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Launched November 26, 2012
Profitable as it is for multi-national companies, palm oil is extracted at a heavy social and environmental cost, making it one of the most controversial commodities in the world.
Launched November 12, 2012
As Syrian Armenians flee their country's violence to begin new lives in Armenia – a homeland they have never known – the high stakes of the unraveling of Syria come into clearer focus.
Launched November 6, 2012
Tiny children and teens toil in the gold mines of the Philippines. It is very risky business, sometimes deadly. But child labor is growing as families rush to exploit the worldwide craze for gold.
Launched October 30, 2012
The geopolitics of Southeast Asia are shifting rapidly and China's influence can be seen in the shipping routes along the Mekong--and in the soft power it exercises in countries such as Burma.
Launched October 21, 2012
Is Exxon Mobil's natural gas project a heaven-sent opportunity to boost Papua New Guinea's GDP, or a threat to the 60,000 people who can claim "customary ownership" of the land that will be affected?
Launched October 16, 2012
Traditional exporters of migrants have become importers, turning the old paradigm on its head. The recent "brain gain" has presented new opportunities – and challenges – for Brazil, China and others.
Launched October 10, 2012
As Paul Salopek journeys around the world on foot, he will follow the migration pathways of our ancestors who walked out of Africa 50,000 years ago.
Launched October 2, 2012
Trans-boundary water tensions with Iran and Pakistan cast a shadow on the development of Afghanistan's mainly agricultural economy.
Launched September 26, 2012
Europe's economic crisis has become intertwined with disturbing anti-democratic trends and the rise of extremist politics. Bill Wheeler looks at the fallout in Hungary and Greece.
Launched September 20, 2012
America's appetite for inexpensive shrimp from Southeast Asia is growing, but at what cost? In Thailand, illegal and abusive labor practices go unchecked to feed a booming demand.
Launched September 17, 2012
After decades of trampled hopes under President Hosni Mubarak, Egyptians are now working to figure out not only what they stand against, but what they stand for.
Launched September 17, 2012
The Sea of Cortez is—or was—a vast and lush underwater paradise. Industrial fishing operations are now decimating the sea's bounty. Tuna, red snapper, and shark are all but gone.
Launched September 6, 2012
Global hunger affects nearly one billion people. Emergency food is not enough. This project examines some fundamental yet often overlooked interventions, most of which do not involve food at all.
Launched September 3, 2012
As a global debate rages over nuclear power's future as a safe and clean energy source, Russia is aggressively pursuing nuclear expansion at home and abroad.
Launched August 22, 2012
In South Africa, women are not equal. The fight to end apartheid has been waged and won, but the fight for gender equality continues.
Launched August 15, 2012
While the fast food industry in the United Arab Emirate's flourishes, a dramatic increase in obesity, cardiovascular disease and diabetes threatens the nation's health.
Launched August 14, 2012
In Thailand, one of the world's most rapidly developing countries, sustainability often takes the backseat to economic growth. But rising levels of pollution and depletion could be disastrous.
Launched August 7, 2012
Teachers at a middle school in Adama, a town in central Ethiopia, struggle to provide quality education.
Launched August 1, 2012
Rising temperatures on the Tibetan Plateau in western China are causing melting glaciers and environmental degradation, threatening the vulnerable communities that inhabit the roof of the world.
Launched July 23, 2012
Urban public health is one of the most pressing yet neglected issues facing the developing world.
Launched July 19, 2012
Two transitioning economies, similar development challenges, vastly different population size and stage of growth. Can they learn from each other about providing better healthcare to their people?
Launched July 17, 2012
From afar Turkey is a model for others. But within the country, Turks wrangle over their legacy and future, over freedom of the press and a worsening border crisis testing their resolve and humanity.
Launched July 11, 2012
Before the international response to the earthquake of 2010 one challenge Haiti didn't face was cholera. Now it does, with 7,000 already dead and a continuing challenge for the entire country.
Launched July 11, 2012
A full-throttle nuclear arms race is underway in a region where terrorism, ethnic violence, and border disputes are endemic. But the flashpoint isn't Iran. It's Pakistan and India.


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- Production Dates: Nov 28th and 29th in Long Island, NY
- Seeking submissions from: New York, NY
%Percentage is a short film that explores the consequences of good and evil choices through the eyes of a New York City female police officer named Jessica who has the unique ability to see how good people are based off a percentage on their head that only she can see. ...1 hours ago
Felching Milo- A satire Mockumentary
- We will make casting decisions by December 10th and have a read through and rehearsals up to the 20th of December. rehatching the rehearsals January 8th and going into filming Principle Photography January 15-the end of the month.
- Auditions: Nov 24, 25 in los angeles, CA
A new addiction, like a hurricane, takes over the city of Vermington. However, it is not a drug. The new addiction is gerbiling- shoving a gerbil up to one's anus. We follow a confessional "fall and rebirth" story of ANGUS COLE, who started it all. Realizing that he needs help, ...3 hours ago
"The $100,000.00 ULTIMATE Diva Challenge"
- CASTING CALL is all on line. You create a profile on the site and the VIEWERS vote you on the show.
- Seeking submissions nationwide/worldwide
The ULTIMATE Diva is STRONG, SEXY, SMART And BEAUTIFUL… Willing to do ANYTHING to get to the top!! And do ANYTHING to help their MAN get to the top and STAY at the top!! Getting voted off the show will be a combination for 'points' you will earn to 'buy' ...5 hours ago
- The shoot will happen the week after Thanksgiving in New York City.
- Seeking submissions from: New York, NY
Juju is a short film shot on VHS and displayed as a 3-Channel installation piece at Parsons. Script will be sent on request. The narrative surrounds the story of Juju and Moosh after their mother had left them to remarry. Juju experiences an emotional trauma causing him to recreate fabricated ...6 hours ago
- If hired, you'll be performing my original, highly interactive stories in front of classrooms full of preschoolers in the Baltimore area.
- Seeking submissions from: Baltimore, MD
Looking for Actors/Actresses who want to be Part Time Storytellers, earning up to $75.00/hour7 hours ago
- Shooting locations are in Costa Mesa, CA, as well as a few miles down the street to Santa Ana, CA Production dates are December 1st, 3rd and 5th at 12pm-5pm or early dismissal if we get what we need done.There is one night shoot on these days for 2 roles. We're probably not going to need to be shooting for all 4 days, Im just putting up the days in hopes I can work around your schedules! If hired, I will let you know the exact location
- Seeking submissions from: santa ana, CA; costa mesa, CA; fountain valley, CA; garden grove, CA; westminster, CA; huntington beach, CA
Casting for a short student film for a production called "Unknown." which is about Lucy, a struggling journalist looking for her big break, unaware that her big break has actually found her.9 hours ago
- Auditions will be held in LA, performance is on December 3rd, 2014 at the Film Dept, California State Long Beach.
- Seeking submissions from: Long Beach, CA
An informal student-run production of the short play Tape by José Riviera, to be performed in front of a small audience at California State Long Beach. After his death, a man is led into a dark room by an attendant. He seems to have accepted his fate, but does not ...9 hours ago
Enchanted Wonderland - The Musical Auditions
- REHEARSALS DEC 5th - DEC 18th PERFORMANCES DEC 19, 20, 21, 27, 28
- Auditions: Nov 24 in Tustin, CA
AUDITIONS for Enchanted Wonderland: Monday, November 24, 7pm-10pm. Callbacks and casting will be completed by 10pm on Monday. (7 PERFORMANCES WHICH INCLUDES A FUNDRAISER EVENT WHERE LINDA BLAIR WILL BE IN ATTENDANCE!! THE FUND RAISER WILL BE FOR THE LINDA BLAIR WORLD HEART FOUNDATION TO HELP RESCUE ANIMALS! SO IF ...21 hours ago
- Shooting in VA.
- Seeking submissions from: Charlottesville, VA
Casting season two of the AMC TV show, "Turn," starring Jamie Bell. Project description: "Follows New York farmer, Abe Woodhull, who bands together with a group of childhood friends to form The Culper Ring, an unlikely group of spies who turn the tide in America's fight for independence."11 hours ago
'The Unnamed: The Movie Project'
- Shooting dates beginning January, in Berkeley, CA.
- Seeking submissions from: Berkeley, CA
Casting the film "The Unnamed: The Movie Project." Production description: "The story chronicles Opal's journey as she struggles to overcome identity issues stemming from being improperly named at birth by her feuding teenage parents."12 hours ago
- Pre-Production now and first day of shoot December 27th. This project is shooting one weekend a month for six months in Camarillo, Simi Valley and Anaheim.
- Seeking submissions from: Camarillo, CA; Los Angeles, CA
Seeking crew for Sag Ultra low budget Horror Feature, "Reawakened."12 hours ago
- Shoots TBD, in Portland, OR.
- Auditions: Dec 6 in Portland, OR
Casting multiple student film projects. Project description: "Casting call for multiple senior student film projects for the Art Institute of Portland."12 hours ago
- Rehearsals begin Feb. 17; runs Mar. 12-Apr. 5 (possible extension Apr. 12) in Dallas, TX.
