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Prelude [6'03]
Fugue [7'18]
|Thirteen Chorale Preludes
Allegro [4'07]
Adagio [3'55]
Allegro [4'59]
This fourth volume in our series of Bach transcriptions brings the first recording of the complete works in the genre by the hugely neglected figure of Samuil Feinberg. Feinberg belongs firmly in the grand tradition of the 19th-century pianist/composer that stretches from Chopin to Godowsky via Liszt and Busoni. Unfortunately his modernist compositional tendencies and the fact that he was Jewish led to his being sidelined within the Soviet regime, his 'elitist' music being rarely performed and his performing career constrained within the USSR. It is likely that his transcriptions were a creative response to the restrictions placed on his original music; no one could deny Bach his rightful place in the musical world and his organ music, from which all these works originated, was little known in Russia. No doubt Feinberg, the virtuoso, was also fascinated with the challenges of recreating the works pianistically as had Busoni before him, and it is to this composer that Feinberg's transcriptional style can most easily be compared.
His earliest transcription, the Vivaldi/Bach concerto, is also his most superficially virtuosic; it's interesting that thereafter his choice of music tends to come from Bach's later output where his polyphony and harmonic language is at its most complex. These are magnificent realizations of works often still too little known in their original guise which will fascinate both for their pianistic ingenuity and their intrinsic musical worth.
Other recommended albums
Bach Arrangements
Holloway: Gilded Goldbergs
2CDs for the price of 1 — Archive ServiceCDA67360
Bach: Toccatas
Peacock Pie
Archive ServiceCDA67316
If this set of Bach transcriptions constitutes a prodigious discovery in an area already full of richness, immediately earning a place among the most magnificent triumphs of the genre, all of these works also shed indispensable light on our knowledge of a great composer and performer, Samuil Feinberg. With these transcriptions an entire world and an entire era are re-opened. If Feinberg was a phenomenon, this is essentially because of the interaction of his different creative facets as composer, transcriber, pianist, musical theorist and teacher, activities that to Feinberg were inseparable from each other. Although, in the majority of these activities, it seems that Feinbergs stylistic options were determined at an early stage, his career as a composer was to be much more paradoxical and contradictory. This cannot be explained merely by the uncertainties of Russian and Soviet history; at first he experimented with a bold style, following in the footsteps of Scriabin and Prokofiev, and then he tried to find an expressive escape from different aspects of the mid-twentieth-century musical crisis by means of a curious, romanticized neoclassicism which was, at times, less convincing.
Samuil Feinberg was born in Odessa on 26 May 1890, and his family soon moved to Moscow; he studied the piano with Alexander Goldenweiser at the Moscow Conservatory and composition privately with Nikolai Zhiliayev (a pupil of Taneyev). Despite his early success as a pianist and a relentless study of new repertoire, Feinberg made a serious attempt to become a professional performing pianist only after the revolution of 1917. Previously his work as a composer had taken the upper hand, a state of affairs which continued until roughly 1925. His Sixth Piano Sonata enjoyed great success at the Venice Contemporary Music Festival in September 1925, an event which featured the majority of musical celebrities of the time; this was also the year in which his work as a concert pianist took off internationally, especially in the German-speaking countries. From 1922 he had also taught at the Moscow Conservatory. Unfortunately, after the 1930s, the Stalinist developments in the USSR prevented him from leaving his homeland except to serve on the juries of international competitions, such as the Brussels Competition in 1938. He also had to refrain from performing his earliest works which could hardly be said to conform to the criteria of Socialist Realism and, even though he maintained his creative independence, from the late 1930s he gradually modified his style and took a passionate interest in transcriptions. Nonetheless, he remained a celebrated pianist in his own country, and performed incredible complete cycles of Scriabin, Beethoven and Bach. During the Second World War, like many other Soviet artists, he was evacuated to the Caucasus and Central Asia and subsequently, after a few ephemeral successes, he was blacklisted by the famous Zhdanov affair in 1948, still feeling threatened because he was Jewish. In 1956, following health problems, he put an end to his public performing career as a pianist (which had in any case been significantly compromised by the events of 1948). It was after this, however, that he made the majority of his recordings, which continued until the very end of his life. He passed away on 22 October 1962.
When we think of transcriptions of Bachs organ music, our thoughts tend to turn initially to Busoni. In fact numerous other composers and pianists both preceded and succeeded Busoni: his most famous predecessor was certainly Liszt and his most recent successor was Kurtág. When, in 1913, the young Samuil Feinberg made his first trip outside Russia, to Berlin, he nurtured the hope of meeting Busoni and of possibly becoming his pupil. (Busoni was famous in Moscow as a pianist and teacher having taught in the city and, equally, as a composer and philosopher, largely because of his book Sketch of a New Esthetic of Music, which had been warmly received by young Russian composers such as Arthur Lourié.) Unfortunately for history, and for Feinberg, the great maestro was not in Berlin during these weeks in the spring of 1913, and Feinberg had to be content with auditions for Schnabel and Lamond.
Even at this early age Feinberg had the entire Well-Tempered Clavier in his repertoire, and he had also impressed everybody when he left the Moscow Conservatory by presenting the 48 in public, an achievement that he repeated in 1914 and on various later occasions before finally being able to record them around 1960.
Feinberg knew a large number of transcriptions of Bachs organ works when he decided to make his own contribution to what might almost be considered a genre in its own right. It would seem, despite everything, that Feinberg started his great series of transcriptions not with the Chorale Preludes but with the Concerto by Vivaldi/Bach, thus beginning in this first attempt with a work that was already in transcribed form. This could hardly have been a coincidence.
We know that Feinberg often regretted not having had the opportunity to study and play the organ. In the course of his trips to Germany he was keen to attend organ concerts given on the historic instruments at various churches. His transcriptions of works by Bach were conceived initially for his own personal use, and were then revised and published with more didactic purposes in mind. (It should be noted that Feinberg wrote his last transcription in 1961 for piano duet and not included on this recording of the chorale prelude Durch Adams Fall ist ganz verderbt, BWV705, for inclusion in his Album for Children which was published after his death.)
Beyond Feinbergs own growing interest in all kinds of transcription (he published works based on Beethoven and old Italian composers, as well as Tchaikovsky, Mussorgsky and Borodin), the particular position occupied by Bach transcriptions from the organ to the piano a genre that unites so many different composers seems to have acquired an additional significance in Russia from the fact that Russian Orthodox churches were not equipped with organs, and thus very few churches in the country, those of other religions, were so provided. For this reason it was virtually a necessity for the repertoire to pass from the organ to the piano if it was to be heard, especially in those days when there was no access to recordings. Formerly, transcriptions had the role of disseminating music, a task now assumed by recordings. Then, that practice gradually assumed the form of an artistic re-evaluation.
What did Feinberg himself make of this? The text that follows, which deals with transcriptions in general, is found at the start of Feinbergs book Pianism as an Art. It deals immediately with a problem that has provoked much critical debate and which was also dealt with by Stravinsky in his book Poétique musicale: the relationship between interpreter and composer, and the limits that the former must impose upon himself with respect to the text that he is interpreting. From there, Feinberg touches briefly upon the exception that is formed by the transcription as a genre:
We should, however, immediately mention that the purpose of a piano or other transcription is somewhat different from an editorial correction of the presentation. Transcription leads to deeper modifications that somewhat deviate from the exact adherence to the authors original. Such changes are logically caused by the features of another instrument or instrumentation system. Thus, some changes in the text are unavoidable in a transcription. However, it is difficult to find an example of a successful intervention of a performer into the notes of a composer. The reality of concert performances and quite often of editions by famous pianists demonstrates that even a small deviation from the authors text, addition of even one extra note into a chord, a change in figuration or other detail typically distort the composers intentions. Most frequently such improvements show that performer does not have the complete grasp of the authors style.
Thus the only area where a pianist has the right to introduce creative corrections to the authors style is that of transcriptions and arrangements. However, even in this domain one should avoid unnecessary deviations, extraneous rhetoric of invented passages and ornaments that violate the composers style. The goal of a transcription is to express the character of the sound of the original by other means while retaining the style of the composition as much as possible. This is impossible to accomplish mechanically. One has to know well the possibilities of his instrument, as well as find creatively the adequate forms of presentation and new means of expression to shed light on the composers intentions. The new avenues of presentation and expression are needed solely in order to preserve, not break apart the very concept of the work.
No matter how we treat transcriptions and arrangements for other instruments it is impossible to deny that many examples of this genre have the right to exist and are themselves a special kind of creative interpretation. There is also no doubt that the border that separates composition and performance occupies to a certain extent the domain of the composers art. (Translated into English by Lenya Ryzhik and Stephen Emerson)
A little later, in the chapter on The composer and interpreter, in a paragraph concerning the role of the composers markings, Feinberg emphasizes how wrong it would be to judge the playing style that Bach might have had on the basis of the scarcity of performance markings in his works (a scarcity that, as we know, was quite normal at the time). In fact, Feinberg supported a natural, fluent and free playing style in Bach, dependent only on the intrinsic logic of the music, and making the listener aware of its original ebb and flow. He was no supporter of the interpretative practices that held sway in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, and yet neither was he in favour of an exhaustive and scientific return to the source material an approach that was then just starting to break through and that had not yet attained the clarity and suppleness of modern baroque performance practice. He would surely have been surprised to learn how much a new generation of baroque interpreters managed to instil life and breath into a vast swathe of musical history, in the process (fortunately for us) going well beyond their original historical period and stylistic criteria.
Elsewhere, in various texts, Feinberg correctly emphasized that the passage of time and of history would never again permit us to consider music of a given era without taking account all that might have existed since, whether we like it or not. Similarly, in the early twenty-first century we cannot listen to Feinbergs recordings as a pianist, or to his transcriptions, in the way we might have done fifty years ago. Generally, the transcription as a genre seems to have been a phenomenon of a particular epoch but, at the same time, both its essential character and its application not only survived but returned in a new, evolved form; listening to transcriptions from the past is enriched by our modern perceptions.
Despite the thundering impact that it normally makes at first listening, the Concerto in A minor [after Vivaldi], BWV593 is probably the only one of these transcriptions that in places gives the impression of obsolescence and a certain pianistic grandiloquence. Our thoughts turn to the light and transparent sonority of Vivaldis original instrumental music, rather than to Bachs organ transcription, and this creates expectations that are hardly compatible with the resulting sound of this piano transcription. Despite this, Feinberg here (and indeed later in the other pieces) found a convincing solution to certain problems inherent in the different natures of the organ and the piano both in terms of sonority and also on a technical, practical level. For example, the alternating tutti and solo passages in various sequences defined conveniently on the organ by changes of register are rendered by Feinberg not only by means of dynamics but also by changes of articulation (for instance by the use of staccato in the solo passages), or by a lightening (or thickening) of the harmonic texture. This last solution is used in a special way in the sublime Adagio to distinguish between the translucent upper voices and the accompanying alto lines, here set in warmer relief an effect Feinberg achieves harmonically with added sixths, thirds or tenths, by doublings or displacement an octave down. Feinberg thus positions himself very clearly in the matter of transcribing or adapting or rewriting or completely recreating the piece, and in this regard he is undeniably close to Bachs transcription. Otherwise, apart from the essential indications of dynamics, articulation and phrasing, he uses a procedure that he was often to adopt in his later transcriptions: the clear and full writing out of ornaments such as mordants and trills, doubtless for reasons connected with his teaching.
Feinberg also articulated his options concerning Bach transcriptions in an article entitled The Pianists Mastery:
What is fairest in a transcription? To force oneself to preserve the original text as precisely as possible in the prior knowledge that, on the piano, an organ works expression will be significantly reduced? Or to try to find a maximum of light and shade, to create a sort of pianistic equivalent of the organs power, even if that implies an inevitable dose of enrichment and addition to what had originally been written? In each different situation, everything depends on the gifts and the artistic initiative of the contemporary pianist or composer who is preparing a transcription of a work by Bach. In other words, one might preserve the original text of a work almost completely and, at the same time, smother the charm of the original in such a half-transcription. Or one might rework the original, creating a pianistic equivalent of it and, despite everything, in so doing reveal the greatness of Bachs music all the more strongly. (Translated into English by Andrew Barnett)
Despite everything, if we compare Liszts and Feinbergs versions of the great Prelude and Fugue in E minor, BWV548, it would initially appear that both were of the more literal and objective type: neither transcription suggests a tempo, and neither provides expressive indications or dynamics; this is the only one of Feinbergs transcriptions to lack these instructions. In fact it is Liszts version that is more ascetic. Even for Feinberg, however, this is still a curious evolution, a bending of his conceptions in what was to be his very last Bach transcription.
In the great cycle of thirteen Chorale Preludes that he worked on gradually through the 1920s and 1930s, Feinberg showed that he was fully aware of the underlying musical programme of each piece, and this affected the musical spacing that he envisaged in each case. The presentation of the cantus firmus is carefully considered and he always imagined different registrations even if it was usual not to change registration during a performance of the original on the organ. Feinberg proves to be very attentive to Bachs occasional indications for instance in BWV650 in G major, where the cantus firmus is marked Pedal 4 Fuss, indicating in practice that it would sound an octave higher than the normal pedal line.
Two of the chorales offer us the chance to compare Feinbergs transcriptions with those of Busoni: BWV665 in E minor, and BWV659 in G minor. In the latter piece we find a large number of different choices in the two versions. The tempo is Adagio in Busonis transcription, followed by numerous character indications, and Largo in Feinbergs, and this qualified only by the word espressivo. As for dynamics, Busoni marks the whole piece piano (with the suggestion to play una corda except during the cantus firmus passages), while Feinberg suggests a basic pianissimo dynamic with numerous small crescendi and decrescendi. In terms of musical breathing, Busoni insists that there should be no rallentando at the entry of the cantus firmus; Feinberg suggests one not there but instead at the end of each sequence. As for phrasing and articulation, Busoni suggests very little: a simple legato, albeit with indications of pedal; Feinberg insists on a constant legatissimo with numerous phrase markings but no pedal. The two transcribers thus seem to have envisaged widely divergent scenarios. Despite this, however, there are other aspects in which the composers are much closer together.
The Largo in A minor from Trio Sonata No 5, BWV529 represents an extreme example of the rewriting that Feinberg began with the Concerto by Vivaldi. The harmonic additions are very frequent, and make the piece seem more like a fantasy on Bachs original as has been pointed out by the Russian musicologist Leonid Roizman. Indeed, this piece resembles the Busoni of the Chaconne for solo violin, not only in its harmonic and textural inventiveness but also in the great disparity and the change of scope between the original and the adaptation. In Busonis case, a piece for solo violin was turned into a grandiose piano piece, akin to his transciptions of Bachs large-scale organ works. In Feinbergs case, whereas all the other transcriptions testify to a certain reduction of proportions and musical scale compared with the original, this one is lent a much more festive aspect than the original, which is rather intimate in character and was not originally destined to be played on a large organ.
The similarity that we cannot fail to notice with Busoni might be more profound than we suspect, as is suggested by an examination of their work as composers, their harmonic research, the nature of their piano writing in their original compositions, and even their work as performers and their musicological writings. (The fact that their visionary work as composers has in each case recently been re-evaluated by comparison with the rest of their legacy is also a strange and interesting coincidence.)
The type of writing generally used by Feinberg in all of his piano music spacious, favouring the simultaneous use of distant registers, with constant contrasts also finds an eloquent and inspirational application in these transcriptions, giving them henceforth a life of their own.
Christophe Sirodeau © 2004
Other albums in this series
Bach: Piano Transcriptions, Vol. 7 – Max Reger
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Hospital Week is also a time to give a special thanks to our dedicated staff and physicians. "It requires an amazing number of people and professions to take care of our patients," McBride says. "Whether their skills are in caring for newborns, registering patients, or maintaining our buildings, they combine their talents to form an incredible team. Their confidence in each other and dedication to our patients is inspiring."
St. Mary's is full of experienced, well-trained professionals who never stop learning and improving their skills. It is only through their dedication that the hospital fulfills its mission to improve the health of individuals and communities. "We say 'thank you' to every member of the St. Mary's team," says McBride "Please know you are appreciated by your leadership, patients, and the community.


