text:
Department of Anesthesiology
University of Arizona Health Sciences Center
Tucson, Arizona 85724
E-mail: email@example.com
Department of Physics
University of Alberta
Edmonton, ALBERTA
T6G 2J1, Canada
E-MAIL: email@example.com
Dynamical activities within living eukaryotic cells are organized by microtubules, main structural components of the cytoskeleton and cylindrical polymers of the protein tubulin. Evidence and theoretical models suggest that states of tubulin may play the role of "bits" in classical microtubule computational automata. The advent of quantum information devices, key roles played by quantum processes in protein dynamics, and coherent ordering in the cell cytoplasm further suggest that microtubules may function as quantum computational devices, and that mesoscopic and macroscopic quantum states are characteristic of living systems. In this paper new results from molecular dynamics simulation based on recently obtained atomic structure of tubulin are presented which provide support for classical and quantum modes of microtubule information processing.
1. Introduction: Cytoplasm, microtubules and information processing
Organisms rely on complex interactions among living cells to enable functional activities of tissues and organs. However individual cells themselves perform quite complicated tasks. For example single cell protozoa like paramecium swim around, avoid obstacles and predators, find food and mates and have sex, all involving various activities of their "cytoskeleton". Within eukaryotic cells, processes such as mitosis, organelle movement, differentiation, sensory transduction and secretion require dynamical orchestration of cytoskeletal structures 1-3. How are such activities organized? Biochemical studies demonstrate signaling by reaction cascades of soluble molecules, however evidence suggests that the integration of "real time" intracellular activities requires phase transitions in cytoplasmic gels and dynamic activities of the cytoskeleton 4. Could the cytoskeleton/cytoplasmic gel provide a solid state "nervous system" within each cell?
Pondering seemingly intelligent activities of single cell protozoa, famed neuroscientist C.S. Sherrington 5 conjectured in 1951 that "of nerve there is no trace, but the cytoskeleton might serve". The shape and structure of cells is determined by the cytoskeleton, scaffoldings of filamentous protein polymers which include microtubules, actin and intermediate filaments. Traditionally considered as merely "bone-like" structural support, the cytoskeleton is now thought to be involved in intracellular signaling, information processing and cognition 6,7. Rigid microtubules interconnected by microtubule-associated proteins ("MAPs") are bound into a self-supporting dynamic tensegrity network, intertwined by actin filaments. The cytoskeleton also includes microtubule-based organelles called centrioles, membrane-bound microtubule-based cilia which protrude from the cell, and other proteins.
Microtubules, actin and other cytoskeletal proteins form a negatively-charged matrix on which polar cell water molecules are bound and ordered. When actin polymerizes the cytoplasm converts from an aqueous solution ("sol" state) to a solid, gelatinous "gel" state. In the cytoplasmic gel state cytoskeletal surfaces fill cell interiors to the extent that only 5 to 9 layers of water molecules fit between cytoskeletal surfaces, implying that under gel conditions cell water may be completely organized and structured. Ordered water is quite different from disordered bulk water in various properties including the solubility of ions. Thus actin polymerization and cytoskeletal dynamics can cause phase transitions which correspond with ion fluxes and voltage gradients independent of, or in concert with, membrane activities 4.
Among cytoskeletal components, microtubules (MTs) are directly involved in orchestrated cell activities, have the largest diameter (25 nanometers) and appear best suited for information processing. In paramecium, a carpet of protruding MT-based cilia act as both sensory antennae and coherently beating motor oars to guide intelligent movements (and MT-based flagella propel many other cells). In mitosis, MT-based centrioles establish cell polarity, MT mitotic spindles pull chromosomes apart (in conjunction with cytoplasmic gel phase transitions), and MTs and other cytoskeletal structures establish daughter cell shape and function. Cilia and centrioles are also responsible for photodetection in primitive organisms 8, and cilia are found in all retinal rod and cone cells though their function is unclear. In neurons, MTs self-assemble to enable growth of axons and dendrites, serve as tracks on which motor proteins transport materials, maintain and regulate synapses, and have been implicated in cognition and consciousness. Wherever cellular organization and intelligence is required, MTs are present and involved. Many studies have correlated MT activities with higher level information processing in the brain 1-3,6-7, however direct evidence of MT signaling has been difficult. Vassilev et al 9demonstrated signal transmission along chains of MT subunit proteins ("tubulin") formed between excitable membranes, and Maniotis et al 10,11 showed functional signaling from membrane proteins via MTs to the cell nucleus. Albrecht-Buehler 8,12 has shown that cells respond to optical stimulation to redirect their movement via their centrioles, and several studies indicate that microtubules and/or centrioles mediate "delayed luminescence" (or "photon storage") in which optical stimulation results in prolonged (seconds to minutes) optical re-emission 13-15. The role MTs play in dynamical organization, and their "computer-like" lattice structure have suggested information processing capacities to many theorists 1-3,6-7.
MTs are cylindrical polymers of the protein tubulin and are 25 nanometers ("nm" = 10-9 meter) in diameter (Figure 1). MT lengths vary and may be quite long within some nerve structures. MT cylinder walls are comprised of 13 longitudinal protofilaments which are each a series of subunit proteins known as tubulin. Each tubulin subunit is an 8 nm by 4 nm by 5 nm heterodimer which consists of two slightly different classes of 4 nm, 55,000 dalton monomers known as alpha and beta tubulin. The tubulin dimer subunits within MTs are arranged in a hexagonal lattice which is slightly twisted, resulting in differing neighbor relationships among each subunit and its six nearest neighbors, and helical pathways which repeat every 3, 5 and 8 rows. Each tubulin has a dipole, in addition a large negative charge islocalized onthe surface of both monomers 16. Thus MTs can be considered "electrets": oriented assemblies of dipoles which are predicted to havepiezoelectric 17,18 and ferroelectric 7 properties. Biochemical energy is provided to microtubules in several ways: tubulin-bound GTP is hydrolyzed to GDP inMTs, and MAPs which attach to MTs at specific points on the MT lattice are phosphorylated. In addition MTs may possibly utilize nonspecific thermalenergy for "laser-like" coherent pumping, for example in the gigaHz range by a mechanism of "pumped phonons" suggested by Frohlich 19-22. Samsonovich et al 23 simulated coherent phonons in MTs and found phonon maxima corresponded with functional MT-MAP binding sites.
In most cells (neurons are a notable exception), the majority of MTs emanate from a centriole, a pair of cilia-like MT-based cylinders. The negative (alpha tubulin) ends of MTs are anchored at these microtubule organizing centers and the positive (beta tubulin) ends radiate outward toward the cell membrane. In neuronal axons long MTs are similarly arranged with negative ends toward the cell body/axon hillock, and positive ends toward the axon terminal. However in dendrites MTs are short, interrupted and of mixed polarity, arranged in local networks of MTs and MAPs (e.g. the dendrite specific "MAP2" implicated in learning). In primitive organisms MTs may be arranged
Figure 1. Microtubules are hollow cylindrical polymers of tubulin proteins, each a "dimer" of alpha and beta monomers arranged in a skewed hexagonal lattice.
in complex symmetrical arrays, such as the double spiral MT array found in axonemes of actinosphaerum24,25. MTs self-assemble from soluble tubulins under proper biochemical conditions, and the assembly may be somewhat chaotic unless stabilized by cellular factors ("dynamic instability"). MT growth and differentiation determine cell shape and function, however the dynamics of assembled, stable MTs regulate moment-to-moment cellular activities. The "permanent" and dynamical states of individual tubulins within an MT lattice thus become relevant in the context of MT-based information processing.
2. Protein conformational dynamics
Within MTs, individual tubulins may exist in different states which can change on various time scales. Multiple tissue-specific isozymes of tubulin occur, and tubulin may be structurally altered within an MT lattice by "post-translational modifications". Thus each MT may be a more-or-less stable mosaic heteropolymer of slightly different tubulins, with altered properties and functions accordingly. Roth and Pihlaja 26 suggested that stable patterns of tubulins within MTs determine MT function.
Tubulin may also exist in multiple possible dynamical conformational states, switching shapes on a time scale of nanoseconds 27,28. In one example of tubulin conformational change observed in single protofilament chains, one monomer can shift 27 degrees from the dimer's vertical axis 29 with associated changes in the tubulin dipole. Hoenger and Milligan 30 showed a conformational change based in the beta tubulin subunit.
In general, conformational states determine protein function and cellular movement. Individual proteins are synthesized as linear chains of amino acids which "fold" into three-dimensional conformation called the tertiary structure. The precise folding depends on attractive and repellent forces among various amino acid side groups, and a current view is that many possible intermediate conformations precede the final one 31. Predicting final three-dimensional folded shape using computer simulation has proven difficult if not impossible. This conundrum is known as the "protein folding problem" and so far appears to be "NP complete": the answer can be calculated in theory, but the space and time required of any classical computer is prohibitive.
The main driving force in protein folding occurs as uncharged non-polar amino acid groups join together, repelled by solvent water. These "hydrophobic" groups attract each other by van der Waals forces and bury themselves within the protein interior. Intra-protein hydrophobic pockets result, composed of side groups of non-polar (but polarizable) amino acids such as leucine, isoleucine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, tyrosine and valine. Klein-Seetharaman at al 32 have shown that protein folding involves nonlocal (quantum) interactions among tryptophan in hydrophobic pockets. Volumes of the pockets (~400 cubic angstroms, or 0.4 cubic nanometers) are roughly 1/30 to 1/250 the total volume of a single protein, and their physical solvent characteristics most closely resemble olive oil 33. How do weak quantum forces in tiny hydrophobic pockets regulate protein shape and function? As quantum mechanical van der Waals forces in hydrophobic pockets establish protein shape during folding, protein folding may be a quantum computation. Once folded, the same quantum mechanical van der Waals forces regulate dynamic conformational changes. Satinover 34 has emphasized the role of quantum tunneling of electrons in protein folding.
