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Caught in-between organizational fieldsDarmer, Per (København, 2003)[More information][Less information]
URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10398/6729
Files in this item: 1working paper 2003 no.27.pdf (233.6Kb)
Networks and Meaning in the Opposition Against the Proposal for a Directive on Temporary Work in the Council of Ministers of the European UnionNedergaard, Peter (, 2005)[More information][Less information]
Abstract: This article contains a case study of the behavior of a blocking minority in the Council of Ministers. An important result is that the behavior of Member States cannot in this case be explained directly by domestic circumstances and interests as it is often done in the neoliberal literature. Instead, necessary variables offered in this article are tight networks and their ability to create meaning in being part of the blocking minority through an attractive story-line. If generalized, it means that the influence of story-lines created by discourse-coalitions has to be upgraded as explanations of the behavior in the Council of Ministers and that actors providing the network with hegemony can critically strengthen an issue network. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10398/7910
Files in this item: 1WP2005-2 blocking_minorities2.pdf (276.8Kb)
Bennedsen, Morten; Kongsted, Hans Christian; Meisner Nielsen, Kasper (København, 2004)[More information][Less information]
Abstract: Previous work on board size effects in closely held corporations has established a negative correlation between board size and firm performance. We argue that this work has been incomplete in analysing the causal relationship due to lack of ownership information and weak identification strategies in simultanous equation analysis. In the present paper we reexamine the causal relationship between board size and firm performance using a dataset of more than 5,000 small and medium sized closely held corporations with complete ownership information and detailed accounting data. We test the potential endogeneity of board size by using a new instrument given by the number of children of the founders of the firms. Our analysis shows that board size can be taken as exogenous in the performance equation. Furthermore, based on a flexible model specification we find that there is no empirical evidence of adverse board size effects in the typical range of three to six board members. Finally, we find a significantly negative board size effect in the minority of closely held firms which have comparatively large boards of seven or more members. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10398/7566
Files in this item: 1wpec092004.pdf (252.8Kb)
An exploration of micro- and macro-level determinants of board effectivenessMinichilli, Alessa Andro; Zattoni, Alessandro; Nielsen, Sabina; Huse, Morten (, 2012)[More information][Less information]
Abstract: This paper addresses recent calls to narrow the micro–macro gap in management research (Bamberger, 2008), by incorporating a macro-level context variable (country) in exploring micro-level determinants of board effectiveness. Following the integrated model proposed by Forbes and Milliken (1999), we identify three board processes as micro-level determinants of board effectiveness. Specifically, we focus on effort norms, cognitive conflicts and the use of knowledge and skills as determinants of board control and advisory task performance. Further, we consider how two different institutional settings influence board tasks, and how the context moderates the relationship between processes and tasks. Our hypotheses are tested on a survey-based dataset of 535 medium-sized and large industrial firms in Italy and Norway, which are considered to substantially differ along legal and cultural dimensions. The findings show that: (i) Board processes have a larger potential than demographic variables to explain board task performance; (ii) board task performance differs significantly between boards operating in different contexts; and (iii) national context moderates the relationships between board processes and board task performance. Copyright # 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10398/8773
Files in this item: 1
Tools from the AGORA 2.0 workshopsLyck, Lise (Frederiksberg, 2012)[More information][Less information]
Abstract: In order to develop attractions to promote tourism and use of local nature and culture some in-struments can be useful to apply to achieve a successful development, but how to do it in practice is often the question. What is presented is a design for development. Realization requires in-volvement of decision makers and of economic resources outside the AGORA 2.0 project. In other words, what can be presented are design models for decision making. This booklet is meant to be a help in this process. It is based on the principle "learning by doing" applied to product/service ideas and concepts which the participants in the workshops have elab-orated themselves. These examples have already been discussed and presented for the 22 AGORA 2.0 partners based on a draft version. It is furthermore based on "Baltic transnational learning", as a result of all participants coming from different Baltic countries and with a variety of ideas rooted in Baltic landscapes and tradi-tions. The knowledge sharing has taken place in workshops in the Baltic Sea Region countries. The work packages in AGORA 2.0 include workshops and development of a network that can connect and link Baltic developers and AGORA 2.0 partners and thereby create a vivid Baltic cul-tural cooperation and development. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10398/8711
Files in this item: 1Lise_Llyck_2.pdf (924.5Kb)
Hvass, Kristian (Frederiksberg, 2012)[More information][Less information]
Abstract: Research in business model innovation has identified its significance in creating a sustainable competitive advantage for a firm, yet there are few empirical studies identifying which combination of business model activities lead to success and therefore deserve innovative attention. This study analyzes the business models of North America low-cost carriers from 2001 to 2010 using a Boolean minimization algorithm to identify which combinations of business model activities lead to operational profitability. The research aim is threefold: complement airline literature in the realm of business model innovation, introduce Boolean minimization methods to the field, and propose alternative business model activities to North American carriers striving for positive operating results. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10398/8403
Files in this item: 1Kristian_Hvass_WP_2012.pdf (69.29Kb)
motives and obstaclesMøllgaard, H. Peter; Schröder, Philipp (København, 1998)[More information][Less information]
URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10398/7588
Files in this item: 11998_2.pdf (297.4Kb)
Birkeholm Munk, Kasper (København, 2002)[More information][Less information]
URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10398/6330
Files in this item: 1wp17-2002kbm.pdf (592.9Kb)
Foss, Nicolai Juul (København, 1997)[More information][Less information]
URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10398/7216
Files in this item: 1wp97-5.pdf (93.68Kb)
the case of PA-consultingMahnke, Volker; Hammerqvist, Mattias (København, 2001)[More information][Less information]
URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10398/7247
Files in this item: 1wp01-05.pdf (267.2Kb)
At arbejde med et ikke-essentialistisk identitetsbegrebBuhl, Søren; Bech Hansen, Rasmus (København, 2003)[More information][Less information]
URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10398/7724
Files in this item: 1brandet20som20ikke20er.pdf (221.0Kb)
Hansen, Rina; Tambo, Torben (Turku, 2011)[More information][Less information]
Abstract: E-commerce has matured and become mainstream. The fashion industry is now competing strongly in the digital markets. Beside traditional web-shops, new sales and branding channels are emerging e.g. M-commerce (mobile); social commerce; marketplaces; gaming etc. E-commerce and multi-channel retailing (MCR) now have a less technology-centric perspective while focusing more on sales and branding, although technology is the carrier and imposes limits. Corporate information systems are extended to the consumer"s computers, smartphones and digital entertainment platforms. The information systems (IS) research tradition is somewhat challenged but can provide an elaborate framework for the understanding of the business and technology changes as well as provide an ideal support for research and businesses in choosing among the different MCR options. This paper proposes a model to understand and position fashion companies" existing and future sales and branding channels from an IS perspective. Future research suggestions include long-term challenges and benefits of distinct electronic channels. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10398/8527
Files in this item: 1Rina_Hansen_2011_3.pdf (501.0Kb)
Ooi, Can-Seng (Frederiksberg, 2010)[More information][Less information]
Abstract: Societal changes are seldom discussed in the literature on city branding. The time element is important because it highlights the fluctuating reality of society. The city brand message freezes the place but in fact, the city branding exercise is a continuous process. Society emerges too. City brands are supposed to accentuate the uniqueness of the city, be built from the bottom-up and reflect the city's identity. This paper highlights three paradoxes, pointing out that city branding processes can also make cities more alike, bring about societal changes and forge new city identities. A city branding campaign does not just present the city, it may change the city. The relationships between the branding exercise and the city are intertwined in the evolution of the place. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10398/8014
Files in this item: 1
An Empirical Reconciliation of Two Critical ConceptsOhnemus, Lars (Frederiksberg, 2010)[More information][Less information]
URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10398/8022
Files in this item: 1Lars_Ohnemus.pdf (872.5Kb)
Højgaard Christiansen, Lærke (Frederiksberg, 2013)[More information][Less information]
Abstract: This dissertation examines how the multinational brewer Carlsberg Group responds to the issue of 'alcohol-related harm', expressed in its work with the focus area of 'responsible drinking' (RD). RD is associated with different initiatives aimed at reducing the misuse of alcohol, e.g., youth drinking, binge drinking (i.e., drinking to excess), and drunk driving. The issue of 'alcohol-related harm' is not a new issue, but public perception of the issue has changed in the direction of emphasizing health and lifestyle; rather than simply being a question of a few alcoholics, 'alcohol-related harm' has recently become a question of a more general health risk. As a result, brewers and other alcohol produces are increasingly expected to engage in solving the associated problems of 'alcohol-related harm', while making sure that they do not amplify the problem via potentially problematic product launches and inappropriate advertisement campaigns. In 2010 Carlsberg Group initiated the development of a new strategic approach to responsible drinking that differed from the previous orientation, in which each subsidiary had its own approach (or non-approach) to the issue. The call for an integrated approach has given rise to multiple ways of tackling the issue, both at headquarters and subsidiaries, all of which represent the unification of a social and a commercial dimension (the social responsibility logic and the market logic). This dissertation examines the concrete conceptualizations of organizational responses to the issue of 'alcohol-related harm', focusing on the different actors involved and, specifically, on the construction of the interplay between the social and commercial aspects. The question guiding my research is therefore: How does Carlsberg Group handle multiple institutional logics in its responses to the complexity related to the issue of 'alcohol-related harm'? URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10398/8749
Files in this item: 1Lærke_Christiansen.pdf (2.455Mb)
Influence of cultural prior-knowledge in cross-cultural communicationKano Glückstad, Fumiko (, 2012)[More information][Less information]
Abstract: The role of ontology in a multilingual context is one of the emerging challenges in our modern information society. This work first explains different types of ontology applications in a multilingual context based on a number of dimensions defined in [Cimiano 2010]. These dimensions are useful for clarifying the role of ontologies depending on different types of cross-cultural communication scenarios. What is emphasized here is a new dimension in the ontology applications, namely the inherent asymmetric relation of communication between a communicator and an information receiver, which has been inspired by the pragmatic approach of the so-called Relevance Theory of Communication (RTC) [Sperber 1986]. Based on this ground theory, a new framework for simulating the cognitive processes involved in a cross-cultural communication is proposed. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10398/8646
Files in this item: 1
Cross-lingual concept mapping based on the information receiver's prior-knowledgeGlückstad, Fumiko Kano (Frederiksberg, 2012)[More information][Less information]
Abstract: A Japanese acquaintance who has been living in Denmark for more than 40 years formulated his difficult mission of undertaking translation tasks in the following way: "Once I deeply understood the two cultures [Denmark and Japan] and the cultural differences/nuances of conceptual meanings existing in the two countries, it became impossible for me to translate culturally-specific terms into the other language. Existing language resources [dictionaries etc.] are in this context useless". What he was frustratingly expressing is that it becomes virtually an impossible task to precisely translate or convey the meaning of a Culturally-Specific Concept (CSC) if no exact equivalent concept exists in the Target Language (TL) culture. Despite this inherent frustration, communicators or translators are still required to convey such CSCs into a TL in an optimal manner such that a TL reader can instantly infer the original meaning of a given Source Language (SL) concept. In short, the key issue is whether there can be found a way to solve this inherently frustrating situation which even skilled human translators cannot easily cope with ? The challenge of translating CSCs from an SL is not only caused by the absence of equivalent concepts in a TL culture, but also due to differences of the background knowledge possessed by the two parties involved in a cross-cultural communication scenario. Sperber & Wilson (1986) emphasize that, although all humans live in the physical world, mental representations are constructed differently due to differences in our close environment and our different cognitive abilities. Because people use different languages and have mastered different concepts, the way they construct representations and make inference is also dissimilar. Since an individual possesses a total cognitive environment that is the set of facts based on his/her perceptual ability, inferential ability, actual awareness of facts, knowledge he/she has acquired and so on, it is much easier to achieve a so-called "asymmetric" coordination between communicator and audience (Sperber & Wilson, 1986).... URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10398/8546
Files in this item: 1Fumiko_Kano_Gluckstad.pdf (11.35Mb)
part IIBøge Sørensen, Lars (København, 2005)[More information][Less information]
Abstract: In this research note the author describes a methodology for doing literature reviews. The first part of the note describes a method for designing and performing the study each consisting of five steps. Following this framework a typology of strategies is proposed. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10398/6295
Files in this item: 1
Hatch, Mary Jo; Schultz, Majken; Williamson, John; Fox, Robert; Vinogradoff, Paul (København, 2001)[More information][Less information]
URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10398/7725
Files in this item: 1hatch_schultz_bringing.pdf (219.1Kb)
Rohde, Carsten (Frederiksberg, 2011)[More information][Less information]
Abstract: Budgets and budget control has been known since the early 19th century1. However the use of budget control was until the beginning of the 1920ies in US primarily related to governmental units and states and to a minor extent to business units in practice. At that time James McKinsey describes budgetary control as involving the following2: 1. The statement of the plans of all the departments of the business for a certain period of time in the form of estimates 2. The coordination of these estimates into a well-balanced program for the business as a whole. 3. The preparation of reports showing a comparison between the actual and the estimated performance, and the revision of the original plans when these reports show that such a revision is necessary. As can be seen from the statement budgetary control includes at the same time a planning and coordination mechanism for actions and performance ex ante as well as a control mechanism ex post through a comparison between estimated and actual plans and performance. URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10398/8373
Files in this item: 1Carsten_Rohde_Budgeting_Beyond.pdf (1.122Mb)
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MyAnneArundel is an integrated mapping application that was developed to provide the County's citizens, businesses, and visitors with access to useful services and data. Please click on one of the following "Themes" and follow the subsequent instructions to launch that specific area of the application:
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Find information about County Services based on an address or obtain community specfic crime statistics that are classified by incident type.
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By acceptance of the GIS material, you agree as follows: The GIS material (the "material") is made available by Anne Arundel County, Maryland (the "County") as a public service. The material is for reference purposes only, and the County makes no representatives, warranties, or guarantees of the accuracy of the material.
THE COUNTY MAKES NO AND DISCLAIMS ALL EXPRESS AND IMPLIED WARRANTIES RELATING TO THE MATERIAL, INCLUDING WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, INTEGRATION, TITLE, AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.You release the County, its agents, servants, and employees, from any and all liability related to the material or any of it, including its accuracy, availability, use, and misuse. In no event shall the County be liable for any direct, indirect, incidental, consequential, or other damages, including savings, profits, fees, costs, loss of data, or business interruption, related in any way to the material or any of it, including its accuracy, availability, use, and misuse. The material is in the public domain and may be copied without permission. Citation to the source is requested. Any errors or omissions in the material should be reported to the Anne Arundel County Office of Information Technology Geographic Information Services Group.
County Executive Leopold Announces Lincoln's Birthday Bicentennial Celebration
Winners of essay contest will be announced at Maryland Hall event
Annapolis (December 11, 2008 )- County Executive John R. Leopold announced today that he is holding an essay contest and will host two special events to commemorate President Abraham Lincoln on the bicentennial of the great American hero's birth.
The first event will be on Thursday, Feb. 12, 2009, Lincoln's Birthday, at Maryland Hall. It will feature a dramatic reading by the County Executive, as well as performances by the Annapolis High School Gospel Choir and a historical narrative about Annapolis during the time of Lincoln. Winners will be announced at the event of an essay contest that asks students to write about how Lincoln's message resonates today.
"Abraham Lincoln taught us so many lessons about leadership and citizenship that are just as valuable today as they were during the Civil War era," said County Executive Leopold, who addressed the Maryland General Assembly as his favorite historical figure three times in 1987, 1995 and 2006. "I look forward to reading what our students have to say about Lincoln and also providing an educational program on his birthday."
Another event will be held on Sunday, Feb. 15, 2009 at the Benson Hammond House in Linthicum sponsored by the Anne Arundel Historical Society. It will feature tours of the house and a birthday cake for Honest Abe.
All middle school students are invited to participate in the essay contest. Entries should be no more than 500 words and explain how Lincoln's philosophy applies to the nation today. To enter, e-mail submissions to firstname.lastname@example.com, along with your name, grade, gender and school name. Winners will be selected from each grade and receive great prizes. The deadline is January 15, 2009 to enter.
Entries can be mailed t Lincoln Essay Contest, Arundel Center, 4th floor, 44 Calvert Street, Annapolis, MD 21401.
Anne Arundel County, MD. 44 Calvert Street Annapolis, MD. 21401 | Telephone: (410) 222-7000 | Suggestions | Disclaimer
Copyright 2008; All rights reserved

