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The offhanded remark is often criticized for being reckless, but sometimes it bears the stamp of an unpleasant truth. Consider, for instance, how the CEO of the French TV station TF1 described his company's business: "Let's be realistic. TF1's job is to help Coca-Cola shift product...For an advertising message to get through, the viewer's brain has to be receptive to it. It's the aim of our programs to make that brain receptive, that is, to entertain it and relax it, to prepare it between two messages. What we sell to Coca-Cola is receptive human brain time.�/span>
"At some point in the near future there will no longer be a distinction between human and machine or between physical and virtual reality,�writes Ray Kurzweil. Technological change will be so rapid "that human life will be irreversibly transformed.�Brains will be uploaded to the Internet. The act of death may become a choice rather than a necessity �an option or changeable setting in a clone's operating system, according to Jean Baudrillard. The Singularity, says Kurzweil, is upon us.
"A Deep, Lasting Defeatism Of The Real"
There once existed a world that spoke to reflective thought and the creative imagination, Henri Lefebvre tells us. A world that held a certain mystery and mystical dimension, that was "serious, deep, cosmic.�It disappeared, and its loss was felt particularly by exceptionally bright minds. Is such a world recoverable? How can the search for it be undertaken without introducing false paths and "smuggling in all manner of dehumanization�
Bon Mot
"The best thing for being sad is to learn something. That is the only thing that never fails. You may grow old and trembling in your anatomies, you may lie awake at night listening to the disorder of your veins, you may miss your only love, you may see the world about you devastated by evil lunatics, or know your honor trampled in the sewers of baser minds. There is only one thing for it then -- to learn. Learn why the world wags and what wags it. That is the only thing which the mind can never exhaust, never alienate, never be tortured by, never fear or distrust, and never dream of regretting.�/span>
�T.H. White, The Once and Future King
"The tragedy of our age is the awful incommunicability of souls.�/span>
�W.O. Martin, quoted in Joseph Royce, The Encapsulated Man
"Irony signifies the state of mind of people or of an age which has lost faith. They conceal their loss, or even flaunt it by laughter. You seldom get irony except from people who have been somehow more or less cleaned out.�/span>
�Alfred North Whitehead, Dialogues of A.N. Whitehead
"Habit and routine are great veils over our existence. As long as they are securely in place, we need not consider what life means; its meaning seems sufficiently incarnate in the triumph of the daily habit.�/span>
�William Barrett, Irrational Man
"What is true and genuine would more easily gain room in the world if it were not that those who are incapable of producing it are also sworn to prevent it from succeeding. This fact has already hindered and retarded, when indeed it has not choked, many a work that should have been of benefit to the world."
�Arthur Schopenhauer, The World As Will and Idea
"Something in us wishes to remain a child,�Jung observed, "to be unconscious or, at most, conscious only of the ego; to reject everything strange, or else subject it to our will; to do nothing, or else indulge our own craving for pleasure or power."
The Healthy-Minded & Sick Soul
"In many persons, happiness is congenital and irreclaimable,�wrote William James in one of his seminal works. �#39;Cosmic emotion' inevitably takes in them the form of enthusiasm and freedom.�But there are others, he said, who are painfully conscious of evil in the world. They long for a point and purpose in life but cannot find one. They are given to despair and yearn for nothing so much as deliverance from a fallen and transient world.
Privacy "protects us from being misdefined and judged out of context in a world of short attention spans, a world in which information can easily be confused with knowledge," observes the legal scholar Jeffrey Rosen. "In such a world, it is easy for individuals to be victimized by the reductionist fallacy that the worst truth about them is also the most important truth."
"How, in such an alien and inhuman world, can so powerless a creature as Man preserve his aspirations untarnished? A strange mystery it is that Nature, omnipotent but blind, in the revolutions of her secular hurryings through the abysses of space, has brought forth at last a child, subject still to her power, but gifted with sight, with knowledge of good and evil, with the capacity of judging all the works of his unthinking Mother.�/span>
"There No Longer Exist Human Beings�/a>
The world's deepest misfortune is the unhappy objectivity (in the sense of the absence of personality) characteristic of all speech and teaching, and that the one great mechanical discovery after the other has made it possible to expound doctrines impersonally in constantly increasing measure. There no longer exist human beings: there are no lovers, no thinkers, etc. By means of the press the human race has enveloped itself in an atmospheric what-not of thoughts, feelings, moods; even of resolutions and purposes, all of which are no one's property, since they belong to all and none. It is a torture to the soul to note the callous incorrigibility with which a human being can resort to wherever he thinks there is some truth to be had, for the sole purpose of learning to expound it, so that his music box may add this piece to its repertoire; but as for doing anything about it, the thing never even occurs to him.
If the jewel which everyone desired to possess lay far out on a frozen lake where the ice was very thin, watched over by the danger of death, while closer in the ice was perfectly safe, then in a passionate age the crowds would applaud the courage of the man who ventured out, they would tremble for him and with him in the danger of his decisive action, they would grieve over him if he were drowned, they would make a god of him if he secured the prize. But in an age without passion, in a reflective age, it would be otherwise. People would think each other clever in agreeing that it was unreasonable and not even worth while to venture so far out. And in this way they would transform daring and enthusiasm into a feat of skill, so as to do something, for after all "something must be done.�/span>
The crowds would go out to watch from a safe place, and with the eyes of connoisseurs appraise the accomplished skater who could skate almost to the very edge (i.e., as far as the ice was still safe and the danger had not yet begun) and then turn back. The most accomplished skater would manage to go out to the furthermost point and then do a still more dangerous-looking run, so as to make the spectators hold their breath and say: "Ye gods! He is mad, he is risking his life.�But look, and you will see that his skill was so astonishing that he managed to turn back just in time, while the ice was perfectly safe and there was still no danger. As at the theater, the crowd would applaud and acclaim him, surging homeward with the heroic artist in their midst, to honor him with a magnificent banquet. For intelligence has got the upper hand to such an extent that it transforms the real task into an unreal trick, and reality into a play. During the banquet admiration would reach its height. Now the proper relation between the admirer and the object of admiration is one in which the admirer is edified by the thought that he is a man like the hero, humbled by the thought that he is incapable of such great actions, yet morally encouraged to emulate him according to his powers; but where intelligence has got the upper hand the character of admiration is completely altered.
Even at the height of the banquet, when the applause was loudest, the admiring guests would all have a shrewd notion that the action of the man who received all the honor was not really so extraordinary, and that only by chance was the gathering for him, since after all, with a little practice, every one could have done as much. Briefly, instead of being strengthened in their discernment and encouraged to do good the guests would more probably go home with an even stronger predisposition for the most dangerous, if also the most respectable, of all diseases: to admire in public what they consider unimportant in private, since everything is made into a joke; and so, stimulated by the gush of admiration, they are comfortably agreed that they might just as well admire themselves.
Apart from the signal instance of Stalinism, it's hard to think of a historical movement which has more squalidly betrayed its own revolutionary origins [than Christianity]. Christianity long ago shifted from the side of the poor and dispossessed to that of the rich and aggressive. The liberal establishment really has nothing whatsoever to fear from it and everything to gain. For the most part, it's become the creed of the suburban well-to-do, not the astonishing promise offered to the rifraff and undercover anti-colonial militants with whom Jesus himself hung out. The suburbanite response to the anawim, a term which can be roughly translated into American English as 'loser,' is for the most part to flush them off the streets.
This brand of piety is horrified by the sight of the female breast, but considerably less appalled by the obscene inequalities between rich and poor. It laments the death of a fetus, but is apparently undisturbed by the burning to death of children in Iraq or Afghanistan in the name of U.S. global dominion. By and large, it worships a God fashioned blasphemously in its own image -- a clean-shaven, short-haired, gun-toting, sexually obsessed God with a special regard for that ontologically privileged piece of the globe just south of Canada and just north of Mexico, rather than the Yahweh who is homeless, faceless, stateless, and imageless, who prods his people out of their comfortable settlement into the tractless terrors of the desert, and who brusquely informs them that their burnt offerings stink in his nostrils...Far from refusing to conform to the powers of this world, Christianity has become the nauseating cant of lying politicians, corrupt bankers, and fanatical neo-cons, as well as an immensely profitable industry in its own right...
The Christian church has tortured and disemboweled in the name of Jesus, gagging dissent and burning its critics alive. It has been oily, santimonious, brutally oppressive, and vilely bigoted. Morality for this brand of belief is a matter of the bedroom rather than the boardroom. It supports murderous dictatorships in the name of God, views both criticism and pessimism as unpatriotic, and imagines that being a Christian means maintaining a glazed grin, a substantial bank balance, and a mouthful of pious platitudes. It denounces terrorism, but excludes from its strictures such kidnapping, torturing, murdering outfits as the CIA...
This brand of faith fails to see that the only cure for terrorism is justice. It also fails to grasp to what extent the hideous, disfigured thing clamoring at its gates is its own monstrous creation. It is unable to acknowledge this thing of darkness as in part its own, unable to find its own reflection in its distorted visage...It is hard to avoid the feeling that a God as bright, resourceful, and imaginative as the one that might just possibly exist could not have hit on some more agreeable way of saving the world than religion.