Proteins in a living state are dynamical, with transitions occurring at many scales, however conformational transitions in which proteins move globally and upon which protein function generally depends occur in the microsecond (10^-6 sec) to nanosecond (10^-9 sec) to 10 picosecond (10^-11 sec) time scale 35. Proteins are also only marginally stable. A protein of 100 amino acids is stable against denaturation by only ~40 kiloJoules per mole (kJ mol^-1) whereas thousands of kJ mol^-1 are available in a protein from side group interactions including van der Waals forces. Consequently protein conformation is a "delicate balance among powerful countervailing forces" 36.
The types of forces operating among amino acid side groups within a protein include charged interactions such as ionic forces and hydrogen bonds, as well as interactions between dipoles—separated charges in electrically neutral groups. Dipole-dipole interactions are known as van der Waals forces and include three types:
Type 3 induced dipole - induced dipole interactions are the weakest but most purely non-polar. They are known as London dispersion forces, and although quite delicate (40 times weaker than hydrogen bonds) are numerous and influential. The London force attraction between any two atoms is usually less than a few kiloJoules, however thousands occur in each protein. As other forces cancel out, London forces in hydrophobic pockets can govern protein conformational states.
London forces ensue from the fact that atoms and molecules which are electrically neutral and spherically symmetrical nevertheless have instantaneous electric dipoles due to asymmetry in their electron distribution. The electric field from each fluctuating dipole couples to others in electron clouds of adjacent non-polar amino acid side groups. Due to inherent uncertainty in electron localization, London forces are quantum effects which may couple to "zero point fluctuations" of the quantum vacuum 37,38.
Quantum dipole oscillations within hydrophobic pockets were first proposed by Frohlich 19 to regulate protein conformation and engage in macroscopic coherence. Conrad 39 suggested quantum superposition of various possible protein conformations occur before one is selected. Roitberg et al 40 showed functional protein vibrations which depend on quantum effects centered in two hydrophobic phenylalanine residues, and Tejada et al 41 have evidence to suggest quantum coherent states exist in the protein ferritin. In protein folding, nonlocal quantum interactions among hydrophobic regions guide formation of protein tertiary conformation 32, suggesting protein folding may rely on quantum computation. As quantum effects may provide optimal modes for information processing in technological computers, quantum coherent superposition involving van der Waals London forces in hydrophobic pockets may be important in biological information processing, for example in microtubules. The mechanism of anesthetic gases which reversibly erase consciousness is by interfering with quantum mechanical van der Waals London forces in certain brain proteins (receptors, tubulin etc.)42.
Classical modes of information processing have been proposed in microtubules, and more recently quantum modes have also been suggested. The next section reviews proposed classical modes of microtubule information processing. Conformational changes in tubulins within microtubules may involve either "flexing" of the dimer, or "rocking" at the interface between adjacent dimers along the protofilament 29,30,43. In either case conformational changes may be triggered by/coupled to quantum events in hydrophobic regions acting as a "trigger" or "switch" for the protein. Such conformational changes may propagate along protofilaments, and perhaps along helical pathways within the microtubule lattice.
In filamentous proteins such as actin and MTs, propagating conformational changes can lead to collective changes in charge availability, ordering of water, ionic solubility and phase changes in cytoplasm, for example from a liquid solution ("sol") to a solid state gelationous "gel". In the latter, with actin polymerized, surfaces in cytoplasm may be separated by the equivalent length of 5 to 10 water molecules, meaning that in the gel phase virtually all cell water may be ordered, leading to radically different bulk phase properties. One property may be an environment hospitable to macroscopic quantum states with collective pumping dynamics resulting in laser-like Frohlich coherence, the lack of thermal water effects, and exclusion of ions which would cause decoherence. Quantum events within proteins may be amplified to result in large scale collective changes in biological systems.
3. Models of information processing in microtubules
A number of models have viewed the microtubule lattice as something like a computational matrix in which the states of individual tubulins represented fundamental units of information (e.g. like binary "bits" in a computer). Sherrington 5 raised the idea in a general way in 1951, and Atema 44 conjectured in 1973 that propagating tubulin conformational changes within cilia functioned as signals. Hameroff 45 proposed in 1974 that MTs acted as holographic diffractors, and Hameroff and Watt 46 suggested in 1982 that the MT structure acted as a computer-like switching matrix with input/output via MAPs. Other proposals in the 1990's include the following: Puck and Krystosek 47 suggested waves of phosphorylation/dephosphorylation along MT tubulins conveyed information, and Wang and Ingber 48 described a tensegrity communication structure among MTs and actin filaments. Non-linear soliton waves along MTs have been proposed 49, 50, and Cantiello et al 51 suggested that ion transfer along actin conveyed functional signals, a model that has been extended to ion transfer along MTs 52. Tuszynski et al 2 predicted MT ferroelectric effects and "spin glass" behavior, Albrecht-Buehler 8,12 suggested MTs convey infra-red photons, and Jibu et al 53 proposed MTs as quantum optical waveguides.
Other types of models have more specifically involved the tubulin lattice in computational processing. Hameroff and Watt 46 suggested that the state of each tubulin in the MT lattice functioned as an information "bit" which can exist in two or more conformational states coupled to the tubulin dipole. Subsequently computer simulations of tubulin dipoles coupled to neighbor dipoles modeled "cellular automaton" functions within MTs 54,55.
Cellular automata are lattices of fundamental ("cellular") units, each of which may exist in two or more states. At prescribed time steps, neighbor interactions among the units follow simple rules to determine the state of each "cell" at the subsequent time step. Simple rules among simple units can give rise to complex dynamical patterns. The term "cell" in cellular automata implies the fundamental unit, as traditionally biological cells have been considered fundamental units. Viewing MTs as "cellular automata" implies that the states of tubulin are the fundamental units, therefore we refer to these systems as MT automata, or molecular automata (Rasmussen et al, 55).
MT automata use tubulin conformations and dipoles as "cellular" states, dipole interactions between tubulins as neighbor rules and Frohlich coherent oscillations as time steps. Simulation of such systems produced dynamical patterns which propagate, interact and process information. Simulation of MT automata interconnected by microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) show MT-MAP networks to be capable of learning .55.
MT automata offer a potentially huge capacity for cellular information processing. Biological cells contain approximately 10^7 tubulins 56, and switching at the Frohlich frequency in the nanosecond regime (10^9/sec) predicts roughly 10^16 operations per second, per cell. This capacity could account for the complex adaptive behaviors of single cell organisms like paramecium, and could increase the brain's information processing immensely. Conventional approaches focus on synaptic switching (roughly 10^11 brain neurons, 10^3 synapses/neuron, switching in the millisecond range of 10^3 operations per second) and predict about 10^17 bit states per second for a human brain 57. As the human brain contains about 10^11 neurons, nanosecond microtubule automata offer about 10^27 brain operations per second. But even if microtubule automata do provide the enhanced information processing for which they are capable, information processing per se fails to answer fundamental questions about the highest level of brain information processing: consciousness. Accordingly, given the potential for quantum processes in proteins and the advent of quantum information processing, proposals have been put forth for quantum computation in microtubules. This implies quantum coherence in the brain as a prerequisite. Perhaps as suggested in Erwin Schrödinger's famous book "What is Life" 58, quantum coherence is an essential feature of living systems. This possibility will be considered, but first we examine recent findings on relevant properties of tubulin and microtubules.
4. Simulations of tubulin and microtubule properties
Using the atomic resolution structure of tubulin from the Protein Data Bank (PDB) 59 provided by the electron diffraction crystallography of Nogales et al 60, we have determined the electrostatic charge, dipole moment and other characteristics of tubulin. Calculations of the potential energy were done with the aid of the "Tinker" molecular dynamics package 61 which showed that tubulin is quite highly negatively charged at physiological pH and that as much as 40% of the charge is concentrated on the carboxy ("C") -terminus which extends "tail-like" from the globular monomers (see below). First we examine electrostatic properties of tubulin excluding the C-termini (Table 1).
4.1. General properties excluding the C termini
The excess (negative charges) and dipole strengths for the tubulin dimer and alpha monomer were determined excluding the C termini and are shown in Table 1. The x-direction component coincides with the protofilament axis. The y-axis component is oriented radially towards the MT center, and the z-axis direction is tangential to the microtubule surface. The alpha monomer is in the direction of increasing x values relative to the beta monomer.
Table 1. Tubulin's Electrostatic Properties (C terminus tail region excluded)
Tubulin properties
Electron charges
Overall dipole (Debyes)
x component (Debyes)
y component (Debyes)
z component (Debyes)
4.2. Tubulin surface charge characteristics including C termini
Under "healthy" physiological conditions within cells (i.e. pH 7.2) each tubulin is shaped like a "dimer" of two roughly spherical, 4 nanometer diameter monomers but with linear "tails" extending another 4 to 5 nm outward from the tubulin (and MT outer) surface. These tails are comprised of the carboxy termini ("C termini") of the primary tubulin protein structure and contain 40% of the total (negative) charges on tubulin. Thus in normal conditions there are approximately 8-10 negative charges on each terminus "tail" extending out into the cytoplasm. A titration curve for the charges on tubulin as a function of pH is shown in Figure 2. The negatively charged tails attract positively charged "counterions" creating (with associated ordered water) a "Debye double layer" extending 4 to 5 nm perpendicular to the MT surface. A detailed map of the electric charge distribution on the surface of the tubulin dimer at physiological pH is shown in Figure 3.
At neutral pH, the C terminus negative charges cause it to remain extended due to the electrostatic repulsion within the tail, and between adjacent tails. Under more acidic conditions, the negative charges of the carboxy-termini are neutralized by associated hydrogen ions, allowing the tails to collapse into more compact forms by folding (Figure 4). Although this is probably the largest structural change which occurs due to changes in the cell's pH, other structural variations (genetic isozymes, post-translational modifications, ligand binding etc) may also affect the electrostatics of the tubulin dimer.
Figure 2. Titration curve for the tubulin alpha\beta heterodimer (including C-termini) as a function of pH; obtained with no salt and no intra-molecular charge compensation. Figure courtesy of D. Sackett 62.