subset: commoncrawl


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A Comparison of WirelessHART and ISA100.11a
The technology advancements in measurement instruments and final control elements provide greater process insight, reduce engineering costs and contribute to improving the overall operational performance of the plant. These instruments are often collectively referred to as smart devices.
Author: Emerson Process Management | File Type: PDF
Find more white papers on Fieldbus, Emerson Exchange, Wireless


text: Dear Chaz...not sure why you have such a problem with the concept that human beings are fragmented internally? Why do you seem unable to grasp a truth so basic???...let's take a simple example just for you....a person smokes cigarettes and they want to stop....what happens...a conflict between their mind which wants to stop and the bodies nicotine receptors...then a conflict will erupt between the 'part' that wants to quit and the 'part' that enjoy smoking with a drink......NOTHING to do with communism.....Originally Posted by charliesback


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Don't ever use the term "baby" to describe a foetus. You can semantically use the term "unborn child", but don't be scared to use the term foetus.
Them, you, me, all once a foetus. Its a stage of human development. An embryo becomes a foetus becomes a baby becomes a toddler et cetera, but always a human being. It can be nothing else. To deny its humanity is to deny common sense and medical science.
Depending on these people, you have to select your argument.
Ask them when they think the law should offer protection to the foetus. At some abritrary point in pregnancy? Viability? If they say something during pregnancy, say 25 weeks, ask them why they choose that point? Isn't it still the woman's body at 40 weeks? What about 24 weeks and 7 days?
IF they're one of the "abortion on demand, all throughout pregnancy and without apology" crazies, you gotta tread carefully. However, just point out there's no moral/developmental difference between 40 week old foetus and newborn baby, then point out that sentience doesn't really develop fully until about 2 years of life.
They might pull the biological dependance card, ask them why you can't walk into a GP's office and get your leg amputated. After all, its just "Human tissue", its non-sentient and is dependant on your body for resources. The whole "keep your laws offa my body" is a good one to tinker with. Smoking, drinking, voting, joining the army, all are laws that govern what you can do with yoru body, preventing you from using it in a lot of cases, why should the law allow you to kill another person's body?
Fifty five million children, that's 14 times the population of my country. Abortion is a tragety. [like my spelling]. Try pointing out the logistics of such numbers, that's a 1/3rd of our generation, ask them how 2/3rds of a generation is going to support 3/3rds of the older generation when they hit retirement age.
Sometimes you just have to pick your battles though. I've been doing the online abortion debate thing for 15 years now. I can safely say I've seen every pro-abortion argument there is, and when I FB stuff, people don't engage me for very long. They're too scared of me. -_-' I personally find that irritating because I like a good challenge and debate.
The best thing you can do, and I've seen it suggested in Catholic apologetics, is turn the argument back on them, don't always be on the defensive. The Pro-abortion argument is illogical and quite frankly, chilling. Once they're on the spot, they either show their true blood covered colours or their ignorance of the issue, and usually, somewhere amongst all that confusion, they start to realise something about themselves that's not so pleasant.


