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|November 24, 2014
Chitchai Punsan to Speak on Product Liability Law at OmegaWorldClass Event (News)
Chitchai Punsan
Chitchai Punsan, an attorney-at-law in Tilleke & Gibbins' dispute resolution group, will be a guest speaker at the "Product Liability Law, Risk & Crisis – Proactive Strategies &...
|November 18, 2014
Michael Ramirez to Speak at Lex Mundi ACC ILA Webcast on Global Anti-Corruption Laws (News)
Michael Ramirez
Michael Ramirez, who leads the corporate and commercial team in Tilleke & Gibbins' Myanmar office, will participate as a speaker in a webcast hosted by Lex Mundi and the Association of...
|November 18, 2014
Tilleke & Gibbins Adds Senior IP Enforcement Lawyer in Vietnam (News)
Trung Nguyen
Tilleke & Gibbins is pleased to announce the addition of associate Trung Nguyen to head the firm's expanded IP enforcement team in Ho Chi Minh City.
A seasoned IP professional with more...
|November 14, 2014
Alan Adcock to Present on the Role of IP in M&A and JV Transactions (News)
Alan Adcock
The ASEAN Economic Community is nearing implementation, and with the free flow of investment set to mobilize M&A activities, investors, bankers, private equity firms, and other dealmakers are...
|November 14, 2014
Euromoney Asia Women in Business Law Awards 2014: Tilleke & Gibbins Honored in Three Categories (Award)
Darani Vachanavuttivong, Tiziana Sucharitkul, Sukontip Jitmongkolthong
On November 13, 2014, the Euromoney Legal Media Group hosted its annual Asia Women in Business Law Awards at the JW Marriott in Hong Kong. The firm awards were judged on the best initiatives for...
|November 12, 2014
Asialaw Profiles 2015: Tilleke & Gibbins' Thailand Team "Highly Recommended" in Nine Practice Areas (Award)
Placing our firm at the pinnacle of the Thai legal market, Asialaw Profiles 2015 has ranked Tilleke & Gibbins as a "Highly Recommended" firm in nine practice areas. The rankings...
|November 12, 2014
Asialaw Profiles 2015 Ranks Tilleke & Gibbins Among Top Firms in Laos (Award)
Tilleke & Gibbins' office in Laos, which opened and began to operate in September 2013, has been ranked as a "Highly Recommended" firm by Asialaw Profiles 2015 in the following...
|November 12, 2014
Tilleke & Gibbins Recognized as a "Highly Recommended" Firm in Vietnam by Asialaw Profiles 2015 (Award)
Asialaw Profiles 2015 has ranked Tilleke & Gibbins as a "Highly Recommended" firm in Vietnam in multiple practice areas. The rankings were determined through two main avenues: (...
|November 10, 2014
2014 Asia IP Awards: Tilleke & Gibbins Wins Patent and Trademark Awards (Award)
Tilleke & Gibbins has been named Patent Firm of the Year and Trademark Firm of the Year for Thailand at the 2014 Asia IP Awards, a set of annual awards conducted by Hong Kong-based legal...
|November 3, 2014
Bangkok Post: David Lyman Comments on Proposed Foreign Control Restrictions (News)
David Lyman
The Thai government has issued a new proposal to restrict foreign control over joint-venture companies in Thailand. The change, which would be made to the Foreign Business Act—an Act governing...


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Stryker pays more than $1 Billion to Settle Hip LawsuitsNovember 13th, 2014
Earlier this month, Stryker Corp. agreed to settle thousands of Rejuvenate and ABG II hip lawsuits for a sum of $1.43... read more
A hip replacement procedure is done to relieve pain and return proper function to the hip joint. The following is general information about the procedure.
Typical hip replacement surgery can take from one and a half to three hours. The ball and socket joint consists of the head of the femur or thigh bone (shaped like a ball) and the acetabulum (a cup-shaped indentation in the pelvis within which the femoral head rotates).
The surgical team follows the steps below when performing a hip replacement procedure:
The patient usually starts physical therapy the day after surgery. The physical therapist teaches the patient normal movements such as how to bend, stand, or sit to avoid injury and destabilizing the hip. Patients also learn exercises to strengthen the new hip.
Most patients use a walker or crutches after the first four to six weeks, then a cane for another four to six weeks. After that, most patients are able to walk on their own. However, full recovery from hip replacement surgery can take many more weeks.
Contact a defective hip attorney today to find out if your case is eligible for compensation.
We are helping families across the country to get the compensation they are due.
Simply fill out this form or call
Free. No Obligation.
Flood Law Group LLP
1101 Pennsylvania Avenue, Suite 600
Washington, DC 20004
Note: The use of the Internet for communications with the firm will not establish an attorney-client relationship and messages containing confidential or time-sensitive information should not be sent. I agree that submitting this form does not create an attorney-client relationship and that the information I am providing may be used to check for conflicts of interest to determine if the firm can assist me with my legal inquiry. I Agree:*
Earlier this month, Stryker Corp. agreed to settle thousands of Rejuvenate and ABG II hip lawsuits for a sum of $1.43... read more
Thousands of injured patients have opted to file DePuy ASR hip implant lawsuits after suffering premature implant failure, metallosis, and other... read more
Of the 21 cases selected for mediation in the Stryker Rejuvenate hip lawsuit MDL in New Jersey, 20 have ended in... read more
The number of cases from which plaintiffs' and defendants' attorneys may select claims to be included in bellwether trials has been... read more
A woman from Illinois filed a personal injury lawsuit against medical device manufacturers as well as two doctors after being implanted... read more
Are You Having Problems with Your ASR Hip Implant?Contact Us Today

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About Based in New York City, The Cinema Guild is a distributor of independent, foreign and documentary films.
The company was founded by Philip and Mary-Ann Hobel,
producers known for their work in ... (read more...)
More Info:
Website |
Mayor Bill de Blasio and Media & Entertainment Commissioner Cynthia López will today present the 2014 "Made in NY" Awards, celebrating excellence in the New York City creative community and recognizin...
The Independent Filmmaker Project (IFP), the nation's premier member organization of independent storytellers, announced today the nominees for the 24th Annual Gotham Independent Film Awards by IFP.
John Wick, the stylized action film from Summit Entertainment, a Lionsgate (NYSE:LGF) company, will open at the newly renovated AutoNation Imax Theater on October 23 through November 3, 2014. The high...
Reginald Hudlin will produce the 6th Annual Governors Awards for the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences, Academy President Cheryl Boone Isaacs announced today.
Bjork: Biophilia Live, the documentary film capturing the multidimensional concert centered on Bjork's eighth studio album, will begin a limited series of premiere screenings at festivals, museums, li...
The Film Society of Lincoln Center will host Ethan Hawke on September 30 and Richard Gere on October 8 as guests of honor for "An Evening With…" at the 52nd New York Film Festival.
The 18th Annual Urbanworld Film Festival (www.urbanworld.org), presented by BET Networks with founding sponsor HBO, announced the addition of an exclusive look at scenes
Academy of Motion Pictures Arts and Sciences President and respected veteran motion picture marketing executive Cheryl Boone Isaacs has been named the Fall 2014 O.L. Halsell Filmmaker-in-Residence at ...
Iceslide Films, in conjunction with Wells Entertainment Ltd., presents the release of the epic period film, 'INVASION 1897.' The sweeping historical drama is based on the 1897 invasion of the great Be...
Bjork: Biophilia Live, the documentary film capturing the multidimensional concert centered on Bjork's eighth studio album, will begin a limited series of premiere screenings
The Film Society of Lincoln Center announced today the 30 films that will comprise the Main Slate official selection of the 52nd New York Film Festival (September 26 – October 12)
In a U.S. cinema advertising first, moviegoers in New York City this past weekend got to steal the scene in a big screen promo for TNT's new drama series Legends during NCM's FirstLook pre-show progra...
The Film Society of Lincoln Center announced today the details for the upcoming series A Life Less Ordinary: The Films of Joaquim Pinto
Since 1977, Women In Film, Los Angeles has annually honored exemplary women in the entertainment industry – women who lead by example, who are creative, groundbreaking, and who excel at their chosen f...
NORTE, THE END OF HISTORY is a careful rethinking of Dostoevsky's Crime and Punishment shot in blazing color, this tour de force offers a masterful recapitulation of director Lav Diaz's longstanding o...
Douglas Carter Beane's 2013 drama The Nance, headlined by two-time Tony Award-winning actor Nathan Lane, comes to more than 300 movie theatres in the U.S. and Canada for a limited run beginning June 2...
A People Uncounted will open in New York City on May 16, 2014.
The Film Society of Lincoln Center announced today the upcoming summer lineup of new releases opening through August.
Peter Brook is one of the world's most respected and revolutionary directors of contemporary theatre. To help his actors achieve extraordinary performances, he has a special exercise, called 'the Tigh...
The Make-Up Artists and Hair Stylists Guild tonight announced winners of its Make-Up Artists and Hair Stylists awards in 14 categories of film, television, commercials and live theater during the blac...
The Santa Barbara International Film Festival will present David O. Russell with the Outstanding Director Award at the 29th edition of the Fest, which runs Thursday, January 30 through Sunday, Februar...
Lifetime Films and A+E Studios have partnered with Viola Davis and Julius Tennon's JuVee Productions and Sara Risher's ChickFlicks to produce the independent feature film Lila and Eve, starring Academ...
Sundance Institute today announced I Origins as the winner of the Alfred P. Sloan Feature Film Prize at the 2014 Sundance Film Festival, as well as the recipient of the Alfred P. Sloan Lab Fellowship,...
