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Fuzzy Math Undermines Budget Credibility
May 22, 2012
Diana Furchtgott-Roth
As Congress prepares for its Memorial Day recess, the Senate has made no progress in passing a budget resolution for fiscal 2013. It has also rejected President Obamas budget in a 99-0 vote.
Congress and the White House cannot agree on anything budget-related -- not even on the question of whether the presidents 2013 proposed budget will raise or lower the deficit. The White House calculates its 2013 budget will reduce the deficit by $4 trillion, whereas the Congressional Budget Office estimates that the same budget will raise the deficit by $3.5 trillion.
The debate over these figures shows how budgeters use fuzzy math to hide fiscal realities from voters.
As it is required to do by law, the CBO estimates the effects of White House budget proposals 10 years in advance. If current policies remain unchanged, the CBO estimates the federal budget deficit will be $2.9 trillion over the next decade. That is called the baseline estimate.
Under the presidents policies, without accounting for their macroeconomic effects, the deficit would increase to $6.4 trillion over the next decade -- that is, $3.5 trillion more than the baseline. If you include the budgets macroeconomic effects, the deficit increases under Obamas budget to about $6.55 trillion over the next decade, or $3.65 trillion above the baseline.
(The macroeconomic effects include a shrinkage of the capital stock due to higher taxes on capital, higher interest rates and ratios of debt to GDP due to increased government spending, and a lower labor supply due to higher transfer payments and a reduction in wages from lower productivity.)
These estimates of the administration budget raise the deficit, in contrast to the White Houses claim that his proposals lower the deficit. In his Budget Message, published in February, President Obama wrote, "Together with the deficit reduction I signed into law this past year, this Budget will cut the deficit by $4 trillion over the next decade."
So how can he say this?
The reason is that he is using a different baseline. The CBOs baseline budget deficit is $2.9 trillion over 10 years. This reflects current law, including the expiration of the Bush tax cuts. The CBO is required to estimate new policies, such as the presidents 2013 budget, against a backdrop of current law. The White House uses a different baseline of a deficit of $8.7 trillion over 10 years, and cuts it to $6.7 trillion.
A large part of the difference stems from the fact that Obamas budget proposal assumes that the Bush tax cuts do not expire. This allows him to count expiration of the Bush tax cuts for couples making more than $250,000 annually ($200,000 for singles) as $1.4 trillion in deficit reduction over 10 years. This alone accounts for nearly half of Obamas asserted budget reductions over the next decade.
In other words, Obama is giving himself a deficit reduction gold star for assuming, contrary to his own intentions, they will not rise without him. The CBO, on the other hand, assumes taxes on all Americans will rise on Jan. 1, 2013, which is what will happen if no new laws are passed. So by its scoring, the deficit increases if current tax rates are kept for low- and middle-income Americans.
Whichever set of fuzzy math assumptions you use, and whether the deficit gets counted as shrinking or expanding, the CBO and the White House both forecast a $6.5 trillion deficit over the next decade. That is something members of Congress should ponder over their recess.
Original Source: http://washingtonexaminer.com/opinion/columnists/2012/05/fuzzy-math-undermines-budget-credibility/642331
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Coal Trumps IPCC, Again Robert Bryce, 11-12-14
World Leaders, Ignore Obama And Do These Five Things Instead Diana Furchtgott-Roth, 11-12-14
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A Supreme Court Case That Could Upend Obamacare Diana Furchtgott-Roth, 11-11-14
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Lincoln Townhome Rental Photos and Description
4 large bedrooms, 3.5 baths-sleeps 10-12 in comfort
Located just minutes off I-93 in the beautiful town of Lincoln, NH- our townhouse has much to offer the vacationing guests. Our large home is a short walk away from the on-site clubhouse for swimming and fitness, and a quick ride to the Kancamagus Recreation Area for the playground and ball field. This convenient location in the beautiful White Mountains offers a luxurious place for rest and relaxation after a fun filled day. Whale's tale Water park, Clark's Trading Post, The Lost River Caves, and hiking and biking trails along the Flume Gorge and Kancamagus highway are just a few of the outdoor activities offered locally. Those of you looking for a day trip with the family, can enjoy Storyland, Santa's Village, Six Gun City, Echo Lake and Weirs Beach, just to name a few. We know you'll enjoy the peace and quiet of our home as well, should you choose to stay in.
When you arrive don't forget to....: stop by the White Mountain Visitors Center and let them help you plan your trip. They are friendly and welcoming staff there to answer all of your questions, and to make your trip enjoyable and hassle free. You can pick up maps and brochures along with a lot of helpful information. The Visitors Center is located immediately off of Exit 32 across the railroad tracks.
- Suitability:
- Long-term Renters Welcome
- children welcome
- non smoking only
- pets not allowed
- wheelchair inaccessible

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Headline News Gnomon Announces Summer Session
Registration for summer term 2006 at Gnomon School of Visual Effects (June 26-Sept. 10) began May 22. There are two new classes for summer: Visual Math for Artists, taught by Saty Raghavachary, is visual intro to mathematical topics that are useful in CG production, and is meant for a non-programmer/non-technical audience. In Vehicles and Hardware Design for Film and Games, students learn the basic design principles necessary to work as conceptual artists in the science fiction genre. This five-week class is taught by Hugo Martin.


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To watch full episodes, you must have a cable provider that supports SundanceTV's full episode service and you must have SundanceTV as part of your cable package.
Murder suspect (Kathy Bates) and her daughter (Jennifer Jason Leigh) face past traumas. more...
It's much more than the perfect combination of a few triangles of fabric and some string… Raquel Welch, Brigitte Bardot – choose your weapon. LOVE LUST explores the fashion institution of the bikini


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XBMC/Kodi 14 Is Going To Be Mostly About Cleaning Up
Published on 01 September 2014 09:11 AM EDT
Written by
Michael Larabel
5 Comments
XBMC, which
renamed itself to Kodi
, is out with a new alpha release for the Kodi 14 media center software. While XBMC 13 introduced a lot of new features, Kodi 14 is going to be mostly about minor refinements.
Kodi 14.0 "Helix" Alpha 3 was released yesterday and it features an international keyboard layout for the virtual keyboard, auto updating of add-ons, 5.1 PCM playback for Android, the VP9 video codec now supports software multi-threading, and there's a variety of other improvements to the code-base.
Learn more about the upcoming XBMC/Kodi 14 changes at
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Texas Tech junior Philister Sang was named the Big 12 Conference Newcomer of the Year.
Sang led the Red Raiders with 500 kills, which is the fourth-highest single-season total in school history.
The outside hitter averaged 4.22 kills per game and 2.40 digs per contest.
Lubbock Avalanche-Journal ©2014. All Rights Reserved.