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One-sided battle: Suing a bank can be a tough fight
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Wireless Module Exceeds Most OEM Application and Performance Requirements
St. Louis, Missouri, USA – January 6, 2011 – Laird Technologies, Inc., a global leader in the design and supply of customized performance-critical components and systems for advanced electronics and wireless products, today announced the release of its new LT1110 915 MHz wireless module.
Laird Technologies' third generation 915 MHz FHSS module sets yet another standard for industrial RF communication. Based on... Read More


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About Us
Malheur National Wildlife Refuge was established on August 18, 1908 by President Theodore Roosevelt as the Lake Malheur Reservation. Roosevelt set aside unclaimed lands encompassed by Malheur, Mud and Harney Lakes "as a preserve and breeding ground for native birds." The newly established "Lake Malheur Reservation" was the 19th of 51 wildlife refuges created by Roosevelt during his tenure as president. At the time, Malheur was the third refuge in Oregon and one of only six refuges west of the Mississippi.
The refuge now encompasses over 187,000 acres of wildlife habitat. The 65,000 acre Blitzen Valley was purchased in 1935 and added to the refuge to secure water rights for Malheur and Mud Lake. With the creation of the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) in 1933, the refuge was able to use this additional manpower in 1935 to begin major improvements on the refuge. The CCC constructed most of the infrastructure in the Blitzen Valley including the Center Patrol Road which travels through the center of the refuge. The 14,000 acre Double-O unit was added to the refuge in 1942 and provides important shorebird habitat, as well as waterfowl nesting areas.


