text: Chapter 8. Interpreting Soil and Tissue Tests 8. Interpreting Soil and Tissue Tests Soil and tissue tests provide valuable information about the properties (mostly chemical properties) that affect plant growth. Many field experiments have been used to verify the results of laboratory testing of soils and of plant tissue. The interpretation of results from soil and tissue tests will help you to make more informed, cost-effective fertiliser decisions. Soil tests are a valuable tool for identifying the macronutrient status of paddocks on the farm. However, research has shown that using soil tests to indicate trace-element deficiencies can be very inaccurate, especially on acid soils. Plant tissue testing is the preferred method for diagnosing micronutrient (trace element) toxicities, deficiencies, and imbalances for plants. Learning outcomes At the completion of this chapter, you should be able to: • Be aware of the various types of analysis that make up a soil and tissue test. • Accurately interpret soil tests. • Use the results of soil and tissue tests in your farming operation. 8.1 Interpreting soil tests A standard soil test report (Figure 8.1) provides information on: • Soil type. • Cation exchange capacity • Organic carbon. (CEC). • Soil pH. • Aluminium level. • Available phosphorus (P). • Soil salinity: electrical • Available potassium (K). conductivity (EC) and salt • Available sulphur (S). level (% Na). • Phosphorus buffering • Comments on the test results. index (PBI). • Recommendations for fertiliser application (if requested). February 2005 151 Chapter 8. Interpreting Soil and Tissue Tests Figure 8.1 An example soil test 152 February 2005 Chapter 8. Interpreting Soil and Tissue Tests Soil test results for nutrients are usually expressed as: mg/kg (milligrams per kilogram), = ppm (parts per million), = µg/g (micrograms per gram). 8.1.1 Soil type description The soil type information describes: • The colour of the soil. • The soil texture (clay, loam, sand, or some combination of these terms, such as sandy loam or clay loam). The colour and texture of a soil are indicators of its properties and are always taken into account when interpreting the other results and preparing fertiliser recommendations. Use the soil texture test (see Section 3.4.1) to check that the laboratory analysis is correct in its determination of your soil's texture, since texture can affect the fertiliser recommendation. Soil texture is a subjective measure, given it is done by hand; and two people can often get differing results. The soil's cation exchange capacity (see Section 8.1.8) also provides an indication of soil type. Soils high in clay and organic matter usually have a high CEC, whereas soils with sand particles only usually have a low CEC. Soil texture shows how we should apply mobile nutrients, such as K, N and S. Soils with a light texture (in other words, a low CEC) should have nutrients applied in smaller quantities and more frequently, as they are prone to leaching. Soil texture has been used as a guide to how much phosphorus the soil will fix. However, given the same soil texture, phosphorus fixation can vary widely. The phosphorus buffering index is a better determinant of the effect of soil type on phosphorus fixation (see Section 8.1.7). 8.1.2 Organic carbon Organic carbon is an estimate of the soil organic matter (humus) content. Low organic carbon levels in a soil indicate that the soil is low in organic matter and can generally hold less nutrients than a soil with a high organic carbon. Organic carbon levels will vary according to pasture or crop type, as well as the original soil type. No test exists to directly determine the exact amount of organic matter in soils. The usual procedure is to determine the amount of organic carbon, which can be done very accurately; and this is then multiplied by a factor February 2005 153 Chapter 8. Interpreting Soil and Tissue Tests of 1.6 to 1.74 to estimate the amount of organic matter. The factor used depends on the source of the organic matter. Check your soil test to see whether it is reporting organic carbon or estimated organic matter. If the test reports on organic carbon, multiply that number by 1.6 to estimate the organic matter for pastures. Guidelines for low, normal, and high organic matter percentages (calculated from organic carbon percentages) are listed in Table 8.1. Table 8.1 Organic matter percentage over a range of conditions Crops Crops Pastures Pastures Organic Low Rainfall High Rainfall Low Rainfall High Rainfall Matter (less than (400 to 600 mm (less than (greater than Levels 300 mm per per growing 400 mm) 400 mm) growing season) season) Low Below 1.5 Below 3 2.5 5 'Normal' 1.5 to 2.5 3 to 4.5 2.5 to 5 5 to 10 High Above 2.5 Above 4.5 Above 5 Above 10 8.1.3 Soil pH Soil acidity and alkalinity are described by the term pH. Soil acidity is corrected by applying agricultural lime or dolomite. Lime (calcium carbonate) is usually applied to dairy pastures to increase the pH and neutralise the effects of soil acidity. This subject is discussed extensively in Chapter 4, and lime recommendations to increase the soil's pH are described in Section 4.5.8. Three of the most relevant tables are repeated here (see Tables 8.2, 8.3 and 8.4), although they are general recommendations that don't take soil texture into account. Therefore, rates may be higher or lower, depending on soil type, as a clay soil will require more lime than a sandy soil to raise the pH. Table 8.2 The optimum pH range of pasture plants Pasture Species pH (CaCl2) pH (water) Sub clover 4.8 to 6.5 5.5 to 7.0 White clover 5.0 to 6.0 5.8 to 6.5 Perennial rye 4.3 to 6.0 5.0 to 6.5 Medic 5.3 to 8.0 6.0 to 8.5 Lucerne 5.2 to 7.5 5.8 to 8.0 Cocksfoot 4.3 to 6.8 5.0 to 7.5 Phalaris 5.2 to 7.3 6.0 to 8.0 Fescue 4.3 to 6.4 5.0 to 7.0 Table 8.3 Lime recommendations at sowing Existing pH (CaCl2) Existing pH (water) Recommendation 5.1 and above 5.7 and above No lime 4.5 to 5.0 5.1 to 5.6 2.5 t/ha 4.2 to 4.4 4.8 to 5 3.75 t/ha to 5 t/ha Less than 4.2 Less than 4.8 5 t/ha to 7.5 t/ha 154 February 2005 Chapter 8. Interpreting Soil and Tissue Tests Table 8.4 Lime recommendations on existing pasture Existing pH (CaCl2) Existing pH (water) Recommendation 4.7 and above 5.3 and above No lime 4.3 to 4.6 5 to 5.3 Test strip or 2.5 t/ha* Less than 4.3 Less than 5 2.5 t/ha *Another 2.5 t/ha should be applied after 3 years on soils with a pH (CaCl2) less than 4.3. Note: Tables 8.3 and 8.4 are rough guides only. For a more accurate estimate of lime application rates, ask your laboratory to do a pH buffering test. Two laboratory methods are currently used to measure pH: the water method and the calcium chloride (CaCl2) method. The results are usually reported in one of the following formats: • If the water method is used, the results are reported as pHw, pH (water), pH (H2O) or pH 1:5 water. • If the calcium chloride method is used, the results are reported as pHCa, pH (CaCl2) or pH 1:5 CaCl2. The water method has been the test most commonly used in Victoria for over 30 years and more readily reflects current soil conditions than does the calcium chloride method. However, the water method is more subject to seasonal variations. The pH (water) value may vary by as much as 0.6 units over the year. For example, a soil may have a pH (water) value of 5.7 before the autumn break, but a pH (water) value of 5.1 after the break. This variation can affect recommendations for fertilisers, particularly lime. The calcium chloride test is more useful for long-term monitoring of pH and is the one most agronomists tend to use for fertiliser and plant recommendations. The calcium chloride method is less subject to seasonal variations and better approximates field conditions. The fact that the calcium chloride method is less variable throughout the season makes it a more appropriate test to use when making management decisions regarding soil pH and lime applications. When both test methods are used on the same soil sample, the pH (CaCl2) value is, on average, about 0.8 units lower than the pH (water) value. However, the pH (CaCl2) value can range from 0.5 to 1.1 units lower than the pH (water) value. The pH readings from the two testing methods will be much closer if your soil contains high levels of salt. This is typical with soils that have a salinity problem or may be seen after a recent application of a fertiliser high in salt, such as muriate of potash. February 2005 155 Chapter 8. Interpreting Soil and Tissue Tests Most of the major soil testing laboratories will present pH results for both testing methods. It is important to always be aware of which testing method is being considered when discussing management options with an adviser or agronomist or when interpreting a soil test. As soils become more acidic, it is common to see a rise in the plant availability of both aluminium (Al) and manganese (Mn), which can both be toxic to pasture plants and crops. Aluminium toxicity is particularly common in acid soils and restricts root growth in sensitive plant species. Most of the major soil testing laboratories will provide a measure of available aluminium in the soil, often expressed as percentage of the soil's cation exchange capacity (% CEC). When reading a soil test that shows the soil is acidic, it is helpful to check the percentage of exchangeable aluminium. The amount of exchangeable aluminium should be the lowest of all the cations, and it is desirable that it remains less than 5%. See 'Exchangeable aluminium' in Section 8.1.8 below for more information. Soil texture and lime quality also affect lime application rates. A clay soil will require more lime to raise the pH than a sand soil will, while a better-quality lime will have a greater effect on raising pH (see Section 4.5 for details). Soil alkalinity is uncommon on most dairying soil types. However, alkalinity can be reduced by applying elemental sulphur or aluminium sulphate at very high rates, which may not be economic. 