I am talking, then, about the distinction between what seems to me a scriptural and an ideological kind of Christian faith -- a distinction which can never simply be assumed but must be interminably argued. One name for this thankless exercise is what Nietzsche, who held that churches were the tombs and sepulchres of God, called in Kierkegaardian phrase saving Christianity from Christendom. Any preaching of the Gospel which fails to constitute a scandal and affront to the political state is in my view effectively worthless. It is not a project which at present holds out much promise of success.
The following is an excerpt from Marjorie Grene's essay "Martin Heidegger" in The Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Ms. Grene passed away in March 2009; she wrote some two dozen books, among which are works on Sartre and Heidegger.
The "darkening of the world" is Heidegger's constant theme. So, for example, in Holzwege ("Woodpaths," 1950), he tells us that we live in the age of research, of the planned, systematic coordination of intellectual tasks. And what sort of tasks can be planned and coordinated? Neat, limited, manageable tasks -- tasks, primarily, that demand inventiveness rather than understanding, tasks for engineering know-how rather than theoretical insight. Heidegger draws no line between pure and applied science. Science for him is research, and research is a procedure for solving well-packaged problems. Such problems are, in general, those of manufacture, of inventing new and better gadgets. According to Heidegger, das Herstellbare, the collection of gadgets, is what we are after; that is what specialization, the rigid departmental structure of expertise in our society, amounts to. And all this vast proliferation of technical skills nevertheless has its inner unity -- that is, its historical and metaphysical unity. It had to happen this way. It had to happen this way because we are fallen out of Being. We are more concerned with beings, from genes to space ships, than with our true calling, which is to be shepherds and watchers of Being. So it is that we are lost, and Being itself has become a haze and an error -- nothing.
(See more from Parts 1, 2, and 3 of Excerpts & Passages: Einstein on God and the Good Life; Jung's Observation about People; Rilke's Imaginary Life Journey; Adorno on Modern Human Relations.)
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text: The fascinating Mud Volcanoes are located in Piparo. I visited these volcanoes a few years aback and as I recall my experience it was wonderful. The drive was also long but it was worth it because I had never seen a mud volcano before. There are more than one mud volcanoes on this location some may appear to be small... More


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'Stop Iranian oil imports,otherwise sanctions' Hilary tells India.
March 30, 2012 at 10:32 pm | Lanka C News.
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While conducting the forthcoming presidential election there is a possibility of being assassinated and hence a plea has been made by the Member of parliament Rajitha Senaratna, to take his corpse around the country.Addressing the discussion in Siri Kotha he had said the correct stand the people in this country should know that is to […]
The first ODI between Sri Lanka and England was due to commence at 2.30 pm at the kettarama stadium.It is learnt that owing to a wet outfield the start has been delayed. For the live scorecard and live telecast kindly refer to our Sinhala edition:
Minister Wimal Weerawansa had said in a interview with Lakhanda radio that JHU and JVP parties are trying to make UNP leader,Ranil Wickremasinghe the executive Prime Minister.The audio could be heard from the Sinhala edition:
The member of parliament for Kalutara district, Vidura Wickremanayake had said that he is closely monitoring the actions of Ministers who purchase hotels.Addressing a ceremony in Horana had said that SLFP is a very respectable party and it should not be demeaned and should protect to get rid of barriers.It is true we were subjected […]
The Member of Parliament for Wanni district Hussain Farouk has decided to cross over to UNP from the UPFA of the government a little while ago.


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text: Research on Humanities and Social Sciences www.iiste.org ISSN 2224-5766(Paper) ISSN 2225-0484(Online) Vol.2, No.5, 2012 Perceptions of Climate Change in Africa: Regional Agricultural Perspectives Ejembi, E. P.1 Alfa, G. B.2* 1 2 Professor and Graduate Student, Agricultural Extension and Communication Department University of Agriculture, Makurdi, Nigeria. * firstname.lastname@example.com Abstract Climate is the primary determinant of agricultural productivity. Poor livestock health, reduced crop yields and a range of other problems are attributed to climatic factors, especially wind. There were diverse and mixed views about the causes and indicators of climate change across and within communities in Africa, despite the evidence of a general awareness. It was observed that impacts of climate variability among African communities are highly differentiated according to land tenure, traditional beliefs, resource availability and gender. Despite this, indigenous and other traditional people are only rarely considered in academic, policy and public discourses on climate change. Key Words: Perceptions, Climate Change, Regional, Agricultural, and Perspectives 1. 0 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background The most general definition of climate change is a change in the statistical properties of the climate system over periods of decades or longer, regardless of cause (Houghton, 2001). The term sometimes is used to refer specifically to climate change caused by human activity. For example, the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) defines climate change as a change of climate which is attributed directly or indirectly to human activity that alters the composition of the global atmosphere and which is in addition to natural climate variability observed over comparable time periods (UNFCCC, 1994). In the latter sense climate change is synonymous with global warming. Climate change or global warming has become a new reality, with deleterious effects: seasonal cycles are disrupted, as are ecosystems; and agriculture, water needs and supply, and food production are all adversely affected. It also leads to sea-level rise with its attendant consequences, and includes fiercer weather, increased frequency and intensity of storms, floods, hurricanes, droughts, increased frequency of fires, poverty, malnutrition and series of health and socio-economic consequences. It has a cumulative effect on natural resources and the balance of nature (Houghton, 2001). Climate change is an environmental, social and economic challenge on a global scale (Scholze et al., 2006; Mendelsohn et al., 2006). Climate change can be exacerbated by human induced actions such as: the widespread use of land, the broad scale deforestation, the major technological and socioeconomic shifts with reduced reliance on organic fuel, and the accelerated uptake of fossil fuels (Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, 2005). The most devastating adverse impacts of climate change in Africa includes frequent drought, increased environmental damage, increased infestation of crop by pests and diseases, depletion of household assets, increased rural urban migration, increased biodiversity loss, depletion of wildlife and other natural resource base, changes in the vegetation type, decline in forest resources, decline in soil conditions (soil moisture and nutrients), increased health risks and the spread of infectious diseases, changing livelihood systems, etc (Reilly, 1999; Abaje and Giwa, 2007) Agriculture places heavy burden on the environment in the process of providing humanity with food and fiber. Climate is the primary determinant of agricultural productivity. Interest in this issue has motivated a substantial body of research on climate change and agriculture over the past decade (Lobell et al., 2008; Fischer et al., 2002). Climate change is expected to influence crop and livestock production, hydrologic balances, input supplies and other 1 Research on Humanities and Social Sciences www.iiste.org ISSN 2224-5766(Paper) ISSN 2225-0484(Online) Vol.2, No.5, 2012 components of agricultural systems. However, the nature of these biophysical effects and the human responses to them are complex and uncertain. It is evident that climate change will have a strong impact on Africa, particularly in the areas of agriculture; land use, energy, biodiversity, health and water resources (IPCC 2007; NEST 2004). To approach the issue appropriately, one must take into account perceptions of climate change in Africa, since human response is critical to understanding and estimating the effects of climate change on production and food supply for ease of adaptation. Accounting for these adaptations and adjustments is necessary in order to estimate climate change mitigations and responses. 1.2 Problem Statement Africa is generally acknowledged to be the continent most vulnerable to climate change. Recent research has focused on regional and national assessments of the potential effects of climate change on agriculture (Lobell, et al., 2008; Hassan and Nhemachem, 2008; Fischer et al., 2002). These efforts have, for the most part, treated each region or nation in isolation and do not integrate (i.e. combined biophysical and economic) assessment of the potential effects of climate change on proletariat agriculture but mostly focus on world agriculture (ODI, 2007). Consequently, this study seeks to answer some of the following questions: what is the awareness and knowledge levels of farmers in Africa; how do African farmers perceive the causes and effect of climate change; what are the sources of climate change information by these farmers and are there strategies adopted by the farmers to cope with the changes in the climate? All these will be in a bid to present perceptions of climate change in Africa. 1.3 Objectives Most research on people perception of climate changes were carried out in the developed countries of the world which dominate the uppermost northern region of the earth where the relationship between scientists and indigenous peoples is high (Jan and Anja, 2007). Though the hope in this devastating scenario of climate change lies with the indigenous peoples themselves, who are very successful at preventing deforestation and managing natural environment, those in the developing countries are rarely considered (Jan and Anja, 2007). The objective of this study is to survey the perceptions of climate change in Africa in order to guide policy makers on ways to promote adaptation. Despite the fact that efforts have been made towards fighting climate change from scientific views, research and policies directed towards indigenous knowledge and perception are highly needed. It is, therefore, important to understand indigenous perceptions of climate change and their preferences of strategies towards adaptation. The broad object of the study is to survey the perceptions of climate change in Africa and their coping strategies to the changes. Specific objectives of the study are to determine; (i) Awareness and knowledge of climate change among small-scale farmers in Africa; (ii) Identify their perception of the effects of climate change on them and their farming activities; (iii) Identify the farmers' coping strategies for the changes in the climate and (iv) Ascertain possible sources of information on climate change by the farmers. 