text:
Daphne Eviatar, a Brooklyn-based lawyer and journalist, is a senior reporter for The American Lawyer.
Unocal's settlement with Burmese villagers may spur better corporate conduct.
Daphne Eviatar has written on Africa for the New York Times Magazine and the Boston Globe, among other publications. She last wrote for The Nation on Angola.
Western firms and government leaders, not the people, benefit from Angola's wealth.
The Pentagon was selling a patriotic tale. It found many eager buyers.
Unocal's pipeline in Burma becomes a test case in corporate responsibility.
After years of collecting evidence against Slobodan Milosevic, the
prosecutors at The Hague expected a decisive victory. But as the former
Yugoslav president, who insisted on defending himself, began his opening
statement at his war crimes trial last February, his accusers realized
they'd got more than they
had bargained for. Ever the wily politician, Milosevic railed that the
trial was a political farce staged by an illegal court determined to
rewrite history and condemn not only him but the entire Serbian nation.
But if Milosevic's assault was an irritant, it should have come as no
surprise. After all, his arguments hark back to those of one of our most
renowned modern philosophers. Indeed, behind every contemporary war
crimes tribunal, it seems, looms the shadow of Hannah Arendt. Reflecting
on the 1961 trial of Adolph Eichmann, Arendt raised some of the same
sorts of objections. In Eichmann in Jerusalem, Arendt took to
task the prosecution, which she claimed transformed the trial of one
Nazi functionary into a stage for manipulating history and
indoctrinating future generations. For prosecutors to use the trial of
an individual to expose and judge the atrocities of an entire war,
Arendt wrote, "can only detract from the law's main business: to weigh
the charges brought against the accused, to render judgment and to mete
out due punishment." To Arendt, a criminal trial could never truly
respond to the scale of Nazi atrocities: "It is quite conceivable that
certain political responsibilities among nations might some day be
adjudicated in an international court; what is inconceivable is that
such a court would be a criminal tribunal which pronounced on the guilt
or innocence of individuals."
Yet modern war crimes tribunals are attempting to do just that, and
Arendt's arguments stand as a persistent challenge--one that is sure to
take on more urgency as the first permanent international criminal court
begins its work, over vehement US opposition (the Bush Administration
has just announced it is renouncing President Clinton's signature of the
treaty creating the court). In The Key to My Neighbor's House,
Elizabeth Neuffer, a reporter for the Boston Globe, implicitly
takes it on. Although Neuffer doesn't discuss Arendt's views directly,
her portrayal of the international criminal tribunals for the former
Yugoslavia and Rwanda ultimately serve as a persuasive reply.
Neuffer devotes the first half of her book to the 1990s conflicts in the
Balkans and Rwanda, interspersing stories of survivors with historical
and political analysis and intermittent on-the-scenes reporting. She
recounts how in each region, power-hungry nationalists exploited old
ethnic tensions to spark a genocide with political aims. Although not
always artfully told, the narrative effectively conveys the tragedy of
each war, highlighting horrors such as the shelling and siege of
Sarajevo, the fall of Srebrenica and the subsequent mass execution of
Muslim men and boys. Concerning Rwanda, she describes how escalating
tensions between Hutus and Tutsis grew increasingly violent until they
culminated in the slaughter of 800,000 Tutsis and moderate Hutus in less
than 100 days. Although detailed and heartfelt, such stories have been
told before (Philip Gourevitch's We Wish to Inform You That Tomorrow
We Will Be Killed With Our Families has become a classic on the
genocide in Rwanda). What Neuffer adds is a revealing portrait of the
two international tribunals where survivors eventually sought justice.
Her portrayal serves as convincing evidence that, contrary to Arendt's
contention, these courts can and should play more than a traditional
legalistic role.
Consider the story of Hamdo Kahrimanovic. A Muslim elementary school
principal from the Bosnian town of Kozarac, Hamdo was imprisoned in the
Omarska concentration camp in June 1992 after Serb nationalists took
over his hometown. At Omarska, Hamdo encountered his former student,
Dusan Tadic, now a gangster brutalizing camp inmates. When, four years
later, the Yugoslavia tribunal declared its first trial in session,
Tadic was in the dock. Hamdo, who had known Tadic all his life, was
called to testify.
At the trial, Neuffer recounts, the earnest American judge struggled to
understand how Bosnia could have so quickly degenerated from a
harmonious multi-ethnic state into a scene of genocide. "Perhaps you can
help me to understand since I am not from that area," she said. "How did
that happen?" Hamdo was at a loss. "I had the key to my next-door
neighbor's [house] who was a Serb and he had my key," he said, giving
Neuffer the title for her book. "That is how we looked after each
other." After the war broke out, "one did not know who to trust anymore
and I do not have a word of explanation for that."
As a legal matter, Hamdo's testimony was probably irrelevant to Tadic's
case. Yet it captured an important element of the tragedy of the Bosnian
war and haunted the judge long afterward. In contrast to Arendt's
formalistic view of a trial, Neuffer suggests here that the court's
attempt to record and understand the crimes that occurred is as
important as its judgment of any individual who caused the events.
In the end, Tadic was convicted of crimes against humanity but acquitted
of murder. Unfortunately, the press had lost interest by the time the
verdict was announced; few Bosnians even heard about it. Still, Neuffer
believes the trial was important, for "there is an innate human need for
some kind of reckoning, an accounting," she writes. Over time, such
accountings begin to have a palpable effect on survivors' lives. By
1999, the tribunal had indicted and arrested most of Kozarac's local
warlords, and Hamdo, his wife and about 240 other Muslim families were
able to return home, beginning the process of reconciliation.
The Rwanda tribunal's consequences similarly reach beyond isolated
convictions. We see this through the harrowing story of Witness JJ, as
she's called by the tribunal to protect her identity. A young Tutsi
woman, JJ managed to escape when Hutu extremists attacked her small
farming village of Taba. She sought refuge at the offices of the popular
local mayor, Jean-Paul Akayesu, whom she'd known since she was a girl.
But Akayesu soon turned on JJ and the other Tutsi women, joining in the
genocide and, as the tribunal's investigators eventually learned,
plotting a mass rape. JJ became one of those gang-rape victims, barely
escaping death. When Akayesu went on trial in 1997, JJ was called to
JJ provided critical testimony at Akayesu's trial--the first in which
rape was deemed an act of genocide and a crime against humanity. But the
experience contributed more than a legal precedent. Neuffer describes
how JJ, initially intimidated by the imposing courtroom, lawyers and
judges, began her testimony hesitantly. But she gained confidence as she
told her story, even under harsh cross-examination. "When I saw Akayesu
with my eyes in court, I was afraid," JJ said later. "But at the same
time, I had something heavy on my heart. After I testified, it went
Unfortunately, the tribunal offered JJ little beyond that therapeutic
effect: It neither provided restitution nor helped survivors discover
what happened to lost family members. And to many Rwandans, tribunal
justice seems patently unfair: While more than 100,000 lower-level
accused genocidaires pack local prisons awaiting trials where
they face the death penalty, their ringleaders sat in a UN-run jail--with
its "state-of-the-art exercise room and wide-screen TV," as Neuffer
describes it. At most, they will receive life in prison.
The tribunals' problems, moreover, have been compounded by the West's
reluctance to provide necessary support. Created by the UN Security
Council, largely out of shame at the UN failure to intervene effectively
in either conflict, both courts have been stymied by lack of funds,
poorly trained staff, mismanagement and the inherent challenge of
creating a court that functions outside any established legal system.
The Yugoslavia tribunal, based in The Hague, faced in addition a
political snare: Peace negotiations were ongoing, so NATO members were
loath to have their troops arrest indicted war criminals still in
positions of power. The Rwanda tribunal, meanwhile, located in Arusha,
Tanzania, was marred by allegations of corruption.
Over time, both tribunals have improved. Neuffer's final assessment,
although qualified, is positive: "Tribunals, truth commissions, local
trials, government inquiries--are all part of the answer," she writes.
Neuffer's book is similarly a qualified success. While well researched
and comprehensive, it tries to do too much. Neuffer is so eager to
humanize the survivors, for example, that she frequently tries to
re-create their sentiments in a manner that seems forced and
unnecessary. And Neuffer's personal commentary is sometimes strained. In
an apparent nod to Arendt's famous observation about the banality of
evil, Neuffer ponders her meeting with a man who participated in the
Srebrenica massacre: "The evil I glimpsed in him was the potential for
evil we all share.... What's most chilling when you meet a murderer is
that you meet yourself." Such extrapolations are neither convincing nor
necessary. As Arendt herself recognized, we don't all have the potential
to become thoughtless murderers. Moreover, Neuffer would surely agree
that those who commit the crime ought to be held responsible. Indeed,
she takes the point further: Even if Tadic, like Adolf Eichmann, was
only a cog in a murderous machine, the goal of such a prosecution is
greater than the conviction of the individual.
Lawrence Douglas makes that argument forcefully in The Memory of
Judgment. An associate professor of law, jurisprudence and social
thought at Amherst College, Douglas writes about the trials of the
Holocaust. Though he takes a more analytic approach than Neuffer's,
examining in often painstaking detail the legal charges and evidence
introduced to support them, Douglas arrives at a similar judgment:
Despite their problems, these legal proceedings provide a form of
justice that's more comprehensive than any individual verdict.
Beginning with the 1945-46 Nuremberg trial of Nazi leaders, Douglas goes
on to discuss Israel's prosecution of Eichmann, followed by several more
recent trials: the 1987 Israeli trial of John (Ivan) Demjanjuk; the
French trial of Klaus Barbie that same year; and Canada's two trials of
a Holocaust denier, Ernst Zundel, in 1985 and 1988. Although a critic of
the trial strategies, Douglas comes down a champion of law's potential.
Unlike Neuffer, Douglas takes on Arendt directly, challenging her view
that the law should judge only the guilt or innocence of the accused.
Although he recognizes the tension between strictly applying law to the
facts of one case and creating a broader historical record, he believes
a war crimes tribunal can do both. Unlike Arendt, he's not bothered by
the idea of a show trial--indeed, the spectacle is precisely one of the
aims. Although he concludes that the Nuremberg and Eichmann trials were
more successful in their didactic aims than were the trials of
Demjanjuk, Barbie and Zundel, all were, in a sense, show trials,
"designed to show the world the facts of astonishing crimes and to
demonstrate the power of law to reintroduce order into a space evacuated
of legal and moral sense."
Nuremberg, of course, was the touchstone. But Douglas believes that
trial was hampered by the prosecutor's insistence on fitting the Nazis'
unprecedented crimes into conventional legal standards--precisely the
legalistic approach Arendt might have advocated. Eager to use the most
reliable proof, they based their case on documents, flooding the court
with paper and numbing the audience to its contents. The result was an
eleven-month trial that produced, as Rebecca West wrote in The New
Yorker, "boredom on a huge historic scale."
The more dramatic moments of the trial, meanwhile, were the most legally
problematic. Take, for example, the screening of the innocuously titled
film Nazi Concentration Camps, which Douglas analyzes in detail.
Made by Allied army officers at the time of liberation, the hourlong
black-and-white documentary reveals camp prisoners with "the twisted
facial geometries and afflicted eyes of the demented," writes Douglas.
The horrors increase as the camera moves from one camp to the next,
lingering on emaciated, naked bodies piled upon one another, unclear if
they are dead or alive. German citizens, meanwhile, are presented as
complicit: "smiling Weimar women, dressed in their Sunday best,
strolling along a tree-lined road, on their way to view the camps by
'invitation' of the Americans."
The response in the courtroom, Douglas recounts, was a stunned silence.
The images, it seemed, spoke for themselves. But what exactly did they
say? The film, whose introduction violated basic rules of evidence,
never indicated who was responsible for the horrors portrayed. Nor did
it name or even accurately convey the crimes committed. Instead of
defining them as crimes against humanity, it presented them as crimes of
war. For political and procedural reasons, crimes against humanity were
defined in such a cramped manner that the term barely surfaced during
the trial. Likewise, genocide, although mentioned in the indictment and
in closing arguments, was otherwise never raised. So eager were the
prosecutors to fit the square peg of the Holocaust atrocities into the
round hole of conventional legal forms that they ultimately distorted
the truth. Although the defendants were appropriately convicted, Douglas
maintains that the historic and didactic impact of the trial was
severely limited by the prosecution's adherence to the most conventional
construction of the law.
In the Eichmann trial, the Israeli prosecutors were determined to do
better. Here, survivor testimony, rather than documents, was central to
the case, providing "the dramatic focus of the trial" and building "a
bridge from the accused to the world of ashes," writes Douglas. But the
Eichmann prosecution made miscalculations of its own. In the Israeli
attorney general's effort to reach beyond proving Eichmann's guilt to
portraying the vast crimes of the entire Holocaust, he opened himself up
to Arendt's criticism that the trial had lost its legitimacy. More than
100 survivors testified about their experiences--a form of "national
group therapy." But while their stories reminded the world of the Nazi
atrocities, they were mostly not about Eichmann.
Eichmann, meanwhile, eerily encased in a glass booth, was presented as a
vicious animal. As the Gestapo's expert on Jewish affairs, though,
Eichmann was not a Nazi leader; he was a bureaucrat, the epitome of what
Arendt describes as "the terrifyingly normal" person who commits
horrendous crimes. Yet the portrayal of him as a monster served the
prosecution's aim of reminding the public of the Third Reich's evil, as
well as the laws demanding that Eichmann's crimes be intentional ones.
To Arendt, the trial also failed as a legal matter because rather than
charging Eichmann with crimes against humanity, the prosecutors, eager
to bolster the political identity of the state of Israel and its new
citizens, framed the charges more narrowly, as crimes against the Jews.
By rejecting the broader legal category, argues Arendt, the prosecutors
failed to create what should have been an important precedent for future
Douglas acknowledges these problems but insists that Arendt's criteria
for success are too narrow. Such trials should do more than apply the
law and reach a judgment; they should create an accurate historical
record and shape collective memory, he maintains. The Eichmann trial was
a legal success, then, "insofar as it transformed understanding of what
the law can and should do in the wake of traumatic history."
Douglas is far less sanguine about the later Holocaust trials, which he
claims obfuscated the very history they were intended to enlighten. The
Zundel trial, in particular, applied legal procedural rules so strictly
that much of the evidence of Nazi crimes was excluded, allowing
Holocaust deniers to turn the trial into a forum for revisionist
Although for the most part he is thorough and convincing, Douglas
occasionally stumbles. For example, he doesn't adequately respond to
Arendt's charge that a domestic trial of an individual accused of
committing an international atrocity can fall prey to political agendas
that distort the historical record. His point about truth commissions
also misses the mark. Douglas maintains that truth commissions are
inadequate because "a trial without judgment is like a race without a
finish--it lacks the sine qua non of dramatic closure that frames and
adds meaning to the shared narratives." But the real shortcoming of
truth commissions is that they don't fulfill two important aims of
criminal law: retribution and deterrence. Douglas is dismissive of the
notion that war crimes trials can have a deterrent effect, but he
shouldn't be. Domestic courts or ad hoc tribunals may be less likely to
deter would-be international law violators, but a permanent
international criminal court that systematically and effectively
prosecutes perpetrators could certainly, over time, do just that.
In coining the phrase "the banality of evil," Arendt observed that an
unthinking person might discard his own moral compass when a new one is
imposed. Ironically, that notion cries out for a far broader role for
criminal tribunals than Arendt would have countenanced. An established
international court that both judges individuals accused of widespread
atrocities and records the experiences of survivors could act as a moral
counterweight to domestic totalitarian leaders. Such a court holds out
the promise not only of deterring the potential architects of organized
brutality but of humanizing their victims in a way that even the most
thoughtless functionary might find difficult to ignore.
While the United States has spent the past few weeks imploring other countries to cooperate with our war on terrorism, behind the scenes it's apparently retaining an isolationist agenda. In a particularly ill-timed maneuver, the Administration on September 25 pledged to support the deceptively titled American Servicemembers Protection Act (ASPA), sponsored by Republicans Jesse Helms, Henry Hyde and Tom DeLay.
Although it has largely eluded public attention, ASPA is a slap in the face to the many allies that have spent years struggling to construct a legitimate vehicle for combating the most vicious war crimes, crimes against humanity and genocide. For ASPA not only prohibits all US cooperation with the International Criminal Court (ICC), it suspends military assistance to any non-NATO member (except certain allies like Israel, Japan and Egypt) that joins the court, rejects participation in any UN peacekeeping operations unless the Security Council exempts American soldiers from prosecution by the court and authorizes the President to use "all means necessary" to liberate Americans or allies held by the international tribunal (hence its European nickname, "The Hague Invasion Act").
Until now, the bill might have been dismissed as meaningless venting by a handful of extremists. But the Administration's support gives it a far more sober--and sinister--tone. The Administration signed on after negotiating changes that eliminate some of the original bill's thornier constitutional problems. (The President could now provide military assistance to a country that participates in the ICC if he deems it in the national interest, for example.) But those changes and Bush's support also make it far more likely that this public proclamation opposing an international effort to bring perpetrators of terrorism and genocide to justice will become law.
This obstruction is particularly ironic now, when the United States is insisting on world collaboration against terrorism. But it's also distressing because our government is a signatory to the 1998 Rome treaty that created the court. Although Clinton expressed reservations when he signed it, he at least committed the United States to work toward creating an international court it could support. Even if this Administration won't ratify the treaty in its current form, supporting a bill that undermines a treaty we've already signed and threatening the treaty's supporters is a remarkably underhanded maneuver, given the mask of international cooperation we're now strutting out on the world stage.
Sure, Jesse Helms labels it a "kangaroo court," but keep in mind what the International Criminal Court will be. Hammered out over more than five years by hundreds of international lawyers, scholars and diplomats, including many Americans, the court--which is expected to receive the necessary sixty ratifications by next summer--will be a permanent institution based in The Hague equipped to try, in addition to genocide and strictly defined war crimes, just the sort of crime against humanity we saw on September 11. Setting aside whether military action is justified to seize the perpetrators, if the court existed today it's possible we could have avoided the issue altogether. An international court holds a legitimacy in the eyes of the international community that a United States court cannot. Even a government like the Taliban might have a harder time refusing to turn over suspected terrorists to an international tribunal than to what it views as suspect US authorities.
Opponents claim the court would place American soldiers and officials at risk of frivolous political prosecutions. That ignores the many elaborate constraints written into the Rome statute. Moreover, the court will be controlled by our allies. Right now, we're aligned with countries like Iraq that oppose it. But all NATO members (except Turkey) have signed and most have ratified the treaty, as have most of the nations in the EU, which has announced its intent to ratify, calling it "an essential means of promoting respect for international humanitarian law and human rights." Recently, Great Britain--now our closest ally in the war against terrorism--became the forty-second country to ratify. (Switzerland is the latest to follow suit.)
Republicans have whipped up fears that the ICC is a rogue court that would prosecute Americans and deny them due process. But the treaty provides virtually all rights guaranteed by the US Constitution except a jury trial. Notably, the American Bar Association--always sensitive to such concerns and hardly a body of radicals--is a strong ICC supporter.
Given all the statute's safeguards, the only people truly threatened by the International Criminal Court are those who commit genocide, intentional large-scale war crimes or "widespread or systematic" crimes against humanity. The Administration's support for ASPA suggests it wants to raise American officials above international law. This is a bad time to be pressing that point, both on our allies and before our enemies. For if part of what sparks hostility toward the United States is our arrogance, then actively undermining this landmark step toward worldwide enforcement of the rule of law will only fuel it.
In 1995 the brutal slaying of Elisa Izquierdo by her crack-addicted mother seized headlines. Responding to the public's outrage that city officials had ignored obvious signs that the 6-year-old was being tortured at home, New York Mayor Rudolph Giuliani declared that he was creating a new children's agency with a tough new executive in charge and adopting a stringent new policy of removing children from their homes at the first signs of danger.
Of course, Elisa Izquierdo was not the first child supposedly under the watch of authorities to die at the hands of her caretaker--there were twenty-six others in New York City in that year alone. But only when these gruesome stories make the nightly news do politicians step into the spotlight and announce innovative new policies as solutions to this newfound concern. In fact, abuse and neglect of children have always been with us, and the answer to the problem is neither new nor complicated.
The mid-nineteenth century might seem an unlikely place to embark on an exploration of the failings of modern child welfare. But in Orphan Trains: The Story of Charles Loring Brace and the Children He Saved and Failed, Stephen O'Connor reveals the value of tracing a dysfunctional system back to its troubled origins. By telling the story of the father of modern foster care, O'Connor illustrates how the haphazard amalgam of paltry efforts we today call a child-welfare "system" developed out of well-intentioned but frequently misguided notions about children, poverty and social responsibility.
When Charles Loring Brace arrived in New York in 1848, fresh out of Yale Divinity School, he found a city in chaos. The "belles and beaus of high society" strolled down Broadway alongside the most wretched of the poor. Nearby, slums overflowed with immigrants and workers who had flocked to the factories that proliferated with the boom of industrialization. Working-class families lived on the edge of poverty; when they slipped over that line, their children were forced to supplement their parents' income with what they could earn on the streets. Those from the most destitute families--ravaged by disease, alcoholism and violence--often never returned home.
Brace, of course, was not among this crowd. Although at 22 he'd ostensibly come to New York to teach, write and continue his theological studies, he was a confident young man-about-town who spent much of his time with prominent friends like Frederick Law Olmsted, enjoying the "rush and whirl" of Manhattan in posh clubs and hotels. The son of a minister with a keen interest in moral philosophy, Brace had some sympathy for the poor, but it was not until his sister fell seriously ill that he began to act upon it. He started by preaching at almshouses, where he found solace in a belief in God and a conviction that he, as a gifted young man, could do God's work. As his sister, Emma, neared death, Brace wrote to her of his growing concern: "You can have no idea, Emma, what an immense vat of misery and crime and filth much of this great city is! I realize it more and more. Think of ten thousand children growing up almost sure to be prostitutes and rogues!"
It is telling that Brace chose to describe them that way. As O'Connor carefully documents, relying on letters and Brace's published writing, when Brace founded the Children's Aid Society (CAS) three years later, his motives were twofold: He wanted to help poor children but also to rid the city's upper classes of the frightening vagrants who preyed upon them. Such children were destined, he believed, to "poison society," growing up to become what he later termed, in the title of his 1872 book, The Dangerous Classes.
Confident in his own superior intellectual and moral fiber and mindful that taking the lead on such an issue could do much for his social standing, Brace helped to found the Children's Aid Society, which provided religious, vocational and academic instruction and created the first shelters for runaways. But the agency was soon overwhelmed by the demand of thousands of needy children for its services. In 1853, Brace and his colleagues hit upon what they deemed a brilliant idea: If the conditions for the poor were so miserable in the city, why not send their offspring to the country? In Brace's idealized vision, country folk were solid, virtuous people of the soil, thriving on fresh air and abundant food and opening their arms to strangers. Surely, Brace thought, children would be better off with them than with their wretched parents in the city's slums. Brace began to advertise vagrant children to country families and made the earliest placements in this manner. But he soon decided upon an easier and far cheaper way to place children: Simply round up a group and send them on a train headed west. When they arrive at their destination--usually an isolated farming town--the local residents could look them over and choose the ones they liked best.
Not surprisingly, this didn't turn out to be the best way to forge new families. Using original testimony and vivid accounts of a sampling of children, O'Connor illustrates the harsh consequences of taking children from their impoverished parents and placing them in poorly screened and supervised homes with strangers. Although some of these "orphan train" riders were apparently successful, at least professionally--two became governors, another became a Supreme Court Justice and several more held other public offices--many fared poorly. Some became criminals, and at least one became a murderer.
But perhaps most significant is that we know almost nothing about what happened to the vast majority of them. For the agency not only made little attempt to investigate the families that received children, it made even less effort to determine what happened to the children after they arrived. Record-keeping was so poor that estimates of the number of children the society placed between 1854, when the first train took forty-six children to Dowagiac, Michigan, and 1929, when the CAS sent its last batch from New York City to Sulphur Springs, Texas, range from 32,000 to 300,000. O'Connor concludes that roughly 250,000 city children found foster homes via orphan trains, run not only by CAS but eventually by various other agencies that followed suit.
The impression of this venture is, to say the least, disturbing by today's standards. But O'Connor is careful to point out that Brace, despite his flaws, was revolutionary in his thinking about child welfare. In an era when poor, orphaned and abused children were either left on the streets, thrown in prison or warehoused in orphanages, he was the first to articulate and act upon the belief that if at all possible, children should be raised in families. Rejecting the Puritan notion that children are damned and must be saved through strict discipline and piety, Brace adopted the Victorian conception of them as innocents in need of protection.
That notion of children persists today. Unfortunately, so does the complete failure of society to invest the resources necessary in a system that can protect and nurture them. O'Connor follows his well-told account of Brace's life with a thoughtful examination of his legacy. Sadly, there are countless parallels between the failures of the Children's Aid Society's early attempts at child-saving and the shortfalls of our child-welfare system today.
Although we no longer send them half-way across the country, the more than half- million children in contemporary foster care face a similarly uncertain future, frequently bounced from one ill-prepared home to another, placed with families set up for failure because they rarely receive the support they need. And although these days preservation of the birth family is at least a stated goal of child welfare policy, effective programs to accomplish it are sorely lacking, and often the first slice off a child welfare agency's budget. Caseworkers receive minimal training, too many cases and inadequate pay, and rarely stay in the job long enough to learn how to do it well. Poor record-keeping and computer systems compound the problem, making it often impossible to monitor progress of any given child.
Many of those shortcomings, and the difficulties contemporary child-savers encounter in trying to solve them, are exemplified in the saga of Shirley Wilder and the lawsuit brought in her name, told in Nina Bernstein's The Lost Children of Wilder.
Shirley Wilder was a 13-year-old runaway when her father went to Manhattan family court asking that she be "put away." Unfortunately, there was no good place to put her. By the time she entered foster care in 1971, Shirley had endured the death of her mother and grandmother, and the abuse by her father and stepmother, who had taken her in. It was clear she needed intensive therapy in a residential treatment center. But none of the private agencies that ran them would accept her. The judge had no choice but to send Shirley, who had not been accused of any crime, to a harsh reformatory for delinquents that provided virtually no psychiatric or therapeutic services. "Hadn't the time come," a frustrated judge asked Shirley's lawyer in court, "for the law guardians of New York County to...sue the state on behalf of children like Shirley?"
The problem was that although the system was ostensibly run by the city and state, it was largely controlled by private religious agencies that contracted with government to provide foster care. Mostly Catholic and Jewish, they were legally allowed to discriminate in favor of children of their "own kind." That meant that children like Shirley--African-American Protestants--were stuck with the worst the child-welfare system offered: the most underfunded and poorly managed foster care and institutions.
This was what Marcia Robinson Lowry, then a 32-year-old lawyer at the New York Civil Liberties Union, hoped to change when she filed a class-action lawsuit in federal court in 1973. Charging that the system violated the Constitution's First, Eighth and Fourteenth amendments, Lowry sought to end the use of religious agencies to provide child-welfare services in New York City.
It was a bold move on Lowry's part, for in suing the city, state and seventy-seven private agencies, she was taking on not only the government but also some of New York's most influential power brokers, including the Catholic Church and the distinguished lawyers and businessmen who sat on the agencies' boards. As one advocate put it, "She was fighting against the most powerful, wealthy people in New York, and they had God on their side."
But Lowry was not deterred. On the contrary, the challenge was intoxicating. But her determination and ambition could be blinding, and, matched with poor public relations skills, it only exacerbated the animosity of her opponents and hampered the possibility of an earlier and more productive compromise. Indeed, many of her adversaries recognized that the system was unfair; they just didn't believe the answer was to cut out the religious agencies, which provided far better services than the city-run facilities. But for years, the remedy was not open for discussion.
Bernstein intersperses chapters chronicling the behind-the-scenes drama of this bitterly fought lawsuit with the disheartening narrative of Shirley's life, emphasizing the disconnection between the battle of the advocates and the lives of the children they aimed to represent. At 14, Shirley gave birth to a son, Lamont. She had little choice but to relinquish him to foster care. Although he was initially sent to what seemed a promising home, it was destined to be temporary. Like so many, writes Bernstein, "Lamont's placement...had been selected not through some conscious weighing of alternatives informed by law and social policy, but in a kind of paroxysm of bureaucratic improvisation."
Like the early Children's Aid Society, the modern foster-care system Bernstein illustrates is plagued by chronic shortages: of decent foster homes and of sufficient staff trained to screen and supervise them. The children in care, moreover, rarely get the help they need. Lamont, for instance, was shunted from one failed foster home to another, to a psychiatric hospital and then to a frightening institution. He was denied medical care and inappropriately diagnosed for his all-too-predictable emotional disorders. Lost files and glaring gaps in record-keeping over the years hampered the ability of even the most well-meaning caseworkers to help him, and frequent staff turnover only reinforced his sense of instability.
Lowry's lawsuit, meanwhile, was stymied by hostile opponents, obstructionist judges and the inflated egos of lawyers on both sides. While the attorneys fought over settlement details, New York City and its child-welfare system sped beyond it; the crack epidemic in the 1980s devastated inner-city families and overwhelmed the city's social-service systems. By 1988, when the Wilder settlement was finally approved by the Court of Appeals, it had become irrelevant: The overwhelming majority of children in the child-welfare system were black Protestants, and the agencies had little choice but to accept them.
The settlement decree, moreover, had spawned a bureaucratic thicket that arguably did more harm than good. A professor of social work and member of the panel created to oversee the settlement's implementation called it "a quagmire." It's "the most frustrating thing I've ever been involved with.... I can't even explain it to myself at the end of the day." Although no longer placed according to religion, children were now placed in foster care according to "hit-or-miss telephone brokerage."
Like Charles Loring Brace, the child-savers of the modern world, Bernstein shows us, are limited by personal ambition, overconfidence and limited means. A lawyer like Lowry can pursue ideals unimpeded by the political and financial considerations that restrain government officials. But the pace of a lawsuit snaking its way through the court system is out of sync with the rapid changes in the life of a child. While the twenty-six-year action dragged on, Shirley's life descended into crack addiction, homelessness and chaos. The same week the lawsuit ended, 39-year-old Shirley died alone in an AIDS hospice. Lamont was working in a barber shop but living a marginal existence, intermittently homeless and unable to support his estranged girlfriend, who struggled to keep their son out of foster care.
Unfortunately, that is where Bernstein leaves us. Although she provides an effective narrative of the dour lives of foster children and the immense efforts made on their behalf, Bernstein never analyzes the problems or suggests ways of fixing them. As a result, The Lost Children of Wilder implies that the child-welfare system and attempts to improve it are hopeless. That's the wrong message. Like Brace, child advocates of today may be flawed, but they play an important role by prodding an otherwise intransigent system. Indeed, New York has begun to improve foster-care services partly in response to a lawsuit Lowry and her colleagues brought in late 1995 that reached beyond the Wilder case.
Still, far more remains to be done. New York foster children spend too long in care: four and a half years on average, excluding the very short-term cases. Improvident placement means most have to switch homes at least once, and some 7 percent of the 32,000 suffer that trauma five or more times. Meanwhile, abuse in foster homes seems to be on the rise: Substantiated reports of maltreatment more than doubled between 1996 and 2000, although the city's foster care population declined by almost 25 percent in that time. And New York's system is no worse than many others: conditions are so bad around the country that since 1980, sixty-five class actions have been filed against child welfare systems for failure to meet minimum legal standards.
The consequences of such failures are explored well in another recent book, Michael Shapiro's Solomon's Sword: Two Families and the Children the State Took Away. More than just a sensitive account of two ruptured families, it also provides an insightful analysis of child welfare policy and practice and offers prescriptive suggestions.
As O'Connor aptly concludes, "the simple truth is that if we are going to have a child welfare system that does everything we know it can do, and that ostensibly we want it to do, we are going to have to spend more money."
They distort. They decide.