8.1.4 Available phosphorus Available phosphorus is the amount of phosphorus in milligrams per kilogram (mg/kg, or parts per million) extracted from the soil by the Olsen phosphorus test method (usually called the Olsen P test). This test is used to indicate whether or not phosphorus is required. The Olsen P test is a measure of plant-available P. The test has been extensively calibrated against pasture production (including the Phosphorus for Dairy Farms Project and other trials) over a range of soils and climates in Australia and New Zealand. The Phosphorus for Dairy Farms Project established that, to maintain a vigorous dairy pasture, an Olsen P of 18 to 22 mg/kg is suitable, although lower levels would be satisfactory for lower stocked farms (see Table 8.5). Large gains in pasture production can be seen when low Olsen P levels are raised to the recommended level of an Olsen P of 18 to 22 mg/kg. Although slightly higher pasture responses are achievable at higher Olsen P levels, it is unlikely that the returns would be economical. The appropriate level of Olsen P for good pasture growth is the same, regardless of the soil type being evaluated. The optimal level for Olsen P is discussed further in Chapter 11. 156 February 2005 Chapter 8. Interpreting Soil and Tissue Tests Table 8.5 Levels of Olsen P and levels of plant-available phosphorus Olsen P (mg/kg) Availability Below 12 Low 12 to 17 Marginal 18 to 25 Adequate Above 25 High Other available phosphorus tests (for example, Colwell or Bray) are used by various laboratories, but field calibration of these tests in Victorian conditions are rare. There is far too much variation (1:1 up to 5:1) to be able to convert Olsen P to Colwell P (or vice versa) reliably. 8.1.5 Available potassium Available potassium (in mg/kg, or parts per million) is measured by the Colwell or Skene methods or is estimated by multiplying the exchangeable potassium test result (see 'Exchangeable potassium' in Section 8.1.8) by 391. The values from either the Colwell or Skene method are very similar, except in alkaline or recently limed soils. Unlike phosphorus, the appropriate level of available potassium for good pasture growth depends on soil type. Clay soils have a higher nutrient holding capacity and need higher levels of available K than do sandy soils. Table 8.6 shows the generalised ranges for available K for different soil types. Table 8.6 Effect of soil type on the nutrient status of potassium* Sandy Clay Nutrient Sands Clays Peats† Loams Loams Status Available Potassium (mg/kg) Low Below 50 Below 80 Below 110 Below 120 Below 250 Marginal 50 to 140 80 to 150 110 to 160 120 to 180 250 to 350 Adequate 141 to 170 151 to 200 161 to 250 181 to 300 350 to 600 High Above 170 Above 200 Above 250 Above 300 Above 600 *This table is not applicable to the Riverina Plains of northern Victoria, where responses to potassium are rare, irrespective of available potassium levels. †In peat soils, plant tissue testing is suggested as a more accurate indicator of available K because few field trials have been done on these soils to verify laboratory analyses. When soil potassium levels are high, potassium inputs can be reduced or deleted from your fertiliser regime, as a pasture response to additional potassium is unlikely. February 2005 157 Chapter 8. Interpreting Soil and Tissue Tests 8.1.6 Available sulphur This is the amount of available sulphur in milligrams per kilogram (mg/kg, or parts per million) as measured by the CPC or the Blair sulphur (KCl 40) test method. Sulphur is adequate between 9 to 12 mg/kg using the CPC sulphur test (also reported as the MCP test), which measures sulphate sulphur only and has been calibrated against 72 field trials (Table 8.7). If sulphur levels are above 12, then fertilisers containing a low concentration of sulphur could be used for one or more years (although monitoring would be necessary, especially if in a high rainfall or low organic matter area). Table 8.7 Sulphur levels and availability Sulphur Level (CPC, Nutrient Level MCP or KCl 40 Sulphur Test) (mg/kg) Low Below 4 Marginal 4 to 8 Adequate 9 to 12 High 13 to 20 Very High Above 20 The major laboratories are now also using the Blair sulphur test (also called the KCl 40 test), as it provides an improved indicator of sulphur status. Although the adequate ranges are similar, the KCl 40 test is more accurate because it takes into account some of the sulphur that will become available from the breakdown of organic matter. This is relevant for dairy pastures, which often have thick root mats and therefore a significant potential to supply sulphur via organic matter breakdown. Sulphur becomes less available in cold, wet conditions. In those conditions, responses to applied nitrogen are sometimes improved if some sulphur is applied at the same time. If the sulphur level is high to very high, gypsum may have been recently applied or the soil may be saline. 8.1.7 Phosphorus buffering index A relatively new figure on the soil test is the phosphorus buffering index (PBI). The PBI figure now appears on most soil tests and can help improve the efficiency of phosphorus fertiliser use. Unfortunately, phosphorus applied as fertiliser reacts with the soil and becomes less available for plant uptake. The extent of these reactions depends on the phosphorus buffering capacity of the soil. A soil with a high phosphorus buffering capacity, for example, will require more phosphorus fertiliser (maintenance and capital) than a soil with a low 158 February 2005 Chapter 8. Interpreting Soil and Tissue Tests phosphorus buffering capacity. Until recently, measuring a soil's phosphorus buffering capacity has required detailed chemical analysis. This is expensive to do; and not surprisingly, soil-testing companies have not provided a measure of phosphorus buffering capacity in their normal soil testing service. In 2001, Cameron Gourley and Murray Hannah from DPI Ellinbank, Lucy Burkitt (now working for the Tasmanian Institute of Agricultural Research) and Phil Moody from the Department of Natural Resource Management, Queensland, worked together to develop a simple and inexpensive soil test that would predict the phosphorus buffering capacity of a soil. This new PBI test accurately predicts phosphorus buffering capacity for all Australian soils measured. The PBI soil test is now endorsed as a national standard. The PBI test allows you to make more accurate phosphorus fertiliser decisions based on your farm's soil type. Firstly, the PBI is useful when looking to boost soil fertility with capital fertiliser applications. Historical rules of thumb used in fertiliser recommendations suggest that 10 kg of phosphorus per hectare is required (above maintenance) to raise the soil's Olsen P level by one unit. As different soils have different phosphorus buffering capacities, they actually require different amounts of phosphorus to raise their Olsen P level. The capital application rates required to lift Olsen P by one unit, based on the PBI, are shown in Table 8.8 below. Table 8.8 Capital phosphorus (kg/ha) required (in addition to maintenance phosphorus) to lift Olsen P by one unit (1 mg/kg) Phosphorus PBI Class PBI* Required (kg P/ha) Very low 0 to 50 5 Low 50 to 100 7 Moderate 100 to 200 9 High 200 to 300 11 Very high 300 to 600 13 Extremely high 600 + 15 *Source: Burkitt et al., 2002. Table 8.8 shows that soil types with a high PBI number may require up to three times more phosphorus fertiliser to raise their Olsen P level by one unit. The PBI test allows farmers and advisers to target capital phosphorus fertiliser recommendations more accurately. Determining maintenance fertiliser requirements also utilises the PBI information. Nutrient budgeting to determine what must be replaced includes a factor for phosphorus locked up in the soil. A nutrient budgeting tool called NutriMatch has been developed to determine farm February 2005 159 Chapter 8. Interpreting Soil and Tissue Tests nutrient requirements based on this nutrient budgeting approach (see Chapter 11). The PBI also shows which soils will leach phosphorus. Soils that have a PBI less than 50 are prone to leaching. On these soils, the required amount of capital or maintenance phosphorus fertiliser should be applied in small quantities on a regular basis over the year rather than applying all of the P fertiliser once a year, especially if the soil is irrigated. 8.1.8 Cation exchange capacity Cation exchange capacity (CEC) is a measure of the soil's capacity to adsorb and hold cations (positively charged ions). This measurement provides an indication of the amount of nutrients available in the soil, their ratios, and the soil's ability to hold nutrients (the higher the CEC, the more nutrients a soil can hold). The major cations are magnesium, calcium, potassium and sodium. In acid soils, aluminium, hydrogen and manganese are also involved in the cation exchange capacity. (See also Section 3.5.1.) Generally, your soil test will report on exchangeable calcium, exchangeable magnesium, exchangeable sodium, exchangeable potassium, and exchangeable aluminium. These will be reported in two ways: as milliequivalents per 100 g (meq/100g) and as a percentage of the total exchangeable cations. On some soil tests, aluminium levels will be assessed by the CaCl2 (calcium chloride) or KCl (potassium chloride) methods, which are reported in milligrams per kilogram (mg/kg) or parts per million (ppm). When this happens, exchangeable aluminium is not included in the cation exchange capacity. The CEC portion of your soil test is most useful for determining soil structural problems and high aluminium levels. CEC is also a good indicator of soil texture. The CEC depends on the amount and kinds of clay and organic matter that are present. A high clay soil can hold more nutrients than a low clay soil. Also CEC increases as organic matter increases. Therefore, sandy soils with low organic matter have a lower CEC than clay soils. The unit used to measure cation exchange capacity and the desired ranges, relationships or limits for the various cations are discussed below. 