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"While a move can represent a positive change, all moves involve some degree of loss," say Carol Podgorski from the University of Rochester in New York and colleagues in an article published this week in PLoS Medicine, and this can lead to heightened risk for suicidal behavior.
Whether by choice or necessity, more older adults are now living in residential homes. And while the residences themselves are designed to be appealing, the underlying reasons that precipitate moving into a residential home, as well as the ensuing adjustment process, often result in stress that can sometimes lead to suicidal behavior. Dr. Podgorski and colleagues lay out risk factors for suicidal behavior in older adults living in residential communities including social factors (widowing, divorce, substance abuse, loss, and family discord) and medical factors such as increased physical and psychotic illnesses.
The authors suggest ways that public health systems and residential communities can counter suicidal behavior in older adults living within communal accommodation: "The public health approach to suicide is consistent with theories of aging in that it calls for actions that aim to mitigate the multiple, cumulative losses for which older adults are at increased risk." The authors conclude that "there is no single blueprint for a suicide prevention plan. It is incumbent upon each facility to assess its own characteristics and resident populations and to use that information to set priorities and establish relevant goals."
Funding: CAP, LL, and JLP all participated in a summit on suicide prevention in senior living communities that was held in Gaithersburg, MD in October of 2008. The summit was sponsored by SAMHSA, NIMH, SPAN USA, and Asbury Methodist Village. LL works for a Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA)-funded technical assistance center and JLP is employed by the National Institute of Mental Health. CAP received an honorarium from NIMH for preparing and delivering a keynote address at the Summit, the content of which was not influenced by the funder. The authors received no specific funding to write this paper. The opinions and assertions contained in this article are the private views of the authors and are not to be construed as official or as reflecting the views of the Department of Health and Human Services, the National Institutes of Health, or the National Institute of Me ntal Health.
Competing Interests:LL works for a SAMHSA-funded national technical assistance center, including co-managing the Best Practices Registry for Suicide Prevention. SAMHSA did not review or influence this work.
Citation: Podgorski CA, Langford L, Pearson JL, Conwell Y (2010) Suicide Prevention for Older Adults in Residential Communities: Implications for Policy and Practice. PLoS Med 7(5): e1000254. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000254
IN YOUR COVERAGE PLEASE USE THIS URL TO PROVIDE ACCESS TO THE FREELY AVAILABLE PAPER: http://www.plosmedicine.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pmed.1000254
PRESS-ONLY PREVIEW OF THE ARTICLE: www.plos.org/press/plme-07-05-podgorski.pdf
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United States of America
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Cocktails of the Lost Generation
Tabard Inn HotelSubmitted by Greg on February 4, 2012 - 12:30pm
If you've seen Midnight in Paris, you know this already, but during the 1920s, Paris was teeming with legendary writers, artists, poets, entertainers, Bohemians, and other colorful characters. Many were expatriates, fleeing what they saw as a cultural wasteland in Prohibition-era America.
Learn a bit about what the likes of Fitzgerald, Hemingway, Dos Passos, James Joyce, Picasso, and others were drinking in the bars and cafes of Paris, particularly the Left Bank.
Enjoy sample cocktails and delicious appetizers during this fun and educational evening at the historic Tabard Inn.
Presented by Chantal Tseng and Philip Greene.
Tickets: http://www.museumoftheamericancocktail.org/Events/Default.aspx#Seminar97


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Head on over to Juno Records for some new year sales action. Remember Juno have all Invisible Agent digital and Vinyl releases too!
The Invisible Agent Netlabel Tracker has generated a lot of interest in a short time. Make sure you follow the Invisible Agent Twitter account and don't forget the Netlabel tracker list to keep up with high quality Netlabel releases and other goodies.
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Unfoundsound have a free release nearly every month and have clocked an impressive 53 releases so far. Wait, it gets even better! They've put together field recordings too. Each package feature samples, sounds and random noises with some excellent artwork.
With 12″ vinyl, regular Netlabel releases and a field recording library the Foundsound crew deserves gold medals all round. Start discovering new sounds now! We'll be back in the new year with more reviews and links to wonderful music.
Okay, We're gonna jump on the band wagon. If you've forgotten about someone special or you're too lazy to venture out in the snow or blistering heat, Juno have hundreds of thousands of music titles, and they sell wonderful electronic gift vouchers! Your best mate will be able to pick their own selection of tunes and happily download them when they wish. Sweet! It's a win win for everyone. Happy Holidays!
It's been a year since my last ambient AgentCast. This time I've wrapped up even more smoothly blended soundscapes from the finest producers in the world.
Surf across collaborations of epic proportions and experience works of art from Robert Rich & Steve Roach or Gerhard Behles & Robert Henke. Be transported through time and space with beautiful music from Indian tabla master Qureshi Alla Rakha Khan. Alla Rakha was born in 1919 and became fascinated with the sound and rhythm of the tabla at the age of 12. Drifting across the globe and spanning decades in between, I chose the infamous Zakir Hussain to wind down the mix with more aural interpretations of the desert.
Enjoy 75 minutes of chill-out bliss and thanks for listening.
MP3 (192K): DJ Mix,PodCast by Warren Daly – Ambient, SoundScape, Chillout
OGG Format (Q6) : DJ Mix,PodCast by Warren Daly – Ambient, SoundScape, Chillout


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text: On July 25, 1998, at 1757 central daylight time, a McDonnell Douglas MD-83, N9620D, sustained minor damage when it collided with an airport operations vehicle while taxing to the ramp after landing at the Lambert-Saint Louis International Airport (STL), Saint Louis, Missouri. The domestic flight was operating under the provisions of 14 CFR Part 121 as Trans World Airlines (TWA) flight 150, scheduled passenger service from Los Angeles International Airport, Los Angeles, California, to STL. The flight was operating on an Instrument Flight Rules flight plan. Visual meteorological conditions prevailed at the time of the incident. The two airline transport pilots, four flight attendants, and 142 passengers reported no injuries. One ground personnel individual sustained minor injuries.The aircraft turned right on taxiway "R" after landing on runway 12L (9,003 feet by 150 feet, grooved concrete), then made a right turn on taxiway "P", and a left turn on taxiway "N". According to an Air Traffic Control (ATC) clearance, the flight held short of runway 12R. After receiving a clearance to taxi across 12R, the aircraft was instructed to turn right on taxiway "A".A City of Saint Louis sweeper truck, truck 145, was performing maintenance on the field. While driving, the operator of the truck saw a piece of debris at the intersection of taxiways "A" and "T". According to a statement by the operator, "I pulled my sweeper to the grass area of the northside of shoulder off alfa taxi-way and I got out of the sweeper and walked to break off the object that were sticking up in the middle of the taxi-way (alfa) and (tango). I walked back to my sweeper and I looked over my left shoulder and glance aircraft wing strike the rear of sweeper, that's all I remember." According to statements made by the operator, after he parked the sweeper, he set it in neutral and set the parking brake.According to a statement made by the first officer of TWA flight 150, "While making the turn onto Alpha taxiway I heard [the captain] say that he saw a person on taxiway Alpha. When the person came into my view I noticed he was exiting to the right of the taxiway. I then saw him walk to a street sweeper, located partially on the grass, to the right of taxiway Alpha. I determined that the sweeper was located well clear of our aircrafts path, so clear that it did not deserve mentioning to [the captain]. As our aircraft passed abeam Tango taxiway I felt a minor bump which I thought to be a pothole...I received an inter phone call from the cabin...The flight attendant on the inter phone said that a passenger had seen the wing tip make contact with the street sweeper. At the same time I heard the TWA ramp tower tell us of damage to our right wing tip.""When we exited the cockpit a flight attendant and passenger told us that the right wing tip had knocked a person off of the street sweeper, and the person may be severely injured."According to the Airfield Administrator's report of the incident, the aircraft did not notify Air Traffic Control (ATC) of hitting the sweeper. Another aircraft, TWA flight 546, reported, "there was a man down on the north side of taxiway alfa" to ATC. ATC personnel contacted city operations with a request to check on the man down. In a statement by an operations worker, he received a radio call that the operator of truck 145 was not responding to radio calls. After hearing the position from TWA flight 546, he responded that he would investigate. Upon reaching the incident scene, he saw a person from operations tending to the sweeper operator. In a statement, the person tending to the sweeper operator stated that the sweeper operator "was on hands and knees swaying from side to side." The person tending to the operator called airport operations to request emergency vehicles. While the emergency vehicles were responding, an operations foreman and two other operations persons responded to the scene of the incident. Emergency vehicles responded and took the injured sweeper operator to the hospital. TWA personnel joined the operations personnel to assess the scene of the incident and to take photographs of the sweeper and the aircraft. The operator of the sweeper was released from the hospital later that evening with no reported injuries.