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The age between the 8th and 16th centuries was a time of amazing advance in every area of knowledge, such as architecture, music, biology, mathematics, astronomy, industry, and — yes — economics. FULL ARTICLE
The World of Salamanca
{ 27 comments }
- October 26, 2009 at 8:18 pm
In his book, "Barcelona," Robert Hughes described that city-state's role in Medieval history. They were a large commercial and shipping center for the entire Mediterranean, prior to Venice, and of equal or greater importance. And their scholars were a meeting place of Islamic, Jewish, and Christian scholarship unlike any other. I'm not sure what the connections between Barcelona and Salamanca might have been, but they were probably close.
More recently, Barcelona traders owned or controlled most of the plantations and trade with Cuba at the end of the 19th century. Our "Spanish-American War" was thus directed more against Barcelona than some non-existent "Spanish Empire."
Weaver's "The Mainspring of Civilization" has a large section about the Islamic world when Spain was part of it. He claimed that Islamic civilization, based on the Greeks (Aristotle and Neo-Platonism), as well as Jewish scientists and philosophers, was really the "civilized world" of the time, and people traveled and traded freely from Persia to Spain.
Our modern view that Islam is tyrannical and oppressive has little basis in fact. Mohammed even had two Jewish wives, and they never converted to Islam.
I see Christianity as the "mother" and Judaism as the "father" of Islam. Since Mohammed was himself a merchant, and never claimed to be "the son of God" or any such thing, modern Islam is much closer to Judaism, and Christianity is blasphemous because it creates a "second god".
One of my friends who was in the Peace Corps in Morocco said that the people there called him a "Nazarine", because he was a follower of Jesus of Nazareth.
Only since the advent of Zionism have we seen the sort of conflicts in the Middle East we see, today. The Crusades had little impact, except to destroy the Byzantine Empire and bring the fruits of Islamic Civilization back to the barbaric tribes of Northern Europe.
- October 26, 2009 at 8:23 pm
Correction: Weaver's book (distributed by FEE) was "The Mainspring of Human Progress."
- October 27, 2009 at 9:02 am
Lew: "To put it quite simply, it was in the late Middle Ages that there appeared to be something to study at all."
Actually, that's true only for Europe. The fascinating aspect of economic history is that the Chinese, India and the Ottoman Empire were far ahead of Europe in terms of science, trade and wealth until roughly 1700. So why didn't those cultures develop the same ideas that the Scholastics developed?
- October 27, 2009 at 10:26 am
The fascinating aspect of economic history is that the Chinese, India and the Ottoman Empire were far ahead of Europe in terms of science, trade and wealth until roughly 1700. So why didn't those cultures develop the same ideas that the Scholastics developed?
Because due to historical accidents, Europeans realized the importance of Capital Accumulation before anybody else did. It is debatable the extent to which they benefited from that knowledge. Despite its achievements, it has never held popular appeal and has been suppressed and/or lost many times.
- October 27, 2009 at 11:19 am
It may be that the Scholastics were responding to the condemnations of usury and all the bizarre theories of "just price" that were the zeitgeist of their own time and place, artifacts of Church domination. If the East functioned smoothly without these impediments, then they may not have seen the impediments as worth studying.
- October 27, 2009 at 11:50 am
Strange that almost few economists have asked why Europe developed capitalism when China, India or the Ottoman Empire had all of the advantages. Mises answers it in "Economic Freedom and Interventionism" on pages 37, 38:
"What separates the West from Eas is precisely the idea which social reformers ridicule as the "sanctity" of property, and which has not penetrated the Orient at all.* Capitalistic saving and investment cannot develop in lands where it is generally believed that the wealth of the businessman causes the poverty of the many, and where the successful trader is sacrificed to the predatory desires of the rules and their representatives."
"*A rigid system of privilege and castes prevailed for centuries in China and Japan; wealth was a question of rank, and the common man had little opportunity to improve his situation. Savings in Japan and the other nations of the Pacific Rim are a relatively recent development."
Also, on page 275:
"The legal foundations of Western civilization and prosperity were provided by the institution of private property. What separates Eas and West is precisely the fact that the Orient did not develop the ideological, legal, and political framework within which property rights and their efficacious protection against arbitrariness on the part of rulers could thrive."
"The vital principle of a liberal constitution is the independence of the judiciary that protects the individual and his property against any violator, whether king or common robber."
In spite of the great economics of the Late Scholastics, their ideas remained just ideas and capitalism didn't appear in the world until the Dutch Republic created the independent judiciary required for it to work. The nobility of Europe had used judges and the legal system to steal what ever they wanted.
All of this came about because of the sanctity of private property in the Bible and therefore in Christianity. That attitude toward property exists only in Christianity.
- October 27, 2009 at 12:23 pm
All of this came about because of the sanctity of private property in the Bible and therefore in Christianity. That attitude toward property exists only in Christianity.
fundamentalist, that comes off as a non sequitur. Care to support it?
- October 27, 2009 at 12:30 pm
I'd be curious to see an in-depth history of the successful regions during their periods of success. It's been my understanding that many of these Eastern empires were prosperous for a century or a few, then went back to the ways of misery.
I believe in cause and effect. A civilization does not just stumble upon a Golden Age. I suspect that during the prosperity periods, there may have been in place a system where people mostly got to keep what they had, even if it wasn't called "property" per se.
This is all purely a hunch. Like I said, I'd be curious to see these histories; at any rate a "property-like" system would be something to look out for.
- October 27, 2009 at 12:34 pm
fundamentalist is trying to corrupt the principled discipline of economics with his bizarre theology. I have seen this consistent pattern with him.
- October 27, 2009 at 1:16 pm
Kara: "that comes off as a non sequitur."
I'm not certain why it seems a non sequitur.
Lew wrote: "Molina's defense of private property rested on the belief that property is secured in the commandment, "thou shalt not steal." But he went beyond his contemporaries by making strong practical arguments as well."
As Mises wrote, the East didn't develop the ideological foundations for the institutions to protect property. Capitalism is based on the institutions that protect the sanctity of private property, especially the institution of an independent judiciary. The Church has always taught the sanctity of property. Molina didn't invent a new doctrine. But the Church never forced the state to create the institutions to protect property because it still carried traditional views about economics. And in spite of the brilliance of the Spanish Scholastics, Spain never created them either. Christianity provided the missing ideology to support private property.
The first nation to create those institutions was the Dutch Republic, whose leading economic thinkers were descendants of the Scholastics. As New Institutional economics teaches, institutions are the product of culture, the major component of which is religion.
The Scholastics and the Dutch weren't thinking in terms of economic development. They didn't know such a thing was possible. The Scholastics were moral philosophers attempting to organize society in a moral way, which for them would be according to Biblical principles. The Dutch were merely trying to implement the teachings of the Scholastics. Unwittingly they created capitalism.
I'm not as familiar with China and India as with the Ottoman's, but Ottoman's had the traditional European attitude toward commerce: it was for people of very low rank and thus despised. In the Ottoman Empire, the paths to success were in the state bureaucracy or the military where they could steal from the people with impunity. Jews and Christians were forbidden entrance to either the state or the military, so they had to concentrate on commerce. On a regular basis, they would become very wealthy, at which point the state would allow the Muslim community to plunder their wealth and murder anyone who resisted. The Ottoman Empire was far wealthier than Western Europe in the 16th century, but its wealth came from conquering and plundering, like the Romans.
- October 27, 2009 at 1:44 pm
The Late Scholastics were moral philosophers, concerned almost exclusively with creating a moral society. Over a century, the Spanish Empire became poorer and the Dutch Republic extremely wealthy without having conquered another empire. Heads of state and their thugs wondered how that could be. Spain had all of the gold it stole from the Americas. The Dutch had nothing but reclaimed swamp land. Mercantilism arose in response to that paradox, but most mercantilist writers got it all wrong. Nevertheless, mercantilist thought changed the sphere of economics from morality to wealth. All kings wanted to know how the Dutch had become so wealthy without a king and without plundering other nations.
- October 27, 2009 at 1:54 pm
Kara, you may be asking how the Dutch managed to create the necessary institutions when no one else in Europe or the rest of the world had. I think the answer is in the massive death and destruction of the Reformation period. Christians had never challenged the authority of the state until kings began to murder Protestants by the thousands. The tract that justified tyrranicide was written by French Hugenots in the midst of severe persecution. Also, the Dutch suffered mass murder by the Spanish troops in the Netherlands as the King of Spain tried to kill all Protestants. The Dutch war for independence lasted 80 years.
The Dutch tried to maintain a traditional government by begging first a French nobleman and then Queen Elizabeth to rule over them. But fear of Spain made them decline. The Dutch chose a republican form of government out of necessity, not desire. The massive upheavels of the Reformation caused the Dutch to rethink a lot of tradition and try new things. They were amazingly inventive. They revolutionized warfare and their tactics enabled Vienna to defeat the Ottomans.
A good book on their reorganization of society is "The Disciplinary Revolution." I can't remember the author, but he wrote that the Dutch Republic was an experiment in re-organizing society along Biblical and rational lines.
- October 27, 2009 at 2:23 pm
"fundamentalist is trying to corrupt the principled discipline of economics with his bizarre theology. I have seen this consistent pattern with him."
I must agree with this.
I mean, even if the Bible is the source for the "sanctity of private property" it would only follow that Christianity is as well if the idea only appered in the New Testament. But it doesn't. "Thou Shall Not Steal" appears in Exodus. No Christ in there. Fundamentalist better convert to Judiasm with the quickness.
Also, even if Jesus gave a "private property sermon on the mount" it would do essentially nothing to dignify any of the other truth claims of the Bible/Christianity. All we could say was something like "Jesus was right about the virtues of private property" and then carry on with our lives.
- October 27, 2009 at 2:57 pm
Nate Y,
*The NT is filled with the word "law".
