text:
Between fasting and feasting: the literary and archaeobotanical evidence for monastic diet in Late Antique Egypt.
To date, discussion of monastic diet and agricultural practice in 4th-7th-century AD Egypt has been largely based on surviving literary or papyrological evidence. Yet fundamental questions about how monastic communities developed or fed themselves are still not fully answered by such historical studies (Bagnall 1993: 290-303).
This paper departs from such historically based approaches to these questions by comparing and contrasting written and archaeobotanical evidence for monastic diet, agriculture and attitudes to fasting, as well as examining where these forms of evidence differ or dovetail. Archaeobotanical evidence is the main form of environmental archaeological evidence focused on here, simply because other forms of environmental evidence from Egyptian Late Antique monasteries have yet to be studied (e.g. human skeletal remains and/or food residues), or only limited or provisional results are currently available (e.g. the archaeozoological remains which correspond to the archaeobotanical evidence from Kom el-Nana have not yet been fully studied). As a result, what follows will focus solely on the archaeobotanical evidence currently available from Late Antique monasteries in Egypt. This is not intended to suggest that other forms of environmental evidence on monastic diet are superfluous, but instead is merely intended to illustrate the positive contribution environmental archaeology can make to our understanding of monastic diet.
Identifications presented from the site of Kom el-Nana were made in comparison with modern reference material from the School of Archaeological Studies, University of Leicester, from the Cairo University Herbarium, from personal reference material and in assistance with various specialists working in the region (see Smith 1997 for full acknowledgements). Identifications were made using standard low-power microscopy and magnifications between x10 and x50. The three sites discussed below are by no means the only monastic sites excavated, but to the authors' knowledge these are the only sites previously or currently excavated where archaeobotanical analysis has been carried out and we are unaware of any plans to carry out such analyses at planned excavations of monastic sites in the near future.
From a historian's point of view, the archaeobotanical evidence highlights the rhetorical strategies of the literary evidence and enables us to discern different levels of meaning present within the texts. From an archaeobotanist's point of view, the rich documentary record of Late Antique Egypt allows an archaeobotanist to place an assemblage of plant remains into its wider socio-historical context in a way which is not possible in other, less documented regions of the ancient world.
Monastic diet and attitudes to food will be examined here in terms of the archaeobotanical and written record; however, both forms of evidence have certain limitations.
Limitations of archaeobotanical evidence
Two types of archaeobotanical evidence from monasteries are available. The plant remains from Kom el-Nana (Smith 1997; forthcoming) are fully quantified and result from bulk environmental sampling during excavation; whereas the plant remains from the monasteries of Epiphanius (Winlock & Crum 1973: 61) and Phoebammon (Tackholm 1961) are not fully quantified and only include those plant remains which were haphazardly collected by the excavators. In addition, the plant remains from the monasteries of Epiphanius and Phoebammon are without context. Geographically, the plant remains discussed here are from Middle and Upper Egypt and may not be representative of agricultural conditions elsewhere in Egypt, and certainly are well removed from the Wadi Natrun region, the source of the majority of surviving Hagiographic texts (FIGURE 1). Although we can establish what food plants were available to the occupants of these monastic institutions, we are not able to determine what proportion of the occupants at these communities had access to these foods, how often these foods were consumed, or whether they were cultivated by the occupants of the monasteries or received as donations.
Limitations of written evidence
Late Antique Egypt is the best documented province of the Late Roman and Early Byzantine Empire (Bagnall 1988; 1993: 3-8). For example, over 4000 Roman and Late Antique period papyri, providing detailed information on land tenure, taxation and agricultural practice, have been published from the site of Oxyrhynchus alone (Rowlandson 1996). With the wealth of documentary and literary sources which survive from the period, it is possible to address questions about life in Late Antique Egypt in the kind of detail that is not achievable elsewhere in the Mediterranean, where fewer documentary sources survive (Bagnall 1993: 3). There are two main types of written evidence from monastic settlements: documentary papyri (letters, receipts, taxation documents, etc.) and literary stories of saintly lives (hagiographic texts).
Many (Bagnall 1993: 294-5; Brakke 1995: 201; Goehring 1997: 61) have suggested that hagiographic sources cannot be taken at face value. These texts are part of a genre which attempted to advertise styles of monastic life and clearly was intended to establish these saintly figures as role models. It has been shown that the written record (in the widest sense) is biased geographically, temporally and possibly socio-politically (Bagnall 1995: 11-16, 269; Turner 1980: 42-53); and this is also likely to be the case in terms of the written evidence specifically from monasteries. The literary texts, in combination with documents recording the purchase or delivery of foods to monasteries, are our only sources on monastic diet.
As a result, we have focused on the collection of lives and sayings of the ascetic monks that date to the 4th and early 5th century AD. These are found in three main texts: the Sayings of the Desert Fathers (Apophthegmata Patrum, AP and VP), the Lausiac History of Palladius (LH), and the History of the Monks of Egypt (Historia Monachorum in Aegypto, HM). These texts contain several different layers of discourse, ranging from the highly theological to the basely pragmatic, from how to live a good spiritual life to how to mend the roof on a hut (Chadwick 1958: 34; Gould 1993: 5-25). Food, fasting and eating habits are an inherent part of these discourses. Fasting was a fundamental part of the monastic life, and it would seem from some of these anecdotes a very troublesome area. Such evidence complements the archaeobotanical material by offering an insight into attitudes towards fasting and feasting.
In addition to these literary texts, documentary evidence (contracts, receipts, taxation records, etc.) also survives, and in this case the texts span the entire period and cover a much wider geographical area. There are two factors, however, that make Egyptian Late Antique documentary sources on agriculture problematic and, furthermore, suggest that archaeobotanical evidence is essential for expanding our understanding of agricultural practice and economy in the period.
First, the documentary records are overwhelmingly dominated by wheat (Bagnall 1993: 23-4; Rowlandson 1996: 236-8) and, in terms of records of foodstuffs from monasteries, only a few other crops are mentioned (Bagnall 1993: 300; Walters 1974: 205-6; Winlock & Crum 1973: 145-9). The documentary evidence for crops is particularly dominated by arable crops (i.e. barley and wheat), and to a somewhat lesser extent by orchard crops (i.e. date, grape and olive). The bias toward arable and orchard crops may simply reflect the fact that these types of agricultural land were regularly leased and subject to taxation and, therefore, are more likely to be recorded in Late Antique Egypt (Bagnall 1993: 23, 115-16; Rowlandson 1996: 35, 229).
Second, in the earlier Greco-Roman period contracts stipulated which crop(s) must be grown by the tenant, but from the 1st century AD onwards, a growing number of contracts allow the tenant free choice of the crop(s) to be planted. For example in the 5th-6th-century records from Oxyrhynchus, 76% of the land contracts do not specify the crop to be planted (Rowlandson 1996: 236-40). Since the documentary records do not reliably reflect the crops grown, archaeobotany is the only source of primary evidence available to provide such agricultural information.
The written evidence for attitudes to food and fasting among the Desert Fathers
What can texts that are primarily anecdotal, and whose content is more about fasting than feasting, tell us about monastic diet?
At face value, the 4th-7th-century AD documentary records from monastic settlements suggest that monks survived on meagre rations, comprising a limited range of foodstuffs (Badawy 1978; Bagnall 1993; Watterson 1988). Walters (1974: 205) goes so far as to suggest that the monastic diet was `at all times frugal'. Specific mentions of food crops in the documentary record from monasteries include barley, beetroot, cabbage, cumin, dates, figs, grapes/raisins, herbs (sometimes green herbs, sometimes dried or preserved), leeks, lentils, lupin, olives, pomegranates, wheat and various unspecified vegetable oils (Bagnall 1993: 300; Dembinska 1985; Gould 1993: 142; Walters 1974: 206; Winlock & Crum 1973: 146-7). Bread and wine also are mentioned (Winlock & Crum 1973: 145-6, 161-2; Clackson 1996: 42).
Although it is possible to draw up a list of foods consumed by monks based on these texts, it is clear that consumption of food was not a straightforward issue within these early monastic communities. As many authors have noted, the production, preparation and consumption of food can be used to convey messages about social relationships (cf. Bynum 1987; Goody 1982). Food and eating, or not-eating, can be used to express both community solidarity and divisive and hierarchical relationships (e.g. family Sunday lunch, `high table'). If an individual chooses not to join in such rituals, they are viewed as creating a distance between themselves and the community (Grimm 1996). Choosing not to eat was an essential of monastic life, but even among the monks it could prove problematic.
The ascetic life demanded all sorts of physical privations. It involved a rejection of the secular world and a removal of oneself from society. Its aim was to suppress all bodily needs and desires in order to free up the mind/soul for contemplation of the divine. Part of this lifestyle included sustained and prolonged fasting. This is not the short-term, occasional specific denial of food such as we might encounter in the observance of Lent or Ramadan, but a life-long commitment to an extremely frugal diet. Fasting was one part of a regime that was aimed at controlling the body. All aspects of bodily desires, hunger, thirst, rest and especially sexual desire, were to come under close scrutiny. In the classical mind fasting and the suppression of sexual desire were closely linked; as was the opposite idea that certain foods, particularly red meat and wine, would `heat up' the body and lead to the arousal of sexual and other appetites (Brown 1988). The limitation of food and of particular foodstuffs was thought to bring about the lack of desire for bodily needs that was an essential part of the monastic life.
The Sayings of the Desert Fathers texts tell us much more about how not to eat and fasting regimes than about daily diet. Monks and hermits in the desert were preoccupied with anxieties about what and how to eat, although it must be said that much of this took place within a discourse whose primary concern was something other than eating -- the question of obedience and submission, for instance (Gould 1993). Monks seem to worry about several aspects of eating regimes, not only what foods to eat and in what manner, but also how to deal with visitors and hospitality. Eating could be a social occasion for hermits in the desert as much as for those in more crowded environments.
There was no single method of fasting that was best, but there were some general rules. For example, Megathias suggests that eating half a loaf each day was preferable to a whole loaf every second day (AP: Megathias 2). Amma Syncletica gave the pragmatic advice: `Always use a single rule of fasting. Do not fast four or five days and break it the following day with any amount of food' (AP: Amma Syncletica 15). Poemen advised similarly: `For my part I think it is better that one should eat every day, but only a little, so as not to be satisfied' (AP: Poemen 31). It was also important that eating should not be a pleasurable experience. To this end Abba Pior always walked while he ate (AP: Pior 2), while Heliodorus was accustomed to eating standing up, but in order to make an exception to celebrate Easter, he sat down to eat on that day (AP: Heliodorus 2). The question and answer dialogues that are common in these writings often read like a problem page for a trainee ascetic: `Abba, I fast for two days, then eat two loaves, am I saving my soul or am I going the wrong way?' (AP: Pambo 2); `Tell me what I must do to be saved'. `Go, and for the whole of this year eat only bread and salt in the evening. Then come back here and I will talk to you again.' (AP: Ares 1). When the monk returned a year later he was told to go away for another year and fast for two days at a time. The lesson was that if you are a hard worker you shall be given ever harder tasks.
Monks also had a problem about how to fast when they were guests or had visitors. It was often in this context that the more luxurious items of monastic diet are mentioned. The subtext was that a monk, alone in his cell, would be satisfied with bread, salt and water, but he must offer hospitality and he must not offend his hosts if offered food that would amount to breaking his fast. These problems were often presented as a terrible dilemma for some monks, but again were part of a wider literary discourse on the relationship between novice and teacher and on how the community and individual should relate to the wider world. The wider world was, of course, what the monk was seeking to avoid. It was full of temptations that impeded the progress of the soul and one of these temptations was food. When meat and wine are mentioned in the texts it is almost always within the context of hospitality. One story tells of some monks who were visiting Alexandria, `to pray and destroy some temples there' who ate some veal without realizing what it was; once they did, they of course refused it (AP: Theophilus the Archbishop 3). Drinking wine fell into the same category. Macarius advised that you should drink wine for your host's sake but then, for each cup of wine drunk, spend a day without drinking water (AP: Macarius 10). Generally though, like with fasting regimes, the advice was pragmatic: a brother questioned Abba Matoes, `What ought I to do when a brother comes to see me and it is a fast day, or in the morning? This worries me.' The old man said to him, `If you don't fuss about it and simply eat with the brother, that is all right, but if you are not expecting anyone and you eat, that is your own will' (AP: Matoes 6).