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Photos and Description of this 5 bedroom holiday villa in Orange Tree - Signature Villa
5 Bedrooms, 4 Bathrooms, 3 En-suite, Sleeps 12, Fully Air-conditioned Games Room
If you are looking for 'high end' accommodation, this is the vacation home for you!
We have one strong and abiding theme which runs through every aspect of renting our Orlando vacation home. It is one which stands for genuine high quality and great value for money. We appeal to clients who seek the type of ambiance found only in high end vacation rental accommodation and high class hotels. Our clients seek genuine luxury in a private but spacious environment, one where their family and friends can relax and unwind.
Our Orlando vacation home rental service has satisfied the demands of many discerning clients, all of whom feel they have received excellent value for money from a high quality product and an exceptionally focused and responsive service. We believe in attention to detail and ''The Client Comes First'' is genuinely and firmly embedded at the heart of all we do.
However, don't just take our word for it! 82% of our clients return to stay with us again and their genuine comments can be found on the ''See Previous Guest Comments'' link to be found further down this page.
We can, therefore, with real confidence invite you to book our home!
Walk through the door and immediately experience the air of opulence derived from an Orlando vacation home where all the furniture has been separately sourced and hand picked from high quality suppliers!
A spacious but inviting family room and a separate elegant lounge provide all the space you need to take time out and relax in this beautiful vacation rental home.
Enjoy the peace and tranquility of the South facing, extended heated pool and spa, overlooking wonderful conservation views and watch the setting of the sun whilst relaxing in the privacy and comfort of your own warm and soothing Jacuzzi!
Luxuriate in the elegant en-suite bathrooms, no waiting for your 'turn'; our Florida vacation rental home offers 4 bathrooms, 3 of which are en-suite to 3 of the 5 bedrooms.
With a fully equipped air conditioned games room with a 46 inch TV and a Wii console, a 55 inch widescreen, HDTV (with upgraded cable program package), PS4, DVD and DVR in the family room and 22 inch HDTV's in all 5 bedrooms and ultra high speed (60 Mbs) wireless internet, there is something to keep everyone happy in our fabulous Orlando vacation rental home!
Snuggle down onto high quality pillow top mattresses, covered in cool, quality high thread count Egyptian cotton linens. Sleep soundly and wake refreshed to fully enjoy all the new day has to offer.
Why not spoil yourself a little more - take advantage of our optional Daily or weekly Maid Service or the wonderful Chef at Home service.
If you must, keep your 'Finger on the Pulse' with free 24 hour wireless broadband Internet access and free local, national and international phone calls.
If you can tear yourself away from the peace and tranquility of this wonderful vacation rental home, enjoy the on-site tennis and basketball courts and the full sized soccer pitch, all just a short walk away, great for working off those little moments of over indulgence!
For the little ones - the two, close by and safely sited, 'tot-lots' are a really great facility.
So why not experience all Orlando has to offer, great theme parks, great restaurants, golf, fantastic countryside and great shopping, all close enough for very easy access, but far enough away to escape to the luxurious haven our Orlando vacation rental home has to offer.
- Suitability:
- children welcome
- non smoking only
- pets not allowed
- suitable for elderly or infirm
Guestbook comments from the owner
Hi Mark. I want to thank you for allowing us to stay in your beautiful home last week. We were all very comfortable and I am amazed by all the amenities you provided for your guests. The kitchen had everything we needed, the kids loved the game room, and we all appreciated the pool and hot tub. The location to all for the attractions was perfect and all in all, everything was perfect, including the weather. We really appreciated the welcome package. We did not arrive at the house until after 11pm, and we did not want to take the time to pick up groceries, so it was awesome to walk into the house and see that we had everything we needed to make breakfast. That was so thoughtful and much appreciated. If we ever go to Orlando again, we will certainly stay at your house. If the kids have their way, we will be back. It was a dream come true for them and we all enjoyed their excitement and fascination with everything and your house was part of that.
Thank you so much!


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Across the country, the rape kit backlog is making headlines. Journalists are uncovering backlogs, jurisdictions are implementing reforms to track and test rape kits and citizens are taking action. In the Media Center, you'll find the latest information about the backlog, including: commentary from the ENDTHEBACKLOG staff and backlog reformers, first-person testimonials from those impacted by the backlog, an archive of news articles, op-eds, investigative reports, legislation and government publications we've identified, and more.
THE BACKLOG BLOGMarch 28, 2014
Between the Cracks: Exonerating the Innocent
If not for New York City's rape kit backlog project, Michael Mercer might have spent the rest of his life in prison for a crime he did not commit.
ENDTHEBACKLOGAugust 9, 2011
DNA Testing Leads to a Conviction in an 18-Year Old Rape in New York City
A Reuters story about a man who has just pleaded guilty to an 18-year old sexual assault in New York stood out to us this week. This particular case highlights what an important tool DNA can be in identifying perpetrators of sexual assault. It's also demonstrates that, even almost two decades later, rape kit testing can lead to justice.
ENDTHEBACKLOGMay 17, 2011
Letter-writing effort calls for federal reform
Supporters sign over 400 letters calling for comprehensive, compassionate and victim-centered rape kit reform.
ENDTHEBACKLOGMay 6, 2011
Survivor's Story: Natasha
We're continuing our feature of stories from survivors of rape and sexual assault who have been affected by the backlog of untested rape kits. Today, Natasha shares her story with us. We thank her and honor her courage in sharing what she has experienced.
EndTheBacklogApril 22, 2011
Beyond the Backlog: Creating the SAFE Q&A
Today we have a guest post from Rebecca Carman, LCSW, a social worker with the Elmhurst Hospital Center SAFE program in New York City. Identifying a need to compile and share the best practices for responding to sexual assault victims in the hospital, she created The SAFE Coordinator's Handbook in 2010. The handbook has been used by professionals across the country and internationally to better respond to victims of sexual violence. Today, the author shares the impetus behind the handbook and what went into making it happen.
ENDTHEBACKLOGMarch 11, 2011
NYCAASA's 2011 Lydia Martinez Collaboration Awards
The Lydia Martinez Multi-Disciplinary Collaboration Awards were presented to five recipients in honor of the late First Grade Detective C. Lydia Martinez, a remarkable Special Victims Detective in New York City. I had the privilege of meeting Lydia and the strength, compassion and light that emanated from her were incredible. On Monday, her colleagues and friends, many of whom filled the room in which we were sitting, spoke about the indelible effect she had on their lives, the lives of the survivors she served and on the city's collective response to sexual assault by law enforcement, prosecutors, advocates and medical personnel.
EndTheBacklogNovember 5, 2010
Endthebacklog.org Awareness Campaign Featured During Roller Derby Championship Bout
I am Christine Vargo, Manager of Programs for the Joyful Heart Foundation's New York office and I am also a skater for the Gotham Girls Roller Derby's Bronx Gridlock.
The season championship game on October 30th, between the Bronx Gridlock and the Queens of Pain began with an awareness effort for www.endthebacklog.org.
ENDTHEBACKLOGSeptember 29, 2010
SVU raises backlog awareness
Joyful Heart Foundation hosts Law & Order: Special Victims Unit viewing events to raise awareness of the rape kit backlog.


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SOC 360 Britain Today: Myth and Reality (British Life and Culture)
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This course offers students an introduction to contemporary Britain by examining the history of its major social and political institutions, the cultural values of its peoples, and significant contemporary sociopolitical issues and debates. It explores the New Britain through a unique balance between classroom instruction by British faculty, guest speakers from all walks of public life, and guided visits to places of both historical and contemporary significance. Extensive field study is required.
During the first two weeks, students participate in an orientation program designed to assist with acclimation to their new environment. They immerse themselves rapidly in the British Life and Cultures course, which will serve to put the internships in context. Extensive site visits and co-curricular activities take place during this time. The course continues to meet during the eight-week internship in a seminar fashion.
EN 228 Shakespeare and Elizabethan Literature
Students taking this course will be introduced to the life and work of William Shakespeare and his contemporaries through lectures, workshops, field trips, and theatre visits.
Shakespeare and Elizabethan Literature is designed to help students to understand the fascinating social and historical background to some of the most famous, most compelling poetry and drama ever written. The course begins by studying the conventions of Elizabethan love poetry and considering the sexual stereotypes addressed by writers such as Marvell, John Donne, and Christopher Marlowe (a poet and playwright who met his end in a bar brawl).
HI 361 Understanding Civilizations: Islam and the West
The profound urgency to develop mutual understanding between the West and the Islamic World has been highlighted by a myriad of violent events over the last decades. On the assumption that ignorance is the enemy of peace, this course intends to explore the sources of conflict that have led towards the notion of "a clash of civilizations."
MKT 385 International Marketing
This course explores the decision-making process in the marketing of products and services in the international marketplace. It covers the formulation of key elements in international marketing strategy, such as identification and assessment of potential markets, price setting, design, promotion, and distribution of products and services. It also explores issues such as the competitive advantage of nations, the changing nature of the international social and business environment, and the emerging role of the Internet in international marketing.
ECO 485 The Economic Integration of the European Union
The course provides a comprehensive examination of the processes of European economic integration and a critical analysis of EU policies in their broader political/economic context. It focuses on the external dimension of Europe in the global economy, and the integration processes of the EU, including the Single Market, Economic and Monetary Union or the Common Agricultural Policy, and its impact on global economics, ranging from the World Trade Organization to EU enlargement and the Third World.
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text:
M. Danielle Ayers '06
"Hollins provided me with valuable opportunities that prepared me for life after college. The business department is great: the classes are challenging and the faculty is extremely accessible. Studying abroad in London increased my interest in international affairs. The Career Center was especially helpful in facilitating opportunities, and I found two internships through the center. One was with a nonprofit community development organization and the other with a major investment firm. Most importantly, I found my current job with the Navy through the center. Today I am a program analyst in the International Programs Directorate at the Naval Inventory Control Point in Pennsylvania."
Elizabeth Barron '04
"After graduating from Hollins as a business and finance major, I worked for the Tall Timbers Land Conservancy. Tall Timbers is the largest regional land trust in Florida and Georgia, with over 108,000 acres of land under permanent conservation easement. My work focused on assisting the organization with community planning issues associated with the conserved lands in the region. I completed a master's degree in Florida State University's urban and regional planning program, and I have recently completed a law degree at the Florida Coastal School of Law in Jacksonville. I currently work at the Ausley & McMullen law firm in Tallahassee, where my practice areas focus on environmental and land use law, administrative law, and litigation. At the end of the day, critical thinking, problem solving, creativity, and analytical skills are the things that have been most important to me in my career. I learned those things in business classes at Hollins, and they formed a valuable foundation.
|Shannon Curley '05
"As a global business consultant for Cushman & Wakefield, Inc., in the global market access solutions practice area, I help clients expand/define their global business platform strategy. The professional path that I chose would not be possible without the solid education I received from Hollins. One of the major advantages of a business education at Hollins is the professors. Not only are class sizes small so that you have the opportunity to interact with the professors, they are also more than willing to assist you in whatever your goals are. I have yet to experience such a supportive atmosphere again."
Madeleine Green '07
Just a month after graduating from Hollins as a business major, I landed a job with Navigators Management Company in Chicago. During the time I've spent training to become an underwriter, I have continually drawn on the skills and knowledge I acquired at Hollins. I have learned that being successful also requires an ability to work as part of a team, to be discerning, and to recognize talent. The dynamics of the real world are not the same as they are in academia. At Hollins we were prepared for the shift in dynamics and having that advantage has helped me in more ways than one. The move from class projects and exercises to formal presentations is dramatic. Fortunately, my work at Hollins prepared me for the real world and having been prepared I was able to move effortlessly into an excellent position at a great firm."


