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HIV Prevention Around the World
Since the early 1980s, most countries have attempted to prevent the spread of HIV, but some have been much more successful than others. This page looks at some of the more interesting examples of HIV prevention from around the world.
The USA
Although in the USA, as in many other countries, there have been HIV prevention campaigns aimed at the general population, many of the most notable programmes have concentrated on the groups at highest risk of infection. This is regarded as the best approach for a country with relatively low HIV prevalence.
Gay men
The world's first major HIV prevention campaigns targeted gay and bisexual men in US cities. They began around 1984 and were run by non-governmental organisations such as the San Francisco AIDS Foundation, AIDS Project Los Angeles and Gay Men's Health Crisis in New York. These community-based groups had for some time been teaching people about AIDS and how it was most likely acquired, but they found that this was not enough. Even men who saw friends suffer and die of AIDS found it difficult to make long-term lifestyle changes.
The pioneering AIDS organisations found that the most effective approach was to provide men with explicit information and skills training in how to practise safer sex, and how to negotiate safer sexual relationships. This type of programme proved very popular and helped many thousands of men, initially with little support from the federal government. Largely because of this community-led response, levels of high-risk sexual behaviour plummeted among urban gay communities in the mid- to late 1980s, and the rate of new HIV infections fell substantially. 1 2
Recent studies in the US (as well as other Western countries) have found that levels of high risk sex between men who have sex with men have started rising again. This may be partly because new HIV & AIDS drugs have made HIV less frightening. 3 There is therefore a real need for more prevention projects targeting this group. It should also be noted that the decline in HIV has been much smaller among black and Hispanic men than among white men. 4
Other prevention programmes
America's most dramatic success in HIV prevention has been the reduction in transmission from mother to child. The estimated rate of infections among babies peaked at 1,650 in 1991 and fell to around 144-236 in 2002. 5 This decline was caused by the use of antiretroviral drugs and avoidance of breastfeeding. Routine (opt-out) screening of pregnant women for HIV helped to maximise the impact of these interventions.
Many US politicians object to harm reduction, despite its proven benefits, because they think it involves condoning illegal drug use
The success of routine screening of pregnant women has encouraged the US to move towards routine HIV testing in all medical settings, and to target more prevention work at people who are already infected with HIV, as part of an initiative called Advancing HIV Prevention. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention – a US government agency – hopes that this change of approach will help to reduce the rate of new infections, which was around 54,000 in 2009. 6 Among the new developments is greater support for partner notification schemes.
One subject not included in the Advancing HIV Prevention strategy is harm reduction for injecting drug users. In particular, it does not advocate for more needle exchanges, even though studies have shown that these reduce the sharing of injecting equipment and reduce HIV transmission without encouraging drug use. Experts believe that an expansion of needle exchange services helped to reverse an extensive HIV epidemic among drug users in New York City during the 1990s. 7 A 21-year ban on using federal funding for needle exchange programmes was lifted in late 2009.
As of March 2009, 184 needle exchange programmes were operating across 36 states, Washington DC and Puerto Rico. 8 This is fewer schemes than in Scotland, where the population is around sixty times smaller. 9 Many US politicians object to harm reduction, despite its proven benefits, because they think it involves condoning illegal drug use.
Ideological objections also hamper HIV prevention for young people. Much federal money is spent teaching " abstinence only", which studies have found to be less effective than comprehensive sex education at preventing sexually transmitted infections. 10
Like the USA, most Western and Central European countries have greatly reduced the rate of HIV transmission in medical settings (through blood screening and universal precautions) and from mother to child (through routine screening, use of preventive drugs and avoidance of breastfeeding). Countries that have implemented comprehensive harm reduction programmes, such as the UK, Germany and the Netherlands, have also maintained a very low rate of infection among injecting drug users. In some cases, the mass media have been used to reach the general population - for example in the UK's "Iceberg" and "Tombstone" campaigns, which were launched in 1987.
Yet despite these successes, the rate of new HIV diagnoses in Europe has risen over recent years. In Eastern Europe, most infections are among injecting drug users. Ukraine has the highest prevalence in Eastern Europe with around 1.1% of Ukrainian adults living with HIV. 11 Nevertheless, Ukraine has one of the most developed harm reduction programmes in the region with over 1,323 needle exchanges and it has offered opioid substitution therapy since 2004. 12 13
Though there are still barriers to accessing HIV prevention in Ukraine, it is a vastly better picture compared to Russia, another country where injecting drug use is driving the HIV epidemic. Only 70 needle exchanges serve an IDU population of 1.8 million and substitution therapy is illegal. 14
Africa is the continent worst affected by AIDS, and because most new infections occur during unprotected heterosexual sex, the main goal in HIV prevention is to persuade people to change their sexual behaviour – to delay first sex, decrease casual relationships, and increase condom use. This is always a difficult task, and in Africa it is made harder by poverty, lack of resources and weak infrastructure. A high proportion of people don't know their HIV status, misconceptions about transmission routes are widespread, and access to condoms is very low. As a result, most countries have yet to see any decline in their epidemics. However, a few notable exceptions prove that such declines are achievable.
The response was characterised by strong political leadership, open communication and involvement of numerous grassroots organisations
Of all African countries, Uganda has won the most praise for its HIV prevention efforts. HIV prevalence among adults fell from around 15% in the early 1990s to about 7% in 2001, and most experts believe this was largely because of concerted efforts to encourage safer sexual behaviour. The response began in the mid-1980s, and was characterised by strong political leadership, open communication and involvement of numerous grassroots organisations, as well as expanded condom distribution, HIV testing and treatment of sexually transmitted infections. 15 16
In recent years, HIV prevalence in Uganda has failed to decline much further and has been stable at between 6 percent and 7 percent since 2001. 17 A national survey in 2010 found that only one in six men and one in eleven women who had reported having sex with more than one partner in the past 12 months, also used a condom during their last sexual intercourse. 18 The epidemic is still very severe and there is much room for improvement.
Other African "success stories"
HIV incidence in urban Zimbabwe fell from an extremely high peak of almost 6% in 1991 to less than 1% in 2010. 19 The rate among women attending antenatal clinics in Zimbabwe fell from 32.1% in 2000 to 23.8% in 2004. Other large surveys have found similar trends among different population groups. Part of this decline is likely to have been due to rising death rates, but a drop in new infections is also thought to have played a part. Studies have found increased condom use, longer delays before first sex and fewer casual sexual relationships compared to earlier years. This behaviour change may have been partly due to prevention campaigns, but it may also have resulted from other factors such as increased fear of AIDS, or decreased mobility at a time of high unemployment. Political conditions in Zimbabwe now make it extremely difficult for overseas agencies to run prevention projects. 20
In Kenya, the proportion of adults living with HIV fell from around 10% in the late 1990s to about 7% in 2003, and surveys show similar behaviour changes as in Zimbabwe and Uganda. Although Kenya has recently scaled up its prevention efforts, it did so too late to account for the beginning of the decline in HIV prevalence. The causes of the behaviour change and its role in this decline are still not fully understood. 21 Kenya's first lady Lucy Kibaki has been accused of endangering the progress made so far by making negative remarks about condoms. She has even been reported as saying that condoms are "causing the spread of AIDS in this country". 22
The belief that abstinence and marital fidelity are the only ways to prevent HIV infection is common among conservative politicians and religious leaders throughout Africa, as in many other parts of the world. Some commentators accuse the US of encouraging this view and of undermining condom promotion. Through its PEPFAR initiative, the US provides substantial funding for HIV prevention in Africa, giving it a strong influence over what activities are carried out. The US still supplies many millions of condoms to Africa, but it prefers to market them only to "high risk" population groups.