Figure 3. A map of the electric charge distribution on the surface of a tubulin dimer with C-termini tails present. Figure prepared using "MolMol". 63
Figure 4. Cross-section of a MT including the carboxy-termini of the tubulin subunits. The folding shown of the carboxy-termini of the tubulin dimer demonstrates the change in the geometry of the molecule with pH. Neutral pH is shown on top, the tail folds at lower pH as the negative charges are neutralized.
4.3. Coulombic forces between adjacent tubulins
When two tubulin dimers are placed in each other's neighborhood and allowed to interact electrostatically, Coulomb forces establish a field of attraction. The brush strokes of Figure 5 represent the direction of the Coulomb force fields of attraction which indicate a hexagonal pattern which matches the microtubule skewed hexagonal lattice 7
4.4. Tubulin dipole moments
The dipole moment of an "isolated" tubulin dipole (as described in Table 1) is shown in Figure 6a. However tubulin dipoles in ionic solution and within a protofilament bring in other factors. For example when two dimers are bound within a protofilament, their positively and negatively charged ends form
Figure 5. A view of the attractive regions about a tubulin dimer as would be experienced by another dimer. The smallest principal moment of inertia of the dimers is perpendicular to the page, the middle one is aligned vertically, the largest principal moment horizontally. See text for more details. Figure prepared using MolMol 63
a double layer with a net dipole moment along the protofilament axis (Figure 6b). Within each dimer, hydrophobic pocket with delocalizable electrons may develop internal (switchable) dipole moments (see below) due to electronic transitions on a positive background (Figure 6c). Finally, (Figure 6d) the C-termini which are negatively charged are surrounded by counter ions in solution leading to the formation of double layers surrounding the microtubule. However the principal contribution to the dipole moment of a tubulin dimer comes from the location of partial charges on the constituent amino acids. When this is applied to the microtubule structure (Figure 7), an anti-ferroelectric structure is predicted with permanent dipoles placed almost perpendicular to the surface of the MT cylinders, nearly cancelling each other due to rotational symmetry.
Figure 6. The various contributions to the dipole moment of a tubulin dimer: (a) the intrinsic dipole moment of the globular protein, (b) the double layer formed when two dimers are bound in a protofilament, (c) a possible internal dipole created by electronic transitions in the hydrophobic pocket, and (d) a double layer formed by counter ions surrounding the C-termini tails.
Figure 7. The arrows indicate the orientation of the permanent dipole moments of individual tubulin dimers with respect to the surface of a microtubule. Figure prepared using MolMol 63
4.5. Tubulin internal charge characteristics: a double well potential
Mapping electrostatic partial charges in the interior of tubulin dimer shows a region in the alpha monomer near the neck to the beta monomer of two areas of positive charge in the range of 100-150 meV. These positive potential areas are separated by a negative potential region of about 1.5 nm length. Thus this regions constitutes a double well potential which should enable quantum tunneling of electrons between the two wells since the energy depth is well above thermal fluctuations (kT=25 meV at room temperature). Hence thermal noise is not expected to destroy the tunneling effect. Electrostatic interactions inside the protein should be strong enough to couple the tunneling electrons to other excess electrons in tubulin. The dielectric constant inside tubulin is only 2, compared to roughly 80 in the water environment outside the microtubule,making the quantum electrostatic effects within tubulin 40 times stronger than electrostatic effects in the outside water environment outside the MT. Decoherence by electrostatic effects in the environment upon the quantum double well should thus be negligible (as should thermal effects). Consequently tunneling between the well minima may act as a "quantum switch" inducing quantum transitions of the electrons, and conformational state of the entire protein collectively.
Figure 8. Electrostatic map of a horizontal slice through the alpha monomer near to the "neck" to the beta monomer of tubulin shows a "double well"of positive charge (MolMol63)
4.6. Tryptophan mapping
Within proteins "aromatic" (benzene or indole) electron resonant ring structures in the amino acids tryptophan, tyrosine, histidine and phenylalanine provide regions of delocalizable or polarizable electrons and electronic excited states. Tryptophan has a particular double ring (an "indole ring") which gives tryptophan the greatest electron resonance (and thus most fluorescence) among aromatic amino acids. Becker et al64 showed fluorescent resonance energy transfer (non-radiative photon exchange) between tryptophan and other aromatics in adjacent tubulins in microtubules, and between microtubules and membranes. In addition to fluorescence, indole rings may take part in electron transport (electrons flowing or tunneling between aromatics separated by several nanometers) or exciton hopping (electron excited states jumping between specific locations).
Locations of tryptophan were identified in the tubulin dimer and lines drawn between tryptophans separated by 2 nm or less (Figure 9). The tryptophans are arranged linearly along the long axis of the dimer, with two possible alternate paths connecting sites within 2 nm or less of each other. 65
Conventional wisdom indicates that electron tunneling or exciton hopping in proteins is only possible over distances under 1 nm. This is the "Foerster distance" (maximum length of an excitation to travel). However this pertains to free hopping via an inert medium like an ionic solution. Within proteins electron movements may be facilitated by "through bond hopping" over distances of 2 nm or more. Furthermore if there are sufficient available electrons to fill half or more of the available sites, then conditions can exist within proteins at physiological temperature for (semi)conductivity comparable to silicon or even semi-metals66. With dynamic water ordered at the protein surface, conductivity may be even further enhanced, and proton conduction can also occur. As described earlier, in some enzymes electron hopping between amino acid residues may span 3.5 nm or more67.
Projecting the tryptophan intra-protein pathways onto a microtubule cylindrical lattice reveals a pathway along protofilaments in which tryptophans are within 2 nm of the adjacent tryptophan (Figure 10). In Hameroff et al 65, we also looked at pathways of other aromatic amino acids and found possible pathways around the helical winding patterns intrinsic to the microtubule lattice structure (Figure 11). When the winding patterns are plotted on any given protofilament they are separated by numbers of tubulins which match the Fibonacci series (3, 5, 8, 13, 21…). Intersections of the winding patterns correspond with patterns of attachment of microtubule-associated proteins, which in turn correspond with cytoskeletal and cellular structure and function. Conduction pathways among aromatic rings in tubulin may mediate information processing in microtubules which governs cellular structure and function.
Figure 9.. The tubulin dimer with tryptophans within 2 nm or less of each other connected by lines. There are two possible paths between tryptophans in the two monomers.
Figure 10. A lattice neighborhood of 7 tubulin dimers showing tryptophan pathways aligning along vertical protofilaments.
Figure 11. Left: A lattice neighborhood of 7 tubulin dimers with sites of aromatic amino acids phenylalanine and histidine connected. As shown on right, these pathways correspond with 3 additional winding patterns in the microtubule lattice.
5. Quantum information processing
Reality seems to be described by two separate sets of laws. At our everyday large scale classical, or macroscopic world, Newton's laws of motion and Maxwell's equations for electromagnetism are sufficient. However at small scales in the "quantum realm" (and the boundary between the quantum and classical realms remains elusive) objects may exist in two or more states or places simultaneously—more like waves than particles and governed by a "quantum wave function". This property of multiple coexisting possibilities, known as quantum superposition, persists until the superposition is measured, observed or interacts with the classical world or environment. Only then does the superposition of multiple possibilities "reduce", "collapse", "actualize", "choose" or "decohere" to specific, particular classical states 68,69.
Early experiments seemed to show that even if a machine measured a quantum superposition, the multiple possibilities persisted until the machine's results were observed by a conscious human. This led leading quantum theorists including Bohr, Heisenberg and Wigner to conclude that consciousness caused quantum state reduction, that consciousness "collapsed the wave function" (the "Copenhagen interpretation", reflecting the Danish origin of Niels Bohr, its leading proponent).
To illustrate the apparent absurdity of this conclusion, in the 1930's Schrödinger devised his famous thought experiment now known as Schrödinger's cat. A living cat is placed in a closed box into which poison can be released by a quantum event, e.g., sending a photon through a half-silvered mirror. Being a quantum entity, the (unobserved) photon must be in superposition of both passing through and not passing through the mirror, thus both releasing and not releasing the poison. Consequently, according to the Copenhagen interpretation, until a conscious being were to open the box to observe, the cat is both dead and alive. Schrödinger's point was that this scenario was absurd and that the conscious observer interpretation was incorrect. Modern interpretations would say that any interaction with the environment (i.e. opening the box regardless of whether a conscious observer were present) would "decohere" the quantum superposition. Nonetheless the fate of an isolated quantum superposition, for example an isolated large scale system evolving from, or amplified by, a small scale superposition, remains unknown. Thus events in the quantum realm are not only bizarre, the boundary between the quantum realm and our everyday macroscopic "classical" world remains obscure.
Quantum superpositions and reduction are currently being developed technologically for future use in quantum computers which promise to revolutionize information processing (and perhaps make comparisons between the brain/mind and quantum computers inevitable). First proposed in the early 1980's70, quantum computers are now being developed in a variety of technological implementations (electron spin, photon polarization, nuclear spin, atomic location, magnetic flux in a Josephson junction superconducting loop, etc.). Whereas conventional classical computers represent digital information as "bits" of either 1 or 0, in quantum computers, "quantum information" may be represented as quantum superpositions of both 1 and 0 (quantum bits, or "qubits"). While in superposition, qubits interact with other qubits (by entanglement, see below) allowing computational interactions of enormous speed and near-infinite parallelism. After the computation is performed the qubits are reduced (e.g. by environmental interaction/decoherence) to specific classical states which constitute the solution 71.
Another quantum property is entanglement in which components of a system become unified, governed by one common quantum wave function. If one member of an entangled system is measured or perturbed, other members are instantaneously affected, even over great distances. One example of entanglement is the famous "EPR pairs" (after Einstein, Podolsky and Rosen who posed the problem as a thought experiment in the 1930's). Imagine two members of a quantum system (e.g. two electrons with complementary spin: if one is spin up, the other is spin down, and vice versa). If the paired electrons (each in superposition of both spin up and spin down) are separated by being sent along different wires, say to two different locations miles apart from each other, they each remain in superposition. However when one superpositioned electron is measured by a detector at its destination and reduces/collapses to a particular spin, (say spin up), its entangled twin miles away instantaneously reduces/collapses to the complementary spin down. The experiment has been done repeatedly with electron spin pairs, polarized photons and other quantum systems and always results in instantaneous reduction to the complementary classical state72,73. The instantaneous, faster than light coupling, or "entanglement" (useful in quantum cryptography) remains unexplained, although a potential mechanism holds that quantum information from the collapsed member travels backwards in time to the conjoined origin, then forwards in time to the second pair member 74.
