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A radiation detector employing amorphous Si:H cells in an array with each detector cell having at least three contiguous layers (n type, intrinsic, p type), positioned between two electrodes to which a bias voltage is applied. An energy conversion layer atop the silicon cells intercepts incident radiation and converts radiation energy to light energy of a wavelength to which the silicon cells are responsive. A read-out device, positioned proximate to each detector element in an array allows each such element to be interrogated independently to determine whether radiation has been detected in that cell. The energy conversion material may be a layer of luminescent material having a columnar structure. In one embodiment a column of luminescent material detects the passage therethrough of radiation to be detected and directs a light beam signal to an adjacent a-Si:H film so that detection may be confined to one or more such cells in the array. One or both electrodes may have a comb structure, and the teeth of each electrode comb may be interdigitated for capacitance reduction. The amorphous Si:H film may be replaced by an amorphous Si:Ge:H film in which up to 40 percent of the amorphous material is Ge. Two dimensional arrays may be used in X-ray imaging, CT scanning, crystallography, high energy physics beam tracking, nuclear medicine cameras and autoradiography.
1. Detector elements in an array of such elements for high energy particles or photons that move through the detector, with each detector element comprising:
first and second electrodes lying in approximately parallel planes and being spaced apart from each other;
an amorphous film including a mixture of at least 60 percent Si:H and at most 40 percent Ge:H, deposited approximately in a plane positioned between and adjacent to the first and second electrodes, the film having at least three contiguous regions, a first region of first electrical conductivity type adjacent to the first electrode, a second region of second electrical conductivity type opposite to the first conductivity type adjacent to the second electrode, and an intrinsic region positioned between the first and second regions where the first and second regions have smaller thickness than the thickness of the intrinsic region;
bias means, electrically connected to the first and second electrodes, for impressing an electrical field between the first and second electrodes; and
readout means, positioned adjacent to the first and second electrodes and electrically connected thereto, for selectively reading the voltage or current developed across the amorphous film.
2. An assembly of detector elements, each constructed according to claim 1 for detecting individual photons of photon energy at least 6 keV, the detector comprising:
a curvilinear array of detector elements, wherein each of said amorphous films is formed as a strip of thickness at least 30 μm.
3. The assembly of claim 2 wherein said first and second electrodes are each formed as a comb having two or more teeth, the combs being interdigitated when viewed in a direction perpendicular to said planes in which said electrodes lie.
4. The assembly of detector elements, each constructed according to claim 1, for detecting individual photons of photon energy at least 6 keV, the detector comprising:
an approximately planar rectangular array of detector elements, wherein each of said amorphous films has a thickness of at least 30 μm.
5. The detector assembly of claim 4, wherein said first and second electrodes are each formed as a comb having two or more teeth, the two combs being interdigitated when viewed in a direction perpendicular to said planes in which said electrodes lie.
6. Detector elements according to claim 1, wherein said array of detector elements is a two-dimensional array, with each detector element being addressable by two signals that specify two-dimensional coordinates of a detector element.
7. Detector elements according to claim 1, having a layer of luminescent material drawn from the class of phosphors that emit visible wavelength radiation and that consists of CaWO4, BaSrSO4, GdO2 S:Th, LaOBr:Tb, BaPbSO4, Y2 O2 S:Tb, BaFCl:Eu, (ZnCd)S:Ag, CsI, CsI:Na, CsI:Tl and NaI:Tl.
8. Detector elements according to claim 7, wherein said luminescent material has a columnar structure with a plurality of columns, each column having a longitudinal axis that is oriented approximately perpendicular to the plane of said amorphous film and having a diameter, measured transverse to its longitudinal axis, in the range of 10-100 μm.
9. Detector elements according to claim 8, wherein said columnar structure is formed as a plurality of fiber optic columns that are impregnated with a fluorescent material.
10. Particle detector elements in an array of such elements, for detecting the presence of high energy particles that move through the detector element array, with each detector element comprising:
first and second electrodes lying in approximately parallel planes spaced apart from each other;
an amorphous Si:H film deposited adjacent to each of the first and second electrodes, the film having at least seven contiguous regions, a first highly doped region of first conductivity type positioned adjacent to the first electrode, a second highly doped region of second conductivity type opposite to the first conductivity type and positioned adjacent to the second electrode, a third region of first conductivity type positioned between and spaced apart from the first and second regions, a fourth region of second conductivity type positioned between and spaced apart from the second and third regions, a fifth intrinsic conductivity region positioned between the first and third regions, a sixth intrinsic conductivity region positioned between the second and fourth regions, and a seventh intrinsic conductivity region positioned between the third and fourth regions, where the intrinsic regions have a low charged particle trap density and the first, second, third and fourth regions have smaller thicknesses than the thicknesses of the intrinsic regions;
bias means, electrically connected to the first and second electrodes, for impressing an electrical field between these two electrodes;
a layer of luminescent material, positioned adjacent to the Si:H film, the luminescent material having a characteristic wavelength of light emission from an excited state that is no more than 0.8 μm, and the luminescent material layer having a plurality of columns with longitudinal axes of the columns being oriented approximately perpendicular to an adjacent surface of the Si:H film; and
readout means, positioned adjacent to the first and second electrodes and electrically connected to these two electrodes, for selectively reading the voltage or current developed across the Si:H film in response to passage of high energy particles through the detector elements.
11. Detector elements according to claim 10, wherein said array of detector elements is a two-dimensional array, with each detector element being addressable by two signals that specify two-dimensional coordinates of a detector element.
12. Detector elements according to claim 10, wherein said luminescent material has a columnar structure with a plurality of columns, each column having a longitudinal axis that is oriented approximately perpendicular to the plane of said adjacent amorphous film and having a diameter, measured transverse to its longitudinal axis, the range of 10-100 μm.
13. Detector elements according to claim 12, wherein said columnar structure is formed as a plurality of fiber optic columns that are impregnated with a fluorescent material.
14. Detector elements according to claim 10, wherein said luminescent material is drawn from the class of phosphors that emit visible wavelength radiation and that consists of CaWO4, BaSrSO4, GdO2 S:Th, LaOBr:Tb, BaPbSO4, Y2 O2 S:Tb, BaFCl:Eu, (ZnCd)S:Ag, CsI, CsI:Na, CsI:Tl and NaI:Tl.
15. The apparatus of claim 10, wherein each of said first and second electrodes is formed as a comb having two or more teeth and the two combs are interdigitated, when viewed in a direction perpendicular to the planes in which said first electrode and said second electrode lie.
This invention was made, in part, with U.S. Government support under Contract No. DE-AC03-76SF00098, awarded by the Department of Energy. The Government has certain rights in this invention.
1. Technical Field
This invention relates to amorphous silicon radiation imaging arrays with high resolution read-out.
2Background of the Invention
Hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) is now widely used in industry as a material for solar cells, facsimile heads and liquid crystal display drivers. The thickness of a-Si:H layers used in such devices is usually less than 2 μm, which is sufficient to absorb all of the visible light incident thereon and to provide enough material to construct thin film transistors ("TFTs"). Early efforts to make radiation detectors with a-Si:H were limited to small thickness ranges of a few microns. Wei et al., Japan Jour. Appl. Phys., vol. 24 (1985) 1105 ff., made a sixteen element X-ray sensor whose intensity could be improved by coupling to a phosphor such as CdWO4 and ZnS:Ni for use with X-ray films. Mochiki et al., Nucl. Instr. and Methods, vol. A 273 (1988) 640 ff., used a facsimile head to detect X-ray fluences and obtained similar results with improved spatial resolution. Naruse et al., I.E.E.E. Trans. Nucl. Sci., vol. NS-36 (1989) 1347-1352, proposed a metal/a-Si:H multilayer structure that resembles a miniature calorimeter for radiation detection.
One unsolved problem here is the presence of large detector capacitance, which limits the short time response of the system. The a-Si:H layers in these devices are limited to a few μm thickness, and the electrodes are all parallel plates so that detector capacitance is fairly large. It is, therefore, difficult to operate these devices in a pulse mode for counting individual particles. Our recent work has focused on making a-Si:H layers up to 50 μm thickness with low detector capacitance for single particle counting. See, for example, V. Perez-Mendez et al., "The Application of Thick Hydrogenated Amorphous Silicon Layers to Charged Particle and X-ray Detection", Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory Report No. LBL-26998 (April, 1989).
Swinehart et al., in U.S. Pat. No. 4,163,240, disclose a fast neutron dosimeter that uses a p+-i-n+diode structure to provide a fast neutron dosimeter, where the diode thickness may range from 30 mils to about 200 mils. Silicon resistivity is relatively small, of the order of 50 Ohm-cm, and the use of crystalline silicon is contemplated here.
An amorphous semiconductor body that is nearly equivalent to a crystalline semiconductor body is disclosed by Ovshinsky et al. in U.S. Pat. No. 4,409,605. This structure uses both fluorine and hydrogen as compensating agents to reduce the localized defect states in the energy gap of the amorphous semiconductor material.