160 February 2005 Chapter 8. Interpreting Soil and Tissue Tests Measuring cation exchange capacity A soil's cation exchange capacity is expressed as equivalents or, more commonly, milliequivalents per 100 grams (meq/100 g), which is also referred to as milliequivalent per cent (meq %). A milliequivalent is defined as one milligram of hydrogen or the amount of any other ion that will combine with or displace it. After the cations (calcium, magnesium, potassium, sodium and sometimes aluminium) have been measured in milliequivalents per 100 grams, they are totalled (see 'CEC levels' below) and their proportional relationship to one another is calculated as a percentage of the total. There is considerable evidence that the proportions of the exchangeable cations are more relevant to plant performance than the actual levels. Table 8.9 summarises the desirable range of each cation for many plants. Table 8.9 Desirable percentage range of exchangeable cations for soils Cation Range Calcium 65% to 80% Magnesium 10% to 20% Potassium 3% to 8% Sodium less than 6% Aluminium Less than 1% Source: Andrew Spiers, Hi-Fert (pers. com.). CEC levels CEC is also referred to as the sum of cations and is the total of the five exchangeable cations in meq/100 g. A sum of cations above 15 meq/100 g means that a soil has a good ability to retain nutrients for plants. CEC is a good indicator of soil texture and type. The CEC of clay minerals is usually in the range of 10 to 150 meq/100 g, while that of organic matter may range from 200 to 400 meq/100 g. The CEC of sand and sandy soils is usually below 10 meq/100 g. So, the kind and amount of clay and organic matter content of a soil can greatly influence its CEC. Where soils are highly weathered and the organic matter level is low, their CEC is also low. Where there has been less weathering and organic matter content is higher, CEC can also be quite high. Clay soils with a high CEC can retain large amounts of cations against leaching. Sandy soils with a low CEC retain smaller quantities of cations, and this has important implications when planning a fertiliser program. In soils with a low CEC, consideration should be given to splitting applications of K and S fertilisers. February 2005 161 Chapter 8. Interpreting Soil and Tissue Tests Exchangeable calcium Exchangeable calcium should make up the largest amount of the cations. The desirable range is 65% to 80%. The ratio of exchangeable calcium to exchangeable magnesium provides a guide to a soil's structure and any potential problems that might be influencing soil drainage, root development and subsequent plant growth. Well-structured soils have a calcium-to-magnesium ratio greater than 2:1 (in other words, the amount of calcium cations is more than two times greater than the amount of magnesium cations). A calcium-to- magnesium ratio of 2:1 or less indicates reduced soil stability in heavier soil types (clays and clay loams) but is not as important for lighter soils (sands and loams). However, if the exchangeable sodium is less than 6%, then soil structure may not be affected and the addition of gypsum may not be required. A calcium-to-magnesium ratio of more than 10:1 indicates a potential magnesium deficiency (this can be confirmed with a tissue analysis). Exchangeable magnesium Exchangeable magnesium should make up the next largest amount of the cations. The desirable range is 10% to 20%. The ratio of magnesium to potassium should be greater than 1.5:1 (in other words, the amount of magnesium should be more than one and a half times greater than the amount of potassium). A magnesium-to- potassium ratio of less than 1.5 indicates an increased chance of grass tetany (although many other factors influence the occurrence of grass tetany as well). If the exchangeable magnesium is more than 20% of the cations, it may cause a potassium deficiency. Conversely, if the exchangeable potassium is more than 10% of the cations, it may cause a magnesium deficiency. See 'Exchangeable calcium' above for the recommended ratio between magnesium and calcium. Exchangeable potassium Exchangeable potassium should make up the third largest amount of the cations. The desirable range is 3% to 8%. The value of potassium in relationship to magnesium and calcium should be less than 0.07. A result of 0.07 or higher indicates a greater danger of grass tetany; a result less than 0.07 indicates minimal danger of grass tetany. (Note that animal symptoms or blood tests are the most 162 February 2005 Chapter 8. Interpreting Soil and Tissue Tests accurate indicators for grass tetany.) To determine the relationship, use the following formula: K ÷ (Ca + Mg) For example, if a soil test showed potassium as 0.47 meq/100 g, calcium as 4.10 meq/100 g, and magnesium as 0.97 meq/100 g, then the calculation would be: 0.47 ÷ (4.10 + 0.97) = 0.059, which is well under the grass tetany danger level of 0.07 or greater. Exchangeable sodium Exchangeable sodium should be the fourth largest amount of the cations. The desirable range is less than 6%. If the sodium cations make up 6% or more of the cation exchange capacity, then the soil may be sodic and susceptible to dispersion (see Section 4.1). Exchangeable aluminium Exchangeable aluminium should be the lowest amount of the cations. The desirable amount is less than 1%. Exchangeable aluminium is used to determine the requirement for lime where aluminium-sensitive species, such as lucerne, white clovers and, to a lesser extent, sub clovers, are concerned. High aluminium levels can be toxic to plants, but aluminium generally falls to harmless levels once the pH (CaCl2) exceeds 5.0. Table 8.10 ranks the aluminium levels, expressed as a percentage of the soil's cation exchange capacity, by their suitability to most pasture species. Also listed are some crop species, indicating the exchangeable aluminium levels above which yields are reduced. Table 8.10 Aluminium ranges and their suitability to most pasture species and specific crop species Exchangeable Pasture and Crop Species Whose Yield Aluminium Comment are Reduced if Exchangeable Aluminium (%) is Above the Base of the Range Indicated 1 to 3 Most sensitive species not affected Lucerne 3 to 5 Generally acceptable Annual medics, barley 5 to 10 Marginal Phalaris seedlings, red clover, some sub clovers, wheat 10 to 20 Moderate Maize, white clover, some oats, sub clover, ryegrass, fodder rape, some triticales 20 to 30 High Lupins, cocksfoot, some oats, cereal rye Above 30 Very high February 2005 163 Chapter 8. Interpreting Soil and Tissue Tests Lucerne establishment and persistence are particularly susceptible to exchangeable aluminium in both the topsoil and the subsoil. The desirable aluminium levels in the topsoil for lucerne establishment, as measured by the three methods mentioned earlier, are: • Less than 1%, if measured as part of the cation exchange capacity. • Less than 2 mg/kg (or ppm), if measured by the CaCl2 method. • Less than 50 mg/kg (or ppm), if measured by the KCl method. Subsoils should also be soil tested if lucerne is to be grown. Lucerne is a deep-rooted plant, and it should not be sown if the level of aluminium in the subsoil, as measured by the KCl method, is above 50 mg/kg. 8.1.9 Salinity On most soil tests, salinity is determined by measuring the electrical conductivity (EC) of a mixture of 1 part soil to 5 parts distilled water. The soil and water are continuously mixed for one hour before the electrical conductivity is tested. This test is called the EC 1:5 method, and the unit of measurement is decisiemens per metre (dS/m). Electrical conductivity is an indirect measure of the total soluble salt concentration in the soil solution, where high electrical conductivities generally correspond to high soluble-salt concentrations in the soil. Data on the salt tolerance of plants is usually based on a different test, the electrical conductivity of a saturated extract. This is called the ECe method and is also measured in decisiemens per metre. You will need to check the results of your soil test to see which method your figures represent, but they are likely to be EC 1:5. If they are, you will need to convert the EC 1:5 figures to ECe figures. The conversion of the laboratory result from an EC 1:5 test to the ECe figure involves multiplying by a factor that depends on your soil type (Table 8.11). Table 8.11 Conversion factor of various soil types for EC 1:5 to ECe Multiplication Soil Texture Group Factor Sands, loamy sands 13 Sandy loams, fine sandy loams 11 Loams, very fine sandy loams, silty loams, sandy clay loams 10 Clay loams, silty clay loams, very fine sandy clay loams, sandy clays, silty clays, light clays 9 Light medium clays 8 Medium clays 7 Heavy clays 6 164 February 2005 Chapter 8. Interpreting Soil and Tissue Tests For example, an EC 1:5 of 0.4 dS/m on a clay loam soil (multiplication factor of 9) gives an ECe value of 0.4 dS/m x 9 = 3.6 dS/m. A term we are more familiar with is parts per million, or ppm. This tells us how many parts are salt in every