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Cyberbullying Fact Sheet: Identification, Prevention, and Response
By Sameer Hinduja and Justin W. Patchin
This document is a nine-page summary – filled with as much useful information as possible – to equip educators and parents to spot cyberbullying, respond to it appropriately and meaningfully, and to prevent its future occurrence among the children and teenagers they care for. If you only have time to read one fact sheet from the Cyberbullying Research Center to get up-to-speed about the problem and what you can do, read this one.
Hinduja, S. & Patchin, J. W. (2014). Cyberbullying fact sheet: Identification, Prevention, and Response. Cyberbullying Research Center. Retrieved [insert date], from http://www.cyberbullying.us/Cyberbullying_Identification_Prevention_Response.pdf
Distinguishing Bullying from Other Hurtful Behaviors
In my last post on this blog I wrote about the difficulty in determining when mean behavior crosses the line and becomes bullying behavior. I also discussed the challenge for researchers in trying to quantify the difference. In this post, I'd like to talk about why it is important to establish such a line.
As academics, we love to debate how best to define bullying. Or, at least to call out the limitations in the ways that others do it. I've never been one to get too caught up in the definitional debate because I feel that whether a behavior meets someone's artificially-created criteria for being bullying or not really doesn't matter all that much. Admittedly, as a researcher I am frustrated by the myriad ways bullying (and especially cyberbullying) is defined, primarily because these discrepancies make comparisons across different studies difficult. But just because something satisfies one scholar's standards for being classified as bullying is beside the point. We should focus instead on addressing the behavior for what it is. If one student called another student a mean name, or posted an embarrassing picture of another online, or pushed someone in the hallway, it should be addressed. Maybe these incidents are bullying, maybe not. Either way, they need to be dealt with immediately and appropriately.
I've begun to shift my thinking a bit when it comes to deliberations about the definition of bullying. Don't get me wrong, I still believe that educators, parents, and other adults who work with youth need to deal with all forms of interpersonal harm when confronted with it. But for a number of reasons, we do need to draw a line in the sand for when a behavior (or series of behaviors) reaches the level of being accurately characterized as bullying. Below I discuss some of these and offer what I believe to be the most important distinguishing features of bullying.
Not All Interpersonal Adolescent Hurtful Behaviors Are Bullying
Many kids say or do mean things to others, but the vast majority of them do not bully. Calling all harmful behaviors bullying discounts the experiences of those who are bullied. As Emily Bazelon (author of Sticks and Stones) has argued, "…when every bad thing that happens to children gets called bullying, we end up with misleading narratives that obscure other distinct forms of harm." Under most definitions, bullying is much worse than simply being mistreated, pushed, or generally made fun of. To be sure, the difference might simply be in the frequency with which one is targeted. Being pushed in a one-time altercation with a former friend might not be bullying, whereas being pushed by this same person several times over several days, weeks, or months is. Frequency does matter. For example, we were contacted a while back by an adult who recalled his experience of being bullied from over a half century earlier. He wasn't physically harmed at all, but the names he was incessantly called created psychological scars that never fully healed. Without a doubt, being targeted over and over again, even with relatively mild forms of mistreatment, eventually takes a toll.
Likewise, calling all harmful behaviors bullying may also diminish the seriousness of incidents that are much worse than the term conveys. For example, if a student is attacked on the playground in a one-time incident, this is not bullying. Even if the student is physically beaten so severely that she ends up in the hospital for a week, it's still not bullying. It is an assault, and should be identified and treated as such. If the assault is linked to other behaviors previously or subsequently perpetrated by the aggressor toward the target, then perhaps it is accurate to define the trajectory of events as bullying. In isolation, a one-time act–no matter how serious–is not bullying.
Implications for Schools
Using bullying to describe all variations of student-on-student harm also has consequences for schools. Recently-passed laws in some states require educators to take certain steps once a behavior is classified as bullying. Well-intentioned or not, these laws force schools into following specific and time-consuming procedures. For example, school administrators in New Jersey are required to initiate a formal investigation within one school day of receiving any report of bullying. The school superintendent must be briefed within two school days. The investigation must be completed within ten school days and include a written report of the incident. The results of the investigation must be reported to the school board at its next meeting. All of this is well and good, and schools would love to direct this much attention to any problems as they arise. The challenge is that they simply have not been given adequate resources to accomplish any of this effectively. It would take an army of administrators to follow through on all of these procedures if every rude, annoying, or even hurtful incident were classified as bullying.
Moreover, schools are increasingly being judged by the number of bullying reports received each year. All reports of bullying in New Jersey schools, for example, must be submitted to the state Department of Education who will then "grade each school for the purpose of assessing its effort" to address these problems. As a result, some school administrators might be encouraged to dismiss actual incidents of bullying–if their numbers start to get too high–for fear of being labeled a "bad school." My question is, if a school shows a high number of bullying reports/interventions, is that a good thing or a bad thing? I mean, it's nice to know that students are comfortable reporting the bullying and that schools are taking it seriously by documenting and conducting a formal investigation. But at what point do high numbers cause us to be concerned? In fact, I personally would be more uneasy about a school that reported zero bullying incidents than one that reported quite a few.
Alternatives to Calling Everything Bullying
To counter some of these concerns, some have advocated for abolishing the use of the term bullying altogether and instead suggested that terms such as "harassment" or "drama" are more appropriate. Neither of these alternatives really solves any of the previously-described problems. In many legal circles, for instance, harassment is a specific term reserved to refer to mistreatment that is related to one's protected status (based on sex, race, color, national origin, disability and actual or perceived sexual orientation). If a heterosexual boy posts an embarrassing picture on Instagram of another heterosexual boy, is it harassment? Not by some legal definitions.
And calling all teen disagreements drama also dilutes the problem. To be sure, there is a lot of background noise in schools these days that could be classified as drama. Being upset with your best friend because of some actual or perceived affront is drama. So is refusing to talk to your sister because she ate the last Pop Tart for breakfast. Most of what teens would call drama would not fall under most definitions of bullying. And nor should it. As danah boyd (author of It's Complicated: The Social Lives of Networked Teens) and Alice Marwick have found in their interviews with youth, "teenagers say drama when they want to diminish the importance of something." Referring to a bullying incident as drama allows the aggressor to neutralize their role in the harm. If everyone does these kinds of things, and if drama is just an everyday part of life for teens, then it isn't that big of a deal and not worth focusing on.
Bullying is deliberate, repeated harm inflicted by one or more toward another who is unable to effectively defend him or herself. Accidentally hurting someone's feelings is not bullying. Yes, it sometimes can be difficult to determine the intent of person causing the harm, but repeated hurtful actions, especially after being made aware that what was done was wrong, is a clear indication of intent. Similarly, hurting someone one time in an isolated incident is not bullying, although if there is a threat of repetition, the behavior could qualify. Also, posting something online might be a one-time behavior, but the fact that the content is accessible repeatedly means the victimization is likely to continue. And if the hurtful behaviors do continue, or if a student comes to you to tell you that he is being bullied, then clearly he does not have the ability to defend himself.
Recognizing that not all hurtful behavior is bullying is an important step toward addressing this problem. It becomes maybe slightly more manageable. My criteria offered above are just some issues to consider when trying to differentiate bullying from other behaviors. You might have some ideas of your own, and I encourage you to share them. While we might not come to complete agreement on this, we can work together to prevent and effectively respond to all forms of adolescent interpersonal harm, whether appropriately classified as bullying or not.
Cars Kill More Teens than Computers and Cell Phones Combined
University of New Hampshire sociology professor David Finkelhor recently wrote a short, but thought-provoking, commentary that questions the motives of journalists and scholars in their efforts to explain the nature and extent of risks associated with teen technology use. The impetus for this invited-editorial was an article written by Sonia Livingstone and Peter Smith published in the same journal, which reviews available research on the harms experienced by children who use the Internet. I agree with professor Finkelhor that much of the hype concerning possible online risks have been overstated in the media, but I am not sure if he is correct to include many academics in the same camp.
My primary perturbation is with this point in particular: "The alarmism reflected by so much of the scholarly and journalistic literature appears to make several assumptions that are worthy of more explicit discussion." (p. 655, emphasis added). Is it really accurate to suggest that "so much" of the scholarly literature is tainted by invalid data and inappropriate interpretations? And what would drive such a practice?
Attention-grabbing Headlines: Separating Fact from Fiction
It is true that too often we see headlines purporting one extreme view or another. These 'alarmist' headlines are the ones of which professor Finkelhor is most critical. And in that, we agree. Of course that is not by coincidence: extreme headlines get the attention, the pageviews, and the clickthroughs. If you believe what you read online, cyberbullying is either occurring at "epidemic" levels or is a "low-frequency" problem. But is reality really so strongly slanted one way or another? And furthermore, does cyberbullying have to occur at epidemic levels (whatever that means) for it to warrant our attention?
It is difficult for me to comment on the accuracy of headlines most frequently appearing in mass media publications since I have not done a careful content analysis of these sources. Anecdotally, I can sympathize with professor Finkelhor's synopsis that many buzzworthy headlines cannot be supported by research. I can, however, speak to the state of the academic literature on cyberbullying specifically.
Our comprehensive review of as much of the cyberbullying scholarship as we could get our hands on shows that it is neither a rare event nor something all teens are forced to deal with on a daily basis. Specifically, we have now looked at 74 articles published in peer-reviewed academic journals. Fifty-two of those included cyberbullying victimization rates and 43 included cyberbullying offending rates. Rates across all of the studies ranged widely, from 2.3% to 72% for victimization and from 1.2% to 44.1% for offending. The average across all of these studies was remarkably similar to the rates that we found in our work (about 21% of teens have been cyberbullied and about 15% admitted to cyberbullying others at some point in their lifetimes). The quality of the methodologies employed by each of the studies examined differs widely, but even when we restricted our analysis to only those studies that used random samples (26), the numbers did not change much at all (21.5% were victims, 17.3% were offenders).
While there are numbers at the extreme ends of the spectrum, the majority of the victimization prevalence rates cluster between about 15% and 30%. These aren't the kind of numbers that will attract much attention by fear-mongering journalists or reactionary politicians and lawmakers. It's certainly not good that one out of every 4 or 5 teens has experienced cyberbullying, but that is a far cry from a recent assertion that cyberbullying has "tripled" based on a poll that found that more teens report having witnessed cyberbullying this year compared to last.
To clarify, professor Finkelhor is not focusing his attention on the validity of portrayed prevalence rates per se, but offers a more general critique, perhaps, of implications offered as a result of research. It is one thing to report that 20-25% of teens have experienced cyberbullying (this is evidence-based). It is quite another to extend from this finding that technology is the cause of most peer-harassment (it is most definitely not), or that its solution rests in technology-centric solutions (this is pure conjecture).
Risk of Cyberbullying versus Risks Associated with Cyberbullying
Along those same lines, saying that someone is at risk for being cyberbullied is much different than saying there are risks associated with being cyberbullied. Of course both statements are true, but there is very little that we really know about the nature, extent, and seriousness of the consequences that result from being cyberbullied. Indeed, Livingstone and Smith's review came to the same conclusion:
"Risks of cyberbullying, contact with strangers, sexual messaging ('sexting') and pornography generally affect fewer than one in five adolescents. Prevalence estimates vary according to definition and measurement, but do not appear to be rising substantially with increasing access to mobile and online technologies, possibly because these technologies pose no additional risk to offline behaviour, or because any risks are offset by a commensurate growth in safety awareness and initiatives" (p. 635).
We have a pretty good handle on about how many youth experience various "harms" (like cyberbullying) but know very little about what the consequences of such experiences are. More research is necessary.
If Not This, Then It Must Be This
Some people tend to take the tack that if one extreme interpretation is not supported by evidence, then the other, opposite interpretation, must be true by default. As an example of this, much has been written in an effort to debunk the apparent myth that "bullying causes suicide." Does bullying cause suicide? Well, to be honest, we really don't know. Here's what we do know: The vast majority of youth who experience bullying or cyberbullying do not commit suicide. But some do. Just because there isn't any solid evidence to empirically confirm the suicide-bullying link, doesn't mean that a relationship does not exist (see my earlier post on this here).
The logical conclusion based on everything that we do know is that bullying likely does cause some kids to commit suicide. The key question for me is not whether bullying does or doesn't cause suicide. I'm more interested in learning about the unique life experiences and circumstances (bullying included) that push children in the direction to consider ending their lives. I'm not focused so much on challenging (or proving) one position or the other.