Kress discloses a solid state neutron detector in U.S. Pat. No. 4,419,578. The detector comprises a first layer of neutron-sensitive material and a second layer of semiconducting material that is itself sensitive to the passage of neutrons therethrough. A grid pattern of stacked detectors is provided to allow some determination of the direction of travel of the incident neutrons.
Hamano et al., in U.S. Pat. No. 4,419,696, disclose a thin film reader that uses an amorphous silicon film sandwiched between a transparent electrode and a metal electrode and formed on an insulating substrate. The layer of amorphous silicon is preferably all intrinsic or all p type.
A photovoltaic device using amorphous silicon in a p-i-n diode structure is disclosed by Nozaki et al. in U.S. Pat. No. 4,500,744. Light enters the amorphous silicon layer through the transparent substrate, and electrons or holes generated in the silicon are drawn to an ohmic contact positioned on the other side of the silicon. The energy gap of material adjacent to the substrate is smaller than the energy gap of material closer to the ohmic contact, in order to promote photovoltaic activity in the silicon material.
In the Seki et al. patent, U.S. Pat. No. 4,611,244, a radiation detector is disclosed in which a block of crystalline silicon is coated with an amorphous silicon film containing an impurity in order to widen the mobility bandgap of the semiconductor and thereby reduce reverse bias leakage current. The impurity incorporated in the amorphous film, phosphorus or carbon, appears to increase the energy gap in the film material relative to the energy gap in the crystalline material.
In U.S. Pat. No. 4,775,880, Suzuki et al. disclose an amorphous silicon photoconductive cell array having two electrodes that are interdigitated with respect to one another in a particular configuration in order to suppress current leakage between adjacent sensing electrodes. The two electrodes are comb-shaped and lie on the same side of the silicon, and the teeth of one electrode enclose the teeth of the electrode of opposite polarity in order to suppress the leakage current. Selective read-out of different cell units in the array is also provided, through interrogation of a group of cell units in the same time interval.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,785,186, issued to Street et al., discloses use of a thin film of hydrogenated amorphous silicon, a-Si:H, formed as three monolithic layers in a p-i-n film that is sandwiched between two metal electrodes with reverse bias applied. Penetration of inbound high energy particles generates electron-hole pairs in the amorphous silicon and produces a measurable output current signal.
What is needed here is a high resolution particle detector that offers high sensitivity, flexibility as to the type of particle detected, and high resolution in location of a particle in a small geometrical region in which the particle is detected.
These needs are met by an array of detector elements, with each detector element including first and second planar, spaced apart electrodes, an amorphous Si:H film that is deposited between and is adjacent to the electrodes and a layer of energy converter material. The film contains at least three contiguous regions, namely n type, intrinsic and p type in that order, and the intrinsic region has a low charge particle trap density. A voltage bias is applied between the first and second electrodes to impress an electric field of strength of the order of 1-50 volts/μm between the electrodes, and a substrate supports the Si:H film. Each detector element is of a size as small as 10-300 μm, and includes a readout device for each detector element, positioned adjacent to the electrodes and connected thereto, for reading the voltage or current developed across the film of a selected detector element at an arbitrary time.
The energy converter material, such as the phosphor CsI:Na with various activators or CsI with an Na impurity may be fabricated with a columnar structure to provide a plurality of small diameter light pipes, to direct the phosphorescence radiation propagating in a column to a single detector element with little or no lateral spreading of the light. This layer converts incident charged particles or gamma radiation, or fluences of both, to light of a wavelength to which the detector is sensitive.
The array of detector elements can be one-dimensional or can be two-dimensional, and the device may be used for particle fluence measurements in an accumulation mode or for single particle counting in a pulse mode. Time intervals for detection of incident particles may be as short as 10 nsec. The array can be used for high resolution detection of ultraviolet light, X-rays, gamma-rays and high energy charged and uncharged particles.
FIG. 1 is a generalized representation of the invention.
FIG. 2 is a top plan view of a two-dimensional rectangular array of square amorphous silicon cells with underlying readout electronics in accord with the invention.
FIG. 3 is a top plan view of a two-dimensional rectangular array of rectangular amorphous silicon cells with underlying readout electronics in accord with the invention.
FIG. 4 is a top plan view of a two-dimensional rectangular array of square amorphous silicon cells with side-by-side readout electronics in accord with the invention.
FIG. 5 is a side sectional plan view of a detector element in accordance with the invention.
FIGS. 6 and 7 are simplified schematic views of readout electronics in accordance with the invention.
FIG. 8 is a perspective view of a columnar converter or scintillator layer atop a cell array in accord with the invention.
FIGS. 9a and 9b are a top view and a side sectional view, respectively, of an electrode arrangement in accordance with the invention, the sectional view being taken along lines A--A of the top view.
FIG. 10a is a plan of the doping pattern of semiconductor material, as a function of position along one axis, in one embodiment according to the invention.
FIG. 10b is a graphical view of the relative electrical field versus position inside a semiconductor, with position scale represented as in FIG. 10a.
FIG. 11 is a side plan view of a portion of a CT scanner using a radiation detector of the present invention.
FIG. 12 is a top plan view of a silicon cell arrangement for the radiation detector of FIG. 11.
FIG. 13 is a side plan view of a diffractometer using a radiation detector of the present invention.
FIG. 14 is a side plan view of a portion of a tracking detector in accord with the present invention.
FIG. 15 is a side plan view of a radiation detector of the present invention for use with X-rays.
FIG. 16 is a side plan view of a planar radiation detector employing a lenticular array in accord with the present invention.
With reference to FIG. 1, the radiation detector 21 of the present invention includes an array 23 of amorphous silicon cells below energy converter layer 22 positioned to receive a beam of charged particles 25 or gamma or X-ray fluence that is incident on one face of the detector array. For purposes of this application, the term "beam" should be understood to mean a fluence of charged particles or X-rays (1 keV-511 keV) or gamma rays (above 511 keV). The cell array 23 is positioned adjacent to a readout electronics circuit 27 that may be supported by a substrate 29.
The amorphous silicon cell array 23, shown in FIG. 2, includes individual square cells 23-1, 23-2, 23-3, 23-4, 23-5, etc. spaced apart by grooves 28. The cells are formed in or adjacent to a plane, where a corresponding point on each detector element is assigned a pair of rectangular coordinates (x,y) that locate that point in a rectangular grid in the plane, as illustrated in FIG. 2. Thus, for example, the cells 23-3 and 23-5 have the respective coordinate pairs (x1, y3) and (x2,y1) The dashed x,y lines 26 are intended to depict underlying electrical addressing wires explained in greater detail with reference to FIG. 7. The two-dimensional rectangular array shown in FIG. 2 may be replaced by a rectangular array with rectangular silicon cells 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, etc.,as shown in FIG. 3, with detector element locations being electrically addressed by underlying wires 37 in the same manner as in FIG. 2. Alternatively, the cell array may be a one-dimensional linear array, with detector element locations specified by a single coordinate such as x or y.
In FIG. 4, the square silicon cells 41, 43, 45, 47, etc. are spaced apart with the readout electronics occupying the gap between cells. These gaps, such as 51 or 53, should be sufficiently wide enough to accommodate readout electronics between cells. Alternatively, the readout electronics may be positioned just below or just above the "plane" containing the silicon cells 41, 43, 45, 47. The readout electronics will be said to be positioned "adjacent" to the silicon cells if the electronics is positioned in the cell gaps or is positioned just above or just below the "plane" containing the silicon cells. Electronics for the cells may occupy the space between cells. Since photolithographic processes are used for fabrication, a side-by-side arrangement will reduce the overall number of process steps and reduce problems of mask alignment. On the other hand, for higher cell resolution, a stacked arrangement, shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 is preferred.
A detector element itself 90 has the structure shown in FIG. 5 in one embodiment, where the semiconductor layer or film 91 includes a hydrogenated amorphous silicon ("a-Si:H") film that has at least three contiguous layers, a first thin layer 93 that is doped n type, a thick layer 95 of intrinsic a-Si:H, and a second thin layer 97 that is doped p type, with the intrinsic layer 95 lying between the layers 93 and 97. A first electrode 99 is positioned adjacent to the n type layer 93 of a-Si:H, with a first voltage source 101 of voltage VU connected to the first electrode. A second electrode 103 is positioned adjacent to the p type layer 97 of a-Si:H, with a second voltage source 105 of voltage VL (VL <VU) connected to the second electrode. One of the voltage sources 101 and 105 may be at ground potential so that only one additional voltage source is needed. When a beam 107 produces light in the energy conversion material, preferably in the wavelength range 400-700nm, but definitely below 800 nm, electrons or electron-hole pairs will be produced in the a-Si:H film 91, and a current flow or voltage drop will be detected between the two electrodes 99 and 103 of the detector element 90. The current will be read in the electronics layer 106, just above substrate 100.