Award-winning writer-director-producer John Wells will receive the American Society of Cinematographers (ASC) 2014 Board of Governors Award.
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glomerulonephritisSyllabification: glo·mer·u·lo·ne·phri·tis
Pronunciation: /ɡlôˌmeryəlōnəˈfrīdəs /
Definition of glomerulonephritis in English:
Acute inflammation of the kidney, typically caused by an immune response.
Example sentences
- Late effects of the kidney inflammation glomerulonephritis
- Acute rheumatic fever and poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis are the nonsuppurative complications of streptococcal pharyngitis.
- As in streptococcal pharyngitis, acute rheumatic fever and poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis most often occur in children.
Definition of glomerulonephritis in:
- British & World English dictionary
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Word of the day prepotent
Pronunciation: ˌprēˈpōtnt
greater than others in power or influence


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Lindsay Lohan Offered Strip Club Gig to Save Storage Lockerby Free Britney at . Comments
Lindsay Lohan might be able to salvage her storage unit if she accepts an offer from an investor with a penchant for naked babes ... no, not Charlie Sheen this time.
We you may have heard yesterday, the contents of Lindsay Lohan's storage locker are about to be seized because the hot mess owes $16,000 in payments.
She's already barred from entering the facility, and if she can't pay this month, it gets auctioned off, Storage Wars style. Enter Scores strip club in N.Y. City!
The club says it's willing to pay the bill NOW if she'll do some work for their online site, ScoresLive (dot) com, and the "work" doesn't even sound that bad.
Scores says it wants the star to serve as an online video chat host - no Lindsay Lohan nude photos or videos required - and is offering to further entice her.
They've also offered to pay the rent on Lindsay's leased Beverly Hills mansion for the next couple of months - huge, with the IRS breathing down her neck.
Besides, Lindsay already posed for Playboy. Scores' gig can't sound that ridiculous at this point, given what she's going through financially and legally.
It's unclear how many live chats she would be required to host, or what that entails. She does have a hot voice, though. No one can take that away from her.
[Photo: WENN.com]
your such a whore, this should be a no brainer for you. Come over to my house, I will pay you to bang you.
In tired of hearing about her drug head and dam
I pray for her and still believe in her, she just needs to get out of this ditch!!!
there are really americans who have believe in her?


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Beyond Vegan
- e
- ed fontleroy Jul 26, 2014 11:33 PM
When it opened, just after I moved to LA, I spent several months deconstructing the Father's Office burger (long since a cliche activity). I drove around LA in search of anything even close to the cheesesteak of my Philly college years. When I went home to NY, I ate dirty water dogs in NYC and Italian wedges in Westchester. I craved and ate
copious amounts of Pepes bacon pizza as often as I drove within 10 miles of New Haven. I ate a lot Brats Brothers. I grilled a lot of excellent steak. My ten hour pork roast brought me neighborhood fame. The first meal I had at Animal -- fried egg over fois gras over spam over a burger -- was sublime. I could go on....
Despite all this gluttony, I was 6'2" and around 195 lbs. -- pretty much right where I should have been. I've run a marathon and did triathlons. Though, I smoked in my 20s.
Three months ago, one week before my 44th birthday, I had an emergency angioplasty and stent put in and was diagnosed with heart disease.
With young twins, there is not a thing on Earth I wouldn't do to help that condition. So, I am now on a strict vegan diet AND I have also eliminated all oil from my diet. Coming from where I came, described above, to say this is a whole new world for me would be a gross understatement. All the recipes I read look aweful!! I'm sick of rice end beans, Boca burgers, and rice and beans, roasted vegetables, and rice and beans.
Can you recommend any vegan restaurants (Valley or Weho area) who can work with me on providing great dishes with no oil (that part seems to be a huge challenge) so as to learn appealing dishes and flavors i can emulate at home? Or, a great private cook to teach me?
I'd like to enjoy eating during what I hope will be a long life.
Thank you.
PS - Good snappy, hot dogs, I'll always love you.
The vegan part is pretty easy…the oil part, not so much. Cafe Gratitude, Mas Madre, Real Food Daily and Hugo's are all good places to try. If you find yourself in Santa Monica, True Food is wonderful. If I were you, I'd stop by Erewhon and speak to an employee or even the manager about your diet. I'm sure they will have a million ideas for you, as well as advice on supplements if you want it.
And FWIW, I think Veganaise is almost better than mayo. And I love me some mayo!!!!
re: schrutefarms
veganiaise contains oil.
that said, my favorite is the shelf stable 365 brand of Vegan Mayo that whole foods carries.
when you say no oil, do you mean no extracted oil or no foods that naturally contain oil ( like the original dean ornish diet?
if you mean no extracted oil, then avocado is open to you and can open all sorts of culinary doors (such as a bean burrito with sliced avocado on a whole wheat tortilla with 7 types of salsas at freebirds). also nut butters (you'd be surprised how versatile Thai peanut sauce can be).
if you mean all your food needs to be low/no fat as well as vegan, that is a much greater challenge.
what about edamame? tofu? can you eat those?
whatever you do, don't go on the special diets board of chowhound which is dominated by high-saturated-fat/meat-eaters (the "pork rinds are healthful" folks that view carbohydrates as being poisonous.)
re: westsidegal
Oh yeah. The oil thing threw me. My head was in "vegan". I'll try the Whole Foods one!
re: schrutefarms
Thanks everyone. Yes, oil is the very difficult part. I used to think Vegan must be tough but not so much anymore. It is the Ornishoe Esseltyn diet so no liquid oils, or nuts, avocados and seeds.
re: ed fontleroy
If you haven't been then you should go and check out Follow Your Heart http://followyourheart.com/market-cafe/ out in the hinterlands of Canoga Park.
re: Servorg
i like the food at Follow Your Heart, but i couldn't recall any menu items that are oil free.
re: westsidegal
I heartily endorse your last paragraph.
"Despite all this gluttony, I was 6'2" and around 195 lbs. -- pretty much right where I should have been. I've run a marathon and did triathlons. Though, I smoked in my 20s.
Three months ago, one week before my 44th birthday, I had an emergency angioplasty and stent put in and was diagnosed with heart disease."
Sometimes Life Just Sucks.
From a low-fat vegetarian non-smoker, runner-cyclist.
Who had a massive stroke at 46.
I'm snarky and dark...but I have pretty much come to the conclusion that NOTHING we ingest matters all that much.
It is more important to live and love well.
Eat what you LOVE. LOVE your friends and family. Play and eat and cook and have a good time! THIS IS ALL YOU HAVE.
re: pedalfaster
You're experience was horrible and I'm glad you are happy with the course you have chosen.
I intend to improve everything that is in my control as much as possible -- most centrally what I eat. Of course life may still have its own plans for me, but it's not going to be because I didn't do something I could have.
But I will continue to eat vicariously through Chowhound and elsewhere!
re: ed fontleroy
I agree and if it helps u sleep better at night with your little ones it's worth it. Food and drink are good but those little rascals ... I've been making changes myself for same reason ... And my doc says one to two drinks are good too...the end of the day beer is nice.
re: ed fontleroy
Please be aware that new research from the health community confirms that oil is NOT the villain, and a certain amount of oil is, in fact, necessary for your good health.
The villain is carbs.
re: VenusCafe
VenusCafe: given the choice between "new" research, or the Ornish research (which has been replicated again and again and again over decades), AND if this was a life or death matter, i'd go with the Ornish research every time just as ed has done.
there is good reason that Ornish is and has been a GIANT in this field for as long as he has.
Hi Ed,
I greatly admire what you are doing. I'm working on it myself. Visit healthygirlskitchen.com. She has lots of vegan fat-free recipes, including a great list of oil-free salad dressings.
re: eatinginsf
Thanks and good luck!
re: eatinginsf
eatinginsf: that is GREAT website! thank you so much for posting it!
re: jessejames
Just remember to ask for no peanuts in the OP's case - sob.
re: jessejames
Don't they use fish sauce?
Steamed whole fish at many Chinese places is good. Sashimi and sushi are healthy things that don't get old. I like snacking in pickles but some sodium.
re: jessejames
the OP is trying to adhere to the Ornish protocol which does not allow fish
re: westsidegal
well than there are other healthy tips for other healthy protocols...
re: jessejames
that be true. maybe start another thread that isn't titled BEYOND VEGAN for the folks who are seeking non-vegan protocols using a different title?
re: westsidegal
excuse m'moi?
re: westsidegal
I probably should have titled it Ornish diet but I thought that would garner less people to be interest in reading and replying.
re: westsidegal
The Ornish Spectrum from his website says that fish (*many* types) are in Spectrum 3 ("intermediate"). I'm not familiar w/ what he published in 1990 but his current recs do NOT put a prohibition on fish....