I fear that professor Finkelhor might have stumbled into this reductionism in his essay. He quite rightly questions the validity of three popularly-held assumptions: (1) that technology is dangerous for kids, (2) that technology itself is to blame, and (3) that technology can be used to solve these problems. He summarily rejects these, and offers alternatives: (1) that technology may actually be less dangerous for kids, (2) that technology didn't create any new problems that didn't already exist, and (3) that technology-specific solutions aren't necessary to solve technology-based concerns and problems. He includes specific citations to support his interpretations, but how is this any different from those he criticizes who cherry-pick the most extreme examples in an effort to corroborate their conclusions? What is different about the scholarship he relies on for justification versus the sources cited by those with alternative arguments?
Professor Finkelhor points out that "The mere possibility of plausible deviance amplifying mechanisms does not necessarily mean that the internet is amplifying deviance." (p. 656). Indeed, and the fact that they have not been uncovered empirically also does not mean that they don't exist.
Here again, though, I suspect that the truth is somewhere in between these diametrically-opposed positions. Technology can expose some kids to increased risks of certain harms. Technology does create a new set of characteristics that largely didn't exist in the same way previously (anonymity, disinhibition, virality, permanence, to name a few). Internet education can be useful in teaching some important lessons.
As an illustration, it is without debate that driving a car (or even just riding in one), dramatically increases one's risk for being in a fatal car accident. According to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 8 teens die every single day in car wrecks. This is a very real risk. And yet, we still teach our children how to drive. And some important lessons can be taught even when not inside a car to help make them better drivers (there is a classroom component to driver's education, and parents can work to instill in their children respect, anger-management, self-control, and respect for the law). But eventually, these lessons need to be applied when behind the wheel. And positive behaviors need to be reinforced and problems are best addressed while in that environment.
The same is true with technology. We can and should teach our children empathy, social-emotional skills, conflict resolution, and mutual respect in whatever context they are in. But we should also work with them to apply those principles in various online environments.
Incentivizing Information Production
Journalists from within the mass media realm are driven by the desire to be seen, to be read, and to be heard. They (and their bosses) want their piece to "go viral" and that objective pressures them into using the most eye-catching headline, often supported—if supported—by the most extreme (and random) statistic that can be found. To hell with the validity or reliability of findings across multiple rigorous studies, if it can somehow support a sensationalistic claim.
Professor Finkelhor is right when he suggests that in some ways, some scholars are in the same boat. They are constantly trying to land that next grant or prestigious journal publication, just like journalists who are pursuing the most comments, clickthroughs, and pageviews for their pieces. But I would argue that the peer-review process in academia works to remove the most egregious exaggerations or misinterpretations. And, at the very least, any decent scholarly article should include a detailed description of the methods employed so that the reader can draw his or her own conclusions based on what was done. This is severely lacking in popular press media writing (though not completely absent). I feel that the bottom line in all of this is that journalists—and especially scholars—have an obligation to express their thoughts in a way that does not move beyond the evidence. Sure, they can take a stand, but they best base that position on solid, consistent evidence.
Our friend Anne Collier, editor over at NetFamilyNews.org, also offered her always-insightful perspective on professor Finkelhor's article. You can read her thoughts here.
Cyberbullying Research: 2013 Update
It's been nearly three years since I posted a summary of the current state of cyberbullying research on this blog. That post was inspired by my concern that no researchers were included on a panel that testified to the Committee on Education and Labor's Subcommittee on Healthy Families and Communities on the topic of how teens were using and misusing technology. I was troubled then, and remain concerned that quality research about cyberbullying has not been making it into mainstream discussions in the media, even though research in this area has flourished. I want to take a moment to update readers on what we know about cyberbullying based on our research – and that of others who have been exploring this problem.
Our Studies
Over the last decade, Sameer and I have surveyed nearly 15,000 middle and high school students in nine different studies from over 80 different schools throughout the United States. The first two studies were online exploratory samples used to obtain a general understanding of the problem, so the numbers obtained are higher than average and not representative because they only include online teens who volunteered to participate. Our seven most recent studies, however, have all been random samples of known populations in schools so we can be fairly confident in the reliability and validity of the data obtained (click here for more information about the methodology). Overall, about 24% of the students we have surveyed over the last seven studies have told us that they have been cyberbullied at some point in their lifetimes. About 8% said they were cyberbullied in the 30 days preceding the survey. Similarly, about 16% of those who we surveyed admitted that they had cyberbullied others at some point in their lifetimes (about 6% in the most recent 30 days).
Other Published Research
This past summer, Sameer and I (along with one of my undergraduate students) reviewed all of the published research we could find that included prevalence rates for cyberbullying. This work built on our earlier effort to quantitatively summarize published cyberbullying articles which we wrote about in our book Cyberbullying Prevention and Response: Expert Perspectives (see especially chapter 2). In total, we have now reviewed 73 articles published in peer-reviewed academic journals. Fifty-one of those included cyberbullying victimization rates and 42 included cyberbullying offending rates. As you can see from the charts below (click to enlarge), rates across all of the studies ranged widely, from 2.3% to 72% for victimization and from 1.2% to 44.1% for offending. The average across all of these studies was remarkably similar to the rates that we found in our work (about 21% of teens have been cyberbullied and about 15% admitted to cyberbullying others at some point in their lifetimes). Taken as a whole, it seems safe to conclude that about one out of every four teens has experienced cyberbullying, and about one out of every six teens has done it to others.
A couple of other broad generalizations can be made about cyberbullying, based on recent research:
– Adolescent girls are just as likely, if not more likely than boys to experience cyberbullying (as a victim and offender) (Floros et al., 2013; Kowalski et al., 2008; Hinduja & Patchin, 2009; Schneider et al., 2012)
– Cyberbullying is related to low self-esteem, suicidal ideation, anger, frustration, and a variety of other emotional and psychological problems (Brighi et al., 2012; Hinduja & Patchin, 2010; Kowalski & Limber, 2013; Patchin & Hinduja, 2010; Wang, Nansel, & Iannotti, 2011)
– Cyberbullying is related to other issues in the 'real world' including school problems, anti-social behavior, substance use, and delinquency (Hinduja & Patchin, 2007; Hinduja & Patchin, 2008; Kowalski & Limber, 2013)
– Traditional bullying is still more common than cyberbullying (Lenhart, 2007; Smith et al., 2008; Wang, Nansel, & Iannotti, 2011)
– Traditional bullying and cyberbullying are closely related: those who are bullied at school are bullied online and those who bully at school bully online (Hinduja & Patchin, 2009; Kowalski & Limber, 2013; Ybarra, Diener-West, & Leaf, 2007).
Cyberbullying Trends
There are only two studies that we are aware of that have explored cyberbullying experiences over time. The first analysis was conducted by our friends at the Crimes Against Children Research Center at the University of New Hampshire. Examining the three waves of the Youth Internet Safety Survey (2000, 2005, 2010), they find a slight increase in cyberbullying behaviors over that time period (from 6% to 9% to 11%). The second data source is the School Crime Supplement of the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS). In 2011, 9% of students said they were cyberbullied compared to 6.2% in 2009. Since the NCVS data are weighted to represent the entire population of 12-18 year-olds enrolled in grades 6 through 12, we can estimate that about 2.2 million students experienced cyberbullying in 2011, up from about 1.5 million in 2009. Overall, even though we don't have a lot of good research to go on, it seems reasonable to presume a slight increase in cyberbullying behaviors over the last few years.
I should acknowledge, however, that a recent poll from MTV and the AP released last month seemed to suggest a decrease in cyberbullying behaviors. I haven't been able to examine the full methodology of that poll so it is difficult to know exactly what is going on, but I am suspicious since the numbers reported overall (49% cyberbullied in 2013 compared to 56% in 2011) are significantly higher than those in the peer-reviewed published literature that I summarized above.
Snapshot of Some Recent Data
We also just collected data (October, 2013) from about 400 students at one middle school (ages ranged from 11-14) in the Midwest. We haven't had a chance to fully examine the results, but here are some quick stats:
– 97.5% have been online in the previous 30 days
– 63% have a cell phone
– 45% are on Facebook
– 42% are on Instagram
– 11.5% have been the target of cyberbullying in the previous 30 days (boys: 6.8%; girls: 16.0%)
– 3.9% have cyberbullied others in the previous 30 days (boys: 0.6%; girls: 6.9%)
Where Do We Go From Here
We have come a long way in a relatively short amount of time, but more research is still necessary. Public attention to the problem of cyberbullying is at an all-time high. As such, good research is necessary to contribute evidence-based insight into the nature of this problem and its possible solutions. Cyberbullying scholarship must continue to advance by improving methodological standards, including the use of validated measures, representative samples, and, where possible, longitudinal data. Supplementing quantitative findings with those from thoughtful and comprehensive qualitative inquiries will also help to better understand the precise nature of some of these relationships. With these considerations in mind, research will be better able to inform the public conversation about cyberbullying in a way that equips educators, parents, policy makers, and others with the information they need to make a positive difference in the lives of adolescents, online and offline.
Brighi, A., Melotti, G., Guarini, A., Genta, M. L., Ortega, R., Mora-Merchán, J., Smith, P. K. and Thompson, F. (2012). Self-Esteem and Loneliness in Relation to Cyberbullying in Three European Countries, in Cyberbullying in the Global Playground: Research from International Perspectives (eds Q. Li, D. Cross and P. K. Smith), Wiley-Blackwell, Oxford, UK.
Floros, G.D., Simos, K. E., Fisoun, V., Dafouli, E., and Geroukalis, D. (2013). Adolescent online cyberbullying in Greece: The impact of parental online security practices, bonding, and online impulsiveness. Journal of School Health, 83(6), 445-453.
Hinduja, S. & Patchin, J. W. (2007). Offline consequences of online victimization: School violence and delinquency. Journal of School Violence, 6(3), 89-112.
Hinduja, S. & Patchin, J. W. (2008). Cyberbullying: An exploratory analysis of factors related to offending and victimization. Deviant Behavior, 29(2), 129-156.
Hinduja, S. & Patchin, J. W. (2009). Bullying beyond the Schoolyard: Preventing and Responding to Cyberbullying. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Hinduja, S. & Patchin, J. W. (2010). Bullying, cyberbullying, and suicide. Archives of Suicide Research, 14(3), 206-221.
Hinduja, S. & Patchin, J. W. (2012). Cyberbullying: Neither an Epidemic Nor a Rarity. European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 9(5), 539-543.
Kowalski, R. M. & Limber, S. P. (2013). Psychological, Physical, and Academic Correlates of Cyberbullying and Traditional Bullying. Journal of Adolescent Health, 53(1), S13-S20.
Kowalski, R. M., Limber, S. P. & Agatston, P.W. (2008). Cyber Bullying: Bullying in the Digital Age. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell.
Lenhart, A. (2007). Cyberbullying and Online Teens. Pew Internet & American Life Project, June
27. (http://www.pewinternet.org/PPF/r/216/report_display.asp).
Patchin, J. W. & Hinduja, S. (2010). Cyberbullying and self-esteem. Journal of School Health, 80(12), 614-621.
Patchin, J. W. & Hinduja, S. (2013). Cyberbullying among Adolescents: Implications for Empirical Research. Journal of Adolescent Health 53(4), 431-432.
Schneider, S.K., O'Donnell, L, Stueve, A., and Coulter, R.W.S. (2012). Cyberbullying, school bullying, and psychological distress: A regional census of high school students. American Journal of Public Health, 102(1), 171-177.
Smith, P. K., Mahdavi, J., Carvalho, M., Fisher, S., Russell, S., and Tippett, N. (2008). Cyberbullying: its nature and impact in secondary school pupils. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 49(4): 376–385.
Wang, J., Nansel, T. R., & Iannotti, R. J. (2011). Cyber Bullying and Traditional Bullying: Differential Association with Depression. Journal of Adolescent Health, 48(4): 415–417.
Ybarra, M., Diener-West, M., & Leaf, P. J. (2007). Examining the Overlap in Internet Harassment and School Bullying: Implications for School Intervention. Journal of Adolescent Health, 41: S42–S50.
Ybarra, M. L., Espelage, D. L., & Mitchell, K. J. (2007). The Co-occurrence of Internet Harassment and Unwanted Sexual Solicitation Victimization and Perpetration: Associations with Psychosocial Indicators, Journal of Adolescent Health, 41, S31-S41.
Cyberbullying Myths and Realities
Bullying has long been a concern of youth advocates (e.g., educators, counselors, researchers, policy makers). Recently, cyberbullying (bullying perpetrated through online technology) has dominated the headlines as a major current-day adolescent challenge. This article reviews available empirical research to examine the accuracy of commonly-perpetuated claims about cyberbullying. The analysis revealed several myths about the nature and extent of cyberbullying that are being fueled by media headlines and unsubstantiated public declarations. These myths include that (a) everyone knows what cyberbullying is; (b) cyberbullying is occurring at epidemic levels; (c) cyberbullying causes suicide; (d) cyberbullying occurs more often now than traditional bullying; (e) like traditional bullying, cyberbullying is a rite of passage; (f) cyberbullies are outcasts or just mean kids; and (g) to stop cyberbullying, just turn off your computer or cell phone. These assertions are clarified using data that are currently available so that adults who work with youth will have an accurate understanding of cyberbullying to better assist them in effective prevention and response. Implications for prevention efforts in education in light of these revelations are also discussed and include effective school policies, educating students and stakeholders, the role of peer helper programs, and responsive services (e.g., counseling).
Sabella, R. A., Patchin, J. W., & Hinduja, S. (2013). Cyberbullying myths and realities. Computers in Human Behavior, 29(6), 2703-2711.


