by the fuller cure and second as the cure takes place there is usually a shrinkage in the polymer thickness which would help pull the polymer out of the shim. FIG. 12 illustrates a preferred embodiment where the use of two plasmas 104a, 104b on the same shim 101 is provided. Alternatively and less preferably would be to incorporate the two processes into one plasma. By so doing, unfortunately the embossed polymer would also have the low energy surface and this would make sticking the next layer onto this surface more difficult. Turning now to FIG. 13, an embossing setup is shown wherein a shim 130 on a non-compliant embossing roll is shown. When embossing without a compliant roll it is common, with increasing pressure, to cause a deflection of the impression roll 132 as is shown in dotted outline, thus causing variations in the embossing depth from the centre of the web to the edges. An option shown in FIG. 14 is to use a hard impression roll 142 having stepped ends 144 that are beyond the edges of the shim, and are larger in diameter. This defines the limit of how close the rolls can be run together thus preventing the impression roll deflecting as the load is taken up by the larger diameter ends of the roll. The diameter of these ends needs to take account of the substrate thickness plus the polymer layer that is to be embossed. Advantageously, this allows either a harder compound compliant roll or a hard metal impression roll to be used. Polymer Deposition Process Referring now to FIG. 15, a series of rolls 151a through 151f that may be of different diameters and/or rotating at different speeds are utilized as a method of reducing the monomer loading on successive rolls to deposit a preferred amount of the monomer onto the web 155 supported by a cooled deposition drum 157. Using chilled rolls 151a through 151f would allow the use of some polymers with vapour pressures that might otherwise be too high. Alternatively using the printing style roller train as the means of taking the monomer from the bath of liquid and reducing the monomer thickness on each roll successively down to the desired thinness. FIG. 16 shows an alternative embodiment to FIG. 15 wherein a last roll 151g is a heated roll that vaporizes the monomer. The vapor is then condensed onto the substrate passing by on the cooled deposition drum. FIG. 17 illustrates a third variation wherein the monomer is evaporated via a slot die coupled to the roll train to improve the uniformity before coating the web either directly or via the hot roll vaporization method. Of course numerous other embodiments may be envisaged without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. * * * * *


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"[Mortal Kombat X will be] using our highly self-customized version of Unreal 3," Boon tweeted. "60fps 1080p!"
Mortal Kombat X is slated to hit the Xbox One, Xbox 360, PlayStation 4, PlayStation 3 and PC at some point during 2015.
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Ryan Calo is an assistant professor at the University of Washington School of Law and a former research director at CIS. A nationally recognized expert in law and emerging technology, Ryan's work has appeared in the New York Times, the Wall Street Journal, NPR, Wired Magazine, and other news outlets. Ryan serves on several advisory committees, including the Electronic Frontier Foundation, the Electronic Privacy Information Center, and the Future of Privacy Forum. He co-chairs the American Bar Association Committee on Robotics and Artificial Intelligence and serves on the program committee of National Robotics Week.
Will Robots Be 'Generative'?
By Ryan Calo • September 8, 2010 at 1:32 pm
I don't know that generativity is a theory, strictly speaking. It's more of a quality. (Specifically, five qualities.) The attendant theory, as I read it, is that technology exhibits these particular, highly desirable qualities as a function of specific incentives. These incentives are themselves susceptible to various forces—including, it turns out, consumer demand and citizen fear.
The law is in a position to influence this dynamic. Thus, for instance, Comcast might have a business incentive to slow down peer-to-peer traffic and only refrain due to FCC policy. Or, as Barbara van Schewick demonstrates inter alia in Internet Architecture and Innovation, a potential investor may lack the incentive to fund a start up if there is a risk that the product will be blocked.
Similarly, online platforms like Facebook or Yahoo! might not facilitate communication to the same degree in the absence of Section 230 immunity for fear that they will be held responsible for the thousand flowers they let bloom. I agree with Eric Goldman's recent essay in this regard: it is no coincidence that the big Internet players generally hail from these United States. Read more » about Will Robots Be 'Generative'?
(Im)Perfect Enforcement
By Ryan Calo • September 7, 2010 at 12:21 pm
Prohibition wasn't working. President Hoover assembled the Wickersham Commission to investigate why. The Commission concluded that despite an historic enforcement effort—including the police abuses that made the Wickersham Commission famous—the government could not stop everyone from drinking. Many people, especially in certain city neighborhoods, simply would not comply. The Commission did not recommend repeal at this time, but by 1931 it was just around the corner.