Again, if the OP doesn't want any animal-based products, then more power to him, but to say that the Ornish Spectrum does not allow for fish is inaccurate, based on what I'm reading....
re: paranoidgarliclover
Group 3 is good for healthy people. Group 1 is for people with CVD.
re: ed fontleroy
OK here are some cooking suggestions for you--
bake whole bulbs of garlic till soft, squeeze out garlic pulp and use as a kind of creamy spread on rice cakes, potatoes, etc.
ditto with slow roasted whole onions--you can blend the very very soft pulp for a creamy spread
you can also cook lots of sliced onions slowly on a very low heat and season generously with salt and pepper for a carmelized onion tasty treat/spread
you can also blend any of these with some liquid and lemon juice for a "creamy" dressing
ditto with eggplant roasted till it's very very soft and the skin is black. Peel off the skin, blending with onions, salt, lemon juice
vinegars, ponzu, soy sauce, fresh herbs, fresh ground pepper, freshly grated horseradish--these are all your friends
boil down sweet fruit juices--orange, apple--and mix with something savory and peppery (soy sauce? cayenne?) for a sweet savory barbecue glaze
roast sweet potatoes and winter squash till they're very soft and dark brown
Use flavor and texture contrasts--grilled marinated tofu with cool sweet sour grapefruit wedges
charcoal grill tofu and tempeh if you can for a smoky taste
if not, a tad of smoked paprika works wonders
lots of tastes here to explore, and lots of creamy and crisp mouthfeels possible, even in the absence of oil
splurge on different mushrooms--shitakes, portobellos, masutakis
good luck and enjoy exploring
re: femmevox
Wow. Thanks so much!
re: ed fontleroy
You're welcome.
A couple of more thoughts--
check out different kinds of pastas--soba noodles, rice noodles
and different kinds of misos--I think you can have these, and they make very easy tasty soup bases--and different ones (barley, white rice, etc.) really have different flavors
check out many many different salsa recipes--hardly any of these have oil
and if you like spicy, you're in luck--lots of different spicy peppers
and Indian dahls--even though these often get an extra kick from spiced oil, in the absence of oil you can toast the spices in a dry frying pan and include them in the cooking
also I don't usually go for non-stick cookware, but in your case, it's going to be an absolute necessity
chickpea flour makes a nice flour/egg substitute, and can bind potato pancakes, vegetable croquettes, etc.
you can even make a crepe just from chickpea flour--in provence, it's called socca--you'll be able to "fry them" on your nonstick skillet, and create ersatz falafel and latkes and the like.
also you can toast nori (the black seaweed product that sushi comes wrapped in) over a gas flame, and it creates a crispy potato chip like texture, ditto with kelp
and you can buy salted red seaweed which is not so crispy, more chewy and snack like
try stuffing and baking or stewing tomatoes, peppers, grape leaves with rice mixed with lots of herbs, salt, and some raisins
dried fruits, soaked and pureed (apricots, prunes, etc) make the nice base for a sauce or desert
enjoy--let's hope you dissolve all your plaque
and it won't be forever
re: ed fontleroy
Here's a quote from the review of a Laotian restaurant in NYC, Khe-Yo, that might inspire you--
"You'll also eat a lot of sticky rice. It arrives at the beginning of the meal and is meant to be eaten through, and is hidden in many dishes in another form, toasted and ground up. The resulting powder is similar in appearance and umami finish to old-school supermarket Parmesan. Sprinkled liberaly, it practically declares an intention to mess with your tongue, as in the spectacular roasted kabocha squash sald, made with little beech mushrooms and mint. While a more traditional Laotian preparation would use chicken, pork, or duck in place of the squash, the sticky-rice powder, along with red onion, Kaffir leaf, and chili, renders a familiar vegetable alien, in the most pleasantly disorienting way."
(from the New Yorker, January 13, 2014)
Nothing in that salad you can't have! Go ahead and experiment with toasted ground sticky rice.
re: femmevox
Sounds awesome. Heading to NYC soon anyway, so thank you!
re: ed fontleroy
I think you can try stuff at Hangawi in NYC, a vegan Korean place.
My sisters took me there for my birthday, and it was not fabulous.
But I hear the mixed mushrooms are very good.
With the exception of fried things, you can have most things on the menu there.
re: ed fontleroy
One more thought--I actually went out and tried Boca Burgers to see what you are up against (I did pan fry them in a little oil, so not totally what you are up against.)
I think you are going to be stuck with them, but you can just use them as a protein base to make things you maybe used to like
for example, make a mushroom and onion gravy (thicken with cornstarch) and served with mashed potatoes (use cooking liquid instead of milk)
make a Japanese curry sauce using onions and apples
top your boca burger and serve with a scoop of rice--voila, Japanese curry
make a sweet and sour sauce, using chunks of pineapple, onion,carrot and green pepper--cut up your panfried boca burger, made in a non stick skillet--voila sweet and sour something
Ok--it's not optimal, but it's better than just putting it on a bun and feeling glum
also, a trick to making your life palatable is finding/devising a couple of very good tasty vegan stocks--like maybe one with a base of soaked dried shitake mushrooms? another with soy sauce, sugar and Chinese five spices? These are going to add savor to anything you cook with them--braised rice, stirfries, and also serve as a basis for vegan soups--like your own version of hot and sour, miso soup, etc.
keep playing--it will be okay
re: femmevox
Youre awesome. I'm so appreciative.
re: femmevox
may i add:
a trip to the spice store, penzey's may give you inspiration.
re: Kalivs
Is Take a Bao the same one that was at the Century City mall? If so, I imagine that even the vegetarian choices might have oil and/or a ton of sodium....
re: critter101
+1 vinh loi tofu
re: westsidegal
+2 vine loi is SO great
I have heard the owner of Vihn Loi Tofu (Sherman Way near Reseda) accommodate special requests many times. And the food is terrific!
ed: after looking at the website
that was recommended by eatinginsf, i doubt that there will be a better source of recipes for home cooking for you.
all the recipes (and there are MANY of them) are right up your alley.
Regarding restaurants, the vegan spots with raw food leaning are going to be the best places to find foods prepared without oils. I would recommend the follow:
SunCafe (Studio City)
Raw (West Hollywood)
Cafe Gratitude (Venice, Larchmont, DTLA)
Au Lac (Fountain Valley)
NV-DA (San Pedro)
RAWvolution (Santa Monica)
M.A.K.E (Santa Monica)
I would also recommend treating yourself to a Banana Manna at Beverly Hills Juice Club!
Here's a link to a recipe for an oil free vegan mayo--
re: femmevox
Thanks for the mayo link!
i just realized that the burrito that i had for dinner tonight at Freebirds (a build your own burrito joint) in the marina was both vegan and, i believe, fat free.
the ingredients my burrito:
whole wheat flour tortilla
pinto beans
black beans
tons of cilantro
tomato/onion salas
corn salsa
jalepeno salsa
avocado slices (is the oil in the avocado acceptable on your diet?)
sorry about it's simioarity to rice and beans. but the salsas and cilantro lift it somehow from being plain
re: westsidegal
Hmmm, I'm inclined to think there is some sort of fat (i.e. olive oil) in them flour tortillas ...
re: ipsedixit
good catch, ipse.
may need to substitute either:
1)the salad greens for the tortilla, making it a "bowl"
use the salsas and lemon juice for dressing
2) corn tortillas for the flour tortilla
re: westsidegal
Thank you so much!! Sounds great overall! Avocado is off the menu, unfortunately.
Also, the flour tortillas may have oil, as mentioned, but corn tortillas are usually fine. In fact, they're unrefined carbs, so generally healthier - even without oil.
I made a yummy tempeh chili tonight (because it's so cold in Studio City) and a good gazpazho yesterday. Seitan is my new prime steak.
.....I'm starting (just barely) to figure this out.
re: ed fontleroy
it's the salsas (unlimited amount and several varieties) that pull this thing through.
it would take an inordinate amount of time and waste to make 9 different types of salsa to mix and match at home. also, , imho, tomato-based salsas don't do well stored in the fridge for days, so going to a place like Freebirds for this sort of dish is cheaper AND better. also, they have a specialized steamer in which they could soften the tortillas
re: ed fontleroy
Yes, seitan with lots of mushrooms in a pinch can sub for scallopini--can you cook with a little sherry? Or vermouth?
re: femmevox
or Marsala?
I've always been tempted to try the engine 2 lasagna recipe, it just sounds so satisfying. You could leave out the cashews and if you can have it, throw in some nutritional yeast for that kind of nutty/cheesy taste. I'll dig up a link for you later.
For an interesting texture try a recipe for oyster mushroom stem "scallops"- I bet most can be done without the oil if you have a good veggie broth, white wine, and lots of garlic. I like mine with my lots of lemon too.
re: PinkLynx
here's a link: http://engine2diet.com/recipe/raise-t...
...and that lasagna recipe reminds me of one of the most intriguing sandwiches I've ever had in my life, it was a sweet potato poboy (more like a banh mi) in the back of a bar in NOLA- a baguette filled with sweet potato, cooked greens, a citrus pepper jelly, and a black eyed pea puree. It was sweet, hot, tangy, salty, sour, and just a hint bitter to round it all out. A fantastic combo.
re: PinkLynx
Wonderful. Thank you!
Wow you've been on a journey!
I wish you and your family well.
For restaurants, True Food Kitchen in Santa Monica should give you some good options. And Cafe Gratitude is handy as well.
Plus, you can go to Costco and get their vegan dolmades and be very happy.
My brother in law is a low/no fat vegan and he does great stuff with the soy sausages at Trader joes, and makes all kinds of vegan soups and stews. IT is doable!
re: happybaker
Thank you, happybaker!
I follow the same diet, though I do have some small amount of non-oil fat in my diet. I'm actually in the middle of creating a blog for this stuff and every time I see a question like yours I'm even more frustrated that I haven't gotten the site up yet :). Otherwise, I love love the website thugkitchen.com, which uses some oil but you can often leave it out, or water sautee, or sub applesauce or pumpkin if it's a baked good. I also recommend: http://amysnutritariankitchen.blogspo...
http://blog.fatfreevegan.com/ (although she has now switched to including some whole food fat after reading the negative effects of being on a too low fat diet, but you would still only need to make minor changes to her recipes, and her early recipes should be perfect for you!
http://www.helynskitchen.com (this one has lots of oil free recipes
)And a shameless inclusion of my http://www.notjustsalad.net which will be up and running aaaaany day now...