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- 1 cup chopped onion
- 4 cloves garlic, chopped
- 2 tbsp + 2 tbsp fat free chicken broth
- 2 cans (15 oz each) no salt tomato sauce
- 4 tbsp honey
- 2 teaspoons crushed dried oregano
- 2 teaspoons crushed dried basil
- pinch white pepper (optional)
- 1 large red pepper, cut in 1-inch strips
- 1 1/2 cup sliced mushrooms
- 1 1/2 cup yellow summer squash or zucchini, cut in thin sticks 1-1/2" long
- 1 1/2 cup carrot cut in very thin sticks 1-1/2" long
- 1 1/2 cup small broccoli florets
- 2 tbsp + 1 tbsp balsamic vinegar
- 3/4 cup peas
- 10 ounces whole grain pasta, cooked
- 1/4 cup chopped green onion
- 2 tbsp. chopped fresh parsley
In medium saucepan, cook onion and garlic in 2 tbsp. broth 5-7 minutes or until softened, over medium high heat. Add tomato sauce, honey, oregano, basil and white pepper. Bring to a boil, reduce heat and simmer gently for 20 minutes. In skillet or wok, combine red pepper, mushrooms, squash, carrots, broccoli and 2 tbsp. each balsamic vinegar and broth. Stir-fry over high heat until crisp tender, about 10 minutes; add peas and stir-fry an additional 2 minutes. Set aside. Add 1 tbsp. balsamic vinegar to sauce and cook for 5 minutes. Reserve 1 cup sauce to serve at the table; pour remaining sauce over cooked pasta and toss thoroughly. Add stir-fried vegetables and toss again thoroughly. Sprinkle green onion and parsley over top and serve immediately.
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DBS PayLah! is a personal mobile wallet which allows you to perform funds transfer via a mobile number. You can now pay and receive money instantly from others with ease
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Simply download and install the DBS PayLah! app from Google Play Store or iTunes App Store on your smartphone.
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Open the downloaded app and perform a one-time activation by keying the following in the DBS PayLah! app as per the order below;
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Comprehensive Outpatient Rehabilitation Facilities:
High Medicare Payments in Florida Raise Program Integrity Concerns
GAO-04-709: Published: Aug 12, 2004. Publicly Released: Sep 13, 2004.
Additional Materials:
- Highlights Page:
- Full Report:
- Accessible Text:
(312) 220-7767
Office of Public Affairs
(202) 512-4800
Comprehensive Outpatient Rehabilitation Facilities (CORF) are highly concentrated in Florida. These facilities, which provide physical therapy, occupational therapy, speech-language pathology services, and other related services, have been promoted as lucrative business opportunities for investors. Aware of such promotions, the Chairman, Senate Committee on Finance, raised concerns about whether Medicare could be vulnerable to overbilling for CORF services. In this report, focusing our review on Florida, we (1) compared Medicare's outpatient therapy payments to CORFs in 2002 with its payments that year to other facility-based outpatient therapy providers and (2) assessed the program's effectiveness in ensuring that payments to CORFs complied with Medicare rules.
In Florida, CORFs were by far the most expensive type of outpatient therapy provider in the Medicare program in 2002. Per-patient payments to CORFs for therapy services were 2 to 3 times higher than payments to other types of facility-based therapy providers. Higher therapy payments were largely due to the higher volume of services--more visits or more intensive therapy per visit--delivered to CORF patients. This pattern of relatively high CORF payments was evident in each of the eight metropolitan statistical areas (MSA) of the state where nearly all Florida CORFs operated and the vast majority of CORF patients were treated. A consistent pattern of high payments and service levels was also evident for patients in each of the diagnosis categories most commonly treated by CORFs. Differences in patient characteristics--age, sex, disability, and prior inpatient hospitalization--did not explain the higher payments that Florida CORFs received compared to other types of outpatient therapy providers. Steps taken by Medicare's claims administration contractor for Florida have not been sufficient to mitigate the risk of improper billing by CORFs. After examining state and national trends in payments to CORFs in 1999, the contractor increased its scrutiny of CORF claims to ensure that Medicare payments made to CORFs were appropriate. It found widespread billing irregularities in Florida CORF claims, including high rates of medically unnecessary therapy services. Since late 2001, the contractor has intensified its review of claims from new CORF providers and required medical documentation to support certain CORF services considered at high risk for billing errors. It has also required that supporting medical records documentation be submitted with all CORF claims for about 650 beneficiaries who had previously been identified as receiving medically unnecessary services. The contractor's analysis of 2002 claims data for this limited group of beneficiaries suggests that, as a result of these oversight efforts, Florida CORFs billed Medicare for substantially fewer therapy services than in previous years. However, our analysis of all CORF therapy claims for that year indicates that the contractor's program safeguards were not completely effective in controlling per-patient payments to CORFs statewide. With oversight focused on a small fraction of CORF patients, CORF facilities continued to provide high levels of services to beneficiaries whose claims were not targeted by the contractor's intensified reviews.
Recommendation for Executive Action
Status: Closed - Not Implemented
Comments: CMS officials reported in August 2005 that the agency has not taken any action to implement the recommendation. In July 2006, CMS officials agreed that disproportionately high payments to CORFs indicate a need for medical review of these providers, but asserted that the contractor is already taking appropriate steps to address the problem.
Recommendation: To ensure that Medicare only pays for medically necessary care as outlined in program rules, the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services should direct the Florida claims administration contractor to medically review a larger number of CORF claims.
Agency Affected: Department of Health and Human Services: Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services
Explore the full database of GAO's Open Recommendations »
Nov 24, 2014
Group Purchasing Organizations:Funding Structure Has Potential Implications for Medicare CostsGAO-15-13: Published: Oct 24, 2014. Publicly Released: Nov 24, 2014.
Medicare Program Integrity:CMS Pursues Many Practices to Address Prescription Drug Fraud, Waste, and AbuseGAO-15-66: Published: Oct 24, 2014. Publicly Released: Nov 24, 2014.
Nov 21, 2014
Vaccine Injury Compensation:Most Claims Took Multiple Years and Many Were Settled through NegotiationGAO-15-142: Published: Nov 21, 2014. Publicly Released: Nov 21, 2014.
Nov 18, 2014
Health Care Transparency:Actions Needed to Improve Cost and Quality Information for ConsumersGAO-15-11: Published: Oct 20, 2014. Publicly Released: Nov 18, 2014.
Nov 17, 2014
VA Health Care:Actions Needed to Ensure Adequate and Qualified Nurse StaffingGAO-15-61: Published: Oct 16, 2014. Publicly Released: Nov 17, 2014.
Nov 13, 2014
Small Business Health Insurance Exchanges:Low Initial Enrollment Likely due to Multiple, Evolving FactorsGAO-15-58: Published: Nov 13, 2014. Publicly Released: Nov 13, 2014.
Nov 10, 2014
Compounded Drugs:Payment Practices Vary across Public Programs and Private Insurers, and Medicare Part B Policy Should Be ClarifiedGAO-15-85: Published: Oct 10, 2014. Publicly Released: Nov 10, 2014.
Oct 30, 2014
VA Health Care:Management and Oversight of Consult Process Need Improvement to Help Ensure Veterans Receive Timely Outpatient Specialty CareGAO-14-808: Published: Sep 30, 2014. Publicly Released: Oct 30, 2014.
Oct 29, 2014
Chemical Assessments:Agencies Coordinate Activities, but Additional Action Could Enhance EffortsGAO-14-763: Published: Sep 29, 2014. Publicly Released: Oct 29, 2014.
Oct 6, 2014
Medicaid:Information on Inmate Eligibility and Federal Costs for Allowable ServicesGAO-14-752R: Published: Sep 5, 2014. Publicly Released: Oct 6, 2014.
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I'm searching for information on Mary Carrell or Mary J. (Polly) Carroll. She was born 15 Apr 1840 in Johnson Co., IN and died 21 Jul 1908 and buried in Galveston Cemetery, Cass Co., IN. I don't know if any of these dates or cemetery are correct so am asking for any confirmation anyone else may have.
Mary married John Pearcy (b. 24 Dec. 1840, Johnson Co., IN and died 3 Jul 1920). Mary and John married 2 Oct 1863 or 20 Oct 1863. I don't know which date to believe here.
John Pearcy was the son of Henry Pearcy and Lavina (Whitesitt) Pearcy.
John Pearcy and Mary J. (Polly) Carroll had 6 children:
Henry 1864-1877
William 1865-1938
Jacob 1867-19474
Nannie Belle 1867-1868
Charles A. 1872-1919
J. Assarcott 1875-?
Thanks for any input others may have.
Donna Hudson
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[Each week, SOHH asks two entertainment personalities to name their Top 5 rappers of all-time. To make things fair, we've created a "Hall of Fame" of emcees (see right) who are universally respected and therefore may not be mentioned. After Cali Swag District's Yung dished out his top choices, New York rapper Kyle Rapps unleashes his top five.]
Pharoahe Monch. He has a unique flow. His cadence is so ridiculous. His lyrical capacity is probably one of the best. His rhyming skills are so amazing. His rhythm and flow are so hard to duplicate. The flow is just incredible and he's been able to stay relevant.
Common. He's a guy who has such a unique voice. His language really stands out on records. I've loved all of those albums he dropped when he came out. He was a dude that didn't have to be a gangster and still was able to maintain a level of credibility without having to compromise his image. He can flow on probably any beat.
Black Thought. He has probalby one of the most prolific voices. Outside of 2Pac, he has the highest quality of product of any rapper out. His bar is set so high that his throwaway verses are incredible.
Redman. Redman's swagger stands out. The word swagger has been used a lot over the past few years and I think Redman really embodies swagger. He's got to be the Michael Jordan of swagger. He can spit a verse but his punchlines can be so hard and with so much personality. He can be doing things in his raps that I completely disagree with, but with his personality, I still love that f*cking verse. His personality is so electric.
Ice Cube. I think he's the reason why gangster rap became famous. He was able to spit real hard bars and talk about real intense sh*t but make it seem cool. He could make political sh*t sound cool to anybody.