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Vacationing Central Florida,Feel At Home.
Classic in the Country 3bd 2ba Vacation Home in Kissimmee Florida. A quiet neighborhood 30 minutes to Disney World or LegoLand. Free local calls, WIFI, Computer useage, Cable Tv and Bluray. (Gaming systems are Welcome) Full kitchen ...
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New Townhome For Sale! Your best value townhome available for you to purchase! The newest addition to our impressive inventory now includes the Fraser townhome. This 2 bedroom, 2.5 bathroom townhome is over 1,500 square feet. It comes with a 1-car garage. Projected ...
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Enjoy the Mountian View Country Fresh Air, Watch the Glorious Sunsets of this Beautiful Exectuive SIZE (Near-Acre) LOT w/Amenities in BRECKENRIDGE ESTATES
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Lake Harris Landing! 2bd, 2ba, split floor plan. Dry walled in living room, dining room, and hallway! Very large kitchen with lots of cabinet space, center island, and breakfast nook. Inside laundry. Entry hallway, very nice doors to entire home. Finished Florida room facing ...
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This is a must see mobile home! Sit in the backyard to look out over the canal to the intercostal waterway where you might see a manatee or two. This 2 bedroom, 1 bath mobile home has been fully upgraded with laminate wood flooring throughout, remodeled bathroom, modern ...
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Think about these luxury vacation cabins with 1 king bedroom for your next vacation. theyhave breathtaking panoramic views of the Great Smoky Mountains National Park.
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Start Making money right after closing! Great income opportunity. Great duplex built by Ross, Mountain Ash model.Property features 3 bedrooms, 2 bathrooms and screen lanai on each unit.Tile throughout all living areas, plush carpeting in bedrooms. Great location; close to ...
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BOSTON (AP) - One ball fell between two outfielders. Another took a bad hop off the Green Monster standings. One batter reached safely on a dropped third strike and another when the pitcher was slow to cover first.
ATLANTA (AP) - Flashing plenty of fire and some nifty defense, the Atlanta Braves recaptured their Turner Field swagger.
SAN FRANCISCO (AP) - Embattled Texans quarterback Matt Schaub might be better off hitting the road and getting out of Houston for the weekend.
OAKLAND (AP) - Terrelle Pryor promises the San Diego Chargers will see a completely different quarterback than the one who made his first NFL start in last year's season finale.
OAKLAND (AP) - Josh Donaldson mimics Miguel Cabrera whenever he can, and he has no problem copping to it.
SAN JOSE (AP) - Justin Braun scored his first goal in more than 19 months to break a tie late in the second period and the San Jose Sharks went on to beat the Vancouver Canucks 4-1 Thursday night in the season opener for both teams.
The Associated Press
ST. LOUIS (AP) - Clint Hurdle waited patiently for the double-play ball that never materialized.
ATLANTA (AP) - Clayton Kershaw and the Los Angeles Dodgers opened the playoffs looking intent on ending that quarter-century drought since their last World Series championship.
ALAMEDA (AP) - Stefen Wisniewski walked slowly through the Raiders locker room, a thick black brace around his right knee. He paused at his stall briefly, donned a black hoodie then moved back out the way he came.
SANTA CLARA (AP) - Wearing a gray San Francisco 49ers hoodie, soft-spoken running back Frank Gore walked around team headquarters with a familiar smile and strut Thursday.
CLEVELAND (AP) - Brandon Weeden lost his starting job, but never any confidence.
SANTA CLARA (AP) - Meet Mr. Hitner.
COOPERSTOWN, N.Y. (AP) - Ken Harrelson and Mike Shannon are among the 10 finalists for the Baseball Hall of Fame's broadcasting award.
OAKLAND (AP) - Brett Anderson could hardly be happier about returning to the postseason, even if it's in a much different role than he's accustomed to with the Oakland Athletics.
SAN JOSE (AP) - Dustin Brown snapped a tie 44 seconds into the second period, and the Los Angeles Kings beat the San Jose Sharks 4-1 in an NHL preseason game on Tuesday night.
ISTANBUL (AP) - Brittney Griner was a little surprised.
LOS ANGELES (AP) - The Dodgers are heading into the postseason healthier than they were a year ago, and they hope it holds up.
WASHINGTON (AP) - About a half-hour before game time on the days Stephen Strasburg starts at home for the Washington Nationals, he emerges from the dugout and walks along the right-field line with pitching coach Steve McCatty, hearing cheers from spectators along the way.
DETROIT (AP) - The Detroit Tigers will start this postseason just like last year's: Max Scherzer in Game 1, Justin Verlander in Game 2.
ALAMEDA (AP) - The Oakland Raiders fired coach Dennis Allen on Monday night four games into his third season.
SANTA CLARA (AP) - Jim Harbaugh has no time for Deion Sanders, Trent Dilfer or others who question whether the fourth-year coach has lost his locker room or the faith of his players.
WASHINGTON (AP) - Three years ago, Drew Storen was the confident, young closer for the Washington Nationals, a first-round draft pick who saved 43 games.
OAKLAND (AP) - David Lee learned to block out trade talk during his days with the New York Knicks when just about everybody on the roster was rumored to be on the move at some point.
KANSAS CITY, Mo. (AP) - Jamaal Charles proved he is back to full speed for the Kansas City Chiefs.
SAN FRANCISCO (AP) - The San Francisco Giants have proven themselves to be elimination experts.
NEW YORK (AP) - When it comes to baseball's MVP debate, sometimes the names change from year to year more than the arguments do.
• AJ Hinch hired to manage Astros : HOUSTON (AP) - A.J. Hinch was hired as the manager of the Astros on Monday, and general manager Jeff Luhnow is confident he'll be the man to return Houston to success.


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Silicon Valley (PRWEB) January 04, 2013
AGNITY Healthcare, a global provider of secure contextual communications and collaborations solutions to healthcare providers and payers, announced that it has teamed up with Alcatel-Lucent (Euronext Paris and NYSE: ALU) to offer a unique healthcare-centric solution that enables broadband and wireless communications service providers to deliver revenue-generating services for the rapidly growing mobile healthcare market.
AGNITY Healthcare and Alcatel-Lucent will demonstrate MobileCare™ at the 2013 International CES event in Las Vegas, NV from January 8-11, 2013 in the Alcatel-Lucent booth #31412.
AGNITY's MobileCare™, the industry's first secure mobile contextual communication and collaboration solution for healthcare, will utilize Alcatel-Lucent's New Conversation APIs, a powerful set of rich APIs providing easy access to communications capabilities in service providers' IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS), the infrastructure that sits at the heart of 4G LTE and IP networks. The following value-added features are enabled by MobileCare™ and the New Conversation APIs.
1. Rich Call – Utilizes Call History, Contact List & Presence and Call Control APIs
2. Communications Enabled Business Process (CEBP) – Utilizes Contact List & Presence and Call Control APIs
3. Call Diversion to Covering Providers – Utilizes Call Direction API
MobileCare™ is a state-of-the-art client based workflow optimization solution with integrated messaging, voice, video, alerts, notifications, presence, location, and intelligent call routing that improve
|Source: PRWeb
Copyright©2012 Vocus, Inc.
All rights reserved


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ZTP Ginseng Birdnest is having a Great Deal Big Sales promotion for selected products till 30 June 2012 at all its outlets. Items listed are Premium Imperial Bird's Nest and Premium Bird's Nest.
Get a free box of Bird's Nest with Ginseng & White Fungus when you purchase a box of $168 Premium Bird's Nest
See ad image for price list and more details
Click on thumbnail[s] to enlarge. Sales on until 30 Jun 2012
Get FREE Delsey luggages worth up to $978 when you apply for HSBC's Visa/Revolution credit card online. More info


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On November 2nd, 1913, Giuseppe Talarico arrived in the United States, leaving his family and his old life behind in the hills of Southern Italy. Only a few short months before the one hundredth anniversary of his voyage, Joe's grandson and his family traveled to the small village of Sersale, in the Catanzaro region of Calabria, to where it all began. Our label pays tribute to our past, proudly displaying a photo of Papa Joe's village.
Papa Joe's Wine Cellar (est. 2013) is a small, family-owned winery in Western Pennsylvania. We pride ourselves on creating great wine with the same hard work and passion our ancestors put into their own "vino." It is with this strong devotion to familial and cultural tradition that we strive to share a bottle that our Papa Joe would have proudly served on his table.
Papa Joe's Wine Cellar
214 Textor School Rd
Zelienople, PA 16063