Eating was also part of the communal and ritual life of monks. They came together for the agape, the communal breaking of bread, after the saying of the liturgy. Even this, however, posed problems for some. Should they drink wine? Should they talk? For those living a solitary life, even the agape could be seen as a place of temptation where a monk could be drawn into things of the world. One story tells of a monk who asked advice about what he should do when he went to church and `they made' him stay for the agape. Sisoes made the ambiguous answer: `It is a difficult business' (AP: Sisoes 2). Obviously monks were torn between the demands of the community and individual fasting regimes. There were obviously similar fears and anxieties about breaking a fast for communal purposes as for the unexpected visitor.
This is all very well and perhaps more sensible advice can be taken at face value, but the problems of making sense of this evidence are compounded by another major subtext: the competitive nature of asceticism and the role that fasting plays within this. Some of these monks were known for amazing feats of self denial; it became a topos of ascetic hagiography that the individual should exceed all others in their privations and self-mortification. It was said of Arsenius that `He lived with us for many a long year and every year we used to take him only one basket of bread and when we went to find him the next year we would eat some of that bread' (AP: Arsenius 17). According to Palladius, Macrius of Alexandria went to extremes to excel in his privations. In response to hearing that monks of Tabennisi ate no cooked food for all of Lent, he lived on raw food for seven years. Later, again as a reaction to another's feat of living on only a pound of bread a day, he put his ration into a narrow necked jar and ate only so much as he could pull out in one handful. Finally in response to the hard-fasting monks of the Thebaid, he began to live only on cabbage leaves eaten on Sundays! (LH 18: 1-2). There are many similar stores of this ilk in the texts and this is precisely their drawback; do they tell us anything useful about monastic diet?
The texts reveal a great deal about the attitudes monks and nuns had toward the basic monastic diet and fasting but unfortunately they reveal little about where this food came from and how it was produced. It is reasonable to assume that exchange for basketry and rope production would not supply all of the food a monastic community required. Certainly, there are a great number of texts which refer to monks working agricultural land (e.g AP: Isaac, Priest of the Ceils 3, 7). We do have evidence in these texts for communal baking (AP: Theodore 1). Even making bread requires cultivating, threshing, grinding and baking. As a result it is likely that a portion of the monastic population had to eat regularly, and a much more substantial amount of food than is otherwise recorded, in order to maintain the physique required for labour, intensive agricultural work or food preparation (such as making bread). In addition to the basics of bread, salt and oil, the texts reveal other foodstuffs that were either cultivated by monks themselves, earned in exchange for labour of some kind, or brought by visitors -- such as lentils, chick-peas, broad bean and peas (VPIV.56.57; VIII.22; AP: Silvanus 7); cabbages and beetroots (HM: X. 7; IV. 69); figs, dates, grapes, apples and cucumbers (AP: Arsenius 16; VP: IV. 17, 60, 70; VII.24). Dairy products are rare in the desert but there is mention of cheese and milk (VP: VIII.18). In the context of sickness among the monks there is mention of luxuries such as wine and honey (VP: IV. 26, 59; AP Eulogius 1; Macarius 10) (see also Dembinska 1985; Harlow forthcoming). The question is, how reliably do these texts reflect actual diets and the availability of foodstuffs? For an answer that will balance the rhetoric of the early Christian writers against actual practice, we need to turn to other forms of evidence.
Archaeobotanical evidence for monastic diet
Although literary and documentary evidence dearly provide an important insight into monastic diet, it is unlikely that these sources present the `whole picture'. Existing archaeobotanical evidence from Late Antique monasteries provide the opportunity to draw a direct comparison between the written and archaeobotanical records of food crops. As a result, it is now possible to consider whether monastic fare was as limited as the written sources would suggest.
In Egyptian Late Antiquity, only 19 crops are attested at monastic institutions (TABLE 1). Out of those 19 attested crops from monasteries, only 14 have been identified archaeobotanically at Epiphanius (Winlock & Crum 1973: 61), Phoebammon (Tackholm 1961), and/ or Kom el-Nana (Smith 1997). Chick-pea and peas have not been recovered from Late Antique monasteries, but they are found at other Roman/Late Antique period sites (e.g. chickpea at Berenike in Cappers 1996, or both chickpea and garden pea from Mons Claudianus in van der Veen 1996). Leek and cabbage have not been identified yet at monasteries; however, these crops are soft, leafy foods and only rarely survive archaeologically in Egypt (e.g. Murray 2000: 628,630; Zohary & Hopf 1994: 183,186). Apple has never been identified in Egypt in any period (de Vartavan & Amoros 1997). It is likely, therefore, that this is somehow a mistranslation and may refer to `bitter apple' (Citrullus colocynthus), a wild gourd.
If we consult the archaeobotanical record from monastic institutions a further total of 30 food crops, which are not attested in documentary sources on monasteries, have been identified through archaeobotanical sampling at Epiphanius, Phoebammon, and Kom el-Nana (TABLE 2). The archaeobotanical evidence from these three monasteries increases the list of available food crops to 49 edible plants, nearly tripling our historically derived knowledge of food plants at these religious institutions. Archaeobotanical finds of fruits and condiments are particularly plentiful at all three monasteries; some nuts and vegetables also are present. These unattested crops do suggest that descriptions of monastic diet as `bland' or `frugal' may be inaccurate.
Although there may be a temptation for researchers to attempt to speculate what the food crops recovered here may represent in terms of the number of calories in a daily ration (e.g. Garnsey 1988; 1999), this is ill-advised, especially given the limitations of the current data (see discussion on limitations of archaeobotanical and documentary evidence above). In particular, the fact that only one monastic site (Kom el-Nana) has been intensively sampled for archaeobotanical remains must mean that our understanding of what crops were in use by these institutions is only at a most rudimentary level. Certainly it is not possible to claim that all the monks (or nuns) at each of these monasteries ate all of the foodstuffs recovered or, indeed, were allowed access to all of these foodstuffs. Nevertheless, the archaeobotanical evidence does illustrate that the monastic diet was much more varied than the documentary records would suggest. As a modern example of what this `varied' diet might mean, it is possible to make a vegetable balti (a type of Indian curry flavoured with ground cumin and coriander seeds, and typically garnished with fresh coriander leaves) using ingredients from this list of archaeobotanical and documentary evidence of monastic food crops in Late Antique Egypt. At the very least, the myth of a frugal, possibly bland, diet has been debunked. As a result of the inclusion of archaeobotanical sampling at Kom el-Nana, it is now possible to propose that monastic diet was varied and potentially quite flavourful. This theory can be tested easily through further archaeobotanical study at other Late Antique monasteries in Egypt.
Cultivation regimes of plants based on the documentary sources
The majority of our documentary evidence is derived from urban landowners of private land. Records of rural landowners are scarce, and tenancy agreements for public or imperial lands do not survive (Bagnall 1993: 116; Rowlandson 1996: 71,203,280). As a result, the historically based study of land tenure and agricultural practice in Late Antique Egypt must be biased, over-emphasizing the role of privately owned lands, particularly those lands controlled by urban landlords. Nevertheless, thousands of papyri documenting the arable fields and orchards of Late Antique Egypt survive, and these documents can be used to reconstruct the cultivation regimes of the food crops identified from the monasteries of Epiphanius, Phoebammon and Kom el-Nana.
Three main agricultural zones are attested in ancient Egypt: arable fields, orchards and gardens. The term for garden and orchard was interchangeable in Roman/Late Antique Egypt (e.g. Rathbone 1991: 16; Rowlandson 1996: 24), but clearly referred to any area set aside for at least fruit trees and vines. The main technical difference between these two types of agricultural land is that orchards were subject to taxation and gardens were largely unregulated in Late Antique Egypt (Bagnall 1993a: 115-116; Rathbone 1991: 16). Since gardens were completely unregulated, it is likely that they are under-represented in the papyrological record (Bagnall 1993: 115-16).
The documentary record also can help us determine the location of the various types of agricultural land. Arable fields clearly are subject to inundation and, therefore, would be located within the flood plain. Orchards and gardens cannot be located on lands which are regularly inundated (e.g. Rathbone 1991:249-51 for artificial irrigation of vineyards), and so would have been located above the flood plain, forming a separate agricultural zone from arable fields. The presence of arable, orchard and possible garden crops at Kom el-Nana means that all three agricultural zones were utilized by this site.
Late Antique documentary evidence for economic crops establishes that cereals, safflower, and linseed were grown as arable crops (Bagnall 1993: 23-33). It is likely that some pulses could have been grown on a large scale, although this does not rule out the possibility that they were also grown in private gardens (Bagnall 1993: 27). Finds of sorghum are becoming more common at Late Antique Egyptian sites (Cappers 1996; Rowley-Conwy 1989; 1991; Smith 1997) and if sorghum is not an import, it is likely that it would be grown in arable fields like the other cereal crops. Olive and date orchards, as well as vineyards, are all attested in Roman and Late Antique Egypt (Bagnall 1993; Rathbone 1991; Rowlandson 1996). Whether other tree fruits were commonly grown in orchards in Late Antiquity is not known (Bagnall 1993: 31). With the exception of juniper berry (Juniperus cf. oxycedrus L./phoenicea L.), which if not an import, can only grow in the Sinai region of Egypt (Hepper 1990: 60; Lucas 1989: 437; Tackholm 1974: 50), and hazelnut (Corylus spp.), which is definitely an import to Egypt, the cultivation regime(s) of all other crops listed in TABLE 2 are unrecorded. Could it be that these unattested crops are from gardens?
Based on our present knowledge, and the fact that the other sectors of the Egyptian agricultural landscape are so well attested, it seems plausible that this component of the food crops found at the monasteries of Epiphanius, Phoebammon and Kom el-Nana were grown in gardens. Monastic gardens are recorded in the hagiographic texts, such as the example of St Antony's garden. One problem, however, is that the hagiographic sources on gardens are not precise. For example, even though we know that Palladius records gardeners at Pachomius' first monastery at Tabennisi (LH 32: 9), no description of the garden or the plants that were cultivated was offered. Archaeological evidence for a possible garden or orchard at the monastery of Kom el-Nana is quite compelling. Evidence of plough/hoe marks, roots and large quantities of leaves have all been found (Smith 1997). The archaeobotanical data clearly show that monasteries supplemented their diet with garden crops and both documentary and archaeological evidence demonstrate that, in some cases, these gardens were located immediately on site. Again, this theory can be tested easily through further archaeobotanical study at other Late Antique monasteries in Egypt.
The existing documentary and literary evidence from monastic institutions does not include information on daily rations (Dembinska 1985: 438); nevertheless, these documents form an important primary source of evidence on monastic attitudes toward diet in Late Antiquity. The inclusion of archaeobotanical data into the study of monastic diet and agricultural practice is not meant to supplant the study of documentary evidence but, instead, to enhance our understanding of such issues as diet or agricultural practice through the inclusion of another, independent form of evidence. What is surprising is that after over a century of excavations in Egypt, the available environmental archaeological evidence to address such issues is so limited (Bagnall 1988). Certainly, the only sure way of increasing our understanding of diet and agriculture in Late Antique Egypt is to regularly incorporate environmental sampling (archaeobotanical, archaeozoological, etc.), within the wider framework of current archaeological, historical and philological studies of the period.
There are `gaps' in the documentary record which can be addressed through the integration of other, independent forms of archaeological evidence with documentary sources. For example, although gardens are rarely recorded, most likely because they are not leased or subject to taxation, arable fields and orchards are frequently recorded. This pattern in the documentary record suggests that crops which are otherwise unrecorded may have been cultivated as garden crops in Late Antiquity. At present the identification of garden crops and the possibility that gardens were a regular feature at monasteries is only a working hypothesis, which requires further analysis of current and future papyrological and archaeological evidence.
It is simply common sense that the typical monastic diet lay somewhere between the two extremes of fasting and feasting, in order for monks to carry out their daily activities and show due restraint in food consumption. The surviving documentary sources, however, demonstrate that monastic attitudes toward food consumption were highly complex. Although restraint in food consumption may have been an `ideal' many Late Antique Egyptian monks and nuns