Five years later an American doctor working in a chemical plant made a startling discovery. Several workers began complaining that alcohol was making them sick, causing most to stop drinking it entirely—"involuntary abstainers," as the doctor, E.E. Williams, later put it. It turns out they were in contact with a chemical called disulfiram used in the production of rubber. Disulfiram is well-tolerated and water-soluble. Today, it is marketed as the popular anti-alcoholism drug Antabuse.
Were disulfiram discovered just a few years earlier, would federal law enforcement have dumped it into key parts of the Chicago or Los Angeles water supply to stamp out drinking for good? Probably not. It simply would not have occurred to them. No one was regulating by architecture then. To dramatize this point: when New York City decided twenty years later to end a string of garbage can thefts by bolting the cans to the sidewalk, the decision made the front page of the New York Times. The headline read: "City Bolts Trash Baskets To Walks To End Long Wave Of Thefts."
In an important but less discussed chapter in The Future of the Internet, Jonathan Zittrain explores our growing taste and capacity for "perfect enforcement."
Readers are likely familiar with the cyberlaw mantra that "code is law." What's striking is that since Lawrence Lessig published Code in 1999, relatively little has been written about the dangers of regulation by architecture, particularly outside of the context of intellectual property. Many legal scholars—Neil Katyal, Elizabeth Joh, Edward Cheng—have instead argued for more regulation by architecture on the basis that it is less discriminatory or more effective. Read more » about (Im)Perfect Enforcement
The Boundaries of Privacy Harm
By Ryan Calo • July 16, 2010 at 5:04 pm
My new paper explores what is unique about privacy harm. How does privacy harm differ from other injury? And what do we gain by defining its boundaries and core properties? You can download the paper here; abstract after the jump. Your thoughts warmly welcome. Read more » about The Boundaries of Privacy Harm
Computers Freedom Privacy... And Robotics
By Ryan Calo • June 18, 2010 at 5:03 pm
ACM Computers Freedom Privacy is in its 20th year. This year was exciting to me in that robots entered the mix. My panel on the topic featured forecaster and essayist Paul Saffo, EFF's Brad Templeton, philosopher Patrick Lin, and was moderated by Wired's Gary Wolf. You can find a video recording of our panel here. I also spoke to the Dr. Katherine Albrecht Radio Show, which was broadcasting live from the conference. Click here to listen.
Facebook's Security Screening
By Ryan Calo • June 14, 2010 at 10:38 am
UPDATE: Facebook explains the security procedure here. Apparently they only use photos if you have not set up another verification means. Also, I have confirmation that the photo identification is not being done for a secondary purpose.
I recently tried to sign on to Facebook from a coffee shop. I was told that I had to pass a security screening because of the "strange location." Fair enough. The actual test, however, was surprising. It was comprised of a multiple choice exam where I had to identify who was in a given picture.
A couple of things. First, some of the pictures were embarrassing. I doubt the person who uploaded them thought they would be used to screen for improper access. Think about it. Facebook is showing random private photos to people because it suspects they may not be the account holder. The photos must be private because they form the basis of a security screening. Read more » about Facebook's Security Screening
A Horse of a Different Color
America Needs a Federal Robotics Agency
Ryan Calo is an assistant professor at the University of Washington School of Law. A host of emerging technologies require a coordinated set of laws and regulations as society adapts
This piece originally appeared on Brookings. Read more » about America Needs a Federal Robotics Agency
Can You Sue A Robot For Defamation?
FAA Appeals Drone Decision
Drones: 1, FAA: 0
A Prominent Lawyer Is Calling For A New Federal Agency To Regulate Robots
"Ryan Calo, assistant professor of law at the University of Washington (and one of Business Insider's most important people in robotics), believes that robotic technology is advancing so rapidly with such heavyweight implications that the current structure of the US government will be ill-equipped to handle it, reports The Atlantic.
Speaking at the Aspen Ideas Festival, he called for the creation of a new governmental agency that would oversee the safe development and maintenance of new robotic applications." Read more » about A Prominent Lawyer Is Calling For A New Federal Agency To Regulate Robots
Not all creepy: 3 important findings from Facebook's emotional experiments
"University of Washington law professor Ryan Calo has recommended the creation of "Consumer Subject Review Boards", which review the research of private companies. It's akin to the Institutional Review Boards (IRBs) already standard at every major university.