- Auditions: Dec 1, 2 in Dallas, TX
Seeking a multi-racial cast of actor/singer/dancers who can sing and dance 1940s swing jump and jive for "Hot Mikado," a musical.13 hours ago
- Shoots in January & February 2015, in Vancouver, BC.
- Seeking submissions from: Vancouver, BC
Casting the web series, "Swerve." Project description: "An action/comedy web series about a limousine driver, his crazy passengers and the mayhem that ensues."13 hours ago

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Keyword: scada ×
Industry: Oil, Gas & Refineries ×
Location: Asia & Middle East ×
Location: Brunei Darussalam ×
Schneider Electric Telemetry & Remote SCADA Solutions
based in Rueil Malmaison, FRANCE
Schneider Electric, Telemetry & Remote SCADA Solutions, is a global supplier of remote automation solutions for SCADA systems in oil and gas, water and electrical utilities applications. Solution components include Accutech wireless instrumentation, SCADAPack Smart RTus, Trio long-range data radios, and ClearSCADA enterprise software. All products are engineered to ...
Environnement S.A
based in Poissy, FRANCE
Environnement S.A is the leading company in the field of instrumentation for the environment. Ever since its creation in 1978, Environnement S.A has been dedicated to the study, development, manufacture and supply of advanced on-line gas, particulate and water analyzers, using the most recent technologies. Environnement S.A proposes a comprehensive range of continuous ...
Aqua-Aerobic Systems, Inc.
based in Loves Park, ILLINOIS (USA)
Aqua-Aerobic Systems, Inc. has been a leader in the design, application and manufacture of wastewater treatment equipment and systems for municipal and industrial markets, worldwide.
Ramallah Engineering & Chemical Est. - RECE
based in Amman, JORDAN
RECE is a supply and engineering company for the oil, gas and chemical industry. We supply and implement SCADA systems, computer control systems/software, instruments, valves, pipes, controllers, recorders and various types of industrial equipment.
based in Bedford, NOVA SCOTIA (CANADA)
Trihedral is a leading-edge developer of SCADA / HMI software for mission-critical industrial monitoring and control applications. Since 1986, we`ve installed numerous licenses, on six continents for a wide variety of industries. Our industrial strength solutions offer customers uncompromised capabilities with reduced long-term costs. We developed VTScada HMI software ...
Carus Corporation
based in Peru, ILLINOIS (USA)
At Carus Corporation we manufacture quality products to help our customers solve environmental concerns. Our vision reflects a long-term commitment to serve our customers. Carus supports Responsible Care® - an initiative that fosters involvement in the community and continuous improvement in environment, health, security, and safety.VISION: "To be a leader in providing ...
RTS Consulting Inc.
based in Annapolis, MARYLAND (USA)
RTS Consulting Inc. has over 20 years of experience in the manufacturing & energy sectors. Our background and expertise in MES implementations, shop floor automation (PLC's, SCADA and Historians), control systems integration and control panel design/build, gives RTS a strategic advantage when developing and implementing SAP MII solutions, helping our customers achieve ...
TopDown Conservation LLC
based in Rochester, NEW YORK (USA)
Provide Solutions to Transform Data into Information by: consolidating your data, analyzing and visualizing it creating information, report and alert users when an anomoly condition may occur, and ensure all stakeholders have 24/7 global access. Too much data is spread throughout a company on standalone systems, spreadsheets, pieces of paper, handheld and mobile devices, ...
Napier-Reid Ltd.
based in Toronto, ONTARIO (CANADA)
Napier-Reid Ltd. is a leading engineering designer, manufacturer and solution provider for the water and wastewater treatment industry. With over 50 years of experience, the successful completion of over 3000 projects worldwide, a core team of professionals and highly skilled staff, we continue to grow and reach new heights every year. With in-depth engineering knowledge ...
eVision Industry Software
based in The Hague, NETHERLANDS
eVision is a Dutch innovative company providing high quality HSE software solutions and technical consulting services in the international off-shore and petrochemical industry. Combining a multi-disciplinary team of experts eVision faces today's demanding industry challenges by providing user-friendly HSE software solutions, for example a Permit to Work system and ...
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Sorry! The position you're looking for is no longer available. Check out other opportunities in Alameda, CA below.
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Reading Art Works Intern
Reading Art Works — Virtual
Go behind the scenes of this multi purpose arts and events facility and work directly with the owner in all areas of event management including hospitality sales, venue management, business marketing …
Application Deadline: Available Year-round
Kickstarter campaign - marketing
BosLeo LLC — Virtual
Seeking a Kickstarter campaign production intern Compensation: No pay or partial pay + opportunity for experience and future expansion to be a part of the start up team Are you an aspiring PR guru loo…
Application Deadline: 11/30/2014
Seeking Awesome Writers
Save My Boredom — Virtual
Hey everybody! savemyboredom.com is here! We are in our opinion, the hottest, funniest, and most awesomest new website to hit the net. You can write and make stuff for savemyboredom.com today If you a…
Application Deadline: Available Year-round
Enjoy-PR-Creative Business & Have Phone Skills To Help A Unique Marketing-PR & Publishing Company?
curvy girl publishing — Virtual
Hello There. We are a small Marketing-PR Consulting company. Our clients include many different interesting types such as: a celebrity photographer whose pictures appear in US, and People magazines an…
Application Deadline: 11/30/2014
You The Have Web & IT Skills? Show Us & Learn To Make Passive Income From The Internet And More
curvy girl publishing — Virtual
We are a small Marketing Consulting company. Our clients include many different interesting types such as: a celebrity photographer whose pictures appear in US, and People magazines and who shoots at…
Application Deadline: 11/29/2014
Hertz — San Francisco, CA
Sales Hertz is seeking energetic and customer service driven people for positions at our San Francisco area locations. Counter Sales Reps (CSRs) & Gold Choice CSRs Monthly Bonus Potential! Provide wor…
Application Deadline: Available Year-round
Traveling CNA's Wanted
Redwood Healthcare Services — Concord, CA
Traveling CNA's Wanted: Looking for California Certified Nursing Assistants willing to travel to Northern California to work in a Skilled Nursing Facility. Will assist with travel and housing costs. E…
Application Deadline: Available Year-round
CITY OF OAKLAND — Oakland, CA
POLICE OFFICER TRAINEE $5,058.40/month Closing Date: 11/24/14 at 11:59pm Do you believe in public service & are interested in becoming a Police Officer Trainee? Must have HS diploma/GED, CDL, no felon…
Application Deadline: Available Year-round
Target — San Bruno, CA
TARGET NOW HIRING Cashiers Sales Floor Logistics Overnight Benefits Target merchandise discount Competitive pay Flexible Scheduling To apply, visit Target.com/careers. Select Hourly Store Positions an…
Application Deadline: Available Year-round
Pw Stephens Environmental — Hayward, CA
RECEPTIONIST Immediate FT position avail. Looking for a dependable person to answer telephone, file and General office duties in fast paced office. Must be able to muti task & work well under pressure…
Application Deadline: Available Year-round


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Songs of the Week: What to Listen to When You're Not Listening to New Beyonce
The Pizza Underground
Things have been lining up real nice for the Pizza Underground these past few days: In something of a quiet week for pop music, the mere existence of a Macaulay Culkin–featuring, pizza-themed Velvet Underground cover band should have been more than enough to win the Internet. Then Beyoncé went ahead and dropped a secret new album, and our craniums were suddenly filled with much more important synaptic processing. But it is kind of nice to know that, once we're done freaking out about Ms. Carter's new joints, "I'm Beginning to Eat the Slice" and "All the Pizza Parties" and "Cheese Days" will be there waiting for us.
Timbaland ft. Jay Z, Drake, and James Fauntleroy, "Know Bout Me"
You should read the whole thing but, for now, just a little taste of New York magazine's piece on Timbaland's musical comeback, just to tide you over: "People have changed. Take yourself … Like, your whole swagger is not like the typical white girl from back in the day. Go back and watch old interviews from another white woman, and you'll be like, 'Oh, God.' The enunciation of words, the way they sat. It was all so much more sterile. Now, it's more like, Yo, let me sit with you and talk. And the attraction level in this world today, I'm not attracted to just the same race no more. It's like, Let me get into this white girl, or Let me date this Indian girl or this Puerto Rican girl. So many beautiful women, you can look past it. And like, your chemistry mixes better. Some countries you go to and people still, like, smell. But that doesn't happen so much anymore. Now you come home with me, my body odor matches your body odor, and you'll be like, 'Wow, you smell so good.' They used to say white people smelled like wet dog. I haven't smelled that in about twenty years." (Nodding.)
Burial, Rival Dealer
Mysterious haute-dubstep king Burial has just released a new EP, Rival Dealer, and it's available in full, for you, right now. People who clean up crime scenes for a living: Got some new tunes here for you to bump!