Good luck with your new diet and I hope it makes you feel amazing! Also, explore the wonders of unsweetened dried fruit. Dried peaches, dried mango, dried pineapple, dried dragon fruit, dried cherries etc etc can be a great way to fix a sweets craving.
Oh and if you use a mandolin to slice a white or sweet potato, lay the slices flat on a piece of parchment, salt or season, then microwave for 4-6 minutes until brown and crispy, then let them rest a minute you'll get chips that are as crunchy as Lay's but better tasting and with no fat! It's my favorite trick.
Sorry I can't help much with the restaurant part of the question! That's donething I've had a lot of trouble finding.


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World Water Day Every Day
University of Miami Launches Conservation ProgramOctober 9, 2014
Water conservation is something that everyone can take part in. While it is important to initiate ecologically conscious changes in our daily lives, it is important to encourage that change in all parts of our communities. Across the country nearly 20 million students attend colleges & universities.1 These institutions have the ability to make a huge impact, negative or positive, on the environment.Posted In: Featured, water conservation, Water Education, Water technology, World Water Day Every Day
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According to a new study, the Great Lakes are being polluted by billions of microplastic beads, with potentially devastating consequences for the environment.Posted In: Featured, Global Water News, Water Contamination, Water Education
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As Florida residents drive past dozens of lawn signs and bumper stickers, "Say yes to one" has caught some attention. As the November elections rapidly approach in the state, water conservation has landed at the top spot on the ballot. The Florida Water and Land Conservation Amendment obtained the number one spot on the ballot for this years' mid-term elections. If passed, the Land Acquisitions Trust Fund would be required to restore and maintain wetlands including the Everglades, forests, drinking water sources, beaches, rivers and lakes.
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text:
Methods and apparatuses for backlash compensation. A dynamics inversion compensation scheme is designed for control of nonlinear discrete-time systems with input backlash. The techniques of this disclosure extend the dynamic inversion technique to discrete-time systems by using a filtered prediction, and shows how to use a neural network (NN) for inverting the backlash nonlinearity in the feedforward path. The techniques provide a general procedure for using NN to determine the dynamics preinverse of an invertible discrete time dynamical system. A discrete-time tuning algorithm is given for the NN weights so that the backlash compensation scheme guarantees bounded tracking and backlash errors, and also bounded parameter estimates. A rigorous proof of stability and performance is given and a simulation example verifies performance. Unlike standard discrete-time adaptive control techniques, no certainty equivalence (CE) or linear-in-the-parameters (LIP) assumptions are needed.
1. A discrete-time adaptive neural network compensator for compensating backlash of a mechanical system, comprising:
a feedforward path;
a proportional derivative tracking loop in the feedforward path;
a filter in the feedforward path;
a neural network in the feedforward path and coupled to the filter, the neural network configured to compensate the backlash by estimating an inverse of the backlash and applying the inverse to an input of the mechanical system; and
wherein a tracking error r(k), a backlash estimation error {tilde over (τ)}(k), and a weight estimation error {tilde over (W)}(k) of the neural network are each weighted in the same Lyapunov function.
2. The compensator of
3. The compensator of
4. The compensator of
5. A discrete time adaptive neural network compensator for compensating backlash of a mechanical system, comprising:
a filter in a feedforward path;
a neural network in the feedforward path, the neural network configured to compensate the backlash by estimating an inverse of the backlash and applying the inverse to an input of the mechanical system; and
means for tuning the neural network in discrete time without a certainty equivalence assumption.
6. The compensator of
7. The compensator of
8. A method for compensating backlash in a mechanical system, comprising:
estimating an inverse of the backlash using a discrete-time neural network in a feedforward path;
weighting a tracking error r(k), a backlash estimation error {tilde over (τ)}(k), and a weight estimation error {tilde over (W)}(k) of the neural network in the same Lyapunov function; and
applying the inverse to an input of the mechanical system to compensate the backlash.
9. The method of
10. The method of
11. The method of
12. A discrete-time method of adaptively compensating backlash in a mechanical system, comprising:
estimating an inverse of the backlash using a neural network in a feedforward path;
adjusting weights of the neural network using an algorithm to achieve closed loop stability without a certainty equivalence assumption; and
applying the inverse to an input of the mechanical system to compensate the backlash.
13. The method of
14. The method of
15. The method of
This application claims priority to provisional patent application Ser. No. 60/237,580 filed Oct. 3, 2000, entitled, �Backlash Compensation with Filtered Prediction in Discrete Time Nonlinear Systems by Dynamic Inversion Using Neural Networks� by Javier Campos and Frank L. Lewis. That entire disclosure is specifically incorporated by reference herein without disclaimer.
The government may own rights to portions of the present invention pursuant to Army Research Office Grant 39657-MA, ARO Grant DAAD19-99-1-0137, and Texas ATP Grant 003656-027.
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to the fields of neural networks. More particularly, it concerns using neural networks for backlash compensation in mechanical systems.
2. Description of Related Art
Many physical components of control systems have nonsmooth nonlinear characteristics such as deadzone and backlash. These are particularly common in actuators, such as mechanical connections, hydraulic servovalves and electric servomotors. The difference between toothspace and tooth width in mechanical system is known as backlash, and it is necessary to allow two gears mesh without jamming. Any amount of backlash greater than the minimum amount necessary to ensure satisfactory meshing of gears can result in instability in dynamics situations and position errors in gear trains. Backlash often severely limits the performance of feedback systems by causing delays, oscillations, and inaccuracy. In fact, there are many applications such as instrument differential gear trains and servomechanisms that require the complete elimination of backlash in order to function properly.
Many mechanical solutions have been developed to overcome backlash, for example spring-loaded split gear assemblies and dual motor systems. These mechanical solutions can satisfactorily handle some backlash problems, but they give rise to other problems like decreased accuracy and reduced bandwidth. They are also expensive, energy consuming and increase the overall weight of the system. A backlash compensation scheme not based on mechanical devices would be more convenient.
In most applications, backlash parameters are either poorly known or completely unknown, which represents a challenge for the control design engineer. Proportional-derivative (PD) controllers have been observed to result in limit cycles if the actuators have nonlinearities such as backlash or deadzones. To overcome the PD controller limitations, several techniques have been applied to compensate for the actuator nonlinearities. These techniques include adaptive control, fuzzy logic and neural networks.
Many systems with actuator nonlinearities such as deadzone and backlash are modeled in discrete time. Moreover, for implementation as a digital controller, a discrete-time actuator nonlinearity compensator is needed. To address discrete-time deadzone compensation, at least one group has proposed a specific adaptive control approach. Also a specific fuzzy logic (FL) deadzone compensation discrete time scheme has been proposed. Adaptive control approaches for backlash compensation in discrete time have also been proposed. These conventional methods, however, all require a linear in the parameter assumption.
Neural Networks (NN) have been used extensively in feedback control systems. Specifically, it has been observed that the use of PD controllers may result in limit cycles if actuators have deadzones or backlash. Rigorous results for motion tracking of such systems are notably sparse, though ad hoc techniques relying on simulations for verification of effectiveness are prolific.
Although some NN applications show at least a degree of utility, most applications, unfortunately, are ad hoc with no demonstration of stability. The stability proofs that do exist rely almost invariably on the universal approximation property for NN. However, in most real industrial control systems there are nonsmooth functions (piecewise continuous) for which approximation results in the literature are sparse or nonexistent. Examples of phenomena involving nonsmooth functions include, but are not limited to, deadzone, friction, and backlash. Though there do exist some results for piecewise continuous functions, traditional attempts to approximate jump functions using smooth activation functions require many NN nodes and many training iterations, and still do not yield very good results. It would therefore be advantageous to have the ability to estimate and compensate nonlinearities, including backlash nonlinearities, involving piecewise continuous functions with guaranteed close-loop stability.
The use of NN has accelerated in recent years in many areas, including feedback control applications. Particularly important in NN control are the universal function approximation capabilities of neural network systems. NN systems offer significant advantages over adaptive control, including no requirement for linearity in the parameters assumptions and no need to compute a regression matrix for each specific system. Dynamics inversion in continuous-time using NN has been proposed, where a NN is used for cancellation of the system inversion error. A continuous time dynamic inversion approach using NN for backlash compensation has also been proposed. A continuous time inverse dynamics approach using adaptive and robust control technique has been proposed as well. A preliminary approach using dynamic inversion for backlash compensation in discrete-time system has been proposed, but was incomplete in that its proof did not rigorously include the effects of a certain predictive filter needed to actually implement the technique.
Dynamic inversion is a form of backstepping, which has been extended to discrete-time systems with limited results. The difficulty with applying those results to discrete-time dynamic inversion is that a future value of a certain ideal control input is needed.
Certain problems facing the field enumerated above are not intended to be exhaustive but rather are among many which tend to impair the effectiveness of previously known estimation and compensation schemes. Other noteworthy problems may and do exist; however, those presented above are sufficient to demonstrate that methods of backlash compensation appearing in the art have not been altogether satisfactory.
This disclosure provides a discrete-time actuator nonlinearity compensator. In most applications, backlash models are either poorly known or completely unknown. Inverting the backlash nonlinearity even for known backlash models is not an easy task, since the nonlinearity appears in the feedforward path. This disclosure explains the design of an intelligent control system that cancels the unknown backlash nonlinearity, while still keeping the closed loop system stable. This allows faster and more precise control of industrial positioning systems in applications including, but not limited to, robotics, CNC machine tools, and vehicle suspension systems.