The detector element 90 includes a converter or scintillator layer 109 that intercepts the particle beam 107 or 108 before the beam enters the amorphous film 91. The converter layer 109 is a unitary assembly of luminescent (fluorescent or phosphorescent) atoms or molecules, preferably 100-500 μm thick, that reacts to scattering or absorption of particles in this layer by emission of light in a band of wavelengths that is characteristic of the converter material. The converter layer 109 may be in the form of a continuous film with transverse dimensions from 30 μm to as high as desired. Scattering of particles from the beam 107 produces photons, some of which propagate through the electrode 99 and into the amorphous film 91. These undergo Compton scattering and photoelectron production in the film 91 and thereby produce electrons or electron-hole pairs that produce a detectable current. About 2-5 μm thickness of a-Si film will collect most of the light. Each detector element 90 has a readout device that specifically reads out the current flowing between, or the voltage drop between, the electrodes of that detector element.
FIG. 6 illustrates a typical readout circuit 110 that is suitable for determining whether a particular detector element, located by a particular pair of coordinates (x,y) or by a single coordinate in a one-dimensional array, has detected the passage therethrough of any beam particles. The detector element 90 has one electrode ("active electrode") connected to a voltage source at terminal 113 and has the other electrode grounded through a resistor 111. The active electrode is connected to an electrode signal line 115 that is grounded through a first transistor 117 whose conductivity or on-off status is controlled by a reset signal received on a reset signal line 118 at the control terminal of the transistor.
As used herein the word "transistor" will refer to a field effect transistor ("FET") having a control gate and having a first terminal (drain or source) for receiving an input signal from a a-Si:H cell 90 and having a second terminal (source or drain) for issuing an output signal. The electrode signal line 115 is connected to an input terminal of an amplifier 119 (optional) whose output terminal is connected to a first terminal of a second transistor 121. The second terminal of the second transistor 121 is connected to the output line 125. The gate of the transistor 121 receives a query or x-address signal on line 127. The output line 125 of transistor 121 is read as the other coordinate. A reset transistor 117, optional, clears the electrode signal line 115. A signal appearing on the electrode signal line 115 will also appear on the output signal line 125 only if the control signal line 127 is activated.
With reference to FIG. 7, a rectangular array 130 of a-Si:H cells 131a, 131b, 131c, and so on, may be seen to be connected in a grid pattern. Y-address lines 133a, 133b, 133c are connected to electrical circuits of the type shown in FIG. 6. X-addresses are provided by a pulse generator, such as the clock generator 135 which sequentially applies pulses to lines 137a, 137b, 137c and so on. Read-out electronic devices within block 135 look to the output circuits by applying a query signal to lines 133a, 133b, 133c and so on in a particular sequence at an appropriate rate, either faster or slower, compared to the rate of pulse generator 135, so that each cell having a coordinate address may be read. Read-out circuits are well known and, in simplest form, merely involve the measurement of charge on each line, as each line is scanned.
Many other embodiments of the readout device for the detector element may be devised, the main requirement being that, for a two-dimensional array of detector elements, two independent activating signals representing the two coordinates must be received in order to issue as an output signal the signal sensed across the detector element electrodes. For a one-dimensional array, only one activating signal need be received to issue the detector element output signal.
One of the energy conversion materials relied upon for some of the embodiments of the invention disclosed herein is a scintillation face plate or layer 141 as shown in FIG. 8. A scintillation face plate is a thick layer of luminescent or similar material 143 that receives the beam 145 and causes beam particles or radiation to scatter against the atoms of the converter material to produce light in a characteristic range of wavelengths. The scintillation face plates of interest here may be fabricated from glass fibers that contain rare earth elements and are fused and drawn to form columnar structures of diameters of the order of 10-100 μm. Light produced by scattering of the beam particles in the converter layer 143 is constrained to propagate in a single fiber, most of which reaches the semiconductor layer 91 for readout in electronics layer 106 above substrate 100. Thus, the degradation of spatial resolution that is normally caused by light spread in the converter material is minimized or eliminated in this indirect detection scheme. The light yield of the rare earth element scintillation face plates is often not high enough to detect single minimum ionizing particles, and the wavelength range of such materials is often too high to permit particle detection in a semiconductor layer such as 91 in FIG. 5 of thickness no more than 1-5 μm. However, such rare earth element scintillation face plates are adequate for detecting fluences in an integration or accumulation mode operation.
Recently, Kubota et al., Nucl. Instr. and Methods, vol. A268 (1988) 275-277, and vol. A273 (1988) 645-649, reported on studies of a new scintillation material, pure CsI, which has a fast decay curve with a characteristic time of 10 nsec and a slower decay with a characteristic decay time of 36 nsec. The rapidly decaying contribution has a amplitude about three times the amplitude of the slower decaying contribution. Fast decay with a lifetime much less than 1 μsec is desirable here. Pure CsI also has a broad band with a characteristic decay time of 1-4 μsec that varies from sample to sample. The peak intensity of CsI is as large as that of two other attractive materials, CaI:Na and CsI:Tl, and the wavelength-integrated intensities have similar magnitudes. Pure CsI, CsI:Na, and CsI:Tl have emission intensity peaks at wavelengths around 0.3, 0.43 and 0.55 μm, respectively, so that these phosphors cover an attractive range of near-ultraviolet and visible wavelength emissions. Table I sets forth a group of phosphors and other luminescent materials with emission wavelengths in the near-ultraviolet and visible wavelength range.
TABLE I______________________________________Luminescent Peak EmissionMaterial Wavelength______________________________________CsI 0.3 μmLaOBr:Tb 0.35-0.5BaPbSO4 0.37BaSrSO4 0.39BaFCl:Eu++ 0.39CsI:Na 0.43CaWO4 0.43(ZnCd)S:Ag 0.53GdO2 :Tb 0.545CsI:T1 0.55______________________________________
Pure or doped CsI may be made by several methods, including vacuum evaporation that forms columns of the material parallel to the evaporation direction. The column diameter can be controlled by heat treatment, according to a report by A.L.N. Stevens et al., Philips Res. Repts., vol. 29 (1974) 340, and the diameter can be varied from about 10 μm to higher than 100 μm. Films of CsI:Na 300 μm thick with column diameters of 50 μm are routinely made. Thicker CsI face plates or plates with a larger column diameter can be made by melting and recrystallizing the CsI inside a honeycomb structure, if desired. Here, interest centers on small diameter columns to provide high resolution particle detection.
A low capacitance electrode structure that may be utilized in the invention is shown in FIG. 9a and in FIG. 9b. Two interdigitated electrodes 151 and 153, each formed in a comb structure with a plurality of two or more teeth, are positioned on opposite sides of an intrinsic a-Si:H layer. The intrinsic layer may be provided with a thin, doped n type region on one side and a thin doped p type region on the other side of the layer as shown in FIG. 5. Alternatively, in FIG. 9b, a p type film 157 may be provided between the intrinsic layer 155 and each of the teeth of the comb-shaped electrode 151; and an n type film 159 may be provided between the intrinsic layer 155 and each tooth of the comb-shaped electrode 153. This structure takes advantage of the well known Schottky barrier phenomenon that develops when a metal(electrode) is positioned contiguous to a doped semiconductor film and a forward bias voltage is applied thereto. The configuration shown in FIG. 9b offers very low charge recovery times so that high frequency signals initiated in the intrinsic layer 155 can be sensed at the electrodes 151 and 153.
The interdigitated electrode structure shown in FIGS. 9a and 9b provides a small capacitance between the electrodes but may require use of a larger bias or voltage difference impressed between the electrodes 151 and 153. The electrical field in the a-Si:H layer 155 shown in FIGS. 9a and 9b is non-uniform and may have other interesting properties. In another alternative, one of the electrodes shown in FIGS. 9a or 9b may be replaced by a continuous, planar electrode of conventional design so that only one such electrode (closest to the source of the beam of particles) is formed as a comb having two or more teeth.
For direct detection of high linear energy transfer charged particles, such as alpha particles and heavy ions, a significant number of the radiation-induced electron-hole pairs produced by scattering are lost due to recombination of these pairs in the plasma column created by the particle track. This recombination can be reduced, if not eliminated, by use of higher electrical fields within the host material (a-Si:H) in order to separate the charges in the plasma more rapidly and move them toward their respective electrodes. The highest reverse bias applied to a conventional p-i-n or Schottky diode in connection with an a-Si:H material is limited by microplasma breakdown at the surface of the silicon. Use of a buried p-i-n structure such as the p-i-p-i-n-i-n structure shown in FIG. 10A, suppresses this breakdown by moving the region of maximum electrical field away from the surface into the interior of the silicon where the breakdown field is much higher. Using a 5.7 μm thick a-Si:H layer with a buried p-i-n structure, we find that we can raise the electrical field to 50 volts/ μm or even higher, as compared to a limit of about 20 volts/ μm for a conventional p-i-n device of thickness 5 μm. The doping levels of the outer p+ and n+ layers are preferably about 1018 cm-3 active donor or acceptors. Use of a p-i-p-i-n-i-n structure is discussed in a related patent application, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 07/342,233, filed Apr. 21, 1989 and assigned to the assignee of this application.