2.0 Review of Perception of Adaptation to Climate Change The 2007 IPCC Third Assessment Report concluded that the poorest countries would be hardest hit, with reductions in crop yields in most tropical and sub-tropical regions due to decreased water availability, and new or changed insect pest incidence. In Africa and Latin America many rain-fed crops are near their maximum temperature tolerance, so that yields are likely to fall sharply for even small climate changes; falls in agricultural productivity of up to 30% over the 21st century are projected. Marine life and the fishing industry will also be severely affected in some places (IPCC, 2007). Climate change induced by increasing greenhouse gases is likely to affect crops differently from region to region. For example, average crop yield is expected to drop down to 50% in Pakistan according to the UKMO scenario whereas corn production in Europe is expected to grow up to 25% in optimum hydrologic conditions. More favorable effects on yield tend to depend to a large extent on realization of the potentially beneficial effects of carbon dioxide on crop growth and increase of efficiency in water use. Decrease in potential yields is likely to be caused by shortening of the 2 Research on Humanities and Social Sciences www.iiste.org ISSN 2224-5766(Paper) ISSN 2225-0484(Online) Vol.2, No.5, 2012 growing period, decrease in water availability and poor vernalization. In the long run, climatic change could affect agriculture in several ways (IPCC, 2007): productivity, in terms of quantity and quality of crops, agricultural practices, through changes of water use (irrigation) and agricultural inputs such as herbicides, insecticides and fertilizers, environmental effects, in particular in relation of frequency and intensity of soil drainage (leading to nitrogen leaching), soil erosion, reduction of crop diversity, rural space, through the loss and gain of cultivated lands, land speculation, land renunciation, and hydraulic amenities, adaptation, organisms may become more or less competitive, as well as humans may develop urgency to develop more competitive organisms, such as flood resistant or salt resistant varieties of rice. Crops such as these sunflowers can be affected by severe drought conditions in Australia (SICRR, 1994). Between 1996 and 2003, grain production has stabilized slightly over 1800 millions of tons. In 2000, 2001, 2002 and 2003, grain stocks have been dropping, resulting in a global grain harvest that was short of consumption by 93 millions of tons in 2003 (NASA, 2003). The Earth's average temperature has been rising since the late 1970s, with nine of the 10 warmest years on record occurring since 1995. In 2002, India and the United State suffered sharp harvest reductions because of record temperatures and drought. In 2003 Europe suffered very low rainfall throughout spring and summer, and a record level of heat damaged most crops from the United Kingdom and France in the Western Europe through Ukraine in the East. Bread prices have been rising in several countries in the region (NASA, 2003). Local people's perception of climate change, its impact and adaptation practices in Norway, revealed that, more than 80 percent have perceived increased temperature and expressed low amount snowfall in High mountain and rainfall in Mid mountain and Terai region over the last five years. Low amount of snow fall in the Himalayan region affected the Nomad groups due to low grass available to feed their livestock (Krishna et al., 2010). Adaptation measures such as use of water source, community forest management, planting trees and grasses in the farm land, crop diversification were practiced by local people in their farm land as well as communal land. Natural resource degradation, poverty are already severe problems in this region, and there will be more severe problems in future if present scenario continues, particularly because small farmers do not have adequate resources to adopt to cope with climate change impact. Furthermore, no any policies and programs have been formulated for adaptation strategy in this region. It is suggested that policy and program should formulate holistic approach and develop low cost technology for adaption to climate change impact and improve livelihood of the local communities (Krishna et al., 2010). Indigenous People who are vital and active part of many ecosystems may help to enhance the resilience of these ecosystems. Their livelihoods depend on natural resources that are directly affected by climate change, and they often inhabit economically and politically marginal areas in diverse, but fragile ecosystems. In addition, they interpret and react to climate change impacts in creative ways, drawing on traditional knowledge as well as new technologies to find solutions, which may help society at large to cope with the impending changes. Africa's geography makes it particularly vulnerable to climate change and seventy per cent of the population relies on rain-fed agriculture for their livelihoods. The literature for this study can be reviewed under the following headings: 2.1 East Africa A study to analyze determinants of farm-level climate adaptation measures in Africa using a multinomial choice model fitted to data from a cross-sectional survey of over 8000 farms from 11 African countries, indicate that specialized crop cultivation (mono-cropping) is the agricultural practice most vulnerable to climate change in Africa. Warming, especially in summer, poses the highest risk. It encourages irrigation, multiple cropping and integration of livestock. Increased precipitation reduces the probability of irrigation and will benefit most African farms, especially in drier areas. Better access to markets, extension and credit services, technology and farm assets (labor, land and capital) are critical for helping African farmers adapt to climate change (Rashid and Charles, 2008). 3 Research on Humanities and Social Sciences www.iiste.org ISSN 2224-5766(Paper) ISSN 2225-0484(Online) Vol.2, No.5, 2012 An analysis of perception and adaptation to climate change in the Nile basin of Ethiopia revealed that age of the household head; wealth, information on climate change, social capital and agro ecological settings have significant impact on the perception of farmers to climate change. Moreover, the analysis of factors affecting adaptation to climate change indicates that education of the head of the household, household size, gender of the head of the household being male, livestock ownership and extension on crop and livestock production, availability of credit and temperature have positive and significant impact on adaptation to climate change. Additionally, the main barriers to adaptation identified include lack of information on adaptation methods and financial constraints to using the methods (Temesgen, 2008). Tanzania's official report on climate change suggests that the areas that usually get two rainfalls in the year will probably get more and those that get only one rainy season will get far less. The net result is expected to be that 33% less maize—the country's staple crop—will be grown (Peter et al., 1999). An increase in the frequency of seasonal floods has led participating farmers in Tanzania to demand technical and institutional support so that they can begin producing rice. In dry years, a major source of vulnerability is the increase in transmission of cattle diseases due to the congregation of large numbers of cattle at water holes (Paul et al., 2008). 2.2 Southern Africa Climate change phenomenon affects agriculture in a number of ways. For example, uncertainties in the onset of the farming season, due to changes in rainfall characteristics (early rains may not be sustained, and crops planted at their instance may become smothered by heat waves) can lead to an unusual sequence of crop planting and replanting which may result in food shortages due to harvest failure. Extreme weather events such as thunderstorms, heavy winds, and floods, devastate farmlands and can lead to crop failure. Pests and crop and diseases migrate in response to Climate Changes and variations (e.g. the tsetse fly has extended its range northward) and will potentially pose a threat to Agricultural activities in Africa. A study published in science suggest that, due to climate change, "southern Africa could lose more than 30 percent of its main crop, maize, by 2030 and in South Asia, losses of many regional staples such as rice, millet and maize could top 10%" (Forest et al., 1999). In parts of central Mozambique, tradition does not allow for farmers to grow pearl millet (due to bird problems), despite its apparent superiority over maize in terms of drought tolerance. Selection and testing of drought-tolerant maize varieties was one of the key priorities to emerge, together with education of farmers and local leaders on the need for alternative crop types such as sorghum and millets. Farmers in Zimbabwe previously in maize-dominated high rainfall zones have begun experimenting with sorghum, millet and drought-tolerant maize. Early planting was identified as a major adaptive strategy, but some farmers, notably women-headed households, cannot meet this challenge due to other demands on their labour (Paul et al., 2008). These adaptation strategies must not be used in isolation. For instance, the use of early maturing crop varieties must be accompanied by other crop management practices such as crop rotations or the use of cover crops. This, however, requires additional institutional support, such as credit, access to both input and output markets and information. This will enable farmers to increase and sustain their productivity and production in the wake of changing climatic conditions. Migrant farmers are more vulnerable to the adverse effects of climate change than native farmers, because the majority of them do not have secure access to land. Their adaptive capacity is also low, due to low levels of human, financial, institutional and technical capabilities as well as limited access to markets. A research on farmers' perceptions and adaptations to climate change and variability in South Africa indicated that, indeed, the analysis of farmers' perceptions of climate change is in line with the climatic data records. However, only approximately half of the farmers have adjusted their farming practices to account for the impacts of climate change. Lack of access to credit was cited by respondents as the main factor inhibiting adaptation. The results highlighted that household size, farming experience, wealth, and access to credit, access to water, tenure rights, off-farm activities, and access to extension are the main factors that enhance adaptive capacity (Gbetibouo, 2009). 