I met Professor Calo last week at the Atlantic Aspen Ideas festival; he later wrote to me, "I think Facebook would have fared better under this regime because they would have had a set of established criteria as well as a record of when and why it was approved."" Read more » about Not all creepy: 3 important findings from Facebook's emotional experiments
The Bright Side of Facebook's Social Experiments on Users
""There's enough pressure and understanding of this issue that these firms are going to have to come up with a way to make the public and regulators comfortable with experimenting with consumers," Mr. Calo said." Read more » about The Bright Side of Facebook's Social Experiments on Users
Facebook Playing Your Feelings Is Legal But 'Creepy,' Say Law Experts
"Ryan Calo, a privacy expert and law professor at the University of Washington, told Mashable that the study may be "creepy" but not necessarily in violation of any privacy law." Read more » about Facebook Playing Your Feelings Is Legal But 'Creepy,' Say Law Experts
Homeland Security Facility Is Testing a Fun New Biometric Program for Airports
"Ryan Calo, assistant professor of law at the University of Washington and a privacy expert, told me that he's concerned with how facial recognition technology could judge the mental state of exiting passengers. "What I worry about with biometrics is the capacity to tell things like: Is this person nervous? Are they lying? … I worry about too closely studying human subjects at the borders, in or out," he says." Read more » about Homeland Security Facility Is Testing a Fun New Biometric Program for Airports
Can We Imagine Our Way to a Better Future? (Past Event)
For more information and to RSVP visit The New America Foundation's website. Webcast also available.
CIS Affiliate Scholar Ryan Calo part of panel titled "Delivery Drones and Robot Babysitters". Read more » about Can We Imagine Our Way to a Better Future?
Our Robot Future: The Moral, Ethical, and Legal Challenges of Ubiquitous Robotic Systems (Past Event)
Roundtable with experts Professor Ronald C. Arkin, Professor Ryan Calo, Dr. Kate Darling, Professor Illah Nourbakhsh, and Professor Noel Sharkey
Moderated by Professor Jennifer Urban
Friday, July 11, 3:30 pm
Boalt Hall Goldberg Room
Robots are quickly moving out of controlled environments into public spaces and homes, and researchers are developing artificial intelligence systems that will allow robots to make decisions autonomously. How should society plan for this transition? Read more » about Our Robot Future: The Moral, Ethical, and Legal Challenges of Ubiquitous Robotic Systems
Drones, Phones, and Robotic Friends: Where is Emergent Technology Taking Us? (Past Event)
Humans and Machines — Drones, Phones, and Robotic Friends: Where is Emergent Technology Taking Us? On June 27 at 8:30 p.m. with speakers Mary "Missy" Cummings, Ryan Calo, Ken Goldberg and moderator David Kirkpatrick.
As the landscape of high tech is increasingly modernized through applications of robotics from operating theaters to rescue missions, smarter phones that manage our lives, and flying technologies that put cameras (and weapons) in the air (if not everywhere), how will the balance of law, ethics, and relationships between humans and machines change us? Read more » about Drones, Phones, and Robotic Friends: Where is Emergent Technology Taking Us?