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September 4, 2010
Staff Photo: Jonathan Phillips. Georgia's Caleb King (4) breaks a tackle by Louisiana-Lafayette's Maurice Rolle (36) for a touchdown on Saturday in Athens. King, a former standout at GAC and Parkview, helped the Bulldogs to a season-opening rout of the Ragin' Cajuns.
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Murray, UGA offense pass test with flying colors
Yes, it's only one game, and it was only against Sun Belt Conference member Louisiana-Lafayette. However, the two biggest areas of concern for the Georgia Bulldogs heading into the 2010 season couldn't have passed their first tests any better.
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Such a captivating experience is not limited by the type or setting of the music. Classical, pop, bluegrass, jazz, country, blues, to name common Western music, all have the capacity to release an energy within us, previously pent up, but now free. That release can and does happen to anyone, any time, any place. Music is one of the great equalizers of persons. No matter who you are, you are susceptible to this unfathomed power. What is going on here?read more
St. Augustine said that the one who sings, prays twice. We do not know how to pray as we ought, but the Spirit intercedes for us with sighs too deep for words; we get closest to praying as we ought when we sing. But church singing has changed rapidly in the 30-some years I've been a pastor. The hip new hymnal that came out in the nineties contains far too many hymns that were written for an organ and a congregation in the hundreds, not a guitar, a piano, and a raggedy chorus of twenty-some.read more
The varieties of religious experience call forth hymns and songs, emerging from the varieties of cultures, personality types, and religious expressions. Our worship and song reflects this diversity. We join in sacred worship traditional and contemporary, North American and African, and European and Asian. We chant hymns from Taize and melodies from Iona, and dance to "Siyahamba" (We are marching in the light of God), sometimes in the same service.read more
May we be comforted, God, by your eternal presence — inward, around, among us
As the ground of all being, your creation knows no boundaries
Finding ways to be a blessing to others is the best way to avoid doing harm. The idea of non-injury or harmlessness extends beyond our actions to our words and thoughts as well. We don't want to burden children with guilt about their thoughts, but we want to offer opportunities to infuse their hearts and minds with thoughts of blessing and peace toward others.read more
The slow-moving currents in the ocean depths move in a rhythm untouched by the ever-changing surface of the sea. As we tune into patience and learn to feel a deeper rhythm, we discover that the eternal currents of the cosmic ocean of energy also flow unchanging, despite the storms that blow in material realities.read more
Taking time to be in stillness is important for physical and mental well-being, and it is absolutely vital if we want an inner experience of spirit. It is not easy to quiet the storms of excitement and learn to be comfortable with stillness. Providing opportunities to practice is a priceless gift we can give children.read more
For Christians grace is God's gift of pardon. According to William Barclay the Greek word for grace was originally a military term. When an emperor came to the throne or celebrated a birthday, he would give his troops a donatirim (donation), which was a free gift that they had not earned; it was given out of the goodness of the emperor's heart. This idea was picked up by the Christian scripture writers when they wrote about the grace of God. Grace is something that is unearned and undeserved – unmerited pardon.read more
Join Ian Lawton, founder of Soulseeds.com, for transformative conversations with renowned spiritual leaders from many traditions as we explore awareness. Beyond all the things that divide us, both from ourselves and each other, awareness brings up back to our essential oneness. Through this conference, you will come to a deeper understanding of your own wholeness and your connection to all else. Together, we can increase the peace, both within and in the world. In this session, Ian interviews Bishop John Shelby Spong on "Coming to Self Awareness." They cover topics from God, prayer, Jesus' message, the church, and consciousness.read more
The lectionary-based TEENTEXT GRADES 9-12 resource helps older youth connect the text on the page with events in their daily lives. These resources guide students into the text, and through a series of open-ended, text-related questions, they begin to see the Bible as a vital, dynamic relevant resource–one that can inform them throughout their lives. These resources enable any interested and committed adult to facilitate the discussions, since the leaders aren't expected to have THE answer, or to be Biblical scholars or theologians. They simply need to be good listeners and open to their own spiritual growth. This process also allows the students to share leadership.read more
Every parent and educator will welcome the blend of multicultural tales, biographies, universal spirituality, and original fun adventures of children who could live on your street. Expansive, respectful, real, and warm with kindness, these stories offer possibilities for life to children and adults who feel in their heart that they belong to a larger reality.read more
When Jesus prayed, he found a sense of sacred oneness, when Buddha meditated, he became awake to deeper levels of awareness. No one truly knows the effectiveness of prayer, but one thing is for sure- when we take the time to be still, to slow down, to go inward, we almost always discover something about ourselves and the potential awareness that we are not alone.read more