FIG. 10b indicates graphically the magnitude of the electrical field developed for the p-i-p-i-n-i-n structure shown in FIG. 10a, where the outer p-doped and n-doped regions are highly doped to produce Schottky diodes when metal electrodes are positioned contiguous to these two doped regions. Note that the position of highest electrical field is adjacent to one of the internal or buried doped regions of p type or n type. Preferably, the distance separating the two p doped regions and the distance separating the two n doped regions in FIG. 10a should be less than 0.1 μm in order that the region of maximum electrical field be kept a comfortable distance away from the boundaries of the a-Si:H material. The buried p-i-n structure shown in FIG. 10a will also improve single particle detection of lower linear energy transfer charged particles by providing shorter charge collection time at the electrodes than is produced with use of lower internal electrical fields. Higher count rate and larger signal sizes are also benefits that are available with use of the buried p-i-n structure.
First Application--X-Ray Imager
For high spatial resolution of X-rays and higher wavelength light, the detector element embodiment shown in FIG. 5 may be used in the system embodiment shown in FIG. 1 as a substitute for X-ray film in digital radiography. The X-ray converter layer 109 shown in FIG. 5 might be a 100-500 μm thick, vacuum deposited phosphor columnar structure, or a fiberoptic layer of glass columns impregnated with rare earth fluorescent compounds such as Tb or Eu or other fluorescent compounds such as Ce or Te. The a-Si:H film may have a thickness of 1-5 μm or less for converter material emission wavelengths below 0.7 μm, because the absorption length of silicon for such wavelengths is less than 1 μm. The transverse dimensions of the a-Si:H film may be as low or as high as desired. A suitable cell size might be 30-300 μm. If the converter material emission wavelength is much greater than 0.7 μm, the a-Si:H material can be alloyed with germanium.
X-ray film has a limited dynamic range but has been used for medical imaging because of the film's excellent spatial resolution. Other problems With use of X-ray film include lack of real time resolution, replacement of the film with each exposure and the need for additional processing of the film to obtain digitized images. An imaging plate developed by Fuji and reported by Miyahara et al., Nuclear Instruments and Methods, vol. A246 (1986) 572-578, takes care of most of the deficiencies of X-ray film except for real time resolution, but the Fuji system is somewhat bulky and is mechanically delicate. A two-dimensional array of a-Si:H pixel detectors of the kind shown in FIG. 2 can be used to replace X-ray film and take care of all of the above-mentioned deficiencies. A typical X-ray exposure of 0.1 Roentgen will produce about 3�109 50 keV photons/cm2. About 80 percent of these photons will be absorbed by a 300 μm thick layer of CsI:Tl converter material 203 and will produce about 6�1012 converter photons/cm2. Assuming 50 percent photon collection efficiency by an adjacent a-Si:H layer and 60 percent quantum efficiency for electron-hole pair efficiency, an array with 104 pixels per cm2 will produce about 1.8�108 electron-hole pairs within each pixel. If the pixel size is 100 μm�100 μm�1 μm (thickness), pixel capacitance is about 1 pF, and the average voltage signal on each pixel after a 0.1 R exposure is about 30 volts. Spatial resolution, which is determined by pixel size, may be increased by reducing the pixel size to as small as 30 μm�30 μm, at the expense of a corresponding reduction in signal/noise ratio and voltage developed across a pixel thickness.
Second Application--Detector for Computer Tomography
For low spatial resolution in the particle fluence or accumulation mode, an array, 1-5 cm. wide, of detector elements, formed as strips of detector material of width 0.1-1 mm and with 0.1-1 mm spacing therebetween, should be adequate. The same converter layer may be used as for the First Application, and the thickness of the a-Si:H material should be at least twice the absorption length in silicon at the emission wavelength of interest.
In FIG. 11, an X-ray tube 211 that emits a radially directed beam 212 of X-rays is rotated around a target, frequently a human body 217, using a one-dimensional converter layer 213 and a position-sensitive detector array ("PSD") 215 for X-rays. Transmission of the X-rays through the patient's body 217 provides a sequence of projection profiles that is stored in the computer for each X-ray tube position. These profiles are used to reconstruct a transverse cross-sectional image of the distribution of X-ray attenuation coefficients. In the prior art, an array of Xe-filled ionization chambers is used as the one-dimensional PSDs. Because of geometrical magnification, the spatial resolution of this system may be low, of the order of a few mm. This gas filled detector array may be replaced by an array of a-Si:H strip detectors as shown in FIG. 12, with associated spatial resolution of the order of 100-1000 μm. The detectors are used to record flux so that the readout circuit shown in FIG. 7 should be adequate. Arrays of strip detectors are arranged in a polygon, approximating a circle, or a portion thereof, about the body, indicated by the detector array segments 223, 225 and 227 in FIG. 11.
Each detector strip has a lengthwise dimension which is preferably equal to or exceeding the dimension of the impinging beam width on the detector. In this way, the entire beam flux may be measured by a one-detector strip for calibration or synchronization purposes.
With reference to FIG. 12, the details of the strip detector may be seen. Each strip 222 has a plurality of detector cells mounted thereon. The silicon cells are shown to be elongated rectangles 221 having a long dimension of approximately 1 cm or more. The width dimension of each cell is about one millimeter, more or less, with a spacing between cells of less than 1 millimeter.
Third Application--Powder Crystallography
Two methods are available for single photon detection of approximately monochromatic X-rays. The first approach uses powder crystallography techniques and provides a one-dimensional strip or array of detector elements mounted on a curved (e.g., circular) substrate. The a-Si:H cell material is preferably mixed with 1-40 percent by volume of a-Ge:H material to produce a film of thickness 30-50 μm. With further improvements in the quality of semiconductor materials, the percentage of a-Ge:H material that can be incorporated here may be even greater than 40 percent. The one-dimensional array or strip transverse dimensions might be 0.1-10 mm width (preferably at least 1 mm) by 200--300 cm length and may offer resolution of 50-150 μm. Low capacitance electrodes, such as the interdigitated electrodes illustrated in FIGS. 9a and 9b, should be used here to reduce the electrode capacitance and thereby reduce the system reaction time for single particle detection.
A second approach to X-ray crystallography uses single photon detection of approximately monochromatic X-rays. A two-dimensional detector array approximately 25 cm�25 cm in area is provided, with individual pixels 0.1-1 mm in size. The detector is a film of a-Si:H+1-40% of a-Ge:H, the film being 30-50 μm thick. Germanium has a higher Z and therefore a higher probability of interaction with X-rays, therefore increasing detector efficiency. It is possible to count individual X-rays with this detector.
FIG. 13 shows a typical arrangement of apparatus for X-ray crystallography. X-rays in a beam 231 from a source 230 are reflected by a curved monochrometer 233 and spatially limited by knife edge 235. The beam is further limited by slits 237 and then passed through refracting target 239 before being detected by a curved or flat one-dimensional PSD such as film or multiwire proportional chambers. An a-Si:H detector system 241 placed on a flexible substrate can be used in place of the film or proportional chambers. The diffracted X-ray flux intensity is low in such studies so that single photon detection is preferred over flux integration. Photon energy of at least 6 keV is appropriate for a curvilinear or planar array. One 8 keV X-ray photon creates only about 400 photons in a converter material such as CsI:Tl, and direct detection of such a photon will require careful design of the readout electronics for the expected number of electron-hole pairs (around 300) produced by such photon.
Table II summarizes the probability of photoelectric effect electrons from an 8 keV and a 17 keV photon in three kinds of a-Si:H alloys, namely 100 percent Si, 90 percent Si plus 10 percent Ge, and 80 percent Si plus 20 percent Ge of two different thicknesses. Crystalline Ge requires an average of about 2.7 eV deposited for electron-hole pair produced, which is about 20 percent less than the corresponding value for crystalline Si. Assuming that a similar relationship holds for amorphous Ge as compared to amorphous Si, a larger number of electron-hole pairs should be produced as the percentage of Ge in the alloy is increased, and this is reflected in the entries in Table II. Layer thickness of 30-50 μm of such an alloy, used in the detector system disclosed here, provides similar detection efficiencies as a pressurized Xe-filled multiwire proportional chamber.
TABLE II__________________________________________________________________________Detection Efficiency of Si:Ge:H AlloysX-ray Film 100% Si 90% Si + 10% Ge 80% Si + 20% Ge .THorizBrace. .THorizBrace. .THorizBrace.Energy Thickness 30 μm 50 μm 30 μm 50 μm 30 μm 50 μm__________________________________________________________________________ 8 keV 0.37 0.53 0.45 0.63 0.53 0.7217 keV 0.051 0.083 0.18 0.28 0.31 0.46__________________________________________________________________________
In nondestructive studies of materials employing a flux of higher energy X-rays, either direct or indirect detection of these X-rays may be done using the a-Si:H detector system or the a-Si:Ge:H system disclosed here in the flux counting mode.