million parts of a soil sample. To convert EC 1:5 or ECe results to an approximate ppm measure, we multiply the EC 1:5 value by 3000. ECe values cannot be directly converted to parts per million. First, the ECe value must be converted to an EC 1:5 value. For example, an ECe of 3.6 dS/m on a clay loam soil is approximately 0.4 (the EC 1:5 value) x 3000 = 1200 ppm. Electrical conductivity of the soil can also be expressed as total soluble salts (TSS). This is the amount of total salts dissolved in the soil and is measured in mg/kg. The conversion between mg/kg TSS and ppm is a direct exchange. For example, 4000 mg/kg TSS is the same as 4000 ppm. A conversion table (Appendix C) compares the various measurements of soil salinity and water salinity. A plant growing in saline conditions will make adjustments to cope with the increase in salt levels in the soil solution. The ability of the plant to continue this adjustment is a measure of its tolerance to salinity. Table 8.12 gives a general guide to plant salinity tolerances based on the soil salinity classes discussed in Section 4.4. Table 8.12 Plant tolerance levels to salinity Soil Salinity ECe Approx. Amount Species That Will Grow Class (dS/m) of Salt (ppm) A+ Very low Less than 1.8 n.a. All pastures and clovers A Low 1.8 to 3.8 Less than 1800 Most pastures, crops, legumes B Moderate 3.8 to 6.5 1800 to 3000 Grass, some legumes C High 6.5 to 8.6 3000 to 4000 Grass, not clover D Extreme More than 8.6 More than 4000 Salt-tolerant plants, some barley grass Source: Adapted from Norman et al. (1995). Plants are more susceptible to salinity in their germination and seedling stages than in later stages of growth. Soil texture, salt type present, and climatic and management factors can also influence salt tolerance in plants. Salinity levels are satisfactory for all pasture species if the ECe is under 1 dS/m. If the ECe level is over 2 dS/m, then there may be a need to further analyse the type of salts present. Clovers are more susceptible than ryegrass to high salinity (Table 8.13). Assuming the salt present is sodium chloride (NaCl), white clover suffers about a 10% yield reduction at an ECe of 1.5 dS/m, whereas ryegrass will February 2005 165 Chapter 8. Interpreting Soil and Tissue Tests have a 10% yield reduction at an ECe of 6.9 dS/m. In many dairy pastures, other salts, such as nitrates, phosphates, etc., will contribute to the total salt load. Table 8.13 Susceptibility of some pasture species to salinity Susceptibility Pasture Species Sensitive White clover, lucerne Some tolerance Sub clover, strawberry clover, balansa clover Highly tolerant Phalaris, cocksfoot, ryegrass, tall fescue Extremely tolerant Tall wheat grass, puccinellia, salt bush* *All low-producing species. Although all salts can be harmful to plants, some salts, such as sodium and chloride, are more harmful than others. Care should be taken when interpreting high soil salinity levels to be sure that the salts present are not due to recent fertiliser or gypsum applications. Further testing of chloride salts is preferably done to identify the type of salt present. 8.1.10 Soil test checklist The items in Table 8.14 are the major issues covered in most soil test reports. Some tests have different names, so a range of options is also given here. Refer to the discussion above for more details on interpretation. Table 8.14 Major issues covered in most soil test reports What is being Analytical General Comments tested? Method Major soil nutrient Phosphorus (P) Olsen Target Olsen P Levels: Latest research indicates the optimal level for most dairy pastures is 18 to 22 mg/kg. Capital applications using soil texture: The following soil factors are the amount of nutrient (kg/ha) above maintenance required to increase the soil fertility by 1 Olsen P unit. It is more accurate to use PBI; however, soil texture can be used where PBI is not available. Sands need 5 kg P/ha, sandy loams 8 kg P/ha, clay loams 10 kg P/ha, clays/red soils 13 kg P/ha and peats need 16 kg P /ha to raise Olsen P one unit. Capital applications using PBI values: Following is the amount of phosphorus needed to raise Olsen P by 1 unit using PBI values: 0 to 50 PBI needs 5 kg P/ha, 50 to 100 needs 7 kg P/ha, 100 to 200 needs 9 kg P/ha, 200 to 300 needs 11 kg P/ha, 300 to 600 needs 13 kg P/ha, over 600 needs 15 kg P/ha. Potassium (K) Colwell/Skene Maintain a level higher than 180 to 200 mg/kg (soil type dependent). value or as meq K/100g Multiply result by 391 to get available K value similar to Colwell/Skene value above. Sulphur (S) KCl 40, CPC or Maintain at or above a level of 12 mg/kg. MCP tests 166 February 2005 Chapter 8. Interpreting Soil and Tissue Tests Table 8.14 Major issues covered in most soil test reports (cont'd) What is being Analytical General Comments tested? Method Other Soil Test Information pH water CaCl2 Maintain a level higher than 5.0 (CaCl2) for productive legume pastures. If level is less than 5.0 (CaCl2), consider agricultural lime. Aluminium % of cations A level of less than 1% is desirable; at a level less than 3%, most pasture species are unaffected. KCl exch. A level of less than 50 mg/kg is desirable. (Aluminium is toxic to plants. Increasing the pH will reduce its availability; aluminium levels are usually okay above pH (CaCl2)5.0.). ECe A measure of salinity, which takes texture into account: Less than 1.8 okay for all pastures and clovers. Less than 3.8 most pasture plants unaffected. 6.5 to 8.6 okay for grass but not clover. Greater than 8.6 salt tolerant plants only. Organic matter Required for soil protection, structure and nutrient cycling. 10 % is high. To convert organic carbon to organic matter %, multiply the organic carbon number x 1.7. Exchangeable Cations Soil structure Ammonium Ca:Mg ratio greater than 2:1 indicates well structured soil. issues chloride Exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) or "sodium % of cations" less than 6% and preferably less than 3 %. Gypsum may help with structure if soil is dispersive. Desirable range for cations as % of CEC: Calcium 65% to 80% Low Ca - Lime or gypsum. Magnesium 10% to 20% Low Mg - Dolomite. Sodium Less than 6% High Na - Gypsum (& drainage). Potassium 3% to 8% Aluminium Less than 1% High Al – Lime. Cation exchange capacity (CEC) or "sum of cations" will vary with soil type (usually lower in sands, higher in clays) A CEC greater than 10 meq/100g is desirable (usually heavy loams or clay loams). Less than 10 meq/100g usually indicates a sandy soil, which may be prone to leaching. Consider split fertiliser applications. Animal health Mg:K ratio: Less than 1.5 indicates possible grass tetany problems. issues K ÷ (Ca + Mg): Less than 0.07 desirable or possible grass tetany problems. February 2005 167 Chapter 8. Interpreting Soil and Tissue Tests 8.2 Interpreting tissue tests Plant tissue testing is the preferred method for diagnosing trace element toxicities, deficiencies, and imbalances for plants. Tissue tests, also known as plant analysis, determine the chemical analysis of the nutrients present in plant tissue. Both the major nutrients and the micronutrients (trace elements) are covered on tissue tests (see Figure 8.2). Figure 8.2 An example plant tissue test 168 February 2005 Chapter 8. Interpreting Soil and Tissue Tests Clover samples are usually used to diagnose trace element deficiencies in dairy pastures, although ryegrass samples can also be used where only ryegrass is available. Tissue tests are also used to confirm that plants are accessing the nutrients that have been applied and to confirm a diagnosis made by other means. Interpretation of the results of a tissue test is complex and depends on a number of factors. It is therefore recommended that interpreting the results of tissue tests should be done by a trained professional. This is because actual adequate levels for any nutrient varies depending on species, plant part, time of year and stage of growth. When using tissue tests to determine nutrient levels in plants, it is vital to take the sample correctly and to provide as much information as possible to aid interpretation (as explained in Section 7. 3). Supplying relevant information will help the person interpreting the results to correctly calculate the level of nutrients in your sample. Results from laboratories will be analysed by trained professionals who will take into account the information you have provided and will interpret the results. The results are usually shown with a number and an interpretation of this (for example, deficient, adequate, high). Based on this interpretation, you can then make decisions about nutrients required in your fertiliser program. More information about interpretation of tissue test results can be found in Plant Analysis: An Interpretation Manual (Reuter and Robinson, 1986). 8.3 Summary • Soil and tissue tests provide valuable information about properties (mostly chemical properties) that affect plant growth. • After soil and tissue test results come back from the lab, it is important to determine what they actually mean • The interpretation of results from soil and tissue tests will help you to make more informed, cost-effective fertiliser decisions. February 2005 169 Chapter 8. Interpreting Soil and Tissue Tests 170 February 2005


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We generally make savoury and sweet offerings on alternate days of Navarathri with a sweet offering in particular for the Friday that falls within these ten days. With most of us no longer living in extended families, or in urban areas where we have busier lives Navarathri celebrations no longer have the fun that used to be a part of my childhood memories of the festivities.