Privacy Papers for Policy Makers (Past Event)
The Future of Privacy Forum
Co-chairs Jules Polonetsky and Christopher Wolf
in conjunction with Congresswoman Sheila Jackson Lee invite you to
"Privacy Papers for Policy Makers"
A discussion of leading privacy research Read more » about Privacy Papers for Policy Makers
We Robot 2014 (Past Event)
CIS Affiliate Scholars Peter Asaro, Ryan Calo and Woodrow Hartzog are listed as participants for We Robot 2014. Robotics is becoming a transformative technology. We Robot 2014 builds on existing scholarship exploring the role of robotics to examine how the increasing sophistication of robots and their widespread deployment everywhere from the home, to hospitals, to public spaces, and even to the battlefield disrupts existing legal regimes or requires rethinking of various policy issues. If you are on the front lines of robot theory, design, or development, we hope to see you. Read more » about We Robot 2014
Prof. Ryan Calo and Woodrow Hartzog - Hearsay Culture Show #213 - KZSU-FM
May 21, 2014
CIS Affiliate Scholar David Levine interviews Prof. Ryan Calo of University of Washington School of Law and Woodrow Hartzog of Cumberland School of Law on robotics law. Read more » about Prof. Ryan Calo and Woodrow Hartzog - Hearsay Culture Show #213 - KZSU-FM
The Pinocchio Complex: How Category Confusion Affects Drone Law And Policy
November 13, 2013
The Center for Law and the Biosciences presents Ryan Calo
April 18, 2013
On April 10, 2013, Stanford's Center for Law and the Biosciences welcomed CIS Affiliate Scholar Ryan Calo to campus for a discussion on law and emerging technology, with an emphasis on spyware for your brain. Read more » about The Center for Law and the Biosciences presents Ryan Calo
The Future of Drones in America: Law Enforcement and Privacy Considerations
March 20, 2013
Hearing before the Senate Committee on the Judiciary on "The Future of Drones in America: Law Enforcement and Privacy Considerations" Read more » about The Future of Drones in America: Law Enforcement and Privacy Considerations
Open Book Club: A Conversation With Neal Stephenson
October 23, 2012
CIS Affiliate Scholar Ryan Calo interviews Neal Stephenson, author of Readme. Topics include privacy, virtual economics and security. Beth Cantrell, Greg Lastowka, and Tadayoshi Kohno also included in panel interview. This event was hosted by the University of Washington Law School. Read more » about Open Book Club: A Conversation With Neal Stephenson


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Football Playoffs for Friday, 22/21/14
10:45 – Victory Tunnel and Send Off
11:00 – Football Team Departs
11:30 – School is Dismissed
1:00 – Spirit Groups Depart
7:00 – Game Time at Church Point
Travel Directions to Church Point
There will be a community wide Pep Rally Thursday evening at 7:00 in the NWHS GYM. COME OUT AND SUPPORT THE KNIGHTS!!!


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The First Word in Protective & Marine Coatings
A Product of Technology Publishing / PaintSquare
JPCL | PaintSquare News
| Durability + Design
| Paint BidTracker
Main News Page
Thursday, March 6, 2014
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Program/Project Management
Time is running out to register for Engineered Corrosion Solutions 2014, a new, intensive, low-cost, one-day program focusing on the fundamentals of corrosion from an economic and technical perspective.
The conference will premiere March 13 in the Chicago suburb of Skokie, IL, highlighting the latest tools and technologies for preventing and controlling corrosion across a variety of industrial and commercial settings.
Whether the setting is architectural, commercial, electronic or industrial, "the fundamental corrosion mechanisms are identical," notes 2014 Engineered Corrosion Solutions organizer Warren Brand.
One Problem, Many Faces
"Whether we are talking about corrosion under insulation at a refinery, a leaking cooling tower basin at a commercial building, peeling paint on a condominium association in Chicago, or corrosion on a circuit board, the fundamental corrosion mechanisms are identical," says conference organizer Warren Brand, owner of Chicago Coatings Group.
The goal of the eight-hour conference is to equip owners and operators with the proper tools and protocols for long-term maintenance-free protection of their assets, said Brand, a coatings industry veteran who is an MBA, NACE-Level 3 and SSPC-PCS.
The day features a series of expert-led lectures on various corrosion topics and exhibitors from around the industry. Registration is $35 until March 10; $50 after that.
Cold Walls, Coatings and CIPP
The tentative presentation lineup includes:
Presenters include (from left) Kevin Coburn, of Insituform Technologies; Monica Chauviere, of Monicorr Inc.; and Eliot Phillips, of PPG Industries. Topics include cathodic protection, polyurea and FRP technologies, and metallization.
Conference Exhibitors
Conference vendors were vetted to "ensure that they maintain an extremely high level of integrity, provide outstanding customer service, are highly knowledgeable, and exhibit uniquely valuable products and services," conference organizers said.
The exhibitor list includes:
For more information, contact ECS by email or call 847-423-2167.
Join the Conversation:
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Waimanalo House Rental Photos and Description
Beachfront!! 5 Bedrooms + Convertible bed, 4 1/2 Baths, (Sleeps up to 15)
For quiet, family accommodations only. Large gatherings prohibited. Please see DISCLOSURE below.
My beautiful estate is located on a deserted white sand beach where the sunrise softly wakes you in the morning and the sound of the ocean gently rocks you to sleep at night. Click on the video icon for a virtual walk through of my home.