Tracking Detector for High Energy Physics
A plurality of secondary charged particles are often emitted when two or more particles collide in a high energy experiment. In FIG. 14, the beam or beams travel along a central axis 160, colliding at a known location with a target. The secondary particles, and the surviving primary particles, can be detected by positioning a one-dimensional circular or other curvilinear array 161 (r=constant, θ variable) of detectors 163, 165, 167, and so on, approximately in a plane, where the array is centered at the expected collision site. We have demonstrated that minimum ionizing particles--particles with a single electronic charge, and velocity approaching the speed of light, i.e. 95% C, are directly detectable, by use of thick a-Si:H layers formed into small pixels to provide high signal-to-noise ratios. We estimate that, if a 300 μm thick layer of CsI:Tl is placed adjacent to a 5 μm thick layer of an amorphous Si:H cell array with 70 percent (assumed) quantum efficiency, a signal size of 5000-6000 electrons within the a-Si:H is produced by passage of a single primary particle through this system.
Fifth Application--Calorimeter
In a fifth application, a sequence 191-1, 191-2, 191-3, 191-4 of parallel planar arrays of detectors is provided as shown in FIG. 15. A detector planar array such as 191-1 includes a planar array 192-1 of a-Si:H cells and an adjacent layer 193-1 of metallic converter material of high atomic number, such as Pb or U. A high energy X-ray or γ-ray with particle energy at least 10 MeV will produce a shower of photoelectrons and Compton electrons, originating in the converter material and whose paths may reach to or through one or more additional layers of detector material (a-Si:H) and converter material. By recording the number of tracks and positions of the showers, one can determine the energy and the initial direction of the X-ray or γ-ray. The collection of planar arrays 192-1, 192-2, 192-3, 192-4 of pixel detectors may also allow determination of where the incident X-ray or γ-ray first contacted the initial layer 193-1, 193-2, 193-3, 193-4 of converter material. Conventional gas-filled or crystalline Si detectors may be replaced by this a-Si:H detector system. The response of a multilayer metallic converter material plus a-Si:H system to a particle flux has been studied theoretically by Naruse et al., I.E.E.E. Trans. on Nuclear Science, vol. 36 (1989), 1347-1352, but no means was disclosed for selectively reading out the response of individual detector element.
Sixth Application--Nuclear Medicine Camera
In nuclear medicine, radiopharmaceuticals are introduced into the body, and gamma rays emitted from various parts of the body are detected to give an image of the radionuclide distribution. Here, individual gamma rays are to be counted so that the readout system is somewhat more elaborate. A scintillation camera is one type of imaging device used for such purposes. This camera consists of a slab of NaI:Tl coupled to a plurality of photomultiplier tubes (PMTs). Centroid calculation of the PMT output signals gives position information of the incident gamma ray, and the sum of all the PMT signals determines the energy of the gamma ray.
A mechanical collimator is placed in front of the scintillator to accept only the desired gamma rays in order to construct an image of the radionuclide distribution in the body, as projected on a plane defined by the scintillator slab. The scintillator camera system can be replaced by an a-Si:H detector system having a high light yield converter layer as shown schematically in FIG. 15. Here, the converter material must be carefully chosen, and CsI:Tl or pure CsI appear most promising because of their high light yield, high Z number and their built-in columnar structure. The thickness of the CsI converter material should be more than 5 mm in order to insure good detection efficiency for the most commonly used 140 keV gamma rays from compounds such as Tc-99m. The intrinsic spatial
resolution of conventional scintillation cameras is about 3 mm.
The a-Si:H detector system shown in FIG. 16 can provide much higher spatial resolution if required. This system does not use PMTs so that it is more compact and lightweight and does not require the constant adjustments that a PMT array requires. In FIG. 16, a plurality of amorphous silicon cells 231, 233, 235 and so on, are slightly spaced apart by an equal distance, allowing associated electrodes 232, 234, 236 and so on, to be spaced between the silicon cells in the manner indicated in FIG. 4. The amorphous silicon cells and electrodes are supported on substrate 237 and are spaced below a layer of converter material 239. Immediately below the converter material 239 is a lenticular array 241 consisting of a plurality of glass lenses which focus light generated in the converter material on the detector cells. The lenses have very short focal lengths so as to be very wide angle lenses. By providing a lens for each amorphous silicon cell, the size of the cells may be reduced, thereby reducing the capacitance and the leakage current, without loss of resolution.
While this embodiment employing lenses is not necessary for a nuclear medicine camera, it is advantageous where a relatively large area array is needed, with medium to high resolution.
Seventh Application--Autoradiography
In biology, autoradiography uses techniques of chromatography and electrophoresis to extract information on protein distributions and DNA sequences from radioisotope-labeled plates of organic bodies.
Radioisotopes commonly used for such studies include 3 H, 14 C, 32 P and 35 S. In the case of isotopes, frequently beta-emitters are used with maximum energies of 18 keV, 155 keV and 1.7 MeV, respectively. Positions and intensity distributions of these beta emitters are determined by detecting the beta particles escaping from the plate or the gel with a one-dimensional PSD or a two-dimensional PSD maintained in close contact with the body. In the prior art, X-ray film and multiwire proportional chambers have been applied for such studies. To insure sufficient sensitivity, the thickness of a gasfilled detector is about 1 cm or larger, which causes spatial resolution degradation due to the parallax error involved.
Now, single beta particle detection for these isotopes can be done using the a-Si:H radiation detector system either directly or indirectly, with the exception of the radioisotope 3 H. The detector arrangement would resemble FIG. 2 or FIG. 4, with a thickness which can be less than 1 mm. The sensitive area can be placed quite close to the plates or gels. Amorphous silicon cell size would be about 300 μ on a side. Detection using the radioisotope 3 H will require careful design of the readout electronics due to the small signal size, but this is a problem with any detector system that uses this radioisotope.
Beta particles are emitted from 3 H, 14 C, 32 P and 35 S, with the maximum beta particle energy emitted from 35 S being 0.167 MeV. A one dimensional application includes labeling using a strip detector array approximately 1 cm�10 cm, with a sequence of 30-50 μm thickness, a-Si:H pixel detectors with strip contacts 0.1 mm�0.5 mm. Such an array would resemble the array of FIG. 12. Again, one problem is the low counting rate associated with the sample, especially where emissions from H3 are monitored. The counting rates are typically less than 100/scc/strip.
In two-dimensional studies, the area detector would be of the order of 25 cm�25 cm in area and resemble the layout of FIGS. 2, 3 or 4. The a-Si:H pixels of thickness 30-50 μm and of individual size 0.3 mm�0.5 mm may be used, with counting rates typically less than 104 /scc over the entire pixel detector array.
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The Sidney Hillman Foundation honors excellence in journalism in service of the common good.
Our awards and programs honor the legacy and vision of union pioneer and New Deal architect Sidney Hillman.
Clear it with Sidney
by Lindsay Beyerstein
Notes on journalism for the common good
Sidney Awards
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The Call for Entries for the 2015 Hillman Prize contest is now open. The deadline is January 30, 2015.
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On September 11, the Hillman Foundation hosted "Your Shirt Off Their Backs," a panel discussion on sweatshops, labor, and the global economy. See photos and video of the event.
In case you missed "Stuck in Segregation" at the Schomburg Center with Farai Chideya, Ta-Nehisi Coates, Richard Rothstein and Patrick Sharkey, you can watch the livestream video here, and download a PDF of Rothstein's "Segregation Never Really Ended: The Link Between Housing and Education" here.
Hillman hosted a preview screening of Slavery By Another Name with author Douglas Blackmon and director Sam Pollard, moderated by Gerry Hudson. Read about it here. See video of Q&A here.
E.J. Dionne received a special Hillman Award for Career Achievement. Photos and acceptance speech here.

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November 28, 2014
GREEN BAY, Wis. (AP) -- The Green Bay Packers have released veteran safety Charlie Peprah a day before their first training camp practice, apparently over concern about a lingering knee injury.
The Packers announced the move Wednesday afternoon. Asked about Peprah's status earlier in the day, Packers coach Mike McCarthy said he was "waiting for more information" from Peprah's physical exam.
Packers players reported to camp Wednesday morning for physicals and meetings. The first practice is Thursday morning.
The move leaves the Packers with even more questions at safety, where the team is looking for a replacement for Pro Bowl safety Nick Collins. The Packers released Collins in the offseason, concerned about his ability to safely return from a significant neck injury he sustained last season.
