text:
Families of the Chinese passengers on board Flight MH370 have accused Malaysia of mismanaging the search and holding back information.
The Department of Civil Aviation said: "We would like to confirm that the last conversation in the transcript between the air traffic controller and the cockpit is at 0119 (Malaysian Time) and is "Good night Malaysian three seven zero
Malaysia says the plane, which disappeared less than an hour into its flight, was likely to have been diverted deliberately far off course.
Investigators have determined no apparent motive or other red flags among the 227 passengers or the 12 crew. About two-thirds of the passengers were Chinese nationals.
The Malaysian authorities have not yet worked out whether the final words were uttered by the missing plane's pilot or copilot.
The airliner's turn off course is being considered a "criminal act," a source has told CNN.
Monday's search came to an end without anything significant being found, according to the Australian authorities.
An earlier report of orange objects floating in the sea turned out to be fishing equipment.
The agonising lack of concrete evidence for the fate of the missing plane will add to the misery of relatives and friends of those on board.
Families of the Chinese passengers on board Flight MH370 have accused Malaysia of mismanaging the search and holding back information.
The flight vanished on route from Kuala Lumpur to Beijing on March 8.
The long wait for answers - or physical evidence - about what happened to the missing jet has led to wild conspiracy theories online.
The search, which has involved dozens of ships and aircraft sent from countries across the globe, is entering its fourth week.
Hopes for those on board have sadly all but ended given the length of time the plane has been missing.
Flight MH370 gone missing is just another conspiracy like 9/11— Makaveli (@princeralh_24) April 1, 2014
Malaysia has said it will ask the United States about the possibility of deploying more military assets to help aid the search for the missing plane.
US Secretary of Defense Chuck Hagel said on Monday that he will consider any additional requests from the Malaysian authorities, CNN reports.
The latest search area is taking place more than 1,000 miles off the coast of Australia, and involves ships and aircraft from several countries.
Stay here for live updates.
The Malaysian authorities have been accused by relatives of those on board the missing aircraft of giving them 'confusing, conflicting information since the plane vanished.'
Distrust has grown after the Malaysians admitted yesterday that the last words from the plane's cockpit were different to those first stated.
Painstaking analysis of radar data and limited satellite information has focused the search on a vast, inhospitable swathe of the southern Indian Ocean west of the Australian city of Perth, but has so far failed to spot any sign of it.
Nine ships and 10 aircraft resumed the hunt for wreckage from MH370 on Tuesday, hoping to recover more than fishing objects and other flotsam found so far.
"The search goes on," Australian Defence Minister David Johnston told Australian Broadcasting Corp radio from Perth. "We've got about 200 aviators in the air at any given time ... flying over the site looking for debris. It's a very difficult task."
Malaysian Prime Minister Najib Razak will travel to Perth on Wednesday to see the operations first hand.
Among the vessels due to join the search in the coming days is an Australian defence force ship, the Ocean Shield, that has been fitted with a sophisticated U.S. black box locator and an underwater drone.
Time is running out because the signal transmitted by the missing aircraft's black box will die about 30 days after a crash due to limited battery life, leaving investigators with a vastly more difficult task.
Malaysia's acting transport minister, Hishammuddin Hussein, said he would discuss the deployment of "more specific military assets" during a regional defence ministers' meeting with the United States in Hawaii that he is attending from Tuesday.
"I shall be discussing with the United States, and our other friends and allies, how best we can acquire the assets needed for possible deep sea search and recovery," said Hishammuddin, who is also Malaysia's defence minister.
The search area may be relocated again if no debris are found in the current location.
Nine ships and ten planes are taking part in today's search operation.
Of all the 20 aircraft and ships out scouring the vast Indian Ocean for debris from Malaysia Airlines Flight MH370, the U.S. Navy's P-8 Poseidon seems perhaps the most likely to help unlock modern aviation's most confounding mystery.
Five workstations lining the fuselage display high-definition video from the top-secret sensors that make this one of the most sophisticated surveillance planes in the world.
But the latest mission in the three-week hunt - five luckless hours skimming as low as 300 feet (90 metres) above the wave tops - only served to underscore the enormity of the challenge facing the international search team.
"This is my first time in the Indian Ocean and it is unquestionably the most untouched piece of water I have ever seen," U.S. Navy Lieutenant Commander David Mims, the plane's pilot said.
"It's rare to come out and not see any land mass, not see any shipping traffic. There's nothing," he said. "It's weird."
We've had an email from Mark Prochazka with a theory about why no debris field has yet been found in the Indian Ocean.
He said: "Has anyone considered that there may not be a debris field to find?
"If the aircraft ditched intact, it would leave no surface evidence.
"The Hudson River ditching shows that an aircraft in the right conditions can land on the water fully intact.
"In the case of MH370, the Boeing 777 may have glided onto the water and eventually sinking leaving no floating debris.
"There is a list of pros and cons to this hypothetical scenario, but it may be one worth considering."
The map below shows the search area for today.
The search is now being run from a newly-formed Joint Agency Coordination Centre (JACC) led by retired Air Chief Marshal Angus Houston.
Elsewhere an Illinois judge on Monday dismissed a U.S. law firm's motion to obtain evidence of possible design and manufacturing defects from Boeing and Malaysian Airlines in connection with the disappearance of the flight.
An underwater drone capable of diving to 4,500 metres is helping in the search for missing flight MH370.
The Bluefin Robotics Bluefin-21 drone weighs 750kg and will be used to map the vast Indian Ocean seabed as the hunt continues. It set off from Perth today and is expected to take five days to get to the search area.
It will use sonar to build up an idea of the terrain and it is only the second time it has been used in salvage operations. The only other time was when it helped recover an F-15 near Okinawa, Japan.
According to Bluefin Robotics it has multiple sensors. The company says the Bluefin 21 "has immense capability but is also flexible enough to operate from various ships of opportunity worldwide."
Australian DMS Maritime vessel Seahorse Standard just departed for #MH370 search area - transit expected to take five days.— AMSA News (@AMSA_News) April 1, 2014
Nine ships and 10 aircraft are involved in the hunt for wreckage from MH370 today, hoping to recover more than fishing gear and other flotsam found since Australian authorities moved the search 1,100 km (685 miles) north after new analysis of radar and satellite data.
Houston said the challenging search, in an area the size of Ireland, would continue based on the imperfect information with which they had to work.
"But, inevitably, if we don't find any wreckage on the surface, we are eventually going to have to, probably in consultation with everybody who has a stake in this, review what to do next," he said.
Using faint, hourly satellite signals gathered by British firm Inmarsat PLC and radar data from early in its flight, investigators have only estimates of the speed the aircraft was travelling and no certainty of its altitude, Houston said.
Nearly a month has passed since the plane went missing and search teams have just one week before the black box battery will fade out.
It is hoped that a towed pinger locator being transported by HMAS Ocean Sheild will be able to pick up signals from the black box.
After the pings stop, the only way to find the black box would be using sonar equipment to scan the sea bed for any sign of man-made objects.
However, Australian Prime Minister Tony Abbott assured relatives of the 239 people on board that there was "no time limit" on the length of the searches.
Mr Abbott said: "The intensity of our search and the magnitude of operations is increasing, not decreasing."
Weather in the search area is varied today.
The Australian Maritime Safety Authority described it as "marginal" but expects it to ease in the next 24 hours.
Ships are currently experiencing heavy seas and strong winds.
Weather currently marginal and expected to ease in next 24 hours in the #MH370 search area. Ships experiencing heavy seas and strong winds.— AMSA News (@AMSA_News) April 1, 2014
The Malaysian government has released the transcript of the final communications between flight MH370 and air traffic control.
The transcript appears unremarkable but does confirm the last words from the flight deck.
Co-pilot Fariq Abdul Hamid said: "Good night Malaysian Three Seven Zero".
Malaysian gov releases transcript of communication between #MH370 and Air Traffic Control. Page 2: pic.twitter.com/Asu1bub3jt— Alistair Bunkall (@AliBunkallSKY) April 1, 2014
In a statement, acting transport minister Hishammuddin Hussein said: "Today we are releasing the full transcript of communications between flight MH370 and Air Traffic Control Kuala Lumpur.
"The transcript has been shared with the families… There is no indication of anything abnormal in the transcript.
"The transcript was initially held as part of the police investigation. Previously, Malaysia Airlines had stated initial investigations indicated that the voice which signed off was that of the co-pilot. The police are working to confirm this belief, and forensic examination of the actual recording is ongoing.
"The international investigations team and the Malaysian authorities remain of the opinion that, up until the point at which it left military primary radar coverage, MH370's movements were consistent with deliberate action by someone on the plane."
There is "disbelief" that Malaysia Airlines flight MH370 "could simply disappear" and a plane must "never again go missing in this way", a world airline industry chief said today.
The incident has highlighted two areas - aircraft tracking and passenger data - where improvements were needed, said International Air Transport Association (Iata) director general Tony Tyler.
He went on: "In a world where our every move seems to be tracked, there is disbelief both that an aircraft could simply disappear and that the flight data and cockpit voice recorders are so difficult to recover."
He said that the Air France 447 incident, when a plane crashed into the Atlantic in June 2009 claiming 228 lives, had "brought similar issues to light a few years ago and some progress was made".
Investigators are conducting a forensic examination of the final recorded conversation between ground control and the cockpit of Malaysia Airlines Flight 370 before it went missing three weeks ago, the Malaysian government said.
It comes after the Malaysian government changed its account of the final voice transmission from the missing jetliner.
The examination could shed light on who was in control of the cockpit and will also seek to determine if there was any stress or tension in the voice of whoever was communicating with ground control - crucial factors in an air disaster investigation.
Responding to repeated media requests, the Malaysian government released a transcript of the conversation, which showed normal exchanges from the cockpit as it requested clearance for take-off, reported it had reached cruising altitude and left Malaysian air space.
"Good night Malaysian three-seven-zero," were the final words received by ground controllers at Kuala Lumpur's international airport.
Australia, which is co-ordinating the search for the Boeing 777, cautioned that it "could drag on for a long time".
Australia has deployed an airborne traffic controller over the Indian Ocean to prevent a mid-air collision among the many aircraft searching for the missing plane.
An Australian Air Force E-7A Wedgetail equipped with advanced radar "is on its first operational" task in the search area in the middle of the Indian Ocean, the Australian Maritime Safety Authority said in a tweet.
Earlier, Angus Houston, who heads the joint agency co-ordinating the multinational search effort, said the modified Boeing 737 will monitor the increasingly crowded skies over the remote search zone.
This odd-looking plane - an E-7A Wedgetail - is joining the search for #MH370. More here: http://t.co/XtOUuWulKs pic.twitter.com/1vkQ2fZyZ0— Doug Luzader (@DougLuzader) April 1, 2014
The disappearance of Malaysia Airlines Flight 370 highlights the need for security improvements in tracking aircraft and also screening passengers before they board planes, the International Air Transport Association has said.
The global airline body announced it is creating a taskforce that will make recommendations by the end of the year on how commercial aircraft can be tracked continuously.
"We cannot let another aircraft simply vanish," said Tony Tyler, the director general of IATA, whose 240 member airlines carry 84% of passengers and cargo worldwide.
"In a world where our every move seems to be tracked, there is disbelief that an aircraft could simply disappear," Mr Tyler said. "Accidents are rare, but the current search for 370 is a reminder that we cannot be complacent on safety."
The air search for today has concluded as darkness falls.
Aircraft are now back in Perth, but still there are no signs of the plane.
Ships with a black box locator and an underwater drone are both on their way to the search zone.
All aircraft assisting in the #MH370 search have returned to Perth. No significant developments to report.— AMSA News (@AMSA_News) April 1, 2014
The lack of information about the fate of MH370 has seen some angry exchanges between relatives of some of the Chinese passengers on board, and Malaysian officials.
Chinese relatives, many of whom have been waiting for news in Beijing, have accused the Malaysian authorities of withholding information, and announcing that their loved ones had perished without any evidence.
Following today's revelation that the final words from the jet's cockpit were "Good night Malaysian Three Seven Zero" - not "All right, good night as previously reported", there has been further anger.
One told The Straits Times: "They told us in the first week, in this very room, that the last words were 'All right, goodnight' and not it's changed.
"This is why we know they are hiding something from us."
A quick recap on some of the comments by Air Chief Marshall Angus Houston today:
The man leading the search for MH370 raised the frightening prospect that the plane may never be found.
Mr Houston said: "We have a starting point and we need to pursue the search with vigour and we need to do that for some time to come.
"Inevitably, if we don't find wreckage on the surface, we are eventually going to have to, probably in consultation with everybody who has a stake in this, review what we do next.
"It will take time. It's not necessarily something that is going to be resolved in the next two weeks, for example."
Royal Navy submarine HMS Tireless has arrived in the southern Indian Ocean to help in the search for flight MH370, it's been announced this evening.
The Trafalgar Class submarine arrived in the area yesterday, and will now help in the hunt for the plane's flight recorders.
Royal Navy survey ship HMS Echo is due to begin its search tomorrow, but a source said that Defence Secretary Philip Hammond has called his Malaysian counterpart to say that HMS Tireless has arrived in the area, where it is searching for the flight recorders.
The source said: "In addition to the deployment of HMS Echo, a Royal Navy survey ship, which begins search efforts tomorrow, a Royal Navy Trafalgar-Class submarine has recently arrived in the area and is conducting search operations for the flight recorders.
"She was ordered to move from an operational tasking to the search area around a week ago and arrived on station yesterday.
"HMS Tireless holds advanced search capabilities, but the task in hand remains a tall order and the search area is immense. Her deployment is being co-ordinated closely with our Australian and US colleagues.
"The Defence Secretary informed his Malaysian counterpart of the additional British contribution during a phone call this evening."
Here are the major developments announced in the search for MH370 today:
- The Malaysian government released a transcript of the final recorded conversation between ground control and the cockpit of MH370, following repeated requests for the information. It revealed that the last exchange was fairly routine, but that the final words were "Good night Malaysian three-seven-zero", not "all right, goodnight" as previously reported.
- Air Chief Marshall Angus Houston, who is leading the search in the Indian Ocean, said there is a chance the plane may never be found.
- The UK's Royal Navy submarine HMS Tireless has arrived in the search area to help with the hunt for the plane's flight recorders.
This live blog has now closed.