Once Navarathri was upon us, every Palakkad Iyer home that was celebrating would decorate a corner of the living room or the Puja room if it was large enough with the " Bomma Kolu ". In the evenings women and children would drop by the homes of neighbours or family members, and it was usually the done thing to sing a song/ prayer, spend some time admiring the "Kolu" and of course pass on the gossip for the day. The lady of every house would insist that the children who visited for Navarathri, had to sing a song if we wanted our share of food for the evening. It didn't matter if you were shy and the kind that limited your singing to the bathroom, or even if your brand of singing resembled a crowd of crows at their loudest, you had to sing! To give everyone their due, no one ever laughed or poked fun at you (except the meanest of your own friends, perhaps) if your singing performance wasn't exactly bringing in the applause.
I personally found this bit of ritual harrowing and would refuse to sing even it meant forgoing my share of the neivedhaym. Before the visitors left, they were offered the traditional festive "vethelai paaku" ( a traditional ritual offering to married women which typically includes betel leaves and nuts, kumkum, pieces of turmeric, a small banana, a coconut, a small mirror. Comb, glass bangles, sari blouse pieces, and packets of the day's neivedhyam/ prasaadham).
Ask anyone from my community what food comes to mind when you mention Navarathri, and nine out of every ten people will tell you "Chundal/ Sundal"! Even though other foods are prepared during Navarathri festivities, Chundal is something that everyone prepares at least once if not twice during these ten days.
Chundal is a preparation, a sort of cooked salad made of lentils like Bengal gram lentils (chana dal) or dried beans like chickpeas, black-eyed beans/ cowpeas or whole moong beans. Usually a savoury preparation, the legumes or lentils are soaked overnight, cooked and then tempered with a few simple spices and fresh coconut. Not only are Chundals/ Sundals easy to make they're also tasty, healthy and filling. The sweet version of Chundal/ Sundal is made with jaggery, coconut and flavoured with cardamom and a little ghee. This version of Chundal is made with raw groundnuts which is what we call peanuts in India. I have never seen this made at home (though it is a popular dish in the Indian state of Tami Nadu)probably because we don't use groundnuts very much in our traditional cooking. I get raw groundnuts here in season and when they are cooked they have an inherent sweetness which lends itself very well to this dish.
This dish cannot be made with roasted or dried groundnuts so if you can't find raw groundnuts, you can substitute it with an equal amount of cooked chickpeas or black-eyed beans or whole green moong beans.
While this is served as festive fare, it also makes for an excellent teatime snack and can also be served on the side with a main meal.
Verkadalai (Kadalekai) Chundal/ Sundal (Spicy Groundnuts/ Peanuts With Coconut)
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Author's Bio
Amanda MacMillan is a Brooklyn, New York–based freelance writer, triathlete, and health blogger for self.com.
Amanda MacMillan is a Brooklyn, New York–based freelance writer, triathlete, and health blogger for self.com.
I just signed up for my first trail race, but I live in the city. Do I need to train any differently than I have for all of the road runs I've done?
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I signed up for a half marathon—but, oops, it's in three weeks and I haven't run in months. At this point, should I attempt any actual training, or consider it a lost cause?
I've had a few knee injuries. Will dairy products help me avoid arthritis as I get older?
I have trouble falling asleep often, and probably don't get nearly as much shut-eye as I should. But I feel fine, most of the time. So is it really hurting my health?
Which is more effective position—weight on my palms or forearms?
I want to train for a marathon, by my wife is worried it might literally kill me. Is it really safe for an Average Joe like me?
I've heard that drinking cold water burns more calories, and that warm water is better for digestion. Is any of that true?
I can't squeeze in a workout every day, so can I combine both into one session? And which should I do first?
Spring is coming—and so is my runny nose and itchy eyes. Is outdoor exercise a bad idea?
If I only have one or two drinks after work and I feel fine, is there anything wrong with squeezing in a nighttime workout?
Is SCUBA diving a good workout?
I heard on the news that UV light can reduce my risk of hypertension. Should I be catching more rays?
The past few months have been freezing! All I want to do is eat comfort food and hide under the covers. Is there any upside, health-wise, to this Polar Vortex?
The Emperor Claudius believed that suppressing farts was dangerous. Was he right?


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Suing her star power to get the word out on a cause close to her heart, Gisele Bundchen attended the United Nations Environment Program Champions of the Earth Award Ceremony last night (November 19).
The UNEP Goodwill Ambassador looked lovely in a grey frock as she struck a few poses at the Smithsonian American Art Museum & National Portrait Gallery before stepping inside the Washington, D.C. event to speak.
She's one of the hottest models in the world, and now Kate Upton is lending her sultry looks to the video game realm.
The 22-year-old stars as Greek goddess Athena in a new advertisement for Game Of War: Fire Age, seductively asking gamers to "come and play with me."
Taking care of business in New York City, Andrew Garfield strolled around Soho on Wednesday afternoon (November 19).
The "Amazing Spider-Man" star bundled up in a cozy winter coat and looked almost unrecognizable with his long beard and sunglasses.
Giving fans a special treat, Victoria Beckham stopped by her boutique in Selfridges on Wednesday afternoon (November 19).
The successful fashion designer put on her usual serious face as she posed for photos in a black-and-white ensemble in the Manchester, England location.
She's one of Hollywood's hottest movie stars, and Melissa McCarthy may have just landed her most magical role yet!
The "Tammy" actress is set to play Tinker Bell in an upcoming comedy-adventure from director Shawn Levy.
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Supporting her right-hand gal, Gwyneth Paltrow stepped out to the Image1day Leadership Awards Honoring her personal trainer Tracy Anderson on Wednesday evening (November 19).
The "Iron Man" babe looked stunning a black skirt with a white crop top as she posed with the pint sized fitness guru on the SLS Hotel red carpet in Beverly Hills, CA.
What a compliment! Donald Sutherland gushed about his "Hunger Games" co-star Jennifer Lawrence to the highest degree during an interview with E! Online this afternoon (November 20).
While promoting "Mockingjay – Part 1," the 79-year-old actor compared the Oscar-winning beauty to Jesus Christ.
Throwing everyone for a loop, Sean Hayes revealed that he married longtime partner Scott Icenogle last week.
The "Will and Grace" star posted a photo with his hubby on Twitter and added the caption, "Here's a #TBT photo of Scotty and me getting married last week. Took us 8 years but we did it!"
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Just to make a note on the right-wing chatter, he does offend some die-hard Fox Newsers, just that he rubs people the wrong way. His rudeness comes through even to people who go out of their way to think people who disagree with him deserve it.
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Style editors Reiko Caron and Stacey Smithers give practical advice for choosing wallpaper by transforming three different rooms in one Toronto home. See how selections from Walls Republic are an easy but dramatic solution for creating a focal point, adding colour and pattern, and making a space look more polished.
Stylemaker and designer Montana Burnett shares a behind-the-scenes look at how she created two distinct vignettes using the same storage bench from HomeSense. Watch Montana handpick the affordable elements for a chic equestrian-style entry, and coastal studio office in a fresh blue and white palette.
Designer Cameron MacNeil tackles two dark and dated rooms, making them a welcoming space for entertaining. The living room gets an upgrade with a gas fireplace insert, sleek closed built-in cabinetry, new mouldings and furnishings. The adjoining sitting room becomes more family friendly with new lighting, a gallery wall of portraits and a plush carpet.
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799 Reviews
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271 of 283 people found the following review helpful
4.0 out of 5 stars Call the Midwife - a salutory experience
'Call the Midwife' is a most extraordinary book and should be required reading of all students of midwifery, nursing, sociology and modern history. It tells of the experiences of a young trainee midwife in the East End of London in the 1950's and is a graphic portrayal of the quite appalling conditions that the East Enders endured. Some of the stories told by the author...
Published on 27 Feb 2003 by susiejulian
77 of 88 people found the following review helpful
1.0 out of 5 stars same book two differenet titles
I was so disapointed when this book arrived, it's the same book as 'Call the Midwife' but with a different title. there should be a warning for the readers.