worked toward, the available archaeobotanical evidence strongly indicates that monastic diet was potentially quite varied and nutritious. It certainly is no longer possible to claim that monastic diet in Late Antique Egypt was bland or `frugal' (Walters 1974: 205).
TABLE 1. Documented crops at Late Antique Egyptian monasteries. documented Kom at el- common name monasteries Epiphanius Phoebammon Nana arable crops barley [check] [check] [check] [check] wheat [check] - [check] [check] arable/garden crops broad bean [check] [check] - - chickpea [check] - - - leek [check] - - - lentil [check] - [check] [check] lupin [check] - [check] [check] onion [check] [check] - [check] peas [check] - - - orchard crops date (1) [check] - [check] [check] grape/raisin [check] - [check] [check] olive [check] - [check] [check] garden crops (2) beet [check] - [check] [check] cabbage [check] - - - cucumber (melon) (3) [check] - - [check] cumin [check] - - [check] fig [check] - [check] [check] pomegranate [check] - - [check] imported crops apple (4) [check] - - - common name Latin binomial arable crops barley Hordeum spp. wheat Triticum spp. arable/garden crops broad bean Vicia faba L. chickpea Cicer arietinum L. leek Allium porrum L. lentil Lens culinaris Medik. lupin Lupinus alba L. onion Allium cepa L. peas Pisum spp. orchard crops date (1) Phoenix dactylifera L. grape/raisin Vitis vinifera L. olive Olea europaea L. garden crops (2) beet Beta vulgaris L. cabbage Brassica oleracea L. cucumber (melon) (3) Cucumis sativus L./Cucumis melo L. cumin Cuminum cyminum L. fig Ficus carica L. pomegranate Punica granatum L. imported crops apple (4) Malus spp. [check] present in the historical record or as an archaeobotanical find - not present Historical and archaeobotanical data after AP; HM; LH; VP; Bagnall (1993: 300); Gould (1993: 142): Smith (1997; forth-coming); Tackholm (1961); Walters (1974: 206); Winlock & Crum (1973: 61, 145-8, 161-2). (1) The garden crops could also be grown as arable or orchard crops in theory, but we are unaware of any records for this. It may be that the orchard crops are grown in gardens as well. In addition, it also is possible that some of the fruit trees could be planted as hedges around fields. (2) At present, most archaeobotanists do not separate cucumber from melon. (3) A date stone was also found at Ermitage I, Cuisine G at Esna (located in the Thebaid, south of Epiphanius); however, this was the only food crop identified at this site (Acacia nilotica L. and some carbonized wood were also recovered), so it has not been included (Jacquet-Gordon 1972: 92-4). (4) At present apples have not been recovered from any Ptolemaic through Islamic period site in Egypt, It may be that there is some confusion over the meaning of apple and that this in fact refers to bitter apple (Citrullus colocynthusI (L.) Schrad.), which has been recovered from late Antique sites, including the monastery of Phoebammon. TABLE 2. Unattested crops from Late Antique Egyptian monasteries. Kom el- common name Epiphanius Phoebammon Nana arable crops flax/linseed (1) - - [check] safflower - [check] [check] arable/garden fenugreek [check] - - possible garden crops (2) almond - - [check] Aleppo rue - - ?[check] basil - - ?[check] bottle gourd - [check] [check] carob - [check] - carrot - - [check] castor [check] - - celery - - [check] Christ's thorn - [check] [check] citron - [check] - coriander - - [check] dill - - [check] Doum palm [check] [check] - Egyptian balsam or sugar date [check] [check] - Egyptian plum or sebesten - [check] [check] fan palm [check] - - fennel - - [check] mulberry - - [check] peach - [check] [check] persea - [check] - purslane - - [check] radish - [check] - Sycomore fig - - [check] ?import/?arable sorghum (3) - - [check] import hazelnut - - [check] juniper berry (4) [check] [check] [check] wild bitter apple - [check] - common name Latin binomial arable crops flax/linseed (1) Linum usitatissimum L. safflower Carthamus tinctorius L. arable/garden fenugreek Trigonella foenum-graecum L. possible garden crops (2) almond Amygdalus communis L. Aleppo rue Ruta chalapensis L. basil Ocimum basilicum L. bottle gourd Lagenaria siceraria (Mol.) Stand. carob Ceratonia siliqua L. carrot Daucus carota L. castor Ricinis communis L. celery Apium graveolens L. Christ's thorn Zizyphus spina-christi (L.) Desf. citron Citrus medica L. coriander Coriandrum sativum L. dill Anethum graveolens L. Doum palm Hyphaene thebaica (L.) Mart Egyptian balsam or sugar date Balanites aegyptiaca (L.) Delile Egyptian plum or sebesten Cordia myxa L. fan palm Medemia argun Wurttemb. ex Mart. fennel Foeniculum vulgare (L.) Mill mulberry Morus sp. peach Prunus persica (L.) Batsch persea Mimusops schimperi Hochst. purslane Portulaca oleracea L. radish Raphanus sativus L. Sycomore fig Ficus sycomorus L. ?import/?arable sorghum (3) Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench. import hazelnut Corylus sp. juniper berry (4) Juniperus oxycedrus L./Juniperus phoenicea L. wild bitter apple Citrullus colocynthus (L.) Schrad. [check] present as an archaeobotanical find - not present Archaeobotanical data after Smith (1997; forthcoming); Tackholm (1961); Winlock & Crum (1973: 61). (1) There are no records for the use of linseed oil; however, flax for weaving is attested (Winlock & Crum 1973: 156-7). (2) The garden crops could also be grown as arable or orchard crops in theory, but we are unaware of any records for this. It may be that the orchard crops are grown in gardens as well. In addition, it also is possible that some of the fruit trees could be planted as hedges around fields. (3) At present, there is no definitive evidence for the cultivation of sorghum in this region of Egypt; however, finds of sorghum at Qasr Ibrim (Rowley-Conwy 1991) in Egyptian Nubia may suggest that in some regions of Egypt, sorghum was cultivated. Watson (1983: 11) seems to have incorrectly `translated' Schweinfuth's identification of Andropogon sorghum (Winlock & Crum 1973: 61) as cultivated sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.). According to Boulos (1995: 206), Andropogon sorghum (L.) Brot. is a synonym for Sorghum virgatum (Hack.) Stapf, which is not cultivated but is, instead, a common weed in most regions of Egypt, except the Red Sea Coast (Tackholm 1974: 762). No details of the quantity, specific plant parts or suggested use were provided in the Winlock & Crum (1973: 61) report. (4) Juniper berry only occurs in the Sinai region of Egypt and, therefore, is a definite import into the Nile Valley (Hepper 1990: 60; Lucas 1989: 437; Tackholm 1974: 50).
Acknowledgements. This paper results from Ph.D research carried out by both authors at the School of Archaeological Studies, University of Leicester. Research by Harlow into monastic attitudes toward diet formed part of her Ph.D research on women in Late Antiquity funded by the British Academy, and research by Smith on the archaeobotanical assemblage from Kom el-Nana was funded by the Natural Environmental Research Council (award no. GT4/94/7/B). Excavations at Kom el-Nana are directed by Barry Kemp on behalf of the Egypt Exploration Society, and we would like to thank both for their support of this work and permission to discuss the Kom el-Nana archaeobotanical results. Both authors particularly would like to thank Lin Foxhall for encouraging this collaboration. Wendy Smith is grateful to Lin Foxhall, Delwen Samuel and Marijke van der Veen for comments on the initial ideas behind this paper, which first appeared as part of her thesis. Finally, we would like to thank Simon Esmonde-Cleary, Tony Leahy and Barry Kemp for their helpful comments on an earlier draft of this paper, and Mark Breedon for preparing FIGURE 1.
Primary sources, with abbreviations used
Apophthegmata Patrum (Alphabetical collection) (AP) = The Sayings of the Desert Fathers. (3rd edition.) English translation by B. Ward. 1983. London: A.R. Mowbray.
The sayings of the Desert Fathers: Alphabetical collection. (2nd edition.) English translation by J.P. Migne. 1868. Patrologia Graeca 65: 17-440. Paris: Garnier Fratres.
Historia Monachorum in Aegypto (HM) = Historia Monachorum in Aegypto. (2nd edition.) English translation by J.P. Migne. 1878. Patrologia Latina 21: 387-462. Paris: Gamier Fratres.
The lives of the Desert Fathers. English translation by N. Russell. 1980. London: Mowbray.
The Lausiac History (LH) = Palladius: The Lausiac History. English translation by R. Meyer. 1965. London: Longmans, Green.
Apophthegmata Patrum (Systematic collection) (VP) = Western Asceticism; selected translations with introductions and notes. O. Chadwick. 1958 Philadelphia (PA): Westminster Press.
Systematic collection: Pelagius and John. (2nd edition.) English translation by J.P. Migne. 1879. Patrologia Latina 73: 851-1052. Paris: Garnier Fratres.
BADAWY, A. 1978. Coptic art and archaeology: The art of the Christian Egyptians from the Late Antique to the Middle Ages. Cambridge (MA): MIT Press.
BAGNALL, R. 1988. Archaeology and papyrology, Journal of Roman Archaeology 1: 197-202. 1993. Egypt in Late Antiquity. Princeton (NJ): Princeton University Press.
BAGNALL, R. 1995. Reading papyri, writing ancient history. London: Routledge.
BOULOS, L. 1995. Flora of Egypt Checklist. Cairo: Al Hadara Publishing.
BROWN, P. 1988. The Body and Society: Men, Women and Sexual Renunciation in Early Christianity. New York: Columbia University Press.
BRAKKE, D. 1995. Athansius and the politics of asceticism. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
BYNUM, C.W. 1987. Holy feast and holy fast: the religious significance of food to medieval women. Berkeley (CA): University of California Press.
CAPPERS, R. 1996. Archaeobotanical remains, in S. Sidebotham & W. Wendrich (ed.), Berenike '95: Preliminary report of the 1995 excavations at Berenike (Egyptian Red Sea Coast) and the survey of the Eastern Desert: 319-36. Leiden: Research School Center for Non-Western Studies.
CLACKSON, S. 1996. Coptic documents relating to the Monasteries of Apa Apollo at Bawit and Titkooh in the Hermopolite Nome. Unpublished Ph.D thesis, Institute of Archaeology, University College London.
CRISP, A.H. 1980. Anorexia nervosa: let me be. London: Academic Press.
DEMBINSKA, M. 1985. Diet: a comparison of food consumption between some eastern and western monasteries in the 4th-12th centuries, Byzantion 35: 431-62.
DE VARTAVAN, C. & V.A. AMOROS. 1997. Codex of Ancient Egyptian plant remains. London: Triade Exploration.
GARNSEY, P. 1988. Famine and food supply in the Graeco-Roman world: responses to risk and crisis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1999. Food and society in Classical Antiquity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
GOEHRING, J. 1997. Monastic diversity and ideological boundaries in 4th-century Christian Egypt, Journal of Early Christian Studies 5: 61-84.
GOODY, J. 1982. Cooking, cuisine and class. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
GOULD, G. 1993. The Desert Fathers on monastic community. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
GRIMM, V. 1996. From feasting to fasting, The evolution of a sin: attitudes to food in Late Antiquity. London: Routledge.
HARLOW, M. Forthcoming. Feel the burn: the eating habits of the desert fathers, in K. Stears (ed.), Hygieia: health in antiquity. London: Routledge.
HEPPER, F.N. 1990. Pharaoh's flowers: The botanical treasures' of Tutankhamun. London: HMSO.
JACQUET-GORDON. H. 1972. Les ermitages chretiens du desert d'Esna III: ceramique et objets. Cairo: L'Institut Francais d'Archeologie Orientale du Caire. Fouilles de l'Institut Francais d'Archeologie Orientale du Caire XXIX/3.
JOHNSON, A.C. & L.C. WEST. 1967. Byzantine Egypt: economic studies. (Reprint of 1949 Princeton edition). Amsterdam: Adolf M. Hakkert.
LAWRENCE, M. 1984. The anorexic experience. London: Women's Press.
LUCAS, A. 1989. Ancient Egyptian materials and industries. (4th edition.) London: Histories and Mysteries of Man.
MURRAY, M. 2000. Fruits, vegetables and condiments, in P. Nicholson & I. Shaw (ed.) Ancient Egyptian industries and technologies: 609-55. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
RATHBONE, D. 1991. Economic rationalism and rural society in 3rd-century AD. Egypt: the Heroninos Archive and the Appian us Estate. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
ROWLANDSON, J. 1996. Landowners and tenants in Roman Egypt: The social relations of agriculture in the Oxyrhynchite Nome. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
ROWLEY-CONWY, P. 1989. Nubia AD 0-550 and the `Islamic' Aagricultural revolution: preliminary botanical evidence from Qasr Ibrim, Egyptian Nubia, Archeologie du Nil Moyen. 3: 131-8.
1991. Sorghum from Qasr Ibrim, Egyptian Nubia, c. 800 BC-AD 1811: A preliminary study, in J. Renfrew (ed.). New light on early farming: recent developments in palaeoethnobotany: 191-212. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
SMITH, W. 1997. The agricultural economy and practice of an Egyptian Late Antique monastery: an archaeobotanical case study. Unpublished Ph.D thesis, School of Archaeological Studies, University of Leicester.
Forthcoming. Archaeobotanical investigations of agriculture at Late Antique Kom el-Nana. London: Egypt Exploration Society. Excavations at Amarna 2.
TACKHOLM, V. 1961. Botanical identification of the plants found at the Monastery of Phoebammon, in C. Bachatly (ed.), Le Monastere de Phoebammon dans la Thebaide 3:1-38 Cairo: La Societe d'archeologie Copte.
1974. Students' flora of Egypt. (2nd edition.) Cairo: Cairo University.
TURNER, E. 1980. Greek papyri: an introduction. (2nd edition.) Oxford: Clarendon Press.
VAN DER VEEN, M. 1996. The plant remains from Mans Claudianus, a Roman quarry settlement in the Eastern Desert of Egypt -- an interim report, Vegetation History and Archaeobotany 5: 137-41.
WALTERS, C.C. 1974. Monastic archaeology in Egypt. Warminster: Aris & Phillips.
WATSON. A. 1983. Agricultural innovation in the Early Islamic world: The diffusion of crops and farming techniques: 700-1100. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
WATTERSON, B. 1988. Coptic Egypt. Edinburgh: Scottish Academic Press.
WINLOC, K, H.E. & W.E. CRUM. 1973. The monastery of Epiphanius at Thebes. (Reprint of 1926 edition). New York (NY): Arno Press.
Wendy Smith, Harlow, Centre for Byzantine, Ottoman & Modern Greek Studies, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, England. Smith, Department of Archaeology, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, England.
Received 12 June 2000, resubmitted 4 December 2000, accepted 11 May 2001, revised 13 August 2001
Reader Opinion
|Printer friendly Cite/link Email Feedback
|Harlow, Mary; Smith, Wendy
|Geographic Code:
|Dec 1, 2001
|Previous Article:
|Roman vineyards in Britain: stratigraphic and palynological data from Wollaston in the Nene Valley, England.
|Next Article:
|Restless corpses: `secondary burial' in the Babenberg and Habsburg dynasties.