Another form of entanglement occurs in quantum coherent systems such as Bose-Einstein condensates (proposed by Bose and Einstein decades ago but realized in the 1990's). A group of atoms or molecules are brought into a quantum coherent state such that they surrender individual identity and behave like one quantum system, marching in step and governed by one quantum wave function. If one component is perturbed all components "feel" it and react accordingly.
Quantum computing, quantum cryptography and other revolutionary quantum information technologies require isolation from environment to avoid decoherence, and are thus operated at extreme cold to avoid thermal vibrations. At first glance the possibility of significant macroscopic quantum states in biological systems such as microtubules seems unlikely 75, however given the potential evolutionary advantage for quantum information processing biological systems such as microtubules may have evolved mechanisms to deal with decoherence and sustain quantum states 76.
In the next section the molecular dynamics simulations based on recently obtained atomic structure of tubulin and described above are reviewed in terms of features which may avoid decoherence and support quantum modes suitable for quantum information processing.
6. Implications for quantum information processing in microtubules
6.1 "Carboxy termini" antennae
There are several potential implications for quantum and classical modes of information processing of the charged C termini tails and double layer. The tails should be sensitive probes of the environment, acting as "antennae" for MT processes. Moreover they should be quite stiff due to negative charge repulsion, and support high frequency oscillations coupled among the stiff, charged rods on the MT surface in a frequency range (depending on precise stiffness) in the 1010 to 1011 Hz range. This is consistent with the coherent oscillations predicted by Frohlich, and could be coupled to dynamics of the MT "body" and adjacent water.
On the other hand, for example under influence of an influx of positive ions, the C termini may double back onto the tubulin and form a loop or bind lengthwise to the tubulin surface. The charged double layer (C termini tails, counter ions and ordered water) created by the C termini tails, along with the intrinsic tubulin dipole create a spatially organized, periodic structure surrounding MTs along which protons and ions can travel, e.g. as solitons. Such protonic conduction has been demonstrated for actin filaments by Cantiello 51 (c.f. Dreisman 52) and a similar mechanism should occur for MTs whose tubulin components have a larger dipole than do actin monomers (although in both cases the dipole is oriented nearly perpendicular to the long axis of the filament polymer).
Most variations across cells and species in tubulin primary structure occur in the C-termini suggesting the C-termini may be devoted to a specialized function such as signaling rather than purely structural mechanisms. Tubulins without C-termini are little affected by GTP hydrolysis while incorporating C-termini into tubulin leads to huge GTP induced dipole changes, again suggesting signaling, in this case induced by GTP.
The Debye double layer created by the C-termini, counter ions and ordered water may also be important as a screening/isolation mechanism for quantum processes in MTs. Quantum computers require isolation from environmental interactions dues to either electrostatic effects or thermal vibrations which tend to disrupt quantum states due to "decoherence". Beyond the so-called "Debye length" electrostatic effects may be ignored due to screening. This is the dominant length for screening as the "Bjerrum length" (~ 1 nm) which compares electrostatic effects with thermal effects is equal to or larger than the Debye length (~ 1 to 2 nm depending on salt concentration). We expect that thermal interactions as well as electrostatic interactions from ions or other environmental entities, be they charge-charge, charge-dipole, or van der Waal's forces occurring ~1 to 2 nm beyond the Debye double layer (hence 5 to 7 nm above the MT/tubulin surface) are "unfelt" by MTs. Thus under specific conditions quantum processes in MTs may be unperturbed by environmental influences.
A key role for the C termini and associated Debye double layer in communication is suggested by the fact that with increased acidity (e.g. below pH 7.2) or reduced osmolality (below 150 mM) the C termini become less rigid and preferentially collapse back onto the tubulin/MT surface. In these conditions cells do not die but their functions cease. While membrane functions including ion pumps are also impaired by low pH and osmolality, the C termini and Debye layer may be more sensitive and the dominant effect.
6.2 Quantum double well
As described earlier in this paper, mapping electrostatic partial charges in the interior of tubulin dimers shows a region in the alpha monomer near the neck to the beta monomer of two positively charged areas in the range of 100-150 meV. These positively charged areas are separated by a negatively charged region of about 1.5 nm. Thus this regions constitutes a double well potential which should enable quantum tunneling of electrons between the two wells since the energy depth is well above thermal fluctuations (kT=25 meV at room temperature). Hence thermal noise is not expected to destroy the tunneling effect. Electrostatic interactions inside the protein should be strong enough to couple the tunneling electrons to other excess electrons in tubulin, thus inducing quantum transitions of the electrons (and the entire protein) collectively. The dielectric constant inside tubulin is only 2, compared to roughly 80 in the water environment outside the microtubule, making the quantum electrostatic effects within tubulin 40 times stronger than electrostatic effects in the water environment outside the MT. Decoherence by electrostatic effects in the environment upon the quantum double well should thus be negligible (as should thermal effects). Consequently tunneling between the well minima may act as a "quantum switch" inducing quantum transitions of the electrons, and conformational state of the entire protein collectively.
Outside the double well mobile electrons including surface electrons may be ejected into the conduction band which is expected to begin some 1 to 1.5 eV above the valence band. Thus transition to a conducting state in tubulin and microtubules can arise under the influence of external forces such as membrane potentials that may provide a needed bias. Electron tunneling between the wells would also isolate single, unpaired electrons with implications for the emergence and interactions between magnetic dipoles.
6.3 Spintronics and magnetic dipoles
As demonstrated by Bras 77, microtubules align parallel to strong magnetic fields in the range of 7-30 Tesla. Bras concluded that anisotropic diamagnetism is responsible for MT alignment in these magnetic fields, however the magnetic alignment may instead be due to uncompensated spins in mobile electrons, e.g. those tunneling between potential wells. A single uncompensated electron per tubulin dimer is sufficient to account for the magnetic alignment of MTs provided the spins form an ordered state (weak or induced ferromagnetism). This is consistent with rotational ordering of microtubules due to the torques between the net magnetization and the externally applied magnetic field and with the predicted electronic tunneling between the paired members of the double well.
Moreover, recent work of Binhi et al 78 indicates that unpaired electron spins form networks in protein interiors which are shielded from the environment and lead to functional quantum interactions at physiological temperature. (Macroscopic quantum coherence of nuclear spins has been shown to occur inthe human brain and correlate with conscious processes 79,80). Aligned tubulin electron spins can also oscillate their projection along the MT axis giving rise to spin waves, a phenomenon well-documented in ferromagnetic solids. These should be detectable in spin resonance experiments though the appropriate frequency range and dispersion relations have to be calculated.
6.3 Conformational coupling and quantum superposition
Due to the Mossbauer effect 81, electronic motions in tubulin should be coupled to nuclear motions via a recoil phenomenon, connecting protein conformation to electronic states. The movement would be slight due to the disparity in mass between the single electron and the mass of the protons – a one nanometer shift in location of a single electron would shift the nuclear mass, and hence protein conformation, by only 10-8 nanometers. The charge shift of a single electron is perhaps more likely to exert an effect on conformation.39 Although the quantum character of a single electron tunneling between two wells separated by a nanometer would also result in quantum superposition of nuclear locations, albeit a separation distance of only 10-8 nm. However if the electron coupled to other charges such an effect may be magnified. But even so a miniscule superposition/separation of the location of all nuclei in a tubulin dimer (110,000 dalton) of 10-8nm (or 10-7 nm if 10 electron charges were coupled) would still have consequences. According to Penrose OR such a superposition/separation would lead to objective reduction if enough tubulins were so involved. Consequently, observation of the Mossbauer spectra should demonstrate these transitions, as predicted by Sataric et al 49 assuming isotopic substitutions can be made in the tubulin structure.
6.4 Exciton hopping
Tryptophans in tubulin are aligned in chains in which the individual tryptophans are within 1 to 2 nm of each other. Theory and evidence from delayed luminescence suggests exciton hopping in microtubules 82,83, and the tryptophan pathways may be the route. Such exciton hopping could mediate the observed delayed luminescence which seems to emanate from microtubules.
6.5 Quantum entanglement
C termini tails are candidates for quantum coherent oscillation and entanglement due to resonant dipole coupling effects. If two or more tails are coherently coupled (Frohlich) and a field imparts on them, their quantum states may become entangled. Such entanglement may form the basis of quantum associative memory, particularly if coupled to arrangement of binding of microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) 84
6.6. Super-radiance and self-induced transparency
Using quantum field theory, Jibu et al 5 have proposed that Frohlich oscillations in microtubules dynamically order water in the hollow microtubule core, leading to quantum optical characteristics known as super-radiance and self-induced transparency which can mediate macroscopic quantum coherence. The present results indirectly support this possibility by accounting for Frohlich dynamics enhanced by the C termini on microtubule exteriors.
7. Conclusion
Molecular dynamics simulations of tubulin and microtubules based on recently obtained atomic resolution structure reveal several possible mechanisms supporting quantum information processing. In addition to experimental verification, further theory is needed which can integrate these various modes. In the light of vanguard quantum information technology, four billion years of evolution may have endowed microtubules with capabilities beyond our current comprehension.
If microtubules utilize quantum information, cell interiors must be conducive to mesoscopic and macroscopic quantum states, implying that such states are an important and perhaps essential feature of life. The living state is a process generally described in terms of its properties and functions such as self-organization, metabolism (energyutilization), adaptive behavior, reproduction, and evolution. Whether or not this functional description is complete is a matter of contention. Two broad types of approaches have attempted to characterize the essential nature of the life process: (1) functionalism and (2) vitalism85.