Chase N. Cashe, "Cashe Rules"
Here's another new producer EP, available in full, but this one from Chase, the beatsmith behind such notables as Drake's "Look What You've Done" and Lil Wayne's "Drop the World" (a.k.a. the only listenable song on Rebirth). People who clean up crime scenes for a living: Maybe listen to this one after work, on the drive home, while reminiscing on the byzantine, almost impenetrable chain of life choices that have led you here, to this place, where you clean up crime scenes for a living.
London Grammar, "Wrecking Ball"
Whoa: The chick from London Grammar dated Liam Hemsworth, too?!
Flying Lotus, Ideas + drafts + loops
Explained FlyLo, on Twitter: "About to be 300k today probably. Zip file coming right up … Hey u guys are gonna share this folder right? Pls pass it around. Pass to the homies. Rt the hell out of it … Lots of stuff n this folder. Some u knw. Some u don't … Ideas+drafts+loops" And, for the grand finale: this here MediaFire link, for a folder stuffed full with a whole bunch of delightful outtakes. Worth the price of admission alone for reminding me of Viktor Vaughn's verse on Captain Murphy's "Between Villains": "A glutton for bludgeoning and blood gushing / here ya go, stud muffin."
Busta Rhymes and Q-Tip, "Butch and Sundance"
SPOILER ALERT: At the end of this track, Bussa Buss and the Abstract get blazed down in a hail of bullets fired by the Bolivian army.
Lydia Loveless, "To Love Somebody"
"What's it mean to love somebody?," Lydia kicks off this track by asking, then immediately tones it down — "Or at least hope they'll be around?" And in the process, Miss Loveless nails it: What, really, is the difference between loving someone and just wanting to play a bunch of FIFA with them?
Nina Sky, "Overtime"
Twin Queens sisters Nicole and Natalie Albino broke out in 2004 with "Move Ya Body," the most palatable slice of pop-reggaeton this side of Kingston, then burbled back into our collective consciousnesses with Major Lazer's 2009 smooth heater "Keep It Goin' Louder." Now they're back again, with this new one-off single. What have they been doing in all that down time in between? Probably completing a giant five-mast schooner jigsaw puzzle.
Mark Kozelek, "O Come All Ye Faithful"
Kozelek, the restless paragon of raw American folk behind Red House Painters and Sun Kil Moon (he also moonlights as the barbecue-loving bassist in Stillwater), is dropping a holiday album, Mark Kozelek Sings Christmas Carols, but not till next year. Thankfully, though, he's been kind enough to go ahead and break us off his haunting, aching take on "O Come All Ye Faithful." It's the perfect soundtrack for your super-depressing holiday season!
Filed Under: Songs of the Week
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Songs of the Week: Charli XCX, Bully, PPL MVR, Fugazi, and Rozay
More Songs of the Week
Songs of the Week: NICK JONAS? DAMN.
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Songs of the Week: The Difference Between New York and L.A. Is …
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The First 'Jurassic World' Trailer: If Something Chases You, Run


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Firefox is up to date. Even when I disable plug ins, I still get lag in the video but the audio streams just fine. What gives?
Also the autoplay is driving me nuts. If I don't remember to pause the video just before it ends so I can comment on it, the next video automatically starts playing and it takes me to a new comment section.


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In a seismic recording and processing system in which a line of sources and a separate line of receivers are provided and each of the source operations from each of the source points is recorded on all receiver points. A method is described for determining the differential static correction between each adjacent pair of source points in terms of the differences in travel times from each pair of source points, to all pairs of receiver points. This is provided even though the lines of source points and receiver points may be parallel to or at angles to each other, and the spacings of source points and receiver points in their separate lines may be the same or different.
1. In a seismic system having at least one line of spacial source points (SPs) A,B,C, the position of each SP known; and having at least one different line of spaced receiver points (RPs), D,E,F,G, the positions of each RP known; to the lines not colinear.
the method of determining the differential static time correction by transmission through the weathered layer, from the records from adjacent closely spaced SPs A and B, comprising the steps of;
(a) recording a first record from a first SP, A to a plurality of closely spaced RPs D,E,F,G;
(b) recording a second record from a second SP, B to a plurality of closely spaced RPs D,E,F,G;
(c) determining the horizontal distances from SP A to each of the RPs D,E,F,G,; and from SP B to each of the RPs D,E,F,G,;
(d) selecting a first pair of traces from said first and second records, in which the path lengths from adjacent SPs such as A,B, to a selected pair of RPs such as D,E, differ in length by no more than a selected small dimension dE, for which the differential travel time in the subsurface dt, would be equal to dE/V, where V is the horizontal subweathering velocity;
(e) determining the differential travel time between the two paths from A and B to D and E, applying the time correction dt algebraically to compensate for different lengths of paths, and determining the first timing difference T1 in travel times through the weathered layer at source points A and B and RPs D and E;
(f) repeating steps (d) and (e) for a second pair of traces from the same pair of SPs A and B to a second pair of RPs, such as E and F, adjacent to said first pair; applying the proper time correction dt and determining the second time difference T2 in travel times through the weathered layer; and
(g) determining the average value TA of the time differences T1 and T2 of said plurality of pairs of paths.
2. The method as in claim 1 including the additional steps of repeating steps (d)(e)(f) and (g) for all pairs of traces from SPs A and B and determining the average value TA of all of said plurality of time differences.
3. The method as in claim 1 in which said first step of determining the differential travel time between the two paths comprises correlating selected equal initial short portions of said first and second traces, whereby only refracted seismic waves at the base of weathering are correlated.
4. The method as in claim 3 in which said selected portions of said traces include the portion from the first breaks to a selected time interval after said first breaks.
5. The method as in claim 4 in which said selected time interval is less than 100 milliseconds.
6. The method as in claim 4 in which said selected time interval is less than 250 ms.
7. The method as in claim 1 in which at least one of said lines of RPs and SPs is curved.
8. The method as in claim 1 including at least one line of RPs and at least one parallel line of SPs spaced from said line of RPs.
9. The method as in claim 8 including at least two parallel spaced lines of RPs and at least one parallel line of SPs spaced from said lines of RPs.
10. The method as in claim 9 in which said line of SPs is in the space between said at least two lines of RPs.
11. The method as in claim 9 in which said line of SPs is outside of the space between said at least two lines of RPs.
12. The method as in claim 9 including also an additional plurality of spaced RPs alongside of said line of SPs, and spaced therefrom.
13. The method as in claim 1 including at least one line of RPs and one line of SPs in angular relation such that said two lines intersect each other.
14. The method as in claim 1 including at least two parallel lines of SPs and at least two parallel lines of RPs, said at least two pairs of lines crossing each other at a selected angle.
15. The method as in claim 1 in which the source is impulsive.
16. The method as in claim 1 in which the source is vibratory.
17. The method as in claim 1 in which the source is a surface source.
18. The method as in claim 1 in which the spacings between adjacent RPs in the line of RPs are the same.
19. The method as in claim 1 in which the spacings between the SPs in the line of SPs are the same.
20. The method as in claim 1 in which the spacings between the SPs is the same as the spacings between the RPs.
21. The method as in claim 1 including the step of discarding any pairs of paths for which the differential distance is greater than the selected value dE.
22. In a seismic system having at least one line of spaced source points (SPs) such as A,B,C,D the position of each SP known; and having at least one different line of spaced receiver points (RPs) such as E,F,G, the position of each RP known; the two lines not colinear;
the method of determining the differential static correction by transmission through the weathered layer between two closely spaced RPs such as E,F, from the records taken from a plurality of closely spaced SPs, comprising the steps of:
(a) recording a first record from a first SP A to at least two closely spaced RPs E and F, and a second record from a second SP B to at least E and F, and a third record from a third SP C to at least E and F;
(b) determining the horizontal distances from each RP E and F to each of the plurality of SPs A,B,C,D;
(c) selecting a first pair of traces from said first and second records in which the path lengths from adjacent SPs such as A,B, to a selected pair of RPs such as E,F differ in length by no more than a selected small dimension dE, for which the differential travel time in the subweathering would be equal to dE/V where V is the horizontal subweathering velocity;
(d) determining the differential travel time between the two paths from A,B to E,F; and applying the time correction dt algebraically to compensate for different lengths of paths; and determining the first timing difference T1 in travel times through the weathered layer at receiver points E and F;
(e) repeating steps (c) and (d) for a second pair of traces from said second and third records from said SPs B and C to at lesat RPs E and F, applying the proper time correction dt and determining the second time difference T2 in travel times through the weathered layer; and
(f) determining the average value TA of the time differences T1 and T2 of said plurality of pairs of paths.
This application is related to the U.S. Pat. No. 4,101,867 of Lincoln D. Martin issued July 18, 1978, and to U.S. Pat. No. 4,058,791, issued in the names of Lincoln A. Martin and William Fenley, Jr.
Correlation: Identifying a phase of a seismic record as representing the same phase of another record. Indicating that events on two seismic records or traces are reflections from the same stratigraphic sequence or refractions from the same marker.
Cross Correlation Function: A measure of the similarity of two waveforms. A graph of the results of a correlation operation. A correlogram.
First Break: The first recorded signal attributable to seismic wave travel from a known source. First breaks on reflection records are used for information about weathering.
