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Session: 2007/2008
Date: Thursday, 06 December 2007
Members present for all or part of the proceedings: Mr Barry McElduff (Chairperson) Mr Dominic Bradley Mr Francie Brolly Lord Browne Mr Kieran McCarthy Mr Nelson McCausland Mr Ken Robinson Mr Jim Shannon
Witnesses: Mr Dara McGaughey ) Northern Ireland Assembly Research Services
The Chairperson:We turn to the formulation of the Committee's response to 'The Northern Ireland Strategy for Sport and Physical Recreation 2007-2017'. This is an opportunity to put forward views on the Department's strategy for sport. The discussion will be reported by Hansard, and the Committee Clerk will prepare a response, to be signed off at next week's meeting. In order to focus on some of the key issues, we will have the benefit of a short presentation from Northern Ireland Assembly Research Services on its paper on the sports strategy.
I invite Mr Dara McGaughey to the table. I anticipate that the presentation will last 10 minutes. That will leave around 15 minutes for questions.
Mr D Bradley:I have to leave at 12.30 pm. Will it still be in order for me to give my opinions on this matter before next week's meeting?
The Chairperson:That will definitely be in order. The Clerk will prepare a response to be signed off at next week's meeting. If members wish to make a response in writing or communicate a response to the Committee Clerk before then, their opinions will be fed into the process.
Mr Dara McGaughey ( Northern Ireland Assembly Research Services):I thank the Committee for inviting me to attend this meeting. I shall briefly address the key points contained in the strategy for sport, and draw comparisons with similar strategies in Great Britain and the Republic of Ireland. I will then invite any questions, comments or points from members.
The strategy focuses on three key themes, common to most such strategies: participation, performance and places.
With respect to the first of those, the matter of lifelong participation is examined. The strategy identifies that one of the biggest problems in Northern Ireland is that so few adults are actively participating in sport. The strategy aims not only to increase participation, but to promote lifelong participation.
The strategy focuses on different levels of activity to put across the message that the level at which one takes part in sport or physical activity does not matter, just as long as one does it.
The strategy recognises that Northern Ireland is not experiencing the high levels of success in international elite sport that it did in the past, and focuses on the areas in which that can be improved and increased through facilities such as the sports institute at the University of Ulster.
The strategy is managed on two levels. The first is the strategy monitoring group, which will be chaired by the Minister, and will include senior representatives from the Department and other agencies, such as Sport Northern Ireland. Below that, there will be three strategy implementation groups, which will ensure that the strategy is going in the right direction. The strategy does not give specific details of the powers of those bodies, or what they will or will not be able to do. Perhaps that is an area for development.
The strategy also looks at the cost of doing nothing. That is an important matter, and is considered across all the strategies. The impact on health is the primary concern, and the strategy gives examples of a couple of cultural changes that have happened in the Western World. People are less active than they were in the past, and spend more time on sedentary pursuits, such as watching television. Lifestyles are based around cars, rather than walking or cycling, as they used to be, and there is an ever-decreasing amount of physical activity in schools and workplaces. The strategy does not really examine what can be done about that situation. Academic evidence suggests that there is little that can be done, because there has been such an enormous cultural shift. Any change will occur only over a very long period.
The authors of the strategy believe that its implementation will cost an extra £20 million a year over a 10-year period. They do not identify whether that money has already been set aside, whether it has been ring-fenced, or specifically where it is going to come from. The strategy mentions a partnership arrangement, with central Government, devolved government and local councils playing a role. There have been a number of media reports about National Lottery money being reallocated to the 2012 Olympics in London, and that may have implications for the cost of implementing the strategy. The only other strategy in Great Britain or Ireland that considers questions of cost is the Welsh strategy, which cites spending of £20 to £40 million a year. The Northern Ireland strategy is comparable in that respect.
I will now turn to a few brief comparisons with the strategies that have been implemented in Scotland, England, Wales and Ireland. The Scottish strategy is named 'Reaching Higher', and, like Northern Ireland's strategy, follows on from a previous sports plan. It runs over a four-year period. The Northern Ireland strategy is the only one that focuses on a very long period of 10 years. The 2014 Commonwealth Games will take place in Glasgow, and, much like Northern Ireland, which hopes to benefit from the London Olympics, Scotland will hope to reap the benefits that will accrue from the Commonwealth Games.
The Welsh strategy is named 'Climbing Higher — Next Steps', and it follows on from the original 'Climbing Higher' strategy. It sets targets for lifelong participation, identification of elite athletes and providing appropriate places to participate in sport. The English strategy sets similar goals, and shares with the Northern Ireland strategy a strong desire to promote the participation of minority groups in sport. By minority groups, I mean groups that do not participate as much as their demographic representation would suggest, such as ethnic minorities, women and disabled people. The Northern Ireland strategy recommends that 18 women's sports officers and 18 disabled people's sports officers should be recruited to increase opportunities for those individuals and ensure that they have access to as much physical activity as possible.
The English strategy mentions the commonly-held view that sport is male dominated, and that work must be done to address that situation, which can be done through taster sessions for women in rugby and football, as well as other sports that are perceived as male oriented.
The Scottish strategy does not set specific targets for measuring success, and the reason that it gives for that is that it is difficult to measure the success that is achieved with any degree of accuracy. It is difficult to quantify how much money could be saved from the health budget; there is no way of proving that participation in sport has prevented 500 heart attacks. However, there is academic evidence that proves that increased participation in sport has health benefits. The English strategy mentions a number of those health benefits: the risk of obesity, diabetes and cardiovascular disease can be reduced by sport.
I invite questions from members, and I hope to be able to focus on particular issues that members may raise.
Mr McCarthy:Have any other Departments had input into the sports strategy? You mentioned the health benefits. How can the Department of Health, Social Services and Public Safety work together with DCAL to ensure that the strategy will be rolled out?
Mr McGaughey:The strategy mentions that one of the lessons that were learned from the previous Northern Ireland strategy was that there was not enough working in partnership. Bodies must work together on cross-cutting issues, and that is why health, education and other relevant bodies will be represented on the monitoring group and the strategy implementation groups.
Lord Browne:I notice that the Republic's strategy concentrates on doping in sport. The Northern Ireland strategy does not seem to mention how the prevalent use of drugs in sport can be combated. As sport becomes more competitive, both in the amateur and professional fields, ever more drugs are being used. The strategy also states that only two thirds of secondary schools provide two hours of PE a week. How can that be increased? Can there be closer working relationships between sporting clubs and schools? Perhaps sporting clubs could take over the role that schools provide.
Mr K Robinson:My question is along similar lines. I threw out the figure that for every pound that is invested in sport, £500, £600 or £700 is saved. Dara, are you suggesting that there is no concrete evidence for that?
Mr McGaughey:There is evidence, but it cannot be quantified with any degree of accuracy.
Mr K Robinson:This afternoon, the Minister will be in my backyard, in my constituency of East Antrim, to open a sports stadium at the University of Ulster at Jordanstown. Is there a balance to be struck between providing for the elite sporting participant, and the guy who sits on his chair in a Committee all day, when he should be out doing a real job?
Mr McGaughey:The strategy does not mention that, but I have also examined the issue of sport in Finland. That is often cited as an example of great achievement because, in the 1970s, Finland's health was in a bad position. That country has moved forward because of participation in sport. The evidence suggests that it is often the children who participate least in sport who could benefit most from it. The Finnish model has placed a heavy emphasis on moving away from competitive sport and states that ability should not be a prerequisite to participation. An example is a school district in which football matches are played, but no scores or league tables are kept. Although that might be an extreme example, it allows children of any ability who are interested in the sport to take part, no matter their level of proficiency.
Mr K Robinson:You have triggered a memory. I lived in Germany between 1970 and 1976, when the Germans recognised that they had a tremendous cardiac problem. The whole nation was encouraged to "trim dich". People would go for a walk in somewhere similar to our Belvoir forest and, on the way, they would do two or three steps up and down on a cut-down log, and move on to something else that would encourage physical activity. Families would get involved and parents would encourage their children to have a go. That scheme involved people in physical activity almost incidentally, and it broadened the centre of the focus for all the Government agencies and the population.