*The Apostle Paul reaffirms the 10 Commandments in his letter to the Romans.
*The Apostle Paul writes that the OT is still valid in his letter to Timothy.
*And just for fun, read Capitalism and the New Testament (linked)
Fundamentalist can stay a Christian.
- October 27, 2009 at 3:52 pm
Nate: "Fundamentalist better convert to Judiasm with the quickness."
You're right that the sanctity of property is also a component of Judaism. The Jews might have created capitalism if given half a chance by Europe and the Ottoman Empire.
Nate: "Also, even if Jesus gave a "private property sermon on the mount" it would do essentially nothing to dignify any of the other truth claims of the Bible/Christianity."
All I was pointing out is that the respect for private property is the ideology necessary for the creation of the institutions of capitalism. Western European Christianity held that ideology when almost no one else did. That's why capitalism originated in Christian Western Europe and not in the more advanced states of China, India or the Ottoman Empire.
- October 27, 2009 at 6:32 pm
Mr. Eko,
All of that is irrelevant. As was explictly stated, I was arguing against the idea that Christianity is the SOURCE of the "sanctity of private property" which it can't be since the commandment "Thou shall not steal" appears in the Old Testament. That is, the sanctity of private property predates Christianity. Therefore, Christianity cannot be the source of the sanctity of private property. Sure, Christianity can carry on the tradition and it does (as your bullet points illustrate) but it is not the source. It cannot be. In fact, if one is to argue that the right to property is a "natural right" then it predates, and exists independent of, all religion. Uh oh…that one could get me in trouble.
First you say "All of this came about because of the sanctity of private property in the Bible and therefore in Christianity. That attitude toward property exists ONLY in Christianity." (emphasis mine)
Now you say "All I was pointing out is that the respect for private property is the ideology necessary for the creation of the institutions of capitalism. Western European Christianity held that ideology when almost no one else did."
So was it only Christianity or almost only Western European Christianity? I find this a little unfair. Your first post most definitely comes across as an attempt to elevate Christianity's contribution (whatever that may be) higher than necessary. As evidenced by the reactions of myself and a couple others on this board.
Anyway, this is really no biggie. I just sometimes find these little rhetorical arguments to be entertaining. I think you're confused about the origins of capitalism but meh.
- October 27, 2009 at 7:58 pm
Tuesday, October 27, 2009
The Great Creative Mindset – Harmony Of Science And Religion.
Thank you Lew for your eloquent, quick rendition of the Salamanca contribution to classical liberalism.
I think it is very fruitful to explore the truth with a mindset that is anchored with the harmony of science and religion. Then when an idea bubbles to the surface the anchor can be raised and the craft is free to begin the journey to see where the currents and the winds lead.
At any point the anchor of the harmony of science and religion can be used; to rest and analyze and theorize.
- October 27, 2009 at 8:12 pm
Nate: "So was it only Christianity or almost only Western European Christianity? "
Why don't you spend a little time trying to understand what people are saying instead of fabricating minor contradictions?
I never wrote that Christianity invented the concept of property. That's purely in your fevered imagination. The concept of private property predates even the Bible. But that doesn't change the fact that the Bible sanctifies private property in a way that other religions and philosophies do not. And at the time the Scholastics came up with their logic on free markets, no philosophy or religion or culture in the entire world gave any place at all to private property.
The OT is part of Christianity as well as Judaism, so Christians can take credit for the high respect for private property in the West.
I would challenge you to show me any philosophy or religion that elevates property the way Christianity does. Only Rothbard's ethic attempts it, but he didn't come up with his system until about 50 years ago and it has had very little impact on the world. I don't think It's possible to overstate Christianity's contribution to liberty through its stance on property.
- October 27, 2009 at 8:22 pm
"Mohammed even had two Jewish wives, and they never converted to Islam."
If I had multiple wives I'm sure I'd be apathetic toward their religious preference, as well.
- October 27, 2009 at 9:04 pm
'I would challenge you to show me any philosophy or religion that elevates property the way Christianity does.'
OK fundamentalist, time to quote Walter Lippmann here. He was a famous journalist you know:
The facts we see depend on where we are placed and the habits of our eyes.
You are sensitive to those passages in the Bible that condone private property because private property is high on your value scale. But the Bible is packed with enough versatility for every almost every crowd under almost any circumstance. I have not met any person who calls themselves Christian who think they are doing something forbidden by their religion.
On the other hand it is easier to detect a Bhai or Muslim who is not adhering to his faith, because his books speak with simplicity and little ambiguity and fewer internal inconsistencies.
In the Western world Christians will use the Bible to defend private property, although I am not sure that is the dominant trend these days. There are the neo-cons that Lew is criticizing, mostly though not entirely Christian. In the non-Western world other aspects of Christianity could be emphasized. Ones people there find more favorable. Christianity has not brought capitalistic style prosperity to Philippines, Ethiopia or Latin America. Christianity can do with or without capitalism.
So yes you can keep Christian cake and eat capitalism too.
- October 27, 2009 at 9:40 pm
Well, two things that limited the development of Islam, besides the internal struggles, were:
1 – Didn't developed banking with the same intensity of Europe, economical freedom in Islam was better than some places for some centuries, but it wasn't perfect and with time they lost their edge and couldn't catch up for many reasons (including religious/social stuff).
2 – Lack of scientific methodology and organization. Although there were a lot of muslims who did considerable studies about the natural world, they never organized their knowledge in a systematic way like Newton and Galileu did, their math were good but couldn't advance much on what the Indians already achieved.
- October 27, 2009 at 9:49 pm
Abhilash, In case you didn't notice, you completely ignored my challenge.
Abhilash: "…the Bible is packed with enough versatility for every almost every crowd under almost any circumstance."
That's simply not true. Dishonest people can make any speech or writing say whatever they want it to say. Honest people who follow reason won't even try. Rules of logic, honesty and reason exist for interpreting any piece of communication, and when used to interpret the Bible, it is very clear.
Abhilash: "I have not met any person who calls themselves Christian who think they are doing something forbidden by their religion."
That doesn't even make sense.
Abhilash: "On the other hand it is easier to detect a Bhai or Muslim who is not adhering to his faith, because his books speak with simplicity and little ambiguity and fewer internal inconsistencies."
So why are they all fighting over the proper interpretations of the Koran and what true Islam is? To deny the many factions in Islam is just dishonest.
Abhilash: "Christianity has not brought capitalistic style prosperity to Philippines, Ethiopia or Latin America."
Actually, that's a very good point. It's very sad that after the brilliant scholarship of the late Scholastics, the Catholic Church decided to turn against its own doctrines and oppose free markets. I would guess the Church did so because it identified free markets with Protestantism. The Catholic Church's betrayal of its own principles is the reason for the poverty of Catholic dominated countries. Fortunately, we have organizations like the Acton Institute trying to heal the Church's blindness.
- October 27, 2009 at 10:23 pm
Oh fundamentalist, agreeing with my conclusion but questioning the deductive method with which I arrived at it!! I suppose you might make a good economist, but a crazy theologian. Never mind though, maybe I am the crazy one. It is tough to be libertarian and not be called crazy anyway.
I have not ignored your challenge fundamentalist. Christian theology bends to the bias of person trying to understand it. Even if the bias is towards believing that the book is unambiguous and clear of inconsistencies.
Because of that, let me repeat, because of that I think it is easier to be a Christian and a capitalist at the same time rather than be a Muslim or a Hindu and be a capitalist. However it could also have something to do with the fact that Christian theology matured in the Western world where private property was held in high regard to begin with.
But theology tends to evolve with time, despite claims of being absolute. I am sure in the near future theologians are going to discover that private property was sanctified in the Quran and Bhagavat Gita after all and people where mislead into not recognizing it or something along the line.
So you see there is no simple way to approach your challenge. Oh and by the way, I do have the fullest respect for the achievements of the late scholastic scholars who where the fore-runner to the Austrian school. But respect for their achievements as human beings. All people I respect have some weakness or the other, myself included. We are only human.
- October 28, 2009 at 8:20 am
Abhilash: "I have not ignored your challenge…"
Yes you have. I'll repeat it: 'I would challenge you to show me any philosophy or religion that elevates property the way Christianity does.'
Instead of showing me a system that elevates property, you have merely tried to explain away Christianity's high respect for property.
Abhilash: "it could also have something to do with the fact that Christian theology matured in the Western world where private property was held in high regard to begin with."
But most of Christianity's doctrine on property come from the OT, especially the Torah, which was written about 1,500 BC by a Middle Eastern prophet. Not much evolving going on there.
Abhilash: "I am sure in the near future theologians are going to discover that private property was sanctified in the Quran and Bhagavat Gita after all and people where mislead into not recognizing it or something along the line."
You're certain of the, huh? Even though Islam is 1,400 years old and Hinduism much older than even Judaism? Judaism came up with it 3,500 years ago. I would say that Muslims and Hindus are very slow learners. Also, in the past two decades conservative Muslims have identified socialism as the true economics of Islam, following in the footsteps of Iran's Khomeini, even though he was Shia and most of conservative Islam is Sunni.
Abhilash: "So you see there is no simple way to approach your challenge."
What you mean is it's difficult for you to dodge the obvious.
- October 28, 2009 at 8:31 pm
Dear fundamentalist
You are putting words into my mouth. You are asking a twisted question and demanding a straight answer. And when I refuse and instead offer a detailed clarification. You call it a dodge. I have explained myself and won't do it again.
You seem to be almost implying that private property rights are a middle eastern idea. Yeah right. Private property gained significance only in the branch of Christianity that dominated the Western world. It is through Western eyes that we are seeking the this religion's Middle Eastern roots.
Yes, religions do evolve. Religions have evolved, more rapidly these days than ever before. How resistant they where to change in the past can become irrelevant when the environment in which they evolved perviously changed and that too in such short time suddenly.