Record: A recording of the energy from one shot or other type of source, picked up by a spread of geophones. A record may be on photographic or other paper, or on magnetic tape. A TRACE is a record of a single geophone channel.
Refraction Wave: A wave which travels obliquely downward from a source in a low velocity formation to a high velocity formation, then within the high velocity formation parallel to the interface, and finally, obliquely upward in the low velocity formation to the detectors.
Weathering: The low velocity layer, a zone of low velocity material near the earth's surface, at the base of which the velocity abruptly increases. The term LVL (lower velocity layer) is also often used. Weathering velocity is typically 1500 to 2500 fps. The subweathering velocity may be 5000 fps or greater.
Weathering Correction: A correction of seismic reflection or refraction times to remove the delay in the LVL.
Time Break: The mark on a seismic record which indicates the shot instant or the time at which the seismic wave from any type source was generated.
Traveltime: The time between the time break and the recording of a seismic event, such as a first break.
Sourcepoint: Position of the source of the seismic wave.
Receiver Point, Geophone Point: Position of the geophone or other receiver or detector of the seismic wave.
This invention lies in the field of seismic processing. More particularly, it concerns the determination of weathering or static corrections between records recorded from sources at adjacent source points, or between traces to adjacent geophone points.
While this invention can be used with any type of source it is of greatest value in relation to sources which are initiated at the surface of the earth, such as the Vibroseis, the Dynoseis, the thumper, and others. It will for convenience be described in terms of the vibratory source systems.
In the seismic process of geophysical prospecting, wherein a vibratory source generates an alternating pressure on the surface of the earth at a first source point, it is important to know the time of travel of the seismic wave from the surface through the weathered layer.
More correctly, it is important to know the difference in the times of travel through the weathered layer of the downgoing seismic waves generated by the source at each of two adjacent source points. This is needed to properly interpret travel time differences to reflecting interfaces, so as to determine the slope or the dip of those reflecting interfaces. These differences in time throuh the weathered (or weathering or low velocity layer (LVL) are called the fixed or static corrections.
A. In the case of dynamite shots, the travel time of the seismic wave through the weathering, or the depth to the base of weathering, can often be determined from measurement of the seismic pulse from the deep shot to a surface geophone at the shot point. This is called the uphole time. Of course, this method cannot be used with surface sources.
B. Another qualitative method involves determining static corrections by adjusting travel times so that a strong shallow reflection, which is believed to be flat, will be shown on the record as a true horizontal reflection.
C. Another qualitative method that has been used involves adjusting the travel times of a plurality of travel paths from different source and receiver points to the same common reflection point.
Vibratory seismic systems and other systems that use seismic sources at the surface of the earth, are limited in their capability to determine static corrections, because there are no drilled holes, and no subsurface sources.
The method of determination as described in B and C above are not reliable, since basing the corrections on deep reflection information involves many variables, few of which are known. It is clear, therefore, that there is no reliable method in use today for determining the static corrections.
It is a primary object of this invention to provide a method of determining the differential static correction between adjacent source points by timing corresponding traces of two records taken from adjacent source points to all receiver points.
It is a further object of this invention to determine the time differences between two corresponding traces (having approximately the same source-to-detector distances) by correlating portions of those traces, one against the other, repeating the correlations for other corresponding pairs of traces, and determining the average travel time difference for all pairs.
It is a still further object to determine the travel time difference between pairs of paths from two adjacent source points to all possible pairs of adjacent receiver points, where the horizontal dimensions of the pairs of paths are not precisely equal.
It is a still further object to determine these time differences when the lines of source points and receiver points are not the same, but can be curved lines or displaced parallel lines or intersecting lines, and the spacings of sources and receivers in their lines may not be the same.
These and other objects and advantages of this invention are realized and the limitations of the prior art are overcome in this invention by recording two multiple trace records taken from adjacent source points (SPs) to all receiver points (RPs). The first refraction portions of each trace from the first break to a selected time value past the first break are isolated. These refraction portions of the traces are taken from each of the two adjacent SPs to each pair of adjacent RPs.
Knowing the positions of each of the RPs and SPs, the horizontal lengths of the individual paths in each pair of paths is determined. If the differential length of path in each pair is greater than a selected small distance, these pairs are discarded. If the differential length of the two paths is less than this small distance, a differential small-time correction dt is calculated, in terms of known subweathering velocity.
The selected short portions of the non-discarded traces having approximately equal paths are correlated, and the lead and lag of one trace with respect to the other are determined. Any time differential dt calculated on the basis of different path lengths is then applied. The corrected leads or lags are algebraically added for all useful pairs of traces, and the average lead or lag is determined. This average value is the lead or lag of the travel time through the weathered layer at the two SPs, which is the relative static correction of one record with respect to the other record.
This method provides a precise value for the difference in travel time to the base of weathering at each pair of SPs. The precision of measurement is increased with increase in the number of pairs of traces correlated, and with decrease in the spacing between adjacent source points.
Consequently, the precision is greatest in records taken with surface sources, where a great number of separate channels are recorded and, where a source is positioned at each detector position. Such a system is fully described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,101,867, to which reference has been made.
These and other objects and advantages of the invention and a better understanding of the principles and details of the invention will be evident from the following description taken in conjunction with the appended drawings, in which:
FIG. 1 is a duplicate of FIG. 1 of 4,101,867.
FIG. 2 is a plan view of FIG. 1.
FIG. 3 illustrates a plan view of a curved line of profile.
FIG. 3A illustrates a special case of FIG. 3.
FIG. 4 illustrates the method of determining the horizontal velocity of seismic waves in the subweathering formation in the earth.
FIG. 5 illustrates one embodiment of a two-dimensional surface spread of sources and receivers.
FIG. 5A illustrates a variation of FIG. 5 where the source lines and receiver lines are not at right angles.
FIG. 6 is an enlargement of part of FIG. 5, and illustrates several typical path pairs between a line of source points and a plurality of perpendicular lines of receiver points.
FIG. 6A illustrates a portion of FIG. 6.
FIG. 7 illustrates another embodiment of a two-dimensional array.
FIG. 8 is identical to FIG. 2 of U.S. Pat. No. 4,101,867.
Refer now to the drawing, and in particular to FIG. 1 which is the same as FIG. 1 of U.S. Pat. No. 4,101,867. There is shown a cross-section of a portion of the earth 10, having a surface contour 14, a weathered layer 12, an interface plane 18 between the weathered layer 12 and the subweathered layer 11. At some greater depth there is another reflecting interface (or plane) 20 between two geologic formations 11 and 16.
There are two source positions 22,24 on the surface 14. These can be vibratory sources or impulsive sources. If they are vibratory sources the records must be correlated with the sweep to get correlated traces or correlograms, which are then processed.
A plurality of geophones 32A, 32B, 32C . . . 32(N-1), 32N are positioned on the surface, along the linear survey line 14 through which the vertical cross-section is taken. The spacing along the surface of the source points 22, 24 and the geophone positions is constant and equal to ΔE. Preferably, the sources are located at geophone positions.
When a source is at position 22 and energized, the seismic wave will progress by path a,E,c to geophone 32A. That is, the energy goes substantially vertically downward, a, to the base of weathering interface 18. The velocity of propagation of the seismic (elastic) wave in the weathered layer 12 is quite low, of the order of 1500 to 2500 fps. The velocity of propagation in the subweathered layer 11 (just below the interface 18) may be 5000 to 6000 fps. So energy that goes down to the interface 18 and is refracted, E, horizontally in 11, then up, c, to 32A, will be the first signal (first break or first arrival) to reach the geophone 32A. It will arrive before the energy through the direct path 27 arrives, because of the low velocity in 12.
This path is important since it includes the leg a, which because of the unknown low velocity in 12 represents a sizeable time interval. If the thickness of the weathered layer is known imperfectly, and its velocity is known imperfectly, there can be a large time error in determining the vertical travel time through the weathered layer.
Drawn in FIG. 1 are ray paths 26,28 from source positions 22,24 to a deep reflecting horizon 20, where the rays are reflected at 30,31 and returned to the surface by rays 27,29 to geophones 32A, 32B, etc. It will be clear that the path a, through the weathered layer 12, forms a part of the paths 26,27 to the geophones. Thus, error in determination of the travel time through the leg a can cause a large error in estimation of the depth of the interface 20.
While it is desirable to know the absolute travel times a and b, it is impossible to get that information without drilling a hole to the interface 18 and actually measuring the travel time.
While the absolute depth of the reflecting interface 20 is desirable, the most important parameter is the dip or slope of the interface 20. This can be found by taking the difference in the travel times over the adjacent legs a and b, since by repeating the process between successive pairs of source points, the weathering time difference between any two source points can be determined. The problem then resolves itself into finding the travel time differences over paths a and b.
Refer now to FIGS. 2 and 3 of U.S. Pat. No. 4,101,867. These are parts of two records taken with the source successively at points 22 and 24, respectively. The vertical line T0 represents the time break, or time at which the source acted. The traces labelled 32A, 32B . . . 32N represent the corresponding traces which represent the seismic energy received at the corresponding geophones. The signals from the geophones go by leads 34 to a multi-channel amplifier assembly 36, and then by leads 37 to a correlator 38, where the traces are correlated aginst a sweep signal, and then by leads 39 to a recorder 41. The correlation step need not be done "on line", but all of these steps are well known in the industry and need not be described further.