text:
[Blind Gossip] We know you are all wondering about and speculating about this actress' behavior. The explanation may surprise you. » Continued
[Blind Gossip] We know you are all wondering about and speculating about this actress' behavior. The explanation may surprise you. » Continued
[Blind Gossip] This reality star is wearing a ring on her engagement finger. Is she engaged? » Continued
This is a BlindGossip.com EXCLUSIVE. In keeping with our Terms of Service, we ask media outlets and bloggers and social media users to clearly and properly credit and link to BlindGossip.com when discussing this story. Thank you for your professional cooperation!
[Blind Gossip] It is hurtful when your fiancé cheats on you. It is even more hurtful when it's with someone you know.
This pretty television Actress found hookup text messages between her Fiance… and one of her television colleagues! » Continued
[Blind Gossip] This pretty television Actress and her musical Fiancee recently broke up. Lots of rumors and public accusations flying back and forth: Controlling! Flirtatious! Insecure! Jealous! Cheater! Thief! » Continued
[Blind Gossip] Underneath all the grunge and weird outfits and hats and jewelry, this film star is probably still cute. At least he was in his early days. One thing that hasn't changed from his early days? His » Continued
[Blind Gossip] A few years before he met and married his famous actress wife, this multi-hyphenate celebrity was engaged to someone else. Although there were theories and vague excuses tossed about as to why that engagement ended so suddenly (Drugs? Alcohol? Infidelity?), the real story was never told.
Until today. » Continued
[Naughty But Nice Rob] Which celebrity took her diamond ring in to get it cleaned, and found out that » Continued
[Naughty But Nice Rob] Which young engaged star better start winning over her mother-in-law if she has any chance of walking down the aisle? » Continued
[Blind Gossip] This breakup happened within the past couple of months. She is the bigger celebrity of the two. She was supposedly engaged… and then not engaged. What happened? Change of heart? Was she cheating? Was he cheating? » Continued
[Hollywood Street King] Because this Hollywood harlot ran some serious mileage up on her NaNa, she's said to have turned to plastic surgery » Continued
Copyright © 2014 BLIND GOSSIP - All Rights Reserved

subset: commoncrawl


text:
This item cannot be found.
by Andres Ferrin
by Richard Burd
by Chris Hasenberg
by Tom Sozzi
by Eagle View
View All
Search Photos
Sort by:
LatestMost PopularRandom
by Chris Hasenberg
by Tim Pritts
by Luiz Miranda
Welcome toDIY Drones
Sign Upor Sign In
Or sign in with:
126 members
226 members
310 members
123 members
2318 members
© 2014 Created by Chris Anderson.
Badges |
Report an Issue |
Terms of Service
Please check your browser settings or contact your system administrator.


text:
Black Friday Week Starts Now!
New Customer ? Start Here.
Can't find what you're looking for? Shop all ink and toner cartridges by brand
Black Friday Week Starts Now!
Item: 590621 Model: 577-6020AB
Proto® Ball locking pear head ratchet head micrometer torque wrench of size 41" provides a better grip on worn, rounded fasteners. Wrench is designed for easy access in close parallel lines.
|Wrench Type
|Wrench Material
|Alloy Steel
|Wrench Size
|1/64 - 1/2 in Male Square Drive
|Wrench Length
|40 - 45 in
Proto® Ball Locking Pear Head Ratchet has a unique 24 tooth gear/floating pawl design that provides 15° ratcheting angle while ...
Use: Torque Wrench.Quantity: Single.Product Type: Wrenches.Country of Manufacture: Taiwan, Province of China.Overall Product ...
Use: Ratcheting WrenchTorque Wrench Quantity: Single Country of Manufacture: China Overall Product Weight: 3 Dimensions: 21.25'' ...
Armstrong® Tools Adjustable torque wrench is 9.5" long and has a square type drive of size 0.25". Armstrong® Tools Adjustable ...
Proto® 8 1/2" Pear head standard length ratchet with 3/8" male square drive features 8 deg arc swing and 45 geared teeth. Ratchet ...
This Web site is intended for use by US residents only. See International Sites. See our delivery policy for full details. Copyright 1998-2014, Staples, Inc., All Rights Reserved.


text:
Cinema Wasteland Movie and Memorabilia Expo
April 10th, 11th and 12th, 2015
November 2014
Our month (of October) on the road is finally over so it's time to get some other stuff taken care of as soon as possible.
The new CW Merchandise site is up and running just in time to do your Holiday shopping early, and the April 10-12, 2015 Cinema Wasteland Movie and Memorabilia Expo pages should be updated and posted in the next couple of weeks.
We've also got one last road trip to make this month when we wrap things up with a visit to the Days of the Dead Show in Chicago. Just click on the WEEKEND CONVENTION SCHEDULE button above to see what DOTD has to offer and we'll see you there.
Next April 10th, 11th, and 12th, 2015 the CW Show returns with a 30th Anniversary DAY OF THE DEAD cast and crew reunion. And not just any 30th Anniversary DAY OF THE DEAD Reunion mind you, but the Single Largest DAY OF THE DEAD Reunion ever held, with pretty much every living character in the film already confirmed.
CLICK HERE to get to the main CW Show page. The Cinema Wasteland Movie and Memorabilia Expo is proudly one of the last of the Old School Fan Conventions still running and we're more than happy to prove that to every fan attending the show.
Don't forget about our early bird ticket prices where you can grab yourself a 3-Day Pass to next April's show for only $35 between now and December 12, 2014.
It's time to beat the crowds and get your Holiday shopping out of the way early, and CW is the place to make every fan on your shopping list happy!
For almost 25 years now, Cinema Wasteland has offered one-stop shopping for any and every Drive-In and Grindhouse Movie Fan the world over. We always offer hundreds of rare, uncommon, and out-of-print DVD titles on our website. You'll also find thousands of Drive-In and Grindhouse era Movie Posters, and hundreds of great items like Autographs, Toys, and assorted Collectibles pictured on our website. And the best part? You'll find it at some of the best prices for top quality merchandise that you'll find anywhere.
We gladly accept Visa, Mastercard, Discover, Amex and Paypal on our Secure Website and most orders ship within 48 hours of ordering. Why not look around next time you have a few minutes to spare? We promise that you'll be pleasantly surprised at what you find and the price you find it at.
Click Here to receive a monthly update about new merchandise.
Join us on
We Buy or Trade for original Movie Posters, DVDs, 16mm Film, Toys, or Collectibles. Have something to get rid of? Then get in touch and if we're interested, we'll make you an offer to buy or trade for it. No collection too small or large to consider.