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This American snowboard brand's cuts and impressive twill fabrics tap into the street and workwear aesthetic. Combine this with great prices, loads of technical features as well as lasting performance and you get some of the best value available on the market. Keep a look out for G.I.F.T. (Green Initiatives For Tomorrow), featured in many of their fabrics, as their way of minimising environmental impact.
- 7 products found
Price: £200.00View sizes
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Was: £16.95 Now: £3.39View sizes
- 7 products found


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Information for Newly Admitted Students
Welcome to Fordham's Graduate School of Arts & Sciences. The GSAS office of Student Resources offers all Fordham graduate students the following services.
We invite you to regularly visit the Graduate School of Arts & Sciences (GSAS) website and the Graduate Student Association (GSA) webpage for graduate student information.
Here are some additional websites for you to visit:


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Conserving Documents from the Buchenwald and Dachau Concentration Camps
The records in question were created between 1934 and 1945 and relate to the registration of prisoners. The conservation of individual documents of prisoners from the Buchenwald concentration camp has now been completed. Since 2000, about 2.7 million out of a total of 30 million documents have been conserved.
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November 29, 2014
LOUISVILLE, Ky. (AP) -- They haven't stopped partying in Louisville.
The latest celebration Wednesday was a bit more structured as the NCAA champion Cardinals' men's team and runner-up women's squad received heroes' welcomes at the KFC Yum! Center. A near-capacity crowd awash in red thanked players and coaches for providing one of the most satisfying weeks ever with both playing for titles and the men delivering Louisville's first championship in 27 years.
Both Cardinals programs responded with short expressions of gratitude, allowing Louisville men's coach Rick Pitino to have the final word.
Hoarse from a whirlwind Final Four including his election to the Hall of Fame followed by his second title, Pitino drew a huge cheer by asking, "Wouldn't it be great if we somehow got back to Dallas?" for next year's championship.
Click Here to access the online Public Inspection File
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Great article but really not true; there are many players involved in the NPF that are not from the ...more
posted 08/26/14 at 1:28pm
on Softball Standouts Plourde and Prezioso Represent Atlantic 10, Exemplify Mid-Major Potential at Next Level
posted by Swish Appeal
Wednesday, April 4, 2012 at 9:03am EDT
In keeping with SB Nation's innovative use of social media in reshaping sports journalism, our vision is a women's basketball site that goes beyond merely providing game reports; instead, we want to capture the narratives that fuel our passion for the game, while maintaining the critical stance that helps us understand the game better.
Support women's sports and SHARE this story with your friends!
The Baylor Lady Bears raced through the regular season in the Big 12 with an undefeated record. They cruised through the Big 12 tournament unscathed and picked up the No. 1 seed in the 2012 NCAA women's basketball tournament. And now, after a dominating 80-61 win over Notre Dame in the national championship game, Baylor has completed the season with a national title to go with their 40-0 record. The Bears are the first team, men or women, with 40 victories in a season and stand as the seventh undefeated women's national champion.
The Bears were led by junior center Brittney Griner, who had her way with the basket on offense and dominated the paint on defense. She finished the night with a game-high 26 points on 11-of-16 shooting, 13 rebounds and five blocks, showcasing her talents exquisitely. Griner was helped on the offensive end with 19 points by Odyssey Sims and 12 by Destiny Williams to account for the bulk of the Baylor scoring. The Bears outrebounded the Fighting Irish 46-27, had a 40-22 advantage in the paint and shot 50% from the field for the game.
Notre Dame got into early foul trouble with Devereaux Peters picking up two quick whistles less than four minutes into the contest. Point guard Skylar Diggins notched her second foul with 8:18 to play in the first half. The Irish was led by the scoring efforts of Diggins, who finished with 20 points in the loss. Despite Notre Dame's best efforts to keep the game within striking distance, the Irish's 6-point halftime deficit bloomed to 15 after the Bears went on a 21-2 run. Baylor follows the Texas A&M Aggies 2011 championships to give the Big 12 consecutive titles.
Support women's sports and SHARE this story with your friends!
View Original Post at swishappeal.com
In keeping with SB Nation's innovative use of social media in reshaping sports journalism, our vision is a women's basketball site that goes beyond ...
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Most of the photos on this site were extracted from reference images (high-resolution tiffs, 20 to 200 megabytes in size) from the Library of Congress research archive. (To query the database click here.) Many were digitized by LOC contractors using a Sinar studio back. They are adjusted by your webmaster for contrast and color in Photoshop before being downsized and turned into the jpegs you see here.
Vintage photos of:
New York, 1893. "Columbian Naval Review. Group of sailors, Imperial Russian Navy." 8x10 inch glass negative, Detroit Publishing Company. View full size.
Look at Imperial Navy: 1893 for РЫНДА ship & crew.
In Russian Imperial Navy corvettes and cruisers were named for military people:
Warrior, Boyar, Novik, Posadnik, Voevoda, Rynda, Griden, etc.
"Emergency. Everybody to get from street."
dated February 13, 1888 that describes a visit by Rynda to Melbourne, Australia. Includes a detailed description of the ship:
It looks like there was no footwear protocol.
Capn_Jack has most of the letters correct.
The 'b|' that looks like two characters is just one.
I'm told that it's pronounced something like the tail of the French "Oui", with a "rounded" tongue. After 14 years, my adopted Russian daughter still laughs at me when I attempt it!
I believe the hats say рында meaning "bell" or more specifically "ship's bell".
Man on the right, second row - seems to be the only one without facial fungus.
According to "The International Columbian Naval Rendezvous and Review of April, 1893," by LT. George Peters USN (available from Google Books), the cruiser Rynda was the second foreign ship to arrive, on April 10, 1893. That the photo was taken on board her (although other Russian ships attended) is shown by the lettering on the men's hats, which even to someone only slightly familiar with the Cirillic letters evidently spells out something like that -- not sure where the "y" sound comes from but the P-like letter is definitely a Cyrillic "R" and the "H"-like letter would have the "N" sound.
There is lots to admire in the photo. The bow is to the right because of the angles of shrouds and backstays. The rigging is an odd mixture of modern and ancient practices, with iron or steel wire shrouds with eyes crimped in them using a process not much different from today's swaging, but tensioned by deadeyes and lanyards that would be instantly recognizeable to someone who had sailed with Drake or Anson. The mesh covering the lanyards is decorative and would have had to be removed to tension them. The crew must have spent countless hours polishing that padeye in the foreground. The coiled running rigging on the pinrail is made hyper-neat for inspection by the ropework loops holding it in place, but of course they would have to be removed to handle the sails.
There is a Wikipedia article (not much of one, but it does have a photo) of this class of ship (built 1883). It shows a barque rigged steamship with 2 funnels between fore and main masts. Two ships were built, and Rynda herself survived to be renamed Osvoboditel' after the Revolution, in 5/8/1917. The word "Rynda" means an unpaid, Imperial bodyguard of noblemen that was abolished by Peter the Great. The Imperial Navy had several ships by that name over the years, which is rather odd since the Russian Navy was pretty much created by the same tsar who had abolished the Rynda.
Just over a decade after this photo, the Imperial Russian Navy suffered a catastrophic defeat at the hands of the Imperial Japanese Navy in the Russo-Japanese War. Fortunately the Rynda survived, most likely because it wasn't involved in the fighting, and lasted long enough to become part of the Soviet Navy following the 1917 Revolution.
that in every pre-Dreadnought group portrait of Navy men, one of them is reclining?
Pic of a larger portion of the crew of this vessel appeared here previously. I am not fluent in Russian but I know enough to be able to transliterate the ship's name from the legend on the sailors' "flattops".


text: Well, you won't be if you stop in and look at the Mapping / Cartography Competition at Steppes Twelfth Night, January 3, 2004. Maps may be of any culture, specific location, wide geographical area and time period recognized by the SCA. Show knowledge of subject, workmanship and materials used historically. Judging criteria to include quality of map and overall appearance. Documentation is strongly encouraged. Any questions on the above may be submitted to H.L. Muireann. (This competition was originally scheduled for Steppes Warlord 30th Year on Sunday. The rain had other ideas.) . -- Alis volat propriis - She flies with her own wings.