Published on 13 May 2009 by Elaine Orton
Most Helpful First | Newest First
271 of 283 people found the following review helpful
4.0 out of 5 stars Call the Midwife - a salutory experience,
'Call the Midwife' is a most extraordinary book and should be required reading of all students of midwifery, nursing, sociology and modern history. It tells of the experiences of a young trainee midwife in the East End of London in the 1950's and is a graphic portrayal of the quite appalling conditions that the East Enders endured. Some of the stories told by the author are so distressing that I have lost sleep over them and I find myself longing to know what ultimately became of Mary, the young Irish girl imprisoned for stealing a baby (her own baby having been removed from her when the nuns caring for her were unable to place her in a job that would allow her to keep her child). What happened to Mary's daughter? By my reckoning she should be a woman in her 50's now - was she ever told that she was adopted, that she had been removed from her adoring mother without Mary's consent? I have had nightmares too about the two little boys sheltering behind a chair to escape the violence of their mother's partner; what became of them, did they go on to inflict the same brutality on their own children? As a graduate of Modern History (and student midwife), I thought I knew a good deal about recent British history. How very wrong I was. This book gave me much pause for thought: the heroism of the nursing order of nuns that Jennifer Worth worked with; the courage of Jennifer Worth and her colleagues in delivering babies in the most appalling conditions; the survival instinct of the East End women - it was a complete eye-opener. Oh, that those who pursue financial gains through our litigious culture could read this book - huge families living without the basics of sanitation or even roofs (tarpaulins providing their shelter), Conchita and her 25 pregnancies. I await Jennifer Worth's promised follow-up with great anticipation - my only observation being that she needs to let us know what became of her 'heroes' and 'heroines' - did Conchita live to a ripe old age, did Mary ever escape the clutches of prostitution once released from prison? Come on Jennfer, please tell us. And congratulations on an incredible book - this student midwife looks in awe upon your skills, your courage, your ability to deliver a baby in the most desperate circumstances. And I salute the women of the 1950s East End.
56 of 58 people found the following review helpful
5.0 out of 5 stars Atmospheric and utterly absorbing,
Amazon Customer (stoke-on-trent, england) - See all my reviews
I purchased this book after watching the first two episodes in the BBC adaptation of Call the Midwife and I have to say that I found the book even better than the TV series. The author writes with a great depth of knowledge and warmth about a world of poverty and deprivation into which she stepped in the 1950's. The descriptions of London's east end are descriptive and at times shocking to the modern reader. This is a fascinating memoir with some great characters. Loved it!
88 of 93 people found the following review helpful
4.0 out of 5 stars Fascinating history of birth and East End,
This is the only book of its knid I have even heard of, let alone read. It's a true account of birth and babies in the East End of London in the 50s. Poverty and squalor were common, and there was very little ante or post-natal care. Midwives supervised home births by arriving on bikes, somethimes throught thick smog. I loved this book, which reads like fiction but is true. Anyone who has ever had anything to do with a baby being born - particularly mothers - or anyone who fancies an interesting slant on history should read this. She writes in a chatty, informal style and I could not put it down.
33 of 35 people found the following review helpful
5.0 out of 5 stars Harrowing True Stories of Life in the East End,
Antoinette (England) - See all my reviews
This review is from: Call The Midwife: A True Story of the East End in the 1950s (Hardcover)
In the introduction, Jenny Lee says that she wrote this book when she realised that there was no portrayal of the role of midwives in literature. Her aim was to give an account of the role of the 1950s midwife which would do for midwifery what James Herriot did for vets. In this she has succeeded.
She presents lives of abject poverty, destitution and slum living, combined with the fact that most women did not have one or two children, but five, ten, fifteen - and in one case twenty four! As the book progresses we meet so many different characters and learn their haunting stories. The tale of Mary, the 14 year old Irish girl, abused by her stepfather and neglected by her alcoholic mother, who naively ran away to London in hope of a better life, and was forced into prostitution and later separated by force from her baby. This left me in tears, weeping for this poor girl who never stood a chance. The story of the elderly Mrs Jenkins, who the author found so repulsive until she learned of her truely harrowing experiences in the workhouse. The tale of an elderly man called Ted, who realised that the child his wife bore him could not possibly be his, but as he held the baby in his arms decided to love him as his own anyway. The tale of Conchita and Len, and their happy, cheerful home with twenty-four children! And how her maternal instinct saved the life of her premature twenty-fifth baby.
This book provides the reader with an insight into life in the 1950s East End. I studied social history as part of my first degree, and this should be a compulsary text. This book explains with great clarity the extreme level of poverty without hope of relief that was the lot for many in those days. But there were also many wonderful things about the time. People lived their front doors unlocked, had families just around the corner for support and so on.
I could go on and on about this book, but perhaps I should just say, read it and discover its value for yourself.
16 of 17 people found the following review helpful
5.0 out of 5 stars Couldn't Put This Book Down,
Amazon Customer "Ley" (England) - See all my reviews
This review is from: Call The Midwife: A True Story of the East End in the 1950s (Hardcover)
Jennifer Worth describes life and work as a midwife in the east end during the 50's beautifully. I was completely lost in this book. Superbe descriptions of daily life. I quite envied her life back then because of the interesting characters she met along the way! Easy to read, absolutely loved it and would highly recommend it.
6 of 6 people found the following review helpful
5.0 out of 5 stars Excellent,
Fantastic read, could not put this book down! I was sad when I finished it, I didn't want it to end! I'm a midwife living in the docklands which made it all the interesting.
5 of 5 people found the following review helpful
5.0 out of 5 stars A true classic!,
I would highly recommend this book, one of my all-time favourites.
Jennifer gives an honest account of her days as a midwife in East End London's poorest tennements, while living with nuns. She pays pleasant attention to detail while telling of life in the nunnery and of her visits to patients houses where she delivers their babies. She obviously has a warm personality and natural interest in everyone she meets, whether they are her patient or housemate as every characters personality and life is conveyed to the reader with sparkling reality and with warmth, affection, sadness (i won't go into details as don't want to spoil it for anyone whose not read it yet but be pepared to be deeply moved to tears) and large helpings of humour. Jennifer gives detailed factual accounts of each birth.
Jennifer was a young, faily naive girl when she began working from the nunnery so she was obviously seeing sights and dealing with situations she'd never faced before. She explains the shock she felt at times.
The poor conditions that people lived in are shocking, saddening and heart-wrenching. Things were much different to they are today -one of the worst things being in those days loving young mums had to give up their babies if they were too young or too poor, they had no say in the matter..
Overjoyed to see it has now been made into a 6 part drama on TV. this makes enjoyable viewing and i shall definitly buy the DVD but the TV version is no-where near as gritty and real as the book.
5 of 5 people found the following review helpful
5.0 out of 5 stars Brilliant. Fabulous. Awe Inspiring!,
This review is from: The Midwife: A Memoir of Birth, Joy, and Hard Times (Paperback)
If I wasn't already a student midwife, i think it would have made me one there and then. A magnificent book to accompany my studies, give me a laugh as well as warm my cockles with stories of life, love and ominous death. The series of the three books are simply unmissable. I should be getting royalties for the amount of sales i have caused amoungst family and friends. They all love it too. I also inadvertantly caused an OAP craze in a rehabilitation centre when i lent my grandmother the book, only to discover the next week, the whole lot of them had a copy. Hilarious and wonderful!
2 of 2 people found the following review helpful
4.0 out of 5 stars Call the midwife...,
C. Rucroft "The little bookworm" (North Yorkshire, England) - See all my reviews
I had really high expectations from this book and I can't help feeling a little disappointed. When I got about a third of the way in, I almost gave up, as I found it quite boring. However, I carried on with it and I'm glad I did.
There are certainly some very interesting tales (Len & Connie and Mrs Jenkins being my favourites) but also some when I thought 'who cares?' There was far too much description of what the nuns did and talked about over breakfast/lunch/tea. I would have liked more stories of her actually being a midwife!! Also, I know the book was set in London but did we really need endless lists of place names? I don't know London, so this made little impact on the story, for me. Plus, at times I felt like Jennifer Worth was a bit snooty and almost looked down on her patients, which I really didn't like.
Overall, I did enjoy it, but perhaps not as much as I thought.
(PS I really like the cover, with the four little girls - very fitting!)
70 of 80 people found the following review helpful
5.0 out of 5 stars Familiar Territory,
Mrs. Angela READ "Maturegrad" (Devizes, Wiltshire United Kingdom) - See all my reviews
Like Jennifer Worth, I was a midwife in the Fifties. Her narrative awoke many memories for me, many I'd forgotten, some I'd tried to forget. An only child, protected from the 'nastiness' of real life, midwifery training at first shocked me and then drew me into a career full of love and life: I miss it still. My 'District' was suburban London and later on a West End hospital, but poverty was there,too, alongside a richness of spirit. I used to be embarrassed by my emotional response at every birth I attended:'Call the Midwife' made me shed tears again as my memories chimed with her experiences. The 'Kangaroo Care' of Conchita's baby specially drew me as I had a spell caring for premature babies and always felt that incubator care was too impersonal; thankfully this has changed now to allow mothers much more hands-on involvement with their tiny babies.
Incidentally, I trained medical students: are they really no longer trained in this way?
May I add my plea to Jennifer Worth to complete her trilogy; the only improvement on her first book would be two more of the same.