Another country often cited as a "success story" is Senegal, in West Africa. This nation has been praised for mobilising its people in an early and vigorous prevention campaign. Since the late 1980s, Senegalese have taught each other about HIV and AIDS through school curricula, peer education, community groups and cultural and sporting events. In this mostly Muslim country, religious authorities have helped by promoting abstinence and fidelity, while others have encouraged condom use and helped sex workers to set up support groups. Businesses and the army have supported the response. 23
Thanks to these efforts, the age of first sex rose, casual sex declined, and condom use increased dramatically. As a result, HIV prevalence in Senegal has yet to exceed 2%. However, much higher rates are found among sex workers and other groups. A survey in Senegal in 2004 found that 21.5% of men who have sex with men were infected with the virus, and almost all of them reported also having sex with women. Interventions to help this group are virtually non-existent; sex between men is highly stigmatised in Senegal and, as in half of African countries, it is also illegal. 24 Furthermore, researchers have recently found evidence of "a dramatic weakening of AIDS preventive attitudes" among the people of Senegal, including reduced perception of risk, less behaviour change and increased stigmatisation of people living with HIV. This suggests that the effects of earlier prevention programmes may be wearing off. 25
Less successful prevention programmes
Other African countries, such as Botswana, Namibia and South Africa, continue to harbour extremely severe, generalised epidemics that show no signs of abating. Mass media and social marketing projects have been launched in an attempt to change behaviour, alongside condom distribution and other interventions. These efforts do seem to have had some effect – particularly on levels of condom use – but so far they have not made a significant dent in infection rates. In late 2005 the Global Fund withdrew funding for South Africa's largest HIV prevention project, loveLife, due to concerns that it was not cost effective. 26
Many activists believe that weak political leadership has severely hampered the response to HIV in South Africa
Many activists believe that weak political leadership has severely hampered the response to HIV in South Africa, where more than 5 million people are already infected. In particular, President Mbeki's government was very slow to begin providing nevirapine and other drugs to help prevent mother-to-child transmission of the virus. In 2005, only around 14.6% of pregnant women with HIV received preventive treatment, according to UNAIDS (though the government's own estimate is much higher). 27 This rate is quite typical for an African country, but is surprisingly low given South Africa's relative wealth and resources.
Most children born with HIV in Africa die before their fifth birthday. The few who receive antiretroviral treatment can expect to live longer, but it would be much better if they were never infected in the first place. The vast majority of the two million children living with HIV in Africa would have been born healthy had their mothers received the kind of preventive care found in Western countries. At present, most African women are not even tested for HIV, let alone offered the drugs, counselling and infant formula that would help protect their babies.
Although all African countries have facilities for screening blood for HIV, most cannot guarantee the degree of safety found in the developed world. Because voluntary donors are rare, blood is often collected from family members and paid donors, which increases the risk of transmitting HIV. Use of poor quality test kits, unreliable supplies of equipment, and lack of trained staff can all compound this risk. Thirty-three of forty African countries surveyed in 2004 reported that they did not have fully operational quality systems in the blood transfusion service, including HIV testing. These countries collected around 2.7 million units of blood during that year, of which 88.5% were not tested for HIV in a quality-assured manner. Nevertheless, the blood safety measures already in place avert an estimated 500,000 HIV infections each year. 28
Latin America and the Caribbean
Latin America and the Caribbean are currently less badly affected by AIDS than is Africa. Still, in some countries more than 2% of adults are infected with HIV. Across the region the virus is spreading from established high-risk groups – sex workers, injecting drug users and men who have sex with men – into the general population.
Brazil is seen as having one of the developing world's best record of HIV prevention; the adult HIV prevalence has remained stable at around 0.5% in recent years. The response started in the early 1980s, at a time of great political change, and was led by newly formed non-governmental organisations. The Brazilian authorities cooperated with these groups and supported a strong programme of integrated HIV prevention and care, with special attention paid to marginalised communities. The government has vigorously promoted condom use – often through very explicit mass media campaigns – and has distributed hundreds of millions of free condoms. At the same time it has worked hard to combat homophobia and stigma related to HIV. Needle exchanges and other harm reduction programmes were established in key cities in the early 1990s, and were later expanded nationally. Prisoners are helped to access clean needles as well as condoms. 29 Although an exact figure is unavailable, between 76 percent and 95 percent of HIV-positive pregnant women received drugs to help prevent mother-to-child transmission in 2010. 30
In recent surveys, 90% of female sex workers reported condom use with their most recent client. Amongst injecting drug users condom use is high (70% used a condom last time they had sex), whereas just over half used sterile injecting equipment last time they injected. 31 Regular condom use among adults with more than one sexual partner is higher among men (43%) than women (34%). In 2009, HIV prevalence among MSM was very high at 12.6%. 32 HIV testing needs to be improved among high-risk groups in Brazil, as 2009 figures show that a very small percentage of individuals from across all high-risk groups have been tested in the last 12 months and know the result. 33
Cuba and Jamaica
Discrimination stops HIV prevention measures from reaching many of those at highest risk of infection
Cuba also has had remarkable success in controlling HIV, though it has taken a very different approach to Brazil's, with much less emphasis on human rights and education. In 1986 the island began routinely screening its citizens for HIV, and within seven years around 12 million tests were performed. 34 To begin with, those who tested positive were quarantined indefinitely in sanatoriums, where they would receive medical care and education about how to avoid transmitting the virus, while authorities set about tracing their sexual partners. Since 1993 the rules had been less strict. Someone diagnosed with HIV still has to attend an eight-week course at a sanatorium, but after that they can choose whether to stay (and receive free care) or go home (and get less help from the state). Many have chosen to remain in sanatoriums. 35 Authorities maintain a database of everyone diagnosed with HIV and all of their sexual partners. 36
Although most experts and activists believe that Cuba's heavy-handed approach is not a good example for other nations to follow, it has certainly been successful. Adult HIV prevalence at the end of 2009 was around 0.1% - the lowest in the Americas. 37 Drugs to prevent mother-to-child transmission have been universally available for many years, and infection among children is almost unheard of. Nevertheless, Cuba cannot afford to be complacent. One of the factors that previously helped to protect the island from HIV was its social isolation from countries with high prevalence. Recently tourism has grown substantially, and so has the sex industry. Many Cubans believe that HIV is not a threat to them, and the government, keen to celebrate its success so far, has done little to challenge this view. The need for education and condom promotion has never been greater. 38
Homophobia is much less of a problem in Cuba than it once was, but elsewhere in the Caribbean it is still rife. In Jamaica – where around 1.7% of adults were living with HIV at the end of 2009 – any act of physical intimacy between men is illegal, and punishable by up to ten years hard labour. 39 Gay men are shunned by society, and in some cases violently attacked because of their sexuality. Such discrimination stops HIV prevention measures from reaching many of those at highest risk of infection. 40 Attempts to distribute condoms to prisoners have been vigorously opposed by inmates and prison officers. 41
Asia and Australia
Thailand and Cambodia
In 1991, Thailand had a rapidly growing HIV epidemic, fuelled by an illegal yet thriving sex industry. In the same year a change of government heralded a new, pragmatic response to the problem. At its core was the world's first "100 per cent condom use" programme. Instead of trying to eliminate commercial sex, the government chose to distribute tens of millions of free condoms to brothels and massage parlours, and to clamp down on those that failed to insist on condom use. Men were discouraged from visiting sex workers, and the rights of women were promoted. At the same time, anti-AIDS messages were broadcast hourly on all radio and television stations, encouraging open debate about HIV and sexual issues. As in Uganda and Senegal, many diverse sectors of society became active partners in fighting HIV, including sex workers, community groups, schools, religious leaders, businesses and the military. 42
Following the start of this campaign, the number of Thai men paying for sex fell substantially, and reported condom use in brothels rose from 14% in 1989 to over 90% in 1994. The effect on the HIV epidemic was spectacular, with annual diagnoses plummeting from 143,000 in 1991 to around 19,000 in 2003, and Thailand has rightly been praised for this success. Nevertheless, Thailand's record is not perfect. In recent years, funding for HIV prevention has fallen by two thirds and public concern has dwindled. The virus is widespread among injecting drug users and men who have sex with men, who have been largely neglected by prevention campaigns. Condom use has declined again among sex workers, who are increasingly working in non-brothel settings, where they are largely unaffected by the 100 per cent condom use programme. 43
Cambodia has also seen a drop in new infections after introducing a 100 per cent condom use programme. However, as in Thailand, HIV remains a major problem for Cambodia, and an increasing number of infections are among the partners of men who acquired the virus during commercial sex. Unless they revamp their prevention programmes, both countries face the risk of HIV becoming widespread among the general population. 44
India and China
India harbours two quite separate HIV epidemics. In the south, where heterosexual sex is the main transmission route, prevention projects have largely focussed on sex workers and their clients. This approach is credited with reducing HIV prevalence among all young women in southern states from 1.7% in 2000 to 1.1% in 2004. 45 By contrast, the main driver of HIV in the northeast is injecting drug use, and responses there have been lacking. As in many parts of Asia, men who have sex with men have also been neglected.