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Diane Von Furstenberg
440 Mini shoulder bag (199331)
Style notes
If you buy one bag this season, make it DVF's 440 Mini. It's undeniably versatile, crafted from smooth ivory and lizard-effect leather, and comes in a compact size that nods to one of this season's biggest accessory trends. Carry it by the gold-tone chain strap day and night.Shown here with Chloé Babeth ring, Paul Andrew Benaki metal-piped leather pumps and Erdem Cliona Matelasse Peabody-print dress.
- Ivory, leather
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- One zip and one slip internal pocket
- Charcoal-grey chainlink-jacquard fabric lining
- Designer colour: Parchment
Size and fit
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Hello members of the Skidmore College community,
Here we are, beginning another academic year. This year begins with many things happening in the world of technology on our campus. We are in the early stages of implementing Banner as our next Student Information System, this will be our first academic year connected to Internet2, our residence halls now have wireless data networking for our students, a small number of faculty (and their students) will be testing Blackboard 9, in preparation for a full migration for the Spring semester, and this fall we will be migrating everyone's e-mail to Live@edu and leveraging the power of "cloud computing". You will hear about each of these items (and more) later in this newsletter.
I wanted to focus on another important change. Last year, the IRC (Information Resources Council) discussed at length its history and current role. The outcome of the open forums and committee deliberations was to discontinue the IRC, which was approved through the college's governance processes. One of the closing recommendations of the IRC was that the Chief Technology Officer would hold an open meeting as well as address the Student Senate once a semester on technology matters. My IT colleagues and I will be working on the timing, content, and format of this forum and will announce the details within the next month for a forum to be held later in the Fall semester. I look forward to creating a venue to allow for important two-way dialog regarding our current as well as future technology services and resources. We must have community engagement in assessing needs and priorities as we advance our services and resources. I hope you take the time to be a part of this process.
Lastly, I'd like to draw your attention to personnel changes within the IT ranks. As I reported in our spring newsletter Tom Travis retired in March and now I'm happy to report that Kathy Kinnin has joined us as an End User Computing Specialist in IT User Services. I also reported last spring that Betty O'Connor was retiring. We have yet to fill this open line but do have a search underway which we hope to conclude successfully in the coming months. Finally, Kathy Guay left us this summer to pursue other career interests. We are working this fall to assess the future of that position.
I hope you have an excellent academic semester.
Justin Sipher
Chief Technology Officer
Skidmore College · 815 North Broadway · Saratoga Springs, NY 12866
© 2006 Skidmore College