text:
Jim Goodwin has expressed his delight at committing his future to St Mirren until the summer of 2014.
Loading Market ...
Football Betting
Bet £5 Get £20 Free
The captain's deal had been due to expire at the end of the season, but he has now signed up for another two years.
Goodwin is thrilled to resolve his future, stating he is happy at the club and has a 'great' relationship with manager Danny Lennon.
"I'm delighted to get it done and all put to bed as it has been ongoing for a couple of weeks," Goodwin told the club's official website.
"I'm really happy here at St Mirren, I have a great relationship with the manager, staff and players who are a great bunch of boys.
"I believe that there is a lot of unfinished business to be done here and I want to be a part of the future success of St Mirren."

subset: commoncrawl


text:
What's NewSome bug fixes and UI improvements.
App DescriptionIt is meme shooting time!
Test your skills and your finger abilities with this fast-shooting action game.
You have to shoot all the clays that are thrown in the air with your gun. Be aware to avoid hitting the bombs and keep hitting the clays to increase your score and time.
The clays are drawn with all of the best meme faces that you already know, try this app and challenge your friends.
This is a fun and simple game that suits everyone. Try it now for free!!
The game contains 2 different scenarios:
- Green Field with mountains and lake
- Artic mountains full of ice
App Changes
June 11, 2013 Price Decrease: $0.99 -> FREE!
April 13, 2013 Price Decrease: $0.99 -> FREE!
April 06, 2013 Price Decrease: $1.99 -> $0.99
March 20, 2013 Price Decrease: $0.99 -> FREE!
November 30, -0001 Initial Release


text:
- Fisheries Home
- About Us
- Programs
- Regions
- Science Centers
- Partners
- News & Multimedia
- Fisheries Resources
- Congress
- Educators and Students
- Get Involved
- Forms
Stay connected with us
around the nation »
Enforcement Actions
Read the semiannual document that lists enforcement actions taken in each division from July 1, 2013, through December 31, 2013.
On a weekly basis, we'll post highlights of our enforcement actions here as well as occasional examples of high-interest violation notices.
Weekly Highlights—October 25, 2014
Alaska Division:
OLE personnel conducted vehicle patrols of the Northern fur seal rookeries and haul outs on St. Paul Island. Surveillance was conducted on all rookeries and haul outs throughout the week. Only two juvenile fur seal carcasses were found this week. Several sea lion subsistence hunters were watched during their hunts and all activity appeared lawful.
Northeast Division:
Alan Dresner, a federally-licensed fish dealer from Brooklyn, New York, was sentenced in federal court in Central Islip, New York, for violations stemming from his role in systematically underreporting fluke (summer flounder) that was being harvested as part of the federal Research Set-Aside Program. As part of his sentence, Dresner will serve four months in prison followed by three years of supervised release, fined $6,000, ordered to make a $15,000 community service payment, and ordered to pay $510,000 in restitution to the Marine Resources Account of the New York State Conservation Fund.
Pacific Islands Division:
OLE personnel are investigating a Hawaii based longline fishing vessel which conducted multiple fishing trips with an expired Hawaii Limited Entry Permit, an expired WCPFC Area Endorsement Permit, and an expired High Seas Fishing Permit. The subject of the investigation was previously issue a summary settlement for the aforementioned violations which he ignored.
Southeast Division:
NOAA's Office of the General Counsel – Enforcement Section, assessed a Notice of Violation and Assessment (NOVA) in the amount of $15,000 to both the captain and owner of a shrimp vessel that was boarded in the EEZ and found to be in possession of 146 shark fins with no corresponding carcasses. The shark fins and fishing gear used to take the sharks were seized as evidence and the captain was cited for shark finning, failure to land intact and no commercial Highly Migratory Species (HMS) shark permit.
West Coast Division:
OLE conducted a Pulse Operation in Portland, OR in partnership with the Oregon State Police (OSP) Wildlife Troopers. Wholesale fish permit holders were inspected, and OSP issued several warnings for minor fish ticket violations and possession of fish without documentation.
Dolphin Feeding = Harm to Animals, Fines—August 19, 2014
A Panama City business and its boat captain were fined for their role in feeding wild dolphins off the Florida Panhandle. Read the full story>>


text:
Little Big Town Invited To Join The Grand Ole Opry
Capitol Records vocal quartet latest Opry members.
Capitol Records vocal quartet latest Opry members.
Brad Paisley and Maddie & Tae part of late September 25th Anniversary celebration.
The "Pretty Little Liars" star revisits her recent Grand Ole Opry Debut and shares the experience with fans.
Top stars promise fans a memorable June and CMA Fest week at the Opry Plaza.
Last week, the Grand Ole Opry celebrated 40 years of country music at the Grand Ole Opry House. Josh Turner joned with many Opry cast members inclduing newest members Old Crow Medicine Show to celebrate the major event. Continue here to get the full details about the celebration!
Sturgill Simpson will be reaching a career milestone this Friday night as the Country Traditionalist singer takes the stage at the Grand Ole Opry for the very first time. Find out more about his Opry Debut and more here.
With Fox TV's 12 season of "American Idol" completed, Keith Urban remains hopeful about the prospects of returning to the program. In addition, he discusses the release of his new single and his hopes for his upcoming album for Hit Red/Captiol Nashville.
It's been a big week for Country-oriented American Idol singer Kree Harrison. She placed second on Wednesday night's season finale of the hit FOX singing competition, and now she's gearing up to make her debut on the Grand Ole Opry. Read on here to find out more info about Kree's debut!
Bigger Picture's Chris Janson is set to check one of his dreams off of his "career bucket list" this coming Friday, February 15 when he debuts on the Grand Ole Opry. Read on to learn more from Chris about this achievement and his new single "Better I Don't."