There is even an example in history. Japan went from being closed theocratic society with a king god, ruling the country from 660 BC to a free market capitalistic society within a span of decades. The major sudden change was the first successful occupation by a foreign power. They did not need Christianity to embrace capitalism. Their own ethical/religious system (a mixture of Buddhism and Shintoism) assimilated it in a uniquely Japanese way. Now they are the second largest economy in the world.
And if you look today, the major growing economies of the world India and China are also not majority Christian. But on the other hand in majority Christian nations capitalism has suffered a set back, both Western and otherwise. Yes, it is pretty obvious religions evolve as people's needs evolve.
Take even the case of Catholicism. Jesuit scholars where the fore-runners for good and proper economics, yet the Catholic church of today is clueless and displeased about the free market. This from the Pope who is supposedly infallible:
This from an organization that helped undermine communism!!
I have not touched on Islam. But if I am right you should expect to seem tremendous economic progress in Turkey, Palestine, Iran, Iraq, Afghanistan and Pakistan in the near future. I will give it about five years, certainly not more than a decade.
- October 28, 2009 at 9:58 pm
Judaism came up with it 3,500 years ago.
And then Jews, and Christians (and Muslims) all ignored it for then next 3200 years or so, until the Dutch started paying attention? I would say that Jews and Christians are very slow learners.
- October 29, 2009 at 9:32 am
Abhilash: "But if I am right you should expect to seem tremendous economic progress in Turkey, Palestine, Iran, Iraq, Afghanistan and Pakistan in the near future."
I would agree with you on Turkey. It has already enjoyed significant growth since abandoning socialism. But the others are overwhelmed with radical Islam, which has adopted socialism at the true Islamic economics. Iran is a very socialist state. As a result, the per capita income in Iran is today 1/4 of what it was under the Shah. Saudi Arabia is also much poorer on a per capita basis than it was 25 years ago.
Peter: "I would say that Jews and Christians are very slow learners."
Good point. Makes one wonder why Jews and Christians don't follow their own books. Property rights died with the monarchy in ancient Israel and never were revived. Christians followed traditional attitudes toward property and commerce until the Dutch Republic. But the Dutch didn't discovere anything new. The rest of Christianity simply ignored the Biblical teachings on property.
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Solar Viewpoint: My Take on the Xcel Energy Solar Rewards Program Changes in Colorado
Posted by: april
The Public Utilities Commission in Colorado announced this week that Xcel Energy, CoSEIA (Colorado Solar Energy Industries Association, representing small residential/commercial solar installers) and Solar Alliance (representing large commercial/central solar installers) and other parties, have worked out a plan to restart the Xcel Energy Solar Rewards program. Solar Rewards has been successful in Colorado areas served by Xcel, and that caused an earthquake in the Colorado solar industry in mid-February when it was abruptly put on hold by Xcel, causing layoffs to begin, with the threat of up to 3,000 layoffs by year's end.
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April 19, 2011By Zeke Yewdall, Solar Energy International Workshop Instructor
The Public Utilities Commission in Colorado announced this week that Xcel Energy, CoSEIA (Colorado Solar Energy Industries Association, representing small residential/commercial solar installers) and Solar Alliance (representing large commercial/central solar installers) and other parties, have worked out a plan to restart the Xcel Energy Solar Rewards program. Solar Rewards has been successful in Colorado areas served by Xcel, and that caused an earthquake in the Colorado solar industry in mid-February when it was abruptly put on hold by Xcel, causing layoffs to begin, with the threat of up to 3,000 layoffs by year's end.
There are two items of interest to take away from news reports on this, both of which are largely being overlooked. The first is the role of industry groups in getting this program restarted. If it had been up to Xcel, it would have been delayed till early summer before restarting, at a much lower level. Not many companies can handle three-to-five months of overhead with zero sales. Smaller companies based only in Colorado were looking at closing completely. Larger companies with other markets were looking at closing their Colorado offices. It was due to the incredible amount of work (80-hour work weeks for many of their staff, and thousands of dollars in legal expenses at the PUC) over the last weeks by the industry groups CoSEIA and Solar Alliance that the program is now scheduled to restart after only a five- or six-week delay -- which has been traumatic enough. Hopefully many of those layed off in the last few weeks can regain their green jobs.
If you are just getting into the solar industry, you might not realize the level of importance that these industry groups play. Without them, there would be very little solar in Colorado. It is because of their efforts in lobbying the state legislature, running solar friendly bills, fighting with HOA's that want to prohibit solar, and permitting jurisdictions that would like to price solar permits out of the ballpark, or wrap them in so much red tape that no one can do solar, that we have the industry here that we do. A lot of people coming from other industries such as roofing, HVAC, or electrical don't immediately realize that solar is not a required product. It's optional (with some off-grid houses being the exception).
No one HAS to buy solar. There's perfectly good, if a bit dirty, power coming in from the grid. We need these industry groups working the political and regulatory scene to make sure that solar has a fair chance against other sources of power that are so entrenched (including having their incentives for so long that we've forgotten that they are incentives and now view it as normal that coal, natural gas, and nuclear get big tax breaks and regulatory shortcuts, but wonder if we can afford to give them to solar, the newcomer). For all of you who just want to build solar systems and "don't want to play politics," every other energy industry has people on the floor of the capitol, and lawyers at the PUC all the time, so solar has to as well if our interests are going to be represented.
The other really big thing that should be being reported up and down the media from this agreement that Xcel and CoSEIA/Solar Alliance hammered out is the big shift is that solar incentives (especially for the smaller residential systems) are transisitioning from being an up front rebate, like we've been used to, to a production based incentive, that is paid out based on how much energy the system produces, over a 10-year period. Instead of getting a big check up front, you get small checks (or credits on your power bill, depending on how they implement it and how much is left of your bill after installing solar) each month for 10 years. This is how a lot of the larger systems were already incentivized. For the most part -- some of them also had an up-front incentive portion.
This move shifts a lot of the cash flow problem off of Xcel energy, and onto the PV system owner, and cash flow was one of Xcel's largest issues that prompted them to shut down the program. The larger systems actually took a lot less cash from them, because they were only entering into contracts to spend money over typically 15 or 20 years, rather than writing a large check right now. The small residential systems were taking way more than their share of the money (in Xcel's eyes) because they had to write the large check up front to the customer. By shifting to a production-based incentive spread out over 10 years (Xcel would have preferred even longer, but CoSEIA pushed for a shorter period to aid in matching it to typical financing periods for these smaller systems), the cash flow from Xcel for incentives, right now, is much smaller.
The incentive right now, assuming the PUC approves the agreement, will be $1.75/watt up front incentive, then $0.04/kWh of production, for a 10 year period. By the end of this year, this will transition to zero up front incentive but a full $0.14/kWh of production based incentive (for small customer-owned systems. There are slightly different levels for small third party owned systems and larger systems). In addition to shifting the cash flow off of Xcel and allowing the program to restart, this can also, depending on exactly how it is implemented, result in better quality solar systems being installed. Because you only get paid if it really produces. Systems with too much shading (a bigger issue than the industry would like to admit, especially with a lot of inexperienced installers coming in), won't get paid as much. If equipment fails, you don't get paid as much.
Essentially, this is a means for Xcel to shift to paying you for the energy your solar system produces, rather than paying for your solar system. It's not the only way it could have been done. When Xcel buys a new power plant, they pay for it up front, but then charge you a surcharge on every kWh that you buy, for the next 10 or 20 or 30 years, to recoup that investment. They could have done a similar thing with solar ... Buying the "power plant" up front like they have been doing, then collecting the RESA (renewable energy surcharge) payment of 2% of your bill, to pay for it for the next 10 or 20 years (Interestingly, they have just filed for a 5% additional surcharge on your bill for fossil fuel plants and costs of generating fossil fuel power).
Instead, they have chosen to go the route of a pure production-based incentive for solar power. This is very similar to what many other states and countries have done. Many of them, Germany being an oft-cited example, started out with a much higher level, more than 50 cents/kWh instead of 14 cents. 14 cents/kWh, as Xcel is going to, is roughly the same net present value as a $1.50/watt up front rebate. However, how many of you non-accountants do a net present value calculation on all your purchases? Not many, I suspect. And this is the downside to switching to a production-based incentive. Emotionally, it feels better for Xcel to cut you a check for $20k after you've installed your system than to get a monthly check for $170/month, even if the numbers do work out.
But, like it or not, that's the way the solar incentives are moving, and Colorado has now joined the bandwagon.
Zeke Yewdall sits on the board of directors for CoSEIA, as well as teaching for SEI and designing and installing PV systems for Mile Hi Solar in Loveland, Colorado. Learn more at firstname.lastname@example.com.
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Jeff Branscome writes about Spotsylvania County schools. You can email him at firstname.lastname@example.com.
Spotsy welcomes students back to school
Over 23,000 students started a new school year today in Spotsylvania County.
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R. G. Baraniuk, P. Flandrin and O. Michel,"Measuring Time-Frequency Information and Complexity using the Renyi Entropies," in IEEE International Symposium on Informatin Theory (ISIT),, pp. 426.
R. G. Baraniuk, P. Flandrin, A. J. E. M. Janssen and O. Michel, "Measuring Time-Frequency Information Content using the Renyi Entropies," IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, vol. 47, no. 4, pp. 1391-1409, 2001.
P. Flandrin, R. G. Baraniuk and O. Michel,"Time-Frequency Complexity and Information," in IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing (ICASSP),, pp. III-329-III-332.
O. Michel and R. G. Baraniuk,"Time-Frequency Based Distance and Divergence Measures," in IEEE-SP International Symposium on Time-frequency and Time-scale Analysis,, pp. 64-67.