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FinMin Touts Taxes Yet Again as Bulgaria's Competitive Advantage
Bulgarian Finance Minister Simeon Djankov has dismissed warnings about Bulgaria's worsening international economic competitiveness vis-a-vis nations experiencing debt crisis that are therefore forced to make drastic reforms.
Djankov took part Monday in the 7th Meeting of the business sector and the government organized by the influential weekly Capital.
The Finance Minister and Deputy PM criticized a statement by renowned political scientist Ivan Krastev that the debt-stricken countries are going for reforms that might make them considerably more competitive than Bulgaria.
Djankov backed his position with a Monday's article in The Financial Times which points out that Greece will be imposing a 45% tax on income beyond EUR 26 000 annually.
"At the same time, the taxes in Bulgaria will retain their flat 10% rate, and it is even possible that some tax rates might even be reduced further in the future," he stated, apparently referring to VAT and some excise duties.
Bulgaria's Finance Minister called for crucial reforms in three key sectors – energy, healthcare, and security, with only the reform in the energy sector being able to boost Bulgaria's GDP by 2-3%, in his words.
In his address in the Q&A session, political scientist Ivan Krastev emphasized that the Bulgarian Society has a severe problem with its judiciary as well as with its media freedom, and press freedom in particular.
He noted that the problems in the Bulgarian judicial system are so severe that even if the entire society took up fixing, it would still take a very long time to restore trust in the judiciary.
Furthermore, Krastev believes that press freedom is absolutely crucial for the nation since the people who actually buy and read newspapers are said to be the top opinion-makers in the society. He also noted that the Bulgarian government is at present the biggest advertiser in the Bulgarian press, overtaking even the largest Bulgarian mobile phones operator M-Tel.
- » Bulgaria's 2015 Draft Budget Includes Minimum Wage Freeze
- » Reuters: Bulgaria Picks 2 Local, 2 Int'l Banks for Bridge Loan
- » Holders of Guaranteed Deposits in Bulgaria's KTB Number 255 000
- » State Aid to FIB in Line with EU Rules, Commission Says
- » Finance Ministry To Present Draft Budget Report
- » Finance Ministry Reopens 7-Year Issue of EUR-Denominated Govt Securities


