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She delivered a speech to end all speeches. The audience clapped rapturous applause, children cried… Michelle Obama brought the house down. America's First Lady fought hard for the man she loves on Tuesday as he goes head to head in with Mitt Romney in the 2012 US election, which is now just two months away. And today her 'heartfelt' speech - which followed Ann Romney's equally sickening doting speech for hubby Mitt - was hailed 'the most devastating attack on Mitt Romney' so far. Great for Obama – but, since he's the one running the country, should his wife really be getting involved? And, where exactly, would a First Gentleman stand on making a speech like this on his President wife?
Hear us out. It's not that we can't acknowledge the political benefits of the 'apolitical' speech. We can see how mapping out Obama as the loved up teen just wanted to sweep Michelle off her feet in his rusty old banger, not having too pennies to rub together would make him appear softer – human and kind. Michelle's clever speech didn't attack Romney, or sound bitter – she just wanted the nation to know that her hubby is 'one of us'. Perfect, since one of Barack's downfalls has been his aloof and introvert appearance.
There's no doubt Michelle is a great help to Obama and his image. She's intelligent, extremely capable and important to him in terms of getting his job done. But what would happen if the situation was reversed? If, instead, it was Barack supporting Michelle during her election campaign? One thing would be for sure – Michelle would be slated, Barack ridiculed and there would undoubtedly be a very hairy (pun intended) feminist revolt.
It's a great idea – and a fantastic political move by Barack. It is also anachronistic in the sense that, should it be reversed, people would be up in arms about it. We've not had a First Gentleman yet, but should one appear in the not too distant future, we're not sure it's likely he'd take as much of the limelight as Michelle. Because, though it's OK for a wife to speak amorously about her world-leading husband, a world-leading wife should just be out there on her own. Or risk appearing to be dependent on a man: a fate worse than death.
Shouldn't it be the same for everyone?


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Outkast - I Like The Way You Move Lyrics
The "I Like The Way You Move" lyrics by Outkast are displayed below.
Be sure to check out other popular song lyrics from this artist that are listed in the sidebar and "Like Us" on Facebook if you enjoyed reading Outkast's lyrics on our site.
Don't miss the latest news and gossip about the artist: "Big Boi: No New Outkast Album".
Boom Boom Boom (Breathin)
Ready for action nip it in the butt
Never relaxin Outkast is everlastin
Not clashing not at all
But see my nigga went and did a lil' actin
Thats for anyone askin give me one pass'em
Drip Drip Drop there goes a nerdgasim
Now u comin out the side of ur face
We tappin right into ur memory bank (Thanxs)
So click it or ticket lets see ur seatbelt fastin
Trunk rattllin like 2 midgets in the backseat wrasslin
Speakerbox vibrate the tag
Make it sound like aluimin cans in a bag
(But I know ya'll wanted that 808
Can u feel the B-A-S-S bass) 2x
I like the way u move(Whoaa) 2x
I love the way u move
I love the way2x
I love the way you move(Whoaa) 3x
I love the way2x
Lyrics provided by http://www.kovideo.net/
Source - http://www.kovideo.net/i-like-the-way-you-move-lyrics-outkast-581907.html
The whole room feel silent
The girls all pasued wit glee
Turned left turned right
All they lookin at me
But I was lookin at them
There there on the dance floor
Now they got me in the middle
Feelin like a man whore
Speacialy the big girl
Big girls need love too
No discrimation dis world
So keep ur hands off my cheeks
Let me study how u ride the beat(Ya big freak)
Skinny slim women get the chemical within them
You can hump them lift them bend em give them something to remember
Heldout timber when u fall through to chopshop
Take a deep breath exhale
Your exhale friend boyfriend was borin as hell
But let me listen to the story u tell and
We can make moves like a person in jail(on the low)
Hey baby girl dont u stop it
Comin on lady dance all on me
Look so fine(look so fine)look so fine
Driven me outta my mind(outta my mind) outta my mind(oh baby)
If i could i would just be with you baby( ohhhhhhh)
Cuz u love me and excite me and
Ya know ya got me baby(ohhhhhh)
Chorus(with miner changer) 2x
You are viewing I Like The Way You Move lyrics performed by Outkast. The song lyrics for I Like The Way You Move in KOvideo are property of respective authors, artists and labels. If you want to use these lyrics, please contact the authors, artists or labs. If you like the sound of I Like The Way You Move, please buy the track using the iTunes/Amazon links above to support Outkast.
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The forgotten Hospital Raja Permaisuri Bainun's shuttle service?
The team of Ipoh Happenings yesterday posted a report regarding some of Hospital Raja Permaisuri Bainun's visitors who continue to flout the law and park their beautiful cars alongside the busy Jalan Hospital. If you think that is sad, wait till you see what is happening at Velodrom Rakyat where plenty of free parking spaces had been provided by Hospital Raja Permaisuri Bainun!
On the 16th of November 2011, Hospital Raja Permaisuri Bainun launched a free shuttle service to help ease parking woes at the hospital. Several pick-up/drop-off locations had been identified and the parking lot area at Velodrom Rakyat is one of the pick-up/drop-off points. The free, convenient service is provided not only for the visitors but also for the convenience of the staff of Hospital Raja Permaisuri Bainun. Visitors and the staff of Hospital Raja Permaisuri Bainun are encouraged to park their cars at Velodrom Rakyat and use the free shuttle service to get around. Parking lots are of course provided free of charge and users can park their cars the whole day there if they want to.
More than a year had passed and the team of Ipoh Happenings paid Velodrom Rakyat a quick visit last Monday to see how utilized the services are.
What we saw at Velodrom Rakyat on January 7th 2013
The free Hospital Raja Permaisuri Bainun's shuttle service was still around but to our shock and utter sadness, it is under utilized!
The parking lot area at Velodrom Rakyat was basically empty except for a few cars that were parked there by a few smart visitors!
What went wrong?
When asked about the visible lack of utilization, the security guard guarding the area has no definite answers. She was more or less speechless. We were however told that Hospital Raja Permaisuri Bainun had done everything, from promoting the free services on the air via the local radio channels and even on the major local newspapers. Notices and posters were also strategically posted in and around Hospital Raja Permaisuri Bainun but only a few had been paying attention to them.
Well fellow Ipohites, if this continues, don't blame anybody if one day we are all known as a bunch of 'degil' people. :(


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Fall 2005
Live Fast, Die Young: The Wild Ride of Making Rebel Without A Cause
(Touchstone, 373 pages, $24.95)
By Lawrence Frascella and Al Weisel
In 1955, Richard Brooks' Blackboard Jungle ignited a teen genre that excited studios but worried a populace that had seen a rise in juvenile violence and crime. When it came to adolescent angst though, Nicholas Ray's Rebel Without a Cause fanned those flames to culture-defining heights. And, in Lawrence Frascella and Al Weisel's scorching account Live Fast, Die Young: The Wild Ride of Making Rebel Without A Cause, the behind-the-scenes drama nearly equals the neurotic intensity and tempestuousness of what Ray captured on film. The psychosexual off-screen relationships described are astonishing for the undercurrents they provided for the onscreen story. There were Dean's power plays with father-figure Ray over control of the movie as the actor's nascent fame grew, former child star Natalie Wood's urgent need to grow up as she entered into an affair with Ray when she was only 16, and closeted actor Sal Mineo's involuntary portrayal of a gay teen. The authors also delve into the sometimes aggressive, sometimes wary attempts studio directors made to convey darker, more adult themes. Dean's and Mineo's deaths and Ray's post-Rebel self-destructive career slide cast a sad tone over the closing chapters of the book, but as a well-researched portrait of creative minds navigating personal anguish to make great, iconic art, this is a valuable, invigorating addition to the making-of canon.
Review written by Robert Abele.
The best of new publications by, for, and about directors, their teams and the industry.
William Wyler has often been excluded from auteurist circles, and by extension from serious film study, which, as Gabriel Miller argues, is a gross oversimplification.
It's easy to generalize the work of director Wes Anderson as "artificial," but in his new book, Matt Zoller Seitz finds the substance in Anderson's signature style.
Teetering between exhaustive and exhausting, Fosse brings us the definitive portrait of a complex man and talented director.
In John Badham's latest book he culls from his nearly 40-year history in the industry to provide invaluable first-hand insight for vets and novices alike.
Wilson's new memoir is a fascinating behind-the-scenes account of what it was like to bring viewers "the thrill of victory, and the agony of defeat," week in, week out.
Henry Jaglom and Orson Welles had lunch together reguarly in 1983 and Jaglom began taping their conversations—right up until Welles' death.
Critic Peter Rainer gives us a history of contemporary cinema; an insightful reflection on the evolution of the industry and the filmmakers who helped shape it.