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Jonah's Market gives customers access to a savory universe of top-quality seafood, steaks, ready-made meals, specialty groceries, and much more. Snatch up delicacies such as fresh Chilean sea bass ($24.99/lb.) or herbed steamed shrimp ($22.99/lb.) without worrying about checked-bag fees associated with importing each succulent scallop and jet-lagged lobster. At-home gourmands can also explore the bounty of the surf's natural enemy, turf, with protein treats such as hand-cut filet mignon ($27.99/lb.), which can be found among an array of steaks, chops, roasts, and ribs. Those looking to suppress midday appetite riots can opt to order from Jonah's takeout lunch menu. The midday lineup is divided into sandwiches, such as the crab-cake-laden Crabby Patty ($8.95), or salads such as The Jonah, which sports a mélange of cranberries, mandarin oranges, balsamic vinaigrette, and a choice of grilled shrimp, chicken, or salmon ($8.95). A variety of frozen, hard-to-find specialty meats are also available, providing a number of succulent gift ideas for the carnivore that has everything.
With its street-level location beneath a downtown Indianapolis parking garage, adjacent to the multi-level Circle Centre Mall, Ram Restaurant and Brewery is an easily-accessible lunch and dinner option for shoppers and business professionals alike. The facility's red-brick exterior, which holds an oversized mock brewery kettle drum, makes Ram easy to find at its South Illinois Street location. An obvious focus on the craft beer industry and locally-created seasonal brews can be found on the menu, making Ram a popular after-work stop, where visitors can even sit outside and enjoy the hustle and bustle of city life. Tucked inside, menu options vary from steaks, ribs and seafood to fire-grilled burgers, unique sandwiches and various gluten-free selections. Child-friendly items are also available.
Naturally, the chefs at Cooper's Hawk have a sharp eye when it comes to wine pairings. Each of the restaurant's contemporary dishes is crafted with a particular wine in mind, which makes plenty of sense given the fact that there's a winery located just next door. Surrounded by oaken barrels and racks lined with glistening bottles, diners may be forgiven for thinking that they made a wrong turn and ended up in the winery itself. After your meal, see the real thing in the Napa–style tasting room, where you can sample up to eight different wines. The selection includes something for everyone, including graceful blush wines and cabernets whose flavors unfold like a novel scribbled on the wings of an origami crane.
In an interior that blends the aura of a club with that of a good friend?s living room, minimalist geometric paintings reminiscent of Rothko?s work hang alongside classical portraiture on the walls. Beneath the swaths of color, patrons direct their own tasting experiences with self-serve Enomatic machines, which draw from dozens of bottles to dispense servings of 1?6 ounces of red or white wines. More than 30 domestic and international wines star on the wine list, from sweet rieslings to cabernet sauvignons to the deep red of a rebellious bull?s Camaro. Sharable plates, including baked brie with apricot compote and flatbreads topped with steak and Stilton blue cheese, fuel conversation.
In 2007, Vine and Table remodeled and metamorphosed from a humble wine and cheese caterpillar to the WiFi-emitting artisan monarch it is today. The hybrid grocer and café offers up a selection of epicurean delights that includes chocolates and candies, wine, beer, and spirits that hail from across the globe. Partnering with both artisan cheese makers in Indiana and the best cheesemongers from across the globe, Vine's diverse selection of cheeses provides milky bliss for every palate. Blue De Graven ($19.95/pound) is a creamy blue cheese from Denmark with a mild back end that substitutes saltiness for a pinch of sweetness. The six-year-aged Widmer Cheddar ($21.99/pound) is a rich, nutty cheddar that works wonders in soups and on sandwiches, whereas the whimsical stilton with blueberries ($19.99/pound) is equal parts sweet and tangy, making for a delightful dessert cheese or rub-on fragrance.
Running strong for 37 years, the Indianapolis Greek Fest collects Hellenic food, music, and tradition under the benevolent bulk of the Holy Trinity Church. Tote along family members or a triad of friends to nosh on Greek cuisine while gazing at the fancy and authentic footwork of costumed dance troupes. Spiced hunks of lamb twirl send savory aromas wafting far and wide, and patrons can yank flavor from the ocean by nibbling on fried calamari. Flaky and feta-cheesy spanakopita rests easily between fingers, and flaming saganaki bounces frantically between daredevil fingers. Sugary bites, from honey-drenched baklava to buttery koulourakia, cloy pleasingly at the palate, and thirsty throats can quaff a Dionysian refreshment and revive parched stomachs with wine and beer. Transmute Grecian enthusiasm into dance by bumping up against the energetic sounds of Greek band Kosta and the Wave, or delve into the rich, storied and ornately painted tradition of Greek Orthodox Christianity with regular church tours of the Trinitarian sanctuary throughout the fest.


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Make an online donation to Blessed Teresa of Calcutta Parish by clicking the donate button below.
Over the course of 4 weeks, 335 parishioners work to reach consensus on our future. Get all the details.
Our parish has a long standing relationship with the children of the Red Cloud School on the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation. We lift those children up in prayer for healing and safekeeping after young student at the school was killed.
Our nursery continues to grow and improve. Help us create a warm and welcoming environment by helping to pick our new wall color.


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Cute N Fuzzy Puppies!
Cute N Fuzzy Puppies!
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Summer vacation