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Baritone Matthias Goerne and Pianist Leif Ove Andsnes
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The Human Brain
Inside your Body's Control Room
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The Human Brain aligns young readers with top scientists, doctors, and researchers from around the world in the field of neurobiology. The amazing abilities of the human brain are endlessly fascinating to kids. How do we think? How do we remember? How does our brain work with the senses to enable us to experience the world around us? What happens when a person's brain is injured, and what can be done to help fix it? This book puts readers right beside the brain researchers and doctors who are constantly seeking answers to these questions. The book introduces young readers to the inspiring men and women who are making incredible advances in the world of brain science. The informed, educational text and insightful illustrations help them understand all the latest developments in this exciting field of human science. National Geographic supports K-12 educators with ELA Common Core Resources. Visit www.natgeoed.org/commoncore for more information.
Authors: Simpson, Kathleen
Title: The human brain
inside your body's control room
inside your body's control room
Publisher: Washington, DC : National Geographic, c2009
Characteristics: 64 p. :,col. ill. ;,26 cm
Statement of Responsibility: by Kathleen Simpson ; Lori Jordan, consultant
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Branch Call Number: j 612.8 S613h 2009
Bibliography: Includes bibliographical references (p. 60) and index
Subject Headings: Brain Juvenile literature
Topical Term: Brain
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Learn more about the five boroughs that make up New York City with our complete guide.
Discover what to do, where to stay and what to see in New York City with our planning tool.
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New York City is made up of five boroughs: the Bronx, Brooklyn, Manhattan, Queens and Staten Island. Each one has enough attractions—and enough personality—to be a city all its own. Learn more about them with this guide.
Your poor, unstylish dogs will thank you for stopping by this shoe boutique, which opened in 2007 as an offshoot of Mini Mini Market in the Williamsburg MiniMall. Though the shop itself is small, you can ogle more than 50 footwear brands for dames and dudes, from the classic (Sperry, Camper) to the quirky (Irregular Choice, Jeffrey Campbell). Happy Socks, colorful Hue tights and Cheap Monday sunglasses are added bonuses.


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NBC's Richard Engel back to Syria after kidnapping
NEW YORK (AP) - NBC News chief foreign correspondent Richard Engel is back quickly and safely from his first trip to Syria since he and his team were kidnapped and held captive there last December.
Engel interviewed rebel fighters who allege the Syrian government used chemical weapons in an attack last month. His reports were airing Wednesday on the "Today" show and "NBC Nightly News."
Engel traveled with photographer John Kooistra, who was kidnapped with him in December.
Engel took some time off after the kidnapping and said his bosses weren't anxious to send him back to Syria. But he said it was important to go because of the story.
"It did make me feel better," he said via telephone from Turkey on Wednesday. "It was important for me to go back, but I won't say that I went back to prove to myself that I could do it."
He and his team were captured by forces loyal to the Syrian government in December and were subjected to mock executions during a four-day period of captivity. They escaped during a firefight with rebel forces.
It was a smaller NBC team that went this week, primarily because it was a shorter trip. The team spent less than 24 hours in Syria, talking to rebel fighters and commanders about the chemical-weapons allegations.
"There are so many stories circulating about chemical weapons," Engel said. "The only way to find out who is telling the truth is by going to the areas and seeing what they have to offer."
President Barack Obama's administration has said it is considering providing weapons to vetted units in the armed opposition to Syrian President Bashar Assad's regime, among other military options, following last week's revelation a U.S. intelligence assessment suggested chemical weapons use by the regime.
Officials in Syria's capital, Damascus, deny claims the Assad regime has used chemical weapons.
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Chalet Party Shoppe Tastings & EventsChalet Party Shoppe – Cassopolis Street, Elkhart Holiday Tasting Event Friday, November 21st from 6-8 pm Chalet Party Shoppe – CR 17, Elkhart Holiday Tasting Event Thursday, December 18th from 6-8 pm
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New England said to want second-round pick. Terry McCormick
The Cleveland Browns called the New England Patriots again to inquire about the availability of backup quarterback Ryan Mallett, per Jeff Howe of the Boston Herald.
Mallett, who fell to the third round in the 2011 draft because of character concerns, has been quietly backing up Tom Brady for the past two seasons.
According to the report, the Pats' asking price is at least a second-round pick, which would be a nice return on investment for a player drafted and stashed on the bench.
The Browns' interest in Mallett has been reported before, but with the draft just hours away, it is interesting to see the brand new regime in Cleveland continue to evaluate the quarterback situation, which was just addressed last year by spending a first-round pick on Brandon Weeden.
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Miles really means well, but being a monster he's apt to get in trouble from time to time.
love the monster! the teddy is a great touch =D…
Thanks very much! I figure he's a pretty sweet monster, but very misunderstood. A monster like that just needs a teddy!
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Cool character.
he is too freakin sweet to be sad! :D
Love the design :) would feature great in our graphics art group http://www.redbubble.com/groups/graphic-arts feel free to join us :)


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Can Tim Howard Save the 4th of July?
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NewsBreaker Sep 06 '13An 8 month old baby is recovering after a monkey at a zoo in Southwest China ripped off his testicle and ate it.China's CCTV reports the mother was changing the baby's diaper when a monkey roaming freely around the zoo attacked.The baby's injuries are reportedly not considered life threatening.
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Property Tax Post: Will Noise over Property Tax Reform Lead to Action in Texas?
Texas has recently been awash in proposed changes to itsproperty tax system from newlyelected legislators the newlyelected LieutenantGovernor local officials and public policy...
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Working hard to get ready for the Christmas market season. Circle Craft Christmas Market was a great success!! My next and ONLY show in Victoria will be Out of Hand Artisan Christmas Fair at the Crystal Gardens, Victoria, Nov 28-30
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Feb 22, 2014 Comments Off iResist
Communist Goals - 1963: Get control of the schools. Use them as transmission belts for socialism and current Communist propaganda. From Rally.org: Last November 22, the Old Dominion University College Republicans made a request to have a large portion of their existing budget, about $1200 dollars, transferred from one line item to another. This money, previously set ...Continue Reading
Feb 20, 2014 Comments Off Chuck Biscuits
Excerpted from The College Fix: Explicit National Condom Week events showcased on same day young students – and UC President Napolitano – tour campus Hundreds of elementary and middle school students who recently toured UC Berkeley got an early lesson in sex education when they witnessed a guy in a giant penis costume walking around handing ...Continue Reading
Feb 14, 2014 Comments Off Darby Crash
Visit NBCNews.com for breaking news, world news, and news about the economyContinue Reading
Feb 14, 2014 Comments Off Chuck Biscuits
(CNN) -- You don't have to be strictly a man or a woman on Facebook anymore. In a nod to the "it's complicated" sexual identities of many of its users, the social network on Thursday added a third "custom" gender option for people's profiles. In addition to Male or Female, Facebook now lets U.S. users choose ...Continue Reading
Feb 14, 2014 Comments Off Chuck Biscuits
"Rosebud" Planned Parenthood wants you to believe that for women, it's all about the sex. And the abortions that come with it. #WhatWomenNeed for Valentine's Day: http://t.co/6oQu28YZMa— Cecile Richards (@CecileRichards) February 10, 2014 Two more days until Valentine's Day! #ValentinesDay #BirthControl pic.twitter.com/YE4AYQ3Fux— PPMaryland (@PPMaryland) February 12, 2014 (function(d, s, id) { var js, fjs = d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0]; if (d.getElementById(id)) ...Continue Reading
De Blasio Makes Muslim And Pagan Holidays Official School Holidays – Muslim Population Of NY Less Than 1%
Feb 4, 2014 Comments Off Jack Flash
Muslims make up about 0.75% of the total population of New York's 8.4 million residents. Excerpted from The New York Daily News: New York City is moving to close school for two Muslim holidays and the Lunar New Year — but Mayor de Blasio isn't so sure about the Hindu festival Diwali. Appearing on WNYC's "Brian Lehrer ...Continue Reading
Feb 3, 2014 Comments Off Chuck Biscuits
(CNSNews.com) – In addressing criticism of the Common Core national education standards, a panelist at the Center for American Progress (CAP), a liberal think tank, said critics were a "tiny minority" who opposed standards altogether, which was unfair because "the children belong to all of us." The CAP was founded by John Podesta, former chief of ...Continue Reading
Jan 27, 2014 Comments Off Chuck Biscuits
Excerpted from THE BLAZE: News spread last summer that the Disney Channel was planning to introduce a lesbian couple for the first time on one of its children's TV programs. That's exactly what happened during Sunday's episode of "Good Luck Charlie," when a child with two mothers was prominently highlighted. The scene featured Charlie, the main ...Continue Reading
Jan 24, 2014 Comments Off Chuck Biscuits