Neighbouring China has a much lower HIV prevalence than India, but some parts of the country are much worse affected than others. In central China, tens of thousands of people became infected during the 1990s when they sold their blood to commercial agencies. Authorities eventually reacted by enforcing tighter regulations, and the blood donation system causes far fewer new infections than before. In 2005, around 94.5% of blood came from volunteer donors, compared to just 22% in 1998. Today, most HIV transmission takes place during drug use or unprotected sex. 46
China has traditionally taken a zero tolerance approach to drugs; the police are used to arresting drug users and sending them to compulsory rehabilitation centres. Recently, however, that attitude has started to change, and schemes providing methadone treatment and clean needles have been set up in several provinces. Some regions have also altered their approach to sex workers by introducing a 100 per cent condom use programme, peer education and treatment for sexually transmitted infections. 47 On a national scale, the government has introduced routine HIV testing of people thought to be at high risk of infection, including drug users, sex workers, former blood donors and patients at sexual health clinics. This has led to many more people being diagnosed, though some experts have voiced concern that some people may be pressured not to refuse testing. 48 Overall, China's response to HIV is improving, but coverage is still too patchy to have a substantial impact.
Drug use is the main cause of HIV's spread in Russia, where around 2% of adults have injected narcotics. As in China, authorities have concentrated on persecuting drug users and done little to protect their health. In 2003, Russia's entire HIV prevention budget was just $1 million, and funding for harm reduction fell by 29% between 2002 and 2005. 49 Foreign donors have helped to support outreach programmes and needle exchanges in some regions, but they are few and far between. As of June 2006 the country had just 60 needle exchanges – fewer than in 2002 – and none were in Moscow. Substitution treatment – an effective way to help people give up drugs – does not exist in Russia.
In 2006, President Putin increased the federal budget for HIV and AIDS programmes, and promised to do more to tackle the epidemic. While this is encouraging news, it has coincided with increased hostility towards non-governmental organisations, and with criticism of "foreign" ideas such as condom promotion and harm reduction. Moral objections to homosexuality, drug use and commercial sex are major hindrances to HIV prevention in Russia. 50
Harm reduction is taken much more seriously in Australia, where federal funding enables a wide range of outlets – including drug treatment centres, hospitals, health centres, chemists and vending machines – to distribute many millions of clean needles each year. These and other harm reduction services have been supported since the 1980s, and have been highly effective at controlling HIV. According to official estimates, the $100 million spent on needle exchanges by state and federal governments between 1990 and 2000 prevented around 25,000 HIV infections and reduced health spending by around $1.8 billion (in US dollars). 51 Australia also has a strong history of peer outreach programmes for sex workers and men who have sex with men. 52
A survey of low- and middle-income countries found that in 2009, among the countries which reported, HIV prevention services reached around 58% of sex workers, 32% of injecting drug users, and 57% of men who have sex with men. 53 Just 53% of HIV-positive pregnant women received drugs to help prevent their babies becoming infected. Globally, it has been estimated that a condom was used in only 9% of sex acts with a non-marital and non-co-habiting partner in 2005. The global supply of public-sector condoms is less than half of what is needed to ensure adequate condom coverage. 54
There is no single best approach to HIV prevention; the response must be designed to fit local conditions and the state of the epidemic
As these statistics show, HIV prevention around the world needs much improvement. Progress is slowly being made in some areas, but there is still a very long way to go. As governments and other agencies try to develop better programmes, they would do well to consider some of the examples outlined in this page.
There is no single best approach to HIV prevention; the response must be designed to fit local conditions and the state of the epidemic. Nevertheless, most of the successful programmes – whether in Uganda, Senegal, Thailand, Brazil or among gay men in America – do have at least three features in common.
Firstly, these programmes encourage open communication about AIDS and the activities that put people at risk of infection, while at the same time combating stigma and discrimination. Secondly, they are pragmatic. Rather than just trying to eliminate certain types of sexual behaviour or drug use, they recognise that some people will continue to do these things, and that they should be helped to do so more safely. Thirdly, they involve the affected communities themselves in programme design and implementation. This ensures that the programme is carefully tailored to the communities' needs, and that it is seen as something done "with them" rather than "to them". The work of small community-based organisations has been vital to each of these successful programmes.
The only obvious exception is Cuba. However, that country's system of more or less mandatory testing and quarantine is widely believed to violate human rights, and it would not be feasible in a country where HIV is already widespread.
Last but not least, strong leadership is essential for HIV prevention campaigns to have a far-reaching and sustained impact. This means that politicians, religious leaders and others in authority must become actively involved in the response, and must ensure that it receives adequate resources. If all of the world's leaders truly committed themselves to this cause then a great many lives would be saved.