text:
There are so many applications for business these days that you can virtually run the place on apps. There is everything from apps to design your website, apps for creating an ecommerce site and apps for analyzing how well you are doing. But the one thing that developers often forget about, and it's an important one if you want your customers to remember you, is to create a recognizable logo to go with your name. InstaLogo Logo Creator is an excellent and very user-friendly design app for iOS that makes it simple to create your own personal logo in minutes. ... Read more
Get cool apps developed for Android, iOS or Facebook! Engage your users with Games, Lifestyle, Music and Business Apps Read more
This exciting logo quiz game is for those who love cars and wants to test their knowledge on auto producers. Logo Quiz - Cars has over 130 logos waiting to be guessed by those... Read more
Logos Design operates in India as a solution for engaging, interactive, appealing and uniquely customized designs to support the business marketing collateral. The company is... Read more
Create a logo using our amazing logo maker online tool. Customize high quality logo designs for your business at Logodesign247.net. Read more
We Provide High Quality logo design Services at affordable pricing, Our Designs are Unque, Creative and Visually appealling. We also offer a Free Logo Designing app on our... Read more
Whether you need a logo design for your business, company presentation or an identity for your firm, our Do-It-Yourself logo creator, DesignMantic, lets you build professional... Read more
Al mehtab Sheikh is a keen logo and graphic designers and developer , he works with a team of enthusiastic marketers and technical staff consisting of developers and designers at... Read more
BrandStamp is the perfect app for the Community Manager or Social Media Strategist that needs a way to put a logo on any image quick and easy. Read more
We provide online logo design services at professional level. Our online system based on cheap rates and fully satisfaction. Read more


text:
Already a Bloomberg.com user?
Sign in with the same account.
Don't have an account?
Sign up.
Help! I can't access my account.
Dec. 31 (Bloomberg) -- Lyft Co-Founder John Zimmer discusses ride sharing services on Bloomberg Television's "Bloomberg West." (Source: Bloomberg)
On Air Now
With All Due Respect
Watch Now
Taking Stock with Pimm Fox
©2014 Bloomberg L.P. All Rights Reserved. Made in NYC
Ad Choices


text:
To guarantee this part fits your vehicle, click here. If it doesn't fit your vehicle, we'll recommend similar products.
Our Advantage
Need Help?
Compare Related Products
Kool Vue KV4601052K Cold Air Intake
Our price: $32.45
Our price: $32.45
Bolton Premiere REPM315507 Cold Air Intake
Our price: $30.86
Our price: $30.86
Spectre 8219 Cold Air Intake
Our price: $39.99
Our price: $39.99
Wysco 95-0071 Cold Air Intake
Our price: $63.19
Our price: $63.19
view image gallery
AEM Air21-477C Cold Air Intake - Cold Air Intake, 50-State Legal
Part #: A1821477C | Mfr #: 21-477C
In Stock
Ships out in 1-2 Business Days
Ships out in 1-2 Business Days
- Low Price Guarantee
Be the first to write a review.
- Overview
- Extended Warranty
- Related Products
- Related Products
- Type: Cold Air Intake
- Emissions: 50-State Legal
- Quantity Sold: Assembly
- Tube Material: Aluminum
- Tube Color/Finish: Gunmetal Gray
- Air Filter Material: Synthetic
- Air Filter Type: Dry
- Advertised Power Gains: Up to 12.6 h.p. at 3800 rpm
- Anticipated Ship Out Time: 1-2 Business Days
- Warranty: Lifetime AEM limited warranty


text:
Sign in or register
Szathmary Culinary Manuscripts and Cookbooks
Ann Kenwrick cookbook, 1770
Page 12
Ann Kenwrick cookbook, 1770
Page 12
image 166 of 184
more information:
digital collection
archival collection guide
Enter transcription below:
To make almond Cheese Cakes Take the peel of a large Lemmon Boil it till it is very tender shift the water, once or twice when the peel is boiled enough beat it very well in a marble Mortor put to it a qr. of a pound of almonds blanch. [?] stired in a quart of fine powder sugar beat it all together till [?] almonds are very fine then put to it four eggs leaving out two whites squeeze in the Juice of a Lemmon and pour in a quartor of a pound of Clarified Butter and two spoonfulls of Orange Flower water mix & beat it all very well together so put it into your Pans half an hour will bake it, You must strain your eggs Lemmon Juice & Butter through a Hair Sieve To Pickle Red Cabbage Take a Red Cabbage & Shred it in very thin slices season it with Pepper & Salt pretty well let it lye all night upon a broad tin or dripping Pan: Take a little alegar put to it a little Jamaica Pepper & two or three [?]afes of Ginger boil them together & when it is cold pour it upon your Cabbage [?] in two or three days it will be fit for use If you please you may throw a little colliflower in amongst it & it will turn Red
Save edits
all images
About the project
Transcription tips
Contact us
pages transcribed
Get the code
Make a Gift
Subscribe to RSS headline updates from:
Powered by FeedBurner
Tweets by @DIY_History