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On the Banks of Plum Creek, Little House on the Prairie Series #4
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|Format: Paperback
Number of Pages: 339
Vendor: HarperCollins
Publication Date: 1971
Dimensions: 7.65 X 5.12 X 0.81 (inches)
Availability: In Stock
Ages: 8-12
Series: Little House on the Prairie
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These Happy Golden Years, Little House on the Prairie Series #8 (Hardcover)Laura Ingalls WilderHarperCollins / 1953 / Hardcover$12.99 Retail:
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Country School: The Girls of Little House on the PrairieInternational Purchase Systems / 2009 / DVD$3.99 Retail:
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The First Four Years, Little House on the Prairie Series #9 (Hardcover)Laura Ingalls WilderHarperCollins / 1971 / Hardcover$12.99 Retail:
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Little House in the Big Woods, Little House on the Prairie Series #1 (Softcover)Laura Ingalls WilderHarperCollins / 1971 / Trade Paperback$5.99 Retail:5 Stars Out Of 5 1 Reviews
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Publisher's Description
The adventures of Laura Ingalls and her family continue as they leave their little house on the prairie and travel in their covered wagon to Minnesota. Here they settle in a little house made of sod beside the banks of beautiful Plum Creek. Soon Pa builds a wonderful new little house with real glass windows and a hinged door. Laura and her sister Mary go to school, help with the chores, and fish in the creek. At night everyone listens to the merry music of Pa's fiddle. Misfortunes come in the form of a grasshopper plague and a terrible blizzard, but the pioneer family works hard together to overcome these troubles.
And so continues Laura Ingalls Wilder's beloved story of a pioneer girl and her family. The nine Little House books have been cherished by generations of readers as both a unique glimpse into America's frontier past and a heartwarming, unforgettable story.
Author Bio
Laura Ingalls Wilder was born in 1867 in the log cabin described in Little House in the Big Woods. She and her family traveled by covered wagon across the Midwest. Later, Laura and her husband, Almanzo Wilder, made their own covered-wagon trip with their daughter, Rose, to Mansfield, Missouri. There, believing in the importance of knowing where you began in order to appreciate how far you've come, Laura wrote about her childhood growing up on the American frontier. For millions of readers Laura lives on forever as the little pioneer girl in the beloved Little House books.Garth Williams began his work on the pictures for the Little House books by meeting Laura Ingalls Wilder at her home in Missouri, and then he traveled to the sites of all the little houses. His charming art caused Laura to remark that she and her family "live again in these illustrations."
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French inventor claims his pills make farts smell like chocolate
Christian Poincheval is a 65-year-old French inventor who has dedicated the last eight years of his life to making farts smell better.
Christian Poincheval is a 65-year-old French inventor who has dedicated the last eight years of his life to making farts smell better.
Rocket propulsion was all the rage in pre-war Germany. Even bikes were not safe.
Scientists say they have discovered two new subatomic particles never seen before that could widen our understanding of the universe.
The jellyfish party is happening, and everyone's invited.
Landing a space probe on a comet hurtling through space should go down in history, but something more disappointing is stealing the spotlight.
Science class was never this fun.
Two tweeting spacebots — the Philae lander and Rosetta — stole our hearts when they landed on a comet.
I wanna, I wanna, I wanna, I wanna, I wanna really, really, really wanna zig-a-zig ah.
Penguins are considered a pretty smart species, so don't tell them they've recently been fooled by a four-wheeled rover robot disguised as a baby chick.
Feeding insects to livestock is cheap and sustainable in a world with dwindling resources, but it may not be the best option for cows.
Greasy food, soda, smoothies — what works best? Five doctor-approved formulas to cure your hangover.
More than 1,600 pounds of scientific equipment and experiments were destroyed when a NASA-contracted rocket exploded on Tuesday evening. Here's some of what was on board.
Humans get creeped out when we see lifelike yet unconvincing versions of ourselves. Some experts believe animals fall into this uncanny valley, too.
Researchers are looking into ways to alleviate the stresses of space with the help of the Oculus Rift virtual reality headset.
Megan Amram likes her science with some kale and hip gyration.
Not only are women already vastly underrepresented in science fields, but the Nobel Committee favors older candidates. Does the excuse hold that there are fewer older female scientists?
Thousands of new species are discovered every year. Meet 12 of this year's most interesting critters, from the tiniest elephant shrew to an entire colony of pterodactyls.
Scientists are studying how the clams unique iridescent cells absorb and reflect light without overheating -- a common problem for solar technology.
Speakers? Check. Headphones? Check. Debunking Cold Fusion? Check.
The new substance, devised by Danish scientists, could hold three times as much oxygen as a traditional tank in just a few grains of crystal.
Pluto's inbox is filling up with awkward NASA apology emails today.
Researchers in Germany and London have made what may now be the world's fastest laser, and it could be used to make the Internet quicker.
Scientists have built a robotic octopus that is not only capable of swimming and moving in the same way as its biological inspiration, but that can carry objects in its tentacles. A video of the mechanical creature has been making the rounds after the octopus' creators, a team of researchers from the Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas in Greece, presented at a robotics conference in Chicago earlier this month.
When mom told you about "the birds and the bees," this probably isn't what she was referring to.
The answer to world hunger could lie in a single naturally-occurring bacteria.
In the summer of 2012, a dusty, car-sized rover named Curiosity touched down on the surface of Mars. A few months later, the little-rover-that-could dug up dirt samples that hinted that a fresh water pond, including carbon, hydrogen and other life-essential elements, had once existed some four billion years prior. Finally, humanity rejoiced, there was reason to believe Mars was once home to alien life! At least, life in the form of microscopic water amoebas.
RENO, Nev. — A flash fire that injured 13 people, mainly children, at a Nevada science museum happened when an employee applied the chemicals in the wrong order during a tabletop demonstration about the mechanics of tornadoes, officials said Thursday. Reno firefighters said a three- to five-second blaze erupted Wednesday at the Terry Lee Wells Nevada Discovery Museum after the presenter poured alcohol on a cotton ball that had been dusted with boric acid and partially ignited.
In their latest El Niño forecast update issued Thursday, the Climate Prediction Center put the odds of an El Niño occurring during the October through December time period at 60 to 65%, which was down from nearly 80% odds given just a few months ago.
The four-legged beast, with a long neck and powerful 29-foot tail, stretched about 85 feet long and weighed as much as a Boeing 737 jet.
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Find records of Dennis Blanton
Find birth, death, marriage, military, and other records of Dennis W. Blanton at Ancestry.com.Search for records
Biography & Family History Add details
Dennis W. Blanton (born 1965) was born in ca. 1965. He was born into the Blanton family. He married Pamela A. (Thompson) Blanton on September 2, 2000 in Travis County, Texas. .
Dennis W. Blanton's last known residence is at Travis County, Texas.
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Possible Relatives
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- John H. Blanton
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- Joseph A. Blanton
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- Lonnie D. Blanton
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- Luke T. Blanton
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- Heather D. (Blanton) Fuller
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Pay Cash for Christmas 2014
- Created on 01 October 2014
We're bringing back the Pay Cash for Christmas challenge with a twist! This time, the Debt Free Divas have partnered with Just Another Mom to increase the prize and spark your competitive spirit. Fall is here and we have exactly 12 weeks until Christmas. Yes, I'm talking about Christmas. Have you seen the crazy commercials already trying to pry money from your pockets? We need to be proactive.
We're on the cusp of one of the busiest shopping seasons of the year. The National Retail Federation reports that Americans spent an average of $730 on holiday spending in 2013. How much of your total landed on credit cards subject to interest? This year, let's try Christmas with no strings attached. Will you pledge to take no new debt into 2015? To that end, we're giving one lucky winner $250 towards the holiday spending.
Yakezie Challenge Part Deux
- Created on 29 September 2014
If at first you don't succeed (as with a debt free journey or coaxing a 9 month old into a much needed nap), try again. I came across the Yakezie challenge as a new blogger. This is a great community of personal finance and lifestyle bloggers who really were central in the development of the Debt Free Divas blog. The challenge goal to lower your blog rank is doable. Plenty of great bloggers that I heavily respect have walked this road before.
Life happens. Plans change. Priorities evolve. Well, I'm back. My current rank is 575,000 and my goal is 200,000 by the end of 2014. I must commit to regular, weekly posts and support other bloggers reach their target in the challenge. That I can do. As with the Power of Community experiment, the momentum to reach goals is supercharged with the power of accountability. My original goals haven't changed. I may have back-burnered the challenge before, but that wasn't the end of the story. Has your debt free journey hit a snag or bend in the road? Let's dust ourselves off and jump back into these challenges with both feet. Let's do this!
Weekend Reading – Saving More of Your Hard Earned Dollars
- Created on 26 September 2014
Great information abounds when looking for topics on personal finance. I want to start sharing a few of the inspiring posts that I hope will be useful. As you wind down for the week, how about ramping up on your weekend reading. My goal, as always, is to keep inspiring #teamdebtfree to achieve our debt free dreams. I run across a lot of great stories and love to share. This first blog crawl (I've never done a bar crawl, so this will have to do) is all about saving money where you are.
10 Thankful Things
- Created on 25 September 2014
The SITS blogging group has challenged us to get back into blogging by naming ten things for which we're thankful. Welcome to those stopping by from the Back to Blogging challenge. Counting your blessings is a great way to express contentment even if circumstances aren't yet desirable. Dumping debt can be an arduous process. Without an appreciation for the process; you may have trouble maintaining focus. I'll post my ten. Feel free to add your thankful things in the comments below.
Fall In To Better Rates
- Created on 23 September 2014
Autumn is upon us. I hope everyone enjoyed the summer. As we prepare for a change in seasons and refocus (if you've fallen off) on eliminating debt, I encourage you to review your rates. What interest rates are you carrying on existing balances? Have you been penalized with penalty interest rates due to late payments? Did a teaser introductory rate expire and convert to exorbitant highs? Working a debt snowball can create tunnel vision. The smallest debt may receive all of your attention. However, before the hustle and bustle of the holiday madness sets in, let's make sure interest rates are in the best possible position.
Managing Through Distractions
- Created on 22 September 2014
Are you have a hard time staying on track? Are your financial goals sitting out there in the future? What's keeping you occupied? We are sharing our time management tips to help you kick start a more organized schedule and revive your debt free possibilities!
Power of Community Update
- Created on 21 September 2014
#teamdebtfree – WE DID IT! My #team2legit running buddy, the wonderful Ms. Shauna, and I completed our first 5K. It was a struggle. A couple of seasoned seniors passed us up with a mean power strut. While I giggled – inside – at the imagery, the activity of those around us was inconsequential. We got it done. Our journey to 5K completion, just like your debt dumping experience, might not look like the others with a few more years in the game. The goal is and was – completion.
Our experiment will begin on October 1. Sign up here to join the group. As previously stated, race training and dumping debt have shared qualities. A little encouragement is an amazing force. A lot of encouragement can make you unstoppable.
My family joined us at the race start to cheer us off (even though WonderMan was under the weather and the wind had a serious attitude).