John Huston shows Eli Wallach how to roundup horses-modern style-on the set of The Misfits.
In Master and Commander, the director captures the intensity and beauty of fighting ships with a combination of modern technology and old-fashioned storytelling.
Director Miguel Arteta takes a look-a close look-at Martin Scorsese's The King of Comedy to find out what makes it tick.
From the very start, director/executive producer Bob Weide has helped orchestrate the madness and mayhem of Curb Your Enthusiasm. His advice: Don't try this at home.
Jewison's honestly-titled memoir is of special interest to readers intrigued by the longevity of this particular genre-hopper.
Anyone who has been on a movie set knows how crucial the 1st AD is to the filmmaking process, especially on giant summer blockbusters. Five ADs tell it like it is.
What's on director Wayne Kramer's mind about the rating system? Funny you should ask.


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Processing & Handling :: Liquid, Gas and Air Handling :: Compressors
May 1, 2012
Amin Almasi Rotating Machine Consultant
The growth in use of centrifugal compressors in chemical process industries (CPI) applications in recent decades has been brought about by four factors: 1) advances in dry gas seal technology; 2) modern aerodynamic, rotor-dynamic and thermodynamic knowledge and techniques; 3) advanced manufacturing methods to producing accurate rotating parts and various complex components with reasonable costs; and 4) the ability to simplify the control and anti-surge systems of a centrifugal compressor (and its driver) through the use of modern control and variable-speed technologies.
This information is only available to Gold members.
Not a member yet?
Add a Comment
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Our LinkedIn group is now over 33,000 members strong!
Current members represent Worley Parsons, DuPont, SABIC, Fluor, Air Products, LyondellBasell, Nalco, Dow Chemical, Dow Corning, BASF, Jacobs Engineering, ExxonMobil, Shell, Chevron and more.
We also offer the following subgroup for more targeted discussions:
Water Treatment & Reuse
Plant Cost Index
Facts at Your Fingertips (archive)
Ask the Experts


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University of Oregon Website Holds Archive of Historic Newspapers
With the Historic Oregon Newspapers archive, researchers no longer have to head for a library and wade through long reels of microfilm or pages of microfiche images to look through ancient editions of 18 Oregon newspapers.
Source & Full Story
Need Help?
Please read the 'Geneanet First Steps' pages to learn more about GeneanetFirst Steps
To ask for help on any topic related to the Geneanet website, to report a bug and to make a suggestion, please go to our forum.Forum
Questions not related to blog notes will not be answered here. Many thanks for your comprehension.


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Scott Christian University Business Development Manager Job in Kenya 2013
Business Development Manager
- The candidate must be a born again Christian
- Minimum Degree in Marketing, IT, Mass Comm and/or Business Administration with at least 3 years of relevant service experience. Advertising sales experience would be an added advantage.
- Presentable, detail oriented, responsible and strong sense of achievement
- Strong in people skills/social skills
- Results-oriented with strong customer focus
- Independent and self-driven
- IT Proficiency a plus (*Web, Flash, MS Office, Adobe Photoshop)
- Excellent interpersonal and communications skill in English
- Timely response to customers to get issues resolved
- Good presentation skill and dedicated work attitude
- Willing to learn and grow
Key Responsibilities:
- Responsible for the development and execution of Scott Christian University Retreat Centre market penetration strategies
- Will be required to meet up with clients as well as perform corporate presentation of SCU- Retreat Centre
- Responsible for analysis of client's requirements for cutting edge business proposal
- Provide proper account management and support to project management tea managing expectations and fulfilling client's requirements.
- responds to customers' requests/issues in a timely and professional manner to ensure customer satisfaction.
- Responsible for developing marketing collateral.
- Build good relations and meet up with government agencies, advertising agencies and clients to expand the Retreat centres offerings
How to apply
interested candidates who satisfy the above requirements should forward their applications accompanied by a detailed CV, email address, day time telephone contact, name and address of three referees and current /expected salary
The applications should reach the undersigned not later than 8th February 2013.
Human Resource Office
Scott Christian University
P.O Box 49-90100, Machakos
Email address. firstname.lastname@example.com


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Nelson Mandela's Last Photo Shoot Provides Incredible Images Of Icon's Final DaysWritten by MCJStaff // December 9, 2013 // 0 Comments
Huff Post Black Voices
As the world grapples with Nelson Mandela's death, stunning tributes to the former South African president have poured in from around the planet.
The photos of Mandela in his last days are a stark contrast to the young rebel from decades ago, or even the wise leader who spent 27 years in prison. But recently released images of the revered leader at what was ultimately one of his last photo shoots, provide an incredible look at the icon and a beautiful portrait of Madiba in his final days, forever frozen in time.
In 2011, the South African leader participated in a photographic and film series profiling the country's notable men and women by famed African photographer, Adrian Stiern, titled "21 Icons". The shoot took place at Mandela's childhood home in the country's Eastern Cape Province.
"We were very nervous," Stiern said. "We had the lights set up, Madiba came down and he was so good natured, so good humored. He made the crew feel at ease, and I think that any nerves that we felt were gone. He could see that we were very emotional, and he helped us through the shoot, and it's something obviously that I'll be eternally grateful for."
Stiern said the experience was both lighthearted and deeply emotional, as Mandela reflected on his role in South Africa's history and shared his candid thoughts after seeing a photo of F.W. de Klerk, the country's last apartheid president, that was also being featured in the series.
"When Madiba saw de Klerk — who was the last apartheid president and released Nelson Mandela — he stopped and choked up," Stiern said. "It was very emotional because Nelson Mandela is an old man, he doesn't talk much, he conserves his energy… and for him to see a photo, for that to spark a memory and talk to the entire room — that's really what kicked off the emotion for us."
The images are a beautiful portrayal of the legendary leader, capturing both his majestic aura and his humble spirit simultaneously.
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Airds Farm, Perfect for a long holiday or short breakEnjoying a picturesque location above Crossmichael, near Castle Douglas in Dumfries & Galloway (South West Scotland), Airds Farm offers quality bed & breakfast & self-catering holiday accommodation at reasonable prices. Our farmhouse, a traditional stone-built Galloway farmhouse, sympathetically developed into a 4 star guesthouse and attached 3 star self-catering cottage. Airds Farm is an ideal base for a holiday or short break in South West Scotland.
Quality Accommodation Close To Castle Douglas
Bed & Breakfast
Airds Farm offers reasonably priced bed & breakfast accommodation in scenic Dumfries & Galloway. Relax in our comfortable conservatory and let your stresses and cares disappear. A holiday or short break at Airds at any time of year is a tonic to the system. More effective than any medication, the peace and tranquility of this unique place won't fail to influence your well-being, and the friendly welcome you receive will instantly make you feel at home. An ideal base for long or short breaks in the under-appreciated scenic beauty of Dumfries and Galloway, Airds will suit both the active holidaymaker or those who wish simply to relax.
Read More
Self Catering Cottage
Our holiday cottage in Scotland, sleeping 5, is situated in the scenic and picturesque Galloway region and adjoins our 4 star guesthouse. Airdside, is ideally situated for visitors to this beautiful and scenic Galloway region. Walkers, bird-watchers, fishers and those just looking to get away from urban stresses to relax, will enjoy the peace and tranquility of this delightful location, only an hour's travel from the border. Please note that our cottage is NON-SMOKING. Despite its rural location, Airdside is only a short drive away from Castle Douglas, & Kirkcudbright. Dumfries is within 30 minutes drive.
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Delicious Food
Evening meals and packed lunches available by arrangement, using locally sourced ingredients
Pet Friendly
Bring your well behaved dog or borrow one of ours! Please contact us before booking.
Mountain Biking
Bike friendly accommodation with secure parking and bike wash facilities


text:
Keycard entry to rooms and interior corridors
Studio with Sofa Sleeper
Where We Are
Get driving directions or find nearby stores, restaurants, and points of interest.
About This Location
Value Place Goldenrod (Orlando), FL, is conveniently located off of State
Rte. 408 and Goldenrod Rd. in northeast Orlando. Value Place Goldenrod is the
perfect "headquarters" from which to experience this spectacular
city. This property is nine miles north
of the Orlando-International
Airport and just minutes away from Lake Nona Medical City. The medical facility
features the UCF Medical
School, BurnhamInstitute for Medical
Research, the Florida
Veterans Hospital, and the Nemours Children's Hospital.
Visit Orlando and immerse yourself in the world's greatest
theme-park city, a mecca of photo opportunities and larger-than-life
attractions that serve as the backdrop for the memories of a lifetime. In fact,
the close proximity to Orlando makes for a convenient location near all of the
major attractions that make up the #1 tourist destination in the United States;
Disney World, Universal Studios, Sea World and Wet and Wild Orlando. Some
of the lesser known areas of interest (but equally enjoyable) are the Orlando Science Center Museum
and the Winter Park
Village, featuring an array of fine dining, and specialty restaurants as
well as many unique boutiques. Winter
park also features a wonderful selection of antique shops along Orange Avenue.