There was no embarrassment about getting involved, and many people did not realise that they were exercising. However, it was slightly spoilt because there was a great big restaurant at the end of the path where everyone could put on weight. There are simple, and not necessarily costly, measures that could perhaps be slotted into the strategy. In Northern Ireland, the advantages of sport are recognised, but perhaps the potential benefits of other forms of physical activity are not.
Mr McGaughey:The Finnish example is relevant too. A lot of money was invested in research that involved, for example, asking men who were sitting smoking and drinking in bars in what sport they would participate if they had a choice. That was backed up with considerable further research, because it was recognised that there was no point in investing a large amount of money in sporting facilities that would not be used. The strategy does not really cover market research, but it may provide a way to successfully get people to buy into the idea.
The Chairperson:Did that lead to investment in the darts infrastructure?
Mr Shannon:Do the Health and Education Departments in Scotland, Wales, England, and even the Republic of Ireland, work together on their sports strategies? That has not been mentioned.
Mr McGaughey:From what I saw, they did not have the joined-up approach that is advocated in this strategy. They are aiming to achieve that, but they are not much ahead of Northern Ireland.
Mr Shannon:Given that health and education are not co-ordinated, have they any idea of how successful, or otherwise, their policies or strategies have been so far?
Mr McGaughey:The English strategy recognised that joined-up working and co-ordination was required. In some ways, that is easier in England, because many local health authorities fall within the same borders as the local education authorities. However, they recognise that they failed in the past and have lost out on the benefits of such an approach. The English strategy started in 2001, and runs for a longer period, but the document mainly sets out a vision: it does not set specific hard targets.
Mr Shannon:Can we learn lessons from the areas in which they have not been successful?
Mr McGaughey:Yes.
Mr Brolly:Speaking from local experience, sport here now comes down to team games and sports. I remember when there were two tennis courts in my village that were used all the time; and now there is one. People were always involved in athletics and parochial sports. That never happens now, and I do not know anyone in my parish who is involved in athletics. Those who do not play soccer, Gaelic football or hurling do not participate in sport, apart from the few individuals who power-walk or jog. Sports that cater for individuals must be considered, particularly for rural areas.
The Chairperson:The successful participant in a team sport is often held in too high a regard, whereas the individual achiever receives less recognition than he or she deserves.
Mr Brolly:To expand on that point, people who are not involved in any team sports watch the iconic people in their area who play for the football or hurling team, and they imagine themselves being part of that. They are content with that, and, if the team wins, they win too.
Mr Shannon:There is nothing wrong with that.
Mr Brolly:I have another suggestion, albeit a far-fetched one: it would be a great help if all the television companies could be persuaded not to broadcast between 4.00 pm and 6.00 pm or between 7.00 pm and 9.00 pm.
Mr Shannon:The football results are on at that time.
Mr K Robinson:I cannot see people switching off the television at Christmas.
Mr McCausland:Years ago, there were generally more tennis courts. They were sited at several playing fields in north Belfast, including some at Queen Mary gardens.
There used to be tennis courts in Ballysillan and at the waterworks, but they are gone. That may be because schools no longer offer the same variety of sports. Can that be examined? Is the same variety provided as in the past?
Mr McGaughey:I do not know, but I can research it for you.
Mc McCausland:When I was teaching we used to take the children to practise tennis; there was a tennis court behind the school. We also played badminton and other sports, including football. There may be merit in looking at that.
Mr McGaughey:I can look into that.
The Chairperson:Gymnastics is an unusual club in a rural place such as Tyrone. The community association of Eskra boasts of providing a gymnastics class. That was intriguing.
Mr Brolly:You can find judo or dancing classes as well.
The Chairperson:It has always intrigued me that the Department of Culture, Arts and Leisure does not include sport in its title. Often, when the Minister is presented in the media there is an accompanying description "Minister of Sport" if he is talking about sport. Sport should be included in the title of the Department.
Should there be a snappy title for the strategy other than 'a culture of lifelong enjoyment and success in sport' that encapsulates what it wants to achieve? Wales has 'Climbing Higher'; England's 'Game Plan' suggests a plan; in Scotland 'Reaching Higher' incorporates the idea of achievement and success; and the South's 'Building Sport for Life' encapsulates its aim in the title.
The title of our strategy is 'a culture of lifelong enjoyment and success in sport'. Could that be abbreviated to 'Enjoying succeeding'?
Mr K Robsinson:Or 'On the move'?
The Chairperson:That is another suggestion. It should be a title that people can take ownership of and which encapsulates its goals. Perhaps the present title is too general.
Mr Brolly:Including the word "success" is where it goes wrong.
The Chairperson:Would you not include the word "success"?
Mr Brolly:Absolutely not. I would include the word "participation" but not the word "success".
Mr Shannon:The Northern Ireland Sports Council was going to use 'Sport for all'. That gives the message that sport is for everyone, but as it has been used before, it is not innovative.
The Chairperson:Does anyone else think that the word "sport" should be in the title of the Department or does the word "leisure" incorporate sport? Is that a better word?
Mr K Robinson:The word "sport" might be considered too competitive.
Mr McCausland:The word "sport" could be added so that the title becomes the Department of Culture, Arts, Leisure and Sports, which would give us DCALS.
Mr K Robinson:I was waiting to see if the initials spelled something unfortunate, but DCALS seems to be acceptable.
The Chairperson:Next week, the Committee will have a draft response that we will sign off on, so members should discuss any issues of interest then.
Mr K Robinson:It is useful to examine how continental countries approach this. I visited a town in France where there were clubs for tennis, badminton, rowing, canoeing, and amateur and professional soccer. That small regional town had, more or less, a leisure quarter, a very successful football team and a successful nursery for football players that had produced players who had played all over the world.
Once one passed under a railway bridge one was in a buzzing sports quarter. There were young people, and more mature people, as well as spectators. North Down has a swimming pool and there is an elite athletes' centre in Jordanstown, and goodness know what else we will put elsewhere.
The Chairperson:Are you arguing for equitable redistribution to west of the Bann?
Mr K Robinson:If there were any space left in Omagh, I would suggest that we move it there.
Do we need a critical mass of facilities somewhere rather than scattering them all over the place? I ask that having seen what happens in other places.
The Chairperson:"Excellence" is a word that has come into sports provision. Are there any other views before we leave the Committee to pull together our incoherent thoughts?
Mr McGaughey:Cost to the individual is not covered in the sport strategy, but the affordability of sport may make participation an issue for people from deprived areas. The Finns considered the issue, and they now provide high-level subsidies to ensure that the cost of participation is not a barrier to anyone.
The Chairperson:That is a very good point. Those who devise the strategy for sport should have a map of social deprivation in one hand and the strategy in the other to see whether they match up and whether they are investing in areas of social deprivation.
Mr McCausland:I have a point about the relationship between local authorities and central Government. The Grove leisure centre in Belfast is to close and a new complex will be developed with a swimming pool, leisure facilities, a library and health centre all in one place. That is a great scheme, but the result will be fewer opportunities for clubs because of more family swimming sessions, yet the 50-metre pool is some years down the road; there has been no joined-up thinking. A council has decided to do what is right for the people of its area, but centrally we are losing out. I do not know how to achieve it, but we need a more integrated approach. I asked what the strategy for swimming was, but there did not seem to be one.
Mr K Robinson:You could expand that to include schools that, for a variety of reasons, cannot take their pupils swimming so that they can use the existing facilities.
The Chairperson:Another theme is the Starting Well strategy and what it means for primary schools. Professor Eric Saunders first made the point 40 years ago — and he is still making it today — that there is inadequate investment in sporting provision and physical recreation in primary schools.
Some people opposed the Minister of Education's recent initiative to put coaches into primary schools. Did DCAL assist in that? Did it support it or does it feel thwarted.
Mr K Robinson:Sometimes there are opportunities at grassroots level. I had Ian Stewart as a coach for our footballers, and it was great to get him. I was never quite sure how we got him or how we were chosen. If I could have had him two days a week, I would have.
The Chairperson:Was he in the Irish Football Association (IFA)?
Mr K Robinson:He was an IFA coach; it was excellent to have a professional from whom staff could learn. Day-to-day physical education has been squeezed out of schools because they have so many other things to do. We are now social workers and pseudo-parents in many cases, feeding and looking after children after school. I spoke the other evening to a principal who lamented that only two people had turned up to a meeting on a drugs awareness programme that he had introduced into his school — in an area that is suffering a drug problem.