Most Helpful First | Newest First
Call The Midwife: A True Story Of The East End In The 1950S by Jennifer Worth


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An easy way to import NetNewsWire feeds into Safari
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We hadn't had tuna noodle casserole in over a year because of my son's allergies. I researched dairy-free cream of mushroom soup recipes and found Non-Dairy Cream of Mushroom Soup Substitute. The recipe below includes a variation on that recipe. My version does include soybean oil which is safe for many with soy allergies, but the shortening could be replaced with olive or corn oil.
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StreakingSharapovarouts VenusBy JOHN PYE
THe Associated Press | January 19,2013MELBOURNE, Australia Maria Sharapova leaned back and pumped her arms. She ripped her elbows back and forth, screaming after her victory. Four pumps, five she rocked forward six pumps. More.
Sharapova had just defeated Venus Williams 6-1, 6-3 Friday, her first victory over the seven-time major winner in a Grand Slam. This was a match clearly worth celebrating, but it was if Sharapova had won the Australian Open title eight days early.
I was just really pumped, she said. Why shouldnt I be?
After back-to-back 6-0, 6-0 wins in the first two rounds the first time that happened at major since 1985 Sharapova has conceded the fewest number of games en route to the fourth round at the Australian Open since Steffi Graf did so 24 years ago. Graf also lost only four games in her first three matches on her way to the second of her three consecutive titles in Melbourne.
Sharapova knows she must stay on top of her game. Another Williams could be waiting. Since Sharapova won the French Open, to complete a career Grand Slam of all four major titles, Serena Williams has won just about everything.
Asked if she was thinking about a showdown with the younger of the Williams sisters, Sharapova said: Shes on the other side of the draw, and other players are on the other side of the draw as well.
That means they can meet only in the final.
Until you get to that stage, and if you do, if youre facing each other, she said, thats the point when youre thinking about that particular opponent.
The top two contenders on the opposite side of the draw, defending champion Victoria Azarenka and Serena Williams, play one after the other at Rod Laver Arena on Saturday. Top-ranked Azarenka is first up against American Jamie Hampton, followed by Williams against Ayumi Morita of Japan.
U.S. Open champion Andy Murray follows them in a third-round match against occasional hitting partner Ricardas Berankis, a qualifier from Lithuania. Four-time Australian Open champion Roger Federer has the night match against Bernard Tomic, the last Aussie in the mens or womens draws.
Top-ranked Novak Djokovic took another step closer to a third consecutive Australian title, defeating Radek Stepanek 6-4, 6-3, 7-5 in the third round.
His victory came on the same day Lance Armstrong admitted during a television interview with Oprah Winfrey that he used banned drugs to win his seven Tour de France titles. Djokovic, a lifetime cycling fan, said at his post-match news conference that it was a disgrace for the sport to have an athlete like this.
He cheated the sport, Djokovic said. He cheated many people around the world with his career, with his life story.
Djokovic did not have an easy time against the 31st-seeded Stepanek and was troubled at times by the Czechs serve-and-volley game. But Djokovic came out laughing, and he embraced his opponent over the net at the end. Stepanek even had chair umpire Carlos Bernardes grinning after producing an unexpected, over-the-shoulder winner to save one match point in the last game.
Absolutely, it was great. Great match and great fun, Djokovic said. Its always tricky to play Radek. Hes a talented player. Skillful player.
Stepanek won 36 of the 67 points he played at the net, forcing Djokovic out of his comfort zone at the back of the court and making him work for every point.
Hes skillful on the net and he was not giving me a lot of rhythm he was changing up the pace on the ball, Djokovic said. Nowadays everything is based on the baseline. Its nice to see somebody coming to the net.
Djokovic will play Sunday against No. 15 Stanislas Wawrinka, who knocked out the last American man in the draw with a 7-6 (6), 7-5, 6-4 win over No. 20 Sam Querrey. For the second straight year, there will be no American men in the fourth round at Melbourne Park.
In the last match of the day, fourth-seeded David Ferrer finished off a 6-4, 6-2, 6-3 win over 2006 Australian finalist Marcos Baghdatis with an ace, advancing to a fourth-round match against Japans Kei Nishikori.
No. 5 Tomas Berdych beat Austrias Jurgen Melzer 6-3, 6-2, 6-2 and will next play South Africas Kevin Anderson, who beat No. 22 Fernando Verdasco 4-6, 6-3, 4-6, 7-6 (4), 6-2. Djokovics Serbian Davis Cup teammate Janko Tipsarevic advanced to a meeting with No. 10 Nicolas Almagro.
In an all-Serbian match of two former No. 1 women, 2008 French Open champion Ana Ivanovic beat Jelena Jankovic 7-5, 6-3. She moved into the fourth round against Polands Angieszka Radwanska, who is seeded No. 4 and won her 12th straight match including titles at Auckland and Sydney with a 6-3, 6-1 defeat of Britains Heather Watson.
No. 5 Angelique Kerber and No. 19 Ekaterina Makarova, two of the four women who beat Serena Williams in 2012, will meet in the fourth round. Kerber stopped 17-year-old American Madison Keys 6-2, 7-5 in the opening match at Rod Laver Arena, then blew out the candles on a cake to celebrate her 25th birthday. The crowd sang Happy Birthday.
Makarova, who beat Williams in the fourth round in Australia last year, had a 6-7 (4), 6-3, 6-4 win over 2007 Wimbledon finalist Marion Bartoli.
No. 6 Li Na, the 2011 French Open winner, eliminated No. 27 Sorana Cirstea of Romania 6-4, 6-1 and will next play No. 18 Julia Goerges. Goerges prevented an all-China fourth-round encounter by beating Zheng Jie 6-3, 1-6, 7-5. Kirsten Flipkens of Belgium beat Valeria Savinykh 6-2, 4-6, 6-3 and is up against Sharapova next.
All along, Sharapova had been preparing for this third-round match. She withdrew from an exhibition tournament and the Brisbane International with a sore collarbone, but hasnt showed any signs of being troubled by it Melbourne.
I think when we both looked at the draw, it was a matchup we were both looking forward to, Sharapova said. I was just really determined out there because I knew the tennis that shes capable of producing and playing. Shes a tremendous athlete and a great champion.
Sharapovas exuberant celebrations had little effect on Venus Williams. She barely acknowledged it as she made her way from the court.
Definitely not my best today, but theres always other days to play better, she said. I just had a lot of errors. ... That never helps.MORE IN Wire SportsLEXINGTON, Ky. Full StoryMIAMI Stephen Curry scored 40 points, and the Golden State Warriors beat the Miami Heat 114-97 ... Full StoryENGLEWOOD, Colo. Full Story
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Catch the series premiere tonight at 9/8c as eight new roommates let loose for a wild time in Biloxi, Mississippi. See sneak
peeks now.
The roommates are reunited for Thanksgiving fun. Don't miss a moment from the holiday special. See it online.
He says, "I wanted my fans, who have stuck by me for many, many years, to know." See his video.
The singer says, "It's time to tell my truth." Read for more details.
Watch their rendition of Seger's classic, "Turn the Page," then catch their CMT Crossroads Nov. 28 at 10/9c.
Read her exclusive interview with CMT Edge as the icon talks about her collection at the Country Music Hall of Fame and Museum.
Watch exclusive interviews from this year's honorees -- Keith Urban, Miranda Lambert, Florida Georgia Line, Luke Bryan and
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From the big wins to the high-octane performances, enjoy country music's biggest night all over again Saturday at 9/8c.
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You deserve a break. Sit back, relax and take some time to watch Brice's homage to hard-working folks everywhere.
He drives quite possibly the coolest cab ever in his breakthrough video, "Leave the Night On." Crank it up.
And he's loving every minute of it. See his beautiful new video, "Perfect Storm," for the story.
Upload a photo of your simply amazing moment from the past year now for your chance to win. Get details.


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Bennett says Blair adds flair at Broncos
Phil Lutton Wayne Bennett hopes new signing can help provide Broncos with enough to transform them into genuine top four candidates.
Broncos, Titans, Cowboys
Cullen steps down after report admits failings
Roy Masters Long-term Brisbane Broncos servant Bruno Cullen stepped down as chairman of the club's Red Hill leagues club at Thursday night's annual general meeting.
Sydney Roosters sign Gold Coast Titans hooker Matt Srama
Adrian Proszenko The Sydney Roosters have signed Gold Coast hooker Matt Srama to help cover for the expected loss of Jake Friend for the opening months of the NRL season.
Blair leaves Tigers for Broncos
Phil Lutton Brisbane's extreme makeover under Wayne Bennett has shown no sign of slowing down, with the Broncos signing Tigers and New Zealand prop Adam Blair on a three-year deal.
League HQ
Are you sorry? Flanagan calls off media conference
Daniel Lane 9:12 AM Cronulla coach Shane Flanagan has taken a leaf out of Clive Palmer's handbook for dealing with the media.