text:
Articles tagged "NFL preseason"
Saints-Texans, Vikings-49ers Highlight Nationally Televised Sunday Slate
The NFL serves up a pair of nationally televised preseason games Sunday afternoon and evening featuring top talent and Super Bowl contenders from each conference.
Preseason Miracle: Brady Quinn Throws Winning Score For Seattle Seahawks
The Seattle Seahawks beat the Green Bay Packers and the Chicago Bears outscored the Oakland Raiders in Friday night preseason action.
Intensive Care: Kansas City Chiefs Hopes Hinge On Pass Defense
The Kansas City Chiefs produced the NFL's worst Defensive Passer Rating in 2012. How will new coach Andy Reid fix it, and does he have the talent on the field and on the sideline to get the job done?
Preseason Action: Lions Crush Patriots; Panthers Edge Ravens
The Detroit Lions manhandled the New England Patriots and the Carolina Panthers outpaced the Super Bowl champion Baltimore Ravens in a pair of Thursday night NFL preseason games.
Tim Tebow And His Biblically Bad Preseason Performance
Tim Tebow completed 1 of 7 passes for -1 yards in New England's preseason 25-21 win over Tampa Bay Friday night. Good thing there are no Bible passages that begin with -1.
Signs Of Progress: Michael Vick, Philadelphia Eagles Power Past Carolina
We're going to follow closely the evolution of first-year coach Chip Kelly's Philadelphia Eagles this season. They were the dumbest team in football last year. So far, in two preseason games, they look vastly improved in some critical areas of success.
Vegas Book Suspends Super Bowl, Playoff Props In Wake Of Tom Brady Injury
Vegas sports book Bovada.lv has suspended Super Bowl and playoff odds and prop bets in wake of the news that Tom Brady was injured Wednesday during Patriots practice.
Oops! Cleveland F**kin' Ohio T-Shirt At Browns Game Front Page Sports News
Looks like this lady's NSFW t-shirt at a Browns game slipped past the editors of the Cleveland Plain-Dealer.
Mark Sanchez Wastes No Time Sucking in 2013
It took only three pass attempts in the first preseason game of 2013 for Mark Sanchez to remind us why he lacks the makings of a real NFL quarterback. It seems Rex Ryan is the only person in the world who still believes Sanchez can play.
- The Berger-Bowl Becomes the Bell Show For the Steeler's Win
- Chiefs @ Raiders Thursday Night Preview
- J.J. Watt And Demaryius Thomas Dominating The Competition
- NFC Rookies Making Big Impact In 2014 Season
- Keep The Faith: 20 Teams Since 1990 With Losing Record After Nine Games Have Made Playoffs
- Tony Romo Now 25-5 All Time In November
- Pro Football's Battlefield Heroes
- No Surprise: NFL Teams On Pace To Score Most Points In History
- 2014 NFL Season Player Props
- Vegas Win Totals For Each NFL Team


text:
Le Devoir could face job cuts as newspaper loses moneyManagement at Montreal's Le Devoir say they are looking at a cost-cutting plan that could result in job losses at the independently owned daily newspaper.
Greencopper's technology enhances the experience at Osheaga and festivals in 19 countriesWhat do Osheaga, MUTEK, Pop Montreal, the Montreal International Jazz Festival, and Piknic Électronik have in common, besides contributing to our city's enviable reputation as a global music hub? Montreal's event-throwing cognoscenti partnered with local tech company Greencopper to devise mobile applications that aimed to be intuitive and customizable for smartphone-wielding music lovers who expect cutting-edge apps to power their festival experiences.
Video: V-Sign appDoctors, nurses and other health professionals at the McGill University Health Centre have developed a new app, V-Sign, for smartphones/tablets to keep better track of their hospitalized patients. Dr. Saleem Razack checks patient data on the app at the Children's Hospital in Montreal on Wednesday, July 23, 2014. (Dave Sidaway / THE GAZETTE)
Handy mobile apps add value to quick jauntsNEW YORK — While new technology and mobile applications have made old-fashion road trips easier, the thrill of spontaneity and surprise still remains. If travellers are flexible, apps can offer ease with last-minute deals, especially good for day trips and overnight stays.
Update: Thanks for your patienceWe are happy to advise that we have resolved our technical issues and you can once again enjoy Gazette videos on our apps
Montreal's mapping database to be made publicly availableMontrealers who want to peruse a 3D map of the city's buildings, know where every lamppost is located or browse aerial photographs dating to the 1930s will soon be able to do so at will, and for free.
Videotron unveils new 'revolutionary' iPad appVideotron is launching a new iPad application that it has qualified as nothing short of revolutionary, giving users better ways to access video content and control their personal video recorders.
Montreal holds free museum dayThe city's museums are opening their doors to the public today for the 2014 edition of Montreal Museums Day.
Letter: Montreal parking app takes money from unsuspecting citizensAs a frequent user of the great little app for parking downtown offered by the city, I really appreciated the convenience despite the $0.40 premium you have to pay for the privilege.
Inside the game in three takesWITH VIDEO: A trio of successful independent video game developers were guest speakers at a recent event at Montreal's Société des arts technologiques. Each presented a case study to share the lessons learned while developing their games.


text:
The Imperial River House Resort - Chiang Rai
482 Moo 4, Mae Kok Road, Rim Kok Amphur Muang - Chiang Rai1-877-662-6988
Searching for vacation resorts in Chiang Rai? Take a peek at The Imperial River House Resort!
This 4-star Chiang Rai resort offers gift shops/newsstands. If you are visiting Thailand on vacation or for business, make sure to take some time to relax as you will find spa services on site, so make the most of it! Don't forget your swimming goggles and swimsuit as this resort features an outdoor pool. Outfitted with a bar/lounge, you'll find the perfect place to have a drink. Knowledgeable staff are available at the front desk 24 hours-a-day and can provide tour/ticket assistance.
Planning a meeting? This resort has 3 meeting rooms. Other amenities include dry cleaning/laundry services, an elevator (lift), a garden, concierge services and laundry facilities.
We show TripAdvisor reviews for new Venere hotels that haven't been reviewed yet
Check Availability at The Imperial River House Resort
Breakfast at The Imperial River House Resort
Breakfast is served each morning for a fee.
Facilities at The Imperial River House Resort
- Bar
- Restaurant/Dining
- Laundry service
- Lift/elevator
- Laundry room
- Gift shop
- Garden
- Personal newspapers
- City tour
- Front desk - 24 hour
- Concierge
- Limousine service
- Conference room
- Outdoor swimming pool
- Health club
Know before you go
- No pets and no service animals are allowed at this property.
Check-in: after 2 PM.
Check-out: before noon.
PolicyExtra-person charges may apply and vary depending on hotel policy.
Government-issued photo identification and a credit card or cash deposit are required at check-in for incidental charges.
Special requests are subject to availability upon check-in and may incur additional charges. Special requests cannot be guaranteed.
City tax and/or any other fees charged by the hotel
The following fees and deposits are charged by the property at time of service, check-in, or check-out.
- Breakfast fee: THB 353 per person (approximately)
The above list may not be comprehensive. Fees and deposits may not include tax and are subject to change.
The Imperial River House Resort is also known as
Imperial River House Resort
Room Details
The Imperial River House Resort has 30 guest rooms. Guests can unwind at the end of a long day and enjoy 25-inch TVs with cable channels. Business travelers visiting the Chiang Rai area will have access to free wireless high-speed Internet access as well as complimentary newspapers and safes.
Private bathrooms are outfitted with separate bathtubs and showers, bathrobes, slippers and hair dryers. Refrigerators, minibars, coffee/tea makers and complimentary bottled water are supplied in each room to facilitate basic travel needs. Additional comforts include air conditioning.
Bathroom toiletries are provided free of charge. Irons/ironing boards can be provided on request.
Accommodation Services
- Air conditioning
- Mini bar
- Mini fridge
- Coffee and tea maker
- Ironing facilities on request
- Hairdryer in each room
- Cable TV
- Safe
- Wireless Internet access
Distances from The Imperial River House ResortKing Meng Rai the Great Monument - 1.2 km / 0.8 mi
Wat Pra Singh - 1.5 km / 0.9 mi
Wat Phra Kaew - 1.7 km / 1 mi
Chiang Rai Clock Tower - 1.8 km / 1.1 mi
Wat Phra That Doi Chom Thong - 1.8 km / 1.1 mi
Oub Kham Museum - 3.3 km / 2.1 mi
Central Plaza Chiangrai - 4 km / 2.5 mi
Chiangrai Rajabhat University - 6.6 km / 4.1 mi
Pongphrabath Waterfall - 10.6 km / 6.6 mi
Wat Rong Khun - 13.4 km / 8.4 mi
Mae Fah Luang University - 14.9 km / 9.3 mi
Doi Tung Royal Villa - 40.7 km / 25.3 mi
Mae Fa Luang Botanical Garden - 41 km / 25.5 mi
Wat Chedi Luang - 46.5 km / 28.9 mi
Chiang Saen National Museum - 46.5 km / 28.9 mi
The preferred airport for The Imperial River House Resort is Chiang Rai (CEI-Chiang Rai Intl.) - 5.6 km / 3.5 mi.
Distances are calculated in a straight line from the property's location to the point of interest or airport and may not reflect actual travel distance.
Distances are displayed to the nearest 0.1 mile and kilometer.
Transportation services The Imperial River House Resort
- Limousine service
We have the accommodation you need, all over the world
- • Hôtel Arnaud Bernard - Toulouse, France
- • Hotel Regina - Predeal, Romania
- • Hotel an der Therme - Bad Orb, Germany
- • Rocco Forte Astoria Hotel - St Petersburg, Russia
- • Sheraton JFK Airport Hotel - New York, USA
- • Hotel Villa Maria - Ischia, Italy
- • Hostel Dragon Aparthostel Senatorska - Krakow, Poland
- • Hotel Emma - Florence, Italy
- • Hotel Elite - Täsch, Switzerland
- • Dreams Puerto Aventuras Resort - Puerto Aventuras, Mexico
- • Hotel Vallefura - Pescocostanzo, Italy
- • Riad Ajmal - Marrakech, Morocco
- • Krabi La Playa Resort - Krabi, Thailand
- • Royal Hyde Park Hotel - London, United Kingdom
- • Hotel Ramada Donetsk - Donetsk, Ukraine
- • Nairn Hotels, United Kingdom
- • Brides-les-Bains Hotels, France
- • Villerville Hotels, France
- • Memphis Hotels, USA
- • Aldino Hotels, Italy
- • Monterosso al Mare Hotels, Italy
- • Leggiuno Hotels, Italy
- • Marstrand Hotels, Sweden
- • Windsor Hotels, United Kingdom
- • Albuquerque Hotels, USA
- • Le Bourget-du-Lac Hotels, France
- • Lecce Hotels, Italy
- • Lazise Hotels, Italy
- • Leni Hotels, Italy
- • Around Marseilles Hotels, France