Orlando is also less than an hour from Port Canaveral, a
well-traveled cruise ship port. But it's not all just theme parks; Orlando also
boasts majestic natural attractions, such as the Central Florida Zoological Park and Gatorland—a 110-acre
theme park and wildlife preserve. For arts and entertainment, the Bob Carr Auditorium and Maitland Art Center a few
minutes from the property, or you could spend the day shopping at nearby Fashion Square Mall.
No matter which Value Place you choose, there are a few things you can
count on at every location—a truly affordable weekly rate and an astonishingly
clean room –all with modified kitchens. All in a more secure environment than
you'll find at any other extended stay hotel or motel. How can we make this promise
to our guests? By keeping things simple and not building a lot of extra things
you don't need padded into our pricing. Instead, you get to pick and choose
from the optional add-ons we offer. At Value Place, you get
affordable lodging that is clean and safe—every time, at every location.
Count on video cameras, key card entrance to interior corridors, well-lit parking
lots and more to help ensure your personal safety.
You'll feel safer at Value Place.
We have what you need at
a weekly price you can afford. Our rooms are fully furnished including a modified kitchen with a full-size refrigerator and freezer, a two-burner stovetop,
microwave, living room/bedroom furnishings and more. At Value Place, you can
always count on the basic essentials in a secure, clean and cozy
environment—and that's what makes us different from extended-stay hotels,
motels, or any other accommodations you might be thinking about. Explore our
Studio, Studio with Sofa Sleeper, or Double to see what's right for you.
Starting as low as
The Value Place Studio features
one full-size bed. Furnishings also include a dresser and nightstand, dining
table with two chairs, a cozy sled chair and a color TV with cable (and at
least one premium movie channel). Every Value Place room offers a modified kitchen,
which includes a full-size refrigerator with freezer, a two-burner stovetop, a
microwave and plenty of cabinet space.
Pricing is currently unavailable
Value Place Studio with Sofa Sleeper features one full-size bed and a pullout
sofa bed. Furnishings also include a dresser and nightstand, a dining table
with two chairs, a coffee table and a color TV with cable (and at least one
premium movie channel). Every Value Place room offers a modified kitchen, which
includes a full-size refrigerator with freezer, a two-burner stovetop, a
microwave and plenty of cabinet space.
The Value Place Double features two full-size beds. Furnishings
also include a dresser and nightstand, dining table with two chairs and a color
TV with cable (and at least one premium movie channel). Every Value Place room
offers a modified kitchen, which includes a full-size refrigerator with freezer, a
two-burner stovetop, a microwave and plenty of cabinet space.
Unless otherwise stated, you can check-in after 3 p.m. on your stated date of arrival. For help after hours dial 500 from the lobby phone.
Guests are considered checked-out as of 11 a.m. on their stated departure date. To request late check-out or to attempt to extend your stay, dial 500 from your room or lobby phone.
Find out what you'll need to bring, when your deposit is refunded to you and other important information about your stay.
Reservation Policies
For occupancy limits, extending your stay and other information, read more about Value Place Policies or contact Customer Service.
Features and Add-Ons
At Value Place, you'll find everything you need – like full-size appliances in a
modified kitchen, your preferred furniture configuration, and bi-weekly cleaning
– included in your room rate. We also offer guests what they might want – on-site,
coin- or refillable card-operated laundry and vending, additional housekeeping and
linen service, starter dish packs, coffeemakers and, at most properties, Internet
– available at fair, additional costs. We price these options separately to prevent
guests from having to pay for "fluff" they might not want or use and to help us
keep our room rates low.
You can select the things you want to add to your stay now or do them once you arrive
at the property.
Housekeeping is included every other week. Additional cleaning can be purchased for a fee per service.
A drip coffeemaker that makes 8 to 10 cups. Yours to keep with a one-time fee.
Service for two including dinner plates, salad plates, bowls, mugs, glasses, utensils, cooking spoon, slotted turner, skillet, saucepan, dish cloth and kitchen towel.
Go online 24/7 with our fast internet connection.
During office hours bring your sheets/towels to the front desk for a quick exchange.
Find A Location
See Our Rooms
Make a Reservation
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Our standardized design and construction paired with our efficient operating model offer franchisees a strong investment opportunity.
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When you can't be Trout Fishing on the White River, enjoying the beauty of the Arkansas Ozarks, we can still keep you connected to it! Yes, you asked for it, and we did it! Stay in touch with Facebook & Twitter!
Report Problems with the site
Please report any site problems to email@example.com.


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Color Magnet for Screen PrintingColor Magnet™ is a dye attractant that magically attracts more dye where it is applied. Learn More
Item Number: T1436
Availability: In stock$9.99
Color Magnet PenColor Magnet™ is a dye attractant that magically attracts more dye where it is applied. Learn More
Item Number: T1437
Availability: In stock$3.99
Enhance Your Quilting with Digital Surface Design Techniques: Creating Brushes in Photoshop Elements DownloadJoin expert artist Margaret Applin for a live online seminar and learn how digital surface design can revolutionize your fabrics and quilts. Learn More
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5 Product(s)


text:
Education Information & Accountability Services
Education Information & Accountability Services
|Text Index
|Custom Search
Education Information and Accountability Services Home Page
2004-2005 Student End of Year Status
1. Submit this record for all PK-12 students who were in membership in the district at any time during either the regular school year or its associated summer session, any PK-12 student who was expected to attend school but did not enter (DNE) as expected for unknown reasons, and any student for whom a Diploma Type of W43 or W45 is being reported.
2. Two Student End of Year Status records may be submitted for a student. This can occur when a high school student leaves the PK-12 program and receives an Adult Standard High School Diploma, Diploma Type W43, or a State of Florida Diploma (GED), Diploma Type W45. In this instance, one End of Year Status record will be submitted with Grade Level PK-12 and one with Grade Level 30-31.
3. SCHOOL NUMBER, CURRENT ENROLLMENT: For the PK-12 student, report the last PK-12 school that the student was enrolled in during the regular 180 day school year unless the student was only enrolled in the district during the summer term.
4. GRADE LEVEL: For the PK-12 student, report the last Grade Level of the student during the regular 180 day School Year unless the student was only enrolled in the district during the summer term.
5. GRADE PROMOTION STATUS: Report code P for any PK-12 student who earned a diploma or certificate at any time during the school year.
6. KEY FIELDS: The key fields for this format are item numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 37. If a key field needs to be changed, the record must be deleted and re-submitted as an add.
*Field Characteristics


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Book your room at Fairfield Inn by Marriott Phoenix/Mesa
Standard Room, 2 Queen BedsMax Occupancy: 5 guests (up to 4 children, 4 infants)
Standard Room, 1 King BedMax Occupancy: 3 guests (up to 2 children, 2 infants)
Mesa hotel with an outdoor pool
Situated in the suburbs, this hotel is close to Golfland Sunsplash, Rose Garden at Mesa Community College, and Arizona Museum for Youth. Local attractions also include Mesa Arts Center and Arizona Museum of Natural History.
Hotel Features
Recreational amenities at Fairfield Inn by Marriott Phoenix/Mesa include an outdoor pool and a spa tub. Other amenities include complimentary wireless Internet access and complimentary high-speed (wired) Internet access.
Room Amenities
Flat-screen televisions come with premium cable channels. Guestrooms also feature complimentary high-speed (wired) Internet access, refrigerators, and air conditioning.Information missing or incorrect? Tell us!
Fairfield Inn by Marriott Phoenix/Mesa
Hotel Amenities
Fairfield Inn by Marriott Phoenix/Mesa features an outdoor pool and a spa tub. High-speed wired and wireless Internet access is complimentary. This hotel offers access to a business center. A complimentary breakfast is offered. This Mesa hotel also offers coffee/tea in the lobby, dry cleaning/laundry services, and express check-out. Complimentary self parking is available on site.
Fairfield Inn by Marriott Phoenix/Mesa is a smoke-free property.
- Free breakfast
- 24-hour front desk
- Express check-out
- Dry cleaning/laundry service
- Coffee/tea in lobby
- Elevator/lift
- Free Wi-Fi
- Free wired high-speed Internet
- Total number of rooms - 65
- Number of floors - 3
- Safe-deposit box at front desk
- Free self parking
- Smoke-free property
- Spa tub
- Outdoor pool
- Television in lobby
- Business center
- Year Built 1996
- Number of buildings/towers - 1
Available in all rooms: Free wired high-speed Internet
Available in some public areas: Free Wi-Fi , Free wired high-speed Internet
Room Amenities
- Premium TV channels
- Climate control
- Complimentary weekday newspaper
- Air conditioning
- Free local calls
- Coffee/tea maker
- Hair dryer
- Shower/tub combination
- Cable TV service
- Iron/ironing board
- Desk
- Rollaway/extra beds available
- Cribs/infant beds available
- Phone
- Refrigerator
- Private bathroom
- Flat-panel TV
- Free wired high-speed Internet
Where to Eat
Guests are offered a complimentary continental breakfast.