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Owners of the Galaxy S 4 with Sprint Spark, get over to the Software Update menu. The Samsung flagship from 2013 is getting an over-the-air (OTA) update that brings international WiFi calling to the device. The GS4 is the first Sprint device to get the international WiFi calling update. Now, owners of the device can place or receive international calls over a WiFi network while traveling abroad in what Sprint says amasses more than 100 countries.
Sprint does intend on extending this feature to other devices as the year progresses.
Source: Sprint


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Price Reduced $5,988
Call: 1-855-720-2247 1-855-720-2247
Click: Car on Dealer's Website
View: Similar Cars from this Dealer
Harrold Ford1535 Howe Ave, Sacramento,
CARFAX Dealer Since 2002
Call: 1-855-720-2247
Harrold Ford1535 Howe Ave, Sacramento,
CARFAX Dealer Since 2002
Well equipped sport sedan with a 3.4l v6, automatic, fwd, air conditioning, power windows, power locks, cruise control, power steering, tilt wheel, am fm stereo cd, and more. prev rental, expires 12/15/2014
$5,988 *
Harrold Ford
*Features and options are descriptive of what can be expected on the vehicle. Actual options should be verified by the customer and dealer.
Plus government fees and taxes, any finance charges, any dealer document processing charge, any electronic filing charge, and any emission testing charge. Please contact dealer to confirm price and vehicle availability. Current mileage may vary due to test drives and vehicle relocation.
CARFAX Vehicle History is based only on information supplied to CARFAX. CARFAX Vehicle History information on this page is current as of 11/26/14 at 08:57:00 PM (CST). The CARFAX Vehicle History Report for the vehicle may contain more current information. Other information about the vehicle, including problems, may not have been reported to CARFAX. Use the CARFAX Vehicle History as one important tool, along with a vehicle inspection and test drive, to make a better decision about your next used car. Vehicle descriptions and details on this page may have been provided, in part or entirely, by the seller or its agent. CARFAX does not verify these descriptions and details, and is not responsible for the accuracy of the information. Please refer to the CARFAX Terms of Use for further information.


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ESL & Newcomer Programs
Library Branch
Receive updated and timely information on how to file your personal income tax return. Confused? Bring all your questions and get answers. For more information and to register, contact LSP worker at 647-388-3762, or the Aginc...
Join fellow book lovers to discuss contemporary Chinese literature once a month in a relaxing manner at Agincourt Branch. First Thursday of each month, March to December from 1:30 p.m. - 3:00 p.m. For more information and to...
A great volunteering opportunity for newcomer youth and for other youth who enjoy giving support to their fellow teens while earning volunteer hours. The club meets twice a month. Activities include book discussions, reading...
Wed Feb 25
Wed Mar 11
Wed Mar 25
Get updated information on your income tax return, and tips on how to file. Bring all your questions and get answers. Call LSP worker at 647-388-3762, or the Agincourt Branch at 416-396-8950 to register.
Learn more about Health Care in Ontario. To register please phone LSP worker at 647-388-3762 or Agincourt Library at 416-396-8950.
Are you a newcomer looking to improve your English language skills? Join us for weekly sessions to practice your English conversation and listening skills in a welcoming environment. To register please call 416-396-8950 or li...
Mon Feb 02
Mon Feb 09
Mon Feb 16
Mon Feb 23
Mon Mar 02
What is Old Age Security and GIS? How does one apply? What other kinds of senior benefits are available? Bring all your questions and let the experts answer them. Information will be presented in Mandarin. For more informatio...
Settlement workers provide in person, one-on-one assistance to help newcomer families with settlement-related issues in many languages.
Tue Jan 06
Tue Jan 13
Tue Jan 20
Tue Jan 27
Tue Feb 03
Albert Campbell
New to Canada? Need information on employment, housing, language learning, schools, or other topics? A Settlement Worker can help. Visit our branch or contact Ada Tao at 416-770-0312 or firstname.lastname@example.com
Tue Jan 06
Tue Jan 13
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York Woods
Join us on Tuesdays to practice your English conversation skills. Improve your English speaking, listening and comprehension skills. For more detailed information and registration, please contact LSP worker Christine Valmes a...
Tue Jan 06
Tue Jan 13
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Tue Feb 03


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Basketball skills come in handy off the court, whether tossing wadded-up paper into a wastebasket or swatting an invasive species of bird out of a tree. See some buzzard beaters with this Groupon.
The Deal
- One G-Pass to see a New York Liberty basketball game
- Where: Prudential Center
- Door time: One hour before game time
- Ticket values include all fees.
- Click here to view the seating chart.
Games and Seating Options
Against the Atlanta Dream on Friday, September 6, at 7:30 p.m.
- $19 for one G-Pass for seating in sections 6, 10, 17, or 21 (a $47 value)
- $34 for one G-Pass for seating in sections 7–9 or 18–20 (a $74.75 value)
Against the Phoenix Mercury on Tuesday, September 10, at 7 p.m.
- $12 for one G-Pass for seating in sections 1–5, 11–16, or 22 (a $32.50 value)
- $22 for one G-Pass for seating in sections 6, 10, 17, or 21 (a $51 value)
- $39 for one G-Pass for seating in sections 7–9 or 18–20 (a $79.75 value)
How G-Pass Works: Your G-Pass will be ready to print 48 hours after the deal ends. Print the G-Pass and use it to enter the venue directly; you won't need to redeem at will call. Due to security restrictions, G-Passes cannot be redeemed through the Groupon mobile app.
The Scouting Report
The final two weeks of the 2013 WNBA season are crucial for the Liberty, with their postseason hopes hinging on solid performances against tough, playoff-bound opponents. On September 6, the team faces the East's second-ranked Atlanta Dream. The Liberty have had the Dream's number so far this season, winning two out of three games and every "who wore these sneakers better" poll. A win against the Phoenix Mercury on September 10 would mean defeating the league's number-one draft pick this season, Brittney Griner.
New York Liberty
Now in its 17th season, the WNBA is led by a slate of up-and-coming athletes whose elite-level performance continues the league's impressive legacy. This season, the New York Liberty is led by head coach Bill Laimbeer, formerly of the Detroit Pistons, and all-star Cappie Pondexter. This is the team's last season at the Prudential Center before returning to their home court at Madison Square Garden. As the athletes face off, a bounty of fan entertainment keeps crowds energized, including Maddie, the Liberty's furry mascot. Elevating the family-friendly atmosphere of the games is the Lil' Torches, a team of dancers aged 14 and younger, and the 40-and-older dance team known as the Timeless Torches, which was recently featured in the sixth season of 30 Rock.
Tips from Groupon Customers
"Great time. Another groupon, please."
Prudential Center
165 Mulberry St.
Newark, New Jersey 07102
973-757-6200Get Directions