- 1. Martin JL, " The impact of AIDS on gay male sexual behavior patterns in New York City", American Journal of Public Health 77(5), May 1987
- 2. CDC, " Current Trends Self-Reported Changes in Sexual Behaviors Among Homosexual and Bisexual Men from the San Francisco City Clinic Cohort", MMWR 36(12), 3 April 1987
- 3. CDC, " HIV/AIDS among Men Who Have Sex with Men", 25 July 2005
- 4. Low-Beer D and Stoneburner RL, " Behaviour and communication change in reducing HIV: is Uganda unique?", African Journal of AIDS Research 2(1), 1 May 2003
- 5. CDC, " Achievements in Public Health: Reduction in Perinatal Transmission of HIV Infection --- United States, 1985-2005", MMWR 55(21), 2 June 2006
- 6. UNAIDS (2010) ' UNAIDS report on the global AIDS epidemic'
- 7. Des Jarlais DC, Perlis T et al, " HIV Incidence Among Injection Drug Users in New York City, 1990 to 2002: Use of Serologic Test Algorithm to Assess Expansion of HIV Prevention Services", American Journal of Public Health Volume 95 Number 8, August 2005
- 8. CDC (2010, November 19th) ' Syringe Exchange Programs United States, 2008' MMWR 59(45);1488-1491
- 9. The Scottish Government (2006) 'Needle exchange provision in Scotland: A report of the National Needle Exchange Survey. Chapter 3'
- 10. See AVERT.org's abstinence page
- 11. UNAIDS (2010) ' UNAIDS report on the global AIDS epidemic'
- 12. IHRA (2010) ' Global State of Harm Reduction 2010'
- 13. International Harm Reduction Association (2008), 'The Global State of Harm Reduction 2008: Mapping the response to drug-related HIV and hepatitis C epidemics'
- 14. IHRA (2010) ' Global State of Harm Reduction 2010'
- 15. USAID, " Declining HIV Prevalence, Behavior Change, and the National Response - What Happened in Uganda?", 2002
- 16. The Allan Guttmacher Institute, " A, B and C in Uganda: The Roles of Abstinence, Monogamy and Condom Use in HIV Decline", December 2003
- 17. WHO/UNAIDS/UNICEF (2011) '' Global HIV/AIDS Response: Epidemic update and health sector progress towards Universal Access 2011'
- 18. UNAIDS (2010) ' UNAIDS report on the global AIDS epidemic'
- 19. UNAIDS (2011) ' UN World AIDS Day Report 2011'
- 20. Smart T, " Zimbabwe observes a reduction in HIV prevalence, but why?" Aidsmap news, 5 July 2006
- 21. Cheluget B, Baltazar G et al, " Evidence for population level declines in adult HIV prevalence in Kenya", Sexually Transmitted Infections 82(Suppl 1), April 2006
- 22. Smith P, " Kenya First Lady: Condom "is causing the spread of AIDS in this country"", LifeSiteNews.com, 23 May 2006
- 23. UNAIDS, " Acting early to prevent AIDS: The case of Senegal", June 1999
- 24. Wade AS, Kane CT et al, " HIV infection and sexually transmitted infections among men who have sex with men in Senegal", AIDS 19(18), 2 December 2005
- 25. Wade AS, Enel C and Lagarde E, "Qualitative changes in AIDS preventative attitudes in a rural Senegalese population", AIDS Care 18(5), July 2006
- 26. " Global Fund withdraws support for LoveLife", (2005) IRIN Plus News, 19 December
- 27. UNAIDS/WHO, " 2006 report on the global AIDS epidemic", July 2006
- 28. Statement by Dr. Neelam Dhingra (2006, 27th June) " Making safe blood available in Africa"
- 29. Berkman A, Garica J et al, " A Critical Analysis of the Brazilian Response to HIV/AIDS: Lessons Learned for Controlling and Mitigating the Epidemic in Developing Countries", American Journal of Public Health 95(7), July 2005
- 30. WHO/UNAIDS/UNICEF (2011) '' Global HIV/AIDS Response: Epidemic update and health sector progress towards Universal Access 2011'
- 31. UNAIDS (2010) ' UNAIDS report on the global AIDS epidemic'
- 32. UNAIDS (2010) ' UNAIDS report on the global AIDS epidemic'
- 33. UNAIDS (2010) ' UNAIDS report on the global AIDS epidemic'
- 34. Scheper-Hughes N, " AIDS, public health, and human rights in Cuba", Lancet 342(8877), 16 October 1993
- 35. WHO, " Approaches to the Management of HIV/AIDS in Cuba", 2004
- 36. Fawthrop T, " Cuba: Is It a Model in HIV-AIDS Battle?", Panos, December 2003
- 37. UNAIDS (2010) ' UNAIDS report on the global AIDS epidemic'
- 38. Hansen H and Groce N, " Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Quarantine in Cuba", Medical Student JAMA 290(21), 3 December 2003
- 39. UNAIDS (2010) ' UNAIDS report on the global AIDS epidemic'
- 40. " Hated to Death: Homophobia, Violence and Jamaica's HIV/AIDS Epidemic", Human Rights Watch 16(6(B)), November 2004
- 41. " Jamaica decides not to give out condoms in prisons", Reuters, 30 June 2006
- 42. UNDP (2004) " Thailand's Response to HIV/AIDS: Progress and Challenges"(pdf)
- 43. UNDP (2004) " Thailand's Response to HIV/AIDS: Progress and Challenges"(pdf)
- 44. UNAIDS/WHO, " 2006 report on the global AIDS epidemic", July 2006
- 45. Kumar R, Jha P et al, " Trends in HIV-1 in young adults in south India from 2000 to 2004: a prevalence study", Lancet 367(9517), 8 April 2006
- 46. Ministry of Health of China, UNAIDS and WHO, " 2005 Update on the HIV/AIDS Epidemic and Response in China", (pdf) 24 January 2006
- 47. Ministry of Health of China, UNAIDS and WHO, " 2005 Update on the HIV/AIDS Epidemic and Response in China", (pdf) 24 January 2006
- 48. Wu Z, Sun X et al, " HIV Testing in China", Science 312(5779), 9 June 2006
- 49. Wolfe D, " Opportunities Lost: HIV Prevention, Harm Reduction, and the Russian Funding Gap", Update from International Harm Reduction Development Program, 31 August 2005
- 50. Alcorn K, " Russian HIV prevention mired in moralism and xenophobia" Aidsmap news, 22 May 2006
- 51. Commonwealth Department of Health and Ageing, " Return on Investment in Needle and Syringe Programs in Australia", 2002
- 52. Parnell B, "Changing Behaviour", Chapter 11 of "AIDS in Australia", 1992
- 53. WHO (2010) ' Towards Universal Access: Progress Report 2010'
- 54. UNAIDS/WHO, " 2006 report on the global AIDS epidemic", July 2006


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Registered Member
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Historical firearms?
I've been trying to track down a reasonably priced reproduction of a flintlock firearm that would've been used in America around the 18th century, specifically a long arm. My budget isn't very much right now,under $400. Almost all the ones I've come across are $700 and up.
Granted I could get a "modern" firearm for that much but it's not what I'm looking for.
Does anyone know business that makes them and sells for around $375?
Style: German longsword, .45 ACP--
You can't get much of anything for that price, except for World War II surplus.nobody shoots anybody in the face unless youre a hit man or a video gamer. - Jack Thompson
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Try gunbroker, you'll probably be able to find some good leads on manufacturers if you look through the listings.
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subset: commoncrawl


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Seventeen years from now it won't matter who Alabama beat or which Texas Longhorn was lost to injury when the Crimson Tide claimed its 13th national championship by a 37-21 score.
Just as the Tide exposed Miami quarterback Gino Torretta as perhaps the worst Heisman Trophy winner ever during its last national title 17 years ago, the fact that it won Thursday night's BCS title game with Texas QB and Heisman runner-up Colt McCoy on the sideline for all but the game's first series will carry no asterisk.