Nearby Things to Do
An outdoor pool and a spa tub are on site.
To make requests for specific accessibility needs, complete the "Special or Accessibility Requests" section of "Trip Preferences" when you book your hotel.
- Accessible path of travel
- Accessible bathroom
- Accessible parking
- In-room accessibility
- Accessibility equipment for the deaf
- Braille or raised signage
Hotel Policies
Check-in time starts at 3 PM
Check-out time is noon
Payment types
You need to know
Extra-person charges may apply and vary depending on hotel policy.
Government-issued photo identification and a credit card or cash deposit are required at check-in for incidental charges.
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NTSB Identification:
Accident occurred Sunday, May 21, 2000 in NOGALES, Mexico
Aircraft: Cessna 182N, registration: N92755
Injuries: 1 Serious,2 Uninjured.
This is preliminary information, subject to change, and may contain errors. The foreign authority was the source of this information.
On May 21, 2000, at 1530 mountain standard time, a Cessna 182N airplane, N92755, was substantially damaged during a forced landing following a loss of engine power near Nogales, State of Sonora, in the Republic of Mexico. One passenger was seriously injured and the private pilot and another passenger were uninjured. The airplane was owned by Travis Air LLC, of Mesa, Arizona, and was being operated by Arizona Aviation, Inc., of Mesa, Arizona. Visual meteorological conditions prevailed for the cross country flight for which a VFR flight plan was filed. The personal flight originated from Mulege, State of Baja California Sur, Mexico, at 1230. The flight's destination was the Nogales Airport (MMNG), near Nogales, State of Sonora, Mexico.
The 300-hour pilot reported that the engine lost power as he approached a mountain range southwest of Nogales. During a forced landing in rough and uneven sandy terrain, the nose landing gear collapsed resulting in a loss of control. The pilot added that the airplane came to rest on a private ranch located 29.7 nautical miles south of the Nogales Airport.
The accident investigation is under the control and jurisdiction of the Government of the Republic of Mexico. Any further information may be obtained from:
Secretaria de Comunicaciones y Transportes Direccion General de Aeronautica Civil Providencia 807, Cuarto Piso Colonia del Valle, Codigo Postal 03100 Mexico, D.F
This report is for informational purposes only and contains only information released by, or obtained from the DGAC of the Republic of Mexico.
Index for May2000
Index of months


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|Blender 2.49b used Python 2.5 or 2.6 on most platforms, OSX being a notable exception. Don't be fooled by the api_2.2 directory.
You can get the 2.49b source by checking out the tag
For the libs, either install the older versions, or check them out from ../trunk/libs using -r revision-number. You will need to look at the svn log to see an appropriate time frame.


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Scott Israel's November win in the Broward County sheriff's race will probably mean a big shakeup at the area's largest law enforcement agency. But it's a labor dispute time-stamped from the sheriff-elect's failed 2008 campaign for Al Lamberti's job that might change daily business at departments ac ... More >>
See also: Broward's School Bus System Is A Mess; Broward's School Bus Mess Has Turned Into Finger-Pointing Farce Update: Tindall announced that he's taking a medical leave for at least six weeks. It's not clear whether he will stay on the job after that time. Tindall also apologized for the re ... More >>
Margate political powerhouse and consummate deal maker Jack Tobin, who died Tuesday at the age of 69, will be laid to rest Friday. He's remembered with near reverence by many who knew him, even those who also knew the rather unseemly nature of his long political career as a state legislator, Ma ... More >>
Courtesy of Greensource Power Systems Inc.Shawn Hiester's companies have already earned millions from Pines.The founder of the private firm set to receive a controversial, no-bid outsourcing contract in the City of Pembroke Pines has a long history of raking in millions of dollars in business fro ... More >>
Flickr user: Sean GlennYou want to cut their pension? Just try, Dodge.As the Pembroke Pines City Commission prepares to vote tonight on more budget cuts for the cash-strapped suburb, city employees have reached a boiling point. "Our people have suffered enough," says Jim Silvernale, spokesman f ... More >>


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First European farmers replaced hunter-gatherer forerunners
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Psycho Punk
Joined: 19 Aug 2003
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Posted: 04-09-2009 15:23
Post subject: First European farmers replaced hunter-gatherer forerunners
Europe's first farmers replaced their Stone Age hunter-gatherer forerunners
(PhysOrg.com) -- DNA study suggests that further waves of prehistoric immigration are waiting to be discovered. Central and northern Europe's first farmers were immigrants with barely any ancestral ties to the modern population, a study has found.
Researchers used DNA taken from the remains of farmers who worked the land more than 7,000 years ago to discover that they were not related to the hunter-gatherers who inhabited Europe previously. Instead, they probably belonged to an immigrant population, possibly from south-eastern Europe.
The study also found that the ancient hunter-gatherers do share their predominant DNA type with some modern Europeans, unlike the agriculturalists who arrived in Europe at a later stage. Neither group, however, explains the genetic make-up of much of Europe's current population, which indicates that there were other waves of prehistoric migration that still remain uncharted.
The findings are being published in the journal Science and will be released on Thursday (September 3rd) online through Science Express. They appear to resolve an enduring debate about how farming, one of the great "civilising" revolutions in human history, spread in Europe.
Generations of scholars have puzzled over whether the change in lifestyle from hunter-gatherer to farmer was brought to Europe by new people, or whether only the idea of farming spread. The new report provides persuasive evidence that it arrived in central Europe with a wave of immigrants approximately 7,500 years ago.
The study was led by academics from the University of Cambridge, Mainz University in Germany and University College London. Researchers compared new mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequences from late European hunter-gatherers (up to 13,000 years old) with sequences from early farmers (7,500 years old), as well as with sequences from modern Europeans.
They found significant genetic differences between all three groups which cannot be explained by population continuity. Most (82%) of the hunter-gatherers share a genetic lineage known as "U", which is still found today in a minority of Europeans - about 5% of Mediterranean people, increasing northwards to 20-40% of traditional tribes in north-eastern Russia and Finland, such as the Saami.
The major DNA type among the farmers, however, was type N1a, which is exceptionally rare, found in less than 0.2% of the European population. The fact that this lineage was not shared with the hunter-gatherers means that the farmers were immigrants who, at least initially, did not mix with the existing population of Europe at the time.
"It is exciting to confirm that many Europeans today, especially in the north and north-east, carry ice-age hunter lineages," Dr Peter Forster, of the Cambridge Society for the Application of Research, Churchill College, University of Cambridge, said.
"A new puzzle emerges, however. Neither the hunter-gatherers nor the early farmer DNA can account for all European genetic variants today. It seems we need to look for more major, unidentified migrations into, or within, prehistoric Europe. These additional waves might have consisted of secondary farming movements or of later metalworkers."
Humans first arrived in Europe 45,000 years ago, replacing a Neanderthal population. A series of major climactic changes then ensued, including the last Ice Age. Hunter-gathering helped humans to survive through that period and was still in evidence 11,000 years ago, as the Ice Age ended. Within a few thousand years, however, it had largely disappeared, as the new wave of immigrants settled and domesticated plants and animals.
The study suggests that these farmers settled first in the Carpathian Basin. "It seems that farmers immigrated into Central Europe about 7,500 years ago, initially without mixing with local hunter-gatherers," Dr Barbara Bramanti, from Mainz University, said. "This is surprising, because there were cultural contacts between the locals and the immigrants, but, it appears, no genetic exchange."
Farming itself is believed to have begun in the Fertile Crescent of the Near East, between 12,000 and 7,000 years ago. Early communities there began to produce the so-called "founder crops", such as wheat and barley. More recently, it has become clear that early Chinese communities domesticated their own grains, such as rice and millet, independently of western influence and a growing body of research suggests that these methods may also have spread to the West.
"We are still searching for the remaining components of modern European ancestry," Professor Joachim Burger, from Mainz University, said. "Hunter-gatherer and early farmers alone are not enough. But new ancient DNA data from later periods in European prehistory may shed light on this in the future."
Provided by University of Cambridge
EDIT: Title made to fit by WJ.
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Posted: 04-09-2009 16:02
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Is it not always the same with migration or colonization, that initially the two populations do not mix well, from the Vikings to the early US settlers
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Psycho Punk
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Posted: 01-10-2009 14:00
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Some more on this general topic.