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The milk that goes into the world's most expensive cheese is collected from 100 Balkan donkeys that make their home in the reserve. The cheese is low in milk fat which, according to Simic, is why no one else is making it.
The reserve's success with Pule has even prompted its staff to find more uses for its donkey milk, including cosmetics and a special donkey milk liqueur.
Currently, Pule is made only on an advanced order basis, so you'll have to get in quick to get your cut!View Comments


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After the third occurrence in less than a year, Miami Heat coach Erik Spoelstra felt it was time to address the issue.
On Sunday, guard Roger Mason Jr., became the latest Heat player victimized in a burglary attempt. He was among those robbed at Ni.Do. Caffe in Miami, hours after the Heat defeated the Charlotte Bobcats.


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Basics: starting at $4.96/yd Collection Prints: $3.56/yd 100% Quilting Cotton • Never a charge for cutting
Apple River Table Runner Kitby Kristin Gassaway From the Lasting Legacies collection
Retail: $21.38 20% off$17.10 2.75 yards View the Apple River Table Runner Pattern Download »
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Kit includes: pattern, 2-3/4 yards of fabric. | Backing: included | Techniques: piecing | Skill Level: intermediate
View pattern details & full materials list » 16" x 34" Item No. 6438 Retail: $21.38
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1998 OPEN FORUM Abstracts
John Emberger BS RRT, Andrew Ginn RRT, Rick Ermak RRT, Dennis Witmer MD, Marc Zubrow MD, Department of Respiratory Care, Christiana Care Health System, Newark DE.
Background: High frequency jet ventilation (HFJV) and independent lung ventilation (ILV) have been used to treat severe pulmonary air leaks (1,2,3). We present a case of severe bronchopleural fistula which required both ILV and HFJV, also called unilateral high frequency jet ventilation (UHFJV). Case Summary: Fifty four year old male presented with a self-inflicted gunshot wound to the right chest wall. Volume ventilation would not achieve oxygen saturation above 84%. Pressure control ventilation (PCV) was initiated with rate = 18 breaths/minute, 100% FiO2 and +5 PEEP (ABG: pH = 7.31, PaCO2 = 48 torr, PaO2 = 65, SaO2 = 88%). Chest X-ray showed metallic fragments, shattered ribs, and parenchymal opacity consistent with severe pulmonary contusion of the right lung. Within eight hours ILV was initiated. A tracheostomy was done to place a double lumen tube. Right lung ventilator settings were: Assist Control mode, rate = 4 breaths/minute, no PEEP. Left lung ventilator settings were: PCV, rate = 16 breaths/minute, +7 PEEP. The ABG improved to: pH = 7.42, PaCO2 = 45 torr, PaO2 = 122 torr, SaO2 = 98% on 100% FiO2. The air leak noticeably decreased. The patient deteriorated over the next day (PaO2 = 60 torr on 100% FiO2) as the lung injury worsened on chest X-ray. The decision was made to initiate UHFJV on the right lung (HFJV on the right lung and PCV on the left lung). The ABG improved (pH = 7.48, PaCO2 = 37 torr, PaO2 = 115 torr). A decrease in the air leak was again noted. The patient was maintained on UHFJV for 11 days. When the patient was converted back to conventional ventilation on day 13 after admission, the double lumen tube was pulled from the tracheostomy site and a regular tracheostomy tube was placed. The patient was placed on Pressure Support Ventilation and began to wean. The patient was weaned from the ventilator to tracheostomy collar 17 days after conversion to conventional ventilation (day 30 after admission). Three days later the patient was decannulated. Three days after decannulation (day 36 after admission) the patient was discharged. Discussion: This is an example of a patient that benefited from the use of UHFJV (both ILV and HFJV). Cases of UHFJV are reported in the literature (1,2,3) and we wanted to describe the positive results that we experienced with this case.
1. Wipperman C, Schranz D, Baum V et al. Independent right lung high frequency and left lung conventional ventilation in the management of severe air leaks during ARDS. Paediatric Anaesthesia 1995;5(3):189-192.
2. Mortimer A, Laurie P, Garrett H, et al. Unilateral high frequency jet ventilation. Reduction of leak in bronchopleural fistula. Intensive Care Medicine 1984; 10(1):39-41.
3. Crimi G, Candiani A, Conti G, et al. Clinical applications of independent lung ventilation with unilateral high-frequency jet ventilation (ILV-UHFJV). Intensive Care Medicine 1986; 12(2):90-94.
The 44th International Respiratory Congress Abstracts-On-Disk®, November 7 - 10, 1998, Atlanta, Georgia.