2.3 West Africa West Africa is one of the most vulnerable to the vagaries of the climate, as the scope of the impacts of climate variability over the last three or four decades has shown (IPCC, 2007). It is estimated that by 2100, West African countries are likely to have agricultural losses of up to 4% of GDP due to climate change (Mendelsohn et al., 1998). A study of sixteen sites in five countries and 1,500 households in the Sudan-Sahel zone of West Africa on farmer and 4 Research on Humanities and Social Sciences www.iiste.org ISSN 2224-5766(Paper) ISSN 2225-0484(Online) Vol.2, No.5, 2012 pastoralist perceptions of climate variability and change and the consequences thereof for natural resources in the communities surveyed indicates that, there is a clear trend that farmers and pastoralists capture the observed changes in climate well. They perceive the environmental change mainly as land degradation and poor soil fertility though recent in some areas intensification of agriculture counters this effect and has led to increased vegetation cover in marginal areas. They identified erratic climate, agricultural policies, insufficient food production and desire to increase income as the main drivers of change (Ole et al., 2009). Farmers in the Sahel have always been facing climatic variability at intra- and inter-annual and decadal time scales. While coping and adaptation strategies have traditionally included crop diversification, mobility, livelihood diversification, and migration, singling out climate as a direct driver of changes is not so simple. An analyzes of the perceptions of climate change and the strategies for coping and adaptation by sedentary farmers in the savanna zone of central Senegal reports that, households are aware of climate variability and identify wind and occasional excess rainfall as the most destructive climate factors. Households attribute poor livestock health, reduced crop yields and a range of other problems to climate factors, especially wind. Households and groups assign economic, political, and social rather than climate factors as the main reasons for change. It is concluded that the communities studied have a high awareness of climate issues. Change in land use and livelihood strategies is driven by adaptation to a range of factors of which climate appears not to be the most important. Implications for policy-making on agricultural and economic development will be to focus on providing flexible options rather than specific solutions to uncertain climate (Mertz et al., 2010). Climate change is expected to have serious environmental, economic, and social impacts on Ghana, particularly on rural farmers whose livelihoods depend largely on rainfall. The extent of these impacts depends largely on awareness and the level of adaptation in response to climate change and variability. A hundred and eighty farming household were interviewed in February and October 2009. Results showed that about 92 percent of the respondents perceived increases in temperature while 87 percent perceived decrease in precipitation over the years. The major adaptation strategies identified included crop diversification, planting of short season varieties, change in crops species, shift of planting date, reduction in farm size, among others. The results of analysis indicated that the level of education, gender, age, soil fertility, farm size, farming experience, land tenure, access to extension services and credit, all influence farmers perception and adaptation (Benedicta et al., 2010 ). There are diverse and mixed views about the causes and indicators of climate change across and within communities in Africa, despite the evidence of a general awareness. At a local level, a wide range of indicators for predicting wet and drought seasons were identified. For example, farmers believed that cold winters indicate a drought, while hot summers signify good rains. In addition, farmers identified specific environmental changes that they had observed. In Wenchi, Ghana, farmers listed the following observed changes (Paul et al., 2008): Reduction in soil fertility levels, reduction in yields of major staples such as yam and maize disappearance of cocoa as a major cash crop, disappearance of the forest and wildlife, hanges in rainfall pattern, proliferation of disease and insect pests proliferation of obnoxious weeds, e.g. spear grass. Farmers' own responses to these changes included planting different (early maturing) crops, planting earlier and using more agro-chemicals (Paul, et al; 2008). According to the research, the impacts of climate variability among African communities are highly differentiated according to land tenure, traditional beliefs, resource availability and gender. However, this provides opportunities for developing adaptation mechanisms directed at specific vulnerable groups(Paul, et al; 2008): in Wenchi district, Ghana, farming is dominated by immigrants who use their agricultural produce as payment for land leased from the landlords, who expect annual payment regardless of whether it has been a good growing season. Short-term climate variations then pose a major threat to the security of tenure for the immigrant farmers. Recent food crises in countries such as Nigeria are reminders of the continuing vulnerability of the region to the vicissitudes of climatic conditions. This is in large measure due to weak institutional capacity, limited engagement in environmental and adaptation issues, and a lack of validation of local knowledge (SPORE, 2008; BNRCC, 2008; Royal Society, 2005). Accordingly, there is the need to gain as much information as possible, and learn the positions of rural farmers and their needs, about what they know about climate change, in order to offer adaptation practices 5 Research on Humanities and Social Sciences www.iiste.org ISSN 2224-5766(Paper) ISSN 2225-0484(Online) Vol.2, No.5, 2012 that meet these needs. The most devastating adverse impacts of climate change in Nigeria and other subtropical countries includes frequent drought, increased environmental damage, increased infestation of crop by pests and diseases, depletion of household assets, increased rural urban migration, increased biodiversity loss, depletion of wildlife and other natural resource base, changes in the vegetation type, decline in forest resources, decline in soil conditions (soil moisture and nutrients), increased health risks and the spread of infectious diseases, changing livelihood systems, among others (Reilly, 1999; Abaje and Giwa, 2007). Much of the Niger-delta wetlands areas of Nigeria are now endangered due to climate variability, as witnessed by the significant reduction of their size in recent years. The maximum flooded area of the inner Niger Delta, which is the 2 second largest wetland area in Africa, has dropped from approximately 37,000 km in the early 1950s to 15,000 km² in 1990, coupled with the environmental degradation of crude-oil exploration has done to Niger-delta wetlands areas (BNRCC, 2008). Evidences in literature revealed the intrusion of salt water in the water table of coastal zones of Ayetoro Community in Ilaje LG of Ondo State, Nigeria, and thus, led to increased salinity in soils. Already, the encroaching water is making life very hard. It is "extremely difficult now for food crops to grow on the island". Salt water sweeps through the land, making it impossible for food to grow (Apata et al, 2009). Residents lamented that "although they have always lived in harmony with the sea, they are now frightened and scared of living on these atolls". The atolls are sinking and despite not knowing the sciences people can see with their naked eyes the impact of the rising sea levels (BNRCC, 2008).The community now have the feeling that the waves will just come one day and swept them over; the community is now feeling restiveness. This area and the people are victims of climate change and rising sea levels. In addition, almost 68 percent of the land cover in Nigeria is prone to drought and desertification. Its water resources are under threat which will affect energy sources (like the Kainji and Shiroro dam). Moreover, rain-fed agriculture practiced and fishing activities from which 2/3 of the Nigerian population depend primarily on foods and livelihoods are also under serious threat besides the high population pressures of 140 million people surviving on the physical environment through various activities within an area of 923,000 KM2 (IPCC 2007; NEST 2004). Alongside other factors, regional climate change - in particular, reduced precipitation - is thought to have contributed to the conflict in Darfur (Judith, 1993). The combination of decades of drought, desertification and overpopulation are among the causes of the conflict, because the Baggara Arab nomads searching for water have to take their livestock further south, to land mainly occupied by farming peoples (Marty, 2006). 3.0 Policy Implication of Perception of Adaptations The perceptions of climate change in Africa is still low, it is evident that the farmers have been practicing adaptation measures even before the concept of climate change became a topical issue in development policy discourse. A major challenge to researchers, civil society and policy makers in the quest for innovative approaches to food security and agricultural adaptation to climate change in Africa is to involve farmers and learn from the adaptive measures they are already practicing. Improved farmer education would do most to hasten adaptation. The provision of free extension advice may also play a role in promoting adaptation. More farming experience was found to promote adaptation. Experienced farmers usually have better knowledge and information on climate change and agronomic practices that they can use to cope with changes in climate and other socioeconomic conditions. This suggests that education to improve their awareness of the potential benefits from adaptation is an important policy measure for stimulating farm-level climate adaptation. The power of the mass media to bring about behavioural change cannot be underestimated. Policy makers could tap into the vast potential of the media to disseminate climate change information and create more awareness about 6 Research on Humanities and Social Sciences www.iiste.org ISSN 2224-5766(Paper) ISSN 2225-0484(Online) Vol.2, No.5, 2012 causes, and consequences of climate change as well as strategies for climate change adaptation in African continent. Combining access to extension and credit ensures that farmers have the information for decision making and the means to take up adaptation measures. Policies aimed at promoting farm-level adaptation need to emphasize the critical role of providing information (through extension services) and the means to implement adaptations through affordable credit facilities. The identified indigenous adaptive strategies have Science, Technology and Innovation (STI) policy relevance as such practices of the farmers could inform the design and implementation of future Agricultural and Climate Change Policy in Africa. Policy options should also include, awareness creation on climate change and adaptation methods, facilitating the availability of credit, investment on yield increasing technology packages to increase farm income, creating opportunities for off- farm employment, research on use of new crop varieties and livestock species that are more suited to drier conditions, encourage informal social net works and investment on irrigation. Better access to markets reduces transport and other market related transaction costs and enhances the uptake of farm-level adaptation measures. For instance, better access to markets enables farmers to buy new crop varieties, new irrigation technologies and other important inputs they may need if they are to change their practices to cope with predicted changes in future climate. Larger farm size also encourages the use of multiple cropping and integration of a livestock component, especially under dry land conditions. Large farm sizes allow farmers to diversify their crop and livestock options and help spread the risks of loss associated with changes in climate. This suggests the land tenure system should be such that allows farmers to have access to land. There is an urgent need for meteorological reports and alerts to be made accessible (when necessary) to farmers in an understandable forms. Empowering communities with information, technological skills, education and employment is the best way to address vulnerability. A location wise action-research is therefore necessary to identify and document climate change impacts and adaptation strategy. The observations described above provide a clear direction for future research and for development planning and adaptation management programs in different ecological regions of Africa. Policy and program should be formulating holistic approach to mitigate climate change and improve livelihood of the African continent. 