So many things can be done in the early stages, but we need co-ordination between DCAL, the Department of Education and the Department of Health.
Mr Brolly:We should anticipate whatever changes take place. For example, if the 11-plus is done away with — and I think it will be —
Mr K Robinson:You must have inside information.
The Chairperson:Go ahead, Francie; please continue. You have started off on a rare note.
Mr Brolly:It should give primary schools the opportunity to have a more balanced curriculum, because, as Ken says, hardly any of them have time for music or sport, except perhaps after school when coaches are brought in.
Teachers are dogged by all sorts of bureaucracy. Farmers complain about bureaucracy — they should try teaching for a while. We should ensure that, whatever happens after next year, we are ready to make strong proposals for implementing a robust strategy that ensures that sport gets the time that it deserves and that society needs. Obesity begins in the early school years; that is where health problems begin.
The Chairperson:We also need to bring new ideas to our response to the strategy. I suggest that the gap should be narrowed between respect for majority and minority sports. In mid-Tyrone everyone is football-mad; however, if the poet laureate lived in the village, he would be noticed. There should be greater respect for the individual's achievement in, for example, table tennis. Perhaps we should work harder to increase respect for individual minority sports that are trying to run taster sessions.
Mr McCarthy:There should be more co-operation between sports authorities and local councils.
Mr McCausland:Primary schools should have a greater variety of sports; children should be allowed to try everything.
Mr K Robinson:Who would allow them to do that?
Mr McCarthy:And who would pay for it?
Mr McCausland:One does not have to be the world's greatest expert —
Mr K Robinson:I am talking about creating the time to engage in those sports.
Mr McCausland:I apologise; I understand what you mean.
Mr K Robinson:Schools are willing to engage in sports if their timetables permitted it, but they are constrained by a lack of time.
The Chairperson:I ask the Committee to think about the issue before next week's meeting. Although the issue is probably one of the most important for our Committee, we are perhaps downplaying it. We should think long and hard at the strategy for sport and physical recreation.
Mr Robinson:Will we exercises on the spot for five minutes?
The Chairperson:I am reminded of when I climbed Mullaghharn Mountain one Saturday morning, and a group of us went for an almighty fry afterwards — it was good fry.
Members must ask themselves whether they are content with the overall focus of the strategy and the relative emphasis that is given to its three strands: physical literacy — which is a term that I heard only recently; lifelong physical participation; and performance. Are members content with the targets set out on page 8? Could they be improved? Are members content with the proposals for implementing the strategy and the concept of a strategy monitoring group?
Members indicated assent.
The Chairperson:Is the Committee content with the proposals for funding the strategy?
Mr McCarthy:No.
The Chairperson:Sports are seriously underfunded.
Mr McCarthy:Resources are needed to implement the proposed strategy.
The Chairperson:That message does not seem to get through. I am troubled by the comprehensive spending review process, for although the arts and sports make strong arguments for funds, when the process ends it seems that they are greatly underfunded once again. Who is listening? Do the other Ministers listen?
Mr Shannon:They are all fighting for their own Departments.
The Chairperson:We will revisit the issue next week.
The Committee Clerk:I refer members to the Chairperson's reference to page 8 of the strategy and its 24 recommendations and targets. Few, if any, of them have been discussed specifically today. If members wish to address any one of those recommendations and targets, would they correspond with Committee staff so that their views are included at next week's meeting?
The Chairperson:I thank Dara for helping us to get our heads around the key issues.
Mr Dara McGaughey, Northern Ireland Assembly Research Services
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Lindsay Ellingson
"I eat normally, but I've been exercising a lot more. I work with Ballet Beautiful and Mary Helen is amazing. You can ask her to focus on certain muscles of your body that you want toned and she'll do that. When you work in lingerie, you really want your glutes really tight and your core, so I've been focusing on those areas."
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English Heritage
Survey of London: volumes 43 and 44: Poplar, Blackwall and Isle of Dogs
Hermione Hobhouse (General Editor)
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List of platesList of abbreviations used in the references
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'The Millwall Docks: Historical development', Survey of London: volumes 43 and 44: Poplar, Blackwall and Isle of Dogs (1994), pp. 345-353. URL: http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=46504 Date accessed: 28 November 2014.
(Min 3 characters)
CHAPTER XII - The Millwall Docks
The Historical Development of the
Millwall Docks
Planning the Docks, 1859–64
Financing, Building and Opening the Docks, 1864–9
The Development of the Docks, 1870–1980
The Isle of Dogs was an obvious location for port-related
development in the mid-nineteenth century. The Millwall
and Cubitt Town riverside was a necklace of industry
around a hinterland of undeveloped pasture, for the
inland properties were of limited commercial value
without water access. The area had been recognized as
suitable for wet docks at earlier periods of growth in the
Port, in the 1790s and 1820s (see pages 248 and 276).
All of the proposals incorporated the double entrances
that the river's oxbow allowed. However, in the years
around 1860 London did not need new docks for commercial shipping. Indeed, there was more accommodation
in the Port than was required, and competition among
existing dock companies was threatening to become
ruinous. Yet at the same time there was little space near
London for any expansion of riverside manufacturing.
The Thames Embankment was set to displace existing
wharves and increase demand for water frontages. In an
economic climate which produced great confidence in
large speculations, the idea of developing the Isle of Dogs
to meet this demand came to the fore. The Millwall
Docks were conceived not as docks for trade, but as
an extension of water frontage to provide wharves for
manufacturing, especially shipbuilding and ship repair. (ref. 1)
The Millwall Docks were promoted and all but entirely
built by an ad hoc partnership of leading public-works
contractors, John Kelk and John Aird & Son. However,
they took the scheme from Nathaniel John Fenner and
Robert Fairlie. Fenner was a Millwall oil merchant and
wharfinger (see page 452). Fairlie was a civil engineer,
the designer of the double-bogie railway engine, but
without significant experience in dock building. (ref. 2) The
difficulties which Fenner had encountered in landing
goods at his wharf at low water had made him aware of
the advantage of enclosed non-tidal docks for wharfingers.
Recognizing the potential of the empty land behind his
wharf, in 1859 he asked Fairlie to draw up plans for its
development. These evidently differed little from those
later submitted to Parliament (fig. 125). They proposed
a 'canal' across the Isle of Dogs, with an entrance basin
at each end, and a central arm extending north towards
the South Dock of the West India Docks. (ref. 3)
Fenner and Fairlie were slow to proceed with the plan,
although in 1862 Fenner leased the next but one wharf,
to the south of his Millwall wharf, the site of the projected
west entrance. (ref. 4) The critical step came in March 1863,
when Fenner and Fairlie took the plan to William Wilson
(1822–98), a well-connected railway engineer, who agreed
to act as engineer and agent for the project. (ref. 5) Wilson, who
had built his reputation through his association with (Sir)
John Fowler (1817–98), made some alterations to Fairlie's
plan, and the scheme was presented to Parliament in
November 1863 as the Millwall Canal, Wharfs and
Graving Docks Bill (fig. 125). The intention was not to
build on the wharves, but simply to let plots on building
leases. Up to six graving docks would be built off the
canal, as and when demand dictated. Wilson estimated
the cost for the land and minimum works at £330,000,
or £665,000 for the whole scheme with three graving
docks. (ref. 6)
In December 1863 Wilson took the scheme to John
Aird & Son and they agreed to back it by paying
parliamentary expenses. It was then shown to John Kelk,
who offered to partner Aird & Son. Fenner later alleged
that he had been ready to put up his share of the deposit,
but that Wilson neither asked for the money nor consulted
him about the approach to Aird. Wilson's response was
that he understood his agreement with Fenner to have
expired. (ref. 7) It may be surmised that Wilson simply saw a
brighter future with big fish like Kelk and Aird than
with minnows like Fenner and Fairlie.
The scheme had become a contractor's speculation.