text:
We really enjoyed our stay at the Rome Kings Relais. The staff were
extremely friendly and helpful, providing a handy map when we arrived
with the key sights. We had a lovely lady looking after our rooms, and
also organising our breakfast for us, which was ample to set you up for
a day of walking around Rome. The room was very clean and newly
refurbished, in an old building, with the old lift a particularly lovely
part. The location is great, so close to the Trevi Fountain, we passed
it every d - Anonymous
The location is great for walking to many locations. Sonya is extremely helpful and attentive. The rooms are ok for the price, but we did not spend much time in the rooms. - Anonymous
Location, location, location - within walking distance of the majority of the tourist attractions including the Vatican - Anne
Excellent Excellent Excellent. A vote for each of the Muskateers! People that criticise accommodation like this are sad. If you want five star treatment, pay five star prices and stop bad mouthing small establishments. This is a small B&B, very well organised and very well run. Excellent attention at all times from the one girl on duty Elia. Breakfast is simple but adequate. People looking for ham and cheese for breakfast are only trying to stuff themselves for the day at the expense - Anonymous
Beautifully decorated rooms, all brand new (2009), central location, breakfast served in the room at no extra charge, very nice bathroom with tub. - Ioanna
We were plesantly surprised at how friendly and helpfull the staff were. They all spoke english which was very nice.You can not have a better location in Rome.You are at walking distance to everything - breakfast is filling, noting fancy, toast, pastery, coffee, tea , orange juice. We will be back again. Thank you to the staff for making our stay wonderful - Tasha
Excellent geopgraphic situation - located almost in front of la torta! The price - i got a huge reduction... I booked a single room, but there was none available, so they upgraded me for the same price which was already very modest, that was really nice! Notice that there's no food available in this hotel except minibar, minibar prices are listed in the room. - Maryse
Great location, close to everything and easy to find. The room was comfortable and clean. - Anonymous
This is a lovely boutique/lofty kind of hotel. Location is excellent. We arrived at the hotel not quite knowing how to get in as there was no signage. Rang door bell and someone came down very quickly to let us in. We entered up some stairs and around a corner...still not really sure what we were getting ourselves into. Took the elevator up to the 2nd floor and through the door into the reception area. Once inside, all brand new. Lovely pastries and water available for us as we checked i - Anonymous


text:
Shaping Tomorrow's Built Environment Today
Join us for our next technical session highlighting Research Promotion where Steffan Kollevoll will discuss Noise and Vibration Control of Large HVAC Equipment on December 2nd. Make your reservations now!
Thanks to all that participated in the E4K Pig and Oyster Roast benefiting Edmarc Hospice for Children. Special thanks to our generous sponsors for making this event so successful!
The Hampton Roads Chapter needs your help! If you are interested in a position on the board or on one of our many committees, please contact a board member.
Do you have a modern and innovative production facility? HRC ASHRAE would like to set up a tour during one of our monthly meetings to show our members your facility. If you would like to host such a tour, please contact a board member.
Did you know that ASHRAE meetings are eligible for continuing education (CE) credits? Click here to view page 3 of the Virginia DPOR newsletter, "DIMENSIONS", for more information about Virginia CE requirements.


text:
Bobigny Travel Guide
Bobigny Attractions
Useful Links
Featured Hotels in Bobigny
- Hotel restaurant Campanile Paris Bobigny 304, avenue Paul Vaillant Couturier Bobigny 112 Rooms
- More Bobigny Hotels
Know a thing or two about Bobigny ?
Please share your experiences and tips with your fellow travellers.
Your personal details and email address won't be published.
Fields with an * are required. Errors will be indicated in red


text:
Receive a potent, yet comforting, rich hydrating treatment. Unlike other "rich" or "night-time" treatments, Power Lift perfectly quenches even the driest complexions without clogging pores or leaving an oily shine. This powerful skin rejuvenator revives and restores your skin by uniting four peptides with 21 hydrating elements and purifying Echinacea and Buddleja. Use as a night cream or both day and night for drier skin types.(1.0oz/30ml)
Featured Specials
> Pre-Pay & Save> 4th Night Free> VH Spa Deals> ZuZu Happy Hour
Request a meeting or event proposal.
Upcoming Events> Thanksgiving at ZuZu> Dec. 4 Cigar Dinner> Champagne Chef's Table
Sign up for our newsletter + blog.


text:
photo gallery
report photoSource: user uploaded image
Shintaro Katsu is ranked on:
- #1259of 1282
Famous Film Actors From TokyoOct 18 2014
List of famous movie actors & actresses who were born in Tokyo, listed alphabetically with photos whe...more
- #421of 1000
Famous People From TokyoOct 12 2014
List of famous people from Tokyo, including photos when available. The people below are listed by their p...more
- #318of 452
Famous Screenwriters from JapanNov 18 2014
List of notable or famous screenwriters from Japan, with bios and photos, including the top screenwriters...more
- #11of 16
Full Cast of Ghost-Cat Of Gojusan-Tsugi Actors/ActressesNov 19 2014
Ghost-Cat of Gojusan-Tsugi cast list, listed alphabetically with photos when available. This list of Ghos...more
- #65of 196
Famous People Who Died of Throat CancerOct 18 2014
List of famous people who died of throat cancer, listed alphabetically with photos when available. This l...more


text:
|The Cubs added pitcher C.J. Edwards to the 40-man roster Thursday, protecting the right-hander from being picked in the Rule 5 Draft.More» C.J. Edwards, RHP, Cubs
|The 23rd edition of the Arizona Fall League wrapped up with Salt River's win in the championship game over Peoria on Saturday. Once again, the AFL was jam packed with elite-level prospects. That made putting together a top prospects list fairly easy. There were so many good players, it was decided to expand the list to a Top 25, up from the typical 20.More» Buxton exits game after injuring finger
|Since they arrived in Japan 10 days ago, the squad of MLB All-Stars have been greeted warmly at every stop and they've embarked on a series of goodwill visits that have impacted them as much as the locals.More»MLB All-Stars at youth baseball clinic in Japan
|Hopefully Jon Lester brought a warm coat to Wrigley Field on Tuesday. Lester met with the Cubs in what was believed to be the second stop on his offseason tour of prospective teams, according to a source. The Wrigleyville area was in a deep chill because of an early blast of winter weather.More» Lester fans seven over six shutout innings
|Cubs third baseman Kris Bryant and shortstop Francisco Lindor of the Indians are projected to make big-time Major League contributions in 2015 that could land them Rookie of the Year Award hardware.More»Mayo, Callis on 2015 ROY candidates
|As we speak, the most balanced, deepest and quite possibly toughest division in baseball is the National League Central. No other division can claim to have this much talent, established or youthful, spread throughout its five clubs.More»Heyward looking forward to joining the Cardinals
|The Cubs lost in their bid for catcher Russell Martin. Now, it's time to turn their attention to free-agent pitcher Jon Lester. Lester was expected to meet with the Cubs this week, according to reports, to consider whether to rejoin president of baseball operations Theo Epstein, who was the left-hander's general manager in Boston.More»Ken Davidoff joins High Heat
|The Cubs' middle infield just got a little more crowded. On Sunday, the Cubs acquired left-handed-hitting infielder Tommy La Stella from the Braves, as well as Atlanta's No. 4 international signing bonus slot, for pitcher Arodys Vizcaino and three international signing bonus slots.More»Muskat on Cubs' acquisition of La Stella from Braves
|Cubs first baseman Anthony Rizzo blasted two walk-off home runs during his 2014 All-Star season. His latest came Sunday morning in his South Florida hometown for the third annual Walk-Off For Cancer at Pine Trails Park.More»
|Cubs first baseman Anthony Rizzo was in Denver on Friday to accept the 23rd Annual Branch Rickey Award for humanitarian service. At 25, he is the youngest recipient.More»Cubs slugger Rizzo joins MLB Network's Hot Stove
|A new chapter in the classic Cardinals-Cubs rivalry will have a quick start, as those two teams are scheduled to meet April 5 at Wrigley Field in the Sunday Night Baseball opener on ESPN2 at 8 p.m. ET.More»Cubs introduce Maddon as team's new manager
|Mariners righty Hisashi Iwakuma and Cubs lefty Tsuyoshi Wada were touched up for seven runs on Friday in their return to baseball in Japan, but they were nonetheless honored by the reception they received from their countrymen at the Tokyo Dome during Game 2 of the Japan All-Star Series.More» Iwakuma fans four in Japan Series outing
|The Arizona Fall League is known as baseball's finishing school because it has graduated a ton of talent to the Major Leagues since it began play in 1992. Here are the development highlights from the AFL's 23rd season for all 30 big league organizations.More» Greg Bird joins booth after winning MVP
|The Cubs have a nice foundation in the rotation and their offseason search for a top-line starter and an innings-eater is crucial to their hopes of competing in the National League Central in 2015.More»Cubs GM Hoyer joins Hot Stove
|The Cubs continued to stockpile pitchers, claiming right-hander Donn Roach off waivers from the Padres on Wednesday.More» Roach retires Baxter in his first appearance
|Every fall, Minor Leaguers raise their stock with their performances in the Arizona Fall League. The caveats that are typically thrown out when discussing such matters: it's a small sample size and the AFL is always very hitter-friendly. But it's also true that every year, expectations around some prospects are heightened based on what they did during six weeks in the desert.More» Greg Bird's solo homer gives East 1-0 lead
|The Cubs are in the market for starting pitching, but they are not ready to part with some of their young infielders to fill that need.More»MIA@WSH Zimmermann throws no-hitter vs. Marlins
|On Friday, Cubs first baseman Anthony Rizzo will be saluted for his charity work. On Sunday, he'll be busy raising money and awareness in the fight against cancer.More»Cubs slugger Rizzo joins MLB Network's Hot Stove
|With front-end starting pitching as their Hot Stove priority, the Cubs know they could come up empty-handed. But should they fail to add an arm like Jon Lester, Max Scherzer or James Shields through free agency, don't expect them to immediately attempt to trade for an ace.More»Cubs GM Hoyer joins Hot Stove
|Cubs president of baseball operations Theo Epstein said he welcomed an investigation by Major League Baseball into tampering allegations related to the team's hiring of Joe Maddon.More»Epstein discusses dismissal of Rick Renteria
|The Cubs Inbox addresses questions about adding veteran players, the renovation of Wrigley Field and whether relievers Justin Grimm and Neil Ramirez could move into the rotation.More» Grimm earns win in solid relief outing
|On Friday, crews carefully moved what is known as the caretaker's house -- a brick structure built in 1923 that was located at the northwest corner of Wrigley Field, outside of the ballpark -- about 200 feet to a parking lot, where it will be restored.More»Cubs save historic building during Wrigley renovation
|A collection of the game's top talent will represent Major League Baseball next week when the Japan All-Star Series begins on Tuesday, and the roster for the MLB team was revealed on Friday.More»MLB squad prepares for Japan All-Star Series
|Even before Joe Maddon was hired as manager, the Cubs were rumored to be on the verge of signing nearly every free agent on the market. They do have money to spend, but that doesn't mean they're going on a shopping spree this winter.More»Cubs GM Hoyer joins Hot Stove
|The Cubs' best hope for a front-line starter from their farm system is right-hander C.J. Edwards, who is making up for lost time in the Arizona Fall League while seeking a third go-to pitch to accompany a low-90s fastball and curve.More» C.J. Edwards, RHP, Cubs
|The Cubs may have made their biggest free-agent splash by signing Joe Maddon as their new manager. Maddon, who became available after exercising an opt-out clause in his contract, agreed to a five-year, $25 million contract with the Cubs on Monday, calling it a "once in a 107 years opportunity." Who's next?More»Maddon discusses becoming the new Cubs manager
|Alfonso Soriano is retiring from the Major Leagues after 16 seasons, according to a report from The Associated Press.More»Alfonso Soriano decides to retire after 16 seasons
|We often hear rave reviews about Cubs position prospects like Kris Bryant, Addison Russell, Albert Almora and Jorge Soler. With good reason. They are exciting and dynamic players and could soon join recently promoted Javier Baez on the Major League roster. Right-hander C.J. Edwards is the Cubs' top pitching prospect and is No. 5 on the their Top 20 Prospects list.More» C.J. Edwards, RHP, Cubs
|The Cubs ushered in a new era of optimism with confidence and flair on Monday, introducing Joe Maddon as the franchise's 54th manager.More»Maddon discusses becoming the new Cubs manager
Carrie Muskat has been the Cubs beat reporter for MLB.com since 2001 and has been covering the club since 1987.