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More On Legal & Compliancefrom The Advisor's Professional Library
- Client Commission Practices and Soft Dollars RIAs should always evaluate whether the products and services they receive from broker-dealers are appropriate. The SEC suggested that an RIAs failure to stay within the scope of the Section 28(e) safe harbor may violate the advisors fiduciary duty to clients, so RIAs must evaluate their soft dollar relationships on a regular basis to ensure they are disclosed properly and that they do not negatively impact the best execution of clients transactions.
- Suitability and Fiduciary Duty Recommending suitable investments is more than just a regulatory obligation. Many investors bring cases claiming lack of suitability, so RIAs must continuously put the onus on clients to notify the advisor of changes in their financial situation.
Are RIAs and other financial professionals guilty until proven innocent? Not quite, but the burden of proof on the part of the SEC against those accused is so low it might appear that way. It could easily result in a lifetime bar from the advisors' main source of income.
Russell Ryan, a former assistant director of the SEC's division of enforcement, exposes the mark regulators must reach to win their case. In a Wall Street Journal op-ed on Monday, Ryan argues the SEC can impose quasi-criminal penalties based on the mere "preponderance of evidence."
Using the trial of ex-Goldman Sachs vice president Fabrice Tourre, set to begin this week, as a jumping off point, he employs a sports metaphor to indicate just what Tourre will face.
"Envision a one-possession football game with the government team receiving the kickoff," Ryan writes. "Beyond reasonable doubt requires the government to score a touchdown to win; clear and convincing evidence requires a field goal; and preponderance of evidence requires advancing the ball at least an inch past the 50-yard line."
It's the last that the SEC must demonstrate in the Tourre case, with which Ryan takes issue.
"Even in civil cases, however, charges of fraud are often subjected to an intermediate standard that requires proof by 'clear and convincing evidence.' Oddly enough the SEC usually isn't held to this standard either, even when it accuses people of fraud."
Why does the SEC have such a negligible burden of proof?
Once a "sleepy regulator" with relatively little power to punish wrongdoers," he explains, Congress has now transformed (or is attempting to transform) the agency into an "aggressive punisher."
Ryan concludes with what he calls "a modest proposal."
"When a federal law-enforcement agency sets out to punish a private citizen or business based on accusations of fraud or similar wrongdoing, it should have to prove its case by more than just a preponderance of the evidence. While proof beyond reasonable doubt may be too high a hurdle in nominally civil cases that can't result in incarceration, proof by clear and convincing evidence seems the least that due process should demand."
Check out Former SEC Compliance Chief Tells White: Stop Suing Compliance Officers on ThinkAdvisor.