Kelk and Aird would have had the Victoria Dock in
mind, which a decade earlier George Parker Bidder had
joined Peto, Brassey and Betts to promote, design and
build. They had always intended to sell on, and eventually
succeeded in doing so, to the soon-to-be amalgamated
London and St Katharine dock companies in November
1863, just before Kelk and Aird became interested in the
Millwall scheme. (ref. 8) Kelk and Aird may have anticipated
that this amalgamation would press the rival East and
West India Dock Company into buying the Millwall
scheme. Therefore, they were careful to ensure that the
Act permitted conventional dock business and a linking
cut to the West India Docks. (ref. 9)
Neither Wilson nor the Airds had any significant
experience of dock building. For the younger (Sir) John
Aird (1833–1911) the Millwall Docks were the first of a
succession of important contracts in the Port of London.
His father (1800–76) remained in control of the firm
until 1870, and it is difficult to disentangle their roles in
the Millwall scheme. However, the younger, and
reputedly shrewder, Aird did attend to Millwall Dock
affairs more regularly. (ref. 10) Aird & Son were large operators,
but they may have lacked the finance to take on the risk
of something as big as the Millwall scheme. They may,
for this reason, have welcomed the partnership of (Sir)
John Kelk (1816–86), an extremely wealthy man. Kelk
was best known for the 1862 Exhibition and the Albert
Memorial, but he had also built the Commercial Dock
Company's South Dock in the early 1850s. (ref. 11) Wilson and
Kelk's association went back to the building of Victoria
Station in 1859–60, and in 1863 they were working
together on the Metropolitan and Metropolitan District
Railways. (ref. 12) In these railway works Wilson was an intermediary between the contractors and the engineer, (Sir)
John Fowler. By mid-1864 Fowler had been drawn into
the Millwall project as consulting engineer. (ref. 13) He, too,
was inexperienced in dock work, but his reputation as a
railway engineer was unsurpassed. In terms of acumen
and ability, this was a formidable team.
Figure 125:
Millwall Docks. The first projected scheme (1863) for a canal, wharf and graving docks
Kelk and Aird remained behind the scenes, careful not
to be publicly linked to the scheme while arranging a
private agreement with Wilson to confirm them as promoters of the Millwall Bill. This stipulated that, following
the passage of the Bill, Wilson would become engineer
and Kelk and Aird would have the contract for the works
at a schedule of prices that already had been settled,
apparently at inflated rates. The four provisional directors
who signed the agreement were all 'the friends and mere
nominees' of Kelk and Aird. (ref. 14) Fenner and Fairlie were
not informed. Before a House of Lords Select Committee
Fenner was described as 'one of the original Promoters',
while Kelk and Aird were not mentioned. (ref. 15) Fenner
and Fairlie were outraged when they learned what had
happened, and they were determined not to surrender
their scheme without adequate compensation. They petitioned against the Bill, and had to be bought off with
£5,000, and a seat for Fenner on the board. (ref. 16)
The viability of the scheme was taken almost for
granted in Parliament and its general principles were
scarcely examined, perhaps typically so in a period when
many privately backed public works of doubtful necessity
were lightly allowed to go ahead. The East and West
India Dock Company did not oppose the Bill, evidently
failing to see that the new company might become a
competitor. There was, however, some debate on the
need for additional graving docks on the Thames. The
largest of the projected graving docks, at 450ft by 80ft
and 22ft deep, was to be much bigger than any then
existing in London, and it was generally agreed that such
large docks were needed. Nevertheless, the negative
testimony of leading private ship-repairers had to be
countered by offering to make the graving docks 'public',
that is, available for let to shipowners for short terms.
Another concession was made to allow Glengall Road to
be bridged over the northern arm of the docks. Wilson's
estimate of £330,000 was rejected as spurious, and an
impartial engineer reported that £497,196 was the
minimum capital needed for essential works. Fowler
insisted that Wilson's estimates should stand, and that
£510,000 would cover all the work on the deposited plan.
He avoided committing himself on the number of graving
docks to be built, and was also evasive when asked for
an estimate for the whole scheme, saying 'it is a speculation, it is impossible for anybody to tell what may be
required there'. (ref. 17)
Figure 126:
Millwall Docks
a As projected in 1865:
b As built in 1868
It was vital to the scheme that the purchase of the
land was completed as quickly as possible. This comprised
122 acres from the Glengall estate, 34 acres from the
Strafford estate, 27 acres from the Strathmore estate, and
20 acres from the Ironmongers' Company; 203 acres in
all. Agreements were reached with all but the Strafford
estate before passage of the Act. After arbitration the
Strathmore estate was paid £600 per acre. The Glengall
estate — which had maintained that the land was valuable
for housing — and the Ironmongers' Company were
eventually paid £700 per acre. The total cost of the
land was £186,354. (ref. 18) Kelk and Aird also reached an
accommodation with the London and Blackwall Railway
Company, with Fowler helping to settle the line to the
docks of the projected Millwall Extension Railway (see
page 373). (ref. 19)
The Act incorporating the Millwall Canal, Wharfs and
Graving Docks Company received the Royal Assent on
25 July 1864. (ref. 20) The company was given the authority 'to
provide Accommodation for Shipping and Waterside
Accommodation for Shipbuilding and other Businesses
requiring Water Frontage'. The capital limit was set at
£510,000, with power to borrow a further £170,000.
Kelk and Aird controlled the Millwall Canal, Wharfs and
Graving Docks Company; Fenner was the only member
of the board who was not liable to them. (ref. 21) In late 1864
and early 1865 they negotiated the financing of the docks.
In December 1864 Kelk went to the East and West India
Dock Company offering to sell all or part of the scheme,
but the offer was refused. (ref. 22) Kelk and Aird were committed
to a successful flotation, not only for the profits they
stood to make through the contract, but also because of
the completed agreements for the purchase of land. (ref. 23) By
January 1865 it had become clear that the shares would
not be subscribed on the open market. After negotiations
with a finance company collapsed in March, Kelk
contacted Albert Grant (1830–99), an extraordinarily
voracious financier. (ref. 24) Born Gottheimer, and later known
as Baron Grant from a title acquired in Italy, he had set
up the Credit Foncier & Mobilier of England in 1863
and used it to underwrite a range of companies round
the world, sustaining many public works of questionable
value. (ref. 25) In the early 1860s, company promotion was a
profitable business; flimsy schemes could be made to
seem plausible enough to attract funds from credulous
investors. By encouraging bad investment, credit houses
like Credit Foncier created the conditions for ambitious
works, but also sowed the seeds for the crash that would
undermine many of those works. (ref. 26)
Kelk arranged the launch of the Millwall Canal, Wharfs
and Graving Docks Company through Credit Foncier.
Grant guaranteed subscription of all the company's capital
for the vast fee of £100,000. Kelk had further to undertake
to pay interest to the shareholders for two years during
construction. Grant would agree to make these arrangements only with Kelk and Aird, not directly with the
company. Had the size of the fee been made public,
investment would have been discouraged. (ref. 27) The board
was reconstituted, Credit Foncier installing four directors
to ensure control, and the company's name was changed
to the Millwall Freehold Land and Docks Company,
implying a broadening of intent with respect to use of
the property. (ref. 28)
On the day that the financial arrangements were concluded, 27 March 1865, Kelk and Aird's contract was
settled at £594,000, which covered the interest payments
to the shareholders, 'the expense of placing the capital'
(£100,000) and £12,500 of other expenses. (ref. 29) Only
£420,000 was for works. The sum of the first contract
and the cost of land was in excess of £700,000, beyond
the company's borrowing power, in spite of the fact that
Wilson's 'Contract 1' was only two-thirds of the scheme,
excluding the east arm (fig. 126a). The decision to give
priority to the west side of the docks, with its up-river
entrance, would have suited wharfingers, but it became
an inconvenience for shipowners.