The early parts (or the refraction portions) of the traces of a record recorded with source 22 would be as shown in FIG. 2, and with source 24, as shown in FIG. 3. Because the succeeding geophone positions 32A, 32B, 32C etc. are farther from the source, the first signals arrive at later times after T0.
Consider the start of the traces 40A, 40B, 40C, etc. for example, marked by times TA, TB, TC, etc. By using a high amplifier gain, it is sometimes possible to spread out and make clear traces so it is possible by eye to make a rather precise estimate of TA, TB, etc. by observing the specific time instant that the trace "breaks" from the quiet line prior to the arrival of energy.
Returning to FIGS. 1 and 8, it will be clear that TA is the travel time through paths a,E,c, or:
TA =a+E+c
TB =a+E+ΔE+d
TC =a+E+2ΔE+e, and so on (1)
Also, from source point 24 and the second record figure
TA '=b+E+d
TB '=b+E+ΔE+e
TC '=b+E+2ΔE+f and so on (2)
It was shown that the quantity of interest is the time difference through paths a and b, or simply (a-b). Thus, the Correction (or Weathering Correction) (22-24) equals (a-b). Thus: ##EQU1## and so on, leaving out the E's since they clearly cancel out.
Now, take the sum of these N time differences, and divide the sum by N, to get the average.
Corr. (22-24)=1/N [N(a-b)+(c-f)],
or for N traces. ##EQU2## Since c and n are approximately equal and are divided by a large number N, the weathering correction required is: ##EQU3##
If the records are such, as in FIGS. 4 and 5, that the times TA, TA ', TB, TB ', etc. can be read by eye and compared, or, if the two traces 32A and 32B' can be recorded side-by-side and a judgment made of the displacement of points 40A, 40B, etc., the differences can be estimated. This would be called "correlation by eye", and this type of correlation by eye (to time reflection events on traces) has been done extensively in the past.
There is a more precise way of determining the differences in timing 40A, 40B, etc., and that is by mathematically correlating the traces 32A and 32B' against each other.
Reference is made to U.S. Pat. No. 2,889,000 issued June 2, 1959 in the name of Silverman et al, entitled: Seismic Surveying. In this patent it is taught how to correlate two separate traces from the same record from the same source but for different geophone distances from the source. This is referred to for the purpose of illustrating apparatus that can be used for making trace correlations. Other apparatus for making correlations between two seismic trace wave forms is also well known in the industry, and need not be further discussed, particularly since this apparatus forms no part of this invention.
It is clear that this U.S. Pat. No. 2,889,000 does not anticipate this invention because claims (claim 1) specifically call for correlating two traces taken at different distances from the source on the same record, while this invention calls for correlating two traces from different sources and for the same source geophone distance.
It is possible to describe the method of this invention as:
At two adjacent source locations sequentially recording a plurality of traces at a plurality of geophones spaced from the source, selecting two geophone signals from geophones spaced from the source in successive records by equal distances, slowly varying the time phase between the two signals (traces), repeatedly multiplying together the signals received at these geophones, to produce product functions, repeatedly forming the integral of these product functions for separate different values of time phase, and recording the values of these integrals in relation to the different values of the varying time phase. This is the classical mathematical process of correlation.
In this method, the steps to determine TA -TA ' etc. will be done by correlation. This will include the classical process just described, or the optical correlation between selected traces to measure a time difference, or the separate measurement of times TA, TB, TB ', TC ', etc. and the determination of time differences.
To perform the classical correlation on traces 40A, 42A, 40B, 42B, etc., it is necessary to isolate pairs of traces 32A from source 22 and 32B' from source 24, and so on. The entire trace can be used, or only the part of it. Since the part of real value is the first part of the trace, where the principal energy comes by the refraction of energy at the base of weathering, it is preferable to isolate the first part of the trace, say for 100 milliseconds, or perhaps 150, or 250 ms, with the remainder of the trace muted.
Selecting appropriate pairs of short traces for equally distant traces, on adjacent records, as shown in equation 5, and summing the times for N pairs of traces, and dividing the sum by N, will provide a precise value of difference in static correction for adjacent source points. By choosing the next pair of adjacent source points and records, a second differential value is found, and so on. Thus it is possible to determine the difference in static correction for widely spaced source points by this process using successive closely spaced pairs of source points.
It will be clear that the larger the number of traces N, the larger the number of pairs of traces, and the better averaging of the correlograms of pairs of traces, to the end that the effects of noise on the traces are minimized, and as precise a value of weathering correction as desired can be determined. Also, the closer the position of the two source points, the more precise the value of correction.
In the ultimate case, the preferred system provides a great number of separate traces, say up to 512, with a source point at each geophone position. While this involves handling on a computer a great number of traces, it only requires a short length of trace. Furthermore, as has been shown in application Ser. No. 617,859, by recording each trace to only 1 bit, and by compositing a great many traces, it is possible to store and handle many traces at great speed, to provide a precise determination of fixed corrections.
What has been described so far is substantially all prior art, based on U.S. Pat. No. 4,101,867, which is provided as introduction to the novel features of this invention.
The following equations (1), (2), (3), (4), and (5) of U.S. Pat. No. 4,101,867 show the final result:
Static Correction+W=a-b =1/N [(TA-TA')+(TB-TB')+. . . ] (5)
This procedure is based on certain assumptions, as follows:
(a) colinear arrays of SPs and RPs;
(b) equal spacings between SPs and RPs, resulting in equal lengths of paths for pairs of traces;
(c) a plane horizontal interface 18 between the weathering zone (12) and the subweathering formation (11); and
(d) a constant horizontal velocity V in the subweathering formation.
While it is easy to determine whether assumptions (a) and (b) are valid, there is no way of determining the validity of (c) and (d).
We have found that in following the procedures outlined in equations (1), (2), (3), (4), and (5), that very often as the number N of stations, or pairs of traces, increases there is a drift of the average value (a-b), which may be positive or negative. This indicates that the assumptions (c) and (d) are not completely valid over long distances.
We have found, therefore, by taking a running average of (a-b) over a limited number of pairs of traces, that the drift does not occur. The length of the window or the number N of trace pairs clearly is not a precise quantity, since it depends on the geology of the subsurface in the vicinity of the line of profile.
The process would involve the following steps:
Let TA-TA'=A
TB-TB'-B, and so on
Then, taking N as 5, for example, as a convenient small number to illustrate the process, and not by way of limitation, the weathering time difference or static correction W, between VP1 and VP2 would be
W3-4=(C+D+E+F+G)/5, and so on
Since with modern seismic instrumentation, with 1024 traces and with geophones spaced 50-100 feet apart, length of recording spreads can reach 10-15 miles or more. It is too much to expect that the assumption of (c) and (d) above could hold precisely over these great distances. As a practical value for N, it would be reasonable to use values of N=10 to 50, or even more, as the window over which the running averages are taken.
Averaging over a great number of receiver positions (RPs) may not be valid since the assumptions (c) and (d) may not be valid over the long dimensions of the geophone spread. On the other hand, the validity of the process of Equation 5 is not affected by the length of the spread. The reason for this is that in view of assumptions (a) and (b) the two subweathering paths of the seismic refracted waves, from source 22 to RP (32(N-1)) and from source 24 to RP(32N) are equal, despite the large length (E+NΔE) along the line, and because the two paths are coincident except for the small portions ΔE at each end. And, of course, if there is a variation in geology, both paths are equally affected.
It is necessary, therefore, to add another assumption (e) which is really inherent in assumption (2), namely:
(e) the subweathering refraction paths from the pair of VPs to a selected pair of RPs must be substantially coincident.
This assumption (e) is illustrated by FIG. 2 which is a plan view of FIG. 1. The lines 22A and 24A represent the path of the seismic waves from the VPs 22,24 to the RPs 32A, 32B respectively. While they are drawn parallel and spaced from the line 23 which is the line of profile, this is only for convenience of illustration. The three lines 22A, 24A and 23 should be superimposed, and are substantially coincident.
Referring now to FIG. 3, there is shown a variation of FIG. 2 in which the line of profile is a curved line. While the spacings 32B-32C and 32B-32C' might both be equal, and equal to ΔE, the length of path 24C is not equal to path 22C. It is shorter due to the position of 32C'which is laterally displaced from the line 23. The angle 33 between 24C and 22C indicates that the paths from 22 and 24 to 32B and 32C are not precisely coincident. Thus assumption (a), (b) and (e) may not be entirely valid.
Of course, if the paths 22A and 24A are long--say 10,000 feet, and the spacing ΔE is 100 feet, then the angle 33 would be so small that it could be said that the two paths are substantially coincident, and thus assumption (e) is valid.