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Today's Keynesians love to point to history to "prove" the efficacy of their remedies. But if we just look at the facts, we see that the Keynesian narrative doesn't add up. FULL ARTICLE by Robert P. Murphy
Did Hoover Really Slash Spending?
{ 25 comments }
- May 31, 2010 at 10:36 am
A trillion (millions and billions are small change today ) thanks to Prof. Murphy. I've long wanted to see precisely this kind of analysis.
- May 31, 2010 at 10:41 am
Bala, Murphy's book on the depression is written in similar fashion. You ought to take a look at it if you haven't had a chance to already.
- May 31, 2010 at 10:45 am
Thanks for the tip. I'll sure lay my hands on it. Living in India does make it tough to get these books easily, quickly and at low cost. For instance, I paid twice as much as those living in the US to get a hardbound edition of Human Action. mises.org actually quoted $36 for the book and $103 for postage So, I got it through a friend of mine who runs an online bookstore based out of Chennai. I had to wait 1 full month on top of it. That said, it was still worth every rupee I paid. Going by that experience, I guess I will take your suggestion and buy Prof. Murphy's book ASAP.
- May 31, 2010 at 12:48 pm
Mr. Murphy,
While I generally agree with your analysis, that Herbert Hoover was not a "defender" of laissez-faire and that the Federal Reserve did not tighten monetary policy, I think there are two points to make.
First, there is a major difference between the present recession and the Great Depression concerning monetary policy. As Rothbard details in America's Great Depression, during the "great contraction" of 1929–32 there was a decrease in the money supply, because the Federal Reserve could not inflate faster than money was being withdrawn or outstanding debts were being liquidated. In our present recession, there has been an exponential increase in the supply of money, because the Federal Reserve does not have the same handicaps as that of the 1930s (including the bailouts).
So, if anything, an economist who does not agree with the credit theory of the business cycle can at least fall back on this empirical evidence. Monetary police has worked to curb the recession. Given, as Austrians we recognize that this only postpones the inevitable trend of liquidations which must occur for intertemporal discoordination to clear, but my point is that non-Austrians have this empirical evidence on their side (which makes this a comment on the inferiority of historicism and positivism).
Two, I am agreeing more and more with Daniel Kuehn that the Depression of 1920–21 does not vindicate Austrian criticism of Keynesian fiscal policy. Benjamin Anderson, in Economics and the Public Welfare, is clear that during the Depression of 1920–21 there was no lack of liquidity for investors. From a non-Keynesian perspective we can explain this by pointing to the lack of regime uncertainty, which was a factor during the Great Depression and a factor today in regards to investment (because, clearly there is no lack of liquidity today, either). This regime uncertainty is probably one of the major factors to the Keynesian liquidity trap (which they attribute to some mystical problem of monetary policy).
However, with no liquidity trap in the Depression of 1920–21, one cannot make the argument that that recession proves Keynesian fiscal policy wrong. Strictly speaking, Keynesians argue for strong fiscal policy only during liquidity traps, or where there is a lack of private investment. This was clearly not the case during the early 1920s, and so in the broadest sense Keynesians have not necessarily been proved wrong.
Jonathan M. Finegold Catalán
- May 31, 2010 at 2:19 pm
I think those are good points, and it's likely that hardcore Keynesians are going to just say that Mr. Murphy is using a strawman and doesn't understand their theory properly (the use of comparison to Reagan vs Hoover was actually a negative in that respect, because as you mention Keynesians are only for running fiscal deficits when in the effect of a liquidity trap).
Still, I think those who are not hardcore will see the fallacy in Krugmans argument on the clear evidence that we did not take strong austerity measures anytime during the 1930s. Keynesian theory has a lot of "common sense" working against it, and with the exception of "circular flow" most people probably don't follow it that far. I don't find many people who believe in "borrowing your way from poverty into prosperity" if you put it that way. Nor do people believe that printing more money makes for more wealth.
- May 31, 2010 at 3:59 pm
Mr. Swaringen,
It's interesting to note that most Keynesians are probably coming around to the fact that Hoover did not follow laissez-faire economic doctrine. It's well known that Hoover was an interventionist since his stint with war planning during the First World War. For a long time, the interpretation of Hoover's policies during his presidency seemed to make him a hypocrite. But, recent scholarship has shown that Hoover's presidency was a continuation of his interventionism. As a result, a lot of "saltwater" economists have began to blame Roosevelt for not being radical enough in his interventionism. In fact, an old economics professor of mine went as far as to claim that Roosevelt was laissez-faire (and the claim that Roosevelt, nearing the end of his presidency, began to give into what Krugman would call "freshwater" economics is also fairly popular. See: "Dangerous Lessons of 1937").
- May 31, 2010 at 3:25 pm
Pardon my ignorance if I am actually displaying it, but IMHO, your criticism of Dr. Murphy's attempt out here is a little misplaced. As I understand it (and I am pretty much of a layman when it comes to Economics) What Dr. Murphy is NOT doing is to
1. Use the economic and monetary data of the period from 1929 to 1932 to prove that Keynesian approaches to tackling a potential depression so not work
2. Use the case of the depression of 1920-21 to show that Keynesian principles do not have any substance.
My reading also tells me that what Dr. Murphy is trying to do is to show that
1. the economic and monetary data of the period from 1929-32 do not support the claim of Keynesians that it was the non-implementation of Keynesian policies that converted a garden variety recession into the Great Depression while the current implementation of Keynesian policies has prevented a recurrence of the Great Depression. He does this by showing that a number of key Keynesian policies were indeed followed in the most appropriate period of comparison of the current crisis with the Great Depression but that that did not prevent the onset of the Great Depression
2. the case of the 1920-21 Depression and the path of recovery followed then demonstrate that rapid economic recovery is possible in the absence of implementation of Keynesian policies. He is just trying to show that even the very opposite of Keynesian prescriptions was accompanied by a rapid economic recovery and hence that Keynesian principles are not the only road to economic recovery.
I would very much appreciate your response. Thanks in advance.
- May 31, 2010 at 3:51 pm
By referring to the Federal Reserve's discount rate, Robert Murphy is in fact tackling the commonly made mistake of arguing that the Federal Reserve tightened its credit policy. From Krugman's and Wells's review, as quoted in Murphy's article,
The obvious difference is policy: rather than emulating the grim austerity of policymakers three generations ago, who slashed spending in an effort to balance budgets and raised interest rates in an effort to preserve the gold standard, today's leaders have been willing to run deficits and pump funds into the economy. (emphasis mine)
Robert Murphy goes on to argue that the Federal Reserve did in fact reduce key interest rates. With that, I completely agree. My comment only brings up the fact that there were impediments to the Federal Reserve's ability to inflate the supply of money, and this was the fall in uncontrolled reserves.
Concerning the Depression of 1920, Robert Murphy writes,
In total contrast, in the depression of 1920–1921, the federal government and Federal Reserve really did implement the harsh measures that Krugman et al. erroneously attribute to Hoover and company. And yet, as its name suggests, this earlier depression was over quite quickly, and paved the way for the Roaring Twenties.
I'm simply commenting that there was no liquidity trap during that particular recession, and so a strict Keynesian wouldn't argue for a loose fiscal policy (although Murphy is correct in his assessment of monetary policy).
To elucidate a bit more, you write,
2. the case of the 1920-21 Depression and the path of recovery followed then demonstrate that rapid economic recovery is possible in the absence of implementation of Keynesian policies.
Right, my comment suggests that bringing up Keynesian fiscal policy regarding the Depression of 1920 is irrelevant, because of the lack of a liquidity trap (in the Keynesian sense; I recognize the faulty logic behind the idea of a liquidity trap).
Finally, I'd argue that Robert Murphy would claim that Keynesian fiscal policy has absolutely no substance (as I would, as well). For reference, see his Freeman article, "The Depression You've Never Heard Of: 1920-1921". My comment is simply an allusion to the point that the example of the Depression of 1920 as a way of disproving Keynesian theory about the Great Depression is not very strong, because of the Keynesian concept of the liquidity trap.
- June 1, 2010 at 10:24 am
What I take away from this analysis:
1. Keynesianism is based upon alleged "paradoxes" which logic suggests cannot be true (and are not true).
2. Keynesians then act as if they are the smartest people on earth because of their understanding of these paradoxical "truths". Indeed, they refer to people who don't agree as not understanding "economics".
3. The alleged evidentiary proof of the efficacy of Keynesianism is FDR's New Deal which allegedly solved the crisis caused by Hoover's laissez faire and the Fed's tight money.
4. One need not examine very many events nor categories of data within these events to know that #3 above is not true. The 1920-1921 depression was quickly cured by doing the exact opposite of what Keynesians prescribe. Hoover wasn't laissez faire and the Hoover Fed tried very low interest rates. Roosevelt's New Deal didn't solve the depression, but dragged it out until 1946.
5. One is left with a Keynesian hypothesis that makes no logical sense whatsoever and is refuted with a simple examination of the facts and events upon which its adherents rely to "prove" their case.
6. The proponents of Keynesian theory are liars and frauds and their theory in practice is nothing more than institutionalized theft and fraud. No wonder these people will never engage in a fair and truthful debate with Rothbardians.
7. One should expect a significant "deflation" following a money dilution boom. The issuance of the diluted money as caused most everything to be artificially bid up. Thus, most everything must be re-priced based upon what living breathing human beings are willing to pay in the real world. Keynesian "stimulus" and "quantitative easing" (what a horrible misnomer) prevents the recovery by interfering with the necessary re-pricing.
- May 31, 2010 at 12:48 pm
One only needs to read Murray Rothbard's American's Great Depression (which I have just finished) to find out what insane policies Hoover implemented. And yet, Rothbard points out that there were some other policies that Hoover refused because he found them to be too "aggressive".
- May 31, 2010 at 3:24 pm
When comparing unemployment rates between the 30′s and today are all the smoke screens used by today's government factored out?
What I mean is, does comparing a 25% unemployment rate in the 30′s to a 9% rate today take into account that they didn't throw out underemployed and "discouraged" workers from the numbers back then?
If Shadowstats is to be trusted then today's unemployment rate (if you used the same calculations they used in the 30′s) is easily comparable to what they faced then.
- May 31, 2010 at 4:01 pm
Robert Higgs shows that unemployment was measured similarly during the Great Depression. See: "Will the Real Rate of Unemployment Please Stand Up".
- June 1, 2010 at 11:19 am
Thanks a lot. That really clears it up for me as I understood it the opposite way (as I posted it).
- May 31, 2010 at 4:14 pm
It's also worth pointing out(and I think Murphy has covered this elsewhere) that the unusually high unemployment was largely caused by Hoovers 'high wages' policy(he went to major business leaders and asked them not to cut their employees wages) and the fact that, since we were still on the gold standard made it difficult for the Fed to inflate the money supply. Neither of these are issues today, so while we might not experence another 'great' depression, its very likely we'll be facing a Japanese-style 'lost decade'.
- May 31, 2010 at 4:28 pm
"…the unusually high unemployment was largely caused by Hoovers 'high wages' policy(he went to major business leaders and asked them not to cut their employees wages)"
I've never been happy with this explanation. No regulation was passed to keep wages from falling. It was done non-coercively. Voluntarily.
- May 31, 2010 at 7:37 pm
I don't know if you could say there was no coercion behind the request. Certainly it was not legislated, but that doesn't mean that there wasn't threat of legislation or audits or what-not to keep them in line. With TARP, for example, there were banks that were strongly encouraged to take the money even if they didn't need it, and then later had to pay it back even though they never wanted it.
I suppose they could have rejected the deal, but I imagine at least some carrots were held out to them to keep that policy going. Or maybe they did all do the wrong thing for their own interest and profit as well as for the unemployed voluntarily? It is possible.
The argument about bubbles/government intervention is one that is about primary causes I think more than about all possible causes. In the Mark Faber video posted recently he discusses that finding a huge cache of gold would cause the same type of bubbles as the printing press, just that the government is so much better at making bubbles. The same argument is made in regard to Spanish mercantalism as well in one of the Rothbard articles.
- May 31, 2010 at 10:08 pm
It was mentioned in one of these posts that Hoover's demand for high wages was backed by the threat of legislating them. So wages were high for much the same reason the Hays and Comic Codes were created: to preempt government meddling. It just didn't work in the first case.
- June 1, 2010 at 8:46 am
"In the Mark Faber video posted recently he discusses that finding a huge cache of gold would cause the same type of bubbles as the printing press, just that the government is so much better at making bubbles. The same argument is made in regard to Spanish mercantalism as well in one of the Rothbard articles."
Mexican gold caused prices to rise, but it was not a bubble. All bubbles before banking were due to debasing money (with base metal rather than paper). The tulip bubble was due to a futures market in tulip prices as shown by Doug French. All the later bubbles were due to paper money or debt leverage (fractional reserve banking). Please point to the Rothbard article. I do not think he would ever make that mistake.
- June 1, 2010 at 8:56 am
Sorry for sounding harsh.
- June 1, 2010 at 10:24 am
The unemployment rate during the First Great Depression averaged 17.1%. This is the average of the unemployment rates from 1930 – the first full year after the stock market crash, through 1940 – the year Roosevelt instituted the draft. See http://www.u-s-history.com/pages/h1528.html.
The government's own U6 measurement of unemployment has the unemployment rate at the same 17.1 percent. See http://www.bls.gov/news.release/empsit.t15.htm.
We are already in the Second Great Depression. The unemployment rate of the Second Great Depression is already the equal to that of the first. We were a creditor nation during the First Great Depression, and actually had a manufacturing base then. With the Second Great Depression, we are the largest debtor nation, have no manufacturing base, and 10.5% of people are in the modern equivalent of the bread line – the food stamp program. See http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE4B28CB20081203. We also have tent cities. See http://www.verumserum.com/?p=4049 and http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2009/12/14/obamaville-springs-tent-c_n_391093.html
The Second Great Depression is already worse than the first, and the you-know-what hasn't even hit the fan yet.
- May 31, 2010 at 11:17 pm
JFC, good comments, just two points:
(1) I think it is fine for me to compare FDR deficits with Reagan deficits to see if the former are "cautious." Krugman didn't say, "Yes FDR ran huge deficits, but they weren't big enough, given the excess capacity in the economy at the time." No, he said FDR was cautious about running deficits. I could say the same thing about Reagan; hey he "had" to fight the Soviets and cut marginal income tax rates, and thus he "had" to control the growth in food stamp spending because he was worrying all night about the deficit. Krugman would reject the latter out of hand and so Reagan obviously was not cautious about deficit spending.
(2) The Fed contracted the monetary base sharply in 1920-1921 and CPI fell 15% in 12 months. If that's not tight money I don't know what is.
- June 1, 2010 at 12:22 am
I think it was Matthew Swaringen who commented on your Reagan/Roosevelt comparison. Regarding the Depression of 1920, I agree that the monetary base contracted, and I agree that the Federal Reserve practiced tight monetary policy. My point has more to do with government fiscal policy. The common Austrian argument is that the Depression of 1920 is an example of an economy rebounding very quickly without fiscal spending. My point is that in this case the Depression of 1920 is a poor example, because there was no liquidity trap and in the purest sense Keynesians argue for deficit spending when there is a liquidity trap (because there is a lack of private spending).
- June 1, 2010 at 8:54 am
You guys also need to look at post WW II. Why did we not fall back into depression after WW II? There is a good case for an economic boom from doing the opposite of everything keynesian.
- June 3, 2010 at 8:35 am
Why did we not fall back into depression after WW II? First, nearly everyone admits that what got us out of the Great Depression was wartime deficit spending– even though it was on an unproductive product (weapons of destruction). That is, a product that could not be sold, so was produced at a 100% loss on investment.
But one, it put money into everyone's pockets– money that was not spent on scarce consumer goods because there was little on the shelves. And at the end of the war, many manufacturers retooled to bring out new consumer products, satisfying that great pent-up demand with washers, freezers, nylons and new Dodges. So in short, employment reached high levels during wartime production and stayed high afterwards to service postwar demand. The money was flowing! Enough so that the taxes on all that income were quickly able to pay down our wartime debts.
Two, of course, was that much of our wartime production continued unabated in the postwar period. Many had been getting rich from servicing the war machine and saw no great reason to change horses just because the war had ended. All we needed was another enemy. And we quickly found one.
In either event the country had more business than it had ever enjoyed before. War and peace both proved to be very lucrative professions, thanks to the seed money government provided in 1942-45 to get things rolling.
- July 27, 2010 at 10:27 am
So, savings from the war years fueled a boom when government spending was cut back from over $90 billion to a low of $30 billion. Sounds very Austrian. For national policy, let's encourage savings and Freedom but discourage war and government spending. I like it!
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text:
Simeone wary ahead of knockout stages
Atletico Madrid coach Diego Simeone has played down his team's chances of going far in the Champions League knockout stages.
Atletico are in the draw for the last 16 of the competition for the first time in five years, having finished top of Group G unbeaten and with 16 points, a total only matched by local rivals Real Madrid.
Even with top spot guaranteed and fielding a team containing seven non-regular starters, Atletico defeated Porto 2-0 at the Vicente Calderon to add extra shine to what has been an excellent European campaign.
Los Rojiblancos will be seeded in Monday's draw and could be drawn against Premier League sides Arsenal or Manchester City.
But when asked in the post-match press conference which teams he would like to avoid the most, the Argentinian coach insisted: "We don't consider ourselves to be better than anyone else.
"Any knockout tie is always going to be very close and there are many teams in the competition with more experience than us.
"Looking at the teams who have finished second, there is a lot of quality. We are looking forward to seeing who we get but whoever it is we know it will be difficult."
He also praised his team's strength in depth, adding: "What makes me very happy is that I was able to rotate my team and rest players but we kept the same intensity and did what we have been doing all season."
Porto, meanwhile, exit the Champions League and drop into the Europa League, a competition they won in 2011 under the guidance of the now Tottenham manager Andre Villas-Boas.
Current coach Paulo Fonseca rued his team's luck on a night on which they struck the frame of the goal four times, while Josue saw his penalty saved by Dani Aranzubia.
He admitted Atletico were worthy winners, saying: "It's true we hit the post four times and missed a penalty, but we weren't strong in defence, and Atletico were.
"We caused them problems, but they were more efficient."
The Portuguese champions managed just a solitary win - away to Austria Vienna - in their six games and Fonseca did not hide his disappointment with their campaign.
"We are not satisfied with our performance in the competition, we have not been good enough," he said.
"Not just because of what happened tonight, but in the tournament as a whole, especially our results at home."