Backlash nonlinearities occur in almost all motion control systems. Unfortunately, it introduces errors. The problems are particularly exacerbated when the required accuracy and the speed of motion are high. There are many applications such as instrument differential gear trains and servomechanisms that require the complete elimination of backlash in order to function properly. The backlash compensator by dynamic inversion using a neural network (NN) of this disclosure may be applied in order to improve system performance and cancel the backlash effects. Potential markets are vast and include, but are not limited to, the auto industry, military applications, robotics, mechanical processes, and biomedical engineering.
This disclosure involves a discrete-time dynamic inversion compensation with a filtered prediction for backlash compensation in nonlinear systems. In one embodiment, the compensator uses the dynamic inversion technique with neural networks (NN) for inverting the backlash nonlinearity in the feedforward path. This disclosure shows how to tune the NN weights in discrete-time so that the unknown backlash parameters are learned on-line, resulting in a discrete-time adaptive backlash compensator. Using discrete-time nonlinear stability techniques, the tuning algorithm is shown to guarantee small tracking errors as well as bounded parameter estimates. Since the tracking error, backlash error and the parameter estimation error are weighted in the same Lyapunov function, no certainty equivalence assumption is needed.
The present disclosure extends dynamic inversion techniques to discrete-time systems by using a filtered prediction, and it shows how to use and tune a neural network for inverting backlash nonlinearity in the feedforward path. The techniques of this disclosure offer important improvements to controllers, neural net or otherwise, in that:
The advantages and features of the present invention differentiate it from previously-known methodology. Some of these advantages and features include, but are not limited to, the following:
As shown in the Examples section of this disclosure, simulation results show that a NN backlash compensator according to the present invention may significantly reduce the degrading effect of backlash nonlinearity.
The following drawings form part of the present specification and are included to further demonstrate certain aspects of the present invention. The invention may be better understood by reference to one or more of these drawings in combination with the detailed description of specific embodiments presented herein.
This disclosure provides the complete solution for extending dynamics inversion to discrete-time systems by using a filtered prediction approach for backlash compensation. The general case of nonsymmetric backlash is treated. A rigorous design procedure is given that results in a PD tracking loop with an adaptive NN in the feedforward loop for dynamic inversion of the backlash nonlinearity. The NN feedforward compensator is adapted in such a way as to estimate on-line the backlash inverse. Unlike standard discrete-time adaptive control techniques, no certainty equivalence (CE) assumption is needed since the tracking error and the estimation error are weighted in the same Lyapunov function. Unlike previous conventional techniques, no linearity in the parameters is needed.
Let R denote the real numbers, Rn denote the real n-vectors, Rm�n the real m�n matrices. Let S be a compact simply connected set of Rn. With maps �:S→Rk, define Ck(S) as the space such that � is continuous. We denote by ∥�∥ a suitable vector norm. Given a matrix A=[aij], A∈Rn�m the Frobenius norm is defined by
DEFINITION 1: Given a dynamical system x(k+1)=�(x(k),u(k)),y(k)=h(x(k)), where x(k) is a state vector, u(k) is the input vector and y(k) is the output vector. The solution is Globally Uniformly Ultimately Bounded (GUUB) if for all x(k0)=x0, there exists an ε>0 and a number N(ε,x0) such that ∥x(k)∥<ε for all k≧k0+N.
Dynamics of an mn-th Order MIMO System
Consider an mnth-order multi-input and multi-output discrete-time system given by
e n(k)=x n(k)−x nd(k). (3)
It is typical in robotics to define a so-called the filtered tracking error, as r(k)∈Rm, and given by
r(k)=e n(k)+λ1 e n−1(k)+ . . . +λn−1 e 1(k), (4)
where en−1(k), . . . , e1(k) are the delayed values of the error en(k), and λ1, . . . , λn−1 are constant matrices selected so that |zn−1+λ1zn−2+ . . . +λn−1| is stable or Hurwitz (i.e. en(k)→0 exponentially as r(k)→0). Equation (4) can be further expressed as
r(k+1)=e n(k+1)+λ1 e n−1(k+1)+ . . . +λn−1 e 1(k+1). (5)
Using Eq. (2) in Eq. (5), the dynamics of the mn-th order MIMO system can be written in terms of the tracking error as
r(k+1)=f(x(k))−x nd(k+1)+λ1 e n−1(k)+ . . . +λn−1 e 1(k)+τ(k)+d(k). (6)
Neural Networks
Given x∈
One property of NN we are concerned with for control and estimation purposes is the function approximation property. Let �(x) be a smooth function from
�(x)=W Tφ(x)+ε(x). (9)
This equation means that a neural network can approximate any continuous function in a compact set. The value of ε(x) is called the neural network functional approximation error. In fact, for any choice of a positive number εN, one can find a neural network such that ε(x)≦εN for all x∈S. For suitable NN approximation properties, φ(x) must be a basis:
DEFINITION 2: Let S be a compact simply connected set of
It has been shown that the neural network approximation error ε(x) for one-layer NN is fundamentally bounded below by a term of the order (1/n)2/d, where n is the number of fixed basis functions and d is the dimension of the input to the NN. This does not limit the tracking performance in controllers of this disclosure because of the control system structure selected.
It is not straightforward to pick a basis φ(x). CMAC, RBF, and other structured NN approaches allow one to choose a basis by partitioning the compact set S. However, this can be tedious. If one selects
Backlash nonlinearity is shown in
Whenever the motion u(k) changes its direction, the motion τ(k) is delayed from motion of u(k). One objective of a backlash compensator is to make this delay as small as possible, i.e. to make the throughput from u(k) to τ(k) be unity. The backlash precompensator needs to generate the inverse of the backlash nonlinearity. The backlash inverse function is shown in
The dynamics of the NN backlash compensator is given by
The backlash inverse characteristic shown in the
Discrete Time NN Backlash Compensator
Portions of a discrete time NN backlash compensator according to one embodiment of this disclosure may be designed using backstepping techniques known in the art. In this section it is shown how to tune the NN weights on-line so that the tracking error is guaranteed small and all internal states are bounded. It is assumed that the actuator output τ(k) is measurable. Unlike conventional techniques, no linearity in the parameters assumption is needed.
Dynamics of Nonlinear System with Backlash
Equation (2) is in the companion form and represents a large class of multi-input multi-output (MINO) nonlinear systems. The overall system dynamics consist of (2) and the backlash dynamics (11).
The following assumptions are needed and they are true in every practical situation and are standard in the existing literature.
Assumption 1 (Bounded disturbance): The unknown disturbance satisfies ∥d(k)∥≦dM, with dM a known positive constant.
Assumption 2 (Bounded estimation error): The nonlinear function is assumed to be unknown, but a fixed estimate {circumflex over (�)}(x(k)) is assumed known such that the functional estimation error, {tilde over (�)}(x(k))=�(x(k))−{circumflex over (f)}(x(k)), satisfies ∥{tilde over (�)}(x(k))∥≦�M(x(k)), for some known bounding function �M(x(k)).
This assumption is not unreasonable, as in practical systems the bound �M(x(k)) can be computed knowing the upper bound on payload masses, frictional effects, and so on.
Assumption 3 (Bounded desired trajectories): The desired trajectory is bounded in the sense, for instance that
A robust compensation scheme for unknown terms in �(x(k)) is provided by selecting the tracking controller
Using (13) as a control input, the system dynamics in (6) can be rewritten as
The next theorem is the first step in the backstepping design; and it shows that the desired control law (13) will keep the filtered tracking error small if there is no backlash.
Theorem 1 (Control Law for Outer Tracking Loop)
Consider the system given by equation (2). Assume that Assumptions 1 and 2 hold, and let the control action by provided by (13) with 0<Kv<I being a design parameter.
Then the filtered tracking error r(k) is UUB.
Let us consider the following Lyapunov function candidate
Therefore, ΔL1(k) is negative outside a compact set. According to standard Lyapunov theory extension, this demonstrates the UUB of r(k).
NN Backlash Compensation using Dynamic Inversion
Theorem 1 gives the control law that guarantees stability in term of the filtered tracking error, assuming that no nonlinearity besides the system nonlinear function plus some bounded external disturbances are present. In the presence of unknown backlash nonlinearity, the desired and actual value of the control signal τ(k) will be different. A dynamics inversion technique by neural networks may be used for compensation of the inversion error. This is a form of backstepping.
The actuator output given by (13) is the desired signal. The complete error system dynamics can be found defining the error
In order to design a stable closed-loop system with backlash compensation, one selects a nominal backlash inverse �(k+1)={circumflex over (φ)}(k) and pseudo-control input as
Based on the NN approximation property, the backlash inversion plus the filter error dynamics can be represented as
Define the NN weight estimation error as
Using the proposed controller shown in
Consider the system given by (2). Provided that assumptions 1, 2, and 3 hold, let the control action {circumflex over (φ)}(k) by provided by (26) with Kb>0 being a design parameter.
Let u(k+1)=φ(k), and the estimated NN weights be provided by the NN tuning law
Note that condition (36) is true because of (33) and (35). Note also that (38) is satisfied because of conditions (33) and (37). A proof for condition (37) is given in Appendix A.