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1-10 of 12 auction properties for sale found
- Photos: 10
- Floorplans: 0
Shop for sale 34 Church Street, Littlesborough, Greater Manchester, OL15 9AA
FOR SALE BY ONLINE AUCTION: STARTING BID £210,000 Substantial extended stone detached bar/restaurant. Internally the property has been fully renovated and licensed in 2005/06 from a residential dwelling and comprises of entrance vestibule, main bar/seating area, extended additional seating area More details ›
£205,000 Guide Price*
- Photos: 2
- Floorplans: 0
Guide Price* £205,000
Commercial Property for sale Halifax Road, Rochdale, OL12 9AB
FOR SALE BY PUBLIC AUCTION ON 11th December 2014 A Freehold Commercial and Residential Investment Property Current Gross Income: £27,180 pa with scope for improvement Definition of Guide Prices The guide price is an indication of the seller's current minimum price expectation at auction an... More details ›
Added on 20/11/2014 by CPBigwood, Auctions. Call: 0121 396 0363 Local call rate
£150,000 Guide Price*
Guide Price* £150,000
Retail Property (high street) for sale 62 Yorkshire Street,Rochdale,OL16 1JP
For Sale by Public Auction on 28th August 2014Guide Price Reduced ****** £150,000A three storey retail unit situated in the heart of Yorkshire Street, Rochdale's prime shopping street. Close to Marks and Spencer and near to the main entrance to Rochdale Exchange Shopping Centre. More details ›
Reduced on 26/08/2014 by Savills, Nottingham Auctions. Call: 0115 798 0385 Local call rate
£90,000 Guide Price*
Guide Price* £90,000
3 bedroom detached house for sale Lot 110 - 2 Buersil Avenue, Rochdale
To be sold by Public Auction on 04/12/2014 at the Manchester City Football Club,, Etihad Stadium,, Etihad Campus,, Ashton New Road,, Manchester,, M11 3FF. three bedroom detached house in need of some modernisation More details ›
£80,000 Guide Price*
Guide Price* £80,000
2 bedroom bungalow for sale Weedon Street, Rochdale
DRAFT DETAILS AWAITING APPROVAL: Andrew Kelly & Associates Auction Department are delighted to offer for sale this well presented, well appointed, two bedroomed, semi detached true bungalow situated close to Rochdale town centre and all the amenities it has to offer including shops & schools. More details ›
£60,000 Guide Price*
Guide Price* £60,000
3 bedroom cottage for sale Market Street, Healey, Rochdale. A three bedroomed stone cottage close to Healey Dell Nature Reserve with accommodation
Andrew Kelly & Associates Auction Department are delighted to offer for sale this extremely well presented stone cottage which provides accommodation over three levels and is situated in a convenient spot close to Healey Dell Nature Reserve. More details ›
£60,000 Guide Price*
Guide Price* £60,000
Commercial property for sale Dale Street, Milnrow, Rochdale
Andrew Kelly & Associates auction department are delighted to offer this main road fronted shop located in the centre of Milnrow village with an excellent road presence, the current use of the property is a tanning salon housing five sunbeds (which are not included in sale) and a beauty therapy... More details ›
3 bedroom semi-detached house for sale Welbeck Road, Rochdale
FOR SALE BY AUCTION ON 2ND DECEMBER AT MANCHESTER CITY FC, THE EITHAD STADIUM AT 2PM, *PRICE GUIDE £55,000 - £65,000. A Spacious Three Bedroomed Semi Detached Property A traditional style semi detached house situated in a slightly elevated location, in an extremely convenient More details ›
Added on 27/10/2014 by Auction House, Manchester. Call: 0161 468 0819 Local call rate
£55,000 Guide Price*
Guide Price* £55,000
Shop for sale Oldham Road, Rochdale
Andrew Kelly & Associates Auction Department are pleased to offer for sale this high street shop premises which are currently rented out as a barbers shop, currently achieving £105 per week (as advised by the vendor prior to the auction). More details ›
1 bedroom apartment for sale Pegasus Court, Bury Road, Rochdale, Lancashire
FOR SALE BY AUCTION ON 2ND DECEMBER AT MANCHESTER CITY FC, THE EITHAD STADIUM AT 2PM, *PRICE GUIDE £40,000 - £50,000. A One Bedroomed Second Floor Apartment The Apartment is situated within the luxurious and prestigious Pegasus Court Development being only one mile from Rochdale Town Centre but s... More details ›
Reduced on 03/11/2014 by Auction House, Manchester. Call: 0161 468 0819 Local call rate
Thank you.
Your information has been sent to 0 out of 7 agents who have property to sell in the area you specified.
*Guide Price: An indication of a seller's minimum expectation at auction and given as a Guide Price or a range of Guide Prices. This is not necessarily the figure a property will sell for and is subject to change prior to the auction.
Reserve Price: Each auction property will be subject to a Reserve Price below which the property cannot be sold at auction. Normally the Reserve Price will be set within the range of Guide Prices or no more than 10% above a single Guide Price.