Functionalism implies that life is independent of its material substrate. For example, certain types of self-organizing computer programs can exhibit life-like functions, and "artificial life" proponents view such systems as "alive." Functionalists also point out that life's material substrate doesn't distinguish biological matter. Proteins, DNA, carbohydrates, fats, and other biomolecular components are made of the same atoms and elements that make up inanimate substances. Bolstered by the success of genetic engineering, functional/reductive approaches dominate molecular biology. "Life" is ascribed to an emergent property of biochemical processes. Any vitalistic life force or energy field is deemed unnecessary and unacceptable.
Nonetheless, a commonly held contrary viewpoint is that functional descriptions fail to capture an essential self-organizing "unitary oneness" present in living systems. To nineteenth-century biologists this quality was ascribed to a "life force," "elan vital," or energy field. Then, as molecular and cell biology began to reveal the biochemical and physical processes involved in cellular activities, the apparent need for a life force waned, and "vitalists" (or "animists") were vilified. In modern reductionist science the notion of a life force, energy or information field has remained almost taboo.
However, whereas nineteenth-century vitalism was based either completely on electromagnetics or on forces outside the realm of science, a "quantum vitalist" perspective may be taken in which life derives from quantum states in cytoplasm, organized by microtubules and other cytoskeletal structures. This paper proposes several likely candidates in the search for quantum modes and pathways of information transfer and processing at a subcellular level. The living statee may be a state of quantum coherent unity organized in cytoplasm and cytoskeletal proteins.
Computational assistance of Eric Carpenter, Alex Nip and Ellen Crawford is gratefully acknowledged. We thank the YaTaDel Foundation for financial support.
function. BioSystems, 32:195-209 (1994).
72. A. Aspect, P. Grangier, G. Roger, Experimental realization of Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen-Bohm Gedankenexperiment: a new violation of Bell's inequalities. Phys. Rev. Lett. 48:91-94 (1982).
73. W. Tittel, J. Brendel, B. Gisin, T. Herzog, H. Zbinden, N. Gisin Experimental demonstration of quantum correlations over more than 10 km, Phys. Rev. A, 57:3229-3232 (1998).
74. R. Penrose, Quantum computation, entanglement and state reduction, Philosophical Transactions RoyalSociety London (A), 356:1927-1939 (1998).
75. M. Tegmark, The importance of quantum decoherence in brain processes. Phys. Rev.E 61: 4194–4206 (2000).
76. S. Hagan, S. Hameroff, J.Tuszynski, Quantum Computation in Brain Microtubules? Decoherence and Biological Feasibility, Physical Reviews E, 65:061901 (2002).
80. W. Richter, M. Richter, W.S. Warren, H. Merkle, P. Andersen, G. Adriany and K. Ugurbil, Functional magnetic resonance imaging with intermolecular multiple-quantum coherences. Mag. Res. Imaging, 18: 489-494 (2000).
83. L. Brizhik, A. Scordino, A. Triglia, F. Musumeci, Delayed luminescence of biological systems arising from correlated many-soliton states, Phyl Rev E ,6403 (3):031902 (2001).
84. N. J. Woolf, S. Hameroff, A quantum approach to visual consciousness, Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 5(11):472-447 (2001).
85. S. Hameroff, Quantum vitalism, Advances: The Journal of Mind-Body Health, 13(4):13-22 (1997).


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ExtremeZ-IP System Requirements
Take a closer look "under the hood" of ExtremeZ-IP, the most trusted solution for complete compatibility between Mac desktops and Windows servers. While the following are minimum systems requirements, the recommended systems requirements for a particular implementation or application can vary. Please consult with your ExtremeZ-IP team if you have questions or need assistance.
File & Print Server:
- Windows Server Platforms: 2008 (inc. R2), 2003 (inc. R2), Windows Storage Server, Windows Powered NAS *
- Windows Professional Platforms: Windows 7, Vista, XP Pro, XP Embedded *
- Minimum processor - Pentium 3; Minimum RAM - 512 MB
- Switched TCP/IP based network provides best performance - 100BaseT or 1000BaseT
- ExtremeZ-IP volumes must be on NTFS formatted drives
*Please contact Group Logic sales if you need support for older versions of Microsoft Windows.
File Server Client:
No additional software is installed on the client for file sharing
- Mac OS Classic
- Mac OS X
- Mac OS X 10.2.3 or later supported
- Mac OS X 10.3 or later recommended
- Mac OS X 10.3.5 or later recommended for single sign-on / Kerberos support
- Mac OS X 10.4 or later required for Zidget support
- Mac OS X 10.5 or later required for DFS and Network Spotlight support
AppleTalk support not available on Windows XP Pro. For file servers, AppleTalk is used by the Chooser on Mac OS 8/9 to discover servers, but alternative TCP/IP based methods exist.
Print Server Client:
- Optional for basic printing, required for Print Accounting feature
- Mac OS Classic
- Mac OS 9.0 or later
- Mac OS X
- Mac OS X 10.3 or later recommended
- Mac OS X 10.4 or later required for Zidget support
- Print Accounting is not compatible with applications running in 64-bit mode on Mac OS X 10.6

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Three men are in custody, accused of a violent robbery spree in Fresno.
The suspects face serious charges.
Police say the ring leader has gang ties, but his motivation in this robbery
series was easy targets...and not getting caught.
Lemor Abrams explains from Fresno Police Headquarters.
Police say, in one week this November, three men robbed five women outside
their apartments.
A home invastion of this nature is rare in this city," said
Fresno Police Chief Jerry Dyer.
Detectives say they didn't go after drugs, but jewelry and electronics.
"They were small items they could easily sell."
In one apartment complex, police say a man pointed a gun at a pregnant
woman's belly and took her purse.
Police say the accused ring leader was on the phone with 911 allegedly
reporting the crime.
Police say he used an app on his phone to listen to police scanners.
Another unusual measure to keep cops away... prompting this warning:
"Be very aware of your surroundings when you go outside-not paranoid but
aware," said Chief Dyer.
One victim, robbed this time last year, tells us the holiday season is the
best time of year for thieves.
"The neighbors are nice but anywhere you live, they're all going to have
problem here and there," said Ismael Figueroa of Southwest Fresno.


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The nationally sixth-ranked Ferris State University softball team has earned a berth in the 2009 Great Lakes Intercollegiate Athletic Conference (GLIAC) Softball Championship Tournament to be held May 1-3 and the third-seed Bulldogs will square off against sixth-seed Northwood in this Friday's (May 1) opening-round action in Midland, Mich.
The site for the 2009 conference tournament has been moved to Northwood University in Midland and will be played at the school's two on-campus fields. The annual tourney was originally scheduled to be held at Emerson Park's Currie Stadium complex in Midland, but severe flooding of the area forced the GLIAC Executive Council to approve the change in venue.
Ferris State, which is currently 32-6 overall and finished tied for second place in the GLIAC regular-season standings with an 18-4 league mark, takes on the Northwood Timberwolves (17-22 overall; 11-14 GLIAC) at 10 a.m. (EDT) in a first-round matchup at NU's Auxillary Field. The winner will advance to face the Saginaw Valley State-Tiffin winner at 4 p.m. (EDT) on the NU Auxillary Field.
Wednesday, April 29, 2009
Softball Prepares For This Weekend's 2009 GLIAC Softball Tournament
Posted by Ferris State University at 9:46 AM
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text:
2000 OPEN FORUM Abstracts
Scientific Basis for Ambulatory Oxygen
Thomas L. Petty, MD, FAARC University of Colorado Health Science Center, Denver, Colorado
A strong scientific foundation for the use of oxygen can be traced to the original studies of the Denver, Colorado and Birmingham, United Kingdom groups. The Nocturnal Oxygen Therapy Trial (NOTT) and the British Medical Research Council (MRC) trial were two randomized, controlled prospective studies that showed a survival benefit with oxygen.
Survival in COPD with chronic stable hypoxemia without oxygen is poor. Survival is somewhat better with oxygen given from a stationary source, 12 to 15 hours a day. Survival is far better when oxygen is given from an ambulatory source for 18 or more hours a day. Very likely, the improved survival in the ambulatory oxygen patients in the NOTT study was the ability to have oxygen during all activities of daily living, both inside and outside of the home. By improving oxygen content and cardiac output through exercise, tissue oxygen transport is improved. It is likely that the improved tissue oxygen transport will restore the structure and function of critical organs necessary for the healthy survival of patients with advanced COPD.


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World Water Monitoring Challenge™ is an international education and outreach program that builds public awareness and involvement in protecting water resources around the world by engaging citizens to conduct basic monitoring of their local water bodies.
In 2013, a total of 184,965 visits were made by participants to monitoring sites in 51 countries. We challenge you to test the quality of your waterways, share your findings, and protect our most precious resource!
In June and July the Ghanese non-profit organization ProNet trained youth, teachers and community members in the Ghanaian Barekese Basin in Ashanti Region all about the importance of water safety and water quality. The attendees were taught how to use the World Water Monitoring Challenge test kit. ProNet visited six schools and three communities. Read More
WWMC: What drew you to the program—why did you want to get involved?EG: My professional activity over 40 years has been linked to water in many ways, starting from applied research in groundwater studies as staff member of the International Atomic Energy Agency in Vienna, Austria, up to energy diagnosis in deep wells pumping systems in Bajio area in Mexico. In all cases the practical field work was tied to teaching and knowledge outreach through lectures, exhibitions, books, bulletins, cartoons, videos, interviews, etc., but always addressed to adult people, such as university students, industrials or farmers, but never to children. Read More...
WWMC Event
Environmental Conference
Submission date for 2014 data entries is October 31st!
See how involving members of your community can make a difference!


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November 29, 2014
A new federal report says more than 29,000 Iowans signed up for health insurance in the six months since the federal marketplace was launched.
The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services reported Thursday that 29,163 Iowans enrolled between Oct. 1 and March 31. An estimated 57,184 people in Iowa were deemed eligible to enroll.
Nationally, more than 8 million people signed up by the end of the first national enrollment period. That includes 5.4 million who signed up through the federal marketplace. Another 2.6 million enrolled through state marketplaces.