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Deadpool Gameplay - Opening Mission and Tutorial Gameplay: Here's knowing intro tutorial and first mission from Marvel's new fourth wall break 'em up, Deadpool. Let us know what you think!
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Low-Carbon Biz
Nissan's energy saving programs recognized with Energy Star awards
- Details
- Category: Low-Carbon Biz
- 19 Mar 2013
- Published on Tuesday, 19 March 2013 09:11
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J.Cole '2014 Forest Hills Drive' (Album Cover)
J. Cole has announced his new album will be called "2014 Forest Hills Drive" and is due out on December 9th. Check out the album cover above and a trailer below.
Eminem – 'Shady XV' (Album Cover & Tracklist)
Eminem is celebrating 15 years of Shady records with the release of his compilation CD Shady XV, due out on November 24th. The double disc compilation will feature all new songs on the first CD and a collection of songs from Shady Records artists on the second disc.
Eminem released the cover earlier and now has just revealed the tracklist. It will see features from Big Sean, Yelawolf, Royce Da 5'9″, Danny Brown, DeJ Loaf, Sia, Kobe, Skylar Grey, D12 and Trick Trick. Check out the ShadyXV tracklist below.
Kendrick Lamar Covers 'Complex'
Kendrick Lamar and his typewriter grace the latest cover of Complex magazine.
Pharrell Covers GQ Magazine (April 2014)
Pharrell is on top of his game right now with many hits and exposure surrounding his fashion choices. Now he graces the cover of GQ magazine and speaks on his personal style. Cehck out the cover above and some behind the scenes of his shoot below.
Rick Ross Reveals "Mastermind" Album Cover + New Single "War Ready"
Rick Ross has revealed the artwork for his 6th studio album "Mastermind" due out on March 4th. Check out the cover above and the latest promo video below where he announces the next single will be the Jeezy assisted song 'War Ready'.
Kid Ink – My Own Lane (Album Cover)
Kid Ink reveals the cover to his upcoming album "My Own Lane" due out on January 7th. If you missed it, check out our past interview with Kid Ink here.
Lloyd Banks – The Cold Corner 3 (Mixtape Cover)
Lloyd Banks releases the cover art for his upcoming mixtape "The Cold Corner 3″. No news on a release date but Banks confirmed the release on Instagram. Check out the animated version below.
Childish Gambino – Because The Internet (Album Cover + Tracklist)
Childish Gambino reveals the cover and tracklist for his upcoming album Because The Internet. Due out on the December 10th. The album sees features from Chance The Rapper, Jhene Aiko and Azealia Banks. Check out the full Because The Internet tracklist below.
Childish Gambino – Because The Internet Tracklist
Eminem – The Marshall Mathers LP 2 (Deluxe Cover & Track List)
With just 11 days to go before Eminem releases his latest album "The Marshall Mathers LP 2″ he gives us a look at the Deluxe Cover and track list.
Check out the MMLP2 deluxe tracklisting below. MMLP2 drops on November 5th.
Eminem – The Marshall Mathers LP 2 Deluxe Track List
Eminem – The Marshall Mathers LP 2 (Album Cover)
Eminem reveals the cover to his highly anticipated album The Marshall Mathers LP 2. He takes us back to where it started with a picture of a house in Detroit where he used to live with Mr. Porter. MMLP2 is due out on November 5th.