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Search for Last minute Bloomington hotel rooms
Book by: Dec 25, 2014. Valid for stays before Dec 30, 2014
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Calling out all Ryan Rottman fans this Christmas to dedicate a special video to Ryan in occasion of the Christmas holidays! In this project, the fans will get the chance to wish and share all their Christmas love and heartfelt support to Ryan Rottman.
To know more about 2014 Ryan Rottman Christmas Video project and how to get involved, simply check out the info below!
- Record a video of max 2 minutes wishing Ryan a Merry Christmas and sharing your love;
- Take a picture of yourself with a Christmas message.
- make sure you are aware that your video will be released online. You are taking full responsibility of what you are putting online and RRF is not going to reply any requests to remove the video after it's released.
- We won't be accepting any entries after December 20th 2014, so make sure you send it before then.
- Don't be ashamed of who you are, Just be you & have fun.
- The rules are for the ones whom will send a video or picture.
- 2014 Ryan Rottman Christmas Video project starts Friday, November 21th and ends on Saturday, December 20th at 11:59PM PST;
- Ryan is going to WATCH the video just like he watched the other project videos.
- Video recordings cannot exceed 2 minutes in length;
- If video recordings exceed time limit, I might decide whether to use the videos or cut them;
- Videos must not contain any background audio;
- If you don't feel okay in exposing yourself online. Artworks or paintings are acceptable.
- One entry per fan;
- For any doubt or question you have, please make sure to tweet me at @RRottmanSource [ Twitter] as i'll make sure to answer you back! I hope you all like and join the first Christmas project!
- This is one of those occasions we love the most, because we get to connect you closer to the person we all love and support.
DEADLINE: December 20th 2014
Send it all to email@example.com
RYANROTTMANFANS.NETÁlvaro [ website's Owner].
Ryan Rottman stopped by The Today Show for Guys Tell All with Kathie Lee and Hoda, Rick Younger,Chuck Nice and Bob Guiney on November 18th in New York City. A few photos of Ryan on the studio were shared on Instagram,check them bellow
Ryan also posted a photo on his Instagram account from The Today Show,make sure to check it bellow along with it's description
Huge Thx to @TODAYshow for having me on today! @bobguiney @klgandhoda @chucknicecomic @RickYounger
Rick Younger from the men panel for Guys Tell All posted an Instagram video of the guys preparing for the show, click here to check it out.
Make sure to check the interview bellow
Ryan Rottman attended Happyland co-star, Katherine Mcnamara's 19th birthday party held at Siren Studios Penthouse in Hollywood on Saturday night (November 15). Some members of the cast of Happyland attended the Party,check a photo bellow
Later that night, Ryan also attended Jordan Hanger Launch Party Event. Ryan's homies posted on Instagram about it,check the photos bellow
Ryan Rottman flew to New York City early this week to promote Happyland. Ryan stopped by People Magazine – People Now Live studio to chat about Happyland and it's season finale at Time Life Building on November 17th. Make sure to check a few photos of Ryan on the studio
Make sure to watch the interview bellow
It look like this past weekend Ryan shot a secret project at Greens Up! Salads in Santa Monica. There's not a lot of info about this project but it's called 'Hot Girls'. Stephanie Lynn posted 3 behind the scenes photos from the shoot on her Instagram account, make sure to check them bellow
Ryan Rottman stopped by The Morning Brew on November 12th to chat about Happyland, the season finale and his acting in general. Check 2 photos bellow of Ryan on the studio of the show
To check the interview click here and watch it [ Ryan is interviewed at 20 27 mins ]
Making people pee there pants since 2012 @jbkite! @jeremiahworld @paulkhoury @mauricefadida @tannerbeard
Ryan Rottman celebrated his homie Ramsey Krull's birthday with a couple of friends on November 10th at HYDE Sunset Kitchen + Cocktails in Los Angeles. It looks like they decided to wear fun masks for the party. Ryan has posted a photo from the birthday party on his Instagram account,make sure to check it bellow along with it's description :
Eyes Wide Open #RamseysBday
Ryan's friends also shared photos from the birthday party,make sure to check them bellow :