4.0 Conclusion Perception of climate change in Africa is crucial to combating climate change and related problems. Against this background, this paper assesses the perceptions of climate change in Africa. Specifically, the study investigated the level of awareness and knowledge, effects, coping strategies and sources of information regarding causes and prevention of climate change. The analyses of the perception of farmers to climate change indicate that most of the farmers are aware of the fact that temperature is increasing and the level of precipitation is declining. Very little is known about the way agriculturalists update their expectations with respect to climate. And even if they do perceive that the climate has changed they may still, because of any number of market imperfections, be unable to respond in the way that they themselves or society at large would wish. There is a significant amount of evidence detailing the slow uptake of technological adaptations in agriculture during the green revolution, especially in Africa. Indigenous Peoples have very weak approach towards tackling climate change problems. Poverty and ignorance of various adaptation strategies are the major contributing factors to the impact felt by indigenous people. The knowledge and information gap concerning the effect of climate change, information dissemination, awareness programmes and training programmes calls for immediate action in order to relegate the impact of climate change in Africa. The overall needs are to setup serious environmental conservation ethic among indigenous people. This can only be possible by first and famous educating the indigenous people on the implication of climate change, educate the indigenous people on the significance of conservation of the natural environment, support the most environmental 7 Research on Humanities and Social Sciences www.iiste.org ISSN 2224-5766(Paper) ISSN 2225-0484(Online) Vol.2, No.5, 2012 friendly people and groups towards achieving set goals and objectives in the study areas. References Abaje, B.; and Giwa, P.(2007). Urban Flooding and Environmental Safety: A Case Study of Kafanchan Town in Kaduna State. A Paper Presented at the Golden Jubilee (50th Anniversary) and 49th Annual Conference of the Association of Nigerian Geographers (ANG) Scheduled for 15th – 19th October, 2007 at the Department of Geography, University of Abuja, Gwagwalada-Abuja. Apata, T.; Samuel, K., and Adeola, O.(2009). Analysis of Climate Change Perception and Adaptation among Arable Food Crop Farmers in South Western Nigeria.Contributed Paper prepared for presentation at the International Association of Agricultural Economists Conference, Beijing, China. Benedicta, F.; Paul, L.; Vlek, A. and Manschadi, M.(2010). Farmers' Perceptions and Adaptation to Climate Change: A Case Study in Sekyedumase District of Ashanti Region, Ghana. "World Food System —A Contribution from Europe". Tropentag, Zurich. Building Nigeria's Response to Climate Change (BNRCC),(2008): 2008 Annual Workshop of Nigerian Environmental Study Team (NEST): The Recent Global and Local Action on Climate Change, held at Hotel Millennium, Abuja, Nigeria; 8-9th October, 2008. Forest, C.; Wolfe, J.; Molnar, P. and Emanuel, K.(1999). Paleoaltimetry incorporating atmospheric physics and botanical estimates of paleoclimate". Geological Society of America Bulletin 111: 497. Gbetibouo, A.(2009). Understanding farmers' perceptions and adaptations to climate change and variability: The case of the Limpopo Basin, South Africa International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Houghton, J.(2001). Appendix 1-Glossary. Climate Change 2001: the scientific basis: contribution of Working Group 1 to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. http://www.ipcc.ch/ipccreports/tar/wg1/518.htm. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), 2007: Climate Change: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Parry, Martin L., Canziani, Osvaldo, F., Palutikof, Jean P., van der Linden, Paul J., and Hanson, Clair E. (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom, 1000 pp. Jan, S. and Anja, B.(2007). Indigenous Peoples and Climate Change. University of Oxford and Missouri Botanical Garden. Judith, P.(1993). Climate of the Supercontinent Pangea. Chemical Geology. The University of Chicago Press. 101 (2): 215– 233. http://www.jstor.org/pss/30081148. Krishna, R.; Tiwari, D.; Awasthi, B. and Bishal, K.(2010). Local people's perception on Climate Change, its impact and adaptation practices in Himalaya to Terai regions of Nepal. Lobell, B.; Burke, B.; Tebaldi, C.; Mastrandrea, D.; Falcon, P.; and L. Naylor,(2008). Prioritizing climate change adaptation needs for food security in 2030. Science 319 (5863): 607–10 Mendelsohn, R.; Dinar, A. and L. Williams,(2006). The distributional impact of climate Change on rich and poor countries. Environment and Development Economics 11: 159-178. Mendelsohn, R.(1998). Climate change damages. In Wordhaus, W. D. (ed). Economics and Policy Issues in Climate Change. Washington, D. C: Resources for the future. Mertz, O.; Mbow, C.; Reenberg, A. and Diouf, A.(2010). Farmers' perceptions of climate change and agricultural adaptation strategies in rural Sahel. Environmental Management 43(5), 804-16. Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, (2005).http://www.maweb.org/en/index.aspx. NASA,(2003). Panama: Isthmus that Changed the World. Earth Observatory. http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Newsroom/NewImages/images.php3?img_id=16401. Hassan, R. and Nhemachena, C.(2008).Micro-Level Analysis of Farmers' Adaptation to Climate Change in Southern Africa. IFPRI Discussion Paper No. 00714. International Food Policy Research Institute. Washington DC. Fischer, G; Shah, M; Tubiello, F.N and Van Velhuizen, H (2002). Socio-Economic and Climate Change Impacts on Agriculture: An Integrated Assessment, 1990–2080 . Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B 360, 2067–2083 doi:10.1098/rstb.2005.1744. Nigerian Environmental Study/Action Team (NEST), (2003). Climate change in Nigeria. A communication Guide 8 Research on Humanities and Social Sciences www.iiste.org ISSN 2224-5766(Paper) ISSN 2225-0484(Online) Vol.2, No.5, 2012 for Reporters and Educators. Ibadan: NEST Marty, B. (2006). "Water in the Early Earth". Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry 62: 421. doi:10.2138/rmg.2006.62.18. Scholze M, Knorr W, Arnel NW, Prentice IC (2006). A climate-change risk analysis for world ecosystems. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 103(35): 116-120. Reilly J, 1999. What does climate change mean for agriculture in developing countries? A comment on Mendelsohn & Dinar. World Bank Research Observer 14: 295–305. Ole, M.; Bouzou, I.; Diouf, A.; Dabi, D.; Nielsen, J.; Diallo, D.; Mbow, C.and Maiga, A.(2009).Perceptions of environmental stress by rural communities in the Sudan-Sahel zone of West Africa. Earth Environ. Sci. 6 412032. http://iopscience.iop.org/1755-1315/6/41/412032 Overseas Development Institute (ODI), (2007). Climate change, agricultural policy and poverty reduction how much do we know? Overseas Development Institute (2007). Paul, M.; Regis, C.; Florence, M.; Samuel, A.; Freddy, B.; Ricardo, M.; Andrew, M. and Ken, G.(2008). Farmers' perceptions lead to experimentation and learning. Agricultures network. LEISA Magazine • 24.4 • Peter, R.; Humberto R.; Bressani, R.; Barnola, I.; Basile, M.; Bender, J.; Chappellaz, M.; Davis et al. (1999). Climate and atmospheric history of the past 420,000 years from the Vostok ice core, Antarctica. Nature 399(1): 429–436. Rashid, H. and Charles, N.(2008). Determinants of African farmers' strategies for adapting to climate change: Multinomial choice analysis. AfJARE Vol 2 No 1. SICRR,(1994). Solar Irradiance Changes and the Relatively Recent Climate. Solar influences on global change. Washington, D.C: National Academy Press. 1994.p. 36. Spore, (2008).Climate Change, Spore Special Issue-August, 2008 Temesgen, D.(2008). Analysis of perception and adaptation to climate change in the Nile basin of Ethiopia UNFCCC,(1994).http://unfccc.int/essential_background/convention/background/items/1349.php. 9 This academic article was published by The International Institute for Science, Technology and Education (IISTE). The IISTE is a pioneer in the Open Access Publishing service based in the U.S. and Europe. The aim of the institute is Accelerating Global Knowledge Sharing. More information about the publisher can be found in the IISTE's homepage: http://www.iiste.org The IISTE is currently hosting more than 30 peer-reviewed academic journals and collaborating with academic institutions around the world. Prospective authors of IISTE journals can find the submission instruction on the following page: http://www.iiste.org/Journals/ The IISTE editorial team promises to the review and publish all the qualified submissions in a fast manner. All the journals articles are available online to the readers all over the world without financial, legal, or technical barriers other than those inseparable from gaining access to the internet itself. Printed version of the journals is also available upon request of readers and authors. IISTE Knowledge Sharing Partners EBSCO, Index Copernicus, Ulrich's Periodicals Directory, JournalTOCS, PKP Open Archives Harvester, Bielefeld Academic Search Engine, Elektronische Zeitschriftenbibliothek EZB, Open J-Gate, OCLC WorldCat, Universe Digtial Library , NewJour, Google Scholar


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Home » News
Veteran decorator sets up shop in Amherst
With 35 years of design experience, Mb Lincoln of My Feathered Nest in Amherst, knows how to put things together to create a living space with style and personality. (NANCY BEAN FOSTER PHOTO)
Lincoln, who has recently purchased her own home in the historic Amherst Village and is currently renovating the space, has been decorating for 35 years. Her parents and grandparents were all entrepreneurs who shared with her a knack for business, and her sense of style carried her through a fascinating career. She worked as a buyer for the Filene's department stores, and when her kids were born, moved into the world of home decorating.