text:
Nitrogen- and sulfur-containing compositions are prepared by reacting an oil-soluble dispersant with a dimercaptothiadiazole such as 2,5-dimercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole and subsequently reacting the intermediate thus formed with a carboxylic acid or anhydride containing up to about 10 carbon atoms and having at least one olefinic bond. The preferred carboxylic acid or anhydride is maleic anhydride. The compositions thus obtained are useful in lubricants as dispersants, extreme pressure agents, corrosion inhibitors and inhibitors of copper activity and "lead paint" deposition.
1. A composition prepared by:
(A) heating a mixture comprising at least one oil-soluble dispersant and at least one dimercaptothiadiazole at a temperature of above about 100� to about 250� C. to yield an intermediate capable of forming a homogeneous blend with an oleaginous liquid of lubricating viscosity, about 0.1-10 parts by weight of said dispersant being present per part of dimercaptothiadiazole; and
(B) reacting said intermediate, at a temperature within the range of about 50�-200� C., with at least one carboxylic acid or anhydride containing up to about 10 carbon atoms and having at least one olefinic bond.
2. A composition according to claim 1 wherein the dimercaptothiadiazole is 2,5-dimercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole.
3. A composition according to claim 2 wherein the dispersant is selected from the group consisting of carboxylic dispersants, amine dispersants, Mannich dispersants, and polymeric dispersants.
4. A composition according to claim 3 wherein the dispersant is a carboxylic dispersant characterized by the presence within its molecular structure of (1) at least one acyl, acyloxy or acylimidoyl radical containing at least about 34 carbon atoms and (2) at least one radical in which a nitrogen or oxygen atom is attached directly to said radical 1, said nitrogen or oxygen atom also being attached to a hydrocarbon radical or substituted hydrocarbon radical.
5. A composition according to claim 4 wherein the carboxylic acid or anhydride used in step B is maleic anhydride.
6. A composition according to claim 5 wherein the dispersant is a mixed oxygen- and nitrogen-bridged dispersant prepared by sequentially reacting a succinic acid-producing compound having a hydrocarbon-based substituent which contains at least about 50 carbon atoms with at least one alcohol and at least one alkylene polyamine.
7. A composition according to claim 6 wherein the hydrocarbon-based substituent on the succinic acid-producing compound is derived from a polybutenyl or chlorinated polybutenyl polymers.
8. A composition prepared by:
(A) heating a mixture comprising 2,5-dimercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole, a mineral oil, and a dispersant which is soluble in said mineral oil and which has a base number less than 7 or an acid number when titrated to a bromphenol blue end point, at a temperature of above about 100� to about 250� C. to yield a homogennous intermediate,
said dispersant being prepared by sequentially reacting a polybutenyl-substituted succinic acid or anhydride in which the polybutenyl substituent contains at least about 50 carbon atoms and comprises predominantly isobutene units with pentaerythritol and a polyethylene polyamine containing about 3-7 amino groups per molecule,
about 0.1-10 parts by weight of said dispersant being present per part of 2,5-dimercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole; and
(B) reacting the intermediate thus obtained, at a temperature of about 50�-200� C., with maleic anhydride.
9. An additive concentrate comprising a substantially inert, normally liquid organic diluent and from about 20 to 90% by weight of a composition according to claim 1.
10. An additive concentrate comprising a substantially inert, normally liquid organic diluent and from about 20 to 90% by weight of a composition according to claim 2.
11. An additive concentrate comprising a substantially inert, normally liquid organic diluent and from about 20 to 90% by weight of a composition according to claim 4.
12. An additive concentrate comprising a substantially inert, normally liquid organic diluent and from about 20 to 90% by weight of a composition according to claim 5.
13. An additive concentrate comprising a substantially inert, normally liquid organic diluent and from about 20 to 90% by weight of a composition according to claim 7.
14. An additive concentrate comprising a substantially inert, normally liquid organic diluent and from about 20 to 90% by weight of a composition according to claim 8.
15. A lubricating composition comprising a major amount of a lubricating oil and about 0.01 to 20% by weight of said lubricating composition of a composition according to claim 1.
16. A lubricating composition comprising a major amount of a lubricating oil and about 0.01 to 20% by weight of said lubricating composition of a composition according to claim 2.
17. A lubricating composition comprising a major amount of a lubricating oil and about 0.01 to 20% by weight of said lubricating composition of a composition according to claim 4.
18. A lubricating composition comprising a major amount of a lubricating oil and about 0.01 to 20% by weight of said lubricating composition of a composition according to claim 5.
19. A lubricating composition comprising a major amount of a lubricating oil and about 0.01 to 20% by weight of said lubricating composition of a composition according to claim 7.
20. A lubricating composition comprising a major amount of a lubricating oil and about 0.01 to 20% by weight of said lubricating composition of a composition according to claim 8.
The present application is a continuation-in-part of my co-pending application Ser. No. 470,483 filed on May 16, 1974, which itself was a continuation-in-part of then co-pending application Ser. No. 459,428 filed Apr. 9, 1974 which in turn was a continuation-in-part of then co-pending application Ser. No. 380,914 filed July 19, 1973. The last two applications are now abandoned.
This invention relates to new compositions of matter useful as multi-purpose additives in lubricants, and to lubricants containing said compositions. Briefly described, the invention comprises compositions prepared by:
(A) Preparing a mixture comprising at least one oil-soluble dispersant and at least one dimercaptothiadiazole and heating said mixture at a temperature above about 100� C. to convert it into an intermediate capable of forming a homogeneous blend with an oleaginous liquid of lubricating viscosity; and
(B) Reacting said intermediate, at a temperature within the range of about 50�-200� C., with at least one carboxylic acid or anhydride containing up to about 10 carbon atoms and having at least one olefinic bond.
The use of lubricant additives containing dimercaptothiadiazole groups, especially 2,5-dimercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole groups, to suppress copper activity and "lead paint" deposition is known. Particular reference is made to my copending application Ser. No. 470,483, now British Pat. No. 1,462,287, which describes multi-purpose additives prepared by reacting the dimercaptothiadiazole with an oil-soluble dispersant. Such materials may also serve as extreme pressure agents and corrosion inhibitors for copper-lead bearings and have dispersant properties owing to the presence of dispersant moieties therein.
A problem sometimes encountered in additive-containing lubricants is that of compatibility between the various additives used. Occasionally it is found that the presence of a particular additive or combination of additives decreases somewhat the solubilities of other additives in the lubricant, resulting in the formation of haze or sediment during storage. Such haze or sediment formation is, of course, undesirable since the insoluble material may be deposited on engine parts or elsewhere in the machine being lubricated and the oil contains less additive than is proper.
A principal object of the present invention, therefore, is to provide improved multi-purpose additives for lubricants.
A further object is to provide additives which are compatible with a wide variety of other additives.
Still another object is to provide nitrogen- and sulfur-containing lubricant additives which suppress copper activity and "lead paint" formation and also have dispersant properties and other beneficial properties.
Other objects will in part be obvious and will in part appear hereinafter.
As previously noted, the compositions of this invention are prepared by a two-step method in which the first step (step A) is the preparation of a dispersant-dimercaptothiadiazole intermediate. The method for the preparation of this intermediate is described in detail in the above-mentioned British Pat. No. 1,462,287, which is incorporated by reference herein for its description thereof.
The dimercaptothiadiazole used in step A is preferably 2,5-dimercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole, referred to sometimes hereinafter as DMTD. The oil-soluble dispersant is usually one of the materials known in the art as "ashless dispersants", although, depending on its constitution, the dispersant may upon combustion yield a non-volatile material such as boric oxide or phosphorus pentoxide; however, it does not ordinarily contain metal and therefore does not yield a metal-containing ash on combustion.
Oil-soluble dispersants of many types are known in the art and are described in various patents. Any of them are suitable for use in preparing the intermediate. The following are illustrative:
(1) Reaction products of carboxylic acids (or derivatives thereof) containing at least about 34 and preferably at least about 54 carbon atoms with nitrogen-containing compounds such as amines, organic hydroxy compounds such as phenols and alcohols, and/or basic inorganic materials. Examples of these products, referred to herein as "carboxylic dispersants", are described in British Pat. No. 1,306,529 and in many U.S. patents including the following:
______________________________________3,163,603 3,351,552 3,541,0123,184,474 3,381,022 3,542,6783,215,707 3,399,141 3,542,6803,219,666 3,415,750 3,567,6373,271,310 3,433,744 3,574,1013,272,746 3,444,170 3,576,7433,281,357 3,448,048 3,630,9043,306,908 3,448,049 3,632,5103,311,558 3,451,933 3,632,5113,316,177 3,454,607 3,697,4283,340,281 3,467,668 3,725,4413,341,542 3,501,405 Re 26,4333,346,493 3,522,179______________________________________
(2) Reaction products of aliphatic or alicyclic halides containing at least about 30 carbon atoms with amines, preferably polyalkylene polyamines. These may be characterized as "amine dispersants" and examples thereof are described, for example, in the following U.S. patents:
______________________________________ 3,275,554 3,454,555 3,438,757 3,565,804______________________________________
(3) Reaction products of alkyl phenols in which the alkyl group contains at least about 30 carbon atoms with aldehydes (especially formaldehyde) and amines (especially polyalkylene polyamines), which may be characterized as "Mannich dispersants". The materials described in the following U.S. patents are illustrative:
______________________________________ 3,413,347 3,725,480 3,697,574 3,726,882 3,725,277______________________________________
(4) Products obtained by post-treating the carboxylic, amine or Mannich dispersants with such reagents as sulfur, urea, thiourea, carbon disulfide, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, hydrocarbon-substituted succinic anhydrides, nitriles, epoxides, boron compounds, phosphorus compounds or the like. Exemplary materials of this kind are described in the following U.S. patents:
______________________________________3,036,003 3,282,955 3,493,520 3,639,2423,087,963 3,312,619 3,502,677 3,649,2293,200,107 3,366,569 3,513,093 3,649,6593,216,963 3,367,943 3,533,945 3,658,8363,254,025 3,373,111 3,539,633 3,697,5743,256,185 3,403,102 3,573,010 3,702,7573,278,550 3,442,808 3,579,450 3,703,5363,280,234 3,455,831 3,591,598 3,704,3083,281,428 3,455,832 3,600,372 3,708,522______________________________________
(5) Interpolymers of oil-solubilizing monomers containing a pendant alkyl group having at least about 8 carbon atoms, such as decyl methacrylate, vinyl decyl ether or a relatively high molecular weight olefin, with monomers containing polar substituents, e.g., aminoalkyl acrylates, aminoalkyl acrylamides or poly-(oxyalkylene)-substituted alkyl acrylates. These may be characterized as "polymeric dispersants" and examples thereof are disclosed in the following U.S. patents:
______________________________________ 3,329,658 3,666,730 3,449,250 3,687,849 3,519,565 3,702,300______________________________________
The pertinent disclosures of all of the above-noted patents are incorporated by reference herein.
The carboxylic dispersants are the preferred ones for use in the preparation of the compositions of this invention. They may be most conveniently and accurately described in terms of radicals 1 and 2 present therein. Radical 1 is at least one acyl, acyloxy or acylimidoyl radical containing at least about 34 carbon atoms. The structures of these radicals, as defined by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, are as follows (R representing a hydrocarbon or similar group): ##STR1##
Radical 2 is preferably at least one radical in which a nitrogen or oxygen atom is attached directly to said radical 1, said nitrogen or oxygen atom also being attached to a hydrocarbon radical or substituted hydrocarbon radical, especially an amino, alkylamino-, polyalkyleneamino-, hydroxy- or alkyleneoxy-substituted hydrocarbon radical. With respect to radical 2, the dispersants are conveniently classified as "nitrogen-bridged dispersants" and "oxygen-bridged dispersants" wherein the atom attached directly to radical 1 is nitrogen or oxygen, respectively.
The nitrogen-bridged dispersants, which will be described first, are those disclosed (for example) in the above-mentioned U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,219,666 and 3,272,746 which also describe a large number of methods for their preparation. The nitrogen-containing group therein is derived from compounds characterized by a radical of the structure > NH wherein the two remaining valences of nitrogen are satisfied by hydrogen, amino or organic radicals bonded to said nitrogen atom through direct carbon-to-nitrogen linkages. These compounds include aliphatic, aromatic, heterocyclic and carbocyclic amines as well as substituted ureas, thioureas, hydrazines, guanidines, amidines, amides, thioamides, cyanamides and the like.
Especially preferred as nitrogen-containing compounds used in the preparation of the nitrogen-bridged dispersants are alkylene polyamines and hydroxyalkyl-substituted alkylene polyamines. The alkylene polyamines comprise, in general, alkylene amines containing about 10 or less alkylene groups joined through nitrogen atoms. They include principally the ethylene amines, propylene amines, butylene amines and homologs thereof, and also piperazines and aminoalkyl-substituted piperazines. Hydroxyalkyl-substituted derivatives of these alkylene polyamines are also contemplated for use in preparing the nitrogen-bridged dispersant. Typical examples of suitable amines are ethylene diamine, triethylene tetramine, pentaethylene hexamine, propylene diamine, tripropylene tetramine, di-(trimethylene)triamine, 1,4-bis-(2-aminoethyl)piperazine, 1-(2-aminopropyl)piperazine, N-(2-hydroxyethyl)ethylene diamine, 1-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine, and 2-heptadecyl-1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-imidazoline. Mixtures of these amines may also be used.
The preferred amines are the polyethylene polyamines containing from two to about eight amino groups per molecule. A commercially available mixture of polyethylene polyamines containing an average of about 3-7 amino groups per molecule is particularly suitable.
The acylating agent used for preparing the nitrogen-bridged dispersant is a carboxylic acid-producing compound containing at least about 34 and preferably at least about 54 carbon atoms. By "carboxylic acid-producing compound" is meant an acid, anhydride, acid halide, ester, amide, imide, amidine or the like; the acids and anhydrides are preferred.
The acylating agent is usually prepared by the reaction (more fully described hereinafter) of a relatively low molecular weight carboxylic acid-producing compound with a hydrocarbon-based source containing at least about 30 and preferably at least about 50 carbon atoms. The hydrocarbon-based source should be substantially saturated, i.e., at least about 95% of the total number of carbon-to-carbon covalent linkages should be saturated. It should also be substantially free from pendant groups containing more than about six aliphatic carbon atoms.
As used herein, the term "hydrocarbon-based" denotes a radical which, upon reaction as described hereinafter, will have a carbon atom directly attached to the remainder of the molecule and which has predominantly hydrocarbon character within the context of this invention. Such radicals include the following:
(1) Hydrocarbon radicals; that is, aliphatic, (e.g., alkyl or alkenyl), alicyclic (e.g., cycloalkyl or cycloalkenyl), aromatic, aliphatic- and alicyclic-substituted aromatic, aromatic-substituted aliphatic and alicyclic radicals, and the like, as well as cyclic radicals wherein the ring is completed through another portion of the molecule (that is, any two indicated substituents may together form an alicyclic radical).
(2) Substituted hydrocarbon radicals; that is, radicals containing non-hydrocarbon substituents which, in the context of this invention, do not alter the predominantly hydrocarbon character of the radical but which frequently act as activating radicals for the reaction with the low molecular weight acid-producing compound as described hereinafter. Those skilled in the art will be aware of suitable substituents; examples are halo, hydroxy, ether, aldehydo, keto, carboxy, ester (especially lower carbalkoxy), amide, nitro, cyano, mercaptan, sulfide, disulfide, sulfoxy and sulfone. Halo and especially chloro substituents are preferred.
(3) Hetero radicals; that is, radicals which, while predominantly hydrocarbon in character within the context of this invention, contain atoms other than carbon present in a chain or ring otherwise composed of carbon atoms. Suitable hetero atoms will be apparent to those skilled in the art and include, for example, nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur.
In general, no more than about three substituents or hetero atoms, and preferably no more than one, will be present for each 10 carbon atoms in the hydrocarbon-based radical.
The preferred hydrocarbon sources are those derived from substantially saturated petroleum fractions and olefin polymers, particularly polymers of monoolefins having from 2 to about 30 carbon atoms. Thus, the hydrocarbon source may be derived from a polymer of ethylene, propene, 1-butene, isobutene, 1-octene, 3-cyclohexyl-1-butene, 2-butene, 3-pentene or the like. Also useful are interpolymers of olefins such as those illustrated above with other polymerizable olefinic substances such as styrene, chloroprene, isoprene, p-methylstyrene, piperylene and the like. In general, these interpolymers should contain at least about 80%, preferably at least about 95%, on a weight basis of units derived from the aliphatic monoolefins.
Another suitable hydrocarbon source comprises saturated aliphatic hydrocarbons such as highly refined high molecular weight white oils or synthetic alkanes.
As already pointed out, the hydrocarbon-based source generally contains at least about 30 and preferably at least about 50 carbon atoms. Among the olefin polymers those having a molecular weight of about 700-5000 are preferred, although higher polymers having molecular weights from about 10,000 to about 100,000 or higher may sometimes be used. Especially suitable as hydrocarbon-based sources are butene polymers within the prescribed molecular weight range containing predominantly isobutene units, and chlorinated derivatives thereof.
Any one of a number of known reactions may be employed for the incorporation of the hydrocarbon-based source into the acid-producing compound to provide the required acylating agent. Thus, an alcohol of the desired molecular weight may be oxidized with potassium permanganate, nitric acid or a similar oxidizing agent; a halogenated olefin polymer may be reacted with a ketene; an ester of an active hydrogen-containing acid, such as acetoacetic acid, may be converted to its sodium derivative and the sodium derivative reacted with a halogenated high molecular weight hydrocarbon such as brominated wax or brominated polybutene; a high molecular weight olefin may be ozonized; a methyl ketone of the desired molecular weight may be oxidized by means of the haloform reaction; an organo-metallic derivative of a halogenated hydrocarbon may be reacted with carbon dioxide; a halogenated hydrocarbon or olefin polymer may be converted to a nitrile, which is subsequently hydrolyzed; or an olefin polymer or its halogenated derivative may undergo an addition reaction with an unsaturated acid or derivative thereof. This latter reaction is preferred, especially where the acid-producing compound is maleic acid or anhydride. The resulting product is then a hydrocarbon-substituted succinic acid or derivative thereof. The reaction leading to its formation involves merely heating the two reactants at about 100�-200� C. The substituted succinic acid or anhydride thus obtained, may, if desired, be converted to the corresponding acid halide by reaction with known halogenating agents such as phosphorus trichloride, phosphorus pentachloride or thionyl chloride.
For the formation of the nitrogen-bridged dispersant, the hydrocarbon-substituted succinic anhydride or acid, or other acylating agent, and the alkylene polyamine or other nitrogen-containing reagent are heated to a temperature above about 80� C., preferably about 100�-250� C. The product thus obtained has predominantly amide, imide and/or amidine linkages (containing acyl or acylimidoyl groups). The process may in some instances be carried out at a temperature below 80� C. to produce a product having predominantly salt linkages (containing acyloxy groups). The use of a diluent such as mineral oil, benzene, toluene, naphtha or the like is often desirable to facilitate control of the reaction temperature.
The relative proportions of the acylating agent and the alkylene polyamine or the like are such that at least about one-half the stoichiometrically equivalent amount of polyamine is used for each equivalent of acylating agent. In this regard, it will be noted that the equivalent weight of the alkylene polyamine is based upon the number of amine radicals therein, and the equivalent weight of the acylating agent is based on the number of acidic or potentially acidic radicals. (Thus, the equivalent weight of a hydrocarbon-substituted succinic acid or anhydride is one-half its molecular weight.) Although a minimum of one-half equivalent of polyamine per equivalent of acylating agent should be used, there does not appear to be an upper limit for the amount of polyamine. If an excess is used, it merely remains in the product unreacted without any apparent adverse effects. Ordinarily, no more than about 2 equivalents of polyamine are used per equivalent of acylating agent.
Especially preferred for the purposes of this invention are substantially neutral or acidic dispersants; that is, dispersants having a base number less than 7 or an acid number when titrated to a bromphenol blue end point. ("Acid number" is the number of milligrams of potassium hydroxide required for titration of a 1-gram sample, and "base number" is the number of milligrams of potassium hydroxide equivalent to the amount of acid required for titration of a 1-gram sample.) Nitrogen-bridged dispersants of this type may often be prepared by using one equivalent or less of polyamine per equivalent of acylating agent.
In an alternative method for producing the nitrogen-bridged dispersant, the alkylene polyamine is first reacted with a low molecular weight, unsaturated carboxylic acid-producing compound such as maleic anhydride and the resulting intermediate is subsequently reacted with the hydrocarbon source as previously described.
Oxygen-bridged dispersants comprise the esters of the above-described carboxylic acids, as described (for example) in the aforementioned U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,381,022 and 3,542,678. As such, they contain acyl or, occasionally, acylimidoyl radicals as radical 1. (An oxygen-bridged dispersant containing an acyloxy radical as radical 1 would be a peroxide, which is unlikely to be stable under all conditions of use of the compositions of this invention.) These esters are preferably prepared by conventional methods, usually the reaction (frequently in the presence of an acidic catalyst) of the carboxylic acid-producing compound with an aliphatic compound such as a monohydric or polyhydric alcohol or with an aromatic compound such as a phenol or naphthol. The preferred hydroxy compounds are alcohols containing up to about 40 aliphatic carbon atoms. These may be monohydric alcohols such as methanol, ethanol, isooctanol, dodecanol, cyclohexanol, neopentyl alcohol, monomethyl ether of ethylene glycol and the like, or polyhydric alcohols including ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, dipropylene glycol, tetramethylene glycol, pentaerythritol, glycerol and the like. Carbohydrates (e.g., sugars, starches, cellulose) and also suitable as are partially esterified derivatives of polyhydric alcohols having at least three hydroxy radicals.
The reaction is usually effected at a temperature above about 100� C. and typically at 150�-300� C. The esters may be neutral or acidic, or may contain unesterified hydroxy groups, according as the ratio of equivalents of acid-producing compound to hydroxy compound is equal to, greater than or less than 1:1.
As will be apparent, the oxygen-bridged dispersants are normally substantially neutral or acidic. They are among the preferred dispersants for the purposes of this invention.
It is possible to prepare mixed oxygen- and nitrogen-bridged dispersants by reacting the acylating agent simultaneously or, preferably, sequentially with nitrogen-containing and hydroxy reagents such as those previously described. The relative amounts of the nitrogen-containing and hydroxy reagents may be between about 10:1 and 1:10, on an equivalent weight basis. The methods of preparation of the mixed oxygen- and nitrogen-bridged dispersants are generally the same as for the individual dispersants described, except that two sources of radical 2 are used. As previously noted, substantially neutral or acidic dispersants are preferred, and a typical method of producing mixed oxygen- and nitrogen-bridged dispersants of this type (which are especially preferred) is to react the acylating agent with the hydroxy reagent first and subsequently react the intermediate thus obtained with a suitable nitrogen-containing reagent in an amount to afford a substantially neutral or acidic product.