It is important to note that in this theorem, there is no certainty equivalence (CE) assumption, in contrast to standard work in discrete-time adaptive control. In the latter, a parameter identifier is first selected and the parameter estimation errors are assumed small. In the tracking proof, it is assumed that the parameter estimates are exact (the CE assumption), and a Lyapunov function is selected that weights only the tracking error to demonstrate close-loop stability and tracking performance. By contrast, in this disclosure, the Lyapunov function in Appendix B is of the form
The third term in (32) is a discrete-time version of Narendra's e-mod, which is required to provide robustness due to the coupling in the proof between tracking error, backlash error terms and weight estimation error terms in the Lyapunov function. This is called a �forgetting term� in NN weight-tuning algorithms. These are required in that context to prevent parameter overtraining.
The following examples are included to demonstrate specific embodiments of the present disclosure. Those of skill in the art should, in light of the present disclosure, appreciate that many changes may be made in specific embodiments that are disclosed and still obtain a like or similar result without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.
Simulation Results
In this section, a discrete-time NN backlash compensator according to an embodiment of this disclosure is simulated on a digital computer. It is found to be very efficient at canceling the deleterious effects of actuator backlash.
We simulate the response for the known plant with input backlash, both with and without the NN compensator. Consider the following nonlinear plant
The deadband widths for the backlash nonlinearity were selected as d+=d−=0.2 and the slope as m=0.5.
Trajectory Tracking
In this subsection we simulate the trajectory tracking performance of the system for sinusoidal reference signals. The reference signal used was selected to be
The sampling period was selected as T=0.001 s.
Appendix A
Note: For simplicity purposes, in this appendix, the k sub-index is omitted. So, every variable has a k sub-index unless specified otherwise. This statement is valid only for the proofs shown in Appendices A and B.
Proof of Condition (37).
Because of condition (33), we have that
Pick Kb=(I+Kv −1)T=I+Ka and define β=2Ka+(1−ασTσ)Ka TKa−I>0 (condition (36)) which is true as long as Kv −1<I (condition (35)).
It can be seen that β>I and β is a diagonal matrix since Ka is diagonal.
Completing squares for {tilde over (W)}Tσ
Putting the term −2Γ∥I−α�ΓTσ∥σT{tilde over (W)}ŴTσ back on the trace term and bounding the trace term.
From the above results, ΔL is negative outside a compact set. According to a standard Lyapunov theorem extension, it can be concluded that the tracking error r(k), the actuator error {tilde over (τ)}(k) and the NN weights estimates {tilde over (W)}(k) are Globally Uniformly Ultimately Bounded (GUUB).
The following materials are incorporated herein by reference.
Patent Citations
Non-Patent Citations
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How much is too much for you kid's Birthday party?
My daughter is 2. Her first few years of life haven't been easy. She has had a total of 6 surgeries to correct her cleft lip & palate and tubes put in her ears. For her...
Started by Susan on 06/26/2010 in December 2007 Babies
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Bathroom Renovations
The bathroom is the most ignored area of a house. Generally people consider it as a place to clean up oneself and do private things. Bathrooms should be considered at par in terms of its importance and maintenace with other parts of the home. In fact bathrooms are the essential rooms of a house and should reflect your style and personality. Home owners who intend to sell their homes generally consider renovating the bathroom to maximise the value if the property. However bathroom renovation is not an easy thing. Renovations may include replacing the flooring tiles and the fixtures and apppliances that go with it. A bathroom should be constructed and designed in such a way that it is comfortable and safe for the entire family.
Need for a bathroom renovation:
Bathroom renovation planning is an important aspect of home renovation project. The need for bathroom renovatios work arise when you wish to transform an ugly and a hardly fuctional bathroom into a sparkling clean and new one. Over the years due to the accumulation of moisture the structural beams, wall studs and windows will be falling out or the paints will be peeling off. It is the time you think of a bathroom renovation work. When the surface tiles have worn off and you wish to alter the flooring or make some minor changes in the layout or the structural elements then you should consider renovating a bathroom. If you wish to upgrade the shower, toilets, bath tubs or faucets then also one can initiate the bathroom remodelling task.
We recommend this site for more information on wood railing.
Assessing the structural condition, the bathroom flooring and the fixtures is critical when deciding on the renovation work. If your present bathroom is fairly run out then you have to consider a major repair. In case of bathroom refurbishments if you feel there is a need for structural alteration, replacement of tiling, flooring, cabinetry and fixtures than it high time you opt for an entire renovation work. However if you feel that the major aspects of the bathroom work well then it is best to implement minor renovations to the exisiting structure. This may include fixing up of a new shower or just replacing the exisiting fixtures and fittings with newly introduced models which will make a lot of difference to the overall look and feel of the bathroom.
Time taken for renovation of bathroom:
The time duration entirely depends on the extent of bathroom renovation work to be undertaken. Bathrooms are genrally small and does not involve extensive electrical and vent work. However bathrooms require plumbing work and this may involve unnecessary delays if there are problems in the floor. There is always a risk of damage to the rooms beneath the bathrooms, hence bathroom renovations can take two to four weeks also. A simple bathroom remodel will take approximately two to three weeks time. However if you wish to reconfigure the room and replace the fixtures then it will take three to four weeks time.
Bathroom renovation legals in Australia:
Bathroom renovation work in Australia has to satisfy all the legal requirements. There is no need to get the council approval for bathroom renovation unless you make major alterations in the plumbing and altering of windows. Moreover any renovation work that involves a total cost of more that $12,000 requires home warranty insurance too.
Cost of bathroom renovations:
Bathroom renovation quotes differ widely depending upon the materials and fittings incorporated. They are likely to cost from $8,600 to $25,000. This includes plastering, painting, electrical wiring, plumbing, altering of windows, replacement of fixtures and fittings, inclusions of cabinets and tiling work. This cost covers new walls, ceilings, tiles, paints, new drainage sytem and new electricals including exhaut fans. This cost also includes full-height tiling and good quality fixtures. There are different styles and materials of bathroom vanities available. If you want to implement expensive tiles and glass shower screens then you must be ready to spare a few more dollars.
Bathroom renovation procedure:
This is quite a complex process as many trades are included in the bathroom renovation work. To start with we have to initiate the demolition process which involves removal of concrete, metal mesh and the tiles. Bathtubs and other fittings are also disposed off. The debris is also to be removed and the bathroom drainage system is cleaned effectively. Proper care should be given to the bathroom ventilation also. Then the walls are constructed and plastered. Pipelines, drains, electrical outlets and switches are installed and fitted. Bathroom fixtures and fittings are also fixed. Before the tiling work is undertaken a 100% moisture-proof backer board is installed on the walls of the bathroom. Once the tiling work is done the cabinets, vanities, fixtures and counter tops are installed. Glasses, mirrors and hardware are fitted and finally the painting work is done which is the last phase in the renovation process.
Tips for effective bathroom renovation:
Finding experienced tradesperson to do the bathroom renovation work could be an intimidating task. To locate reliable and reasonably priced tradesperson you can ask for testimonials and recommendations from your friends. Get quotations from several tradespersons and compare them. Clearly communicate and convey your ideas to them to enable them to execute the work as per your requirements. The best thing is to prepare a renovation action plan clearly instructing about the colour scheme, finishes and the fixtures and fittings to be implemented.
Problems encountered in bathroom renovations:
1.Hiring a 'Jack of all trades" contractor can give rise to a variety of problems.
2. Purchasing of mis-matched and inconsistent fixtures, fittings and hardwares.
3. Failure to complement finishes on the sink, toilet, bath tub and showers.
4. Implementing cheap materials can lower the cost but you have to compromise on the quality.
5. Incorporating poor flooring, backer boards and using cheap sealants.
6. Not hiring the services of a licensed plumber to do the plumbing operations.
Do-it-yourself bathroom renovation:
If it is a small bathroom DIY renovations can be cost-effective. The DIY renovators do all the work by themselves starting from the demolition to the painting. Unless otherwise they are specially experienced and skilled it it better to hire specialist tradespersons for each and every job for a satisfying renovating experience.
If you are interested in renovating your bathroom you can look out for bathroom designs and ideas by browsing the internet. Remember there are a hundred ways to implement beauty and style into your bathroom space.


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Last update: Thursday 30 October 2014 [168 news items]
Delta Electronics expects business growth in 2Q12
May 2, 11:07
Taiwan-based Delta Electronics expects significant growth in its business operation in the second quarter of 2012 mainly from shipments of power supplies used in servers, notebooks,...
Taiwan plans to switch 815,000 street lamps to LED before end of 2018
Apr 18, 14:05
Following the recent announcement of electricity price hikes, Taiwan's Ministry of Economic Affairs (MOEA) has said it will replace 326,000 street lamps with LED lights in three years,...
Delta, Coolermaster aggressively entering cooling module supply chain to notebook ODMs
Apr 17, 01:25
Delta Electronics and Coolermaster are reportedly getting aggressive about entering the supply chain of the notebook industry for cooling module products and the two players' entrance...
Delta offers data center infrastructure solution for own-brand sale
Apr 12, 11:43
Delta Electronics, a Taiwan-based maker of power supply devices, has announced the launch of InfraSuite, its internally developed energy-saving infrastructure solutions for data centers...
Delta sees March revenues grow 19% on month
Apr 11, 01:15
Power supply firm Delta Electronics has reported March revenues of NT$15.22 billion (US$515 million), a 19% increase on month, but a 1% decrease on year. According to Delta, first-quarter...
Delta Electronics to deal out cash dividend of NT$3.50 for 2011
Mar 21, 13:43
Delta Electronics will distribute a cash dividend of NT$3.50 for 2011, accounting for 76.42% of the corresponding net EPS of NT$4.58. The company expects its business operation to...