Nevertheless, it would be difficult to recall an injury of greater impact than McCoy's inside the Rose Bowl.
Or don't you think Bama coach Nick Saban would have gladly traded his $4 million salary for the opportunity to face pure freshman Garrett Gilbert rather than the masterful McCoy for all the marbles?
Put another way, imagine Michigan State attempting to beat Indiana State and Larry Bird in the 1979 NCAA basketball title game without Magic Johnson and you have some idea of what the Longhorns were up against without McCoy.
But that was what the football gods ordered up for Texas coach Mack Brown, who won it all four years earlier with Vince Young as his starting quarterback and McCoy on the sideline as a pure freshman exercising his redshirt option.
And because the Longhorns didn't actually get here only because of McCoy, they fought bravely to the finish, the score not exactly indicative of the Horns' heart.
But the best team clearly won this game, at least the best team after McCoy went down. The rest of it, we'll never know about, though 17 years from now it's doubtful anyone but a few understandably bitter Texas fans will care.
Still, this was a strange game throughout, especially in the opening moments, when Saban certainly made a couple of coaching decisions that made you think that the Tide boss believed McCoy's skills could prove tremendously important.
Why else, for instance, would the Tide win the toss then oddly elect to receive? And when Bama was quickly forced to punt, Saban stunningly called for a fake, which resulted in an interception.
It wasn't long after this that McCoy went to the bench for good with a shoulder injury. But even after holding the Horns to a field goal, the Tide wasn't done self-destructing.
On the kickoff following the Texas field goal, Bama failed to remember to field the ball. You can let a punt drop, but not a kickoff. The Longhorns recovered, but with Gilbert at the controls instead of McCoy, the Burnt Orange had to settle for three more points instead of seven.
Of course, Saban wasn't the only coach in this game making head-scratching decisions.
Just before the half, his battered Horns still within striking distance at 17-6, Brown decided to go with a shuffle pass near the end of the second quarter, despite having almost no time to move into position for a field goal or touchdown.
The pass was intercepted by Marcell Dareus and returned for a touchdown. Down 24-6 on the scoreboard and without his starting quarterback, this BCS title game was all but over.
Yet this outcome was what many of us who've watched the SEC this season long ago predicted. The SEC is now 6-0 in BCS championship games, and those contests haven't really been that close, decided by double-figures.
Still, where so many previous Bama championships were easily recalled by a single grand moment — a goal line stand, a stunning interception, a memorable run — this one will at least somewhat be recalled for the opposing quarterback who barely saw the field.
Of course, with much of the Tide returning, Bama should have a great chance to create bigger, better memories next year by repeating.
Then again, maybe Saban suspected it would be like this. Before this game began he told his team of how the 1980 U.S. hockey team didn't win its improbable gold medal against the U.S.S.R., but against Finland, the shocking upset of the Russians occurring in the semifinals.
He meant for the story to explain that the Tide didn't win it all in the SEC title game against defending national champ Florida, that there was another game to play.
Turns out, they won it against the Finnish version of the Longhorns' quarterbacks.
Not that many will remember that 17 years from now.
Mark Wiedmer started work at the Chattanooga News-Free Press on Valentine's Day of 1983. At the time, he had to get an advance from his boss to buy a Valentine gift for his wife. Mark was hired as a graphic artist but quickly moved to sports, where he oversaw prep football for a time, won the "Pick' em" box in 1985 and took over the UTC basketball beat the following year. By 1990, he was ...
With Colt McCoy at the quarterback post, it would have been a whole different ballgame! The Tide better thank the bruiser who took him out, and erect a statue of him instead of Saban!!!
Yo MYRNAPAUL!! Don't think it would have made any difference as far as who won and who lost. Remember, BAMA was READY for McCoy, without BAMA blunders, I don't think the HORN'S would have scored more than what they did WITHOUT him in the first half. The TX freshman Qtrbk did much better in the second half, and BAMA had trouble adjusting to his style, but when he was super pressured late in the game, "SORRY CHARLIE, only the best players get to be STARKIST" and as Billie Holiday sung many years ago, "The Stars Fell on Alabama Last Night"!!!


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We can't keep our eyes off the shoes here at Coachella, and some festival freaks are literally putting the pedal to the metal! Spikes and studs are all over the Coachella grounds, either being worn as serious fashion statements or for self-defense. Whatever the reason, we found the baddest hardware out there, perfect for those die-hard concert junkies. So flip through our footwear finds — they're major, well, studs!
Photo: Courtesy of Emma Arnold


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"The Earthly Paradise design evokes regal beauty while clearly displaying the text. This could be improved by offering a silver themed color combo, as well."
"The quality of the invitation is excellent. The texture of the paper, and shadings of the colors are beautiful. Loved the mixture of type styles. Very pleased with this selection."
"We were extremely happy with the finished product of our invitations and RSVP cards. The paper was high quality with a nice texture and the colours were exactly what we were hoping for for our winter wedding. We have had a lot of guests commenting on how much they love the invitations. We also had a great experience with the customer service. We requested that the layout be changed to a more formal and traditionally worded invite. The proofs were completed perfectly and we received them the next day after submitting. As well, the invites arrived well in advance of the suggested delivery date. All in all, a great experience!"
"Hi ordered the green color of these invitations and I love them! They are so simple yet classy. I going the double matte paper, which is very thick! Very happy with this product and love my invitations."
"This invitation is printed on high-quality paper and is very well designed. The print is very realistic and would be perfect for a soft rustic wedding."


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The mortgage is one of the markets only 95% products for new-build houses and will mean that buyers only have to raise funds for a 5% deposit. The mortgage is available through Connells mortgage consultants to first and next-time buyers, whether they are buying a new-build house through Connells or a house builder directly.
"We know how important it is to help buyers who are struggling to raise the necessary deposit to secure a mortgage and get on or move up the housing ladder, so we are delighted to be able to offer this mortgage. We believe this announcement will give hope to those first and next-time buyers who wish to purchase a new-build house but feel they do not have the financial ability to do so," says Stuart Flavell, CEO of Connells.
Connells sells a range of new-build homes at a number of developments every year including many ideal for first and second-time buyers. "At Connells we saw a 44 per cent increase in the sale of new-build homes in the second quarter of this year when compared to the same period in 2010. We believe the availability of this mortgage for customers buying a new-build home will further boost sales and help to support house builders and this sector of the housing market," says Stuart.
For further information on this 95% new-build mortgage or to find out more about Connells mortgage services and the housing market, contact your local Connells office.
Further information
For further information and photography, please contact the press office on 01525 215419 or email Julia Brook, Group PR Manager: firstname.lastname@example.com or Christine Webb, Group PR Executive: firstname.lastname@example.com
Notes to editors
Terms and conditions apply
Connells residential is an appointed representative of Connells Limited who is authorised and regulated by the Financial Services Authority for the advising and recommending of mortgages and non investment products. A broker fee may be payable.
About the Connells Group:
Founded in 1936 and comprising of 471 branches nationwide, the industry-leading Connells Group is the third largest UK estate agency network.