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It Came Upon A Midnight Clear
For SA(A)T(T)B(B) Voices A Cappella
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It Came Upon A Midnight Clear (For SA(A)T(T)B(B) Voices A Cappella). Composed by Richard Storrs Willis. Arranged by Greg Jasperse. Mixed chorus. For Keyboard Rehearsal, Soprano, Alto, Tenor, Bass. Choral. Piano reduction/vocal score. Standard notation. 11 pages. Published by Carl Fischer (CF.CM8972).
ISBN 0825860733. With Standard notation. choral.
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Rock the Block
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Blood, sweat and numbers; deadly storm
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1121 N Orchard St
(208) 377-3040
(S Of Fairview Av)
Driving directions
99 reviews
Moving to or from Boise, ID? U-Haul cargo and enclosed trailers are intelligently designed to protect and secure your precious belongings, while our open utility trailers are perfect for hauling building supplies, landscaping materials or bulky items. U-Haul car trailers have EZ load ramps for effortless loading of vehicles while our motorcycle trailers are lightweight and easy to tow. Get FREE trailer rental rate quotes in Boise, ID, 83706 today.
Cargo trailers in Boise, ID are lightweight, aerodynamic, and engineered for better fuel economy which makes it easy to tow behind any vehicle. Millions of families use our enclosed cargo trailers to move every year. U-Haul has a large selection of enclosed trailers to rent in-town or one way, review our cargo trailer sizes and reserve a trailer rental online at U-Haul Moving & Storage at Orchard St!
Utility trailers are perfect for towing large or oversize cargo in Boise, ID, 83706. Many utility trailer rentals come equipped with a loading ramp for easy convenience. The utility trailer selection at U-Haul Moving & Storage at Orchard St provides an affordable solution for home improvement projects, furniture delivery and for towing recreational vehicles. Utility trailer rentals are also popular with businesses for deliveries and trade-show events. Utility trailers come in a wide range of sizes and styles so that any car can tow.
Moving cross-country with your vehicle on a car trailer is a smart way to save gas and eliminate miles of wear and tear on your vehicle. Our Tow Dolly is a low-cost option for towing front wheel drive vehicles, while auto transports are ideal for long distance moves. Both car haulers fit most sized vehicles in Boise, ID and are also an economical alternative to calling a tow truck in the case of a break-down. Whether towing behind a U-Haul moving van or your own personal vehicle, you can rent a car hauler for both in-town and one way moves.
Motorcycle trailers in are lightweight, easy to tow and have an easy-access loading ramp. Each motorcycle trailer also comes equipped with an integrated chock for the front wheel and with heavy-duty tie-down rings to support even the heaviest of motorcycles. Reserve your motorcycle trailer rental in Boise, ID online today!
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Helpful, friendly thanks guys!
The store manager refused to work with traffic to locate the truck I needed. I called traffic every day for four days to locate the correct size truck. The store manage Keesha I believe said they are hard to find and I may or may not be able to get it.
However the Assy manager and the rest of the staff at the location went out of their way to assist me in the rental and getting me completely taken care of.
The manager of this location is extremely poor has extremely poor customer service and has no interest in helping the customer.
I will not recommend this location to anyone that would ever ask about u haul .
Very fast getting a truck, easy to drive, and easy to load.
This location was great and very helpful however the customer service person I was transfered to via phone when this locations line was busy was very UNhelpful. They gave me wrong information and we're unfriendly.
Number of workers
Line was really long at pickup
good equipment, well maintained. Easy to load and tow. Good customer service. Thanks!
Everyone who helped me was incredibly friendly. I really appreciate great customer service and that's exactly what I got.
Very fast and convenient way to get a truck for 3 hours to pick up some furniture.
Fast and efficient.
1st time here. Great staff and very helpful.Zak knows customer service.
outstanding. trailer waiting for me. staff superb
When I called to make a U-Haul reservation, the representative told me my Jeep Liberty was not rated to pull a U-haul trailer, so I had to settle for something else. HOWEVER, when I arrived the next day to pick-up the vehicle, there was a Jeep Liberty nearly identical to mine driving away with a U-Haul trailer! Upon pointing that out to the gentleman who was assisting me, he told me my Jeep was more than adequate. The trouble is, there were no more trailers available by then. I'm not sure if the fault lies within the phone rep, the rep's training or inadequate information provided to the phone rep. Regardless, it was disappointing and irritating.
Better staffing. There was not enough people to handle the customers.
more employees on sat..
Nothing. Everything was great.
Excellent customer service, nice people! Good job.
Looonng wait times for pick up and retun! Does anyone work here?
Keisha and staff were all great as usual!!
The guy who checked me in was super nice and laid back even though another customer was being really rude towards him and the other staff about having to wait in line for three minutes... very courteous and professional staff at this location.
I felt the service was excellent just keep up the great work
The gas tank was a little over half-full. The young lady who checked out the truck to me tried to tell me that according to estimated miles (approx. 20) I would have to fill the tank with 12.8 gallons of gas in order for the tank to be at the same place. I know my math a little better. It took a little less than 3.5 gallons. Maybe, she did not know how to properly read the diagram. Maybe some training on that would be helpful. All-in-all the service was great!
Everyone was very helpful.
Easy , good service
The worker gave me immediate attention and went over all of the paperwork in a clear way, wrapping up a great moving experience with a good send-off. I appreciate the fact that the worker seemed to innately understand that we were tired (after a long day of packing and driving) and his cheerful, professional demeanor was a welcome end to a long journey. Thanks, U-Haul!
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text:
Andrew Brunn: The Man in Flannel
Published: December 14, 2001
He was a tremendous pile of a man, 6 foot 2 and heavyset. His flannel shirt was tucked in, clarifying his dimension, as he flailed wildly about the dance floor of the bar in Queens.
Andrew Brunn was celebrating his 23rd birthday that night five years ago. Sigalit Cohen watched him all evening; she had a thing for flannel. His uninhibited dancing sometimes frightened the girls away, but "Sigal actually stuck in there and danced with him," said Patrick Sullivan, a friend.
She got his number and soon made a husband of Mr. Brunn, an intensely private man. He did not bother to tell his buddies in the Air National Guard of his computer studies or even of his marriage. He made little mention of his move to the Fire Department from the Police Department.
But after Sigalit danced with him, Mr. Brunn opened his life to her, revealing his passion for the ocean and for lighthouses, for movies that seemed to reflect their own story. They worked through the clashes between his Catholicism and her Judaism. Mr. Brunn, a devoted surfer, even persuaded Sigalit, who nearly drowned as a child, to join him on a flimsy board.
"He said, `I'll be there with you; I'll hold you if you fall,' so I trusted him," Mrs. Brunn said. "And he did."