However, the total travel paths 22C and 24C are not equal and the difference in travel times for the horizontal parts of the path must be determined. As shown in FIG. 3 and FIG. 1 and in equations (1) and (2);
TC=a+E+ΔE+(ΔE-dE)+e (6)
Total path 24C is shorter than path 22C by a differential length (dE), and the time of travel of the seismic waves over short path (dE) is=dE/V where V is the refraction velocity in the subweathering formation 11.
The value of V, the subweathering velocity, can be determined by plotting the values of total travel time as ordinates (FIG. 4) against distances as abscissa, for each of the separate paths from say source 22 to a large number of RPs. Even though the spacings ΔE may all be equal, the plotted points may not fall on a straight line 45. The reason is that the plotted times include travel through the weathering zone. We are not interested in specific travel times, but only in the slope of the line 45, which is the least square fit to the plotted points. The slope is represented by the ratio of 45B/45A which is the ratio of incremental distance 45B divided by the incremental time 45A to travel that distance 45B. The ratio 45B/45A is the horizontal velocity of seismic waves in the subweathered layer 11.
In laying out the spreads showing SPs and RPs, the precise positions of each SP and RP are determined in X and Y coordinates. So it becomes a simple matter for the computer to determine each horizontal distance from a given SP to each of the RPs, and thus the value of differential distance can be determined very easily.
The travel time of the seismic wave over a distance dE is equal to dE/V, which provides the time (dt) which is to be added to or subtracted from path 24C to make it correspond (in horizontal distance) to path 22C, for example.
It might be said that the determination of velocity V is imprecise, and that the determination of travel time through (dE) is therefore not precise. However, we have found that the correction is such a small part of the total travel time that lack of precision in determination is not important. We have arbitrarily set a maximum value of correction time through (dE) at of the order of 10 milliseconds (ms). If the time correction due to (dE) is greater than this number of ms, that particular pair of refraction paths is not used in the computation of the average static correction. Of course, the number 10 ms. is shown as an example, and each user can select his own value, which may be less, or greater, than 10 milliseconds.
Whenever the line of profile operates along a trail or path, the curvature of the line can be much more complex than that shown in FIG. 3, but the computations are handled in the same manner, based on equations (6).
Also, when in laying out the line of profile a large obstruction such as a boulder, wall, or building prevents the making of spacings between SPs and/or RPs equal, the process is carried out by the means illustrated in FIG. 3. Two cases are illustrated in FIG. 3A, where the RP 180 is displaced laterally from the line 23 to 180' or longitudinally in the line 23 from 181 to 181'. It is clear that X and Y are not equal to E.
With seismic instrumentation that provides a very large number of separate recording channels, it becomes economic to operate with three-dimensional seismic recording and processing. This utilizes a two-dimensional array of geophones and sources, such as are illustrated in FIG. 5 by way of example, but not by way of limitation. The geophones are generally laid out, with preferably equal spacing between RPs, shown as small circles 150A, 150B, 150C, . . . 150S, 150T, and so on.
There are generally a plurality of parallel lines of RPs, such as lines 150, 154, 158, 162, and so on. After all the geophones are laid out, the source, such as a vibrator unit, is run along source lines such as A, C, E, G, . . . M., and so on, which are generally run perpendicular to the RP lines. The spacing of the source lines is preferably related to the RP spacing along the lines. That is, the spacing between source lines may be, for example, say twice, or some other factor times the RP spacing (as illustrated in FIG. 5). The SP spacing along the source lines is a simple fraction of the spacing between the RP lines, such as 1/4, for example, as shown in FIG. 5. Wherever SP lines cross RP lines, the VPs and RPs are generally at the same points, although this is not a requirement.
In the use of great numbers of RPs and SPs, it is desirable to handle the calculations and processing by means of a computer. In other words, the processing is done very methodically. As was taught in U.S. Pat. No. 4,101,867, a line of SPs is chosen and two adjacent SPs, such as A150 and A151. Pairs of paths between these two SPs and each adjacent pair of RPs are chosen, and the lengths of each of these pairs of paths are determined.
A value of V, the subweathering velocity, is determined, and the largest differential path ΔE', based on the chosen number 10 ms. and the known V is determined. Any pair of paths that are equal in length, of course, is useable. Other path pairs for which dE is less than ΔE' will be used with appropriate time correction, dt. Those path pairs for which dE is greater than ΔE' will be discarded and the processing of the data can proceed.
When all useful path pairs have been utilized and the value of N determined, the next adjacent pairs of paths are determined and processed to get a second value of W. This process is continued until all of the SPs on the first source line A are completed. Then the next source line C is processed in the same way. The process is then continued until all source pairs on all source lines have been handled.
Later, if it is desired to tie SPs on source line A to the corresponding SPs on source line C or with any other line, that can be done along the linear arrays of SPs and RPs along lines 150, 154, etc. as taught in U.S. Pat. No. 4,101,867. However, it is not believed that such ties are necessary since each pair of sources is considered in relation to all receivers, etc.
In U.S. Pat. No. 4,101,867 it was shown how the weathering difference between two adjacent RPs is determined in terms of path pairs to each of the SPs. The same processing of the data used for determining the weathering difference between two adjacent SPs can be used for determining the weathering differences between two adjacent RPs.
While FIG. 5 was drawn with source lines and receiver lines at right angles to each other, which is the preferred arrangement, it is clearly possible to have these two sets of lines at angles of less than 90�. Also, while we show the VP and RPs at the same positions where the two sets of lines cross each other, this is only for convenience, and not by way of limitiaton.
FIG. 5A shows a variation of FIG. 5, where the two sets of lines cross each other at angles of less than 90�. So long as the precise position of each SP and of each RP is known, the spacings between them can be calculated. However, we have found that for the case of perpendicular lines and coincident positions of VPs and RPs, there are a much larger number of path pairs that can be used in determining the static corrections.
FIG. 5 shows a very general case and provides a very busy diagram. FIG. 6 has been drawn to show an enlarged view of part of FIG. 5 so that can be illustrated the variety of trace pairs that can be formed from a single pair of SPs to a plurality of RPs.
The principal type of interaction is between a pair of SPs on a source line A to a plurality of RPs on a plurality of spaced parallel cross receiver lines such as 150, 154, 158, etc. The static correction W between sources A150 and A151 can be determined in terms of differences in travel times along the pairs of paths between SPA150 and RP 150I, shown as X4, and between SPA151 to RP 150H shown as X3.
The times are measured between two laterally spaced SPs and successive pairs of RPs along RP line 150. Generally, these pairs of paths will have intersecting subsurface paths. Of course, the correction dt for the small differential differential distances dE in path length must be handled in accordance with FIG. 3. If, for example, dt is chosen at 10 ms. or 0.01 sec. and V is say 5000 ft./sec., dE will be 50 ft., which would be the maximum permitted differential length of the two paths in each pair.
It will be clear that the greater the lengths of the paths, or the distances from SPs to RPs, and the smaller the lateral spacings between SPs, the more nearly the criteria previously discussed would apply.
Thus, in FIG. 6A, the travel time TA from A150 to 150I as determined from the seismic traces, would be in accordance with equations 1, 2, 3,
TA1=a+(170A+170B) /V+e
TB1=b+(172A�dE) /V+c (7)
a is the time for vertical travel down at A150,
b is the time for vertical travel down at A151
c is the time for vertical travel up at A150H, and
e is the time for vertical travel up at A150I.
Then one value of static correction is simply (TA1-TB1) as measured from the traces. Similarly,
TB2=b+(172B)/V+e, and
(TA1-TB1), (TA2-TB2), TA3-TB3, and so on
for the same SPs to successive single RPs along the line can be determined. ##EQU4##
Thus, with intersecting subsurface paths, by marking symmetrical geometry, or by correcting for different lengths of horizontal path, the static correction is simply the difference in refraction times from two SPs at equal distances from selected pair of RPs. Of course, this holds so long as the two subsurface paths are substatially coincident.
Also shown in FIG. 6 are a number of pairs of paths from the adjacent pair of SPs, A152 and A153 to pairs of RPs along RP lines 150, 154, 158, etc. These pairs are labelled X5,X6; X7,X8; X9,X10; X11,X12; X13,X14. These will be understood from the above description. In this manner each pair of SPs are connected in turn to all possible pairs of RPs, their dimensions and differential lengths determined, and each pair is either discarded or time-corrected, and so on.
In FIG. 7 is illustrated another simpler two-dimensional array of SPs and RPs. It comprises a plurality of spaced parallel lines of RPs, 200, 204, etc., and at least one line of SPs parallel to and spaced from the lines of RPs.
For convenience the spacings between RPs in each line of RPs would be the same, and preferably equal to the spacings of SPs in the line of SPs. The requirement of precise equality of spacing is not necessary, since small variations in spacings could be taken care of by the dt corrections described in connection with FIG. 6. Also the lines need not be precisely linear since by knowing the coordinates of each SP and RP, the useful pairs of paths can be selected and the others discarded as was discussed in connection with FIG. 3. Also, while path pairs only two lines of RPs and one line of SPs have been indicated, it will be clear that additional lines of RPs such as 198 and 202 shown by dashed lines can be provided at any selected spacing. Also, multiple lines of SPs can be laid out parallel to the lines 200, 202, 204 for a plurality of RPs or a line of SPs can be used between each pair of RP lines.