Typical carboxylic dispersants suitable for use in preparing the intermediate are listed in Table I. "Reagent 1" and "Reagent 2" are, respectively, the sources of radicals 1 and 2 as previously defined. The dispersants of Examples 1-6, 8, 9, 12 and 14-17 are basic; those of the other examples are substantially neutral or acidic.
TABLE I__________________________________________________________________________ Ratio of Reaction Acid or equivalents, temperature, baseExampleReagent 1 Reagent 2 1:2 � C. Diluent no.__________________________________________________________________________1 Polyisobutenyl (mol. wt.) Polyethylene amine 0.48 150 Mineral oil 50Babout 900) succinic an- mixture containinghydride prepared from about 3-7 amino groupschlorinated polyisobutene per molecule2 Same as Example 1 Pentaethylene hexamine 0.41 150 Mineral oil 82B3 Like Example 1 except Pentaethylene hexamine 0.61 150 Mineral oil 130Bpolyisobutene mol. wt.is about 10504 Like Example 1, except Diethylene triamine 1.0 150 Mineral oil 19Bpolyisobutene mol. wt.is about 8505 Same as Example 4 Ethylene diamine 1.0 150 Mineral oil 19B6 Same as Example 4 Di-(1,2-propylene) 1.0 180-190 Mineral oil- -- triamine toluene7 Same as Example 4 N-(2-hydroxyethyl)- 1.06 150-155 Mineral oil 4A trimethylene diamine8 Tetrapropenyl succinic Triethylene tetramine 1.0 155 Toluene 60Banhydride9 Same as Example 1 Same as Example 1 0.67 150 Mineral oil 35B10 Same as Example 1 Same as Example 1 1.33 150 Mineral oil 6B11 Like Example 1, except Pentaerythritol, followed 0.44 150-210 Mineral oil 2Bpolyisobutene mol. wt. by polyethylene amine ofis about 1100 Example 1 (ratio of equivalents 7.7:1)12 Isostearic acid Pentaethylene hexamine 0.8 150 Mineral oil 8B13 Acid produced by reaction Ethylene diamine 2.0 150 Xylene --of chlorinated (3.6% Cl)polyisobutene (mol. wt.750) with KCN, followedby hydrolysis14 Methyl ester produced Triethylene tetramine 1.0 140-220 -- --by reaction of chlori-nated (4.7% Cl) poly-isobutene (mol. wt.1000) with methylmethacrylate15 Reaction product of Same as Example 1 0.4 150 Xylene --sodiomalonic ester withC75 brominated wax16 Reaction product of Pentaethylene hexamine 0.8 180-200 -- --chlorinated (4.5% Cl)polyisobutene (mol. wt.850) with acrylic acid17 Acid produced by haloform Same as Example 1 0.8 180-210 -- --reaction with methylheptacontanyl ketone18 Same as Example 11 Pentaerythritol 0.5 150-210 Mineral oil --19 Like Example 1, except Neopentyl glycol 1.0 240-250 -- --polyisobutene mol. wt.is about 100020 Same as Example 19 Methanol* Excess 50-65 Toluene -- methanol21 Same as Example 19 Polyethylene glycol 2.0 240-250 -- -- (mol. wt. about 600)22 Same as Example 19 Oleyl alcohol** 1.0 150-173 Xylene 023 Like Example 16, except Sorbitol 0.48 115-205 Mineral oil --polyisobutene mol. wt.is about 98224 Same as Example 23 Pentaerythritol 1.0 180-205 -- --25 Reaction product of poly- Mannitol 0.33 115-205 Mineral oil --isobutene (mol. wt. 1500)with chloroacetylchloride *Hydrogen chloride catalyst **p-Toluenesulfonic acid catalyst
The intermediate is formed by preparing a mixture of DMTD and the dispersant and heating said mixture at a temperature above about 100� C., usually about 100�-250� and especially about 120�-200�, for a period of time sufficient to provide a product which is capable of forming a homogeneous blend with an eleaginous liquid of lubricating viscosity, such as a lubricating oil or synthetic lubricant. The mixture will usually also contain an organic liquid diluent which may be either polar or non-polar.
The relative amounts of dispersant and DMTD in the intermediate may vary widely, as long as a homogeneous product is ultimately obtained. Thus, about 0.1-10 parts by weight of dispersant may be used per part of DMTD. Most often, about 5-10 parts of dispersant are used per part of DMTD. The product usually contains DMTD moieties in amounts substantially greater than the stoichiometric amount based on salt formation. If the dispersant is neutral or acidic there is, of course, no "stoichiometric amount" of DMTD and any amount thereof in the product is present in excess. If the dispersant is basic, the product usually contains at least about a five-fold excess and may contain a 500-fold or even greater excess of DMTD moieties, based on the stoichiometric amount.
The preparation of the intermediate is illustrated by the following examples. All parts and percentages are by weight. The weight ratios of dispersant to DMTD referred to are, in each instance, initial ratios. Equivalents of base in the dispersant are calculated from the base number.
Six thousand parts of the dispersant of Example 10 (0.64 equivalent of base) is heated to 100� C., and 484 parts of wet DMTD (420 parts on a dry basis, or 5.6 equivalents) is added over 15 minutes, with stirring. The mixture is heated at 110�-120� for 6 hours under nitrogen, during which time hydrogen sulfide evolution is noted. Mineral oil, 1200 parts, is added and the mixture is filtered while hot. The filtrate is a 53% solution of the desired intermediate in oil and contains 1.68% nitrogen and 2.83% sulfur. The weight ratio of dispersant to DMTD is 8.6.
DMTD (5.6 equivalents) is prepared by adding 447 parts of carbon disulfide over 23/4 hours to a mixture of 140 parts of hydrazine hydrate, 224 parts of 50% aqueous sodium hydroxide and 1020 parts of mineral oil, with stirring under nitrogen at 25�-46� C., heating the resulting mixture at 96�-104� C. for about 3 hours, and then cooling to 78� C. and acidifying with 280 parts of 50% aqueous sulfuric acid. The resulting material is heated to 94� C. and 6000 parts of the dispersant of Example 10 (0.64 equivalent of base) is added over about 1/2 hour at 90�-94� C., under nitrogen. The mixture is heated gradually to 150� C. and maintained at that temperature for about 3 hours; it is then filtered while hot to yield a 50% solution in mineral oil of the desired intermediate. The solution contains 2.06 % nitrogen and 3.26% sulfur, and the weight ratio of dispersant to DMTD therein is 8.6.
One thousand parts of the dispersant of Example 1 (0.89 equivalent of base) is heated to 95� C., under nitrogen, and 288 parts of wet DMTD (250 parts of a dry basis, or 3.33 equivalents) is added over about 20 minutes. The mixture is heated to 150� C. and held at that temperature for about 5 hours, and is then filtered while hot to yield the desired intermediate, a 59% solution in oil containing 4.61% nitrogen and 9.19% sulfur. The weight ratio of dispersant to DMTD is 2.4.
Following the procedure of Example 28, a product is prepared from 200 parts each of the dispersant of Example 1 (0.18 equivalent of base) and DMTD (2.67 equivalents), and 2000 parts of mineral oil is added. The intermediate (a 20% solution in oil) contains 1.12% nitrogen and 3.48% sulfur, and the weight ratio of dispersant to DMTD is 0.6.
Following the procedure of Example 28, an intermediate (50% solution in oil) is prepared from 7300 parts of the dispersant of Example 11 (0.26 equivalent of base), 588 parts of wet DMTD (510 parts on a dry basis, or 6.8 equivalents) and 1250 parts of mineral oil. It contains 1.72% nitrogen and 3.08% sulfur, and the weight ratio of dispersant to DMTD is 7.86.
Following the procedure of Example 28, an intermediate is prepared from 1000 parts of the dispersant of Example 11 (0.036 equivalent of base), 241 parts (3.21 equivalents) of DMTD and 310 parts of mineral oil. The product is a 50% solution in mineral oil and contains 2.74% nitrogen and 6.79% sulfur. The ratio of dispersant to DMTD is 2.62.
Following the procedure of Example 27, DMTD (8.16 equivalents) is prepared from 204 parts of hydrazine hydrate, 324 parts of 50% aqueous sodium hydroxide, 648 parts of carbon disulfide, 1200 parts of mineral oil and 408 parts of 50% aqueous sulfuric acid. It is then reacted with 600 parts of the dispersant of Example 11 (0.02 equivalent of base) in the presence of 600 parts of toluene, and the toluene and water are removed by azeotropic distillation to yield an intermediate (50% solution in mineral oil) containing 1.8% nitrogen and 5.1% sulfur, and having a 5.5:1 ratio of dispersant to DMTD.
Following the procedure of Example 27, DMTD (5.6 equivalents) is prepared from 140 parts of hydrazine hydrate, 447 parts of carbon disulfide, 224 parts of 50% aqueous sodium hydroxide, 280 parts of 50% aqueous sulfuric acid and 1020 parts of mineral oil. It is then reacted with 6000 parts of the dispersant of Example 11 (0.22 equivalent of base) to yield an intermediate (50% solution in oil) containing 1.35% nitrogen and 2.64% sulfur, and having a weight ratio of dispersant to DMTD of 7.86.
Hydrazine hydrate, 28 parts, is mixed with 45 parts of 50% aqueous sodium hydroxide and 206 parts of mineral oil, and 102 parts of carbon disulfide is added over 2 hours. An exothermic reaction takes place which causes the temperature to rise to 38� C. The mixture is heated to 109� C. and maintained at that temperature for 1 hour, during which time hydrogen sulfide evolution is noted. It is then cooled to 88� C. and 88 parts of 33% aqueous sulfuric acid is added over 1/2 hour. The temperature rises to 90� C. during this addition.
The resulting slurry (1.12 equivalents of DMTD) is added to 1209 parts (0.043 equivalent of base) of the dispersant of Example 11. Volatile materials are removed by vacuum stripping at 150� C. and the remaining mixture is heated for 3 hours at that temperature. The residue is filtered while hot and the filtrate is the desired intermediate (51% solution in oil) containing 1.43% nitrogen and 2.90% sulfur, and having a weight ratio if dispersant to DMTD of 7.86.
A mixture of 1000 parts of the dispersant of Example 11 (0.036 equivalent of base) and 170 parts of mineral oil is heated to 70� C., and a solution of 70 parts (0.93 equivalent) of DMTD in 865 parts of isopropyl alcohol is added over about 1/2 hour, with stirring. Heating at 70� C. is continued as the isopropyl alcohol is stripped under vacuum, yielding a homogeneous mixture. This mixture is gradually heated to 155� C.; during the heating, a solid precipitates and a sample thereof is removed and analyzed. Elemental analysis indicates that it is an oligomer of DMTD, principally a dimer.
As heating continues above 140� C., the solid is gradually solubilized to yield a homogeneous material again. This material is the desired intermediate (50% solution in oil) having a dispersant to DMTD ratio of 7.86:1.
In step B of the method for preparing the compositions of this invention, the intermediate whose preparation is described hereinabove is reacted with at least one carboxylic acid or anhydride containing up to about 10 (preferably about 4-8) carbon atoms and having at least one (and usually only one) olefinic bond. The carboxylic acid is usually an aliphatic carboxylic acid, most often one in which the aliphatic group is an aliphatic hydrocarbon radical. The olefinic bond is usually in a conjugated position with respect to the carboxylic acid group. Illustrative of suitable carboxylic acids are acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, 2-butenoic acid, 3-butenoic acid, maleic acid, itaconic acid and citraconic acid. The anhydrides of these acids are also useful and are frequently preferred. Especially preferred are the polycarboxylic acids and anhydrides, with maleic anhydride being particularly desirable because of its availability and suitability for the purposes of this invention.
The amount of carboxylic acid or anhydride used in step B is generally about 0.1-2.0 equivalents, and preferably about 0.2-1.0 equivalents, per equivalent of thiadiazole moieties in the intermediate. For this purpose, equivalents of acid or anhydride are based on the number of carboxylate groups per molecule. One equivalent of an intermediate containing DMTD moieties is an amount thereof which contains 150 parts by weight of such moieties (the molecular weight of DMTD being 150).
The temperature at which step B is effected is about 50�-200� C. and most often about 100�-150� C. The reaction is conducted within this temperature range for a period of time sufficient to complete the reaction.
Step B is usually conveniently carried out by merely blending the two reagents and heating for a suitable time, without any other materials being present apart from diluent accompanying the intermediate. The reaction may, however, be effected in the presence of other substantially inert, normally liquid organic diluents such as xylene, ethers or ether alcohols boiling within or above the temperature range required for the reaction, or the like. The composition of this invention is then obtained as a solution in the diluent or diluents used, from which solid foreign matter may be removed by conventional means such as filtration or centrifugation.
The molecular structures of the compositions of this invention are not known with certainty. It is believed that reaction takes place between free mercapto groups on the DMTD moiety and both the acidic and olefinic functions of the acid or anhydride. However, in view of the fact that the reaction as to either of these functional centers may not be complete, the composition formed may be a mixture of chemical species and its nature is therefore most accurately characterized in terms of the process for its preparation.
The preparation of the compositions of this invention is illustrated by the following examples. All parts are by weight.
A mixture of 710 parts (0.53 equivalent) of the intermediate of Example 34 and 3.14 parts of maleic anhydride is heated to 120� C. under nitrogen, with stirring, for about 13/4 hours. An additional 3.14 parts of maleic anhydride is added and heating is continued for an additional 5 hours, after which a final 1.57 parts of maleic anhydride (total 0.16 equivalent) is added and the mixture is heated for another 41/2 hours. Volatile materials are stripped under vacuum at 126�-130� C. and the residual liquid is filtered to yield the desired product as an approximately 50% solution in oil.
A mixture of 447 parts (0.34 equivalent) of the intermediate of Example 34 and 10 parts (0.2 equivalent) of maleic anhydride is heated within the rage of 90�-150� C. for about 2 hours and is then vacuum stripped. The residual liquid is filtered to yield the desired product as a 51% solution in mineral oil.
following the procedure of Example 37, a product is obtained by the reaction of 2000 parts (1.5 equivalents) of the intermediate of Example 34 and 10.5 parts (0.214 equivalent) of maleic anhydride.
An intermediate is prepared by the method of Example 34 except that the filtration step is omitted. To 8713 parts (6.56 equivalents) of this intermediate is added 93 parts (1.5 equivalents) of maleic anhydride and the mixture is heated at 145�-152� C. for 1 hour. It is then filtered to yield the desired product.
Following the procedure of Example 37, a product is made by reacting 0.34 equivalent of the intermediate of Example 26 with 0.2 equivalent of citraconic anhydride. A similar product is obtained.
Following the procedure of Example 37, 0.34 equivalent of the intermediate of Example 28 is reacted with 0.1 equivalent of acrylic acid. A similar product is obtained.
As previously indicated, the compositions of this invention are useful as additives for lubricants, in which they function primarily as copper activity and "lead paint" suppressants, dispersants, extreme pressure agents and corrosion inhibitors. They can be employed in a variety of lubricants based on diverse oils of lubricating viscosity, including natural and synthetic lubricating oils and mixtures thereof. These lubricants include crankcase lubricating oils for spark-ignited and compression-ignited internal combustion engines, including automobile and truck engines, two-cycle engines, aviation piston engines, marine and railroad diesel engines, and the like. They can also be used in gas engines, stationary power engines and turbines and the like. Automatic transmission fluids, transaxle lubricants, gear lubricants, metal-working lubricants, hydraulic fluids and other lubricating oil and grease compositions can also benefit from the incorporation therein of the compositions of the present invention.
Natural oils include animal oils and vegetable oils (e.g., castor oil, lard oil) as well as liquid petroleum oils and solvent-treated or acid-treated mineral lubricating oils of the paraffinic, naphthenic or mixed paraffinic-naphthenic types. Oils of lubricating viscosity derived from coal or shale are also useful base oils. synthetic lubricating oils include hydrocarbon oils and halosubstituted hydrocarbon oils such as polymerized and interpolymerized olefins [e.g., polybutylenes, polypropylenes, propylene-isobutylene copolymers, chlorinated polybutylenes, poly(1-hexenes), poly(1-octenes), poly(1-decenes), etc. and mixtures thereof]; alkylbenzenes (e.g., dodecylbenzenes, tetradecylbenzenes, dinonylbenzenes, di-(2-ethylhexyl)-benzenes, etc.); polyphenyls (e.g., biphenyls, terphenyls, alkylated polyphenyls, etc.), alkylated diphenyl ethers and alkylated diphenyl sulfides and the derivatives, analogs and homologs thereof and the like.
Alkylene oxide polymers and interpolymers and derivatives thereof where the terminal hydroxyl groups have been modified by esterification, etherification, etc. constitute another class of known synthetic lubricating oils. These are exemplified by the oils prepared through polymerization of ethylene oxide or propylene oxide, the alkyl and aryl ethers of these polyoxyalkylene polymers (e.g., methyl-polyisopropylene glycol ether having an average molecular weight of 1000, diphenyl ether of polyethylene glycol having a molecular weight of 500-1000, diethyl ether of polypropylene glycol having a molecular weight of 1000-1500, etc.) or mono- and polycarboxylic esters thereof, for example, the acetic acid esters, mixed C3 -C8 fatty acid esters, or the C13 Oxo acid diester of tetraethylene glycol.
Another suitable class of synthetic lubricating oils comprises the esters of dicarboxylic acids (e.g., phthalic acid, succinic acid, alkyl succinic acids and alkenyl succinic acids, maleic acid, azelaic acid, suberic acid, sebacic acid, fumaric acid, adipic acid, linoleic acid dimer, malonic acid, alkyl malonic acids, alkenyl malonic acids, etc.) with a variety of alcohols (e.g., butyl alcohol, hexyl alcohol, dodecyl alcohol, 2-ethylhexyl alcohol, ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol monoether, propylene glycol, etc.). Specific examples of these esters include dibutyl adipate, di(2-ethylhexyl) sebacate, di-n-hexyl fumarate, dioctyl sebacate, diisooctyl azelate, diisodecyl azelate, dioctyl phthalate, didecyl phthalate, dieicosyl sebacate, the 2-ethylhexyl diester of linoleic acid dimer, the complex ester formed by reacting one mole of sebacic acid with two moles of tetraethylene glycol and two moles of 2-ethylhexanoic acid, and the like.
Esters useful as synthetic oils also include those made from C5 to C12 monocarboxylic acids and polyols and polyol ethers such as neopentyl glycol, trimethylolpropane, pentaerythritol, dipentaerythritol, tripentaerythritol, etc.
Silicon-based oils such as the polyalkyl-, polyaryl-, polyalkoxy-, or polyaryloxy-siloxane oils and silicate oils comprise another useful class of synthetic lubricants (e.g., tetraethyl silicate, tetraisopropyl silicate, tetra(2-ethylhexyl) silicate, tetra-(4-methyl-2-ethylhexyl) silicate, tetra-(p-tert-butylphenyl) silicate, hexa-(4-methyl-2-pentoxy)-disiloxane, poly(methyl)siloxanes, poly(methylphenyl)siloxanes, etc.). Other synthetic lubricating oils include liquid esters of phosphorus-containing acids (e.g., tricresyl phosphate, trioctyl phosphate, diethyl ester of decylphosphonic acid, etc.), polymeric tetrahydrofurans and the like.
Unrefined, refined and rerefined oils (and mixtures of each with each other) of the type disclosed hereinabove can be used in the lubricant compositions of the present invention. Unrefined oils are those obtained directly from a natural or synthetic source without further purification treatment. For example, a shale oil obtained directly from retorting operations, a petroleum oil obtained directly from distillation or ester oil obtained directly from an esterification process and used without further treatment would be an unrefined oil. Refined oils are similar to the unrefined oils except they have been further treated in one or more purification steps to improve one or more properties. Many such purification techniques are known to those of skill in the art such as solvent extraction, acid or base extraction, filtration, percolation, etc. Rerefined oils are obtained by processes similar to those used to obtain refined oils applied to refined oils which have been already used in service. Such rerefined oils are also known as reclaimed or reprocessed oils and often are additionally processed by techniques directed to removal of spent additives and oil breakdown products.
Generally, the lubricants of the present invention contain an amount of the composition of this invention sufficient to provide it with the desired properties as described hereinabove. Normally this amount will be about 0.01-20.0%, preferably about 0.1-10.0%, of the total weight of the lubricant.
The invention also contemplates the use of other additives in combination with the compositions of this invention. Such additives include, for example, auxiliary detergents and dispersants of the ash-producing or ashless type, oxidation-inhibiting agents, auxiliary corrosion-inhibiting agents, pour point depressing agents, auxiliary extreme pressure agents, color stabilizers and anti-foam agents.
The ash-producing detergents are exemplified by oil-soluble neutral and basic salts of alkali or alkaline earth metals with sulfonic acids, carboxylic acids, or organic phosphorus acids characterized by at least one direct carbon-to-phosphorus linkage such as those prepared by the treatment of an olefin polymer (e.g., polyisobutene having a molecular weight of 1000) with a phosphorizing agent such as phosphorus trichloride, phosphorus heptasulfide, phosphorus pentasulfide, phosphorus trichloride and sulfur, white phosphorus and a sulfur halide, or phosphorothioic chloride. The most commonly used salts of such acids are those of sodium, potassium, lithium, calcium, magnesium, strontium and barium.
The term "basic salt" is used to designate metal salts wherein the metal is present in stoichiometrically larger amounts than the organic acid radical. The commonly employed methods for preparing the basic salts involve heating a mineral oil solution of an acid with a stoichiometric excess of a metal neutralizing agent such as the metal oxide, hydroxide, carbonate, bicarbonate, or sulfide at a temperature above 50� C. and filtering the resulting mass. The use of a "promoter" in the neutralization step to aid the incorporation of a large excess of metal likewise is known. Examples of compounds useful as the promoter include phenolic substances such as phenol, naphthol, alkylphenol, thiophenol, sulfurized alkylphenol, and condensation products of formaldehyde with a phenolic substance; alcohols such as methanol, 2-propanol, octyl alcohol, cellosolve, carbitol, ethylene glycol, stearly alcohol, and cyclohexyl alcohol; and amines such as aniline, phenylenediamine, phenothiazine, phenyl-β-naphthylamine, and dodecylamine. A particularly effective method for preparing the basic salts comprises mixing an acid with an excess of a basic alkaline earth metal neutralizing agent and at least one alcohol promoter, and carbonating the mixture at an elevated temperature such as 60�-200� C.
Auxiliary ashless detergents and dispersants are so called despite the fact that, depending on its constitution, the dispersant may upon combustion yield a non-volatile material such as boric oxide or phosphorus pentoxide; however, it does not ordinarily contain metal and therefore does not yield a metal-containing ash on combustion. Many types are known in the art and described hereinabove, and any of them are suitable for use in the lubricants of this invention.
Auxiliary extreme pressure and corrosion-inhibiting agents and oxidation-inhibiting agents are exemplified by chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons such as chlorinated wax; organic sulfides and polysulfides such as benzyl disulfide, bis(chlorobenzyl)disulfide, dibutyl tetrasulfide, sulfurized methyl ester of oleic acid, sulfurized alkylphenol, sulfurized dipentene, and sulfurized terpene; phosphosulfurized hydrocarbons such as the reaction product of a phosphorus sulfide with turpentine or methyl oleate; phosphorus esters including principally dihydrocarbon and trihydrocarbon phosphites such as dibutyl phosphite, diheptyl phosphite, dicyclohexyl phosphite, pentyl phenyl phosphite, dipentyl phenyl phosphite, tridecyl phosphite, distearyl phosphite, dimethyl naphthyl phosphite, oleyl 4-pentylphenyl phosphite, polypropylene (molecular weight 500)-substituted phenyl phosphite, diisobutyl-substituted phenyl phosphite; metal thiocarbamates, such as zinc dioctyldithiocarbamate, and barium heptylphenyl dithiocarbamate; Group II metal phosphorodithioates such as zinc dicyclohexylphosphorodithioate, zinc dioctylphosphorodithioate, barium di(heptylphenyl)phosphorodithioate, cadmium dinonylphosphorodithioate, and the zinc salt of a phosphorodithioic acid produced by the reaction of phosphorus pentasulfide with an equimolar mixture of isopropyl alcohol and n-hexyl alcohol.
The compositions of this invention can be added directly to the lubricant. Preferably, however, they are diluted with a substantially inert, normally liquid organic diluent such as mineral oil, naphtha, benzene, toluene or xylene, to form an additive concentrate. These concentrates usually contain about 20-90% by weight of the composition of this invention and may contain, in addition, one or more other additives known in the art or described hereinabove.
Illustrative lubricants containing the compositions of this invention are listed in Table II. All parts are by weight. Except for the mineral oil base and the products of Examples 11 and 36-39, all amounts are exclusive of mineral oil used as diluent.
TABLE II______________________________________ Parts by weightLubricant A B C D______________________________________Mineral oil (10W-50 base) 88.88 89.39 88.88 90.23Product of Example 36 1.00 -- -- --Product of Example 37 -- 1.50 -- --Product of Example 38 -- -- 1.00 --Product of Example 39 -- -- -- 1.30Dispersant of Example 11 2.00 -- 2.00 --Reaction product of poly- butenyl (mol. wt. about 1000) succinic anhydride with polyhydric alcohol, polyalkylene glycol and ethylene polyamine 1.98 2.81 1.98 2.92Basic calcium petroleum sul- fonate 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.94Zinc dialkylphosphorodi- thioate 1.50 0.60 1.50 1.79Zinc di(alkylphenyl) phos- phorodithioate -- 1.06 -- --Polymeric viscosity index improver 3.40 3.40 3.40 2.50Polymeric pour unit de- pressant 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30Polyalkylene glycol surfactant -- -- -- 0.02Silicone anti-foam agent 0.05 -- 0.05 0.004______________________________________
Patent Citations
Referenced by
Original Image