In addition to operating under the Connells brand, the Group trades under other well-known local names including Allen & Harris, Bagshaws Residential, Barnard Marcus, Brown & Merry, Fox & Sons, Jones & Chapman, Manners & Harrison, Roger Platt, Shipways, Swetenhams, William H Brown, Sharman Quinney and Pattison Lane.
As well as residential property sales and lettings, the Group has a comprehensive range of B2C and B2B services including new homes, mortgage services, conveyancing, EPCs, surveying, corporate lettings, asset management, land & planning, LPA receivers, auctions and relocations.
The Connells Group is consistently named Best Large Estate Agency at the Estate Agency of the Year awards, winning the top prize for five of the past six years. It is also highly acclaimed in the New Homes category, winning Gold five times in the last six years, and in the Financial Services category for which it currently holds the Gold prize. For more information, please visit www.connells.co.uk
Copyright © 2014 Connells Group. All rights reserved.
Connells Residential is an Appointed Representative of Connells Limited who is authorised and regulated by The Financial Conduct Authority for advising on mortgages and non-investment insurance contracts (most Buy to Let mortgages are not regulated). Registered in England No: 1489613. Registered Office: Cumbria House, 16-20 Hockliffe Street, Leighton Buzzard, Bedfordshire, LU7 1GN.
If we have previously arranged a Mortgage Payment Protection product from Allianz for you and you would like Claims ratio data, this is available upon request in writing to Compliance Mortgage Services, Connells, Cumbria House, 16-20 Hockliffe Street, Leighton Buzzard, Bedfordshire, LU7 1GN or by email to firstname.lastname@example.com. Alternatively you may request this data by contacting us on 01525 218 556.
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It's been awhile since my last blog post and for that I apologize. I just couldn't find anything that was worth sharing with you all...until now!
Author Joe Hill is really becoming a favorite of mine. His graphic novel series, Locke & Key [2], has had my undivided attention for the last week.
Locke & Key [2] is about a family that have suffered great trauma and move to Lovecraft, Massachusetts to live in the family estate, Keyhouse. As you delve into the series, you come to discover there is an evil presence looking for keys that are located all throughout the house. With these keys he can do things such as travel anywhere, turn into a ghost or animal or a shadow, and even adjust his (and other peoples) memory, health and appearance. The kids in the house unknowingly unleash this evil presence and the search for the keys starts.
I don't want to give away too much of the story because it's so great and I know you all will love it. Be sure to check out all four titles of the Locke & Key [2] series (Welcome to Lovecraft [3], Head Games [4], Crown of Shadows [5]& Keys to the Kingdom [6]) and look out for the newest title, hopefully coming soon!
[1] http://hcpl.net/users/jennifer-n
[2] http://catalog.hcpl.net/ipac20/ipac.jsp?menu=search&aspect=subtab13&term=locke%20and%20key%20joe%20hill&index=.GH#focus
[3] http://catalog.hcpl.net/ipac20/ipac.jsp?menu=search&aspect=subtab13&term=Welcome%20to%20Lovecraft,&index=.GH#focus
[4] http://catalog.hcpl.net/ipac20/ipac.jsp?menu=search&aspect=subtab13&term=locke%20and%20key%20Head%20Games&index=.GH#focus
[5] http://catalog.hcpl.net/ipac20/ipac.jsp?menu=search&aspect=subtab13&term=locke%20and%20key%20crown%20of%20shadows&index=.GH#focus
[6] http://catalog.hcpl.net/ipac20/ipac.jsp?menu=search&aspect=subtab13&term=locke%20and%20key%20Keys%20to%20the%20Kingdom&index=.GH#focus
[7] http://hcpl.net/taxonomy/term/32


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Corned beef
Ingredients Tick boxes to send shopping list to email
Corned beef
1) Place the water into a large 6 to 8 litre stockpot along with salt, sugar, saltpeter, cinnamon stick, mustard seeds, peppercorns, cloves, allspice, juniper berries, bay leaves and ginger. Cook over high heat until the salt and sugar have dissolved.
2) Remove from the heat and add the ice. Stir until the ice has melted. If necessary, place the brine into the refrigerator until it reaches a temperature of 7C.
3) Once it has cooled, place the brisket in a 7.5 litre sealable bag and add the brine. Seal and lay flat inside a container, cover and place in the refrigerator for 10 days. Check daily to make sure the beef is completely submerged and stir the brine.
4) After 10 days, remove from the brine and rinse well under cool water. Place the brisket into a pot just large enough to hold the meat, add the onion, carrot and celery and cover with water by 2.5cm. Set over high heat and bring to a boil. Reduce the heat to low, cover and gently simmer for 2 1/2 to 3 hours or until the meat is fork tender.
5) Remove from the pot and thinly slice across the grain.
6) Serve warm or allow to cool before serving.
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NFL Week 10 recap: What's missing from Dolphins bullying saga
Well, Miami, you've got yourself a full-blown controversy.
Tags: nfl recap, rob woodfork, Richie Incognito, Jonathan MartinListen
PR expert John Maroon analyzes the Richie Incognito scandal
A public relations expert says that a high-profile situation, such as the recent bullying scandal that has hit the NFL's Miami Dolphins, call for a strategy to manage appearances, and getting your story out is critical.
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Spirit Airlines runs ad inspired by NFL bullying saga
The Richie Incognito-Jonathan Martin saga has been generating plenty of headlines recently, so it's no surprise there's at least one business trying to capitalize off the controversy.
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Online programmer education is enjoying a renaissance, led in no small part by NYC-based CodeAcademy. But those struggling to learn codecraft on their own may often find themselves lost in a well-known quandary: #TWYGS — or, the Time When You Get Stuck.
Reported today in TechCrunch, Codementor, a new startup out of Seattle-based TechStars, extends a branch to those stuck on TWYGS. By introducing live video chat with experienced developers, along with side-by-side screens to pair program, Codementor offers aspiring developers the next step in online education.
The startup, founded by YCombinator alumni Weiting Liu, curated a pool of 500 experts from a field of over 2,500 candidates. Each expert was vetted, in part, on their profiles on LinkedIn, CodeAcademy, and Stack Overflow.
Codementor joins a competitive field of startups offering similar services, include AirPair and HackHands. Liu says the company hopes to distinguish itself with an incremental pricing model that begins at just $10 for a 15-minute lesson.


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Student Support Services
2131 Centennial Hall, La Crosse, WI 54601
Phone: (608) 785-8535 Fax: (608) 785-8532
Office Hours: 7:45 AM to 4:30 PM Monday-Friday
Student Support Services (SSS) Program is proud to be a part of the
of Wisconsin –La Crosse
in the Division of Student
This program provides personal, academic and career
support services to low income and first generation college
students, as well as students with disabilities.
A federally funded TRiO program, SSS provides
assistance to 350 eligible students each year. When the 350
student capacity has been met, a waiting list of eligible students
will be established.
Student Support Services and the other TRiO programs are represented by The Council for Opportunity in Education (COE). COE is a non profit organization established in 1981 to represent institutions of higher education, administrators, counselors and teachers committed to advancing equal educational opportunities and to promote diversity in America's colleges and universities.


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Stratford Town WalkToday
Award-winning Town Walk every day, even Christmas Day. Entertaining, informative and interesting. "A must do". "Best £5 spent in England" Godiva Award Winner, Certificate of Excellence Tripadvisor Pride of Stratford Awards Finalist
Haunted Museum toursToday
Stratford's original ghost tour company - still frightening the tourists!