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Welcome to the Cleburne County Commission
Cleburne County is rich with natural beauty and opportunities for outdoor recreation. The county is home to Alabama's highest point, Mt. Cheaha which is a foothill of the Appalachian Mountains. Other outdoor gems include the Talladega National Forest, Dugger Mountain Wilderness, Tallapoosa River, Pinhoti Trail, Chief Ladiga Trail and Terrapin Creek. Located in northeast Alabama, the rural county is within an hour's drive to Birmingham and Atlanta via Interstate 20.
Upcoming Events
County Household Garbage Schedule for Thanksgiving
Nov 28-29
For customers of the county household garbage collection service: Republic Services will be closed on Thanksgiving Day. Routes will run a day behind t...Read More
Nov 28
County offices will be closed Thursday, November 27, and Friday, November 28, for Thanksgiving.Read More
Dec 02
Outdoor warning sirens are tested on the first Tuesday of each month unless the threat of severe weather exists.Read More
Dec 06
The Ranburne Christmas Parade and Holiday Bazaar will be December 6th.Read More
More Events
Dec 08
The County Commission meeting is held on the second Monday of each month at the Mountain Center. In case of a holiday, the meeting is held on the next...Read More


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Time Garden Gray in Colours
Some ideas about decoration of your home!
Apr, 22 2011 3 Comments Full Story
Flowers for The Vegetable Garden: Nasturtium
Nasturtium deters a number of pests in the vegetable garden.
Jan, 20 2011 5 Comments Full Story
Backyard Landscaping and How to Enjoy It
As with practically anything you attempt, your backyard landscape can be a place of fun, provided you put a bit of "you" into it. By this, I mean some of your own imagination and creativity.
Oct, 23 2008 0 Comments Full Story
Nasturtiums: Beautiful and Useful
Often used just for ornamentation, these plants have many additional uses.
Aug, 29 2008 2 Comments Full Story
Six Edible Annuals for Your Garden
Edible annuals have hidden benefits in addition to "pretty flowers". Why not try a few?
Mar, 23 2008 0 Comments Full Story


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|Industry Recognition
|Professional Conduct
I represent employees who've been wrongfully fired because the loss of income only one part of their damages. When we introduce ourselves, we say things like,... more
I endorse Joan Herrington without hesitation. She is extremely knowledgeable about employment law and is known among other attorneys for her... more


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For the past 12 years I have had the thrill of living in a community that stands by me daily however there was no way for me to prepare me for their overwhelming endorsement of my candidacy for the Herricks School Board. 4,065 taxpaying residents came out in the pouring rain to vote on the Herricks school budget and a new board of education member. These voters represented parents, senior citizens, and empty-nesters from the many communities that make up the Herricks school district.
Flemming Hansen didn't necessarily expect to be an entrepreneur. And he didn't expect to be plying his trade here on Long Island.
Growing up in Denmark, he aspired to become a chef; decades later, he found success as a baker. Close enough.
But to his surprise, he ended up running a profitable business far from his native homeland: In 1998, Hansen opened Copenhagen Bakery in Northport, which has become one of the best-known and most popular cake shops on Long Island.
On May 17, we have an opportunity to make a difference for the community of Williston Park, and most importantly our children that attend the Herricks School District. It is for this reason that I'm supporting Jim Gounaris for Herrick's School Board Trustee, and I urge you to do so too.
It is with pleasure that I write in support of Jonai Singh for Herricks Board of Education trustee. I have had the privilege of working with Jonai on PTA Council this past year.
At first witness Jonai expressed vividly her passion for the children of our school district and the importance of a great education, her love of public service and her commitment to the tasks at hand.
We proudly want to offer our support to our friend and neighbor Jim Gounaris for Herricks School Board. His ability to be an avid supporter of our Educational Programs while understanding the complexity of the needs of the rest of the community is just part of the reason we support him.
I am writing to you about the upcoming Herricks Board of Education elections on May 17. I would like you to know what a fine addition Jonai Singh would make for the Board and for the community.
Jonai and I have a history of working together since our children were in first grade at Searingtown School in 2002. We developed and implemented Searingtown School's first Spring Fling where the students and their families came together for an evening of fun and fellowship. It also was the beginning of Jonai's major fundraising efforts for the school.
James Gounaris has been a trusted friend for the past six years since I moved into our Manhasset Hills community.
We collaborated very closely in the running of the Boy Scout Cub Pack that meets at our local elementary school (Denton Avenue Elementary). Jim served as the charter representative for the Pack for the initial years when the Pack was first created and was very instrumental in getting it started. He was also an active Den Leader who provided the positive and wholesome leadership throughout the years that his kids were members of the Pack.
It is with great pleasure that I sit down to write this letter on behalf of Jonai Singh a long-term resident and a much respected, generous, productive and extremely articulate member of the Herricks Community. Every community dreams of having responsible, civic minded citizens occupying positions of leadership and authority. Jonai Singh is running for the position of Herricks School Board Trustee. As a former Herricks School Board Trustee (2005-2008) I heartily endorse Jonai Singh without any reservations for the position of Herricks School Board Trustee.
This is a sad story about a home in the Town of North Hempstead which has been the victim of neglect for too long. What is so sad is North Hempstead Town Supervisor Jon Kaiman's lack of vision for the future of our town. I am speaking of the Cornell/Van Nostrand/Schumacher house on the grounds of Clinton G. Martin Park.
This house represents our humble beginnings in America. Pioneers built this house to settle in a new land. The Cornell family who built this home recognized an opportunity to start a new life. They were courageous to travel to a new land to build a new and better life, like so many in the town today. The town's Business and Tourism Development Corp. has stated the farmhouse could become a valued focus for efforts to promote both tourism and business. As well, this home could become a great educational resource for children of all ages and certainly a reminder of the good "old days."
On Friday, February 4, 2011, New Hyde Park Fire Department Volunteer Firefighter Max Devane of Estates Engine Company No. 3 was seriously injured while battling a basement fire on 6th Avenue in New Hyde Park. Max required five weeks of hospitalization and rehabilitation to recover from his injuries and continues his recovery at home. Max was forced to withdraw from his college classes and has missed an entire semester of school due to his hospitalization and ongoing recovery. Max may not be able to resume his summer job due to his ongoing recuperation.
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We are the Southern California Premiere Luxury Development Company.
We focus our expertise on the Los Angeles Luxury Home Market and bring together the top development team of engineers, designers and contractors to craft a word-class product that consistently sells for top market price.
The Luxury Real estate Market has more momentum then ever. 2013 marked the highest point in six years for $1 million plus home sales, with over 39,000 qualifying properties selling. Homes valued at $2 million or more actually sold at a record pace. Statewide, it marked a 45% increase in sales, year over year.


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John Lewis (Georgia)
"Any American can be elected to public office, but not everyone can serve with dignity and great respect. Donald Payne, my friend, my brother, enjoyed the admiration of his colleagues because he led by example, and through quiet, determined diplomacy he accomplished a great deal."
(Photo: Courtesy US House of Representatives/wikicommons)
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Throwback Thursday: Black Leaders Back in the Day08/07/2014


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Revenge Sneak Peek: What Does Emily Remember?by Matt Richenthal at Comments
You're a Grayson now, Emily. So Victoria Victoria tells her new daughter-in-law in the following clip from Sunday's Revenge...Continue Reading
You're a Grayson now, Emily. So Victoria Victoria tells her new daughter-in-law in the following clip from Sunday's Revenge...Continue Reading
We know what Oliver Queen looks like in battle. And we definitely know what he looks like shirtless. But on Arrow Season 2 Episode 10...Continue Reading
In a sequence from Sunday's The Simpsons Season 25 Episode 10, Matt Groening and company will pay tribute to Hayao Miyazaki, a...Continue Reading
A major moment will take place for Kate Beckett on Castle Season 6 Episode 12: She'll meet Castle's father! Except she won't...Continue Reading
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Oh, Marcel. What have you done? When we last left the former King of New Orleans, he has chosen to align himself fully with Klaus, to...Continue Reading
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A sneak preview clip from the next installment of Revenge shows that Emily survived, but with a bad case of amnesia ... which certainly...Continue Reading


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Gear Review
Give the gift of Patagonia
Tom Murphy
Member since
- Gender: Female
- Familiarity: I gave it as a gift, but have feedback to share
nothing say love like a warm down jacket. Give warmth get smiles!
View More Details on Patagonia Down Sweater Full-Zip Hoody Jacket - Women's