Scandinavians Are Descended From Stone Age Immigrants, Ancient DNA Reveals
New research suggests that modern Scandinavians are not descended from the people who came to Scandinavia at the conclusion of the last ice age but, apparently, from a population that arrived later, concurrently with the introduction of agriculture. (Credit: iStockphoto/Jean Assell)
ScienceDaily (Sep. 25, 2009) — Today's Scandinavians are not descended from the people who came to Scandinavia at the conclusion of the last ice age but, apparently, from a population that arrived later, concurrently with the introduction of agriculture. This is one conclusion of a new study straddling the borderline between genetics and archaeology, which involved Swedish researchers and which has now been published in the journal Current Biology.
"The hunter-gatherers who inhabited Scandinavia more than 4,000 years ago had a different gene pool than ours," explains Anders Götherström of the Department of Evolutionary Biology at Uppsala University, who headed the project together with Eske Willerslev of the Centre for GeoGenetics at the University of Copenhagen.
The study, a collaboration among research groups in Sweden, Denmark and the UK, involved using DNA from Stone Age remains to investigate whether the practices of cultivating crops and keeping livestock were spread by immigrants or represented innovations on the part of hunter-gatherers.
"Obtaining reliable results from DNA from such ancient human remains involves very complicated work," says Helena Malmström of the Department of Evolutionary Biology at Uppsala University.
She carried out the initial DNA sequencings of Stone Age material three years ago. Significant time was then required for researchers to confirm that the material really was thousands of years old.
"This is a classic issue within archaeology," says Petra Molnar at the Osteoarchaeological Research Laboratory at Stockholm University. "Our findings show that today's Scandinavians are not the direct descendants of the hunter-gatherers who lived in the region during the Stone Age. This entails the conclusion that some form of migration to Scandinavia took place, probably at the onset of the agricultural Stone Age. The extent of this migration is as of yet impossible to determine."
Journal reference:
Helena Malmström, M.Thomas P. Gilbert, Mark G. Thomas, Mikael Brandström, Jan Storå, Petra Molnar, Pernille K. Andersen, Christian Bendixen, Gunilla Holmlund, Anders Götherström, and Eske Willerslev. Ancient DNA Reveals Lack of Continuity between Neolithic Hunter-Gatherers and Contemporary Scandinavians. Current Biology, 2009; DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2009.09.017
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Psycho Punk
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Posted: 10-11-2010 15:42
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DNA reveals origins of first European farmers
November 9th, 2010 in Biology / Evolution
An artist's impression of a Neolithic farmer. Image by Karol Schauer, LDA Sachsen-Anhalt.
A team of international researchers led by ancient DNA experts from the University of Adelaide has resolved the longstanding issue of the origins of the people who introduced farming to Europe some 8000 years ago.
A detailed genetic study of one of the first farming communities in Europe, from central Germany, reveals marked similarities with populations living in the Ancient Near East (modern-day Turkey, Iraq and other countries) rather than those from Europe.
Project leader Professor Alan Cooper, Director of the Australian Centre for Ancient DNA (ACAD) at the University of Adelaide, says: "This overturns current thinking, which accepts that the first European farming populations were constructed largely from existing populations of hunter-gatherers, who had either rapidly learned to farm or interbred with the invaders."
The results of the study have been published today in the online peer-reviewed science journal PLoS Biology.
"We have finally resolved the question of who the first farmers in Europe were – invaders with revolutionary new ideas, rather than populations of Stone Age hunter-gatherers who already existed in the area," says lead author Dr Wolfgang Haak, Senior Research Associate with ACAD at the University of Adelaide.
"We've been able to apply new, high-precision ancient DNA methods to create a detailed genetic picture of this ancient farming population, and reveal that it was radically different to the nomadic populations already present in Europe.
"We have also been able to use genetic signatures to identify a potential route from the Near East and Anatolia, where farming evolved around 11,000 years ago, via south-eastern Europe and the Carpathian Basin (today's Hungary) into Central Europe," Dr Haak says.
The project involved researchers from the University of Mainz and State Heritage Museum in Halle, Germany, the Russian Academy of Sciences and members of the National Geographic Society's Genographic Project, of which Professor Cooper is a Principal Investigator and Dr Haak is a Senior Research Associate.
The ancient DNA used in this study comes from a complete graveyard of Early Neolithic farmers unearthed at the town of Derenburg in Saxony-Anhalt, central Germany.
"This work was only possible due to the close collaboration of archaeologists excavating the skeletons, to ensure that no modern human DNA contaminated the remains, and nicely illustrates the potential when archaeology and genetics are combined," says Professor Kurt Werner Alt from the collaborating Institute of Anthropology in Mainz, Germany.
Provided by University of Adelaide
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Farmers Slowed Down by Hunter-Gatherers: Our Ancestors' Fight for Space
ScienceDaily (Dec. 3, 2010) — Agricultural -- or Neolithic -- economics replaced the Mesolithic social model of hunter-gathering in the Near East about 10,000 years ago. One of the most important socioeconomic changes in human history, this socioeconomic shift, known as the Neolithic transition, spread gradually across Europe until it slowed down when more northern latitudes were reached.
Research published Dec. 3, 2010, in New Journal of Physics (co-owned by the Institute of Physics and the German Physical Society), details a physical model, which can potentially explain how the spreading of Neolithic farmers was slowed down by the population density of hunter-gatherers.
The researchers from Girona, in Catalonia, Spain, use a reaction-diffusion model, which explains the relation between population growth and available space, taking into account the directional space dependency of the established Mesolithic population density.
The findings confirm archeological data, which shows that the slowdown in the spreading of farming communities was not, as often assumed, the result of crops needing to adapt to chillier climates, but indeed a consequence of the struggle for space with prevalent hunter-gatherer communities.
In the future, the researchers' model could be used for further physical modeling of socioeconomic transitions in the history of humanity. As the researchers write, "The model presented in this work could be applied to many examples of invasion fronts in which the indigenous population and the invasive one compete for space in a single biological niche, both in natural habitats and in microbiological assays."
Disclaimer: Views expressed in this article do not necessarily reflect those of ScienceDaily or its staff.
Story Source:
The above story is reprinted (with editorial adaptations by ScienceDaily staff) from materials provided by Institute of Physics, via EurekAlert!, a service of AAAS.
Journal Reference:
1. neus Isern, Joaquim Fort. Anisotropic dispersion, space competition and the slowdown of the Neolithic transition. New Journal of Physics, 2010; DOI: 10.1088/1367-2630/12/12/123002
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Psycho Punk
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DNA study deals blow to theory of European origins
By Paul Rincon
Science editor, BBC News website
Did Palaeolithic hunters leave a genetic legacy in today's European males?
Continue reading the main story
Related Stories
Farmers spawned most European men
Migrants spread farming to Europe
Ancient farmers were goat-herders
A new study deals a blow to the idea that most European men are descended from farmers who migrated from the Near East 5,000-10,000 years ago.
The findings challenge previous research showing that the genetic signature of the farmers displaced that of Europe's indigenous hunters.
The latest research leans towards the idea that most of Europe's males trace a line of descent to stone-age hunters.
But the authors say more work is needed to answer this question.
The study, by an international team, is published in the journal Proceedings of the Royal Society B.
Continue reading the main story
Start Quote
I would say that we are putting the ball back in the middle of the field"
Dr Cristian Capelli
University of Oxford
Archaeological finds show that modern humans first settled in Europe from about 40,000 years ago - during a time known as the Palaeolithic.
These people survived an Ice Age some 20,000 years ago by retreating to relatively warm refuges in the south of the continent, before expanding into northern Europe again when the ice melted.
But just a few thousand years after Europe had been resettled by these hunter-gatherers, the continent underwent momentous cultural change. Farmers spread westwards from the area that is now Turkey, bringing with them a new economy and way of life.
The extent to which modern Europeans are descended from these early farmers versus the indigenous hunter-gatherers who settled the continent thousands of years previously is a matter of heated debate.
The results vary depending on the genetic markers studied and are subject to differing interpretations.
Family tree
The latest study focused on the Y chromosome - a package of DNA which is passed down more or less unchanged from father to son.
The Y chromosomes carried by people today can be classified into different types, or lineages, which - to some extent - reflect their geographical origins.
More than 100 million European men carry a type called R-M269, so identifying when this genetic group spread out is vital to understanding the peopling of Europe.
R-M269 is most common in western Europe, reaching frequencies of 90% or more in Spain, Ireland and Wales.
The Neolithic was a time of momentous cultural change in Europe
But while this type reaches its highest distribution on the Atlantic fringe, Patricia Balaresque and colleagues at the University of Leicester published a paper in 2010 showing that the genetic diversity of R-M269 increases as one moves east - reaching a peak in Anatolia (modern Turkey).