William Shakespeare Walking TourToday
Tour with the great man himself around Stratford upon Avon!
Curious About Stratford-upon-AvonToday
Have fun discovering Stratford Upon Avon with two self-guided, heritage walks with an optional treasure hunt.
From Ammunition to Art: Trench Art from the First World WarToday
A display showcasing trench art, to mark the centenary of the start of the First World War.
Strictly Ballroom & Latin for BeginnersToday
Strictly Ballroom & Latin for Beginners at Newburgh School
Wellesbourne Market29/11/2014
Held between 9am-4pm every Saturday & Bank Holiday Monday's
Long Marston Car Boot Sale30/11/2014
Car Boot Sale held at Long Marston Airfield
New Year's Eve Charity Ball31/12/2014
Folies Bergere New Year's Eve 2014 Charity Ball at the Holiday Inn, Stratford upon Avon in aid of Shakespeare's Puppies Appeal - raising money for Guide Dogs
Wedding Open Day at Wootton Park08/03/2015
Wootton Park have their next Wedding Open Day on Sunday 8th March 12am to 4pm.


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A young white male reportedly attempted to deliver money to a residence on Apple Blossom Drive in Potosi after he said "God had led him" there, according to a report from the Taylor County Sheriff's Office.
"After being sent away, the subject went to a neighbor's home and tried to do the same thing there," the sheriff's office report said. "The male had left the area prior to officer's arrival and wasn't located."


text: And I seem to recall a certain noble who showed up in a Dragonetti photo from Mudfaire, er, Springfaire several years ago, who came out a lovely shade of green. All due to a mistaken camera setting, I'm sure. Padraig ***************** Nunc Est Bibendum ************************************ Politicians prefer unarmed peasants. ************************************ Live free or die: Death is not the worst of evils. - John Stark ________________________________ From: Caerell <caerell at charter.net> To: "Shire of Loch Ruadh, Kingdom of Ansteorra, SCA, Inc." <loch-ruadh at lists.ansteorra.org> Sent: Wed, October 7, 2009 10:49:45 PM Subject: Re: [Loch-Ruadh] New web page At Least you are not Green Like our Archery Marshal a couple of years ago. :) Caerell ----- Original Message ----- From: "Dragonetti" <dragonetti at generich.com> To: "'Shire of Loch Ruadh, Kingdom of Ansteorra, SCA,Inc.'" <loch-ruadh at lists.ansteorra.org> Sent: Wednesday, October 07, 2009 9:50 AM Subject: Re: [Loch-Ruadh] New web page Or you can skip straight to the frightening (yet oddly compelling) Hallows Eve page within the site with this link: http://tinyurl.com/ye5ssfl Fabulous website! A tremendous depth of content, organized very intuitively and is extremely responsive! Bravo! -=Armand=-


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View a slideshow of materials from Paul Schrader collection
By Alicia Dietrich
Learn more about screenwriter and director Paul Schrader donating his collection to the Ransom Center.
Please click the thumbnails to view full-size images.
Learn more about screenwriter and director Paul Schrader donating his collection to the Ransom Center.
Please click the thumbnails to view full-size images.
Learn more about the David Foster Wallace collection on the Ransom Center's website.
Please click the thumbnails to view larger images.
Jamaican-born writer Claude McKay (1889–1948) is probably best-known for his poem "If We Must Die." McKay, however, also published three novels and a collection of short stories. His most popular novel, Home to Harlem (1928), grew out of a short story of the same name. He was encouraged in his work by his literary agent William Bradley, an American whose agency operated out of Paris. Claude McKay's correspondence can be found in the Center's William A. Bradley Literary Agency collection.
An optimistic McKay wrote to Bradley from Antibes, France in February 1927, "Everything is clear and I can see through the whole story to the end. I ought to have the thing done by the end of March." However, a series of difficulties beset McKay and slowed his writing process. In mid-March, McKay's friend Max Eastman was planning to return to the United States and to take his typewriter with him. McKay thought he might have to write long-hand, but on March 26 happily reported "The typewriter problem is almost solved" after he purchased a used typewriter for 550 francs. He noted, however, it "doesn't work so well. I have already had to take it back to Nice twice…and now it is on the blink again." In early April, McKay was still working on the manuscript and struggling through financial and creative challenges, writing to Bradley, "I am without any money and should be very obliged to you for sending me two hundred francs….. I got into an impasse for a week nearly and had to destroy everything I wrote. But I got out and am going along smoothly again."
McKay continued to work, and by June the manuscript was complete. In February 1928, McKay finally received the publisher's "dummy" of the book and had concerns about the dust jacket featuring an illustration by Aaron Douglas:
"I like the cover of the book & the color of the jacket but I don't like the drawing. It looks so much like the stiff skeleton of a black ape. Has no life and one looking at it will naturally link it with Jake [the novel's protagonist]. Covarrubias could have done something striking & sympathetic, but I suppose I should not grumble & criticize but be loyal and patriotic as the artist is a colored man."
A week later he followed-up with Bradley:
"Yes, I think my first opinion about the cover was wrong. It is effective and grows on me. The Senegalese fellows at the café were enchanted with it at first sight. Maybe my plastic sense is a little corrupt and sentimental."
Harper and Brothers released the book with the Aaron Douglas illustration and Home to Harlem went on to become a success, surprising even McKay who was tickled with its popularity "I see Home to Harlem like an impudent dog has nosed right in among the best sellers in New York!" The New York Times declared of McKay's talent, "it is not a strained, a half-hearted or skimpy talent, but one that is eminently worth more play than one novel." While McKay went on to write Banjo (1929) and Banana Bottom (1933), these novels failed to live up to the success of Home to Harlem.
Please click thumbnails to view larger images.
The contributions of the actor can be seen throughout the Making Movies exhibition. The primary and most visible interpreter of character is the actor, who interacts with or is affected by every creative artist on the production team.
Gloria Swanson's performance as the aging film star Norma Desmond in Sunset Boulevard (1950) is now widely regarded as one of the most powerful in the history of film. The inner life of the character was first developed in the screenplay by Billy Wilder and Charles Brackett, who tailored specific details to Swanson's own life and career. But Swanson also drew on her own experience as a silent-screen film actor when she relied primarily on facial expressions and pantomime to convey emotion and action to the audience. Her perfect balance of all the aspects of Desmond's character created a truly memorable performance.
In this audio clip, Swanson talks about working with director Cecil B. DeMille and the violin players kept on the film sets to help actors get "into the mood" for happy or sad scenes. She also discusses acting technique for silent films with subtitle cards.
This audio excerpt is just one item from the "Actor" section of the Making Movies exhibition, which runs through August 1 at the Ransom Center. Follow our RSS and Twitter feeds or become a fan on Facebook to see new items from the exhibition revealed each day for the next few days as part of "Script to Screen."
In anticipation of the opening of its exhibition Making Movies, the Harry Ransom Center kicks off the promotional campaign "Script to Screen," featuring online content that highlights the creative work that takes place behind the scenes in filmmaking.
Today, you can view a video preview of the exhibition, which opens February 9.
Featuring items from the Ransom Center's extensive film collections, the exhibition reveals the collaborative nature of the filmmaking process and focuses on how the artists involved—from writers to directors, actors to cinematographers—transform the written word into moving image.