Grant's prospectus for the Millwall Docks held that
'so sound a scheme and one which so specially addresses
itself to the investor is seldom brought before the public',
and hinted at 10 per cent dividends. (ref. 30) It did not mention
the £100,000 fee, nor that the interest payments were
limited to two years. Nor was there any indication that
the company's capital and borrowing powers were already
demonstrably inadequate, 'a most mischevious [sic] and
improvident arrangement for the shareholders'. (ref. 31) The
shares were duly subscribed, but the ceremonial 'turning
of the first sod' had to be postponed when Kelk objected
to Fowler's draft specification. Kelk would not negotiate
this and so work started in July 1865 without an agreed
specification. (ref. 32) Kelk, who in the same month was elected
as an MP, was keeping his options open. It was later
charged that, 'in founding and starting the Company on
a basis so inadequate and so improvident [Kelk and Aird]
consulted only their own individual gains and interests'. (ref. 33)
At their first general meeting, in August 1865, a
number of shareholders asked about the arrangement
with Credit Foncier, but the chairman refused to answer
their questions. In fact, two of them discovered the truth
about the flotation, probably through Fenner, out to
avenge his ill-treatment by Wilson, and filed a suit
against the company and Credit Foncier, alleging that
suppression of the financial arrangements amounted to
fraud. (ref. 34) The company began to fray at the edges. Many
shareholders failed to pay the second call, and in late
1865 money had to be raised by bank loans and debentures, after interest rates had shot up from 3 to 7 per
cent in three months. (ref. 35) By early 1866 the struggle had
become such that it was reported that 'so much has been
said in abuse of the company that the public have begun
to think that the docks are a myth or a mere paper
property'. (ref. 36) The suit was withdrawn in March, probably
as a quid pro quo for the election to the board of Acton
Smee Ayrton, MP (1816–86), champion of the swindled
shareholders and chairman of the company from August
1866. (ref. 37) Ayrton was a 'radical' Liberal, MP for Tower
Hamlets from 1857 to 1874, and First Commissioner of
Works from 1869 to 1873. (ref. 38) In his commitment to what
he saw as the public interest and economic rectitude he
was combative and iconoclastic. Ayrton was determined
that the docks should be completed as an absolute priority.
Many shareholders wanted to abandon the works, but he
insisted that this would only be a colossal waste of money.
It is probably due to Ayrton's firmness, more than to any
other single factor, that the company owed its survival
through the even more difficult times that were to come. (ref. 39)
The company's board meeting on 11 May 1866 was
'to consider the expediency of applying to Parliament for
additional capital', (ref. 40) but the meeting did not take place,
perhaps because that was the day on which the bankers
and money dealers Overend Gurney & Company failed,
and confidence in London's financial markets collapsed.
The subsequent run on the banks, and a further rise in
interest rates, made it an extremely difficult time to
be seeking the money that was so desperately needed.
Parliament sanctioned the raising of £490,000 more
capital, and £163,000 more debentures, but this was
fairly meaningless when the company was compelled to
postpone a call on the original capital, and when shareholders were clamouring for repayment of money already
paid out. (ref. 41)
The Millwall scheme had been devised on the premise
that manufacturing in London, particularly shipbuilding,
would continue to expand. The crash of 1866 swept this
assumption aside. Shipbuilding on the Isle of Dogs was
particularly badly affected and it was several years before
investment in manufacturing in the area revived. Even
before the crash, the company had publicly mooted the
possibility of using its premises as conventional docks
with warehouses, demand for which was growing
rapidly. (ref. 42) After the crash, the options narrowed dramatically. Following Fowler's advice, another approach
was made to the East and West India Dock Company -
which was planning to redevelop its South Dock - with
a view to either an amalgamation or a connecting link,
but this was rebuffed. Lessees of water frontages were
not forthcoming, and so the company was forced to
accept that it would have to compete for dock and
warehousing business. (ref. 43)
Kelk and Aird sustained the dock works through the
summer of 1866 without payment, but they could not
underwrite the works indefinitely, and, as the date for a
payment of interest to the shareholders approached, they
threatened to suspend work unless they were paid. An
agreement was signed on 9 October 1866 by which Kelk
and Aird imposed an arrangement that provided for
£200,000 of the £353,000 owed to them to be paid in
newly created preference shares, on which no calls were
to be made for two years unless a 5 per cent dividend
could be guaranteed. Much of the remainder came
through the reconstructed Credit Foncier, which agreed
to take £128,000 debenture stock at only 6, rather than
10, per cent. A group of shareholders, led by Fenner, took
exception and sought the appointment of a Receiver. (ref. 44)
By the beginning of 1867 work was again progressing
satisfactorily. However, it was clear that completion of
the scheme with an east arm and entrance was out of the
question for the foreseeable future. It was reluctantly
accepted that warehouses and cranes would have to be
provided if the docks were to attract trade. The money
for these works could only be found by issuing more of
the unattractive shares. In July 1867 Fowler and Wilson
were still confident that the docks would open on schedule
at the end of August. George Raymond Birt, previously
Superintendent at the Victoria Dock, was appointed
General Manager and immediately set about trying to
attract imports and exports. Birt brought with him from
the Victoria Dock Frederic Eliot Duckham (1841–1919),
who was appointed Clerk of Works and was soon to
become the company's engineer. (ref. 45)
Water was let into the docks on schedule on 29 August
1867, but the opening for business was delayed. Vessels
could not be admitted until the coffer-dam was fully
removed and the bridge over the entrance lock completed.
The works had gone on for more than two years, and so
Kelk and Aird reminded the Board that they were no
longer obliged to pay interest to shareholders, attributing
the overrun to the hiatus in 1866. When the company
blamed them for a lack of diligence, they pointed out
that no specification had been agreed, undermining any
claim that the work had been improperly executed.
Relations between the company and the contractors
deteriorated and work was suspended. Birt, Fowler and
Wilson took possession of the site for the company and
completed the work with direct labour. (ref. 46)
The Millwall Docks opened on 14 March 1868 as a
makeshift establishment where only essential work had
been completed (Plate 57b; fig. 126b). (ref. 47) There were just
a few single-storey shed-warehouses on the quays, parts
of which remained unlevelled. The company had spent
£632,887 on works, a figure that had risen to £767,828
by 1870. (ref. 48)
The first few months of business were inauspicious:
little trade came to the docks and wages had to be paid
out of the pockets of the directors. There were no
subscribers to a new issue of capital, and creditors were
filing suits for the payment of debts. The dispute with
Kelk and Aird was unresolved and shareholders' suits
against both the company and the contractors were
accumulating. As pressure for its winding-up increased,
the company filed its own suit against Kelk and Aird,
alleging that the arrangements for paying Credit Foncier
and the shareholders' interest were illegal, and that the
contractors had deliberately avoided signing a specification. (ref. 49)
The last hopes of a rescue from the East and West
India Dock Company foundered and it was accepted by
both company and contractors that the only alternative
to liquidation was a compromise settlement. (ref. 50) 'Very long
and laborious negotiation' produced an agreement in
December 1868. (ref. 51) The company settled the contract as if
duly completed, paying with more shares. The contractors
paid more interest to the shareholders, and underwrote
a further share issue to allow the company to meet other
debts. This was made conditional on the dropping of all
lawsuits, though many shareholders bore deep bitterness
towards Kelk and Aird and regarded the settlement as a
surrender. (ref. 52) After steering the compromise through,
Ayrton resigned from the Board, having taken a Government office. Charles Henry Parkes (1816–95), partner in
the firm of Dyson & Company, parliamentary agents,
became Chairman and primed the company's still perilous
finances with loans of his own money. (ref. 53) (fn. a)
Parkes and Birt oversaw the gradual improvement
of trade into the docks and the stabilization of the
company's finances. The docks had opened during a
trough in the trade cycle. Discounting of rates helped
business to grow, as did the closure for rebuilding of
the South Dock of the West India Docks. Its grain
and timber businesses were broken up and the Millwall
Docks were well placed to benefit. Further timber
trade was enticed away from the overcrowded Surrey
Docks, but the greatest success was with grain. By
early 1869 the warehouses were nearly full. There was
still no market for manufacturing property, but the
first lease of any consequence was arranged, Robert
McAndrew & Company, shipowners, taking a warehouse
and a berth. (ref. 55)
Another change of name, to the Millwall Dock Company,
in 1870, acknowledged the settled status of the Millwall
Docks. (ref. 56) Warehousing, the most profitable part of dock
business, developed with wool warehouses, built in an
attempt to attract the wool trade away from other docks.