text:
Plush Novelties
Plush Sling Shot Duck With Sound (1 pc)
Kids will love making ducks fly at their party with this Plush Sling Shot Duck With Sound. Just pull on the arms and let go to watch it fly! Once it makes impact, it makes a hilarious pig noise. This silly quaking measures 11 inches and is perfect for farm themed parties.
- 1 Plush Sling Shot Duck With Sound.
- Plush Measures 11 Inches.
- Plush.
- Sling Shot.
- Duck Noises on Impact.


text:
Find records of Loyd Yates
Find birth, death, marriage, military, and other records of Loyd C Yates at Ancestry.com.Search for records
Biography & Family History Add details
Loyd C Yates (1943 - 2000) was born on July 7, 1943. He was born into the Yates family.
There are no known marriages or children on file for Loyd. Loyd died on March 25, 2000 at 56 years old.
Loyd C Yates's last known residence is at Westville, Holmes County, Florida.
We were able tofind a death record for Loyd C Yates in the United States Social Security Master Death Index (SSDI). According to information provided to the SSDI, this death record has been verified by a family member of the deceased. This data can be considered very accurate. What is the SSDI?
This look at Loyd C Yates's life is a collaborative effort by AncientFaces users Add facts about Loyd to connect with the people who knew him. Some things we would like to know about Loyd's genealogy:
- Where was Loyd born?
- Where did Loyd die?
- Who was Loyds family?
- What did Loyd look like? Add some photos of their life.
Family Tree & Genealogy Add / Edit People
You can add or remove people from this genealogy by clicking here.
History of Loyd C Yates Add details
- Given name
- Loyd
- Surnames
- Yates family history
- Last Known Residence
- Westville, Holmes County, Florida
- Born
- Death
- Gender
- Male
Do you know more about Loyd C Yates?
You can add details to this page and share Loyd's story.
Obituary Add details
There isn't any info regarding Loyd C Yates's obituary records. You can add obituary information about Loyd C Yates by clicking "Add Details".
Discuss Loyd
Share your memories below with the rest of Loyd's family. We'll notify anyone else who is searching for Loyd of your message.
Find records of Loyd Yates
Find birth, death, marriage, military, and other records of Loyd C Yates at Ancestry.com.Search for records
Possible Relatives
- Cecilia Yates
- ·
- Jean Yates
- ·
- Katie R Yates
- ·
- Nixie Yates
- ·
- Myrtle Eve Yates
- ·
- James R Yates
- ·
- Shirley Yates
- ·
- Beverly Jean Yates
- ·
- Wynell G Yates
- ·
- Eugene Yates
- ·
- Laura Yates
- ·
- Lela E Yates
- ·
- Florence D Yates
- ·
- Alice Yates
- ·
- Gabriella Yates
- ·
- Sherman C Yates
- ·
- Julia Yates
- ·
- Henry Yates
- ·
- Juanita Yates
- ·
- Andrew L Yates
- ·


text:
Sign up - Business
Thanks for your interest in opening a Bristol Pound account. Fill in your details below and we will send you an email with the application forms to join Bristol Credit Union and open a Bristol Pound account.
If you would like further information please contact Mike Lloyd-Jones, firstname.lastname@example.com.
If you want to source from local, quality producers that use Bristol Pounds please contact firstname.lastname@example.com.
Do you trade online? For more information about how use Bristol Pounds for ecommerce, go to: bristolpound/ecommerce.
Opening a Bristol Pound account involves becoming a member of Bristol Credit Union. Please see the side bar for details.


text:
- Release Date: Jan 31, 2001
- Critic Score
- Most active
- Publication
- Most clicked
An excellent collection of some of the greatest games released in the past decade, and will become a must-have for all Sega fans once it becomes available separately from the system bundle.
Die-hard gamers and fanatical purists will undoubtedly make this game compilation a must-have; but those who took up gaming when the 32-bit era kicked in will find only two titles of interest: "Virtua Cop 2" and "Sega Swirl."
User score distribution:
Positive: 1 out of 1
Mixed: 0 out of 1
Negative: 0 out of 1
AJJun 18, 2004this is actually a very good compilation, myself, i like the fact they included 2 RPG's on the SSP b/c lets face it, if you love RPG games you have to love the classics, and this compilation doesnt get no more classic. And sega swirl ROCKS!!!!!… Full Review »


text:
Coconut chutney is a typical condiment that is served with South Indian dishes, especially Idlis and Dosas. It has great
Coconut chutney is a typical condiment that is served with South Indian dishes, especially Idlis and Dosas. It has great
There aren't that many Filipino desserts that are known by people in general. Most people here have heard of Halo Halo,
The English summer has hit and the weather has been about as lovely as you could hope for in England with long warm even
August 15, 2014 by: Chef in Training 0 Sometimes meat can taste savory and sometimes it can be on the sweeter side. Thi
Put all ingredients except oil and parsley in the bowl of a food processor and process until smooth. With motor running
Preheat oven to 220 deg C (425 deg F). Wrap pancetta around the pork to enclose, place apple slices in a baking dish an
Spinach Artichoke Dip Bites and $75 Crisp Cooking Tools GiveawayDisclosure: I received Crisp Cooking Tools to facilitate
Paneer Tikka Masala Sanjeev Kapoor How to make Restaurant Style Paneer Tikka Masala Sanjeev Kapoor's Recipe
3rd Oct, 2012This is another attempt of creating an Indian recipe with apples. Earlier, I had made Apple pickle and Appl
What on earth are shooters (besides being persons with a gun in their hand who shoot?). I knew they were some kind of dr
Pongal is a very famous break fast in south India.Its a combination of rice and dal with spices.We used to go to 'sarava
For those out there that are big fans of Candied Sweet Potatoes this is a quick and easy recipe for you..... Candied
Today sharing a Traditional Bengali dish which was very famous in Tagore Family. Hope you understood what do I mean to s
These are just about the best dinner rolls you will ever have! Soft and light and fluffy and they rise so nicely. Easy t
On Sunday night we got the chance to go see Les Mis at a local theater with my husbands company. Have you see Les Mis,
Its back to bread baking. Yesterday we had a simple mixed vegetable with yogurt dinner rolls. Yogurt dinner rolls are ve


text:
21st Street celebrates St. Louis's brewing heritage and re-birth in a hip vintage atmosphere that pays homage to all our local brewers. Boasting over 50 beers on draft and over 80 by the bottle, every local brewery will be represented along with the best domestic and international craft selections available. Stone walls, natural wood and cozy lounge furniture make the bar a perfect place to celebrate any occasion. Unique, tasty brew snacks or food from PW Pizza pair perfectly with your favorite pint.
About Us
Daily & Happy Hour Specials!
St. Louis Rams- Are you ready for some football!
September 8, 2014 11:00 am – December 29, 2014 1:00 am
St. Louis Rams- Are you ready for some football!
Sunday/Monday Night Games
21st Street Brewers Bar 2017 Chouteau Avenue
Book Your Holiday Party!
September 12, 2014 12:00 am – November 30, 2014 11:59 pm
It's hard to imagine, but the holidays will be here soon. Don't forget to plan your holiday party at Eleven Eleven Mississippi, Vin de Set, PW Pizza, Moulin Events, The Malt House Cellar and recently renovated space, The Jefferson Ballroom. We take care of everything so you can enjoy the party with your guests. Our dedicated team will work with you to customize the perfect menu. Contact us now and let us make this an unforgettable experience for you and your guests. Moulin Events and the Malt House Cellar With seven private rooms accommodating groups of 20-750 guests, this is an ideal way to host your holiday party offering the best of both a restaurant and an event venue. Personal service in a warm and inviting atmosphere with the dedication to food preparation and quality that you have come to expect in our restaurants, but in the privacy of your own room. Call 314-241-4949 PW Pizza Reserve your table in PW Pizza's Wine Market for your next party. We can accommodate 10-20 guests. You and your guests will enjoy a meal starting with appetizers served family style, a choice of soup or salad, pizzas and gooey butter cake. Or ask about our complimentary delivery for your office luncheon. Call 314-241-7799. Eleven Eleven Mississippi's Private Wine Cellar & Vin de Set's Private Wine Loft We can accommodate 8 to 12 guests in our private Wine Room or 8-16 in our private Wine Loft. Enjoy a 5-course Chef's Tasting Menu designed specifically for you by our Executive Chefs. A typical menu includes a hot appetizer, chilled appetizer, meat entrée, fish entrée & dessert. We can tailor the menu to your specific needs or have our chef surprise you with a one-of-a-kind creation. For the ultimate culinary experience, our wine director, Scott Gaghan, will pair wine with each course. Great way to entertain for the holidays Call Eleven Eleven Mississippi at 314-241-9999 or Vin de Set at 314-241-8989 21st Street Brewers Bar Join your friends or co-workers any night of the week to celebrate the holidays with plenty of great beers, wine or cocktails.
Blues & Beers
October 9, 2014 6:00 pm – April 11, 2015 9:00 pm
Join us during all Blue's hockey games for these specials. Mix & Match Buckets - 6 for $12.99 PBR, Miller Lite, Bud Select, Bud or Coors Bud Light Draft for the "Hat Trick" price of $3 Wings $.67 each - Year the Blues joined the NHL #16 Appetizer Sampler Platter /Wings, Spinach-Artichoke Dip & Meatballs $16 Special begins 2 hours before every Blue's game and is available until we close. Dine in only.
Holiday Entertaining
December 7, 2014 3:00 pm – December 7, 2014 5:30 pm
Get inspired this holiday season and join us for an entertaining and fun hands-on interactive class designed for anyone from the first time host to the seasoned party planner. Our team of professionals will guide you as we taste our way through spirited holiday cocktails and easy to fix appetizers. Learn how to make a festive holiday do-it-yourself gifts to take home with you that day. We will provide all the materials needed to make these memorable keepsakes. $50 Space is limited and this "sold out" quickly last year! Please call 314-621-1996 to reserve your place today.
Bottles & Cans
Brew Snacks & PW Pizza
- Spicy Hard Pretzels
- Crispy BBQ Potato Chips
house made GPM smoked
BBQ seasoning
- Big White Fried Corn Nuts
- Sweet & Spicy Gourmet Mixed Nuts
- Soft Pretzel
w/ whole grain honey beer mustard
add a side of prairie breeze cheddar cheese beer dip
- Cheddar Cheese Ball
rolled in IPA poached walnuts
w/ hard pretzels