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Powder Puff King & Queen crowned
Project Graduation Class of 2011 sponsored the Powder Puff game on Saturday, April 2 at Billy Goodloe Stadium. A total of 2 games were played. In game one, the ... Full story
Lots of 'wins' in Red Oak sports
RED OAK - From the high school level all the way down to the youth baseball leagues it was raining wins!
In high school sports the ...
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Lady Hawks rock West Mesquite
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SAGU Lady Lions basketball ministers at pregnancy center
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WAXAHACHIE - Southwestern Assemblies of God University (SAGU) Lady Lions basketball team had the opportunity to minister at Heartline Pregnancy Center in Warsaw, Indiana ...
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Hawks steal another close one
RED OAK - The Hawks hosted the Forney Jackrabbits on Friday, March 25 in a big District 15 4-A game.
In keeping with how the season ...
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Hawks boys soccer team become District 28-4A Champions
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Lady Indian soccer team advances to playoffs
WAXAHACHIE - The Waxahachie High School Varsity girls soccer team has clinched the District Championship with two wins over Spring Break.
The girls defeated Red Oak ...
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JV Hawks fall to Waxahachie
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Texas: Governor Perry Signs Important Pro-Gun Measures Into Law!
AUSTIN (Texas) - Governor Rick Perry has signed Senate Bill 321 into law! This NRA-backed bill authored by state Senator Glenn Hegar (R-Katy) and state Representative Tim Kleinschmidt ...
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Find records of Richard Lord
Find birth, death, marriage, military, and other records of Richard E Lord at Ancestry.com.Search for records
Biography & Family History Add details
Richard E Lord (1951 - 2007) was born on August 27, 1951. He was born into the Lord family.
Richard had no spouses. Richard died on March 1, 2007 at 55 years of age.
Richard E Lord's last known residence is at Ridley Park, Delaware County, Pennsylvania.
The data on this page comes from the official record for Richard E Lord in the SSDI (United States Social Security Master Death Index). According to information provided to the SSDI, this death record has been verified by a family member of the deceased. This data can be considered very accurate. What is the SSDI?
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- Pusha_Press_001.jpeg
For the past six months, Virginia-bred MC Pusha T has been promoting the release of his debut solo LP My Name Is My Name, originally set to be released July 16th. Via interviews, viral videos and just about every media outlet you can imagine, Pusha had his sights on that date, and rap fans fittingly got hyped to watch him finally strike out on his own.