Interest in dockside sites for manufacturing picked up in
1871 with the completion of the Millwall Extension
Railway, but wharves in the docks were more expensive
than on the river, where sites had become available. Only
a few sites were let, the most important of which were
for Hooper's Telegraph Works and McDougall Brothers'
Mill (fig. 127). (ref. 57)
Piecemeal development of the estate with warehouses
and sheds continued, with engineering work entirely in
Duckham's hands, the company having parted with
Fowler and Wilson in 1871. (ref. 58) Goods were shifted rapidly,
storage buildings serving as transit sheds as much as
warehouses. There was no call for building on a large
scale. A considerable share of the Port's grain business
had been secured, but the work was mainly transit
handling: most of the grain shipped into the docks was
immediately lightered out. The demand for space for
timber imports surged, as elsewhere in the Port, but most
of the timber was stored on open ground. (ref. 59)
From 1876 Birt and Duckham introduced innovative
methods of handling grain, to improve the dock company's earnings. Appliances for rapid discharge were
developed, starting with bucket elevators put on board
ships, and evolving to crane dolphins and specially built
railway trucks. Duckham's grain-handling system,
acclaimed as unrivalled in its efficiency, was designed for
flexible distribution, by barge, rail or road. Increasing
amounts of grain were landed rather than simply transshipped. By 1882 the company's profits came almost
exclusively from grain, and Duckham's machinery was
bringing large savings on labour costs. Low operating
expenses were crucial to the Millwall Dock Company's
survival in competition with larger dock companies.
Income from the letting of land also grew as demand
slowly increased. (ref. 60)
In 1880 Birt arranged a long lease from the Glengall
estate of 21¾ acres to the west of the Inner Dock, east
of Alpha Street and north of Mellish Street. This plot
was developed in 1881 as a depot for grain trucks, with
railway sidings and a long shed. (ref. 61) (fn. b) The possibility of
building an eastern arm to the docks was again considered
in 1881, but action was deferred in the light of the East
and West India Dock Company's plan for docks at
Tilbury. (ref. 63) The undeveloped land was, in any case, proving
useful as the Mudchute, that is a site for the deposit of
dredged mud (see page 512).
Figure 127:
Millwall Docks in 1873
The dock company built granaries and extended its
warehousing in 1883–4, acquiring new powers for raising
capital. (ref. 64) When the docks opened in 1868 there had been
warehousing for 17,000 tons, in 1887 that capacity had
risen to 135,000 tons. (ref. 65) Grain business continued to
boom, and steadily increasing amounts of timber were
stored. The gross tonnage entering the Millwall Docks
in 1885 was approximately double that of 1871. (ref. 66) In 1889
working agreements were reached between all London's
dock companies, assigning and protecting their particular
trades. The Millwall Docks were fixed as the centre of
the European grain trade. They were also permitted to
accept grain from Australia and New Zealand, as well as
certain other goods from outside Europe, including a
percentage of the timber trade, phosphate, guano, nitrate,
bones and bone ash, horns, bulk cotton seed, oilcake, rosin
and turpentine. (ref. 67) The company handled ever-greater
quantities of grain with the introduction from 1892 of
Duckham's novel pneumatic elevating machinery. (ref. 68)
Parkes retired as Chairman in 1893, urging the appointment of George Raymond Birt as his successor 'in the
interests of the Company'. Birt was duly appointed
Managing Director and Chairman. (ref. 69) In February 1899
Birt, aged 70, was taken ill. Irregularities in the accounts
were noticed and auditors revealed that for 25 years he
had been falsifying the amount owed to the company in
rents and rates. This amount had gradually grown until
the sum of the fraud had reached £208,670. Birt was
arrested while living in lodgings in Barnsbury under a
false name, and convicted of fraud. (ref. 70) Personal gain had
not been his primary motive. In the late 1860s and early
1870s he had fought hard to establish a niche in the Port
for the Millwall Dock Company and had successfully
cornered a significant portion of London's grain trade.
The company was always vulnerable to competition and
Birt had resorted to fraud to make the business appear
larger than it was 'to inspire the shipping interests with
confidence in the ability of the dock company to do their
business'. (ref. 71)
Management of the docks passed to Duckham. A
reconstituted Board, with John Trotter as Chairman,
determined that extensive improvements in grain storage
and grain- and timber-handling machinery were needed
if a hold on the grain trade was to be maintained and
more timber business attracted. In 1900 about a third of
London's grain imports and 10 per cent of its river-borne
timber trade came through the Millwall Docks. Of the
grain, 57 per cent was immediately lightered out, 30 per
cent stored and 13 per cent delivered direct to the
railway. (ref. 72) In terms of mechanization, the Millwall Docks
were already the pride of the Port, handling twice as
much as competitors per acre of water space. However,
the docks suffered from crowding and delays; the advantage that machinery brought demanded continuing investment if it was not to be lost. After the Birt debacle the
company had no access to capital, and so the Millwall
Dock Equipment Company was launched in February
1901. This firm existed solely to lease from the dock
company land on which to erect structures to be leased
back to the dock company. It had capital of £200,000
and a board made up from that of the dock company.
Duckham prepared reports and plans, but outside experts
were brought in to help with the design of the two
principal improvements, the Central Granary and the
Timber Transporter (fig. 128). The subsidiary company
had achieved its purpose by the end of 1903. (ref. 73) Duckham
retired as General Manager and Engineer of the Millwall
Dock Company in 1905. Magnus Mowat, junior,
appointed as Duckham's assistant in 1902, succeeded him
as Engineer. (ref. 74)
Figure 128:
Millwall Docks in 1907
The deliberations of the Royal Commission on the
Port of London in 1900–1 paralysed further initiatives as
the future of the Millwall Dock Company was tied up
with that of London's other dock companies (see page
263). Deferral of the issue led to an agreement in 1905
to amalgamate the Millwall Dock Company with the
London and India Docks Company, but it was dropped
when the Government promised legislation. Upon transfer of the undertaking to the Port of London Authority
in 1909 the Millwall Dock Company's capital account
stood at £2,094,157. (ref. 75)
From 1909 to 1980 the PLA administered the Millwall
Docks with the East and West India Docks as the
India and Millwall Docks (see page 263). The east dock
extension proposal was revived by Frederick Palmer in
1910–11, as part of his scheme for improving the Port,
but practical difficulties made it a low priority. The only
work at the Millwall Docks in the PLA's first campaign
of improvements was the lengthening of the graving dock
in 1911–13 (fig. 94). (ref. 76) The West India and Millwall
Docks were united by the formation of the Millwall
Passage in 1926–8 (see page 281). This gave access to
the Millwall Docks from the north, saving ships the
journey round the Isle of Dogs, and, once water depth
had been increased through 'false' quays and impounding,
permitted larger ships to use the docks, particularly the
Central Granary. From the 1930s the Millwall Docks
increasingly accommodated a wide variety of goods traded
with Scandinavia, though grain handling remained
important until 1969. (ref. 77)
The dock quays had a miscellaneous and increasingly
ramshackle collection of buildings (Plate 56a). D. J.
Owen, PLA General Manager, and Asa Binns, Chief
Engineer, put forward redevelopment proposals in 1936.
They envisaged large-scale rebuilding, levelling of the
Mudchute and a new graving dock. However, only one
warehouse (M) was built before war cut the plans short
(fig. 94). (ref. 78) The damage inflicted on the Millwall Docks
during the Second World War was not the wholesale
ruination that hit the West India Docks, but it was
serious, and it increased the need for improvements. The
entrance lock suffered a direct hit and never reopened.
After the war the PLA could not afford more than
urgent repairs and the reinstatement of some warehousing
with prefabricated sheds. It was 1958 before redevelopment of the Millwall Dock quays could recommence,
by which time mechanization had made the old sheds
even more inconvenient, and greatly altered priorities for
shed building. The PLA Engineering Department was
given an opportunity to redesign virtually the entire
quayside accommodation at the Millwall Docks (Plate
56b; fig. 95). To limit disruption to shipping, redevelopment was phased, moving from the north and west
quays in 1959–65, to the east quay in 1965–9, culminating
with the Fred Olsen Terminal for 'high throughput
palletized unit cargo'. Various huge single-storey sheds
were erected, many with structurally innovative tubularsteel frames, all with large clear unobstructed floors, high
clearances and large doorways for fork-lift trucks and
mobile cranes. Associated with the sheds was a new
network of roads around the quays, which were themselves rebuilt to allow deepening of the docks. A further
proposal, which was nearly carried through in 1966, was
the development of part of the Mudchute with a new
branch dock.