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Assorted dates in Brown Split Top Leather Box by Tammar
Imported high quality Dates From Famous brand Tammar exclusively packed in Hand made box and tied with ribbon ready to give surprise to someone you care.
Weight: 320 grams
We help you express your feelings and deliver them through our fantastic services of sending gifts to Pakistan. Whether you want freshly blossomed flowers to convey your feelings to someone special from far away or it's the family occasion which needs to be sugared with mouthwatering variety of cake delivery in Pakistan, our international delivery services allow you to send precious gifts to Pakistan.
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Maliah Michel Pics
Maliah has been working on many projects including her website MaliahMichel.com and her new calendar and her DVD. She's will be rockin' many more magazine covers with hotties like Melyssa Ford and Vida Guerra. I would love to see them together in a photo shoot with Maliah Michel!
She has been in many music videos including "Girl Tonight" Twista featuring Trey Songz, "Get It Shawty" Lloyd, "Put You On The Game" The Game, "Touch It" Remix Busta Rhymes, and "Make Me Better" Fabolous featuring Neyo.
Maliah Michel VideosHere is some Maliah Michel Statistics:
Date of Birth: December 10 Height: 5'7" Measurements: 34-26-45 Hometown: Los Angeles, CA
Hair color: Brown
Hair length: Long
Eye color: Brown
Ethnicity: Black
Skin color: Brown
Visit the Maliah Michel Videos to see some nice video clips.


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Irish Internet Radio and TV from Dublin, Ireland.
Trying to paint Ireland's beauty...
will still not capture her mystic lure.
but keeping her memories and serenity
in my heart, so clear, sweet and pure....
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IrishCoin A New Digital Currency For The Irish.
Teeling Whiskey to open a new distillery in Dublin's Liberties.
Niamh's latest album "Cuz - A Tribute to Terry 'Cuz' Teahan
New Swiss Style Democracy Party takes off in Ireland.
Tom Cruise arrives in Ireland and traces his Irish roots.
BitCoin developed by Irish man
St Patrick's Day in Dublin
Dublin Timelapse 2013
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Daniel Day Lewis to head for the Wicklow hills after Oscar nomination
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One recent study found that women who had vitamin D deficiency when they were diagnosed had a 94% increased risk that the cancer would spread, and 73% increased risk of dying within the next 10 years, compared to those with adequate vitamin levels. What's most alarming is that vitamin D deficiency is a worldwide health problem, even in the developed world.Now, two new vitamin D studies from the University of Rochester Medical Center have linked vitamin D deficiency with breast and colon cancer. One study of 224 women being treated for breast cancer found that 66% were deficient of vitamin D.African American women had the lowest levels of vitamin D compared to Hispanic or white patients. Genetic factors common to blacks may interfere with vitamin D absorption: higher incidence of lactose intolerance, which can eliminate vitamin-D fortified milk from the diet, and darker skin pigment that significantly reduces vitamin D synthesis.The study also looked at the effect of vitamin supplementation regimens for those with deficiency. Temporary weekly doses of as much as 50,000 IU were needed to increase vitamin D levels in those considered severely deficient. This compares to the Institute of Medicine recommendation of 200 IUs per day up to age 50; 400 IUs from ages 51-70; and 600 IUs after age 70. The authors recommend a minimum 1,000 IU of vitamin D3 daily in addition to calcium supplementation. In a separate study reported in the journal Cancer, researchers suggest that vitamin D deficiency among African Americans may explain the particular susceptibility of black people to death from colorectal cancer. They found that African Americans have double the risk of dying from the cancer. After accounting for other factors, vitamin D deficiency may explain about 40% of the mortality risk associated with being African American.A similar study published earlier this year showed that vitamin D deficiency may contribute to a higher risk of heart- and stroke-related deaths among blacks compared to whites. The findings suggest that vitamin D deficiency heightens the risk of death in African Americans from cancer and cardiovascular disease.Groups at greatest risk of vitamin D deficiency are:
Still have questions? Contact firstname.lastname@example.com. We are happy to assist you!
The #1 daily resource for health and lifestyle news!
Your daily resource for losing weight and staying fit.
We could all use some encouragement now and then - we're human!
Explore your destiny as you discover what's written in your stars.
The latest news, tips and recipes for people with diabetes.
Healthy food that tastes delicious too? No kidding.


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Inktank and SUSE Partner to Support SUSE Cloud
Inktank and SUSE are partnering to provide enterprise-grade support for the Ceph Distributed Storage System as part of SUSE Cloud.
The announcement states that SUSE will provide support for Ceph components directly to all customers of SUSE Cloud, and Inktank will provide engineering support to SUSE to ensure quick resolution of technical issues. Currently, Inktank is the only company today providing enterprise-grade, commercial support for Ceph.
Integration of Ceph with SUSE Cloud allows SUSE to provide a "reliable, cost-effective distributed storage infrastructure that is available for private clouds," according to the announcement. SUSE Cloud automates setup and management tasks of cloud infrastructure, including Ceph distributed storage environments, through the Crowbar software framework. Both Inktank and SUSE contribute to the Crowbar Project – an open source project sponsored by Dell.
"We're excited that SUSE and Inktank are working with us to extend the capabilities of Crowbar to support the easy deployment of Ceph as part of a SUSE Cloud private cloud environment," said John Igoe, executive director of cloud and big data solutions, Dell.
You can learn more about SUSE Cloud at: http://www.suse.com/susecloud and more about Inktank's support for Ceph at: http://www.inktank.com.
Issue 170/2015
Buy this issue as a PDF
TOR Network Isn't So Anonymous
A new study says it is possible to unmask 81% of TOR users.
.NET Goes Open Source
Redmond joins the revolution by turning the .NET Core Runtime into a GitHub project.
Drupal Advisory Unleashes a Torrent of Attacks
Users only had 7 hours to update before the intrusions started.
HTML5 Gets Promoted to a Standard
It's official: The new web arrives
Linus Addresses Criticism for Harsh Language
Kernel king admits his tone has alienated volunteers, but says the demands of the process require directness.
New SSL Attack Lets a Malicious Listener Steal Session Cookies
New flaw in an old encryption scheme leaves the experts scrambling to disable SSL 3
Leading Open Source Coder Rants about Rants
Lennart Poettering wants to change the way Linux developers talk to each other.
HP Splits into Two Companies
Enterprise giant frees itself from ink and home PCs (and visa versa).
Mozilla Labs Shuts Down
Mozilla's product think tank sinks silently into history.
Internet Giants Launch Collaboration to Improve Open Source
TODO group will focus on open source tools in large-scale environments.


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There is nothing like a fresh ripe apple just picked the tree. Right now we're eating apples like they're going out of style. Honeycrisp, Macon, Galas – we're eating them and I could not do Thanksgiving without an apple dessert. To keep this somewhat compliant to Whole30, I used fresh pressed apple juice as the sugar. I can not remember the last time we had juice in the house as it's just too sweet for us now. If you want to skip this I would go with a sweeter apple variety. I used Granny Smiths because I just love the tart finish when baked.
This recipe bakes up in only 30 minutes but that is due to the fact that you cook the apple on the stove top first and then spoon the filling into the crust.
Now, my Mother-in-law came over for dinner the night I made this and she is a sugar loving mama. To make this sweet enough for her I simply warmed up some honey with a bit of ghee and cinnamon and drizzled it over the top. Top with your favorite whipped topping and enjoy!
I hope that you found a tasty Dish to try in my week of Paleo Thanksgiving Recipes!
- 1.5 cups of Soaked and Dehydrated Almonds - see tutorial
- 1 egg plus 1 egg white
- 1 tbsp ghee
- 2 tbsp coconut flour
- 3 Granny Smith Apples, pealed and sliced
- ½ cup of apple juice
- ½ tsp lemon juice
- 1 tbsp ghee
- ¼ tsp salt
- ¼ tsp cinnamon
- ⅛ tsp cardamom
- ½ tsp vanilla
- To make the crust place the almonds in the food processor and grind to a flour.
- Place the almond flour in a bowl and add in the coconut flour, ghee and eggs.
- Mix until you have a dough and roll out between two sheets or parchment paper. Your finished crust should be ¼" thick.
- To make the filling place the cut apple, apple juice, lemon juice, ghee and all the seasoning in a pan and cover. Bring to a boil and cover.
- Let this cook until the juice cooks away, roughly 10 - 12 minutes. Some of the apple maybe more of an apple sauce but that's fine.
- Take your piece of parchment paper with the crust on it and spoon the filing into the center of the crust. Fold the crust up on to the filing.
- Move the galette on to a baking sheet and cook for 30 minutes at 350 degrees.
© 2011-2012, A Girl Worth Saving. Feel free to pin my posts but do not repost my full recipe on your blog, Tumblr, or any other website.