But alas, as is the way with many artists who aren't able to build up a proper buzz with promotional singles—Pusha's Future-featuring "Pain" wasn't exactly radio-friendly and the more recent "Numbers On The Boards" fizzled quickly after its release)—it looks like Pusha's intended release date will come and go without any new music from the coke boy.

Now, since there could be many other factors at play in the delay of Pusha's LP, XXL compiled a list of 10 possible reasons why Pusha won't be putting it out on July 16th.

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- 913_fp-west-kanye-cjny-570841421
Kanye pulled Pusha aside and said, "I'ma let you finish, but I got this new Yeezus album that I'ma put out and it's gonna leave your album in its promotional dust. Cool?"

- Screen shot 2012-05-26 at 1.01.45 AM
Yeezy told Pusha he'd have to wait until G.O.O.D. Music's Cruel Winter, Big Sean's Hall Of Fame and Watch The Throne II dropped before he put out his debut.

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When Pharrell told Pusha he wouldn't be giving him any beats for the album, Pusha got so offended that he threw out his computer and all of the hard drives containing his new music. This angry yet affectionate display did not convince Pharrell to lace Push with any beats.

- PushaT_2
- Pusha T
Pusha decided to quit rap to pursue writing novels in Paris, a la Lupe Fiasco. The only difference? Pusha's novels would essentially be autobiographical memoirs about slinging cocaine.

- picresized_1360105809_pusha-t
Upon hearing his sometimes-nemesis Drake's "Started From The Bottom" track about going from being a semi-successful child actor to a highly-successful adult rapper, Pusha's head exploded, leaving him unable to record any new songs or promote the album.

- Track: "Ride Around Shining," Hell Hath No Fury (2006)
 After listening to his brother [No] Malice's Hear Ye Him album, Pusha decided that he also wanted to take the holy route, forcing him to scrap My Name and record a project full of religious raps.

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Reigniting an old rivalry, former G.O.O.D. Music artist Consequence re-friended mentor Kanye West, forcing Pusha T in the awkward position of having to pretend to be friends with the Cons again. Unable to hold back his hatred, Pusha hit Cons over the head with a pool cue, prompting Kanye to kick Pusha out of the G.O.O.D. Music crew for… good.

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Little or no cost to City of SL
By JOEY AGUIRRE
The City of Storm Lake will develop a template of water, wastewater and storm water best management practices for communities across the State of Iowa.
Restaurant will be completed before Dec. 31, says Mike Wilson
Construction on the Pizza Ranch Restaurant located in the 500 block of West Milwaukee will be completed well before the Dec. 31 deadline, according to City Development Director Mike Wilson.
Incentives include larger water main at a cost of $44,700
In order to encourage development at Pizza Ranch, located in the 500 block of West Milwaukee Ave., the city is offering incentives to the developers that will create a revenue stream to the city.
Cost to city is $174,154
Plans were approved for repairs to the Storm Lake Airport Runway 13/31.
This is the original runway and will cost $764,410 with funding coming from the FAA for $590,256. The city will have to pay $174,154.
SL one of seven cities to draw on state treasury
The City of Storm Lake is one of the first seven cities in the state to receive money from the flood mitigation fund to put towards three storm water projects.
Once marked, 60 days for owner to get work done or city will bill for it
The Storm Lake City Council voted Monday night to jettison a proposed $15 fine on property owners who have sidewalks in need of repairs.
Stop signs to be posted in April
The Storm Lake City Council agreed Monday night to change the intersection of 13th and Seneca Street to a four-way stop in advance of the new apartment complex opening north of the intersection.
Four phases to clear up storm water across city
The City of Storm Lake is known for being diverse and having a lake, but what it could be known for is the way we handle storm and waste water.
Tuesday night and Wednesday morning the malcontents capped their social networking campaign by hurling barnyard epithets at our incumbent mayor and The City Beautiful. It was sort of the unbridled marketplace of ideas that the philosopher Milton talked about, but for the basic lack of ideas. The mayor could reshape Storm Lake, drive out the Latinos, make it less a hole into which you inject manure (to paraphrase).
City objects to Iowa nutrient reduction plan
93% of problem is with farmland, Patrick says
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Monthly archives for
May, 2011
Travel – Make it a point to See...
May 27, 2011
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The Floating Islands in Lake Titicaca "You can do what's reasonable or you can decide what's possible." –Unknown When I was in grade school I remember my teacher had us write down what we wanted to be when we grew up. Honestly, at the time I had no idea what I wanted to be. I didn't know exactly what I wanted to be, but I knew I wanted to be [...]
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FAIL – Let a Relationship End
May 22, 2011
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Take it from the girl who was told a week ago, "I don't know why, but you're not enough"; these are the things you will need to survive a break-up. 1.) Alcohol – Because for the first 4 days (at least! maybe longer!) you are going to feel complete and utter agony every single moment that you are alone. And the al [...]
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Eat Well – Stephan's L.A....
May 21, 2011
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So Hot it's Sexy! I love to eat. So naturally I eat A LOT and it's always a rare treat when I find a new neighborhood gem. I would have to say that L.A. Farm hits somewhere in my top 25 new restaurants in LA. Let's break it down. Price – I came here with a $25 restaurant.com gift certificate that I purchased for $2. So our totally meal ca [...]
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Eat Well – Jiraffe
May 21, 2011
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Banana Creme Pie It's that time of year again! DineLA has swept through Los Angeles and Jamie's fork and knife have dove in with enthusiasm. I had heard about Jiraffe from a rich kid back in college who had taken his girlfriend there for their 2-year anniversary. The guys couldn't stop raving about the meal, so naturally I wanted to tr [...]
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RTS shows GPIO-16 General Purpose Input Output Interface at InfoComm 2008, Booth C3439
Las Vegas, NV RTS is proud to show the GPIO-16 General Purpose Input Output Frame at InfoComm 2008.
Each GPIO-16 Frame provides 16 opt-isolated inputs and 16 relay outputs. The GP inputs can be set up to remotely controlled keypanel keys to activate intercom ports, party lines, relay outputs, etc. within the intercom system. The relay outputs are typically assigned for activation from keypanel keys. They can be used to control lighting or to key remote transmitters, paging systems, etc.
AZedit Software
The GPIO-16 unit is configured using the AZedit intercom configuration software as well as used to assign the devices to relay groups.
The GPIO-16 now supports two communication modes; RS-485 Serial and Ethernet. The GPIO-16 Ethernet supports either 10 Mbps or 100 Mbps connection speeds.
50-pin Telco General Purpose Output and Input Connection
DB-9 Serial Connection (RS485)
RJ-45 Ethernet Connection
For more information, visit the RTS Intercom website: www.rtsintercoms.com
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Advanced Systems Group Adds Ed Chen to Sales Staff
FSR's New HuddleVU Collaboration System Earns Tech & Learning 2014 Award of Excellence
Nitin Sawhney Transcends With Martin Audio MLA At Albert Hall