text:
Getting Pregnant
Labor and Delivery
Baby and Beyond
YAAA for Friday! I only have one little guy and he's my 3 y.o. so it will be an easy day. He also leaves at 2:15! So it's an early day too.
Sophia wants to see Huger Games today but I am just not in the mood to fight a crowd at the theatre. We have a busy weekend so I just want to relax after I clean the house. Is that so wrong?
WWYD question. Part of my sectional is in but part of it isnt. I'd say 2/3 is in. Would you have it delivered since they are saying it might be 6 weeks before the other piece gets here? Or would wait for the whole thing at once? I am dying to get rid of the old couches.
You know you want the couch, so just get it. It's going to drive you nuts if you don't!!
WE HAVE RAIN!!!!!! We were walking out from Alyssa's tumble lesson last night when it started...I danced in it a little! The way it looks, Connor's baseball game may be delayed tomorrow, which really isn't a bad thing since it's at 8:30 AM! Not nice on a Saturday! We don't really have any other plans for the weekend! My parents are taking the kids Saturday night, so Scott and I are going to see the Hunger Games. I can't wait!!!!
What an awesome Friday you have Sam! Enjoy! I'd just get what's in Sam. You don't want to have to wait a whole 6 weeks, do you?
Have a great date night Brandi! Yay for Rain!
We are supposed to get rain all weekend. URGH. Hope the weatherman is wrong. He usually is.
I'm SO looking forward to the weekend. Love just hanging out with my own kids. We need to get a lot of stuff done around the house too. No plans so far other than that. Love it!
DH - Shaun - May 18, 2002
DS - Dylan - June 17, 2003
DD - Dakota - November 3, 2005
DD - Savannah - September 25, 2007
Sam, I'd have as much couch delivered as I could. Enjoy your day.
Brandi, glad the rain has found you.
Sam, have a great family weekend!
Today I'm trying to get some paperwork done for school and catch up on my grading; Nicky's swim class then scootering at the park after school. Tomorrow I'm spending the day in NYC with some students--taking them to the Metropolitan Museum of Art! Will be a long day but fun. Sunday I'll have to grade, prep, and clean house, then Ava's Daisy Scout meeting then her swim lesson. I'm leading the Daisy craft Sunday: sit-upons. Remember those? Gotta get moving...


text:
Halliburton Q2 Profits Rise, Boost BuybackJuly 21, 2014 10:34 am | by Associated Press | News | Comments
Halliburton Co. (HAL) said Monday that its second-quarter earnings rose 20 percent, and it raised its share buyback authorization to $6 billion.
Diamondback Energy Buys Oil & Gas Assets For $538MJuly 21, 2014 10:20 am | by Associated Press | News | Comments
The acquisition, which is expected to close in September, will give Diamondback an additional 13,136 net acres in the Midland Basin, bringing its total to 85,000 net acres.
Chinese Chemical Company Comes To LouisianaJuly 18, 2014 10:14 am | by Associated Press | News | Comments
A China-based company is opening a methanol manufacturing facility on the Mississippi River in St. James Parish that's expected to create 350 to 400 permanent jobs.
3M Buys Subsidiary Stake For $885MJuly 16, 2014 10:51 am | by Associated Press | News | Comments
3M will take full control of its Sumitomo subsidiary by acquiring the 25 percent of the company that it doesn't already own for $885 million.
Officials Suspicious Of Connection Between Gas Project & Oil ReferendumJuly 16, 2014 10:48 am | by BECKY BOHRER, Associated Press | News | Comments
The decision Alaska voters make on an oil-tax referendum next month could have implications for a proposed liquefied natural gas project, the senior project manager said Tuesday, a point deemed a scare tactic by one state lawmaker.
Factory Output Rises For 5th Straight MonthJuly 16, 2014 10:37 am | by CHRISTOPHER S. RUGABER, AP Economics Writer | News | Comments
U.S. factory output increased for the fifth straight month in June as manufacturers cranked out more aircraft, chemicals and furniture.
Gold Mine Expands Onto Federal LandJuly 16, 2014 10:34 am | by Associated Press | News | Comments
Fairbanks Gold Mining Inc., which is owned by Kinross, has submitted the request to the U.S. Bureau of Land Management to expand the open-pit gold mine onto federal land.
Camden Plant Could Create 3,000 JobsJuly 15, 2014 10:07 am | by GEOFF MULVIHILL, Associated Press | News | Comments
A company that makes components for power plants that it eventually expects to bring 3,000 jobs to the facility it plans to build in Camden, one of the nation's poorest cities.
Tennessee County Will Reapply For Pipeline PermitJuly 15, 2014 10:05 am | by Associated Press | News | Comments
An eastern Tennessee county is considering asking the state again for permits that would allow US Nitrogen to build miles-long pipelines to and from the Nolichucky River.
Albemarle Buys Rockwood In $6.2B DealJuly 15, 2014 9:53 am | by Associated Press | News | Comments
Specialty chemicals company Albemarle is buying counterpart Rockwood Holdings Inc. in a cash-and-stock deal valued at about $6.2 billion.
Alcoa Signs $1.1B Deal To Make Jet Engine PartsJuly 15, 2014 9:50 am | by Associated Press | News | Comments
Alcoa signed a $1.1 billion deal to make jet engine parts for a unit of United Technologies Corp.
North Dakota Approves Pipeline To Diesel RefineryJuly 15, 2014 9:45 am | by Associated Press | News | Comments
North Dakota regulators have approved a $7.9 million pipeline that will supply crude for a diesel refinery under construction near Dickinson.
Global Energy, Mining & Utilities Trend ReportJuly 14, 2014 4:35 pm | by Mergermarket | News | Comments
Q2 2014's global M&A targetting the Energy, Mining & Utilities (EMU) sector recovered from a subdued Q1. Deal value increased 68.8% to US$ 143.8bn with 400 deals, up from 345 deals at US$ 85.2bn Q1 2014 and marking the hitest valued quarter in over a year (Q4 2012 valued at US$ 190.4bn).
ConAgra Buys Chinese Potato Processor For $93MJuly 14, 2014 10:05 am | by Associated Press | News | Comments
ConAgra Foods Inc., the company behind Chef Boyardee canned pasta, said that it bought a Chinese potato processor for $93 million to help it sell more frozen potato products in Asia.
Whiting Petroleum Purchases Kodiak Oil & Gas For $6BJuly 14, 2014 9:58 am | by Associated Press | News | Comments
Whiting Petroleum Corp. said Sunday it is buying Kodiak Oil & Gas Corp. for $6 billion in stock, worth $13.90 per share, in a deal that will make it the largest producer in the booming Bakken region of North Dakota and Montana.
New Jersey Approves Camden Tax IncentivesJuly 10, 2014 1:29 pm | by Associated Press | News | Comments
New Jersey officials have approved $260 million in incentives to bring a manufacturing facility and 395 jobs to Camden, a city that ranks among the most impoverished in the country.
Silicon Plant Talks Commence In North CarolinaJuly 10, 2014 1:19 pm | by Associated Press | News | Comments
A North Carolina group plans a meeting Saturday in Iuka to call on local residents to press state regulators to hold a hearing on what it believes is health risks connected to a silicon metal plant under construction in Tishomingo County.
Korean Firm To Pay $2M For Stealing DuPont SecretsJuly 10, 2014 1:17 pm | by Associated Press | News | Comments
A South Korean chemical company has agreed to pay $2 million to settle a criminal complaint alleging attempted theft of a competitor's trade secrets.
Alcoa Helps Lift The MarketJuly 9, 2014 2:48 pm | by KEN SWEET, AP Markets Writer | News | Comments
Positive earnings news from Alcoa gave the stock market a modest lift Wednesday, helping reverse a two-day decline.
Coal Company Sues Competitor After Breached DealJuly 9, 2014 2:42 pm | by JIM SUHR, AP Business Writer | News | Comments
A leading U.S. coal company is suing a rival with which it shared confidential business plans during a deal that later fizzled, saying the competitor used the proprietary details to buy up land in southern Illinois to thwart the accuser's expansion plans.
Oil Boom Boosts State Wage AveragesJuly 9, 2014 2:33 pm | by JAMES MacPHERSON, Associated Press | News | Comments
Well-paying jobs in western North Dakota's oil-producing counties helped propel the state's average annual pay by 4 percent last year to almost $48,000, state data show, though the state still hovers slightly below the national average.
Old Tires Find New LivesJuly 9, 2014 2:28 pm | by AYE AYE WIN, Associated Press | News | Comments
Old truck tires are transformed into rubber washers and bushings for cars and rice mills. Machine parts, buckets and flip-flops — the most popular footwear in the rural areas — are among the biggest sellers for tire recyclers.
Plea Hearings Set In Coal Kickback CaseJuly 9, 2014 2:24 pm | by Associated Press | News | Comments
A federal judge has set plea hearings for 10 men accused of participating in a kickback scheme at an Arch Coal mine in West Virginia.
Freedom Industries To Start Dismantling Next WeekJuly 9, 2014 2:21 pm | by Associated Press | News | Comments
After running into asbestos problems, the company at the center of a January spill into West Virginia's biggest water supply plans to start dismantling its tanks Monday.
Power Plant Component Maker Seeks Multi-Million Tax IncentiveJuly 9, 2014 2:20 pm | by GEOFF MULVIHILL, Associated Press | News | Comments
A company that makes components for power plants is seeking a $260 million, 10-year New Jersey tax incentive to do business in Camden in a deal that would be the third-most lucrative business incentive package ever from New Jersey's state government.