Fox 2 News Headlines (WJBK) - Jessica Cross of Dearborn Heights is frustrated with her children's school after her 8-year-old autistic son was told not to bring his Bible to class anymore, and then her 6-year-old daughter's worksheet referenced alcohol. Her children attend Highview Elementary. She says her son, Jason, would take his Bible to school as his ...Continue Reading
Jan 19, 2014 Comments Off Chuck Biscuits
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Jan 15, 2014 Comments Off Chuck Biscuits
SHAWNEE, Kan. – A father said if his 13-year-old daughter hadn't taken a picture of a questionable public poster and shown him, he'd never have known the content. Now that he knows, he's not happy. Mark Ellis says his daughter goes to Hocker Grove Middle School in the Shawnee Mission School District. She was so shocked ...Continue Reading
Jan 13, 2014 Comments Off Chuck Biscuits
Excerpted from WND: The man who led the U.S. Defense Department through its transition to allowing openly acknowledged homosexuals to serve in the military is set to take over the Boy Scouts of America as the iconic youth organization undergoes a similar historic change. Former Defense Secretary Robert Gates, who made news last week with the ...Continue Reading
Jan 8, 2014 Comments Off Spit Stixx
Excerpted from KNBC: A Southern California school district is under fire for preventing a first grader from handing out to his classmates candy canes with religious messages, a lawyer for the student said. After conferring with the principal at Merced Elementary School in West Covina on Dec. 13, a teacher told the student, 6-year-old Isaiah Martinez, ...Continue Reading
Jan 2, 2014 Comments Off Chuck Biscuits
Excerpted from THE DAILY CALLER: Now that New York City Mayor and far-left Democrat Bill de Blasio has chosen Carmen Farina to become chancellor of NYC schools, city residents can expect a sharp turn to the left on education policy. Farina, a former teacher and long-time adviser to de Blasio, shares the mayor's desire to foist ...Continue Reading
Jan 1, 2014 Comments Off Spit Stixx
Cover to sheet music of "L'Internationale," lithograph by Théophile Alexandre Steinlen, 1895. Song lyrics by Eugene Pottier. Music by Pierre Degeyter. Singing the Internationale, December 26, 2013 globalist nightmare extraordinaire: Communist guerrillas in the Philippines singing 'The Internationale'Continue Reading
Homosexual Anal Sex Camp: Boy Scouts Of America Officially Becomes A Sick, Perverted Menace To Society January 1
Dec 28, 2013 Comments Off Chuck Biscuits
AP - The Boy Scouts of America will accept openly gay youths starting on New Year's Day, a historic change that has prompted the BSA to ponder a host of potential complications — ranging from policies on tentmates and showers to whether Scouts can march in gay pride parades. Yet despite their be-prepared approach, BSA ...Continue Reading
Dec 28, 2013 Comments Off Chuck Biscuits
PASADENA - A San Diego woman Thursday called for a boycott of the Rose Parade because two Los Angeles men will be married atop a float themed "Love is the Best Protection." The cake-shaped float is sponsored by the AIDS Healthcare Foundation and is the group's third entry in the New Year's parade. Karen Grube, ...Continue Reading
Dec 20, 2013 Comments Off Chuck Biscuits
Excerpted from WASHINGTON TIMES: The D.C. health exchange says it is launching an Obamacare blitz this weekend and knows where to go to find "young invincibles" — in line to buy the latest edition of Air Jordan sneakers. D.C. Health Link announced on Thursday it will seek out shoppers this weekend — the last retail spurt ...Continue Reading
Dec 9, 2013 Comments Off Chuck Biscuits
Excerpted from BIG GOVERNMENT: If you are a national reporter writing on the Girl Scouts and you call their national office in New York City, you will talk to a guy named Josh Ackley. If you are a Girl Scout wanting regular advice or information on the Girl Scouts and you turn to the Girl Scout ...Continue Reading
Dec 7, 2013 Comments Off Chuck Biscuits
Washington, DC — At a press conference today, President Obama announced plans for the first ever federally funded Muslim outreach program. The program will be available nationwide for all elementary school students grade K-12 beginning February 1st, 2014. The program is designed to educate children about the fundamentals of the Muslim religion and Islamic belief. President ...Continue Reading
Dec 6, 2013 Comments Off Chuck Biscuits
Excerpted from PennAve: Obama on Thursday urged young people to sign up for Obamacare, telling them they would realize the benefits are "priceless." In an interview on MSNBC's "Hardball with Chris Matthews," the president said he understood why young people have been hesitant to enroll in the new law's insurance exchanges after the botched rollout. But ...Continue Reading
Dec 4, 2013 Comments Off Chuck Biscuits
Excerpted from THE DAILY CALLER: The Department of Health and Human Services has crowned a YouTube video entitled "Forget About The Price Tag" as the grand prize winner in a contest meant to encourage young people to sign up for Obamacare. The video contest, announced in August — in partnership with a group called Young Invincibles ...Continue Reading
Nov 30, 2013 Comments Off Chuck Biscuits
OAKLAND, Calif. — The weekly meetings of Mouthing Off!, a group for students at Mills College in Oakland, Calif., who identify as gay, lesbian, bisexual or transgender, always start the same way. Members take turns going around the room saying their names and the personal pronouns they want others to use when referring to them ...Continue Reading
4th Graders Forced To Read Common Core's Obama Biography That Tells Them How Racist White America Is
Nov 22, 2013 Comments Off Chuck Biscuits
DUPO, Ill. – Fourth graders in Dupo, Illinois are reading a biography of Barack Obama that's raising eyebrows among St. Clair County parents. The book, which supplements the school's Common Core curriculum, blames television for the negative behaviors the first African-American president picked up as a teen: The book – brought to the attention this week of ...Continue Reading
School Threatens To Destroy Students' Academic Careers, Label Them As 'Racist' On Permanent Record If Parents Refuse Islamic Indoctrination
Nov 22, 2013 Comments Off Chuck Biscuits
Parents Donna Ward, left, and Tracy Ward, right, with their children (left to right) Caitlyn Lakin aged 8, Chloe Ward aged 8 and Harry Lakin aged 9 outside the school Photo: NEWSTEAM Excerpted from THE TELEGRAPH: Parents have criticised a school after children as young as eight were told they would be punished for racism ...Continue Reading


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Celebrate America's best alpine racers at TD Banknorth Alpine Championships.
Kildow steals downhill points lead with season's fourth podium.
Lindsey Kildow (Vail, CO/Ski&Snowboard Club Vail/U.S. B Team) tore down a slick, flat course Tuesday to collect her second straight downhill (DH) silver medal at the World Junior Championships, finishing .22 behind Germany's Maria Riesch.
Her body bandaged, her face bruised and reddened, Carole Montillet-Carles was determined not to relinquish her title without a struggle.
Caroline Lalive's hopes of joining Bode Miller as an American medalist in the combined event disappeared Thursday when she fell on the first slalom run and dropped out of the event.
Austria's Marlies Schild won her third straight World Cup slalom Sunday, with Kristina Koznick fourth and Lindsey Kildow ninth in a good day for U.S. skiers.
Olympic champion Janica Kostelic capped a remarkable comeback from illness and injury, successfully defending her combined title Friday by beating Anja Paerson at the world championships.
Olympic slalom champion Anja Paerson of Sweden, the defending World Cup champion, led the first run Saturday and powered her way to her seventh win of the season.
German veteran Hilde Gerg won her 20th World Cup race Tuesday, taking the super giant slalom on a course that has given her trouble in the past.
Go to skiingmag.com
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is it helpful in treating copd
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease - is dulera good for copd?
- Posted:
- 26 Apr 2012 by larry601
- Topics:
- chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, dulera, chronic
Answers (1)
I do not have asthma... I was prescribed Dulera (along with Spiriva) for COPD.
When I say approved, I'm referring to what the FDA says is ok, that doesn't mean that it won't work for something else.
I have mild/moderate COPD and have been taking Dulera for 15 months; I also use Xoponex as a rescue inhaler 1-2/week for "mini-exacerbations", also sometimes before /after exercise. Dulera seems to be holding me at the same level as when I started.
Be sure and rinse your mouth after using it as per directions.
(I am not an MD, YMMV).
Best to you.
Further Information
- Dulera Information for Consumers
- Dulera Information for Healthcare Professionals (includes dosage details)< / span>
- Side Effects of Dulera (detailed)< / span>
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Today's Windsor Star
How to foil the thieves
After having four bicycles stolen from him in the past two years, Larry Leeder is...
Latest News
Planning for underpass OK'd
Council approves developmental priorities for riverfront
Doug Schmidt, The Windsor StarPublished: Wednesday, August 06, 2014
Better bathrooms, better lighting, finishing touches to the festival plaza and a pedestrian
underpass to better link the downtown with the Detroit River were set as development priorities for Windsor's popular waterfront park by city council.
Final approval on those projects, and how or when to proceed with any of the others among 48 recommendations contained in a new planning guide approved Tuesday night will be the responsibility of a new council.
But departing Mayor Eddie Francis, who triggered the review of the 14-year-old Central Riverfront Implementation Plan over perceived opposition to his proposal last year for a pedestrian underpass west of the art gallery, warned councillors that "this is going to be an election issue."
Francis said Windsor has a "wonderful waterfront," but the question is whether it should be left as-is or see amenities added. "How do we expand on this jewel?" While councillors were unanimous in approving a review of bathroom improvements and having administration investigate the cost of having additional lighting installed - both identified as top priorities by residents participating in the CRIP review and survey - there was less agreement on how to get foot-bound visitors across Riverside Drive.