The redeveloped berths at the Millwall Docks were
among the most efficient in the world, but although they
were in demand until closure in 1980, this could not
prevent the Port's decline during the 1970s. (ref. 79)
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Processing & Handling :: Separation (Gas-Solid & Liquid-Solid) :: Centrifuges
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As sides on both sides of the oil fracking debate solidify in North County, a North County-adjacent city council has placed a ban on drilling and fracking on the ballot.
County and water leaders may swear fracking ain't nothing but a thing, but there are several concerned North Countians who fear the oil extraction method may endanger their drinking water. Some of them will no doubt be out tonight for a symposium on the subject at Cal State Fullerton.
See the update at the bottom of Page 2 on Saturday's well-attended fracking forum in Brea and details on an upcoming event involving seven North County cities. ORIGINAL POST, JULY 18, 8:33 A.M.: It's doubtful anyone from Linn Energy, the major leaseholder in the Brea-Olinda Oil Field, will swing ... More >>
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By now, most reasonably intelligent folks know that fracking pollution is capable of turning household faucets into flamethrowers. But a new report issued by the environmental advocacy group Food & Water Watch argues that fracking, which uses toxic chemicals to harvest oil and natural gas, can lead ... More >>
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Gus Van Sant directs Damon and John Krasinski's (and Dave Eggers') message as the message
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UCI.eduScott SamuelsenA UCI professor got a White House nod today. Scott Samuelsen, who teaches mechanical, aerospace and environmental engineering, was honored as a "Champion of Change" in D.C for his innovations in hydrogen power and smog reduction. The honor comes after Samuelsen and ... More >>
Put the key in the ignition, press it forward, hear that click, then the bronchial "ruhr-ruhr-ruhr," then the mechanical whimper and finally this lament screamed into the overhead lamp: "This car is a piece of crap."Been there.Ironically, a piece of crap may soon power your car.
Hopefully not for at least another 7 years.In direct conflict with its previous proclamations, the Obama administration today announced that there will not be any further new offshore oil drilling along the Atlantic Coast, the eastern Gulf of Mexico or the Pacific Coast. At least, not for th ... More >>
If attendees took anything other than swag away from the inaugural CleanTech OC Conference & Expo in Irvine Monday, it was this: the green revolution is back, baby. After a red hot 2008, the clean technology industry was battered for a spell by the recession, but banks are back to lending, ve ... More >>
When it comes to the creation of green businesses, those BART-riding, granola-gnawing, patchouli-oiling earth muffins in Northern California have nothing on Orange Countians.According to the Environmental Defense Fund's map of California's Green Economy, Orange County's 275 green companies ar ... More >>
Drill Dana DrillReducing oil company offshore drilling will increase the number of offshore oil drill spills.--Congressman Dana Rohrabacher (R-Huntington Beach) expressing his logic this week to The Orange County Register's Dena Bunis in an article outlining efforts by California Democrat senator ... More >>
calvert.house.govCalvert, right, with oil company lobbyist.The campaign staff for Democratic congressional candidate Bill Hedrick has made a habit this year of sending out near-daily e-mails documenting some reason why they thinks that incumbent Ken Calvert is a fat, corrupt, corrupt fatso. Hones ... More >>
The UC Irvine Libraries' spring exhibit "Green Evolution: Creating a Sustainable Future" kicks off with an energy expert talking about the revolutionary new ways power will be generated and vehicles will be propelled in our brave new future.
A recent statewide poll shows a majority of California voters support the state's landmark 2006 law that requires reducing greenhouse gas emissions and imposing fees on companies that emit these gases if most of the money collected is returned to state residents.The breakdown in the poll conducte ... More >>
oceanswavesbeaches.blogspot.comThe Surfrider Foundation released a statement today, expressing their disapproval of Obama's proposal to open areas of the Gulf of Mexico, Atlantic coastline and Arctic coastline to oil drilling and exploration. They are not stoked.
Pretty!The serious reconsideration of expanded nuclear power amid our uncertain energy future can mean only one thing: the resumption of serious protests against expanded nuclear power. With the San Onofre Nuclear Generation Station (SONGS) so close, and a public workshop and hearing about the pl ... More >>
They are an old-fashioned device that could save household energy as well as machine-damaed and worn-out clothing. Unfortunately, they are also banned in several U.S. communities. Just try installing a clothes line in Irvine or any Orange County gated community and see what happens. T ... More >>
The Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC) just concluded a press conference in Washington, D.C., where the environment protectors released a report ranking states by: a) how vulnerable its citizens are to the combined effects of the economic downturn and changing oil prices and, b) significant ... More >>
Cut off from the powerful, cleansing waves of the Pacific ocean by a massive concrete breakwater, the gentle swells that lap the Long Beach coastline are so dirty that they were recently ranked the most polluted beach water in California by the Santa Monica-based environmental group Heal The Bay. Al ... More >>
One guys barehanded attempt to save the worldand pay just 60 cents for gas
Further proving that otherwise politically conservative Newport Beach has an environmental streak when it comes to its own shores (but no one else's): Rep. John Campbell (R-The Arches) joined Rep. Loretta Sanchez (D-Garden Grove) as the only members of the Orange County congressional delegation to v ... More >>
We swear we already warned you about a congressional vote to drill off our coast, and then rejoiced with you when it was defeated. Yeah, wasn't it like two weeks ago? Never underestimate the power of Big Oil lobbyshits. Congress, obviously in need of a diversion from far more grave national matters ... More >>
Ah, Huntington Beach with its smelly smokestacks, oily bathtub-ring-like shoreline and human waste bobbing in the ocean. What's not to love? Your congressman, the esteemed Dana Rohrabacher (R-Abramoff), certainly showed he's got your back, Surf City-zens, as he voted just last night to let those poo ... More >>
I fell sorry for you!! How do you live with yourself?
San Onofre Nuclear Generating Station is running out of steam. But Edison has a crazy plan to save it.
The futures so fried youve gotta drive green
San Onofre nuke plant ranks No. 3 for possibility of meltdown
Can one activist fight off Detroit, Japan, Big Oil and the Bush administration to keep EVs alive?
10 reasons we should say so long to SONGS
Study shows sun, wind, geothermal power would solve 'crisis'
Was electric deregulation cover for union-busting in power plants?
Nuclear power gets a second look
San Onofres nuclear waste aint going nowhere
"Atomic City" Doesn't quite reveal the whole truth of our curious relationship with Nukes
Anti-radiation pills may never be fashionable in California
Radiation is good for youjust ask a scientist!
If San Onofre is so safe, why are federal officials pushing anti-radiation pills on its neighbors?


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What We Learned From Testing Christmas Music In 2007
When we did our first national test of Christmas music in 2004, we predicted that there would be a proliferation of new Christmas titles in the next three years, as the number of stations going all-holiday music each November and December reached its peak. Sure enough, each fourth-quarter brings a barrage of new holiday music, both from emerging artists and those who would have no other route to contemporary radio. But the old standards of Christmas programming–some of them more than 60 years old–have become more entrenched than ever.
That was one of the findings of Edison Media Research's 2007 National Christmas Music Test. We tested nearly 600 songs with a national sample of 30-to-49-year-old women who told us they liked or loved hearing Christmas music on the radio. We did not specifically screen for usage of an AC station, but we found that the results paralleled what we had seen before with AC listeners. And the paradigm of the last few years of Christmas programming–a handful of records heavily rotated in a way that recalls the early '90s era of Oldies radio–has clearly taken hold, with very few newer titles breaking through the glut of new product.
The lessons of 2004, you may recall, were that:
- Despite all the different versions of the holiday standards out there, people had pretty clear preferences as to which versions they liked. And the hits weren't always the ones getting the most airplay. As with most formats, there was no such thing as a truly "safe list";
- The new, new-age flavored Christmas music was polarizing;
- While Programming 101 had once taught PDs to save sacred-themed holiday music for the weeks or days nearest the holidays, listeners had no problem with hearing that music throughout the season;
- With very few exceptions, the standard Christmas songs of other formats, whether "Silent Night" by the Temptations or "200 Miles" by the Pretenders, came in toward the bottom of any test of the AC audience. (The only significant exception, then as now, was Country, whose hits were not widely familiar, but had strong scores among those who did know them.)