The method of processing the sensor signals from all of the RPs (taken in pairs) in relation to a selected single pair of SPs, would be identical to that described in FIG. 6.
In FIG. 7 are shown a plurality of pairs of paths from sources A202 and B202 respectively to RPs 200C, 200D, 200E . . . 200I. Also are shown a similar series to the RPs in line 204, and so on. The more geophones or sensors that can be simultaneously recorded, the more data can be obtained from each operation of the source at each SP.
In review, what has beeen described are:
(a) the method of handling SP and RP arrays, in which they are both impressed on a line of profile, but in which the line need not be straight, but can be curved, and in which the SP spacings and RP spacings need not be precisely equal, to determine the static correction between two adjacent SPs in terms of a plurality of RPs, and also to determine the static correction between two adjacent RPs in terms of a plurality of SPs.
(b) the method of determining the static correction by averaging the differential times of each pair of paths from a single pair of SPs to a plurality of RPs (and vice versa) by a running average of the differential times, using a selected number of path pairs in each average.
(c) the method of handling two-dimensional arrays of SPs and RPs, in which parallel spaced lines of RPs are crossed by parallel spaced lines of SPs. The crossings are preferably perpendicular, but can be at other than 90�. Also, while the spacings of RPs along the lines are preferably equal, they need not be equal, so long as their positions are precisely known.
(d) the method of handling two-dimensional arrays of SPs and RPs, in which a plurality of parallel spaced lines of RPs are used, with one or more lines of SPs arrayed parallel to and spaced from the lines of RPs.
While we have not described in detail the method of determining the differential travel time between two selected traces, there are a number of ways of doing this, including the process of correlating one trace against the other. These methods are fully described in the referenced U.S. Pat. No. 4,101,867 and are all well known in the art and need not be described further. When we mention the step of determining the differential travel time between two traces, we include all of the commonly known methods of doing so.
While we have described in detail the process of determining the static correction between a selected pair of SPs in terms of travel times to a plurality of pairs of RPs, we mean to include also the reciprocal process of determining the static correction W between a selected single pair of RPs in terms of the travel times to a selected plurality of pairs of VPs.
We have not described a specific type of seismic source, but just identified as a "source". However, the method is most useful when the source is a so-called surface source, such as a vibrator, dynoseis, thumper, and others well known in the art.
Also, while we have described the various embodiments in which the spacings between SPs are equal, they need not be equal, although it is preferable that the SPs should be an integer multiple of the RP spacing, and so on.
While the invention has been described with a certain degree of particularity, it is manifest that many changes may be made in the details of construction and the arrangement of components without departing from the spirit and scope of this disclosure. It is understood that the invention is not limited to the exemplified embodiments set forth herein but is to be limited only by the scope of the attached claim or claims, including the full range of equivalency to which each element thereof is entitled.
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text: 9780965374675 096537467X New York Grandmothers en Fiction 66691 A Southern novel about two families who have a reunion to celebrage Grandma's ninetieth birthday. Losing battles Domestic fiction 1st ed. Domestic fiction. 1970 Family reunions Older women Welty, Eudora, 1909-2001. Welty Eudora 1909 2001 Family reunions Random House Grandmothers Mississippi Mississippi Older women nyu 9780860687610 0860687619


text:
Adding the Diffuser
by Peter Kotsinadelis
The Demb diffuser includes the Flip It! reflector. The angle can be adjusted away from the diffuser to change the diffusion.
April 01, 2011 — The Demb Diffuser is actually a piece placed onto the front of the flash using the Velcro holding the Flip-It! reflector in place. When you add this, the light is bounced off the reflector and diffused before reaching the subject. As I stated before, raising or lowering the reflector allows you to increase or decrease the light that passes through the diffuser and onto your subject.
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De-gunk the Dishwasher
Clean your house in 10 minutes a day
By Heloise
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Yes, your dishwasher does need to be cleaned from time to time. Remove the utensil holders and racks. Check them for stuck-on food bits and then wipe down. Grab a handful of paper towels and carefully press them onto the base of the washer to pick up any shards, bones, and metal or food gunk. Add 2 cups of vinegar to the bottom and turn the machine on to Energy or Low Wash. Stop the machine in mid-wash, so the vinegar can set on the bottom and work. Let it stand for about 20 minutes, then turn on to finish cycle. When done, wipe out the inside.
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text:
All Schools
(8) All Schools
(8) High Schools
(3) High Schools
(3) Elementary Schools
(8) Elementary Schools
(8) Preschools
(5) Preschools
(5) Public Schools
(3) Public Schools
(8) All Schools
(8) High Schools
(3) High Schools
(3) Elementary Schools
(8) Elementary Schools
(8) Preschools
(5) Preschools
(5) Public Schools
(3) Public Schools
There are 8 private schools in zipcode 15217, PA, serving 1,158 students.
Minority enrollment is 9% of the student body, which is less than the PA state average of 19%.
The student:teacher ratio of 6:1 is lower than the state private school average of 10:1.
15217, Pennsylvania Private Schools
- School Location Students Grades
PittsburghCarriage House Childrens Center
5604 Solway St
Pittsburgh, PA, 15217
(412)421-0300Daycare / Preschool23 students | Gr. PK-KG
PittsburghCommunity Day School
6424 Forward Avenue
Pittsburgh, PA, 15217
(412)521-1100(Jewish)283 students | Gr. K-8
PittsburghDay School At The Children's Institute
1405 Shady Ave
Pittsburgh, PA, 15217
(412)420-2487Special Education School193 students | Gr. K-12
PittsburghHillel Academy Pittsburgh
5685 Beacon St
Pittsburgh, PA, 15217
(412)521-8131Special Program Emphasis (Jewish)206 students | Gr. PK-12
PittsburghLa Escuelita Arcoiris
Po Box 81727
Pittsburgh, PA, 15217
(412)421-4787Special Program Emphasis4 students | Gr. PK-K
PittsburghSt. Edmund's Academy
5705 Darlington Road
Pittsburgh, PA, 15217
(412)521-1907255 students | Gr. NS-8
PittsburghTemple Childrens Center
5898 Wilkens Ave
Pittsburgh, PA, 15217
(412)521-5151Daycare / Preschool3 students | Gr. K
PittsburghYeshiva Schools Of Pittsburgh Girls
6401 Forbes Ave
Pittsburgh, PA, 15217
(412)422-7300191 students | Gr. PK-12
All-girls (Jewish)
Zipcode Statistics
|About This Zipcode (15217)
|Zipcode Statistics
|(PA) State Statistics
|Population (Approximate)
|27,220 people
|12,486,907 people
|Age 25+ w/College Degree
|Median Household Income
Recent Articles
Updated October 26, 2014
What do you do when you are dissatisfied with your local public schools? Homeschool your children? Send them to private school? Let's look at your options.
Your religion matters to you. You want your child to attend a school which will combine academics and religious education. Here is an overview of what is available together with some links to denominational web sites.
Add things up and you'll quickly find the answer- math is crucial both in academics and the real world. By following these strategies and following personal training programs, students can uncover their weaknesses and conquer math.
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The term tight gas sands refers to low-permeability sandstone reservoirs that produce primarily dry natural gas. A tight gas reservoir is one that cannot be produced at economic flow rates or recover economic volumes of gas unless the well is stimulated by a large hydraulic fracture treatment and/or produced using horizontal wellbores. This definition also applies to coalbed methane, shale gas, and tight carbonate reservoirs. Tight sands produce about 6 tcf of gas per year in the United States, about 25% of the total gas produced. The Energy Information Administration estimates that 310 tcf of technically recoverable tight gas exists within the US, representing over 17% of the total recoverable gas. Worldwide, more than 7,400 tcf of natural gas is estimated to be contained within tight sands, with some estimates as large as 30,000 TCF.
Report: Imports, unconventional gas to meet surging Chinese gas demand
Dec 13, 2010 In a prewinter analysis of Chinese natural gas demand for the 2010-11 heating season, Poten & Partners, New York, reports that the country's National Development and Reform Commission had demanded a 20% increase in gas supplies to avoid a recurrence of last winter's shortages.
Piecing together the puzzle
Nov 29, 2010 As Oil & Gas Journal editors begin to assemble OGJ's annual Forecast & Review, due to be published Jan. 3, 2011, there are many economic and market forces to consider.
OGJ Newsletter
Nov 15, 2010
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Nov 8, 2010
Opening gas markets
Oct 25, 2010 Suddenly, US producers of oil and gas have to worry about market development.
WoodMac: Majors buying into shale gas plays
Oct 11, 2010 North American large caps and smaller exploration and production companies now dominate the largest and most economically attractive US shale plays, but the majors and large cap foreign firms are moving in through mergers and acquisitions, said Wood Mackenzie Ltd., Edinburgh, in its latest corporate analysis.