text:
In small Skokie storefront, Libertad goes big on nuevo Latino cuisine
BY THOMAS WITOM Dining February 29, 2012 6:04PM
The skirt steak gets an added flavor boost from chimichurri sauce and chipotle-goat cheese. It is topped with a bevy of crisp, super-thin yucca fries. | JOHN J. KIM ~ sun-times
7931 Lincoln Ave., Skokie
(847) 674-8100; liber tad7931.com
Prices: Tapas-style shareable dishes: seafood, $11-$16; meat/poultry, $9-$16; vegetarian, $7-$13; desserts, $7.
Hours: 5-10 p.m. Tuesday-Saturday; 5 p.m.-midnight Friday-Saturday; 5-9 p.m. Sunday.
Try: Remolacha (roasted beet, watercress salad), pork belly, grilled skirt steak; triple chocolate cake.
Wheels: Street parking. Wheelchair accessible.
Tips: Reservations recommended. Sunday brunch. Full bar with a diverse selection of craft beers and specialty cocktails. Seasonally changing menu. Lunch is currently hibernating until spring.
In a bite: Recently minted Libertad offers inspired nuevo Latino tapas at reasonable prices in a comfortable environment.
KEY: ★★★★ Extraordinary; ★★★ Excellent;
★★ Very Good; ★ Good;
Zero stars: Poor
Article Extras
Attention, grazers: Chances are you may not have discovered Libertad, a small storefront restaurant in downtown Skokie specializing in nuevo Latino cuisine. But word on this classy seven-month-old eatery owned and operated by Marcos Rivera is getting out.
Reservations are accepted and advisable, considering that the popular gathering place probably seats no more than 40.
Its dishes are inspired by restaurants in Argentina, Brazil and Mexico, and Executive Chef Armando Gonzalez's menu offers a take on tapas-style dining. Portions for most items fall somewhere between appetizers and full-fledged entrees, and a pair of diners are likely to find themselves sharing three or four dishes.
The prices are right, too, with meat and fish plates going for $9 to $16 and vegetarian choices $7 to $13.
On one Sunday evening, we arrived shortly after Libertad opened and it was already half-filled. A complimentary demitasse of chili-accented carrot soup served as an amuse bouche, a perfect antidote to winter's sting.
A shared remolacha salad united earthy roasted beets, delicate watercress, buttery shaved manchego cheese and mandarin orange slices dressed in a delicious sherry-truffle vinaigrette — a harmonious symphony of tastes and textures.
The flavor fest continued without a letdown as the meal progressed to the main courses. Any entree would have done the trick for us, from pomegranate-ancho glazed shrimp to mussels steamed in coconut-saffron broth and served with leeks, potatoes and chorizo to braised duck with celery root puree and rum-caramelized pineapple.
Libertad's open kitchen also prepares barbecued chicken with queso fresco, salsa and creme fraiche as well as an acorn squash-wild mushroom risotto and chipotle hummus. Diners at a nearby table were busy making short shrift of pastel de cangrejo, pan-seared lump crab cake with jalapeno aioli and cucumber-avocado relish.
Our choices, the pork belly and asada (skirt steak), both were winners. The former, a delicious, rich, tender piece of meat prepared with a hint of truffle oil, came plated atop white beans and Swiss chard. My medium-rare steak picked up added flavor from chimichurri sauce along with chipotle-goat cheese. It rested on perfectly ripe tomato slices, while the meat itself was artfully sprinkled with crisp, super-thin yucca fries.
Triple chocolate cake, one of three listed desserts, took our favorite food group to a new level of intensity. The warm cake had a gooey chocolate center and it contrasted nicely to the scoop of homemade, slightly peppery milk chocolate mole ice cream that rested in a small pool of white chocolate sauce. Pumpkin cheese cake and apple crisp, also made on the premises, rounded out dessert options.
The bar carries an arsenal of tequilas, an eclectic mix of wines ($6-$10 a glass) and fixings for specialty cocktails as well as a dozen hard-to-find craft beers. Pranqster, a refreshing Belgian-style golden ale from a California producer, did not disappoint.
Libertad presents itself well, with attractive rustic wood floors, tables and banquettes, and colorful bas relief artwork on the walls. As its name implies, it's a free-and-easy place to eat, drink and relax. And the service is tip-top.
Thomas Witom is a local free-lance writer.


text:
A look at investor risk tolerance and how Fed policy continues to steer investors toward riskier assets.
Ben Bernanke, in his last public remarks as Fed chairman, defended quantitative easing and brushed aside concerns about inflation and capital losses.
CFTC Commissioner Bart Chilton says the Volcker Rule was needed to stop risky trades.
Federal regulators have given final approval to the Volcker Rule, intended to reduce risky activity by banks.
Former Fed Chair Alan Greenspan says he made mistakes but wouldn't have done anything differently.
Corporate profits soar while household incomes drop. Who, exactly, is recovering from the financial crisis?
The nation's economy is still at risk from banks that are so large, they cannot be allowed to fail.
Five years after the economy collapsed, the president gave a speech on all the work still ahead.
Since the financial crisis, the country's biggest banks have paid $100 billion in legal costs. But who really foots the bill?
A new bill looks to split investment banking and commercial banking up.