Genetic diversity is used as a measure of age; lineages that have been around for a long time accumulate more diversity. So this principle can be used to estimate the age of a population.
When the Leicester team estimated how old R-M269 was in different populations across Europe, they found the age ranges were more compatible with an expansion in Neolithic times (between 5,000 and 10,000 years ago).
The team's conclusions received support from papers published in August 2010 and in June this year. But one study which appeared last year backed the idea of a more ancient, Palaeolithic origin for R-M269.
Age estimates
Now, a team including Cristian Capelli and George Busby at Oxford University have explored the question.
Their results, based on a sample of more than 4,500 men from Europe and western Asia, showed no geographical trends in the diversity of R-M269. Such trends would be expected if the lineage had expanded from Anatolia with Neolithic farmers.
Furthermore, they suggest that some of the markers on the Y chromosome are less reliable than others for estimating the ages of genetic lineages. On these grounds, they argue that current analytical tools are unsuitable for dating the expansion of R-M269.
Studies of DNA from ancient remains could shed more light on European origins
Indeed, Dr Capelli and his team say the problem extends to other studies of Y-chromosome lineages: dates based on the analysis of conventional DNA markers may have been "systematically underestimated", they write in Proceedings B.
But Dr Capelli stressed that his study could not answer the question of when the ubiquitous R-M269 expanded in Europe, although his lab is carrying out more work on the subject.
"At the moment it's not possible to claim anything about the age of this lineage," he told BBC News, "I would say that we are putting the ball back in the middle of the field."
The increasing frequency of R-M269 towards western Europe had long been seen by some researchers as an indication that Palaeolithic European genes survived in this region - alongside other clues.
A more recent origin for R-M269 than the Neolithic is still possible. But researchers point out that after the advent of agriculture, populations in Europe exploded, meaning that it would have been more difficult for incoming migrants to displace local people.
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Posted: 17-11-2012 21:10
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The ups and downs of early farming settlements.
Europe's First Farmers Came, Then Went
by Ann Gibbons on 16 November 2012, 5:26 PM | 2 Comments
The first farmers who swept into Europe 6000 to 7000 years ago may have grown too big for their britches—or animal skins—too fast. A new study of archaeological sites across Western Europe highlights a strikingly consistent pattern in Neolithic farmers' communities: Their populations grew too big, too quickly, and crashed right after they peaked.
"We can see a dramatic history of booms and busts," archaeologist Stephen Shennan of University College London (UCL) reported yesterday in a talk at the 111th meeting of the American Anthropological Association in San Francisco, California.
Researchers have long assumed that as the first farmers settled down in Europe, life was more stable for them than for the nomadic foragers and fishers they had displaced. Cultivated plants and animals were a secure source of food, the reasoning went, allowing the farmers to bear more babies and put down deep roots. An overall picture emerged in which farming populations grew gradually until modern times. "It has been generally assumed that population slowly increased, in line with long-term continental and global trends," Shennan says.
No studies, however, had looked closely at what happened to population growth locally in different regions of Europe after the first farmers arrived. Working with evolutionary geneticist Mark Thomas at UCL, Shennan developed a statistical method to trace the rise and fall of population numbers by using calibrated radiocarbon dates at archaeological sites in Europe. They reasoned that the more dates for Neolithic settlements in a region, the higher the population (after correcting for different numbers of dates from different archaeological sites). Once they used clusters of dates to track patterns of population growth and decline at archaeological sites in Europe, they calibrated their method by studying patterns in the types and dates of pollen found at the sites, which reflect when farmers cleared land of trees to grow crops. The two records of population growth matched, Shennan says.
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When they examined their data, they found that populations did indeed increase rapidly in many areas with the onset of farming, as expected. But these levels were not sustained. The new subsistence system, despite its potential for supporting increased populations, did not bring stability. "The characteristic regional pattern indicated by changing population levels is one of instability, of boom and bust," Shennan says.
Why did farmers' numbers rise and fall? Shennan tested whether changes in climate hit the farmers hard by comparing the patterns of population growth and decline with regional fluctuations in climate, as reflected in Greenland ice core samples. But there was no significant match. "So why do we have these boom-bust oscillations? We don't know," Shennan says.
The possibilities include intense competition for food and other resources due to overpopulation; the rise of diseases acquired by living closely with livestock, other humans, and their waste; and increased violence among Neolithic communities.
Shennan's team also suggests that this pattern of boom and bust had a negative impact on social, economic, and cultural life in these communities. One recent study of the skeletons of early farmers in Britain also found a surge in violence right after populations exploded. "Whatever the case, what we've shown is that with this early farming system, these high population levels could not be maintained," Shennan says.
Other researchers at the talk said this was the first time that researchers had shown a pattern of boom and bust in Neolithic populations that was not tied to climate change. "It shows on a grand scale that the replacement of foraging by farming has a huge impact on who we are and what the world was like," says human behavioral ecologist Eric Smith of the University of Washington, Seattle. "If farming from the get-go is associated with unstable populations, that's interesting to know."
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More on early farmers, how well they worked wood before they had metal tools. Farmers were farmers in those days.
Human history preserved in tree rings of prehistoric wooden wells
December 19th, 2012 in Other Sciences / Archaeology & Fossils
This image shows Neolithic wooden water wells. Credit: Citation: Tegel W, Elburg R, Hakelberg D, Stauble H, Buntgen U (2012) Early Neolithic Water Wells Reveal the World?s Oldest Wood Architecture. PLOS ONE 7(12): e51374. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0051374
Prehistoric farming communities in Europe constructed water wells out of oak timbers, revealing that these first farmers were skilled carpenters long before metal was discovered or used for tools. The research published December 19 in the open access journal PLOS ONE by Willy Tegel and colleagues from the University of Freiburg, Germany, contradicts the common belief that metal tools were required to make complex wooden structures.
The wooden water wells discovered in eastern Germany are over 7000 years old, and suggest that these early farmers had unexpectedly refined carpentry skills. "This early Neolithic craftsmanship now suggests that the first farmers were also the first carpenters", the study reports.
These first Central European farmers migrated from the Great Hungarian Plain approximately 7,500 years ago, and left an archeological trail of settlements, ceramics and stone tools across the fertile regions of the continent, a record named Linear Pottery Culture (LBK). However, much of the lifestyle of these early settlers is still a mystery, including the climate they lived in and technology or strategies they used to cope with their surroundings. According to the study, the oak timbers analyzed in this study are also a new archive of environmental data preserved in the tree rings, which could tell an accurate, year-by-year story of the times these early settlers lived in.
More information: Tegel W, Elburg R, Hakelberg D, Stauble H, Buntgen U (2012) Early Neolithic Water Wells Reveal the World's Oldest Wood Architecture. PLOS ONE 7(12): e51374.
Provided by Public Library of Science
"Human history preserved in tree rings of prehistoric wooden wells." December 19th, 2012.
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Psycho Punk
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Posted: 01-05-2013 20:54
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Looks as if they left a bigger footprint than previously realised.
Humans' indelible stamp on Earth clear 5000 years ago
Updated 16:19 30 April 2013 by Fred Pearce
When did humans stamp our footprint on the planet? The idea that we have entered a geological epoch defined by our very presence – the Anthropocene – is gaining traction, but exactly when did this epoch begin? After the first atom bomb went off? At the start of the industrial revolution in the mid-18th century? Or was it a lot earlier? A new study argues that the Anthropocene began with the rise of farming or even in Neolithic times, when we took to widespread burning of the bush to hunt animals.
In a reappraisal of humanity's footprint, Erle Ellis, a geographer at the University of Maryland in Baltimore, and colleagues calculate that across much of the world – excluding the poles – at least a fifth of the land had been transformed by humans as early as 5000 years ago. By contrast, most previous studies conclude that this level of transformation in land use was only reached around 100 years ago. Ellis's group also argues that this degree of land use would have released enough carbon dioxide to have warmed the local climate of the time.
Even though there were only a few tens of millions of us back then, nature was on the back foot because individuals needed far more land to sustain themselves than we do today, says Ellis. Thanks to more intensive farming methods, per-capita land use in western Europe now is only around a sixth what it was 2500 years ago, while in south-east Asia it is less than a tenth.
"We often assume that early agriculturalists couldn't alter the landscape much because they lacked the technology," says co-author Steve Vavrus of the University of Wisconsin in Madison. "But their impact was great because they didn't need to be as efficient as modern farmers."
Filling all usable land
Ellis and Vavrus's study compares conventional models of past land use, which have usually assumed that the amount of land each human needs has remained largely unchanged, with their own alternative, in which early humans "expanded to fill all usable land, and then intensified land use as population densities increased". They present archaeological evidence that the real world fits their model.