text:
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Special Price: $46.97Highly breathable, 100% polyester pique knit Climalite® fabric wicks moisture away from the skin to keep you dry and comfortable. White piping and white insets on sleeves. Three button placket with rib knit collar. Side vents for easy movement. Camaro logo embroidered on left chest. Imported. Learn More
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text:
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text:
An ECL logic circuit uses a single resistor in place of separate current-source and emitter-follower resistors. A single tap connects a point on this resistor to the ground bus, and the signal-output line connects to this resistor by a contact which is separate from the contact connecting the emitter of the ouput transistor to the resistor.
1. A structure for an emitter-coupled logic circuit having a plurality of input transistors, first and second supply buses, and an output transistor, each of said transistors having a collector, and emitter, and a base, said structure comprising:
a single unitary resistor having at least first, second and third contacts at different points along its length;
first connection means for coupling said first contact to the emitters of said input transistors;
second connection means for coupling said second contact to one of said supply buses; and
third connection means for coupling said third contact to the emitter of said output transistor.
2. The structure of claim 1, wherein said resistor has a fourth contact at a point along its length near said third contact, and further comprising:
an output line; and
fourth connection means for coupling said fourth contact to said output line.
3. The structure of claim 2, wherein said third contact lies between said second and said fourth contacts on said unitary resistor.
4. The structure of claim 1, wherein said second contact lies between said first and said third contacts on said unitary resistor.
5. A structure for an emitter-coupled logic function circuit on a semiconductor chip having a first layer and a plurality of other layers, said structure comprising:
a high supply voltage bus;
a low supply voltage bus;
a plurality of input signal lines;
a plurality of input transistors each having a collector, a base, and an emitter, said each base being coupled to one of said input signal lines;
an output line;
an output transistor having a collector, a base, and an emitter;
first and second resistance means formed in said first layer of said chip and directly coupled to each other in said first layer;
first connection means formed in one of said other layers of said chip for coupling said first resistance means to said input-transistor emitters;
second connection means in one of said other layers of said chip for coupling said first and second resistance means to said low supply voltage bus;
third connection means formed in one of said other layers of said chip for coupling said second resistance means to said output-transistor emitter; and
fourth connection means in one of said other layers of said chip for connecting said second resistance means to said output line independently of said third connection means.
6. The structure of claim 5, wherein said third connection means includes a contact to said first layer at a particular location along said second resistance means, and wherein said fourth connection means includes a contact to said first layer at a location on said second resistance means which is close to but distinct from said particular location.
The present invention relates to a semiconductor circuits, and more particularly concerns a chip layout for preventing certain fabrication defects from escaping detection in emitter-couple logic circuits.
Emitter-coupled logic (ECL) is a very high-speed form of logic employing bipolar transistors. An ECL circuit typically employs a function stage for performing a logic function of one or more inputs, and also has an output stage in the form of an emitter follower for driving succeeding ECL circuits. The circuit output is taken across a resistor connected to the emitter of the output transistor and ground. If this resistor is open-circuited due to a fabrication fault in the chip containing the circuit, the circuit will still operate, but at a reduced speed. ECL circuits are commonly tested at a speed which is very low in comparison with its operating speed. This "DC" testing therefore will not detect such a failure.
AC testing--i.e., testing at full operating speed--would detect this type of failure, but such testing is very expensive. With a typical circuit delay of 0.5 nsec or less, such circuits would require microwave techniques in the test equipment and in jigs and fixtures for full testing. One technique for avoiding AC testing of ECL circuits is the use of double contacts at certain points in the circuits. This approach decreases circuit density and still does not provide absolute testability, especially since contacts near each other are more likely to fail together. U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,517,476 (Barre) and 4,410,816 (Kanni), and 28 IBM Technical Disclosure Bulletin 1746-47 (Beh) show other techniques to detect such failures; all of these, however, add additional components to the circuit. Such additional components decrease the overall circuit density and add cost to the fabrication process.
The present invention achieves full testability of ECL circuits using only DC (i.e., low speed) testing, yet does not add any components to the circuits. The invention achieves this results by reconfiguring the circuit layout, without any penalty in additional components, lower density, or increased fabrication or testing cost.
Broadly speaking, the invention uses a single resistor in place of the conventional separate current-source and emitter-follower resistors. A single tap connects a point on this resistor to the ground bus, and the signal-output line is coupled to this resistor by a contact which is separate from the contact connecting the emitter of the output transistor to the resistor.
FIG. 1 is a circuit diagram of an ECL logic circuit according to the prior art.
FIG. 2 is a circuit diagram of an ECL logic circuit according to the invention.
FIG. 3 shows a layout of the circuit of FIG. 2 on a semiconductor chip.
FIG. 1 is a circuit diagram of a standard ECL circuit 100 for performing a logic OR function of two active-high input signals. Small open circles in the diagram represent contact points between different layers in an actual chip layout of the circuit. Any of these contacts is subject to failure, leaving that point unconnected.
Input signals IN1 and IN2 connect to the bases of transistors T1 and T2. The collectors of these transistors are coupled to each other and to a dropping resistor R1. The other end of R1 connects to a supply-voltage bus VCC, usually from 1.7 to 5.0 volts (preferably 3.6 volts in the technology used in this example). The emitters of T1 and T2 are coupled together and to a current-source resistor R2, whose other end connects to a supply-voltage bus VEE. This bus may be at ground potential or at some other voltage lower than VCC. These components thus constitute a function stage 110 whose output voltage at the emitters of T1, T2 is high whenever the voltage at either IN1 or IN2 is high--that is, an active-high OR function, or, equivalently, an active-low AND function. For the purposes of the present invention, however, this stage could perform some other logic function of any number of inputs.
Thresholding stage 120 determines whether the function-stage output at point 111 is above or below a threshold voltage VR. Transistor T3 has an emitter coupled to point 111, and a collector coupled to supply bus VCC via resistor R3. Its base is tied to a bus VR carrying a reference voltage common to all circuits on the same chip. This voltage is about halfway between the logic "0" voltage and the logic "1" voltage, or about 2.5 volts in the present example. When line 111 holds its emitter higher than VR, T3 cannot conduct, and R3 holds line 121 high. But, when line 111 floats (that is, when neither T1 nor T2 conducts), R2 holds T3's emitter lower than VR, T3 conducts, and the voltage divider formed by R2, R3 holds line 121 at a lower voltage.
Output stage 130 is an emitter follower for driving current into circuit output line 131, labelled OUT, when the voltages at input lines IN1, IN2 satisfy the function of stage 110. Thus, when T3 does not conduct, R3 holds the base of T4 high so that it conducts and drives current from the VCC bus into the OUT line 131. But, when T3 conducts, the voltage on line 121 is low enough to cut off T4. Emitter-follower resistor R4 then pulls OUT line 131 down to the logic "0" voltage. OUT is normally connected to an input line, similar to IN1, IN2, of another logic circuit (not shown) similar to circuit 100.