text:
Listen Live
Listen on Mobile
Audio Vault
Photo Gallery
Shilynne's Blog
Hot Topics Blog
Concerts & Events
Q-munity Events
Sheldon Beatty's Blog
Do Your Best!
by Sheldon Beatty
posted Mar 8 2013 8:35PM
Do you take shotcuts? Do you take the quick route? Do you you know your real worth? Often times we think we're cheating others by being mediocre in our jobs, relationships, and life. But the reality is that we are really cheating ourselves. We can not be afraid to fail, or to make mistakes, because it's only through failure and mistakes that we can appreciate success!
Do your best for YOU and no one else!
Tags :
Topics :
Human Interest
Social :
Human Interest
Back To Blog
Do Your Best!
Please Enter Your Comments Below
Title :
Comment :
Please enter the text as it is shown in the box below :
Refresh Image
Million Dollar Vault
Use Your Points to Win $100 Giftcard
QMG Local Artist
QMG Traffic
Tom Joyner Morning Show
Perks - Daily Deal
Hot Topics Blog
advertise with us
Recent Blog Posts
Robin Williams, Back on the Silver Screen
Mike Stanz
Nov 26
"Something Chases You, Run!"
Mike Stanz
Nov 26
Barack & Meryl, Sitting in a Tree?
Mike Stanz
Nov 26
How Much for That Lion in the Window?
Mike Stanz
Nov 26
Vader Versus Batman - Who Wins?
Mike Stanz
Nov 26
Sew Watt, Its Juss a Tipo!
Mike Stanz
Nov 26
Black Sea Devil Captured
Mike Stanz
Nov 25
Hit the Mark, or Miss By a Mile?
Mike Stanz
Nov 25
Nov 2014
Oct 2014
Sep 2014
Aug 2014
Jul 2014
Jun 2014