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Cedar Rapids Police Confirm Three In Critical Condition; Suspect Still At Large In Student-Housing Shooting
Posted: Updated:
Three people are in critical condition after a shooting at Kirkwood Court Apartments, which houses students near Kirkwood Community College in Cedar Rapids.
Cedar Rapids Police Sgt. Cristy Hamblin said no suspects have been apprehended. She would not say whether police are looking for a single shooter or more.


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Insound and Pitchfork TV Give Away 3D Glasses
By Pitchfork Staff on April 28, 2011 at 4:05 p.m. EDT
To enjoy Pitchfork.tv's new series Pitchfork 3D, you need a pair of 3D glasses. If you haven't picked up a pair from one of the many locations around the world giving them away, here's another way to get them: While supplies last, the online music store Insound is giving away a free pair of glasses with every mail order.
You'll also be able to pick up a pair at Insound's Brooklyn warehouse today between 5 and 8 p.m., during Insound's Warehouse Sale. The warehouse is located at 61 Greenpoint Ave., Suite 225.
To watch Wavves' new episode of Pitchfork 3D, click here.
Insound Launches "Studio Sessions" Program With Surfer Blood
By Tom Breihan on February 22, 2010 at 4:40 p.m. EST
The online indie rock emporium Insound has been selling music for more than a decade, and now they've launched their own live performance internet TV show.
"Insound Studio Sessions" is a monthly program in which Insound films bands playing live, and then offers the videos for free on their site. Songs from the session will be available as free mp3 downloads, or as special bonuses if you buy the band's album from Insound. A new episode will go up on the third Monday of every month, but they're starting things off more quickly with the first two.
The first Insound Studio Session went live today: Three songs from Surfer Blood, including the unstoppable "Swim" and a free download of "Twin Peaks". And a week from today, another Rising band, Free Energy, will get their own studio session. Beach Fossils will follow.
Check out the Surfer Blood session here.
Insound Turns 10, Reissues Ramones and Replacements Singles
By Tom Breihan on April 21, 2009 at 4:35 p.m. EDT
Insound, the online indie emporium that serves as one of Pitchfork's retail partners, turns 10 years old this year. They have a big, fascinating history up on their site to prove it. They launched in March 1999. Death Cab for Cutie opened their launch party. You are old.
To celebrate their double-digit birthday, Insound has teamed up with Rhino to reissue some canonical but out-of-print 7" singles. The series kicks off with the Ramones' California Sun EP, which includes the title track and "I Don't Wanna Walk Around With You" recorded live at the Roxy in L.A. way back in August 1976, as well as "I Wanna Be Your Boyfriend". If you're looking for a punk rock ground zero, you could do a lot worse.
Also on the menu: The Replacements' 1989 "I'll Be You" single. The non-album B-side, "Date to Church", features motherfucking Tom Waits.
Both of these singles feature the original cover art and are limited to runs of 1000.
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Phillip Leo Mercer, 82, of Locust Grove passed away on Friday, May 9, 2014, at his home.
Mr. Mercer worked for Carl's Drywall Service for more than 30 years. He loved the Lord.
Mr. Mercer is survived by his wife of 59 years, Frances Sue Mercer; a son, Phillip Linwood Mercer and wife Leisa; two daughters, Susan Mercer Baldwin and husband Herbert, and Teresa Mercer Hartley and husband Tommie; his grandchildren, Stephany Hartley, Sabrina Hartley and Ashley Mercer; and great-granddaughter, Kristy Hartley. He is also survived by his sister, Barbara Linthicum; two sisters-in-law, Kathryn Curtis and Veronica Sword; brother-in-law, Carl Sword; and many nieces and nephews.
He was preceded in death by his parents, Cleveland and Cora Mercer; two sisters, Joann Bailey and Shirley McCord; and brother-in-law Claude Sword.
A memorial service will be held at 11 a.m Tuesday, May 13, at Zoar Baptist Church, Locust Grove, with the Rev. Josh Shifflett and the Rev. Kurt Buchannon officiating.
Online guest book is available at johnsoncares.com.