Delta sees falling January revenues
Feb 10, 10:45
Taiwan-based power supply firm Delta Electronics reported January revenues of NT$12.061 billion (US$407 million), down 10% on month and 13% on year.
Taiwan market: Delta installs 1,300 LED street lamps in Penghu
Feb 7, 14:25
Delta Electronics has announced the completion of 1,300 LED street lamps in Penghu County, Taiwan.
Delta Electronics December revenues down
Jan 11, 10:11
Taiwan-based Delta Electronics has reported consolidated revenues of NT$13.444 billion (US$443.7 million) for December 2011, falling 10.13% on month and 7.49% on year.
Delta subsidiary gets US government funding for R&D on electric vehicle chargers
Jan 3, 16:31
Taiwan-based Delta Electronics has announced that the US Department of Energy (DOE) has awarded funding of nearly US$2 million to Delta Products, its US-based subsidiary, for a research...
Delta Electronics sees decreased November revenues
Dec 9, 01:25
Delta Electronics has reported consolidated revenues of NT$14.959 billion (US$495 million) for November, slipping 1.51% on month and 7.1% on year.
Delta October sales up 3% on month
Nov 11, 10:25
Delta Electronics has posted consolidated revenues of NT$15.19 billion (US$502 million) for October 2011, up 3% sequentially but down 1% from a year earlier.
Delta Electronics January-September net profit down over 30%
Oct 28, 01:10
Delta Electronics has announced January-September net profits of NT$8.53 billion (US$294 million) slipped 31% on year.
Delta Electronics September revenues drop
Oct 11, 10:43
Delta Electronics has announced its September consolidated revenues drop 4.14% sequentially and 11.41% on year to NT$14.715 billion (US$495 million).
Lite-On Technology, Delta Electronics see August revenues up slightly
Sep 9, 01:05
Lite-On Technology and Delta Electronics have reported August consolidated revenues of NT$10.63 billion (US$366.6 million), up 3% on month, and NT$15.35 billion up 6%, respectively...
Delta Electronics to cut 10% of workforce in China
Aug 19, 11:39
Delta Electronics, a Taiwan-based maker of power supplies, will cut 10% of the 60,000 workers at its production lines in China by the end of 2011, according to company CEO Yancey...
Delta Electronics setting up first pan-specification electrical car charging station for ARTC
Jul 22, 11:11
Power supply equipment maker Delta Electronics is constructing an electrical car power charging station supporting all charging specifications around the world, including SAE in the...
China Telecom to make CNY250 million procurement from Delta Electronics
Jul 20, 11:12
China Telecom, the only CDMA2000 mobile telecom carrier in China, on July 19 signed with Taiwan-based Delta Electronics for procurement of power supplies used in telecom networks...
Delta factory in India wins LEED Gold certification
Jul 12, 01:20
Delta India Electronics, Taiwan-based Delta Electronics's India subsidiary, on July 11 announced the obtaining of LEED (Leadership in Energy & Environmental Design) Gold-level...
Taiwan market: Delta Electronics establishes academic cloud computing environment
Jun 21, 14:30
Taiwan-based Delta Electronics on June 20 formed an alliance with the National Taiwan University (NTU) to create an academic cloud computing environment in the College of Management...
Ta-I shipping LED heat sink substrates to Everlight, Delta
Jun 17, 10:08
Ta-I Technology reportedly has cut into the supply chain of LED packaging house Everlight Electronics and lighting system manufacturer Delta Electronics with its LED heat sink substrates,...
Market condition in 2H11 might not be as good as anticipated, says Delta chairman
Jun 15, 15:26
Delta Electronics has stated the development of cloud, solar and LED will face new opportunities in 2011 and revenues shall grow accordingly.
Delta Electronics, Lite-On Technology May revenues up
Jun 8, 10:25
Delta Electronics' May consolidated revenues grew 3.1% sequentially to NT$14.364 billion (US$498 million), while Lite-On Technology's consolidated revenues for the month increased...
Delta Electronics begins use of 3 zero-carbon classrooms in Taiwan
Jun 3, 10:53
Delta Electronics on June 2 inaugurated three zero-carbon classrooms, an energy-saving educational facility, inside three elementary schools located in northern, central and southern...
Vivitek unveils Qumi series stand-alone pico projectors
May 13, 01:05
Taiwan-based vendor Vivitek on May 12 formally unveiled Qumi, a series of stand-alone DLP HD pico projectors, and aims to ship 30,000-40,000 units globally in 2011, according to the...
Delta's India subsidiary begins use of green-building headquarters
May 11, 11:43
Taiwan-based Delta Electronics' subsidiary in India on May 10 unveiled a new headquarters featuring green-building designs in Gurgaon City, Haryana State of India, according to the...
Delta optimistic about e-paper applications
May 3, 01:20
Taiwan-based Delta Electronics has recently invested NT$2-3 billion (US$69.97-104.95 million) to develop e-paper technologies at its plants in Taiwan. But as demand for e-book readers...
Electric car solution developed by Delta, Wistron, Qisda revealed in China
Apr 21, 01:40
An electric car solution developed by Taiwan-based upstream supply chain players including Delta Electronics, Wistron and Qisda, has recently been revealed at an automobile exhibition...
Lite-On Tech and Delta see revenues up over 30% on month in March
Apr 8, 13:56
Power supply device makers Lite-On Technology saw its consolidated revenues increase 35% sequentially to NT$10.67 billion (US$368.18 million) in March, as fellow company Delta Electronics...
Vivitek to launch stand-alone pico projector Qumi, aiming at 20-30% global market share in 2011
Apr 6, 11:43
Vivitek will launch Qumi, a stand-alone DLP pico projector model, in the China market in late April and then in Taiwan and Europe in May, according to the company.
High copper price damaging profitability of notebook component makers
Feb 15, 01:15
Taiwan-based makers of notebook components such as connector, cable, power supply and cooling modules are seeing their profitability drop as the recent global copper price is hovering...
Delta Electronics, Epistar to set up LED joint venture in southern China
Feb 14, 10:53
Taiwan-based Delta Electronics and Epistar will establish a joint venture maker of LED epitaxial wafers and chips, tentatively named Guangzhou Crystalrich Lighting, in Guangzhou City,...
Delta January revenues down 5% sequentially
Feb 11, 01:40
Delta Electronics has announced consolidated revenues of NT$13.82 billion (US$477.29 million) for January 2011, a 5% decrease from December 2010 but a 17% increase on year.
Delta cooperates with Taiwan National Palace Museum
Jan 19, 01:55
Delta Electronics is cooperating with the National Palace Museum to set up a multimedia room and will display the "A Palace Concert" painting in glasses-free 3D animation...
Delta to introduce 800 lumen 8W LED light bulb with Epistar
Jan 18, 15:26
Delta Electronics plans to launch a total of 62 LED lighting products under 29 series and three intelligent control systems in 2011, and is cooperating with LED chipmaker Epistar...
ARM seeing troubles penetrating into PC, server industries; IoT becomes new battlefield for Intel, ARM
IT + CE | 10h 15min ago
ASMedia announces partnership with AMD
IT + CE - Stockwatch | 10h 22min ago
Will Xiaomi be a target for Foxconn's new collaboration with Innolux?
Displays | 10h 31min ago
Taiwan IC designers see demand slowing down
Bits + chips | 10h 36min ago
Server player AIC sees SSD server orders from Sony and France client, says paper
IT + CE - Newswatch | 10h 38min ago
Taiwan October manufacturing production index up on month, year, says MOEA
Bits + chips | 10h 39min ago
China market: Online search value over CNY15 billion in 3Q14, says Analysys
IT + CE | 10h 41min ago
ITO film demand expected to grow 25.6% in 2014
Displays | 10h 44min ago
TSMC orders equipment for NT$2.4 billion
Bits + chips - Stockwatch | 10h 47min ago
Some Taiwan solar cell makers plan to cut personnel
Green energy | 10h 53min ago
Acer, Asustek pushing Chromebooks and inexpensive notebooks
Before Going to Press | 11h 11min ago
China-based Coolpad unveils smartphone for sale under sub-brand ivvi
Before Going to Press | 11h 19min ago
TSMC to grab 40-50% of A9 chip orders
Before Going to Press | 11h 20min ago
Lenovo reportedly to launch wearable device, says report
Before Going to Press | 11h 21min ago
Will Xiaomi be a target for Foxconn's new collaboration with Innolux?