Iowa is among 36 states relying on the federal website to enroll residents in the health marketplace, which is part of the federal health care law.
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Ever wonder where Tang and Teflon came from? If you guessed that some lab operated by NASA pulled the necessary levers and turned the dials, you guessed wrong.
See, Urban Legends of NASA: What They Did Not Invent
Ever wonder where Tang and Teflon came from? If you guessed that some lab operated by NASA pulled the necessary levers and turned the dials, you guessed wrong.
See, Urban Legends of NASA: What They Did Not Invent
{ 15 comments }
I live about 10 miles from Shuttle launch pad A. And have worked in a support position for a NASA contractor for a decade. In this decade I have watched a typical government bureacracy at it's worst.
I think the utter lowpoint of stupidity was not the loss of the Shuttle Columbia, but rather the loss of a Mars orbital mission because of the fact that the contractor was using english units and the government was using metrics. Yes the failure was the directly the contractor's fault, but NASA's stupidity in allowing contractors to use english units was the indirect causal factor.
I can pretty much verify that NASA has produced NOTHING of value for years. They have spent countless billions on a Space Station that has produced NO useful science at all. The only useful science has been produced on unmanned missions and that could be done with privately owned launch companies.
Oh yeah, they are about to spend trillions on a stupid, moronic quest for Mars.
I think you mean imperial mesurments, english is a language, not a mesuring system
Good link.
The title should read Myths of NASA, however (without the apostrophe).
A great, though probably apocryphal story – NASA spent millions on the development of a pen that could write in zero-g.
The Russians used pencils instead.
Don't forget that most of the major government contractors to the space program are largely creatures of government contracting, and cannot rely on the market to steer them to cheap, reliable products.
They instead innovate, to the feeble degree that they do, by dint of the lucky accident of; 1) a talented engineer getting assigned to; 2) a key program; 3) in his area of competence; 4) with a competent manager; 5)at the same time the program gets funded adequately.
The rest of the time a program gets what it is after by sheer brute force, political pressure, and tons of taxpayer cash.
NASA delenda est
I thought the NASA space pen was a myth?
I guess Government bashers never sleep.
The Space Pen was developed at the REQUEST of NASA, but not BY NASA. NASA did not want to use pencils because they thought the debris from pencil shavings would be hazardous.
However, NASA didn't seem to think that pumping the Apollo 1 spacecraft full of pure oxygen and putting three men inside would be hazardous. Typical government stupidity and three men burned to death. But they got their nice fancy space pens.
Mark, I stayed far away from that one, as it was negligence bordering on criminal indifference to put humans and flammables in a pressurized oxygen environment with massive amounts of unproven electrical equipment. Any Chem 1 student could have pinted that out – NASA needed three dead pilots and an inquiry.
I, too, worked at NASA for a while.
The ablative heat shield is another massive expenditure to create something unique to fill a specific role.
The Russians used oak. Burn-through time longer than re-entry, just like the ablative heat shield. Cost measured in tens instead of millions.
If they were worried about pencil shavings, there is always wax pencils. Silly NASA.
Studies have shown that a person with higher intelligence can appreciate the space program; apparently there are alot of backwoods retards making comments
studies have shown that many backwoods retards make one-liners without substantiation. it's the space between the ear-lobes that counts.
Without substantiation? "D Nutz" didn't even make sense. Weak. Even weaker than "lcslcs".
Actually NASA were worried about graphite chips screwing up the electronic equipment.
Everyone seems to forget that Rutan is putting people into orbit for mere fractions of the cost NASA does. He started out designing homebuilt aircraft for the hobbiest and recreational aviator.
His propulsion system you literaly can build at home, nitrous oxide and rubber. The problem with the space program occured when they scrapped the Airforce DynaSoar program and directed all funding to NASA.
The level of safety conciousness and butt covering in NASA has become so prevelant that they would not attempt a lunar landing today if they were asked to.
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Each program assigns advisors to their online students. All 1st time students are registered for classes by their academic advisor.
Your Services advisor is Mrs. Robin McKinney. She may be reached at: 865-471-3223.
Career Services for Online Students
Links to Career Related Websites
Job Hunting and Career Management Tool
Who is the contact for other Career Services?
Tammy Renalds, Career Services Counselor
Phone: 865.471.3483 or 865.471.3567
Email: email@example.com


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April 29, 2013
TOLEDO, Ohio — The Toledo Blade reported that Toledo Area Regional Transit Authority's (TARTA) paratransit service union representatives aired a list of complaints during a personnel committee meeting of the TARTA board of trustees. Grievances included low pay, severe discipline and denied requests for bathroom breaks. TARTA's GM said the committee should have a chance to review evidence of the complaints before making any findings. For the full story, click here.
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Sir Alex Ferguson was pleased with his much-changed side's performance despite the 1-0 defeat to Galatasaray.
With United already safely assured of winning Group H, the boss elected to rest several key figures and handed starts to the likes of Alexander Buttner, Nick Powell and fit-again Phil Jones.
"I think they handled the atmosphere and the temperament was good," stated Sir Alex. "They handled that okay. Parts of the game were good but the area in which we were worried about - set-pieces - we suffered. That was always going to be a worry for us.
"Other than that, I was satisfied and it was a decent performance. We had some good attacking play in the first half and at that point the only trouble they gave us was from outside the box. It was a very competitive, good game."
The boss was upset with two dreadful tackles early in the proceedings. was booked for a two-footed lunge at Buttner while Felipe Melo inexplicably escaped any punishment for a crude foul on Tom Cleverley.
"I think they were lucky to keep two men on the pitch in the first 10 minutes," admitted the boss. "They were two shocking challenges. But, as we often see, so early in the match, you get away with that."
Sir Alex also felt that there should have been additional stoppage time after only three extra minutes were played at the death.
"I thought we should have had much more than three minutes," he complained. "Players had been lying down for long periods, which is understandable, but it's up to the referee to control that. I thought there should be more than three minutes added on."


text:
November 28, 2014
ENGLEWOOD, Colo. (AP) - Denver Broncos center Casey Wiegmann has been added to the AFC roster for the pro bowl, earning his first trip to the league's All-Star game in his 13th NFL season.
Wiegmann centered a line that set a franchise record by allowing just 12 sacks this season and was second in the league with a 396-yard average.
Wiegmann joined the Broncos as a free agent from Kansas City and earned the starting job when Tom Nalen needed season-ending knee surgery during training camp.
The Broncos never missed a beat and Wiegmann's steady leadership was credited with bringing along a young line that included tackles Ryan Harris and Ryan Clady.
Wiegmann has started 127 games in a row, the most among NFL centers, and has taken 8,046 consecutive snaps. Wiegmann joins teammates Jay Cutler and Brandon Marshall as Denver's pro bowl selections. The 35-year-old Wiegmann is pondering retirement.
(Copyright 2009 By The Associated Press. All Rights Reserved.)
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Hapuna-Coast Grille
- Address:
62-100 Kaunaoa Drive
Kamuela, HI 96743Neighborhood:
Kohala Coast
- Cuisine:
Hawaii Regional CuisinePrice: $31 to $50
Hapuna-Coast Grille
- Dining Style: Casual Elegant
- Website: http://www.princeresortshawaii.com/coast-grille.php
- Phone: (808) 880-1111
- Hours of Operation:
Dinner: Sunday - Thursday Evenings : 5:30 PM - 9:00 PM *Please note days and time subject to change without notice*
- Payment Options: AMEX,Carte Blanche,Diners Club,Discover,JCB,MasterCard,Visa
- Cuisine: Hawaii Regional Cuisine, American
- Executive Chef: Peter Abarcar, Jr.
- Dress Code: Smart Casual
- Accepts Walk-Ins: Yes
- Additional Details: Bar Dining, Counter Seating, Non-Smoking Restaurant, Patio/Outdoor Dining, View, Wheelchair Access, Wine
A word from Hapuna-Coast Grille
At Coast Grille, we are passionate in our pursuit of the freshest island ingredients where we source sustainable, organic and wild ingredients to present to you, American Bistro, contemporary cuisine. Featuring Kona Lobster Bisque to Grass Fed Big Island Burgers to Pan Roasted Troll Caught Mahi Mahi, Coast Grille offers the finest in Big Island Dining overlooking the Pacific blue.Continued
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Hapuna-Coast Grille reviews from OpenTable diners
8 reviews since July 30, 2014
- Food4.5Service4.5
- Ambiance4.1Noise LevelModerate
romantic (8)scenic view (8)great for outdoor dining (7)special occasion (5)notable wine list (3)good for groups (2)fit for foodies (2)neighborhood gem (1)hot spot (1)Show More
- We dined there three nights.amytheystscubaDined on 10/6/2014Each meal was a wonderful experience under the stars. Truly a gem.Special Features:I would recommend this to a friend.
- honeymoonersDined on 9/15/2014Beautiful spot to dine and watch the sun set. Great service and delicious food. Definite recommend.Special Features:I would recommend this to a friend.
- The following 24 reviews are from the Hapuna-Coast Grille reviews archive.
- Wrong reservation time.mari1Dined on 7/27/2014I made reservations via open table for 8:30 and received a confirmation email for this time. Arrived at restaurant 5 minutes early and was told had to wait 15 minutes. Meanwhile they took 15 parties ahead of us. When I went up to hostess again, she could not fine me on the list than told me I had an 8:45 reaeevation. I showed he the confirmation email but she said it did not come into her system for that time. Either she was lying or their is a real problem. She then seated us in the over flow area and not outside where best seating was. Would never go back because of her attitude.
- This is a very mediocre restaurantMarnieDined on 4/7/2014This is a very mediocre restaurant with reasonably high prices located in a seemingly empty 1970's style resort.Special Features:
- Coast GrilleBadger33Dined on 2/14/2014We have played golf for years at Hapuna, but never dined there! So just for Valentines Day we decided to try it. The view is outstanding as well as the service. They had a wide range on the menu and the food ws very good. will go back when on the Big Island.Special Features:I would recommend this to a friend.