So what did we see this time?
- Looking at our national sample, there were far fewer universal songs. There was a considerable gap in familiarity between the standards and newer songs. As with last time, there are some newer versions of standards where the combination of familiar voice and familiar song puts a remake within range of the original–but those are the exceptions.
- Whether it's "Grey's Anatomy" helping warm up Snow Patrol for AC or holiday music, the impact of TV is undeniable. To run down the top of the page is to see the songs associated with a handful of much repeated Christmas specials that were at the peak of their influence as our audience was growing up: "Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer"; "Linus & Lucy"; "Frosty the Snowman"; "The Little Dummer Boy" and even the not-explicitly-holiday-themed "My Favorite Things."
- The older titles are a lot less susceptible to burn. Newer or more novelty-leaning songs have a tendency to show high burn, even when they also show high preference (e.g., "Wonderful Christmastime," "Grandma Got Run Over By A Reindeer," "Santa Baby"). (There were a few of the big songs, such as "It's The Most Wonderful Time Of The Year," that showed both big preference and higher burn.) You can probably also look at A&R trends for why the big songs are getting bigger. There are a lot of new Christmas albums every year and most depend heavily on the same standards.
- There are a lot of newer recordings that have been passed from station-to-station over the past few years as the all-Christmas format proliferates. You can almost call them the "turntable hits" of Christmas (although the turntable was long gone before any of them were recorded.) There's a considerable gap in the scores between those songs and the more entrenched titles. Listeners who love Christmas music tend to know and like them. Listeners who merely like Christmas music are more indifferent.
- Because the standards are so much better entrenched, there's a decided bias toward older titles. The newest song among the top 10 is "Happy Xmas (War Is Over)" by John Lennon, which is now 36 years old. Of the top scoring songs (the first sixth of the test):
48% were from 1967 or before (we tested songs going back as far as 1939)
24% were from 1968 – 1988
14% were from 1989 – 1994
14% were from 1995 to 2007
With all this said, we are now proud to unveil the five most-loved and five most-hated Christmas songs of 2007:
1. Nat King Cole/The Christmas Song
2. Bing Crosby/White Christmas
3. Johnny Mathis/Do You Hear What I Hear
4. Burl Ives/A Holly Jolly Christmas
5. Harry Simeone Chorale/Little Drummer Boy
1. Singing Dogs/Jingle Bells
2. Cartman/O Holy Night
3. Elmo & Patsy/Grandma Got Run Over By A Reindeer (the only one that can be called polarized, not just hated)
4. Jackson 5/Santa Claus Is Coming To Town
5. Barbra Streisand/Jingle Bells


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Chris McCord of Glen Mills, Pa., won the Modern Player Series giveaway for the United States/Canada. Chris had his choice of any of the instruments in the line, and chose the Modern Player Telecaster Plus.
Here he is rocking out with his band, The McChords, at the Rose Tree Inn, in Media, Pa.


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Apartment Rental Search in 801 Zip Code Area 0 mile radius
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Littleton, CO 80124
Retreat at Park Meadows
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Littleton, CO 80123
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One, two and three bedroom apartment homes located in Littleton near I-25, I-225 and C-470. Pets welcome.
Lone Tree, CO 80124
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Highlands Ranch, CO 80126
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Highlands Ranch, CO 80129
The Bluffs at Highlands Ranch
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Englewood, CO 80111
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Littleton, CO 80122
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Littleton, CO 80123
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Englewood, CO 80113
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Englewood, CO 80113
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Littleton, CO 80123
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Englewood, CO 80110
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Centennial, CO 80111
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Greenwood Village, CO 80111
Bridgwater Apartments
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Great 1 and 2 bedroom apartments for rent in Greenwood Village, CO. DTC (Denver Tech Center) location, Cherry Creek Schools. Attached Garages, walking distance to Light Rail and minutes from Park Meadows Mall and Ikea. Washer/Dryer connections. Pets welcome!
Thank You! Your email has been sent. We appreciate your interest.


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How to Get Rid of Dreadlocks
Everybody talks about getting dreadlocks, ... but how do you get rid of them again?! You probably won't have to cut all of your hair off though.
1First you'll have to check how "dreaded" your hair is. If your dreads still are very loose and open, you will probably not have to cut them off. If you had dreads for a long time, and they are very "dreaded" and tight, you will have to cut them off.Ad
2If you now found out that you'll have to cut your hair to get rid of your dreads, you'll need some scissors. Cut your dreads until they are still about 10 centimeter (3.9 in) long. (The longer you leave your dreads, the more work you will have.)
3Once you're done cutting, wet your hair. When your hair is all wet, put in lots of conditioner.
4Let the conditioner stay in for 3-5 minutes, depending on how curly/afro your hair is.
5After getting the conditioner out, dry your hair with a towel. Your hair shouldn't be straw-dry. DON'T use a blow-dryer!
6Put in some moisturizer.
7Start combing your hair from the end of each dread, slowly working towards your scalp. Your hands might be helpful to loosen up the dreads.
8If you can't get through your hair at all, you should try cutting into your dreads vertically (from the end). Don't cut too far/much. This is just to help you getting through them with the comb.
9You might want to put in more moisturizer from time to time.
10When you're done combing through your hair, wash it again, this time with lots of shampoo.
11Again, don't use a blow-dryer to dry your hair. Your hair just went to a lot of stress and is probably more or less damaged.Ad
We could really use your help!
home improvement?
business operations?
Things You'll Need
- Scissors
- Conditioner
- Moisturizer
- a (detangling)comb
- a hair brush
- lots of time
- Leave-in conditioner can help
- (a helping hand)
Article Info
Categories: Braids and Dreadlocks
Recent edits by: BR, Katieeh, Bibigrizzly
In other languages:
Español: Cómo deshacerte de las rastas
Thanks to all authors for creating a page that has been read 71,908 times.


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28 West 27th St, 3rd Flr
Gallery Hours
Media Sponsor
classes in the bindery
Bookbinding IIStudents will continue an overview of various traditional bookbinding techniques which will help them in choosing future topics to focus on. Students will complete 2 books using more advanced skills: a quarter leather hollow tube laced binding and a quarter leather tightback book sewn on raised cords. Leather paring and hand-sewn endbands will be featured. Prerequisite: Bookbinding I. Students should have the ability to make a flat-back case with confidence. Required course for certificate program.
Deadline to register: One week before class starts.
Susan Mills February 21 - 25 , Tuesday through Saturday, 9am - 3pm
Susan Mills is a bookbinder who has operated her own bindery since 1990. She teaches hand bookbinding at Nova Scotia College of Art and Design and her book works can be found in institutions and libraries throughout the United States and Canada. You can see her work at www.susanmillsartistbooks.com/
©2014 Center for Book Arts, Incorporated 1974
A 501(c)(3)
not-for-profit organization


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You're not Wednesday without the long black braids! The Wednesday wig features shinny black synthetic hair parted down the center and placed into two braids. Grab a wig cap (not included) to help tame your natural tresses and give you a realistic look.
Does not include costume. We cannot accept wigs for return unless they are in their original packaging, unopened and sealed. This is an officially licensed The Addams Family wig.
Top off your look in style—learn all you need to care for your wig here.
Retail Value: $29.99
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Addams Family Deluxe Wednesday Wig Adult (150346)
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Reviewed by: pdxfashionista
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Title: Not as pictured
Date: Nov 01, 2011
Decent quality wig, but FYI- it does not look anything like the picture! It has a LOT more volume on top and the front part actually "feathers" back instead of laying flat to the skin as in the picture. You don't get that nice "v" in the front where it comes down over a portion of the forehead and over the ears. It looks like an Elvira wig (not the look I was going for!). Had to pin it several times to keep it from looking ridiculous and I still wasn't 100% happy with the results. The part line is white as well and very noticeable and cheap looking- I guess you could sharpie it.
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Title: Best wig for the money
Date: Nov 24, 2009
The quality of the wig is superb. Very comfortable to wear all day. This is not one of those cheap wigs that looks ugly after one wear.
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