Optimized stimulation strategies enhance Aramco gas production
Oct 4, 2010 A systematic approach for understanding and evaluating reservoir conditions and use of high-end technology has provided Saudi Aramco the means for developing and managing deep, high pressure, high temperature, and prolific as well as poor quality gas reservoirs.
TransAtlantic pursues Thrace unconventionals
Oct 4, 2010 TransAtlantic Petroleum Ltd., Dallas, is in the midst of a push to examine shallow and deep gas potential in conventional and unconventional formations in northwestern Turkey's Thrace basin.
Amadeus basin drilling has unconventional, conventional targets
Oct 4, 2010 Perth-based explorer Central Petroleum Ltd. has temporarily put aside teasing that resulted from its recent Ooraminna-2 gas appraisal well in the eastern Amadeus basin southeast of Alice Springs to concentrate on a rank wildcat oil prospect some 600 km to the west and close to the Northern Territory/Western Australian border.
WEC speakers see growing need for hydrocarbon energy
Sep 20, 2010 Keynote speakers at the World Energy Congress in Montreal this week predicted rising demand for hydrocarbon fuels, especially natural gas, despite growth in the use of alternatives.
WEC speakers see growing need for hydrocarbon energy
Sep 15, 2010
Keynote speakers at the World Energy Congress in Montreal this week predicted rising demand for hydrocarbon fuels, especially natural gas, despite growth in the use of alternatives.
Aug 16, 2010
Prospects slowly brighten for operations off Europe
Aug 2, 2010 Nervous optimism describes the mood of European operators just past 2010's midpoint as oil prices have recovered from the drastic late 2008 slump, economies slowly emerge from the worst recession since World War II, and financing options resurface.
Shale gas changes N. American gas production projections
Jul 1, 2010 Estimates of ultimate gas recovery from shales have changed the outlook for gas production in the US and Canada.
OGJ Newsletter
Jun 14, 2010
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Lionel Paquin, CEO of Lyxor, the fully-owned Asset Manager of Societe Generale Group, today presents its new organization and ambitions.Read more
Lyxor Asset Management announces a 7% increase in AuM since the end of 2013 thus reaching Eur 85.4bn of assets under management. This growth momentum was mainly supported over 3 quarters by the ETF bu...Read more
This month, Philippe Ferreira focuses on the performance of hedge fund strategies over the last quarter, in light of the sharp rotation that took place.Play the video
November's performance proves to be in sharp contrast to the previous month, with equities further consolidating their upswing last week. Yet, the positive risk sentiment is partial. Bond yields fell ...Read more
Lyxor Asset Management releases for the first time its data on the Lyxor Epsilon Correlation and the Lyxor Epsilon Trend Indices, with data that go back to 2004. Both indices show that trading conditi...Know more
According to Société Générale's cross asset research team, there are two types of value investor: patient value investors, who seek to benefit from compounding above-average dividend yields offered by...Know more Lyxor
Following a trend emanating from the US, the European leveraged loans market is testing its capacity to make loan documentation more flexible: A small but growing number of European companies with st...Read more
In this report, we discuss the attractiveness of Emerging Market equities based on valuation criteria. We also show that Alternative EM is a better option for diversification purposes, since it preser...Read more
Lyxor Asset Management, now a fully licensed AIFM, launched two AIFMD compliant funds of managed accounts. The Lyxor Diversified Fund and the ...Read the press release
The Lyxor Hedge Fund Index was down -2.3% in October (YTD -1.4%). 3 out of 12 Lyxor Indices ended the month of October in positive territory, led by the Lyxor CTA Short Term Index (+1.7%), the Lyxor L...Read more
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There are two types of value investors: patient value investors seeking to benefit from compounding above average dividend yields offered by quality companies, and brave value investors seeking to gai...Discover more
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Visit BostonGlobe.com, home to award-winning Boston Globe reporting.
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For Daniel Holden, danger prances down the middle of Main Street. in broad daylight, in the southern town of Paulie. Still, in the midst of all the intrigue, daily life goes on. 'Rectify' creator Ray McKinnon explains the simple logistics of shopping for glasses on Daniel Holden's fourth day of free...Read More »
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text: Slideshows Published On: Jun 22 2012 08:13:02 PM EDT Updated On: Feb 19 2013 04:53:35 PM EST IMAGES: Photos, facts, quotes from FSU States with the most undocumented immigrants Kuhn renews holiday tradition On this day: November 20 Photos: Have you seen these fugitives? Historic snowfall buries parts of New York They started as cheerleaders Immigration in America: A history Miley Cyrus through the years Notable deaths of 2014 States with the coldest winters Celebrities who are out and proud On this day: November 19 Social media messages of support for FSU Mind-boggling photos that defy perspective Graco stroller recall in pictures Cold-weather running, workout tips Store closings in 2014 Who are best QBs of all-time? View More


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Original Price: $119.99
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Family ring features marquise-cut Austrian crystal and genuine Diamond accents in a setting of 18K Gold plate. Personalize with the names & birthstones of beloved family members. Choose 2 to 6 names (up to 10 letters each) and corresponding birthstones. Available in full sizes, 5 thru 12.
Item ships in 2-4 weeks. May not arrive in time for 12/24.
Birthstone Chart


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sandbag punch_single
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Raw recordings of guts making digestion noises, unedited except to convert usable format.
A metal drawer open and closing in various ways.
A lot of sound design effect sounds, like for breaking bones and stuff, are made from 'vegetable' recordings. Reason to ...
Distant fireworks on a beach at Haad Chao Phao, Koh Phangan, Thailand recorded with an Olympus LS-11.
footsteps on a creaky hardwood floor
Metalic thuds of equipment picked up from a truck bed.
Eating a cucumber. Close sound.
Hi folks! Here is volume 1 of City Resonance: Berlin. I've collected a fair share of fieldrecordings over the years. ...
footstep and scuffle boxing wrestling ring reverbant gym additional recordings are available - running punch bags etc...
Several people hitting golf balls at the Stanford's Golf driving range. Recorded with a Sony PCM-D50
noisy upstairs neighbors
Person walking downstairs. Recorded with a Zoom H2. Recorded at Campus Upf square.


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Defending the right
7 Nov 2014
Ian Allsop calls for a charity to be set up to campaign on behalf of oppressed right-wing politicians.
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Editor, Fundraising magazine, Civil Society
Celina is the editor of Fundraising magazine and daily contributor to CivilSociety.co.uk. She has been at the publication since June 2008.
Previously Celina worked as a freelance feature writer for newspapers and magazines in Australia and the UK, working for publications including the Sydney Morning Herald, The Age and the New Statesman. Celina was also a Ken and Yasuko Myer Fellow in 2004, which saw her intern at Manilla-based newspaper, the Philippine Daily Inquirer.
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It's time for some 'surprise and delight' in charity communications, says Celina Ribeiro.
William Shawcross is right. Charity executive pay should be proportionate and fair. In fact, it already is. Celina Ribeiro argues that the scandal is that this 'scandal' will deter good leaders from the charity sector.
Samaritans and Unite are in disagreement over whether the charity has actually de-recognised the union after their annual recognition agreement expired.
Be honest about fundraising, or suffer an eternity of debate about self-regulation says Celina Ribeiro.
You won't attract many male volunteers as long as you have that "W" at the beginning of your name. Change your name, drop the word women and use the promotion of your new name and image to attract men to your organisation.
Ian Clark outlines how payroll giving could be restructured within the gift aid system to make it simpler and more attractive.
Payroll giving might be a difficult mechanism, but awards should not celebrate the below-average, says Celina Ribeiro.
Is the 'Next Big Thing' the fundraising community's white whale, asks Celina Ribeiro.
Where are the bright young things of fundraising? Fundraising launches its first search for the top 25 fundraisers under 35 years of age. Celina Ribeiro explains how - and why.
7 Nov 2014
Ian Allsop calls for a charity to be set up to campaign on behalf of oppressed right-wing politicians.
4 Nov 2014
As bonfire night approaches, John Tate is cautious about the pace of the new developments setting the...
3 Nov 2014
Social finance is not wrong for the voluntary sector - but we must learn lessons from history, says Ashley...
21 Nov 2014
Our weekly round-up of outlandish and interesting information collected from the corners of the charity...
20 Nov 2014
Tesse Akpeki has some top tips for trustees on how not to become dependent on one member of staff.
10 Nov 2014
The charity sector needs to "get off the back foot", says Caroline Slocock, editor Making Good: the Future...
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The plaintiffs say the "shelter has a duty to help, not harm, homeless dogs and cats."
The Animal Legal Defense Fund along with three people from Stockton filed the lawsuit against the City of Stockton.
The suit is not asking for money, only that the animal shelter follow the law.
The shelter is required to hold strays for at least 6 days before euthanization.
But Animal Legal Defense Fund Attorney Jenni James says the shelter's records show a different story over a one year period.
"Early euthansias are happening, 1,500 animals were euthanized before the expiration of the Stockton shelter's minimum holding period," says James.
James says 80 percent of the animals are behind locked doors where the public never sees them.
"Only about 20 percent of the animals are truly being given a meaningful chance of adoption," says James.
The City of Stockton is not commenting on the lawsuit.
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