- Prostateron Hapuna BeachProstateronDined on 2/9/2014Great Spot/View phenomenal! Food very good and service superb! Recommended for special occasions.Special Features:I would recommend this to a friend.
- What a Find!TechDined on 2/3/2014Fantastic food, superb service, and the view of the Pacific (even at night) was amazing.Special Features:I would recommend this to a friend.
- Great place very good foodOpenTable Diner Since 2014Dined on 2/3/2014Great place very good food had the trio and it was delicious waiter Elizabeth was phenomenal very friendly. Great fresh soup looking forward to going back againSpecial Features:I would recommend this to a friend.
- Above Hapuna Beach Under the StarsWoodwayMarkVIPDined on 1/13/2014This is an absolutely fantastic setting for a restaurant. It has a very large deck overlooking a lit Hapuna Beach - one of the best in the Hawaiian islands. The menu is solid - not really inspired - with a Pacific Rim twist, including many Asian and Pacific Islander flavors. Execution is solid - over several days we had the chicken, fish trio, and pork. All were quite tasty and perfectly prepared. Appetizers were similarly well done - oysters broiled on the half, Oysters Rockefeller, wedge salad, etc. While probably appealing mostly to Hapuna Beach Prince Hotel guests due to its fairly remote location, this is a solid restaurant that should be considered by anyone visiting or living on the Kohala Coast.Special Features:I would recommend this to a friend.
- WonderfulFoodfanVIPDined on 1/1/2014This is a great option if you are staying in the Waikoloa area and looking for something different. The service and ocean views were amazing. The food was very good but not exceptional. We will definitely add it to our list of places to go on the Kona coast.Special Features:I would recommend this to a friend.
- Best yet on Big Island!ALMDDined on 12/26/2013We made reservations here before we left for our vacation on the Big Island and we are sooo glad we did. With all the pop-in restaurants around, we might have missed this lovely place. After a long day of boogie boarding, our family of 4 enjoyed the sunset and an amazing meal that was the best we have had since landing in Hawaii. The local fish trio was amazing and the fried chicken wings were a favorite of the kids. Don't miss the churros and vanilla ice cream for dessert. The service was exceptional!Special Features:I would recommend this to a friend.
- spectacular settingOpenTable Diner Since 2004VIPDined on 8/20/2013The restaurant has an unbeatable view of the ocean. We have found few other restaurants with such a nice setting.The food was excellent. As a negative, there was only one meat item on the appetizer list. This made it hard to find a pairing for an entree with meat. The service was almost perfect - except for the fact that I had to remind the server to bring the wine I had ordered for dinner.Special Features:
- Ok, not greatPozzoVIPDined on 6/17/2013Wanted a great beach dinner to enjoy the amazing Hawaii sunsets. Sort of on the beach- the sun sets behind trees so it diminishes the view. Server was not enthusiastic- not a deal breaker- she smiled toward the end. She checked on us every so often- nothing extraordinary. Starting with plain cold dinner rolls that tasted like they came right from a supermarket, then mahi mahi was grilled without excitement, sufficient kid options- theme of "underwhelming". Only thing big was the bill- expected for a great meal at a resort on the beach with a great view. Unfortunately, it was just an ok meal with a big tag. There are much better dinners to be had for similar money. Go there, unless this place is convenient or you don't have other options.Special Features:
- Beautiful sunset great servicestagekatDined on 5/8/2013Our first night we were jet lagged and tired from our flight and looking for something close to our Waikoloa nest. Found a review for Hapuna Coast Grill and booked a last minute reservation there in time to watch the sunset. The hotel is beautiful and the restaurant's situation overlooking Hapuna Beach spectacular as well. The macadamia nut crusted mahi-mahi was fabulous and the cauliflower bisque with coconut milk was sensuous and divine. Being tired, and a little tipsy from my deliciously cold martini, I unknowingly left my credit card at the table. The restaurant not only called the guard at the resort entrance to stop us, but also found our phone number and called us in the car! What a way to go beyond the expected!Special Features:I would recommend this to a friend.
- Sunset viewsOpenTable Diner Since 2010Dined on 5/1/2013Service, food, sunset views were terrific. And a very nice hotel to stay at.Special Features:I would recommend this to a friend.
- Terrible service and awfulOpenTable Diner Since 2012VIPDined on 2/28/2013Terrible service and awful food. Waiter was new and untrained and had no help. Chicken was overcooked and dry. Steamed clams came with the wrong sauce after waiting 45 minutes. The setting however is spectacular, with it's beautiful ocean view and sunsets. But if you care about your food don't even give it a thought. Even so I will go back for drinks and maybe I will find something on the menu of redeeming value.
- Great service, nice menu,El29Dined on 2/21/2013Great service, nice menu, beautiful view overlooking the pool/beach. And the martini's are ice cold!Special Features:
- wish I were thereOpenTable Diner Since 2005Dined on 2/14/2013So Romantic, book at Sunset and bring your camera!!!Special Features:I would recommend this to a friend.
- This is a very quiet, romanticmpk123VIPDined on 1/24/2013This is a very quiet, romantic place to eat with a beautiful view and attentive wait staff. The food is served hot and is well prepared.Special Features:
- Loved the seasonal tastingJABSVIPDined on 1/7/2013Loved the seasonal tasting menu with carrots as the star ingredient!Special Features:
- It's okay. Good food values.OpenTable Diner Since 2008VIPDined on 12/20/2012It's okay. Good food values. Okay view. Very friendly staff. We may have gotten it on an off day.
- The sunset views from theOpenTable Diner Since 2010Dined on 10/25/2012The sunset views from the outside dining tables were beautiful. The absolute best spinach salad ever. Staff is very attentive and professional. Loved it and will go back!Special Features:
- I hope it was just an offOpenTable Diner Since 2005Dined on 10/14/2012I hope it was just an off night, but the service was abysmal. We had an Open Table reservation for 7:15 and weren't seated until 7:40. Then we were ignored at the table for another 10 minutes. The server was very friendly and even apologetic, and still failed to bring the wine we asked to be served with dinner until we had the main course on the table for several minutes. The food was good, but the experience was diminished by the slow service.Special Features:
- the sunset was beautiful greatOpenTable Diner Since 2012Dined on 9/20/2012the sunset was beautiful great food outstanding serviceSpecial Features:
- Hapuna Coast Grille -Memorable!threepeatDined on 8/15/2012Spectacular view, especially at sunset, great ocean breeze. Attentive service and the Seafood Trio , three different Hawaiian fishes prepared with different sauces, was wonderful!Special Features:
- We had stopped frequentingRockdocVIPDined on 6/24/2012We had stopped frequenting the restaurant due to the food choicees. There is a new chef and the food is great. It is a great place that really lets you know you are in Hawaii.Special Features:


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Date: 1930
Description: Factory workers walk between rows of molds for machine implement parts at the Chattanooga Plow Works.
Date: 1931-05-05
Description: University of Wisconsin Engineering Building, 1000 Bascom Mall. Currently this building is the Education building.
Date: 1935-04-09
Description: C.L. McCumber, service manager, and Quinn R. Barton, president of Quinn R. Barton, Inc., stand in front of a Farmall F-20 tractor loaded onto a truck. Quin...
Date: 1939
Description: Arthur Altmeyer, Ellen Woodward and George Bigge in an early meeting of the Social Security Board.
Description: North walk on Bascom Hill with Bascom Hall in the background, University of Wisconsin-Madison.
Date: 1934-09
Description: Construction of a new drainage and water supply line for a cranberry marsh. Two men stand on the right near the water.
Date: 1930 ca.
Description: The desk in the courtroom, made at the Marston Planing Mill in Eau Claire about 1873-4.
Date: 1938
Description: Diesel engine assembly line at Milwaukee Works. The factory was owned by the Milwaukee Harvester Company until 1902.
Date: 1935 ca.
Description: View along shoreline of a man wearing a hat and sitting on a hillside. A dog retrieves a stick in the water. Wooden row boats are at docks in the backgroun...
Date: 1939-06-02
Description: Arthur J. Altmeyer was awarded an honorary LL.D. degree from the University of Wisconsin.
Men who received degrees from the University of Wisconsin are,...
Description: Barns through elm trees on the University of Wisconsin-Madison campus.
Date: 1935-06-18 ca.
Description: S.A. Young and Chief Inspector A.W.H. Lee of International Harvester's Springfield Works stand next to an International truck near the factory.
Date: 1939-04-26
Description: Female factory workers at the McCormick Twine Mill use the twine balling machines and package completed balls of twine from off a conveyor.
Description: The Milton House was supposedly a part of the Underground Railroad during the Civil War. The house was built in 1845 by Joseph Goodrich and turned into an...
Date: 1933 ca.
Description: Exterior view of the Atlas Mill.The paper making mill on the Fox River was built in 1878 and proved that paper could be made efficiently from groundwood pu...
Description: F.C. Rogers, parts manager, and H.C. Rogers, assistant, sit in the parts room of Quinn R. Barton, Inc., an International Harvester dealership.
Description: Two outhouses in the woods made of vertical logs. On their doors, one says "PA" and the other says "MA". There is an automobile with two small boys sitting...
Date: 1933-07-13
Description: Five boys experiment with diving apparatus on a diving raft. Left to right: Lyell Tullis, Edgar Tullis, and Jerry Randall fixing the diving head gear, w...
Description: An unidentified man canoes the rapids on the Flambeau River in the northern part of Rusk County, about 12 miles from Ladysmith.
Description: A man driving a tractor is parked in front of a barn. The trailer on the back of the tractor is used for hauling crates of cranberries in from the fields d...
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Two fifth-graders at Fort Colville Elementary School in Colville allegedly masterminded a murder plot to kill a classmate because they found her to be "really annoying," according to court documents that were released in the case last week.
The fifth-graders, currently locked up at Martin Hall Juvenile Detention Facility near Medical Lake, had their alleged murder plot foiled earlier this month when a fourth-grader at the school told school staff that he had witnessed one of the boy's with a knife.