NRL must take 'zero tolerance' stance
Adam Pengilly 10:26 PM The NRL will on Monday try to digest the latest domestic violence drama engulfing the game on the eve of White Ribbon Day, with the organisation's chief executive Libby Davies imploring the code to adopt a ''zero tolerance'' policy and more consistent approach against players found guilty of such charges.
Bris Lions, Gold Coast Suns
The AFL's most ''successful'' club - Fitzroy
Jake Niall West Coast of 2005-2007 had everything: more money than a club could ever spend, a waiting list for sponsors and members, facilities and untold fans, who, for a long time, refused to believe their sunny boys would misbehave.
Irish connection: Begley's advice for green recruits
Daniel Cherny Colm Begley's advice for an Irishman starting out in the AFL is simple. "Focus on your strong points."
When Clem met the Christies
Emma Quayle 2:16 PM Clem Smith made a life-defining decision when he was just 12 years old. He is hoping to be drafted to an AFL club on Thursday night.
Menzel hopeful but still cautious on return for Cats
Rohan Connolly 8:23 AM Luckless Geelong forward is hopeful but still cautious about the prospect of a return to AFL football in 2015.
Queensland Reds
Schatz cuts holiday short to chase Wallabies dream
Chris Dutton Jake Schatz arrived in chilly Ireland with a tan and a suitcase full of singlets, but the Queensland Reds hardman is intent on securing a Wallabies jersey in Europe.
Quade Cooper keen for boxing return
Chris Dutton He went toe-to-toe with Wallabies coach Michael Cheika, and now Quade Cooper wants to jump back in the boxing ring to help him mentally refresh for a World Cup bid.
Super Rugby to have free-to-air presence
John Stensholt 7:29 AM Ten Network Holdings is set to cover one match of the Super Rugby competition each week under the terms of the pending broadcast deal for the sport.
Pocock returns to full training
David Polkinghorne 10:31 PM Senior coach Stephen Larkham questions how long the Super Rugby format will last before the next change.
Brisbane Roar
Roar deal: Mike Mulvey deserved better from Brisbane
Phil Lutton 9:27 PM Mike Mulvey never liked talking about himself, even when the Roar were slaying everything in their path (all the way back in May). Success was a result of the players, the system and the constant strive for excellence that had made Brisbane the A-League's benchmark club.
Mulvey sacked, but it's news to him
Michael Lynch 6:11 PM Mike Mulvey has been sensationally sacked as coach of Brisbane Roar barely six months after being named coach of the year and guiding the Roar to their third A-League title.
Valencia lose Levante Spanish soccer derby
8:46 AM Valencia's hopes of returning to soccer's Champions League next season suffered a blow as they slipped to a 2-1 defeat on Sunday at local rivals Levante.
Hamburg out of German soccer drop zone
8:02 AM Hamburg escaped the Bundesliga's bottom three on Sunday with a 2-0 win at home to 10-man Werder Bremen, which pushed Borussia Dortmund back into the relegation places.
Clarke named but must prove fitness
Andrew Wu 7:58 AM Michael Clarke is yet to resume running but is still in contention to play in the first Test after being named by selectors on Monday but his fate hinges on a two-day tour game starting on Friday in Adelaide.
Australia survive late scare in fifth ODI win
Andrew Wu 5:02 AM "Do not go before the clock tower" is a phrase commonly by trainers to jockeys at Flemington. It is racing parlance for not making your run too early.
Surface tension sums up Sydney's malaise
Max Presnell 8:37 PM Sydney racing has much in common with Royal Randwick's Kensington circuit – a crusty top, no foundation and a deplorable back-wash. Again punters, jockeys, trainers and owners on Saturday had to tolerate a surface better for potatoes than racing.
Harried babysitter McEvoy in near miss to win first Goulburn Cup
Adam Pengilly 5:24 PM Kerrin McEvoy first squeezed home on the last flight out of Melbourne on Saturday night - and was equally grateful to be relieved of babysitting duties the next morning - before booting home his first Goulburn Cup winner aboard Pythagorean on Sunday.
Showdown looms over A-League TV dollars
The FFA and the A-League owners are headed for a showdown - the clubs want a bigger share of the pie but head office won't concede anything without a fight.
Inexperience to blame for Wallabies
With the World Cup 10 months away, Wallabies coach Michael Cheika must decide whether his selections should look beyond next year's tournament.
NRL must take 'zero tolerance' stance
The NRL will on Monday try to digest the latest domestic violence drama engulfing the game on the eve of White Ribbon Day.
Mulvey deserved better from Brisbane
Mike Mulvey never liked talking about himself, even when the Roar were slaying everything in their path (all the way back in May).
Surface tension sums up Sydney's malaise
Sydney racing has much in common with Royal Randwickâs Kensington circuit â a crusty top, no foundation and a deplorable back-wash.


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The studio is set amongst native garden at the bottom of Baudin Drive in a quiet cul-de-sac.
From there you can take walking paths to restaurants, cafes and beaches at Gnarabup and Prevelly. It is centrally located to the famous surfing beaches of Margaret River Point, Grunters and Gas Bay.
The studio has a king bed perfect for couples, or twin beds for friends having a getaway. There is a large shower/spa, open plan living area, high pine ceilings with a self contained kitchen, outdoor seating area with BBQ. The ideal getaway to rejuvenate your souls and spend time relaxing!
Pet friendly ! Pets must be well behaved, quiet and house trained. They are can sleep inside or in the outside Kennels. Yard is completely closed in. if you like your pet (4 legged furry one) to sleep on the bed with you, please bring a sheet/blanket to cover bedding or extra laundry charges may apply!!
Airconditioning, Wheelchair Access, Parking, Dishwasher
- Airconditioning
- Barbeque
- Cooking Facilities
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- Heaters
- Ideal couple getaway
- Ironing Facilities
- Large relaxing spa
- Linen Supplied
- Microwave
- Non-Smoking
- Outdoor heated shower
- Parking
- Pet friendly
- Pets allowed
- Spa Bath
- Towels Supplied
- Wheelchair Access
- bush reserve opposite
- close- beaches & cafes
- quiet location
- wineries on doorstep
November Specials - contact owner
Note: Pricing is subject to change, and a minimum stay period and other conditions may apply. You should confirm pricing with the property owner.
Prices listed based on 2 adults. Property has 2 beds and can sleep a maximum 2 people.
Request a booking or make an enquiry
* indicates a required field


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How to Send the Right Message
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When it comes to building contacts, quality trumps quantity.
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Pictures from launch of 92ZEW and Bud Light's Countdown to Hangout Festival with South California band, The Mowgli's. it was a little wet, but splendid nonetheless for us true music fans. The Mowgli's brought the sunshine out with their positive vibes and bright sounds.
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Someone asked for my recommendations of #HangoutFest must see's, so I thought I'd share the response with everyone. (posted by: Lee Ann Waterrs) Imagine Dragons for sure, lots of […]
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Backstage #hangoutfest video center. There's Tim Finnigan, master controller. #HangoutRadio, 92ZEW.net. 92.1 FM
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Originally published November 1, 2012 at 5:30 AM | Page modified November 1, 2012 at 11:10 AM
Corrected version
Thursday TV Picks: 'The CMA Awards' on ABC
TV picks for Thursday, Nov. 1, 2012, include "The 46th Annual CMA Awards" on ABC and "Project Runway All Stars" on Lifetime.
Tonight in Prime Time
'The 46th Annual CMA Awards'
This annual celebration of country music (broadcast from Nashville, Tenn.) is once again hosted by Brad Paisley and Carrie Underwood. The long list of performers include Jason Aldean, Zac Brown Band, Luke Bryan, Kelly Clarkson, Faith Hill and Lady Antebellum. 8 p.m. Thursday on ABC (seattletimes.com/tvlistings).
Doug Knoop, Seattle Times staff
firstname.lastname@example.com or on Twitter @dougknoop
Also on Thursday
"The Big Bang Theory," 8 p.m. (CBS): A game threatens Sheldon's relationship with Stephen Hawking; Penny secretly signs up for a college class.
"The X Factor," 8 p.m. (Fox): The top 16 acts perform.
"Beauty and the Beast," 9 p.m. (CW): Vincent revives a teenage boy who was left in a dumpster and rushes him to the hospital; Silverfox and his agents offer Cat information about her mother in exchange for Vincent.
"Project Runway All Stars," 9 p.m. (Lifetime): The designers must recreate a 1970s disco-style look using Nine West shoes as their inspiration.
"It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia," 10 p.m. (FX): When Charlie and Dee invade the world of the wealthy, they find romance within, but Mac, Dennis and Frank try to get in on the action.
The New York Times
This article was updated on Thursday, Nov. 1, 2012. A earlier version stated that "The Office" would air at 9 p.m. on NBC, but NBC has since changed its schedule.
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