The estate is made up of two separate homes and offers an exclusive getaway for friends and families. It's a perfect combination of fun and relaxation. Enjoy the sunrise while you wet your toes in the warm waters of Waimanalo Bay. Then have breakfast, read the paper or have an afternoon nap in the resort style lounge chairs on the large covered lanai (patio). The children will enjoy the private fenced yard or swimming in the ocean right outside the front door, across a beautiful lawn. Boogie boards are provided for extra fun in the water.
There are many activities in close proximity including Sea Life Park where you can swim with the dolphins. Or you can hike an easy trail up to the Makapu'u Lighthouse where you'll see whales frolicking in the winter months. A 20 minute drive will take you to Pearl Harbor, Downtown, Waikiki and Ala Moana Shopping Center. A 45 minute drive will take you to the North Shore and Haleiwa where the waves will 'Wow!' you and the charm of the country will make you want to come back another day.
The main house, built in the 1940's, has been renovated into a lovely home with 3 bedrooms and 2 1/2 baths. You can cook your own meals in a fully furnished kitchen or enjoy one of the many restaurants in the area between Kailua and Hawaii Kai. The guest house has 2 bedrooms and 2 baths, with a large covered lanai (patio). It's a perfect addition if you have more than 10 people staying together. A three-car enclosed garage fronts the property.
The countryside of Waimanalo is slow moving and filled with Aloha. So treat your family, or just yourselves, to some time away from your daily hustle of work, work and more work.
DISCLOSURE: My home is located in a quiet residential community and is offered for quiet, family vacation accommodations only. My rental agreement prohibits large gatherings (weddings, luaus, parties, etc.) of any kind beyond the maximum number of people sleeping on the property (10-15). My immediate neighbors live here full time, so I appreciate your understanding of this situation.
Locally owned and operated. Registration #91260272-01
- Suitability:
- children welcome
- non smoking only
- pets not allowed
About Janet Lee Marlette
Aloha! I am a full time mother of two children, marketing director and property manager! It's a lot of work, but very rewarding. My favorite job is managing my beach house and making sure each of my guests has everything they need in their home away from home.
Janet Lee Marlette purchased this house in 2006
Why Janet Lee Marlette chose Waimanalo
Waimanalo Beach is an unknown treasure and in future years it will be where I retire! My husband spent a year remodeling this property to create a place for families to gather and experience the true essence of Hawaii on Waimanalo Beach. It is a pleasure to share this piece of Paradise with you and your family.


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Nivea sun kids SPF 30 high pocket size
£3.00 (£6 per 100ml)
Product Summary
Usage Instructions
- Important Usage Instructions Do not expose young children to direct sunlight Apply before sun exposure enough to give a visible layer before rubbing in, let dry then reapply to ensure adequate coverage and no missed areas Even when protected avoid intensive midday sun (11am-3pm) Reapply frequently especially after swimming and towelling For young children wear protective clothing (cap, t-shirt, shorts) and apply high SPF-sunscreen on sun-exposed areas (face, arms, legs) Avoid direct contact with textiles and hard surfaces
Please note that whilst we take every care to ensure the product information displayed on our website is correct, product recipes are regularly changed and this may affect nutrition and allergen information therefore you should always check product labels and not rely solely on the information presented here.If you require specific advice on any Waitrose branded product, please contact Customer Support on 0800 188884 or email firstname.lastname@example.com. For all other products, please contact the manufacturer.This information is supplied for personal use only. It may not be reproduced in any way whatsoever without the prior consent of Waitrose Limited nor without due acknowledgement.


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Search Results
Carrie Underwood Extends "Blown Away Tour"
Oct 29, 2012 ... Don't miss American Idol XIV when it returns to FOX this January. Keep up to datehttp://www.americanidol.com/news/carrie-underwood-extends-blown-away-tour-into-2013
now and follow the auditions this Fall with photos, videos, ...
American Idol Photo Gallery hollywood week - Hollywood Week
Court'ne Singleton chose a simple black dress for her turn on the stage. Lisahttp://archive.americanidol.com/photos/season_11/hollywood_week/hollywood_week_day_1
Alcindor sings while her fellow contestants wait their turn. Blair Mozingo belts it
out ...
American Idol Photo Gallery season 11 auditions - St. Louis Auditions
Gregory Phillips looks if he doesn't believe his good fortune - believe it, Goldenhttp://archive.americanidol.com/photos/season_11/season_11_auditions/st_louis_auditions
ticket winner Court'ne Singleton accented her look with a cute bow. Joe Banua is


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ATTENTION: The AQHA office will be closed Thursday, November 27, and Friday, November 28, in observance of Thanksgiving. We look forward to serving you again Monday, December 1.