After a break from decorating to work in the schools while her kids were in their teens, Lincoln woke up to a quickly emptying nest and realized it was time to get back to what she loved. Her home renovation project sent her into the stores and design centers, but she couldn't find everything she wanted in one place, so she decided to open My Feathered Nest.
"Hopefully people are looking for what I have," she said.
The shop reflects Lincoln's taste, which tends to be eclectic with room for both whimsy and formality.
"I don't [have] rules," she said. "I can tell what goes together and what doesn't, but there aren't any hard and fast rules."
She believes furniture should last and retain its appeal long after a current fad has passed. In that vein, she also incorporates a mix of antiques - pieces that have proven their staying power.
But to give a home a burst of personality, Lincoln shoots for the whimsical. Lamp shades made out of leaves, rich wool rugs in vivid patterns, fanciful clocks, contemporary chandeliers, even an occasional bird's next add a bit of uniqueness.
Lincoln also provides a wide array of gift items, from scented wax bowls and candles, to knickknacks and stuffed animals. And she offers design and decorating services, which are quickly becoming a growing segment of her business.
"The shop gives people an idea of what I'm capable of," said Lincoln.
For more information visit www.myfeatherednestnh.com
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Clayton banned for Rovers clash
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Full-backs George Friend and Ryan Fredericks and midfielder Albert Adomah will suffer the same fate if they pick up a yellow card against Rovers with the deadline for five bookings coming the day after the game.
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NuHealth celebrates the opening of our brand new Maternity and Newborn Center designed to better serve high- or low-risk expectant mothers and their families.
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NuHealth's department of Bariatric Surgery at Nassau University Medical Center has become a nationally-recognized Center for Excellence in Bariatric Surgery.
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The Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences at NUMC is honored to sponsor the Von Tauber Institute for Global Psychiatry which is dedicated to studying the phenomenon of globalization in the delivery of sensitive and culturally competent care to Long Island's multiethnic patient population. Learn More
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November 24, 2014
HARRISONBURG -- A lot of cars from a lot of different places will drive through the Valley for Memorial Day weekend.
AAA Mid-Atlantic projected a little more than one million Virginians will travel this weekend. That's a lot of cars on the road, but it's still less than last year. AAA attributes that to families' tighter budgets.
Ron Hale and his family are traveled from Dallas, Tx to Washington D.C. He and his family took steps to save money along the way and noticed that gas prices are cheaper here in Virginia.
"It seems like it's gotten lower, the further north and east we've come. It's lower than Texas right now. We brought a bunch of snacks, so we don't have to stop and eat as much," said Hale.
Gas prices in Virginia are nearly a quarter cheaper than the national average.
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A Canadian astronaut takes part in the underwater mission designed to give a taste of what it would be like in the space orbit and is currently living on the floor of the Atlantic Ocean.
Scientists have found that methane gas is bubbling out from nearly 600 vents on the Atlantic Ocean sea-floor near the East Coast of the United States.
Presenting a new theory about where the Earth`s missing heat finally disappeared, a new research says a natural climate cycle in the north Atlantic Ocean may have gobbled the Earth`s extra heat.
Populations of Atlantic salmon have a surprisingly good capacity to adjust to warmer temperatures that are being seen with climate change, scientists have found.
A group of Australian rowers will attempt to row 8,500 km across the Indian Ocean and set a world record, a media report said Wednesday.
World-renowned American surfer Garrett McNamara holds a record for riding a 78-foot (24-m) wave - the largest ever surfed. Now he wants to find one almost twice as big.
An international consortium in charge of widening the Panama Canal on Wednesday suspended work on the troubled project, canal administrator Jorge Quijano said.
"I don`t know what stopped the water from filling that room. I was calling on God. He did it. It was a miracle."
A scientific expedition has discovered 60 new species including frogs, snakes and fish, in the least accessible jungle region of southeastern Suriname, Conservation International said.
Two men, arrested for murdering a merchant navy captain on board a ship in the Atlantic Ocean near Brazil in 2004, have been sentenced to life imprisonment by a Delhi court.
NASA scientists are using former military surveillance drones to help them understand more about how tropical storms intensify, which they say could ultimately save lives by improving forecast models that predict a hurricane`s strength.
A Japanese agency has made an announcement about the discovery of a large mass of granite on the seabed off the coast of Rio de Janeiro.
Violent polar storms - the most vicious weather systems on the Earth - help control the world`s weather, a new study has found.
The Iranian navy is planning to extend its presence in international waters near the South Pole, Navy chief Rear Adm. Habibollah Sayyari said.
In a final tribute to the first man to set foot on the moon, Neil Armstrong, was buried in the Atlantic Ocean on Friday with a full military service.
More than 200,000 Titanic records including a number of wills and coroner inquest files have now gone online to mark the 100th anniversary of the sinking of the luxury cruise liner.
Astro enthusiasts in the country will miss an opportunity to watch the largest partial solar eclipse of the year as it will be visible only from the deep Southern Hemisphere.
Scientists have undertaken a seafaring expedition to find out the colour of the Atlantic Ocean.
Scientists have found over 10 new species under the Atlantic Ocean.
A major storm moving up the Atlantic Coast on the last shopping weekend before Christmas threatened to shut down much of the region as officials warned of up to 20 inches of snow and significant power outages.
Day in Pics: 21st November
Showbiz World - November 21, 2014
Pirelli 2015 Calendar


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Shanghai Jiao Tong University
Circuit and System
Senior Engineer at AMD
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Circuit and System
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Senior Engineer - NAFCO Suzhou Precision Limited
Assistant Comptroller
Life Enthusiast
英特尔 - 软件集成工程师
Engineer at Qualcomm
Toronto Branch Supervisor at First Empire International Inc.
Project Business Development
Engineer 2 at AMD
Director at Johnson County Public Library
buyer and sales adminstrator


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NQY serves a largely domestic market with some limited European services but has the potential to expand its route network both domestically and in to Europe. NQY is the only Airport serving Cornwall and is the only newly created Government Enterprise Zone focusing on the Aviation Sector.
Breaking News
flyBe Plans New Routes in S15
Update at 0420GMT 17NOV14 flyBe in Summer 2015 season is introducing a number of new routes from Bournemouth (new base) and London Stansted. Planned new routes as follow. eff 29MAR15...
Aviation Minister announces Flybe have been awarded the contract for service to London Gatwick
Aviation Minister Robert Goodwill and Adam Paynter, Cornwall Council's Cabinet Member for Partnerships, have today announced that Flybe has been awarded the contract to operate the air...
Airline Opportunities
16 routes including...


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St. John Collection Jacket, Shell & Skirt
Graphic Tweed Jacket
- Item #591500
Details & Care
- Pretty petal appliqués trail down the front and ring the cuffs of a modern tweed jacket framed in solid-black trim.
- Front zip closure.
- Three-quarter sleeves.
- Approx. length from shoulder: 22 1/2".
- Fully lined in silk/spandex.
- Wool/polyester/rayon/acrylic/metallic fibers/nylon with wool trim; dry clean.
- By St. John Collection; imported.
Liquid Satin Shell
- Item #591416
Details & Care
- Matte trim banding the scooped neckline, armholes and hem lends a polished finish to a fluid satin shell.
- Bust darts.
- Approx. length from shoulder: 24".
- Triacetate/polyester with silk/spandex contrast; dry clean.
- St. John Collection; imported.
Graphic Tweed Pencil Skirt
- Item #591489
Details & Care
- A hint of metallic sheen highlights the modern black-and-white tweed of sleek suiting skirt.
- Back zip closure.
- Back slit.
- Approx. length: 22".
- Fully lined in silk/spandex.
- Wool/polyester/rayon/acrylic/metallic fibers/nylon; dry clean.
- St. John Collection; imported.


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Vintage Inspired Jeans
Karaoke Songstress Jeans in Dark Wash$59.99Price: $59.99
When its your turn at the karaoke mic, you confidently rush to the front of the room, clad in these high-waisted skinnies - a ModCloth exclusive! You love to rock the button closure and elasticized, classic blue denim of these pocketed pants almost as much as you adore stepping into ...
Happy Sails to You Jeans$59.99Price: $59.99
Whether embarking on a trip across the world or simply sailing across town, you dress to impress in these dark-wash skinnies! Flaunting a bit of nautical flair thanks to a double-breasted button closure, these stretch-cotton jeans ensure that every journey is both fun and fashionable.