"An underpass for me represents overkill," said Ward 7 Coun. Irek Kusmierczyk, pointing to one of the report's conclusion that Windsorites appear very satisfied with what the five-kilometre linear park currently offers. "I think it's a want as opposed to a need," he said.
But Ward 3 Coun. Fulvio Valentinis countered that the whole waterfront park is not a need but a want. He and others said the proposed pedestrian underpass suggested for in front of the downtown aquatic centre is part of a bigger plan to connect the various public investments made or underway.
"We're trying to stitch together a vision," said Ward 6 Coun. Jo-Anne Gignac, who was also supportive.
Ward 4 Coun. Alan Halberstadt was against the location, saying he preferred a crossing at the festival plaza. Ward 8 Coun. Bill Marra, who agreed with Kusmierczyk that a pedestrian underpass would be "extremely costly," said he wanted to see "at-grade" pedestrian crossings and at more locations.
The consultants said the idea of a pedestrian underpass found more favour among the survey participants after it was explained to them it would be much more than a narrow underground passageway.
"That's not a tunnel, that's a transformational project ... it will activate and animate that entire space," said Ward 1 Coun. Drew Dilkens.
The motion to investigate an underpass was approved 7-4. City council has already approved and set aside close to $5 million for riverfront capital improvements, including $2.75 million remaining for the proposed pedestrian underpass. While it was not mentioned as a recommendation by the CRIP consultants, Valentinis got his colleagues to approve administration also investigating the setting up of a kite park. Council, through Valentinis, also approved investigating creation of a fleet of art carts - up from the current one that roams the sculpture garden - which was a proposal by resident Mark Lefebvre.


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10 Thanksgiving Recipes
Party like it's 1621 with Kris Wetherbee's tasty, Pilgrim-inspired Thanksgiving day recipes.
Sweet Potato Latkes Recipe with Almond Crème Fraîche
Try this recipe for sweet potato latkes for a decadent Passover treat.
Oyster, Sausage and Apple Dressing Recipe
Enjoy a traditional Thanksgiving dish with this Oyster, Sausage and Apple Dressing recipe.
Learn how to make homemade wool dryer balls, that are 100 percent wool and will last for years, to help dry clothes faster and reduce static.
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Perfect for the busy home cook, Rose Elliot's 30-Minute Vegetarian offers delicious quick meals from Britain's reigning queen of vegetarian cuisine. Featuring 140 vegetarian recipes that take only an …
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Special Interest Websites : Great Green Careers • Herbs for Health • Good Things to Eat


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Film Review: Cursed (2005)
SYNOPSIS: A werewolf loose in Los Angeles changes the lives of three young adults, who, after being mauled by the beast, learn they must kill their attacker if they hope to change their fate to avoid becoming werewolves too. REVIEW: Wes Craven & Kevin Williamson had themselves a great time from the years 1996-2000. That's when the duo created (& sadly ran into the ground) a new horror icon, that icon being Ghostface, who was … Continue reading
Beyond The Fringe
Where is Peter Bishop? Has anyone checked with DC Comics? Since Fringe star Joshua Jackson hasn'Äôt been needed on set as much this season it seems he'Äôs decided to use his downtime to leave his mark on the rest of the Fringe-verse. Jackson will be writing three issues of DC'Äôs Beyond the Fringe, a bi-weekly, digital comic series. According to the official press release the issues will 'Äúalternate every two weeks between 'ÄėA'Äô and 'ÄėB'Äô … Continue reading
Film Review: Shutter (2008)
SYNOPSIS: This American remake of a Thai horror blockbuster follows the Shaws, a young newlywed couple who become haunted by strange shadowlike images in the photographs they develop after their involvement in a car accident. As more terrifying supernatural occurrences befall them, they begin to wonder whether the photographic ghosts are connected to the accident — and to question whether they can survive learning the truth. REVIEW: Not since Thirteen Ghosts (2001) have I seen … Continue reading


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Home � Dining & Food � Our Gourmet
Mexican that's far from the ordinary
Vida Cantina2456 Lafayette Road, Portsmouth; 501-0648; www.vidacantinanh.com
Open: Monday-Thursday, 11 a.m. to 9:30 p.m.; Friday-Saturday, 11 a.m. to 10 p.m.; Sunday, 11 a.m. to 9 p.m.
Cuisine: Modern Mexican.
Pricing: Appetizers and soups, $3-$11; tacos and entrees, $9-$20; desserts, $2.50-$7.
The scores for Vida Cantina
Atmosphere/Menu: 18/20
Appetizers: 17/20
Entrees: 18/20
Desserts: 17/20
Consistency: 20/20
Restaurant Location:
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Issue: Western Hemisphere
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H.R.6067 - Western Hemisphere Security Cooperation Act of 2012Referred to the Subcommittee Oct 23, 2012 (112th congress) 6 Views
To enhance the security of the Western Hemisphere and bolster regional capacity and cooperation to counter current and emerging threats, to pr...
H.R.3783 - Countering Iran in the Western Hemisphere Act of 2012Became Public Law No: 112-220 Dec 28, 2012 (112th congress) 5 Views
To provide for a comprehensive strategy to counter Iran's growing hostile presence and activity in the Western Hemisphere, and for other purpo...
H.Res.429Referred to the Subcommittee Oct 25, 2011 (112th congress) 1 Views
Expressing the sense of the House of Representatives that the Western Hemisphere should be included in the Administration's 2012 National Stra...
S.4011 - Western Hemisphere Drug Policy Commission Act of 2010Read twice and referred Dec 07, 2010 (111th congress) 0 Views
A bill to establish the Western Hemisphere Drug Policy Commission.
S.3932 - Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act of 2010Read twice and referred Sep 29, 2010 (111th congress) 9 Views
A bill to provide comprehensive immigration reform, and for other purposes.
H.Res.1451Referred to the Subcommittee Jul 26, 2010 (111th congress) 0 Views
Expressing support for designation of June 26, 2010, as the International Day against Drug Abuse and Illicit Trafficking.
S.3172 - Counternarcotics and Citizen Security for the Americas Act of 2010Read twice and referred Mar 25, 2010 (111th congress) 0 Views
A bill to support counternarcotics and related efforts in the Inter-American region.
S.3087 - Organization of American States Revitalization and Reform Act of 2010Placed on Senate Legislative Calendar Jun 10, 2010 (111th congress) 2 Views
A bill to support revitalization and reform of the Organization of American States, and for other purposes.
S.Res.431Resolution agreed to in Senate Mar 04, 2010 (111th congress) 1 Views
A resolution expressing profound concern, deepest sympathies, and solidarity on behalf of the people of the United States to the people and Go...
S.2961 - Haiti Recovery ActHeld at the desk Mar 09, 2010 (111th congress) 1 Views
A bill to provide debt relief to Haiti, and for other purposes.


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Key things you need to know aboutDr. Neravetla:
Phone & Address
Check insurance plans, locations and make an appointment
Accepting new patients?
- Yes
Dr. Neravetla's Offices
- Springfield Heart Surgeons LLC
- Springfield Office
- 1671 N Limestone St
- Springfield, OH 45503
- (937) 324-5511
- Directions
7 Tips to Prepare for Your Appointment
The key to a successful appointment is communication. To get the most out of your visit, prepare ahead of time so you can lead the conversation with your doctor. These 7 tips will get you ready
Dr. Neravetla's Experience
Research training, expertise and qualifications
Dr. Neravetla's Specialties
- Thoracic Surgery
- View all 2 specialties and 4 board certifications
Procedures Dr. Neravetla Performs
- Aortic Repair, Open or Repair of Arterial Aneurysm, Open
- Cardiac Catheterization (incl. Coronary Angiography)
- See all 34 procedures
Conditions Dr. Neravetla Treats
- Aneurysm and Dissection of Heart
- Angina and Acute Coronary Syndrome
- See all 36 conditions
More About Dr. Neravetla's Background
Hospital Quality
The right hospital is as important as the right doctor
- Good Samaritan Hospital
- 2222 Philadelphia Drive
- Dayton, OH 45406
- Kettering Medical Center
- 3535 Southern Boulevard
- Kettering, OH 45429
9 Facts About Hospital Quality
Patients' risk of dying during a hospital stay for heart bypass surgery could be 85.2% lower, on average, at a hospital rated 5 stars compared to a hospital rated 1 star for that procedure. Choosing the right hospital is critical to your health. View Slideshow
Patient Satisfaction
Patients' feedback on their experience with Dr. Neravetla
Likelihood of recommending Dr. Neravetla to family and friends is 3.8 out of 5 5 1 8
See More Survey Results
8 Facts About Patient Satisfaction Surveys
Patient satisfaction surveys provide a standardized way of reporting about healthcare experiences. But there can be more than meets the eye when reviewing scores. Here's what you should know
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