text:
Four agencies ranked themselves at high risk in a survey
Four federal departments — Agriculture, Education, Justice and Transportation -- rated themselves at high risk of failing to manage and preserve official records in 2010, according to a mandatory self-assessment survey of 270 agencies released by the National Archives and Records Administration.
Sixteen departments received aggregate scores indicating moderate risk of being ineffective in managing records, NARA said in the March 2 report. None of the departments showed low risk.
On the whole, the study revealed that federal departments and agencies are struggling with their records management duties, especially for electronic records, with too few staff and resources dedicated for that purpose, NARA said.
NARA debuting online search tool
NARA offering tips in FourSquare check-ins
A key problem is little staff attention paid to records management. Governmentwide, 3,174 employees are assigned to records management responsibilities on a full-time basis, which is one records manager for every 1,460 employees. However, NARA noted that some of those recordkeeping employees also handle other duties and also do not have sufficient funding, guidance or training to manage the records appropriately.
Electronic records and e-mail preservation pose persistent problems, the survey indicated. Many agencies do not ensure that e-mails are preserved consistently and do not monitor compliance. Furthermore, many agencies use inappropriate preservation strategies, such as using system backup as a means of preservation, or printing e-mails on paper.
"These findings confirm that management of electronic mail remains the most troubling issue," NARA said in the report. "Only a few agencies have a DOD 5015.2 compliant electronic record-keeping system. Many agencies, even if they have implemented an electronic record-keeping system, are not able to use it to capture e-mail messages because the record-keeping system and the e-mail systems are incompatible."
NARA began requiring the self-assessments in 2009. For the 2010 survey, while 93 percent of the 270 agencies responded, a few did not, including the Office of Management and Budget.
The archives agency took some steps to validate the self-assessment findings. For example, in one case where agencies indicated they had filed planning documents, NARA verified whether they had done so. However, NARA in most cases accepted the agencies' scoring of their own progress, the report said, and it asserted the results are generally accurate.
The 270 agencies assessed their records management on a 100-point scale, with scores over 90 indicating low risk, between 60 and 90 moderate risk, and below 60 high risk. In addition to agency scores, departmental aggregate scores were calculated for each department.
The high-risk departments were Education, with a score of 49 out of 100; Agriculture, with 52; Justice, with 56; and Transportation, with 59. The most favorable scores — while still being considered moderate risk — were for the White House, which scored 70; and the departments of Labor, 73; Veterans Affairs, 76; Interior, 87; and State, 87.
At the agency level, a number of agencies rated themselves at low risk. At Interior, eight of the 12 agencies that responded scored themselves in the 90 to 100 range. The Internal Revenue Service rated itself a 93, and the Office of Job Corps rated itself 97.
NARA distributed the survey on a pilot basis in 2009, and it revised the survey in 2010. The NARA website today had a link to the 2009 survey, but the link was broken.
About the Author
Alice Lipowicz is a staff writer covering government 2.0, homeland security and other IT policies for Federal Computer Week.
E-Mail this page
Printable Format
Advanced Search
Nominations are now open for the 2015 Federal 100 awards. Get the details and submit your picks!
Make a nomination today
Agency leaders must proactively invest time, energy and resources to shape the future rather than reactively wait for change to happen.
Meet 24 men and women who are driving key changes in federal IT -- and shaping up as the community's likely leaders of tomorrow.
GSA's administrator talks with FCW about short-term hiring, long-term planning and Robert Frost.
Without a future vision and an appetite for risk, reforms lead down a rabbit hole. There is a better way.
VA's top tech official says he is balancing risks while trying to keep the department's online services open for business.
After five years on the job, the founding director of the Office of Government Information Services believes that a deeper understanding and acceptance of FOIA is seeping into the federal government.
The September attack, made public Nov. 10, potentially puts customer and employee personal information at risk, including addresses, Social Security numbers and emails.
The General Services Administration's Matthew Goodrich predicts more agency-driven authorizations and previews a new two-year road map.
Archie Mackie became product director of enterprise computing at the Army PEO EIS in June. In a Nov. 7 interview with FCW, he explained why the Army is cautious but hopeful in its adoption of the cloud.
The figure of 4.6 million total employees includes civilian, active military, and reserve and national guard personnel. Sourcing for these statistics is difficult, to be sure. See the footnotes on p. 9 of the report for where these totals came from.
I my calculator broken? 3,174 records management employees x 1,460 fed employees per maens there are 4.6M federal employees total? Other numbers that I see range from 2-10M. Still, that's 1 fed for every 67 citizens based on total population count of 310M in the USA. I don't think it should take 1 fed for every 67 citizens to manage the country. And that doesn't include any state or local employees. If you add all those folks in it's probably 1 "government" employee for every 10 citizens. Wow...
Alice, Thanks for pointing out the bad link to the 2009 Self-assessment report. We've updated the link.
2009 report can be accessed from:
8609 Westwood Center Drive, Suite 500Vienna, VA 22182-2215 703-876-5100
© 1996-2013 1105 Media, Inc. All Rights Reserved. This copy is for your personal, non-commercial use only.To order presentation-ready copies for distribution to colleagues, clients or customers, visit: www.1105Reprints.com