Faster and Fastener Jeans in Plus Size$74.99Price: $74.99
Get ready in a snap by styling these flared blue jeans! Boasting a distressed, medium-wash finish, these mid-rise bell-bottoms quickly take the spotlight among your wardrobe basics. Youre hooked on their classic five-pocket design and how the decorative copper buttons on each exaggerated flare garner attention as you strut.
Fame of the Game Jeans$69.99Price: $69.99
As a well-known fashion blogger, you aim to innovate and inspire your readers by flaunting pieces as fab as these distressed jeans! Starring open and stitched holes, red-and-blue cuffs, and plaid patches, this pocketed pair ensures a winning look thats sure to spark trends.
Skate Night Jeans$59.99Price: $59.99
Sure, the movies are romantic, but so is a day spent at the skatepark with your special someone. Clad in these high-waisted stretch jeans - a ModCloth-exclusive design - you try out new tricks that wow your cute companion. Front faux-pockets and back functional ones keep this pair sleek but ...
Weekend Folk Festival Jeans in Plus Size$64.99Price: $64.99
When packing space is limited, these flared pants always make the cut. The high-waisted, dark-wash stretch cotton, as well as the goldenrod stitching of this pair, are both comfortable and cute for grooving, visiting vendors, and pickin banjo back at your site alike!
Sassy Camper Jeans$59.99Price: $59.99
You may indulge in classic smores and typical campfire songs, but these flared jeans add an above-ordinary touch to the campgrounds. Boasting orange topstitching and slitted, faux back-pockets, these bottoms are a must-have for any weekend outdoors.
Elaborate Aesthetic Jeans$59.99Price: $59.99
Inspired by your outstanding mood, you reach for these damask-print jeans to further express just how great you feel. Made from a cotton-blend denim in an ivory hue, these bell-bottom pants blaze an intricate slate-grey motif, decorative front- and functional back-pockets, and bundles of casual distinction.
Karaoke Songstress Jeans in Ankle Length$54.99Price: $54.99
When its your turn at the karaoke mic, you confidently rush to the front of the room, clad in these cropped, high-waisted skinnies - a ModCloth exclusive! You love to rock the button closure and elasticized, classic blue denim of these pocketed pants almost as much as you adore stepping ...
Gotta Jet Set Jeans in Black$59.99Price: $59.99
No matter where your upcoming travels take you, these black skinnies are always the first piece to pack in your suitcase - when youre not already wearing them, that is! Black denim in a stretchy cotton blend makes these high-waisted bottoms a versatile yet luxe option for all of your ...
On a Roller Derby Jeans$59.99Price: $59.99
Your personal style has always centered around on-trend pieces and simple staples, so it was no surprise to your pals that you arrived at the roller rink looking incredibly chic in these high-waisted jeans! Featuring two back pockets and a form-fitting stretch silhouette, these dark-wash skinnies are a sleek testament ...
Step Into My Flare Jeans$59.99 $41.99Price: $59.99 $41.99 30% off!
Your room is a den of retro designs, and you give new friends the grand tour wearing these flared jeans! Complete with loop-buttoned front pockets, belt loops that crisscross in the back, and slight distressing, this low-rise pair is a stylish sampling of your vintage-inspired clothing collection.
Sailorette the Seas Jeans in Dark Wash$69.99Price: $69.99
Get in touch with the tides - and your retro charm - by wearing these high-waisted, wide-leg denim jeans! Awash in dark blue and adorned with darling, decorative sailor-style buttons, this pocketed pair looks positively seaworthy. Zip em up, grab your cat eye sunnies, and strut your sweet self down ...
My Jam Jeans$59.99Price: $59.99
If unique touches to classic styles is your M.O., these dark-wash jeans will make you one happy fashionista. Featuring a high waist, a wide-leg silhouette, and exposed buttons on their broad waistband, these pocketed pants are pretty much the beginning and the end of any bold ensemble!
Hashtag Fab Jeans$44.99Price: $44.99
Any social media photo of you in these high-waisted skinny jeans is sure to yield many virtual thumbs up from your fashion-savvy followers. Dont forget to hashtag fab while rocking the extra stretchy dark-wash denim, which makes any outfit picture perfect!
Weekend Folk Festival Jeans$64.99 $44.99Price: $64.99 $44.99 30% off!
When packing space is limited, these flared pants always make the cut. Emerge from your tent having styled these dark-wash denims square pockets with a vintage crop top and beaded moccasins. The high-waisted stretch material, as well as the goldenrod stitching of this pair, are both comfortable and cute for ...
Chic Things Up Jeans$69.99Price: $69.99
Swap the skinny jeans for this flared denim pair and shake up your trendsetting ensembles! Acid-wash contrast trims the decorative pockets of these classic bottoms, bringing a touch of timeless style to any look.
Karaoke Songstress Jeans in Black$59.99Price: $59.99
When its your turn at the karaoke mic, you confidently rush to the front of the room clad in these high-waisted skinnies - a ModCloth exclusive! You love to rock the button closure and elasticized black denim of these pocketed pants almost as much as you adore stepping into the ...
Patchworking It Jeans$49.99Price: $49.99
When your schedule suddenly clears, slip into these patched-up jeans before you kick back! Built from sturdy cotton-blend denim, these boyfriend-style high-rise jeans taper at the ankles and tout a slightly oversized fit embellished by fray-edged patches perfect for a casually laid-back afternoon.
Groove Got a Friend Jeans$59.99Price: $59.99
Whether in your living room or under the lights, youre ready to dance in these acid-wash skinnies! Turn up the tunes in this high-waisted pair, which touts a three-button closure and faux front pockets. Disco or hip hop, country or 80s music, youll boogie to any beat, with anyone, in ...
May the Awe be Ever in Your Favor Jeans$69.99Price: $69.99
Time and time again, these black-and-white skinnies from Tripp NYC make you feel fab! Slip into these pocketed, brocade-inspired bottoms for a chic look that will surprise you with each wear.
Gotta Jet Set Jeans in Red$59.99Price: $59.99
No matter where your upcoming adventures take you, these red skinnies will always be the first piece you pack - if youre not already wearing them, that is! Cherry-red denim in a stretchy cotton blend makes these high-waisted bottoms a versatile yet luxe option. Whether partnered with a striped top, ...
Intern Appreciation Jeans$54.99Price: $54.99
Todays casual Friday is all about celebrating your awesome hard work! You arrive feeling comfortable in the soft dark denim and cuffed ankles of these trouser jeans. Polished touches, such as faux-leather piping along the front pockets, sleek back pockets, and a tabbed waistline, nod to your knack for being ...
Outfit Outfeat Jeans in Black$59.99Price: $59.99
Your look will surpass any fashion norm when these black skinnies are the star! Featuring a slim fit and a four-pocketed silhouette, this denim pair makes chic strides for your signature style.


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Disneyland Fun and Food for the 24 - Hour Rock Your Disney Side Party is only a few days away. We are all counting the days and hours until Friday, May 23rd when the Disneyland Parks will be open for 24 hours of non stop fun. Here are a few of the fun entertainment you can enjoy.Disney's Soundsational Parade will sing and dance its way with an additional trip down Main Street at 12:30 a.m. Magic Eye Theatre will host an Avengers Super Hero Movie Marathon all day and night. World of … [Read more...]
Here is Your Guide to the Special Goodies Available Only At the 24 hour "Show Your Disney Side" Party at the Magic Kingdom
I have been on pins and needles waiting for the 24 hour event. Not only because I love the fact that I can spend 24 hours in my most favorite place on earth, the Magic Kingdom. But also for the special food and merchandise. I must admit I am very partial to the Maleficent cupcake. Sadly the special cupcakes etc. will be going away after the event. However, there will only be 2 things from the event that will stick around after the party. Those are the Olaf souvenir beverage and the Mickey's … [Read more...]
Patagonia Marketplace will Debut at the 19th Epcot International Food & Wine Festival
The flavors of Argentina and Chile will tickle your palate at the new Patagonia Marketplace, which will serve food from Argentina and Chile, when the 19th Epcot International Food & Wine Festival, opens Sept. 19 at Disney World. The 2014 festival starts a week early and goes on for a whopping 53 days, ending Nov. 10. This year Disney chefs will serve up new Farm Fresh Marketplace offerings and debut new menu items at multiple marketplaces. A dinner showcasing Walt Disney's culinary … [Read more...]
Raglan Road Presents: The Summer Solstice Signature Disney Dining Experience
Master Chef Kevin Dundon of Raglan Road Irish Pub and Restaurant has created an amazing menu incorporating fresh seasonal flavors for a special Summer Solstice Signature Dinner which takes place on the 19th of June.There will be a delicious 4 course menu paired with the finest wines that have been expertly chosen to complement the delicious flavors of each dish. Chef Kevin adds his unique style and flair to the menu combining his passion for freshness and simplicity.The Summer Solstice marks … [Read more...]
Jiko, The Cooking Place presents May Wine Dinner
Jiko, The Cooking Place presents, A Pinotage Tasting is Thursday May 15, 2014Here are the details:6:00PM Reception Sunset Lounge Disney's Animal Kingdom Lodge6:30PM Dinner Dress Code - Business Casual Evening Attire$160 inclusive of tax and gratuity. ReceptionMoroccan Rock Shrimp TagineGrilled Seitan, Delta Asparagus Jus, and Kenyan Style Mashed potatoesSmoked Pork Belly and Green Mango AtjarBoekenhoutskloof Semillon, FranschoekFirst … [Read more...]