The relative values of R1 and R2 are such that the emitters of T1, T2 are one base-emitter drop (Vbe) above VR when either transistor conducts. The relative values of R2 and R3 ensure that line 121 is below VR when T3 conducts. R3 must also provide sufficient base current to hold T4 on when T3 is cut off. The value of R4 is chosen high enough to limit current to a reasonable value when T4 conducts, yet low enough to provide a high-speed drain for current back from the base of a succeeding stage input transistor to the VEE bus. For present ECL technologies, all of the resistors are in the range of a few kilohms or less. Representative values for this embodiment are: R1=0.7 kOhm, R2=1.8 kOhm, R3=0.7 kOhm, and R4=2.0 kOhm. The total delay of circuit 100 is less than 500 psec.
The small circles in the diagram of circuit 100 represent contact points on the actual layout of the circuit. These are points where a silicon layer connects to a metal conductor layer, or where one metal layer connects to another metal layer, through a vertical hole or via in an insulating layer between them. Any of these points is subject to failure in the fabrication process of the chip holding circuit 100. That is, the via might be not be sufficiently open, or the metal in one layer might not be present or might be too thin to establish adequate contact. A defect such as this results in an open circuit between the lines at the circle representing the contact.
A chip containing circuits such as 100 are commonly tested for DC faults. That is, various combinations of DC potentials are applied to input lines, and the output voltages are monitored for the proper values. Test patterns of these DC voltages change at a rate which is at least several orders of magnitude below the operating speed of the circuits. Such DC testing will catch errors at all the contact points shown in FIG. 1, except for those at the ends of R4, labelled 132 and 133. If either contact 132 or contact 133 is open, R4 is effectively disconnected from the circuit. The circuit will, however, continue to operate correctly under DC testing: When T4 conducts, it will drive current into the OUT line and thence into an input line similar to IN1, turning on an input transistor similar to T1, in a succeeding circuit; when T4 cuts off, the OUT line will float, and recombination in the base region of the succeeding-circuit input transistor eventually lowers its base potential enough to cut it off. The effect of this condition is to lower the effective operating speed of the overall circuit 100 by a factor of ten or more--still high enough to pass a DC test. These missing contacts would of course be detected by AC testing at the full operating speed; but this type of testing is very expensive, requiring very-high-speed test equipment and fixtures and test patterns which are difficult to develop.
FIG. 2 shows a circuit 200 in which every missing contact point can be detected by a low-speed DC test of the circuit. All of the components are the same as in FIG. 1, except for the physical relocation of resistors R2 and R4 and of contacts 112 and 132-134.
In terms of the schematic of FIG. 2, a single tapped resistor R5 replaces the two resistors R2, R4 and is coupled to the output-line contact directly, with a separate connection to the emitter of T4. This configuration ensures that any defective contact in the circuit, including a defective contact to the emitter-follower resistor, results in a fault under a DC test. That is, circuit 200 converts an AC fault into a DC fault, and thus eliminates any need for high-speed AC testing of circuit 200.
The portion R5A of R5 between contacts 211 and 201 has the same value as R2 in FIG. 1; the portion R5B between contacts 201 and 231 has the same value as R4. The portion R5C between contacts 231 and 134 is not critical--it need only have a sufficiently small value (including zero) in comparison with the other resistances in circuit 200 that it does not appreciably affect the operation of the circuit. An open circuit in any of these contacts now results in a DC fault of the entire circuit 200. An open contact 211 is detected in the same way it would have been in circuit 100. An open contact 201 isolates R5B from the VEE bus, but now it also ties the emitter of T4 to the emitters of the functionstage devices T1, T2. In this case, line 121 and the OUT line 131 remain stuck at a high voltage. An open contact 231 ties the OUT line 131 to ground potential through R5C and R5B, making it totally unresponsive to the IN1, IN2 signals, thus producing a fault. An open contact 134 is detected as it would have been in circuit 100.
FIG. 3 shows a physical layout of circuit 200 on an integrated-circuit chip 300. All components are labelled as in FIGS. 1 and 2. The bipolar transistors and the resistors are formed in silicon, shown unshaded. The metal links between the contacts, as well as the voltage buses VCC and VEE, are formed in first metal, indicated by light shading. The VR bus is formed in a second-metal layer. Contacts in vias between these layers are in dark shading. The formation of R5 as a single resistor bar is convenient for the layout in this embodiment. If preferred, the individual segments R5A and R5B could be formed separately, as long as R5A could not be isolated from R5B by any contact failure. Furthermore, R5C performs no circuit function; it could be eliminated (or its value made zero), as long as no contact failure could isolate R5B from OUT line 131 without also disconnecting the emitter of T4 from that line. This concept may have value in other multi-stage emitter-follower circuits as well.
Patent Citations
Referenced by
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text:
The catered chalet experience is modeled after European ski resorts where nearly half of ski vacations are experienced this way. A catered chalet package at this property includes a personal chef to prepare gourmet meals in the comfort of your chalet, menus tailed to your preferences including vegetarian, organic, and special diets - along with separate options for children, a chalet team that will assist in getting you around town, and daily housekeeping. Speak to a Steamboat destination expert for more details. 5,7,and 10 night packages available.
Minimum night stay requirements and other restrictions may apply. Properties displayed on this site are subject to availability at time of purchase. Valid on new reservations only. Promotion cannot be combined with any other offer.
Receive 20% off your 5 night or more stay for travel between 11/24/2014-2/9/15.
Receive 10% off your 7 night or more stay for travel between 2/10/15-2/20/15.
Receive 25% off your 7 night or more stay for travel between 2/21/15-3/6/15.
Receive 20% off your 6 night stay for travel between 2/21/15-3/6/15.
Receive 15% off your 5 night stay for travel between 2/21/15-3/6/15.
Receive 10% off your 4 night stay for travel between 2/21/15-3/6/15.
The Hahn's Peak Residence which spans a "bridge" at the entrance to One Steamboat Place offers a premium view of the ski mountain. Located in the heart of the Steamboat Ski Mountain base area, right at the Gondola it offers ultimate ski-in/ski-out access. Hahn's Peak Residence offers a spectacular location With a front row, grandstand view of the Steamboat Ski Mountain as a backdrop to your stay. Enjoy all the signature touches throughout One Steamboat Place provided by Timbers Resorts including exquisite gathering areas, wine cellar and tasting room and one of the greatest mountain spas in the West. In addition to Steamboat's recreational opportunities, One Steamboat Place has a state-of-the-art fitness facility, pool and hot tubs, a community game room and Little Tykes room for the kids. With numerous in-residence catering options, concierge and ski valets, the Private Residences at One Steamboat Place have defined the first-class experience at Steamboat.
The large open floor plan connects the kitchen, dining and living room creating a free-flowing space at the heart of the residence. The professionally equipped kitchen with Viking appliances will delight aspiring chefs; or you can grill in the great outdoors at the built-in Viking gas grill on the deck. This residence is designed for entertaining, with a dining table that will seat ten. Larger groups can add another four guests with bar seating at the kitchen island. It offers four bedrooms, each with their own private bathroom, and the flexible bedding options will comfortably accommodate up to 11 guests. The master bedroom sets the mood with a gas fireplace and the master bath features a steam shower and Jacuzzi tub. The Guest Master also offers a King bed. The third bedroom offers a Queen with a twin bunk over it and the fourth offers two twin bunk beds and a queen bed. State of the art audio and visual equipment, including a 50" TV in the great room, provides high definition entertainment after a full day of activity. The residence includes an iMac home computer with high-speed Wi-Fi allowing internet service for all guests. A printer is available at the front desk, and guests can also videoconference with the front desk from the home office.
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