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FortisBC to begin drilling work for soil samples November 24
Vegetation maintenance begins on Mamquam River dike
District of Squamish Selected by CPWA for 2014 National Public Works Week Award
The District of Squamish, B.C. was recently selected for the second consecutive year to receive the national award for their May, 2014 National Public Works Week (NPWW) Community Celebration. The Squamish Operations Department won the Canadian Public Works Association's (CPWA) National Public Works Week Contest's First Place award in the "Small Centre" category of municipalities with population less than 75,000.
Squamish Oceanfront Development
A developer has been chosen for the Squamish Oceanfront lands.
The new Integrated Flood Hazard Management Plan (IFHMP) will guide development and land use in Squamish for years to come.
Employment Lands Strategy
The District of Squamish is developing an Employment Lands Strategy to ensure that employment lands are available and used to their full potential for the community's benefit, and to help meet the District's local economic development objectives.
Back to the Future: Squamish 1964-2014
The "Back to the Future: Squamish 1964-2014" event takes place on Saturday, November 29 at the Sea to Sky Hotel.
Christmas Market and Santa Parade
Christmas Market and Santa Parade
The Nutcracker on Ice
December 10
- 04:00pm
Where: Brennan Park Recreation Centre


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Completed In a time where Americans still drank Tea. Darkaxis vs The Wanderer (2v2 singles)
Discussion in 'ASB' started by Metal Bagon, Dec 21, 2011.
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Crystal Harris' wedding dress, worn during her New Year's Eve nuptials with Playboy founder Hugh Hefner, is ready to hit the auction block for charity.
"I am auctioning my wedding dress with @charitybuzz to help raise money for lymphoma in memory of Mary," the Playmate tweeted Thursday.
Mary is, of course, Hef's secretary Mary O'Connor, who passed away in January. She was a great friend (and "Mansion Mom") to the girls for 40 years.
According to Crystal Harris, Mary even played a key role in their reconciliation after she went all Runaway Bride on him during their first wedding attempt.


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China / Japan / France, 2002 (MIFF 2005, Horizons: New Chinese Cinema)
Director: Zhang Ke Jia
Platform (MIFF 01) is Jia Zhang-ke's ambitious follow-up to his highly successful debut, Pickpocket. Set over 1979 to 1989, it explores the tensions in expectations and world-views that emerge as China shifts from its isolationist Cultural Revolution years to its pop-cultural revolution of the 1980s. The film opens with a provincial theatrical troupe celebrating Chairman Mao and delivering the state's message through song and performance. But it soon becomes evident that a great gulf exists between the state's rhetoric of modernisation and the reality of provincial life. Central to the drama are two of the performers, Minliang and Chang Jun. With their fingers on the pulse of change, the pair seeks to live independently and take responsibility for their own relationships and futures. Platform brings together studied fragments in the lives of the main characters, which together deliver a richly textured drama chronicling the changing attitudes of a new generation. Jia establishes a wonderfully contemplative mood in this drama of cultural change, which was nominated for the Golden Lion at Venice in 2000.


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Back in the eighties BOY London was a start-up brand with a very different - but equally cool - following indeed. It won't have escaped your hawk-eye A-list vision that over the past few weeks Rihanna has become their number one fan and been repeatedly spotted wearing a particular baseball cap from the revived line, complete with its trademark BOY emblazoned across it. She's also worked a full head-to-toe look (as only RiRi can) for her Jonathan Ross show appearance two weeks ago – prompting a complete and utter fashion frenzy in Selfridges, where the new collection is exclusively stocked right now (that's if you can still get your hands on it!). You can scroll through all of Rihanna's BOY moments in the gallery above.
Retro BOY London shots including Boy George covered in BOY badges!
Once upon a time the logo-centric label, which was set up by punk designer Stephane Rayner in the '80s with its cult-visited store on the Kings Road, was affiliated with his scenester friends and the Blitz crowd of Boy George et al. The type of outrageous fashion forward party people for whom no wardrobe was complete would've been complete without one of the must-have BOY tees. Fast forward a few years and Rayner's take on the Ibiza club circuit was to reproduce the signature clubbing symbol of the smiley face, turning it into a world recognised fashion phenomenon. Problem was, the brand was so heavily copied that Rayner lost control of the label and had to quit. Until last year that is….
The ever-cool Chloe could compete with RiRi for their number one fan!
Stephane first dipped his toe in with a collaborative mini collection for Urban Outfitters (which we saw TONS of the staff wearing!) and now it's back in full swing with a website, a collection with Long Clothing and with a brand new cult following, albeit it a different and more fashwany one! Chloe Sevigny was spotted in one of the classic white tees last year, Jessie J has jumped on the BOY bandwagon in her Domino video and newbie girl on the music track, Natalia Kills, recently wore some BOY sunnies in her video with will.i.am. Not to mention the tons of seriously hipster style bloggers!
Style Bloggers Norelle Rheingold, Oona S and Olivia Lopez have already got their BOYs
So girls, will YOU be getting acquainted with this BOY? Let us know below!


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Music, Wisdom, Love
Free-jazz trumpeter (aka. Neneh "Buffalo Stance" Cherry's father) Don Cherry acts out a poem by Anthony Braxton in this short film produced by Jean-Noël Delamare, Nathalie Perrey, and Phillippe Gras. Shot in various locations in and around Paris, France in 1973, the film frames Cherry as a sort of extraterrestrial being sent to earth to discover a triplet of universal truths.


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Quick & Easy
By Beverly Barbour
Don't be afraid to play chicken
Just because chicken is one of the least expensive proteins we can offer guests doesn't mean that it can't be a special treat. It is all in how you dress the bird for its trip to the table. One of characteristics of chicken that make it worth crowing about is its versatility. You can do so many things with the whole bird or its parts that if boredom sets in it is the cook's fault.
Chicken en Papillote
Anything cooked in parchment paper (your can substitute aluminum foil if need be) somehow becomes very special. Is it possible that we all love a surprise?
3/4 cup sun-dried tomatoes
Preheat oven to 400 F. Tear off four sheets, each 15-inches long, of parchment paper. Fold each sheet in half and cut out a large heart shape, using folded edge as center of heart. Soak sun-dried tomatoes to rehydrate following package directions. Drain and set aside. Unfold each parchment heart. Arrange one-fourth of sun-dried tomatoes on one-half of each heart near fold. Place one chicken breast half over tomatoes on each heart. Sprinkle chicken with basil, salt and pepper. Top with remaining vegetables and butter. Fold over other half of each heart to enclose ingredients. Starting at top of each heart, make small overlapping folds to seal edges together. Twist the last fold at bottom of heart several times to make a tight seal; place parchment packages on a large cookie sheet. Bake 20 to 25 minutes. Place packages on dinner plates. Carefully cut an "X" in the top of each package to allow steam to escape. Makes 4 servings.
Chicken Chili
"I've never served it without someone asking for the recipe," says Mary Ingraham.
2 pounds skinless, boneless chicken breast, cut into bite-size pieces
Coat skillet with cooking spray, add chicken and cook until browned, stirring frequently. Heat large Dutch oven and coat with cooking spray. Add onion to pan, sauté until tender, stirring frequently. Add garlic and sauté 2 minutes, stirring frequently. Stir in seasonings and sauté 1 minute. Stir in chiles, reduce heat to low and cook 10 minutes, partially covered. Add chicken, water, beans and broth; bring to a simmer. Cover and simmer 10 minutes. Stir in hot sauce. Sprinkle each serving with cheese, cilantro and scallions. Makes 8 servings.
Barbecued Chicken Pizza
For a short cut, start with prebaked pizza crusts from the supermarket, frozen bread dough or bake your own.
1 pound boned, skinned chicken breasts
Preheat oven to 350 F. Place chicken pieces in a baking pan and coat with about 2 tablespoons barbecues sauce. Sprinkle with salt and pepper. Bake until no longer pink at the center of thickest part, about 20 minutes. Let stand until cool enough to handle; then tear into bite-size chunks. In a small bowl mix with remaining barbecue sauce. Meanwhile, in a frying pan cook bacon until browned and crisp. To drain transfer bacon to paper towels spread over newspaper. Preheat oven to 400 F. Place pizza crusts on baking sheet and spread each with about 2 tablespoons cream cheese. Spoon chicken sauce evenly over both crusts; top with bacon, green chilies, cheese and hot chili flakes. Bake until cheese s browned and bubbling, 15 to 20 minutes. Serve in wedges. Makes 2 to 3 servings.
Almond Asiago Chicken Breasts
Oven baked chicken with coatings that are easy to assemble and quick to cook. The breasts are dipped in buttermilk then in crunchy almonds and Asiago cheese.
2 whole chicken breasts, boned and skinned
Preheat oven to 350 F. Lightly grease ovenproof frying pan or baking dish and set aside. Place almonds, cheese, onion and pepper in a blender. Grind mixture into a coarse meal and spread in shallow bowl. Pour buttermilk into another shallow bowl. Dip each breast piece in buttermilk, then coat each in nut mixture. Set slightly apart in prepared pan. Bake, uncovered, for 24 minutes. Makes 4 or more servings.