text:
Register now for free, or sign in with any of these services:
Photo of the Day
Cleveland Browns kicker Billy Cundiff is lifted up in celebration of his game-winning field goal by teammate Eric Martin beating the Atlanta Falcons as time expired on the clock. (John Kuntz / The Plain Dealer)
This photo is part of the following galleries: Cleveland Browns, Atlanta Falcons, Nov. 23, 2014
Created on November 24, 2014
Zoo develops new on-line education resource that already has imitators, worldwide reach
Created on November 24, 2014
Memorial for 12-year-old Tamir Rice in Cleveland
Created on November 21, 2014
Wiley Bridgeman steps out of prison after being exonerated for 1975 slaying
Created on November 22, 2014
The Ohio State football team played the Indiana Hoosiers on Saturday, Nov. 22, 2014 at Ohio Stadium.
Created on November 22, 2014
Created on November 22, 2014
The East Side home where four people were killed and a 10-year-old girl was injured in an "execution style" slaying Nov. 21, 2014. A mother-to-be was among the two women and two men killed inside the modest two-story home on the 1400 block of East 92nd Street. The girl was taken to University Hospitals and is expected to recover, Chief Calvin Williams said.
Created on November 22, 2014
John Carroll stomps Centre College 63-28


text:
Friday, January 25th, 2013ABL is pleased to announce that it has expanded its 2012 Economic Impact Study of America's Beer, Wine and Spirits Retailers to include the economic contributions of beverage licensees in state house and state senate districts across the ... read more>
Wednesday, January 23rd, 2013read more>
Tuesday, January 22nd, 2013Around this time every year we review the results of our benchmarking report which shows how retailer websites on the Bevsites eCommerce platforms have fared over the past year. Looking to share useful insights we characterize the differences at stores that grew significantly or sustained sizeable sales with their online business. Previous articles have described ... read more>
Tuesday, January 22nd, 2013read more>
Tuesday, January 22nd, 2013read more>
Monday, January 21st, 2013read more>
Thursday, January 17th, 2013In three steps, bartenders and mixologists can register online at DiageoWorldClassUSA.com for a chance to be awarded the title of USBG & World Class U.S. Bartender of the ... read more>
Wednesday, January 16th, 2013Tales of the Cocktail has established a new scholarship program that will allow 10 former apprentices to complete the prestigious Beverage Alcohol Resource (B.A.R.) ... read more>
Tuesday, January 15th, 2013The NYSLA will hold a special meeting on January 17th regarding combo packs. Details at the link. Click here for more information regarding proposed ... read more>
Monday, January 14th, 2013Moet Hennessy USA and Marnier-Lapostolle Inc. have announced today that Moet Hennessy USA will continue to be the U.S. distributor for Marnier-Lapostolle Inc.'s Grand Marnier liqueur. This extends a long-standing agreement and reinforces the partnership between the two companies. "Moet Hennessy and Grand Marnier have a strong history that goes back many years," said Jim ... read more>


text:
We stayed here in July at the begining of our 3 week trip. Driving into the property we knew we were in for a treat as none of the pictures we had seen of the establishment had done it justice. We recieved a very warm welcome and were shown to our lovey room. (# 2). It was very large with... More
- Also Known As:
- La Cour De Remi Hotel Bermicourt
- La Cour De Remi Bermicourt