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Post-Trip Reports
Post trip reports, backyard gear testing fiascos, etc.
Post trip reports, backyard gear testing fiascos, etc.
|Stories about Rescues, Survival, Missing Hikers, etc?
|Daytripping in Serbia with the kids
|Palo Alto to Santa Cruz, 3 days for Thanksgiving
|PCT Section E Nov. 24-28
|Los Padres via Boranda Trail, Nov 2010
|11/30/10 Mt Washington
|Extra help planning my Sierra trip
|Los Padres, Vicente Flat, Nov 2010
|Getting used to winter
|Advice Wanted on Adirondacks Backpacking Trip
|Ocean and Mountain Weekend
|Spring Mountains Nov. 3-4
|Frontenac Park - Oct 31st - Nov 1st, 2010 - Ontario, Canada
|27 Hours in Glacier Gorge
|May in the Thorofare
|trip report format
|JMT 2010 - 30 Day Itinerary, GPS, + Fly Fishing notes
|A November overnight in Glacier
|Sawtooth Romp trip report
|Fall in Shining Rock Wilderness, NC 10/22
|Deadman Peaks 50- Continental Divide Trail, Cuba, NM
|Mineral king stillopen ?
|Stealth Overnight near NYC, NY
|Lost Creek Ch-Ch-Changing


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The Observation Deck
A blog of opinions on local, state and national issues
Posts filtered on Tag
Cuomo's policies gave GOP control
I was amazed to see Gov. Andrew Cuomo complain about the results of the 2014 elections in New York, blaming them on low turnout and a Republican wave. Perhaps he cannot accept the fact that hundreds of thousands of New Yorkers have broken ranks with his ideologies. Crossover Democrats and independent voters supported Republican candidates […] [Read More]
Licenses for immigrants
Our opinion: As public and political momentum build for immigration reform, it's time for a legislative solution on driver's licenses for undocumented immigrants. Perhaps it was too soon after the 9/11 terrorist attacks, when people were extraordinarily sensitive about homeland security, to talk about driver's licenses for undocumented immigrants. Clearly, the heavy-handedness of a self-declared […] [Read More]
Immigrants not an economic panacea
The efforts of many cities to lure immigrants is certainly a breath of fresh air compared to the anti-immigrant sentiment in many parts of the country, says Shikha Dalmia in Reason. But immigrants are not necessarily an economic panacea, Dalmia says. [Read More]
When abortion becomes selective
As if the issue of abortion isn't debated enough in America — sex- selective abortion is the latest uproar. Is this a monstrous moral issue or, as some contend, just another back-door assault on abortion rights? Sex-selective abortion is the practice of terminating a pregnancy based on gender preference. In May, the House rejected a […] [Read More]
Undocumented but not unskilled
It's easy to conclude that undocumented equals unskilled, says Megan McArdle in The Atlantic. Undocumented immigrants do jobs that most Americans are unwilling to do, and also have skills in jobs like agricultural harvesting that most of us do not have. [Read More]
Dream act better for kids, America
The Dream Act is an essential part of immigration reform, so says U.S. secretary of Education Arne Duncan in USA Today. The Dream Act will allow the children of undocumented immigrants a chance to succeed and contribute to a better America, Duncan says. [Read More]
Xenophobia at odds with democracy
"In a time of high social anxiety, attached to real problems like economic collapse and imagined ones like global jihad, the hidden mechanism of scapegoating can kick into gear," says James Carroll in Boston.com. America, Carroll says, has overcome this before and must do so again. [Read More]


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5 mo old son just got helmet, need some support
Comments (7)
Hang in there - it will get better! My daugther had a couple rough nights and then adjusted. She started at 98% and in one week was already down to 94% - she's 5 months also and you won't believe how quickly it improves!!
It also took us about a week to get adjusted, then she hardly noticed it. Hang in there!
It will get easier! My lo had a star helmet for 4-5 months and it took a bit of adjusting but after a week it didn't seem to bother her one bit and was just another part of her :-) Good luck, you can do it and so can he, and in the end you'll be glad you did as much as you could for your lo :-) DD still has a 4mm difference but started at 14mm so I'm very pleased that we did it!
Traci married to DH Kris 6-15-2002
DS Camden 1-2-07, DS Colton 5-12-09
DD Gianna 10-11-11
Im not sure if my LO has an issue with me putting him in the crib bc of the helmet or if he just likes me to hold him while he sleeps. (5 mo old tomorrow) What I have been doing is rocking him to (almost) asleep. Then placing him in the crib, but keep my hand under his neck and his bottom. Kind of bounce him in the crib so he thinks Im still holding/rocking him. Then I gently take away the hand under his head/helmet, and tkae that hand to lightly bounce the mattress, keep the hand under his bottom. Then slowly take the hand from his bottom-still bouncing the mattress. Then after about 10 seconds stop bouncing and walk away. It has been working. Good luck! He'll get used to it. Mine squirms a little when we put it on. I don't think the helmet bothers him, just the process of putting it on, and hearing velcro when we take it off.
my DS wore a DOC Band and I read somewhere that sleeping on their sides or tummies was more comfortable....my DS was already a tummy sleeper before he got his band (in my 3 mo effort for "aggressive" repositioning....ha!) and we didn't have any problems. hang in there....it's worth it all in the end!


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Juris Doctor Admission
Emory University School of Law offers a practical, disciplined approach to the study of law that engages students in the varied and integral roles the law plays in our community, society, and world. Our student-centered focus, innovative programs, and commitment to scholarship prepare graduates to make an immediate and lasting impact.
We care about students' success, and our close, family-like community is ranked among the most diverse schools in the nation, bringing a wonderful collection of perspectives to the classroom.
Why Emory Law?
Emory Law has it all:
♦ Faculty who are experts in their respective areas of law and dynamic teachers in the classroom.
♦ Countless opportunities for hands-on, experiential learning.
♦ Signature programs that build knowledge and skills through a curriculum that both teaches the process and practices the method.
♦ An environment of support and cooperation that encourages challenging the status quo.
Class of 2017 Profile
- Enrolled: 223
- Gender: Male 52%, Female 48%
- Median LSAT: 165
- Median GPA: 3.75
- 25th-75th percentile LSAT: 158-166
- 25th-75th percentile GPA: 3.30-3.85
Commitment to Diversity
Emory Law is committed to admitting a diverse pool of applicants.
Emory University Nondiscrimination Policy
Emory University is dedicated to providing equal opportunities and equal access to all individuals regardless of race, color, religion, ethnic or national origin, gender, genetic information, age, disability, sexual orientation, gender identity, gender expression, and veteran's status. Review the complete policy on the Emory University website »


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Just a few days after releasing his Adrian Younge collaboration, Twelve Reasons to Die, Ghost comes right back at us with "Murder Spree," a groovy and ...Read More
Recap: New Releases & Album Sales, Ending 4/10/2013
This weeks sports new releases from East Coast icons like N.O.R.E. and Ghostface Killah, as well as underground mainstays Nametag & Nameless, Illogic & Blockhead ...Read More
Ghostface Killah and RZA Star in the "Rise of the Ghostface Killah" Video
Ghostface Killah and Adrian Younge's "Rise of the Ghostface Killah" video looks like something straight out of a 1970s horror film. Directed by David Wong, ...Read More
Album Review: Ghostface Killah, Twelve Reasons To Die
With 20 years of experience and a resumé of critically acclaimed albums, Ghostface Killah has established himself as one of hip-hop's most consistent and reliable ...Read More
The Making of Ghostface Killah and Adrian Younge's "Twelve Reasons to Die"
Tony Starks, Ghostface Killah's alter-ego, makes its official return in Twelve Reasons to Die. Composed entirely by Black Dynamite producer Adrian Younge, the album is ...Read More
Here Is The Album Stream Of Ghostface Killah & Adrian Younge "12 Reasons To Die"
Ghostface Killah teams up with producer Adrian Younge to create a new collaborative album titled 12 Reasons To Die. The album wil be available for purchase April 16, however, they're giving fans ...Read More
Ghostface Killah & Adrian Younge ft. Inspectah Deck, U-God, Masta Killa and Killa Sin "Murder Spree"
Ghostface Killah's 12 Reasons to Die is dropping a few weeks. Today, we get another teaser from the album "Murder Spree," that features the bulk ...Read More
Ghostface Killah and Adrian Younge "Enemies All Around Me"
Ghostface Killah continues his campaign for Twelve Reasons to Die releasing on April 16. Produced by Adrian Younge, it is a thrilling story based around ...Read More
Ghostface Killah and Adrian Younge Take "The Sure Shot (Parts One & Two)"
Twelve Reasons to Die is about to drop, kid. And Tony Starks being a philanthropist, unleashes another Adrian Younge-produced banger for your eardrums. This sinister ...Read More
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