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Chihuahua - Gordia - Needs A Loving Home! Fee Lowered! - Small
UPDATE - FEE LOWERED!!! Gordia is a middle-aged Chih/Doxie mix known as a Chi-Weenie. Gordia was an owner surrender a year ago when owner moved from a dog friendly apartment and could no longer keep her. The ...
Nov 19 -
Milwaukee :
Union Grove - Dogs & puppies
Cute...Unique...Healthy...part Hypo-Allergenic/Non-shed puppies Born on the 17th of September 2014. Raised in a Family Home environment with Mom (Bichon) Dad (Mini Wiener Dog) and Grandparents (Bichons) onsite. 2 Males are left ($500 each) & 1 Female ($550). Already received ...
Nov 18 -
Milwaukee :
Milwaukee - Dogs & puppies
This stunningly beautiful girl is a dilute color Blue & tan silver dapple extreme (mostly white) piebald! Lovely face on her!! She is from our silver dapple pie mom 12 lbs CKC, and our Isabella and tan piebald stud AKC/CKC. Both are in our home and part of our family. We ...
Nov 18 -
Detroit :
Warren - Dogs & puppies
This lovely guy is a black & tan silver dapple piebald! Stunning markings and color!! He is from our silver dapple pie mom 12 lbs CKC, and our Isabella and tan piebald stud AKC/CKC. Both are in our home and part of our family. We expect him to be in the 12 lbs range. He will ...
Dachshund - Woody - Medium - Adult - Male - Dog
This is Woody! He is our 7 yr. old Doxy. He is a very loving boy and very sweet. He gets along with other dogs. He is patiently waiting for his fur ever loving home.
Breed: Dachshund
Size: Medium
Petfinder ID ...
Nov 17 -
Chicago :
Momence - Dogs & puppies
Introducing Pie (mostly white) and Jax (Basset colored), the most adorable puppies you will ever meet! These boys are 10 week old Basset Hound-Dachshund puppies who currently weigh in at about a healthy 4 pounds of long body! These boys will stay small like the Doxie, and ...
Nov 14 -
Grand Rapids :
Stanton - Dogs & puppies
Chihuahua - Punkin - Small - Adult - Female - Dog
Female Chihuahua Doxie-mix "CHIWEENIE" 7-8 Yrs old 13 Lbs She has a very unique story. Found as a stray - held at a kill pound. Time was up - Rescued groups begged us to take her - I drove very far and not only rescued her ...
Nov 11 -
Toledo :
Port Clinton - Dogs & puppies
Dachshund - Spike - Small - Young - Male - Dog
INTRODUCING ... SPIKE!!! Spike is young male super adorable Doxie/Chihuahua Mix with a personality to match his stunning good looks! He's a feisty little guy but still a lap dog who wants his favorite people to plop down so he ...
Nov 5 -
Chicago :
Griffith - Dogs & puppies
I have two little boys left of a litter of 5 they are 6 weeks as of today they go to the vet tomorrow to get vet checked shots soul checked all the good stuff if you like to see one of these cute little boys email me and I will get back to you as soon as possible thank you ...
Nov 3 -
Northeast Ohio :
Dennison - Dogs & puppies
I have 2 male blue silver and black dapples. and I have 1 female silver blue and black dapple pups will be ready November 9th were born online 21 they will be vet check shots and wormed before they leave the home ask your $200 non-refundable deposit to hold your puppy. ...
Oct 22 -
Northeast Ohio :
Dennison - Dogs & puppies
"Honey" was born at Von Wolff Kennel on March 12, 2014 to Garlin's Titan Von Wolff x Juno Regina Von Wolff,MLCB.
Honey is sweet and petite! I doubt she will ever be any bigger than about 7lbs. She loves to play with the adult doxies and has no fear of getting rowdy with ...
Oct 18 -
Chicago :
Valparaiso - Dogs & puppies
AKC Mini Doxies 9 weeks old Beautiful Healthy pups. 3 males 2 females Black & Tan, Isabella&Tan, & Dapple. Relaxed and Quiet. Very intelligent parents with excellent play drive. Vet checked, shots & wormed. Country raised with our family, which includes our Rottweilers and ...
Oct 10 -
Northeast Ohio :
Canal Fulton - Dogs & puppies
Chihuahua - Swiper - Small - Adult - Female - Dog
CUTE, CUTE, CUTE. That's what we think of our little Swiper. She is a great little girl that was abandoned at the side of the road with a few of her friends. (Damon, the doxie mix was one of them) She has the beauty of a red ...
Oct 9 -
Columbus (OH) :
Zaleski - Dogs & puppies
Pug - Pugs - Medium - Adult - Male - Dog
Pugs is a 4 year old Puggle that was relinquished to Chicago Animal Control after he had been kept outside. Can you imagine? It's hard to think of such a silly face being kept outside as we notice the days getting colder. Pugs is ...
Oct 7 -
Chicago :
Mundelein - Dogs & puppies
Boxer - Sweetie - Medium - Young - Female - Dog
My mom was a small build boxer and my dad was a small doxie mix so I will be a medium size dog, probably. I am happy, friendly, almost housebroke, and have my puppy shots, spay and wormed..... The lady who took me had to move ...
Aug 12 -
Buffalo :
Falconer - Dogs & puppies
Tiger - Sweetie (lap Cat) - Large - Young - Female - Cat
Sweetie...her name says it all! I rescued Sweetie and her litter mates when they were just 8 days old and bottle fed them for 6 weeks. So, she and her siblings are very cuddly and purr machines. Sweetie was born in ...
Aug 11 -
Mansfield :
Perrysville - Cats & kittens
Dachshund - Bailey And Brindy - Medium - Young - Female - Dog
Two cute little girls without homes........ They are beagle, doxie -so friendly- and just needing someone to come and make them part of their family. They play well with each other and other dogs..... They were ...
Aug 7 -
Buffalo :
Falconer - Dogs & puppies
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In the News
GoEuro Launches Inaugural 'A Closer Europe' University Scholarship Programme
Win a €2,000 Scholarship & Paid Internship
10 Nov 2014
A Unique Gap Year Experience ...
Spend your gap year in California, Washington, Hawaii, New Zealand or Australia with Green River Community College.
18 Aug 2014
A' Level Results Day 2014
As A level results are about to be announced we publish our annual list of international universities with vacancies this autumn. All of the courses listed are accessible to students who only speak English although some will require students to learn a language while they are abroad.
12 Aug 2014
NHTV Breda Extends 2014 Application Deadline
NHTV Breda Extends 2014 Application Deadline
10 Jul 2014
A truly international study experience ...
Look no further than the Dutch city of Groningen - the best student city in Europe and ranked the second most innovative city in Europe!
28 Apr 2014


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Interested in, working or volunteering in microfinance? Check out our hub of information.
Register now for the 2015 CPD Tour to be held in Adelaide, Perth, Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane and Canberra.
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Norton Bonaparte Interviews For Wichita City Manager Job
Posted: 11/05/2008 - Topeka City Manager Norton Bonaparte, Jr. today interviewed for the position of Wichita City Manager. Bonaparte is one of five finalists for the position. The Wichita City Council and Citizens Committee are in the process of interviewing each of them.


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The Bull Run has been a Tavern for centuries and their philosophy is simple: use only the freshest ingredients from area small farms and providers; treat the staff and the talent like gold; support the local events and institutions that truly create community; and bring world-class entertainment to Central Massachusetts.
Friday, March 16, 2012 - 11:00am
Inquiry welcomes ED SANDERS, co-founder of the legendary band The Fugs, founder of the Peace Eye Bookstore, writer and filmmaker. His new book, FUG YOU: AN INFORMAL HISTORY OF THE PEACE-EYE BOOKSTORE, THE F**K YOU PRESS, THE FUGS AND COUNTERCULTURE IN THE LOWER EAST SIDE is a personal alternative history of the decade of the Sixties. Tune in tonight and find out about the "mimeograph revolution", the concept of a "total assault on culture" and of course, how The Fugs were formed


text: I agree with you that Naruto is very lengthy. Although I think that they do a great job of keeping their episodes interesting, and by making them exciting as well. The episodes do not begin to falter or anything, and they have yet to run out of material. I for one will be very depressed when they do decide to end the series. It is one of my favorites, hands down. I also love Bleach, and feel like this is one Anime where the possibilities are endless. It is a great Anime, and I hope that they continue it as well.


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Flat-panel TVs are everywhere, but the real question for you when you go shopping for a new television, is where do you want to put your flat panel?
When you got to your local big-box store, they'll tell you about their installation service after you've picked out the TV. But can you mount or hang the TV yourself? You bet, and we want to help. Our DIY Step-by-Step series covers the basics of how to hang a flat-panel TV.
We're labeling the difficulty level on this as moderate—follow the directions, and you might want to get a buddy to help with larger models.
Here's what you'll need to fill the toolbox with for this project:
Don't be intimidated, and soon enough you'll be sitting comfortably on your couch drooling over a wall full of high-def goodness.
View the slideshow here to see the step-by-step process.
Click below to download an easy-to-read, easy-to-follow printable PDF version.
Follow Electronic House on Facebook and Twitter.
Check out our recommendations for the season's best new TVs for home theater, living room or anywhere.
Home automation system helps wounded war veteran live more comfortably.
Check out our recommendations for the season's best new TVs for home theater, living room or anywhere.


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Watch a Dark Short Film Inspired by The Body's Haxan Cloak-Produced Album for RVNG
- Words: Derek Kaneko
Released this week, The Body's nightmareish I Shall Die Here LP for RVNG, which was co-created with Tri Angle affiliate The Haxan Cloak, is a compelling example of how sonic landscapes can forge incredibly visceral and ardent narratives. Inspired by that new album, Jason Evans directed a short film conceived around the music's "incredibly visual account of death, tragedy, and loss." He goes on to say, "I had this image of a man, his face covered in dirt, but his arms still moving and his eyes open." The results of those ideas are now available to watch online.
Evans' piece features a dishevelled man living in a remote cabin surrounded by thick forests, following him as he attempts to collect pieces of his memory amidst relentless weather conditions. All the while, merciless cuts from I Shall Die Here can be heard in the soundtrack. Having been compared to Robert Smithson's parallels "between geological change and the fragility of the mind," At the Mercy of It All can be seen in the player below.
XLR8R Downloads Player


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Stereo Skyline! Pro
Powerpop / Pop / Rock
Long Island, NY
Powerpop / Pop / Rock
Dallas, TX
Rock / Pop
Georgetown Univ, DC
Rock / Pop / Alternative
Richmond, VA
Rock / Punk / Other
Stockholm, Sweden
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hey whats up? I'm matt. This is a profile for my clothing company "Nomad Threads". Comment back and Lemme know what u think of my clothes if you're bored? Also if you might be interested we are organizing a modeling contest where you could win a bunch of free clothes and other prizes. if you're interested just MSG me I'll send u all the details May 01