The scene at Woodland Theatre is akin to an unusually charted 100-meter dash---everyone is running in different directions, but all are arriving at the same place. That place would be opening night Friday, March 1 for The Wizard of Oz.
Shock seized the Colville community earlier this evening when a fire broke out at Saundra's Furniture on Main Street. The Colville Fire Department received the call sometime after 8 p.m. and arrived to find the building engulfed in flames. Curious onlookers crowded sidewalks across the street until law enforcement told people to stand back.
The following area residents were the winners of the Statesman-Examiner's annual Sweetheart Giveaway! We would like to offer our thanks to local merchants and everyone who participated. Enjoy those prizes!
Mary Bowlby-gift certificate to Probody Spa
Carrina Sweet-dinner at Stephani's Oak Street Grill
Renee King-winner of a Sweetheart blanket
Randi Reagles-certificate to Acorn Grill and Saloon
Wanda McCall-certificate to Studio 519
Donna Jenson-certificate from Home Suite Home
Laurie Ramos-certificate to Main Street Floral
Vicky Floener-certificate to Acorn Grill and Saloon
Have a sweet tooth and a craving for community news? Maybe you have something you want to sell? Purchase a NEW one-year subscription or place a classified ad for three weeks and receive a free box of Russell Stover chocolates! What are you waiting for? Give us a call (509-684-4567) or come in our office today! The offer stands until we run out of chocolates!
*The Statesman-Examiner is located at 220 S. Main Street in Colville. Subscriptions and your classified ad must be pre-paid and are non-refundable. Chocolates must be collected in person and will not be mailed.
A fourth-grade student at Fort Colville Elementary School in Colville is being hailed as a hero and two fellow students are in a juvenile detention facility, suspected of plotting to kill up to eight classmates. The two fifth-grade students were escorted in shackles into a Stevens County courtroom last Friday afternoon to face charges of conspiracy to commit murder. Superior Court Judge Allen Nielson ordered the 10 and 11-year-old boys held on $100,000 bonds.
Beer could be added to the menu of the concession stand at your local movie theater if Olympia lawmakers approve a bill that would allow theaters to serve beer and wine for patrons ages 21 and over.
"I think it's a great idea," says Alpine Theatre and Auto Vue Drive-In owner Steve Wisner. "It just makes sense. States like Oregon have done this for a while now, and it works just fine. It's small business friendly."
Most people that have clutter in their homes have it for no other reason than most of us: we don't know what to do with all of our stuff. Hence, it starts to formulate small piles, or, in extreme cases, inter¬vention broadcasted to the world on reality TV (A&E's Hoarders, anyone?).
Colville resident Wendy Cook, 58, is an exception to both rules. Yes, she has a lot of stuff and she collects it on purpose, but unlike an actual hoarder, she can easily let it go if she needs to. Not only that, but she has managed to arrange her various décor in a way that is aesthetically pleasing.
Emotions ran high at last Tuesday's Colville City Council meeting when the council voted against passing a proclamation that would have rec¬ognized Feb. 4, 2013 as Second Amendment Appreciation Day. It was standing room only in the council chambers with people trickling out into the adjacent hallway.
In the wake of the Sandy Hook massacre in Connecticut, Colville School District Superintendent Michael Cashion and the Colville School Board discussed measures that will be taken to improve security at the district's schools. That discourse came at the monthly school board meeting on Jan. 23.
The administration in the district has taken a proactive stance rather than a reactive response to the latest school shooting tragedy.


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Helpful Guide To Branch Building Basics
Book Review: Veteran of more than 100 financial office designs shares essentials for veterans and first timers alike
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- Written by James Donnelly
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- Comments: DISQUS_COMMENTS
The institution I work for, Machias Savings Bank, is in "Downeast" Maine, where we have cold winters and pleasant summers. So, the chapters in Dr. Homer William's guidebook to bank branch design that concerned employee comfort and windows really struck a chord with me.
In my time at the bank, I heard a story about an executive who was being driven crazy by employees who were too hot or too cold in their brand-new headquarters building. To cope, he finally installed thermostats in each office so each employee could adjust the temperature of their space to suit themselves. This solved the problem and allowed people to focus on their jobs.
Fast forward: The bank was sold to a larger competitor years later. As the acquiring bank's team did their due diligence they discovered the executive's little secret: The thermostats weren't hooked up to anything! It was all working in their heads.
More cold comfort
Prior to taking my current position, I was in charge of five branches, developed four new branch sites, and assisted in the evaluation of a branch we acquired. This kind of experience gives one an appreciation of the many issues that go into branch design, and the comfort challenges involved.
Even today, I have a newer branch with large windows that is challenged by cold feet for some employees during our coldest Maine days. Some of the practical climate control advice in Building Type Basics For Banks And Financial Institutions deals with putting a small zone of heat under those large windows to offset their cooling effects. A simple and almost obvious solution, once pointed out, but it provided this reader with an "ah ha" moment.
If you face such situations, you may find value in this book for that one very important detail that will save you from the banking executive's solution of "mind over matter" or making a small mistake in design that costs you productivity.
Wide-ranging approach to design
Banking offices serve many purposes today besides simply housing banker bodies and a vault. The book's blending of the critical issues of a branch's facets, including marketing, branding, employee and customer comfort, and architecturally pleasing design underscores the challenge. The book's inclusion of discussions of those issues, plus tools such as checklists for starting and completing projects, and finishing with floor plans with case studies, makes this book a great reference tool. I see Williams' book as a helpful aid to working bankers and a must-have for future banking school curriculums.
This book would be especially useful to new facilities people. It carefully winds its way through the topic of facilities, while adding the historical context of construction periods and various architectural innovators in our industry. The author also weaves in the regulatory issues and technological advancements that are changing the way banking buildings need to be designed to meet the needs of our employees and customers. The lists of items to tend to and the practical solutions to items that can plague a project, if not properly thought out up front, make this very useful.
While some of what's in the book would be old news to a seasoned pro in branch design and construction, they would still find elements making it a good item to keep on their bookshelf. And most moderate-size financial institutions that develop or purchase branches less often will find this book even more valuable.
A closer look at the book's structure
The guide begins with a brief history of banking. This is interesting but to a banker seems a bit out of place with the rest of the book. (The book is part of a series from the publisher that covers a wide range of project types, from educational facilities to healthcare facilities, so this seems to be intended for newcomers with no background in banking.) But once you are past that, most of the remaining chapters cover important and well-thought-out topics.
Bankers will find the guide helpful when starting the process of obtaining permits for a new project. Williams shows attention to details in presenting how to put together a good project plan and will help keep the reader on track for a successful project. Some key chapter titles: Codes; Energy; Structure Systems; Mechanical Systems; Electrical Systems; Special Equipment; Materials; Acoustic Control; Lighting; Interior Issues; and Wayfinding (signage).
This list itself is a good indication of all that goes into making a banking facility that really works. Williams has spent more than four decades in architecture and has been involved in the design of more than 100 bank and financial services projects.
I enjoyed this text and think anyone involved with branch design, construction, or management as part of their duties will enjoy the way the author highlights banks and credit unions that are using their branding strategy, technological offerings, and customer focus on the newer branch designs. This is done without losing the fact that we must still pay close attention to security, comfort of our employees, and the practical employment of bank assets to serve our customers.
If you'd like to review books for our online book column, or have recently read a book that you found helpful that we haven't already reviewed, please e-mail firstname.lastname@example.com
Tagged under Books for Bankers,


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goals in 28 games. A year later he was sent to Bayern Munich on loan where he refound his goalscoring touch and in July 1988 Alex Ferguson spent £1.5m on bringing him home. It proved to be a masterstroke. Hughes was named PFA Player of the Year in his first season back and rescued the Reds in the 1990 FA Cup final with two goals against Crystal Palace to force a replay that gave Ferguson his first trophy.
He was again named Player of the Year in 1991 and experienced glorious retribution with a man-of-the-match display in the European Cup Winners' Cup final in Rotterdam, scoring twice in the 2-1 victory over old club Barcelona.
1992 saw another medal, this time the Reds' first ever League Cup, and the next season saw him complete the domestic set with United's first league title in 26 years.
Hughes' new partnership with Eric Cantona lit the touchpaper for United's title charge and later Sparky was moved to say, "I know the Frenchman changed my footballing life." And while Cantona grabbed the headlines, it was Hughes' 100th league goal against Crystal Palace that helped clinch the first ever Premiership crown.


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Alternative transportation options and alternative vehicles offer numerous economic, environmental, and community benefits to San Antonio residents and employers.
The City of San Antonio's SA Bikes Program goals are to increase bike ridership, improve cycling safety by making the bike network accessible, direct and continuous.
Carsharing is a way to rent cars by the hour for short periods of time. Carshare vehicles are strategically placed around town and are accessible to members enrolled in a carshare program.
In 2010, the City of San Antonio's Office of Sustainability received funding from the State Energy Conservation Office (SECO) to implement a Plug-In Hybrid Pilot Program. Read more about Electric Vehicles.
In 2011, the City of San Antonio's Office of Sustainability received funding from the Department of Energy to install eight electric vehicle charging stations for public use . Drivers of electric vehicles using the chargers in the downtown area can refer to the EV Charge America operations brochure to utilize the free charger system. CPS Energy has installed over 120 chargers and has posted detail on the locations and flat-fee rate for their their City-wide charger network.
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Milder Ozone Pollution Season Leaves San Antonio Still in Violation of Standard.
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Humidity 75%
Winds 10.4mph
Humidity 75%
Winds 10.4mph
Apr 17, 2014 7:16 AM by Stormtracker Meteorologist Tom Ackerman
Thursday is looking good! We'll end up mostly sunny with around average highs in the mid 60s. After a drop to the low 40s tonight we'll get the weekend started with a cold front and a few showers and isolated t-storms as the front washes out over the Ohio Valley Friday. Saturday and Sunday look absolutely beautiful, mostly to partly sunny with highs in the upper 60s close to 70 Saturday and in the mid 70s to wrap up the weekend. Showers and storms creep back into your Stormtracker forecast early next week with highs back in the 60s.
1 hour ago