Sediments in lake beds, for instance, show massive peaks in tiny particles of charcoal, starting 60,000 years ago. This coincided with hunters setting fires to catch animals by driving them in a specific direction, and using fire to stimulate the regrowth of grasslands on which their prey fed. Another example is the soils beneath modern tropical forests in both the Americas and Africa that were enriched with manure and charcoal put there by farmers at least 2500 years ago.
This prehistoric tinkering with the planet may even have altered the climate. Over thousands of years, the great clearances of forests and transformations of grasslands with fire and plough probably released enough carbon from trees and soils to raise atmospheric carbon dioxide levels by 20 or 30 parts per million, calculates co-author Jed Kaplan of the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne. That's equivalent to a 10 per cent rise compared to what the CO2 level would otherwise have been – small in terms of its warming influence compared to the effect of today's human emissions of around 120 parts per million, but possibly enough to have triggered local changes.
A typical human even 8000 years ago had a lifetime carbon footprint of about 30 tonnes of CO2. That was around one tonne a year, compared to per-capita annual emissions of 2 to 3 tonnes today.
This new analysis builds on previous work by climate scientist William Ruddiman. A decade ago, when at the University of Virginia in Charlottesville, he put forward the idea that greenhouse emissions from farming 8000 years ago may have raised atmospheric greenhouse-gas concentrations.
Steve Jackson of the Southwest Climate Science Center of the US Geological Survey based in Tucson, Arizona, who was not involved in either study, says the new work underlines an "increasing recognition that human societies have shaped ecosystems at a much broader scale than presumed".
Not pristine but resilient
This picture of early human domination of much of the planet calls into question some common environmental assumptions, says co-author Dorian Fuller of University College London. It suggests, for example, that there is little truly pristine nature anywhere. Most apparently virgin rainforests are far from virgin; many are recovering from past clearance. This may disappoint some nature lovers, but "it shows nature is resilient", says Kaplan. Nature adapts to our activities better than we often think.
However, the new study does not give us grounds for rejecting environmental concerns, he says. Our current problems – especially what may be runaway climate change caused by burning fossil fuels – are real. At least the study's findings do offer important lessons for fixing those problems.
One is not to get hung up about whether ecosystems are natural. Most likely they are not, but all deserve protection. Another is to recognise that, throughout the Anthropocene, technology has repeatedly been our trump card. Through its use, intensified agriculture has allowed world populations to soar. And while some civilisations, such as the Maya and early Mesopotamians, may have wiped themselves out through environmental mismanagement, others were smarter, the new analysis suggests.
Between 30,000 and 20,000 years ago, the tribes of Eurasia underwent a change in strategy now known as the "broad spectrum revolution". Faced with a decline in big game, probably through overhunting, people started to diversify their food sources by hunting a wider range of smaller animals, sometimes managing wild herds of deer and gazelle to ensure they did not die out. They also learned how to grind, boil, ferment and roast food, which allowed them to eat a much greater variety of food, and to develop early techniques of farming, such as seed propagation.
It worked well and was, says Fuller, an early example of adopting a more sustainable lifestyle to cope with resource shortages. That is a lesson we could usefully adopt in the modern era.
And as for the onset of the Anthropocene? Ellis is reluctant to put a definite date on it but Fuller is happy to pinpoint it to around 3000 BC. "This is the point at which we are beginning to see rises in both carbon dioxide and methane; domesticated fauna start to become widespread on all the Old World continents, and we have the emergence of urbanism and larger scale metallurgy around this time or soon after," he says.
Journal reference: PNAS, DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1217241110
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Psycho Punk
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Posted: 17-07-2013 00:01
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Neolithic farmers used manure on crops
By Melissa Hogenboom
Science reporter, BBC News
Artwork of Neolithic village
Neolithic farmers are thought to have invested in plots of land
Europe's first farmers used livestock manure on their crops 8,000 years ago, new research has found.
Neolithic samples from charred crop remains contained the type of nitrogen also abundant in manure.
This suggests farmers took a longer-term approach to cultivating their land, rather than leading a nomadic lifestyle.
The study, published in PNAS, could also shed new light on what early farmers ate.
The introduction of farming was one of the most important cultural shifts in history. This age of agriculture defines the Neolithic period, also known as the New Stone Age.
Until now, it was believed that using manure to fertilise crops was not developed until the Iron Age, the period before the Romans invaded Britain in AD43.
Charred crop remains
Charred remains were preserved in Neolithic houses destroyed by fire
Neolithic farmers were previously believed to maintain a nomadic lifestyle, perhaps a relic from hunter-gatherer days.
But now researchers suggest they invested in plots of land and cultivated it for future generations.
'Fixed investments'
Manuring crops involves a long-term investment in arable land. As dung breaks down slowly, crops benefit from its nutrients over many years.
A team led by Amy Bogaard from the University of Oxford found the stable isotope nitrogen-15 (N15), which is abundant in manure, in the charred cereal grains and pulses from 13 Neolithic sites across Europe.
"These results point to a different kind of farming where they were making fixed investments in land that they intended to hang onto and pass onto future generations," Dr Bogaard told BBC News.
This shift also had a radical social effect, as different families would have claimed plots of land and sought to hold onto those plots, she added.
"The idea that farmland could be cared for by the same family for generations seems quite an advanced notion, but rich fertile land would have been viewed as extremely valuable for the growing of crops.
"We believe that as land was viewed as a commodity to be inherited, social differences in early European farming communities started to emerge between the haves and the have-nots."
Naked wheat grain from Koufovouno, southern Greece
Scientists analysed charred crop remains such as wheat
The study may also alter the view of what Stone Age farmers ate. As manure is rich in N15, the crops fertilised with manure, and those who ate the crops, also had high N15 enrichment, explained Dr Bogaard.
Previously it was thought human fossil remains from this time had high values of N15 due to a diet rich in meat. The researchers now suggest that previous studies may have wrongly inferred that Neolithic farmers had a meat-rich diet.
Juan Pedro Ferrio from the University de Lleida, Spain, said: "There are other possible environmental factors, such as high temperature and rain, which could increase N15."
But he added that manuring - whether accidentally or on purpose - was a likely explanation, and that it was clear Neolithic farmers were eating grain more enriched with N15 compared to the values of leaves of the same plant.
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Psycho Punk
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Posted: 01-10-2013 22:50
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Hard Times Followed Booms for Europe's Ancient Farmers
Radiocarbon dating points to centuries-long population cycles.
A Neolithic farmhouse in Greece.
Remains of two ovens, clay pots and stone tools are seen among the ruins of a Neolithic home unearthead by archaeologists in northern Greece, near the city of Pella.
Photograph from Culture Ministry of Greece/Reuters
Dan Vergano
National Geographic
Published October 1, 2013
Feast or famine was the rule for Europe's first farmers, archaeologists report. A population bust followed boom times in early agriculture from France to Ireland, a catalog of radiocarbon dates reveals.
Farming first moved into Europe from Greece around 8,500 years ago, spreading to Ireland and northern Europe over the next several thousand years. The switch from hunting and gathering to farming was a giant step forward for humanity, but the results from early Europe point to tough times for early farmers. (Related: "The Development of Agriculture.")
"Likely it played out in stark terms of soil degradation, probably ending in disease and warfare," says anthropologist Sean Downey of the University of Maryland in College Park, a co-author of the new Nature Communications journal study. "It's fairly depressing and Malthusian, what happened."
Hewing forests, sowing seeds, and raising crops for the first time, Europe's first farmers initially spread across western Europe, stretching from southern France to Denmark to Ireland, as analyzed in the study. The researchers compared ancient land use and climate indicators against a comprehensive tally of 13,658 radiocarbon dates from archaeological sites across Europe. The data tells a story of Stone Age (or Neolithic) farming economies suffering a crash around 4000 B.C.
Some regions suffered population losses of 30 percent to 60 percent, as revealed by land use and grave findings, comparable to the effects of the Black Death across Europe during the Middle Ages. "The collapse played out over three to six centuries. It was more of a long-lasting depression," Downey says.
Farmers were never all that numerous in Neolithic Europe even in good times; population densities in modern Europe are about 33 times higher than they were during that era.
A later, smaller boom happened around 2800 B.C. Neither the busts nor the booms appear tied to climate conditions, which surprised the researchers. A March study in the journal Science, for example, had pointed to drought playing a large role in the collapse of the classic Maya civilization around 800 A.D. (See "Climate Change Killed Off Maya Civilization.")
"I believe their results will be the origin of numerous new studies," says population modeling expert Neus Isern of Spain's Universitat de Girona."Why did the Neolithic economy crash if there was no natural disaster behind it? Was the Neolithic economy not as sustainable as we assume?"