Stallionesearch.comMay 1, 2013
Leading owner, trainer and jockey awards are presented in the Turf Paradise winner's circle. © Coady Photograhpy
See more AQHA Partner benefits
Please use our contact form.
Call Customer Service
(806) 376-4811
American Quarter Horse Association
1600 Quarter Horse Drive
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Infrared Satellite
Keysville, VA 23947
Radar & Maps
Weather News
Other Top Weather Headlines
Milder And Stormy Changes Eye Eastern U.S.
From record cold to powerful spring-like thunderstorms and drenching downpours all in a week, what a wild rollercoaster ride…More >
At Least 21 Injured As Strong Earthquake Rattles Japan
At least 21 people have been injured after a magnitude-6.8 earthquake hit mountainous central Japan late Saturday, according…More >
Winter Storm Chugs Through The Mountain West
There is no shortage of wintry weather in the West early this…More >
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You too can help save our planet and put money back in your wallet. Learn how you can take the first steps to reduce your environmental impact, including driving green, easy ways you can conserve water, and energy saving tips. To learn more and discover the benefits of going green, visit WeatherBug's green living section. More >
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Patricia Nicolas
Black Coloured Silk Link Bracelet
Product Code: 591363
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- Item details & Care
- Shipping & Returns
- The ultimate rock chic accessory, this bracelet is the perfect blend of modern and vintage. Double up for a striking look.
- Gold dipped link bracelet with woven black silk detail. Bracelet has a small star charm and a magnetic fastening. Bracelet measures 17cm.
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Kitty Felde Washington, D.C. Correspondent
- @KPCCKitty
- Phone: (202) 263-0200
Kitty Felde is KPCC's Washington, D.C. Correspondent.
Before moving to the nation's capital, Kitty hosted KPCC's "Talk of the City" from 1997-2006.
In addition to her work in Los Angeles, Felde has reported from Africa and The Hague on AIDS and the war crimes tribunals for Rwanda and Bosnia.
When Felde puts down her microphone, she puts on her pointed shoes in ballet class. She's also an award-winning playwright. Her work has been produced at the National Theater in Washington, D.C., and at various theaters in New York and Los Angeles. If you look very closely in Woody Allen's "Radio Days," you'll spot her playing the role of Mrs. Riley.
Stories by Kitty Felde
Medicaid change could cost California billions
This week, the Senate Finance Committee is expected to vote on its version of a health care bill. KPCC's Washington Correspondent Kitty Felde reports that Governor Schwarzenegger says part of that bill could cost California billions of dollars.
Preview of US Supreme Court cases important to California
It's the first Monday in October, the official start of the new session of the US Supreme Court. KPCC's Washington Correspondent Kitty Felde says several California cases will come before the court.
GI BIll snafus
Military veterans who served in Iraq and Afghanistan are eligible for college money under the new GI Bill. But dozens of California Congressional members say vets aren't getting their money in time for school. KPCC's Washington Correspondent Kitty Felde reports.
Deep Thoughts
The schedule of hearings on Capitol Hill looked like the usual stuff: missile defense, the Afghan elections, an update on the stimulus package...and then there's this item:
Senate Democrats introduce climate bill
Senate Democrats Wednesday unveiled their version of a proposal to fight global warming. KPCC's Washington Correspondent Kitty Felde says California's junior senator touts the measure as a job creator.
House passes arson registry bill
The House of Representatives Wednesday passed a measure that could make it easier to track down serial arsonists. KPCC's Washington Correspondent Kitty Felde has the details.
Where's the Bill?
After an hour of standing on the lawn outside the Capitol, listening to a parade of Senators pat each other on the back over coming to an agreement on a climate change bill, there was only one thing missing: a copy of the actual bill.
Energy Snafus
Ironic that the press conference where California Senator Barbara Boxer introduced the Senate climate change bill experienced its own energy crisis.
Lawmakers look to persuade most vulnerable to get swine flu vaccine
The "swine flu" vaccine is ready and on its way to California. Now the question is how to persuade the most vulnerable to get vaccinated. KPCC's Washington Correspondent Kitty Felde says that's the question one California lawmaker had for a top government health doctor at a congressional hearing Tuesday.
Flu Grandstanding
Swine flu - or H1N1 - was the topic at a House hearing, but the overall health care debate temporarily took over the room.