Before Going to Press | 11h 23min ago
Taiwan and Kora makers expanding touch-embedded solutions in 2015
Before Going to Press | 11h 23min ago
Digitimes Research: China makers to drop pricing for Full HD panels by 11.5% in 2015
Before Going to Press | 11h 25min ago
Mirle, Hiwin expect sales growth in 2015
Before Going to Press | 11h 26min ago
Digitimes Research: Global tablet shipments to decline 11.8% in 2015
Before Going to Press | 11h 28min ago
China-based Xery able to produce 50,000 home-use 3D printers a year
Before Going to Press | 11h 29min ago
More monitor vendors expected to release 5K units in 2015
Before Going to Press | 11h 30min ago
- Compatibility, efficiency crucial to wireless charging market: Q&A with Mark Hunsicker, senior director of wireless power solutions at Qualcomm
- Panel makers aim to secure orders from Motorola
- TPV likely to shift panel orders to CEC Panda
- Digitimes Research: Samsung, Apple, LG rank as top-3 smartphone vendors in 3Q14
- Digitimes Research: Taiwan makers will ship over 24 million handsets in 4Q14
- Falling LED bulb prices put pressure on LED driver IC firms
- China market: Mobile gaming revenues over CNY7.2 billion in 3Q14, says Analysys
- Intel decides to keep tablet subsidies, say sources
- On-cell smartphone and tablet shipments picking up due to orders from Motorola, Nokia
- Revenues from energy efficient buildings in Europe expected to reach US$109 billion annually by 2023, says firm
- TWM expects to reach 1.0 million 4G users at end of 2014, says president
- China market: B2B e-commerce trades in 3Q14 valued at CNY4.85 billion, says Analysys
- IBM, Cisco leading in smart city technology developments, says Navigant
- China and US boost worldwide industrial semiconductor market in 2014, says IHS
- Asia Neo Tech expects sales growth in 4Q14
- China IC design houses expand presence in touch IC and fingerprint sensor markets
- Touch panel pricing to drop to US$1 per inch
- Digitimes Research: Taiwan LCD driver IC revenues to rise 6% in 2014
- Win Win Precision cooperates with vendor to market HeatCap in Japan
- Acer to launch convertible touch-screen Chromebook in 1H15
- Xiaomi to launch smart home device soon
- Interactive whiteboards and interactive flat panel displays reach 440,000 in sales in 3Q14, says Futuresource
- Taiwan October unemployment rate down, says DGBAS
- TSMC to offer InFO packaging for 16nm chips in 2016, says paper
- Digitimes Research: China makers Bitland, BYD to join Chromebook supply chain in 2015
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- Knowles Corporation Taiwan celebrates its 40th anniversary
- Indium Corporation expands Malaysia technical support, adds team members
- EverFocus announces the release of EMV401/801/1601 hybrid mobile DVR
- Tatung announces commercial availability of standards-based module for EV charging
- Solid State Disk Innovator Emerges from Stealth Mode: Sage Microelectronics' New Technology Breaks 'Terabyte Barrier' with 5TB SSD Controller IC
- AccuTouch Five Wire Resistive Touchscreens
- Getting the Most Out Of Your Next Generation Digital Security Surveillance System
- Embracing the New Generation Intel Atom Family with DDR3 Memory Support
- Got The Message? Ensuring efficient and reliable delivery of content across a mission critical digital signage network
- Emb' Store On-Demand Software Service for Embedded Computing
24-Nov-2014 markets closed
|TSE electronic
|OTC electronic
- Qualcomm having 'difficult discussions' with Chinese government (Nov 20) - Bloomberg
- Firefox dumps Google for search, signs on with Yahoo (Nov 19) - CNET
- Apple reportedly to push Beats to all iPhones (Nov 19) - BBC News
- Android Lollipop update causes problems (Nov 19) - BBC News
- Toshiba factory shifts from floppy disks to crunchy veggies (Nov 13) - Wall Street Journal
- Yen drops toward 7-year low on Abe poll speculation (Nov 13) - Bloomberg
- BlackBerry and Samsung partner to provide end-to-end security for Android (Nov 13) - Company release
- China, US strike tech trade deal (Nov 12) - EE Times
- Digitimes Research: China makers Bitland, BYD to join Chromebook supply chain in 2015
- Digitimes Research: Samsung, white-box players looking to take over 10-15 million feature phone demand from Microsoft Mobile
- Digitimes Research: Lenovo, Asustek to launch US$149 Chromebook
- Digitimes Research: Skylake processor delay to weaken Windows 10 notebook demand
- Commentary: Calculating the cost of GamerGate, many losers, 2 potential big winners
Compatibility, efficiency crucial to wireless charging market: Q&A with Mark Hunsicker, senior director of wireless power solutions at Qualcomm
Despite years of enthusiasm for wireless charging technology, the market for wireless charging applications...
Epson in push for business-use inkjet printers: Q&A with company executive
Laser printers have been dominating the business-use segment. But Seiko Epson has launched a bid to...
Cree investment is good for Taiwan LED development: Q&A with Lextar chairman David Su
US-based Cree will invest US$83 million to take a 13.32% stake in Taiwan-based Lextar Electronics,...
Karbonn looks to in-house handset production in India: Q&A with executive director
Karbonn, the second-largest India-based handset vendor, is looking into in-house production. Digitimes...
- Smartphone and tablet industry: The view from Taiwan - May 2012
Taiwan-based companies have a long and successful history of involvement in the supply chain for mobile devices, which for the purposes of this article consist...
- Taiwan motherboard industry overview - May 2012
The year 2011 saw the motherboard industry reverse its trend of declining shipments year-on-year, to post a slight 0.2% growth. This upturn in fortunes was expected...
- Notebook market overview - Jun 2011
The notebook industry in 2010 experienced several major events that significantly changed the industry's ecosystem for the year and the industry is also believed...
- LCD TV overview - Jun 2011
Growth of the global LCD TV market was not as strong as expected in 2010 as the market continued to feel the aftershocks of the economic recession that had hit...
- 2014 global high brightness LED market, trends and shipment forecast
For the global LED lighting market, the market size will reach US$25.82 billion in 2014 or a market penetration rate of 23.4%. This is attributable to exponential shipment growth for light bulbs, tubes, and directional lamps.
- Greater China touch panel shipment forecast through 2015
This Special Report provides forecasts through 2015 for Greater China touch panel shipments with breakdowns based on technology (glass, film, resistive), application (smartphone, NB and tablet) and by firm.
- 2014 global tablet demand forecast
This report analyzes the main players, their strategies and shipments forecasts for 2014, as well as other factors contributing to either growth or decline in various segments within the tablet market, with a particular focus on Apple, Google, Samsung, and Microsoft, along with whitebox vendors.


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Russian 'Avengers' Trailer Reveals New Footage (Video)
Additional shots from the Joss Whedon-directed film, in theaters May 4, are released.
The Russian trailer for Joss Whedon's The Avengers has hit the web with some new footage.
Much of the trailer features scenes that viewers have already seen in the official U.S. theatrical teaser, but there a few key shots that were not included. Extra footage of various team members (Bruce Banner/The Hulk, Thor and Hawkeye) strewn throughout the two-minute promo, a conversation Banner has with Black Widow (Scarlett Johansson) and a meeting between Loki (Tom Hiddleston) and Tony Stark/Iron Man (Robert Downey Jr.) are all seen in the new trailer.
All of this, of course, plays out with the actors dubbed in Russian.
The U.S. trailer, released Oct. 11, was downloaded more than 10 million times on iTunes in the first 24 hours, shattering the site's previous record.
Written and directed by Whedon, the The Avengers also stars Mark Ruffalo, Chris Evans, Chris Hemsworth, Jeremy Renner, Stellan Skarsgård and Samuel L. Jackson. The film, which comes after Iron Man, Iron Man 2, Captain America: The First Avenger and Thor, hits theaters May 4.
Watch the Russian trailer below:


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It is common that the average person uses the computer on a daily basis and often times, this is for social networking. If your business is needing a pick up, it is time for you to give your best shot at social media marketing. The following www.newbielaunchformula.org article will help get your business where you want it to be.
Using Facebook can be a great way to promote your business. Facebook allows you to connect with your target audience. If you use Facebook correctly, you can interact with your audience in a friendly manner without pressuring them to purchase anything. If people connect to you on a personal level, they're more likely to be interested in your business.
Done correctly, use of Twitter for business promotion can be highly effective. Putting in the time to understand Twitter can bring you thousands of new viewers. Take your time and study how to use hashtags, keywords and everything else involved with Twitter.
Make sure your blog has excellent content that engages, educates, and inspires. A great blog serves as the cornerstone of your social media marketing. When you create content that people cannot wait to read, they will keep coming back. The bottom line is that good content is what is behind any type of media, and social media marketing is no exception.
When you open up a social site, the idea is to have a large following. Get a jump on this by inviting every single person you know to join you. What if they're not going to purchase from your business? That's fine. You won't have to worry about that. As long as they're inside of your network, your business will be advertised on their network. So you will receive views by simply having them around.
To get the best possible customers from your social media marketing, keep your content coming regularly and with consistency. When a customer sees you post on Facebook every other day, it is enough they remember you comfortably, but not so much that they get annoyed with you showing up too much. When it comes time for them to spend money on something you might offer, they will go with you because your brand feels like a trusted friend.
Utilize RSS feeds. These all people to subscribe to your feed and have the posts go into their Google Reader account once your feeds are published. This makes your content accessible in an easy-to-access way for your customers. Make the button to subscribe easy to identify, so the whole process takes no effort on the part of those visiting your site.
Try to test and experiment with new and different social media marketing techniques and opportunities. There are literally thousands of different ideas to increasing your social media presence and boosting your marketing online. If you get stuck in one simple strategy, you may be missing out on a new technique that could significantly help your business.
Do not forget to post a link to your website or blog on your social network profiles. If someone hears about your products on a social network, they will need to have access to more information and see what you use as a storefront before they can decide to buy anything.
Consider outsourcing when beginning a social media marketing campaign. There are a number of highly qualified and experienced sources that you can use to optimize your social media marketing results. It may cost more than doing it yourself, but the potential increase in business due to their experience in social media marketing will likely be worth it.
Add relevant tags to your Youtube videos. They will be more likely to come up in searches linked to your products. You could use keyword tools to find out which keywords are popular among your target audience. Remember that your audience will be more likely to share something if they find it relevant to what they were looking for.
With the very vast amount of people that use social media pages, you could give your business the boost that it needs through social media marketing. Take the knowledge that you have obtained from this article and then implement your ads. Stay positive throughout the process and work your hardest.