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Podicherry or puducherry is a famous tutorist desination in south India, located on the south eastern coast of Bay of Be
Podicherry or puducherry is a famous tutorist desination in south India, located on the south eastern coast of Bay of Be
Sambar is a vegetable stew made with tamarind pulp, popular in South Indian and Tamil cuisines adapted in each to its t
Tiffin Sambar (Chettinad) Sambar or sambhar or sambaaru in Tamil is a South Indian Dish which originated from South Indi
Categories Click to chooseAndhra Recipes (7) Appetizer (10) Baked (24) Breakfast (16) Chutneys and Pickles (31
ANDHRA SPECIAL PESRATTU I loved to cook traditional dinners for my son and daughter-in-law during my stay with them.
Tasted Pesarattu for the first time during my stay in hyderabad in a restaurant named nandini which was famous for diffe
I grew up eating Ennai Kathrikai at home which is a dry curry where the slit brinjals stuffed with Kari podi(dania,red c
Tweet Learn how to make a combination which is as appetizing as it sou
The weather here in London is turning pretty with its long sunny spells through out the day which means passing more ene
Gongura/Red Sorrel leaves in English,Ambadi in Gujrati,Marathi,Pitwa in Hindi,Pundi in Kannada & Pulichai Keerai in Tami
Tomato Onion Chutney or Tomato Ullipaya Pachadi This simple yet tasty Tomato Ullipaya Pachadi is often served in hotels
Being an ardent fan of brinjal,i love to & keep trying varieties of brinjal recipes.Be it sambar,poriyal,gravy or rice,
BM # 39 Day : 26State : Tamil Nadu Rice is the major staple food of most of the Tamil people. Lunch or Dinner is us
INGREDIENTS:>>>>>>>>>>>>>Whole uraddal-1 cupWhole oats-1 cupRagi flour-1 cupFenugreek seeds-1/4Th teaspoonSalt-to taste
Okra Dosa is a boon to many who do not have udad dal, or who need a quick dosa, who find it difficult to ferment dosa ba
INGREDIENTS:>>>>>>>>>>>>Medium size tomatoes-3Cooked turdal-1/2 cupTamarind paste-1 full teaspoon Garlc pods-2Oil-3 teas
This crispy pakoda is very quick to make and retain it crispness for more than 2 ~ 3 hours. I have tasted this recipe in
Today we come to my home state Tamil Nadu. It lies in the southernmost part of India and shares its boundaries with Pond
Hi Viewers Today I am coming with delicious dish ie dosakaya, tomato curry mixed with little curd. It tastes
Nimellarigu Navaratri Habbada Shubhashayagalau (Wishing everyone a Very Happy Navaratri festival) Today is the 7th day
I had hosted the South Indian Cooking event of Anuz Healthy Kitchen from March 15 to May 15. Thank you so much Anu for t


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7 W New York Points Out Tabletop Market Introductions
Monday April 8th, 2013 - 11:40AM
These are shortcuts to your favorite social networking and bookmark sites. Add this story to your Facebook page, del.icio.us, DiggIt, and many others!
7 W New York has announced some new introductions that will enliven building showrooms during the New York Tabletop Market. The event runs from April 16 to 19.
Two's Company in its lobby suite will feature products featured in House Beautiful, Redbook, Coastal Living, Women's' Day, and Gift Shop magazines.
Creative Bath Products in its new suite, suite 304, will feature a new beverage dispenser, a new round server set and "ultimate" condiment station.
On the fourth floor, Home Essentials will showcase colorful glassware, Godinger will feature new crystal and silverware and Robely will feature the latest "AQ" tableware collections.
Zak! Designs will give new shape to its serving bowls, increasing functionality with its Luna colanders, and add fun with its new mini trivets.
Boston Warehouse will showcase its Forever Flame flameless candles, which are said to resemble a real flame.
TMD Holdings has launched a line dedicated to the fun and function of using chalkboard accents to express yourself, according to 7 W.
Vance Kitira will launch its new "Gold Rush" dinner pattern that are dishwasher and microwave safe.
On the ninth floor, J.T. Rose & Co. is launching tiled and mosaic mirrors, vases, and dinnerware. Richard Cohen Collections will showcase new tabletop from iittala, Annieglass, and Nambé. Tag will showcase new product that is Made in the USA. KavalierGlass of North America has expanded its borosilicate "Smart Touch" casserole line with comfortable inset grips. Red Vanilla will showcase its new crystal and shell giftware such as coaster sets, along with some collections of flatware with mahogany settings.
Tags: • Housewares • Home Décor • Tabletop • Trade Shows •
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On October 19 comet Siding Spring is expected to flyby Mars, coming within 87,000 miles of the planet, according to NASA . Since the comet is coming so close, NASA made the decision to move the Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution … Continue reading →
It's been another exciting week of launches! On Wednesday we saw the launch of a Soyuz-U from Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan, carrying Progress-M 23M on a fast trajectory to the International Space Station. The cargo craft carries propellant, oxygen, water, … Continue reading →
It's been another exciting week in the world of rocket launches! We started off on Monday with a surprise launch out of China. A Long March 2C launched out of Jiuquan Space Center Monday morning carrying Shijian 11-06 to orbit. … Continue reading →
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The location is really good for all but the laziest of people. Walks to the old town and the Hrad are the perfect distance away. It is also easy to walk to the Eurovea shopping centre. The rooms are comfortable, clean and well-appointed. There are points that could use improvement, but do keep in mind that I would gladly stay... More
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The Gardere team was led by energy mergers and acquisitions partner Timothy M. Spear, with assistance from energy mergers and acquisitions partner Douglas K. Eyberg, and energy associates Eunice Song, Jennifer L. Smith, and Austin Ke.
Gardere's Energy Industry practice group is a multidisciplinary group made up of approximately 60 attorneys with diverse backgrounds, experience, and skills specific to the energy industry. This national and international energy practice serves clients across all sectors of the energy industry – upstream, midstream, downstream, power and renewables – providing a broad range of specialties, including mergers, acquisitions and divestitures, joint ventures, infrastructure development, finance transactions, project finance, tax, commercial contracting, environmental, intellectual property, labor and employment, bankruptcy and workout transactions, energy regulatory, and arbitration and litigation.
Chambers USA consistently recognizes Gardere's Corporate/M&
Gardere Wynne Sewell LLP, an AmLaw 200 firm founded in 1909 and one of the Southwest's largest full-service law firms, has offices in Austin, Dallas, Houston and Mexico City. Gardere provides legal services to private and public companies and individuals in areas of corporate, litigation, energy, tax, real estate, financial services, government affairs, hospitality, intellectual property, labor and employment and environmental. For more information, contact Kristin Butler at 214.999.4843 or firstname.lastname@example.com.


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|HomeHistoryFacilitiesServiceGuaranteeContactLinksSite Map
|Accurite News
Those who made it on to the Denver stand at Verona, and there were many, couldn't have been anything but impressed with the all new 4-5 axis CNC mono-block machine "Tecnika". We are taking orders currently for delivery in January, when hopefully you will be able to see it working in our Factory ! Call today for full details.
Over the past year or so we are constantly being asked for a more affordable new edge-polishing machine to do the standard flat edge or up-stands. We have listened, and should have some interesting news in the weeks to come !
Over the past few weeks, we have altered our stock of demonstration machines, allowing customers a better in-sight into our range, currently we have or expect the following demonstration machines : MEC c-450 splitter ; Comandulli Verticale ; Accurite manual router ; Denver Skema Logic C-180 ; Jenny lind machine. Call today for full details.
Probably our busiest Fair for many years ! Thank you to all our customers new and old who visited us during this period, and for those who placed orders, we hope that we can repay the trust shown in us, by delivering you with a "money-making" machine !
Take a look at the range of Mec crushers and splitters, new to our web site.
Machinery Arriving SoonCutting MachineryPolishing MachineryMilling / Routing MachineryEnvironmental MachineryQuarrying MachinerySplitting / Crushing Lifting / Handing SystemsSmall Tooling / MachineryBargain Basement
Copyright 2006-2014 Miller Waite Limited


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440 West Lake Street Suite T
First Security Trust & Savings Bank
7315 W Grand Ave Elmwood Park, IL
Lisle Auto Group
4325 Lincoln Ave Lisle, IL
For over 40 years, Elmhurst Toyota has been serving the Chicagoland area faithfully as one of the Midwest's largest Toyota dealers. As a 12 time winner of Toyota's prestigious President's Award for customer satisfaction, we believe in providing you with the easiest and absolute best buying and ownership experience available anywhere. So call, email or just come in and visit us...you'll be glad you did.
New, Used, Pre-Owned, Certified Pre-Owned, Hybrid, Manufacturer Certified & Commercial/Fleet Vehicles.
Internet Access, Rental Cars, Service Center, Parts & Accessories, Courtesy Shuttle, Children�??s Play Area