Downey speculates that early farmers may have hastened soil degradation through deforestation and overuse of soils, while also raising the possibility of disease triggering population declines. Another possibility is that migration may have played a role in booms and busts, says archaeologist Ron Pinhasi of University College Dublin.
"It may be the case that the second boom is the outcome of a secondary product revolution—mainly dairying, which may have started earlier but gained momentum later," Pinhasi says. Europe is a hot spot for genes that enable up to 90 percent of the adult population to drink milk, an advantage that likely evolved only about 7,500 years ago, according to a 2009 study.
"I can't help but think there is a real important message here for contemporary thinking today, where there is a lot of blind faith that new technology will always carry the day," Downey says. "That is not how it went in the Neolithic."
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Psycho Punk
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Posted: 16-10-2013 22:47
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So, it looks like they lived together for a while.
Hunter-Gatherers and Immigrant Farmers Lived Together for 2,000 Years in Central Europe
Palaeogenetic research in the ultra-clean laboratory at Mainz University. (Credit: photo/©: Thomas Hartmann, JGU)
Oct. 10, 2013 — Indigenous hunter-gatherers and immigrant farmers lived side-by-side for more than 2,000 years in Central Europe, before the hunter-gatherer communities died out or adopted the agricultural lifestyle. The results come from a study undertaken by the Institute of Anthropology at Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz (JGU) that has just been published in the journal Science.
A team led by Mainz anthropologist Professor Joachim Burger studied bones from the 'Blätterhöhle' cave near Hagen in Germany, where both hunter-gatherers and farmers were buried. "It is commonly assumed that the Central European hunter-gatherers disappeared soon after the arrival of farmers," said Dr. Ruth Bollongino, lead author of the study. "But our study shows that the descendants of Mesolithic Europeans maintained their hunter-gatherer way of life and lived in parallel with the immigrant farmers, for at least 2,000 years. The hunter-gathering lifestyle thus only died out in Central Europe around 5,000 years ago, much later than previously thought."
Until around 7,500 years ago all central Europeans were hunter-gatherers. They were the descendants of the first anatomically modern humans to arrive in Europe, around 45,000 years ago, who survived the last Ice Age and the warming that started around 10,000 years ago. But previous genetic studies by Professor Burger's group indicated that agriculture and a sedentary lifestyle were brought to Central Europe around 7,500 years ago by immigrant farmers. From that time on, little trace of hunter-gathering can be seen in the archaeological record, and it was widely assumed that the hunter-gatherers died out or were absorbed into the farming populations.
The relationship between these immigrant agriculturalists and local hunter-gatherers has been poorly researched to date. The Mainz anthropologists have now determined that the foragers stayed in close proximity to farmers, had contact with them for thousands of years, and buried their dead in the same cave. This contact was not without consequences, because hunter-gatherer women sometimes married into the farming communities, while no genetic lines of farmer women have been found in hunter-gatherers. "This pattern of marriage is known from many studies of human populations in the modern world. Farmer women regarded marrying into hunter-gatherer groups as social anathema, maybe because of the higher birthrate among the farmers," explains Burger.
For the study published in Science, the team examined the DNA from the bones from the 'Blätterhöhle' cave in Westphalia, which is being excavated by the Berlin archaeologist Jörg Orschiedt. It is one of the rare pieces of evidence of the continuing presence of foragers over a period of about 5,000 years.
For a long time the Mainz researchers were unable to make sense of the findings. "It was only through the analysis of isotopes in the human remains, performed by our Canadian colleagues, that the pieces of the puzzle began to fit," states Bollongino. "This showed that the hunter-gatherers sustained themselves in Central and Northern Europe on a very specialized diet that included fish, among other things, until 5,000 years ago.
The team also pursued the question of what impact both groups had on the gene pool of modern Europeans. Dr. Adam Powell, population geneticist at the JGU Institute of Anthropology, explains: "Neither hunter-gatherers nor farmers can be regarded as the sole ancestors of modern-day Central Europeans. European ancestry will reflect a mixture of both populations, and the ongoing question is how and to what extent this admixture happened."
It seems that the hunter-gatherers' lifestyle only died out in Central Europe 5,000 years ago. Agriculture and animal husbandry became the way of life from then on. However, some of the prehistoric farmers had foragers as ancestors, and the, hunter-gatherer genes are found in Central Europeans today.
Story Source:
The above story is based on materials provided by Universität Mainz, via AlphaGalileo.
Note: Materials may be edited for content and length. For further information, please contact the source cited above.
Journal Reference:
Ruth Bollongino, Olaf Nehlich, Michael P. Richards, Jörg Orschiedt, Mark G. Thomas, Christian Sell, Zuzana Fajkošová, Adam Powell, and Joachim Burger. 2000 Years of Parallel Societies in Stone Age Central Europe. Science, 10 October 2013 DOI: 10.1126/science.1245049
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Psycho Punk
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Posted: 17-09-2014 23:16
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And they certainly interbred.
The modern European gene pool was formed when three ancient populations mixed within the last 7,000 years, Nature journal reports. Blue-eyed, swarthy hunters mingled with brown-eyed, pale skinned farmers as the latter swept into Europe from the Near East. But another, mysterious population with Siberian affinities also contributed to the genetic landscape of the continent.
The findings are based on analysis of genomes from nine ancient Europeans.
Agriculture originated in the Near East - in modern Syria, Iraq and Israel - before expanding into Europe around 7,500 years ago. Multiple lines of evidence suggested this new way of life was spread not just via the exchange of ideas, but by a wave of migrants, who interbred with the indigenous European hunter-gatherers they encountered on the way.
But assumptions about European origins were based largely on the genetic patterns of living people. The science of analysing genomic DNA from ancient bones has put some of the prevailing theories to the test, throwing up a few surprises.
Genomic DNA contains the biochemical instructions for building a human, and resides within the nuclei of our cells.
In the new paper, Prof David Reich from the Harvard Medical School and colleagues studied the genomes of seven hunter-gatherers from Scandinavia, one hunter whose remains were found in a cave in Luxembourg and an early farmer from Stuttgart, Germany. ...
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With a style evoking cherished antique heirlooms, the Alberry wood-frame mirror takes its cues from Colonial-era furnishings. The arched top and straight lines of this classic American design are complemented by a lustrous, moisture-resistant cinder finish. The Alberry mirror coordinates with Alberry vanities.
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If you went to the movies over the holiday, chances are pretty good you saw the latest box-office-topping Tom Cruise vehicle. We're not talking about the globetrotting explosion-fest it came wrapped up in, Mission: Impossible – Ghost Protocol; we're speaking of the BMW Vision EfficientDynamics concept car that featured heavily in the movie (along with seemingly every other model in Munich's arsenal).
But the Vision EfficientDynamics coupe isn't just a flight of fancy for the world's auto show circuit or for Cruise's Ethan Hunt character – it's set for production sooner than you think, albeit carrying the i8 moniker. Snapped undergoing testing through a fence, the extended-range plug-in supercar looks ready for the street, if only we could peel away the Van Gogh camouflage. This BMW 2+2 is widely expected to deliver a 0-62 mph time of 4.8 seconds, and we're expecting the lightweight flyer to lose the unique lower glass door panels of the 2009 show car (a design change hinted at by this prototype's swirly coverup).
Speaking of the doors, they also look to be more conventional in size and possibly operation – the concept car featured elongated butterfly doors that afforded accesses to both the front and rear seats. The prototype seen here would appear to have more conventionally sized apertures. We're guessing that mundane real-world considerations like crash-worthiness and ease of operation had something to do with the transition. Another likely concession to the realities of production auto-making appear to be a pair of rather ungainly bumper-level nacelles in the rear fascia that weren't present on the show car. We're not sure if these are merely reflectors, actual taillights or if they're simply clever camouflage, but we're hoping for the latter.
While the concept was powered by both an electric drivetrain and a small diesel generator, our spies suggest that the production car may switch over to a more conventional turbocharged four-cylinder range-extender. Whether it burns gas or oil, however, the i8 is sure to be one of the most radical cars on the road... and it's likely to carry an exotic price tag to match.


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G9450, Revised June 2003
The western pygmy rattlesnake often is called the ground rattler. It is one of the smallest species of rattlesnakes in North America (15 to 20 inches long). It lives under rocks in cedar glades or partially wooded hillsides. You could encounter this snake when it crosses gravel roads in the evening. Its range is restricted to the southern counties bordering Arkansas and the eastern Missouri Ozarks. Normally, the snake is active from mid-April to mid-October. The sound of its rattle is a faint buzz and sounds like a grasshopper. Although there are no known human deaths caused by this species, a bite victim should seek immediate attention.
Western pygmy rattlesnake photo by Tom R. Johnson, herpetologist, Missouri Department of Conservation.
Order publications online at http://extension.missouri.edu/explore/shop/ or call toll-free 800-292-0969.