Tim Gunn speaks about doing Project Runway in LA
It's must-see TV for fashionistas and sewing mavens alike. Project Runway's current season is set in the heart of the fashion district of downtown L.A. Hungry designers compete in a series of challenges ranging from reinventing surfwear to creating clothing out of L.A. Times newsprint.
Local politicians seek federal transportation dollars
Local political leaders are writing their wish lists for federal transportation dollars. KPCC's Washington Correspondent Kitty Felde says mass transit is the number one priority.
Dodgers Squash the Nats
Attending Tuesday's unveiling of Tommy Lasorda's portrait at the Smithsonian was current manager Joe Torre. I asked whether he was going to be kind to the Nats. The lowly Washington Nationals are the worst team in baseball; the Dodgers are the best team in the National League.
Tommy Lasorda's portrait placed in the Smithsonian
Former Dodger manager Tommy Lasorda celebrated his 82nd birthday today at the Smithsonian Institution's National Portrait Gallery. He wasn't a visitor; he was there for the unveiling of his portrait. KPCC's Washington Correspondent Kitty Felde reports.
Tommy Lasorda portrait in National Portrait Gallery
Former Dodger manager Tommy Lasorda is already in the baseball Hall of Fame. Now his portrait joins that of other American legends in the Smithsonian Institution's National Portrait Gallery in Washington, D.C. KPCC's Washington Correspondent Kitty Felde was on hand for the unveiling.


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Fast Lap Indoor Kart Racing can offer you any type of catering to suit your needs, from pizza to a full sit down "Surf & Turf" dinner. Food prices start at $10 per person (Tacos, beans and rice)(Pizza)(Hot Dogs and Chips) Call and make your own arrangements or have our staff arrange it for you.
Las Vegas options:
The Blind Pig
Incredible, delicious food with FRESH bread made daily.
Blind Pig Catering Menu
$17.00 per person (it's worth it!) Minimum of 10 people
(Choice of 3)
Meat Balls, Quesadilla, Chicken Wings, Chicken Fingers, Pork Nuggets
(Choice of 2)
Blind Pig chopped salad, Caesar or Kale n Greens
(Choice of 3)
Turkey Club, Chicken Ciabatte, Pastrami Ruben, Prime Roast Beef or Blind Pig Hot Dog
(Choose 1)
Cheese, Pepperoni, Veggie
Cookies are available upon request at $3 per person Chocolate Chip
All Orders must be made with at least 48 hours notice.
Looking for BBQ? We also have one of the best Chef's in the Las Vegas Valley at your service! Chef J.B. Brown AAC is a local renown Executive Chef and can prepare just about anything you like including delicious BBQ foods! You can reach Chef Brown at 702/806/5141 or by e-mail at email@example.com
Water and Soda Pop $3 per person, Domestic Beer and Wine $6 per person, add $1 pp for Imports. (these prices are for private events, alcoholic beverage pricing is for 2 drinks per person, ID's will be checked, anyone seeming to be intoxicated will not be allowed to race and will receive NO refunds)
Call Fast Lap Vegas for more information @ 702-736-8113 Or contact us at: firstname.lastname@example.com
Ontario, California options:
Hooters for Wings and things, if you like the Hooters Girls to serve for you as well.
Please call Hooters direct @ 909-989-2209
Will be updating a specific menu in the coming days.
LUXE Chinese Buffet
Water and Soda Pop $2 per person, Domestic Beer and Wine $5 per person, add $1 pp for Impoorts. (these prices are for private events, alcoholic beverage pricing is for 2 drinks per person, ID's will be checked, anyone seeming to be intoxicated will not be allowed to race and will receive NO refunds)
For more information please call Fast Lap directly at 909-944-2890 or e-mail us at email@example.com


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Ohio University is open
Portion of West Union Street remains closed following multiple structure fire. More Information
Equipment Desk
At the equipment desk, you can rent towels and lockers, borrow equipment, buy gear, or reserve a racquetball court. This is also where you need to go for first aid and the lost & found area.
[ Track / Jogging Routes, Rock Wall, Aerobics Room, Martial Arts Room, Racquetball Courts, Cardio Lookout, Aerobics Machines, Fitness Testing Area, Administrative Offices, Free Weight Room, Vending Area, Lounge Area, Multipurpose Courts, Basketball Courts, Control Desk, Equipment Desk, Meeting Rooms, Outdoor Patio ]