Highlights include original scripts, storyboards, production photos, and call sheets, in addition to screenplays from The Third Man, North by Northwest, and Shakespeare in Love and costumes from Gone With The Wind, An Affair to Remember, and Taxi Driver.
During "Script To Screen," the Ransom Center will share unique content related to the exhibition every day through its social media channels on this blog, Twitter, and Facebook. Each day, the Ransom Center will highlight an item from a different section of the exhibition, which is organized by filmmaking jobs (director, producer, cinematographer, and more) and by iconic film scenes with materials that show how those scenes were created.
For Central Texas readers, join us on the red carpet for a special opening celebration for the Making Movies exhibition on Friday, February 12. Details at www.hrc.utexas.edu/redcarpet.
The Ransom Center will launch the "Script To Screen" promotional campaign next week in anticipation of the upcoming exhibition Making Movies, which opens February 9. Starting Monday, the Ransom Center will feature online content that highlights the creative work that takes place behind the scenes in filmmaking.
Featuring items from the Ransom Center's extensive film collections, Making Movies reveals the collaborative nature of the filmmaking process and focuses on how the artists involved—from writers to directors, actors to cinematographers—transform the written word into moving image.
This video gives an overview of the Ransom Center's film collections and highlights many items that will be included in the exhibition.
Lucien Douglas, Professor of Theatre and Dance at The University of Texas at Austin, performs "The Tell-Tale Heart" and other selections from the work of Edgar Allan Poe tonight in an event that will be webcast live.
Listen to Douglas reading excerpts from "Alone," "The Tell-Tale Heart," and "The Raven."
The Ransom Center has acquired the papers of American novelist Jayne Anne Phillips. Phillips has published six novels and story collections over the last three decades. Her most recent work is Lark and Termite (2009).
Phillips visited the Ransom Center recently and recorded a reading of Lark and Termite, which you can listen to here.
Known for her poetic prose and her in-depth study of family dynamics, Phillips has received critical acclaim and major literary prizes, including a Guggenheim fellowship and two National Endowment for the Arts fellowships. A member of the American Academy of Arts and Letters, Phillips is professor of English and director of the Master of Fine Arts program in Creative Writing at Rutgers University, Newark.
The acquisition contains manuscripts in multiple states for Black Tickets (1979), Machine Dreams (1984), Shelter (1995), Motherkind (2000), and Lark and Termite, as well as dozens of individual short stories and essays, some never published. Phillips's school records, early writings, family photographs, notebooks, business documents, fan mail, and related ephemera provide insight into the writer's life, writing process, family relationships, and publishing history.
The Ransom Center's Coronelli Celestial globe (ca. 1688) is almost five feet high and depicts several constellations labeled in Italian and Latin. To coincide with the current exhibition, Other Worlds: Rare Astronomical Works, the technology and digital services department developed a virtual model of the globe for our website. Photographer Pete Smith and technology services graduate intern Ramona Broussard describe how they assembled this model:
The first challenge we encountered in creating this virtual model was moving the globe to the photography studio to capture high-quality images. The Ransom Center's exhibition preparation department had to remove a door so that the large globe could fit inside the photography studio.
After our first test shots, we realized that the lighting would have to be polarized to clear up the glare coming off the shiny surface of the globe. The final lighting setup required five powerful flash units and numerous reflectors. For the animation to run smoothly, the globe had to be rotated the same distance for each photographed frame. After some investigation we found that the globe was marked with 72 longitudinal lines that were perfect to use as guides when we moved the globe for each frame. When photographing the globe we had to be careful not to skip a section or double up on one.
One person moved the globe and carefully stepped out of the frame so that the photograph could be taken. This process was repeated 72 times until the globe was photographed for one full rotation. When the photographing was complete, the exhibition preparation crew lifted the globe onto a type of dolly and rolled it out of the studio. They then replaced the door.
The next challenge was deciding how to stitch the photographs together and present them online in a usable and accurate way. We settled on using Flash because Flash is a widely adopted tool that most browsers support without the need for add-ons or plug-ins; the necessity of downloading add-ons often prevents people from accessing new multimedia.
We reviewed several online Flash tools and settled on one created by YoFLA because it was easy to use and provided several functions we wanted, including the ability to zoom, a customizable look, and predefined hotspots (or clickable areas.) YoFLA 3D Object Rotate is freely available for those who want to try it.
The first 3D object we created with 72 uncropped images was prohibitively large. To keep download time to a minimum, we created a smaller object with only 36 images that were cropped. Finally, we had a virtual globe that could be put online for easy viewing and close inspection.
The Ransom Center announces its application process for the more than 50 fellowships that are awarded annually to support scholarly research projects in all areas of the humanities. Applicants must apply by February 1, 2010, and demonstrate the need for substantial on-site use of the Center's collections.
Recent fellow Daniel Worden, who received a Dorot Foundation Postdoctoral Research Fellowship in Jewish Studies, describes his experience at the Ransom Center:
This summer, I worked in the Norman Mailer papers at the Harry Ransom Center, through the support of a Dorot Foundation Fellowship. This research trip allowed me to begin work on my new book project, "Cool Realism: The New Journalism and American Literary Culture." This book will focus on literary non-fiction from the 1960s and 1970s that adopts techniques from fiction writing. Norman Mailer is key to this project, and the Ransom Center's collections proved to be a perfect starting point for my research.
Since I was primarily interested in Mailer's non-fiction writing, I was able to focus the first two weeks of my research on a few key texts, namely, The Armies of the Night, The Fight, and Miami and the Siege of Chicago. On my first day at the Ransom Center, I was thrilled to find an early introduction to The Armies of the Night, Mailer's book about the 1967 March on the Pentagon, that compared his journalistic method to Truman Capote's, as realized in In Cold Blood. Mailer argued in this draft introduction that he relies less on fact and more on "mood" in documenting events. It is precisely this type of comparison, and the resulting ideas about what constitutes "true" writing and meaningful journalism, that I was hoping to find.
Working at the Ransom Center was a joy. The curators and librarians were incredibly helpful, and I was able to accomplish much during my stay because the environment at the Ransom Center is so conducive to archival work. As an added bonus, Austin is such a vibrant city—there was always something to do after the reading room closed.
Watch the video of Worden discussing his research and describing how one "can watch works develop in their different stages."


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BALTIMORE - A Baltimore man is accused in the death of his girlfriend's young daughter.
Police say 22-year-old Sharmell Thomas has been charged with second-degree murder in the death of the 14-month-old girl.
The child, identified as Desmare Braxton, was found unresponsive Wednesday morning after Thomas called the police to report that the child had a seizure.
Police say the child had bruises on her body. The Baltimore Sun reports ( http://tinyurl.com/73kusly) that Thomas admitted under questioning from detectives that he had shaken the baby.
(Copyright 2012 The Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.)


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Press Release #30 (6/30/09)
July 2009 Day and Date Major Titles Include "Push," "Knowing," "Watchmen" and More
New York, July 30 - Many major film studios are now offering movies to cable's Video on Demand (VOD) the same day as their home video DVD release, according to iN DEMAND Networks, the leading distributor of VOD product. This "Day & Date" release schedule is a trend that has been on the rise for the past few years. Here are several hit movies this coming month that viewers can access on VOD starting on the same day as DVD: "Push" - 7/7; "Knowing" - 7/7; "Watchmen" - 7/21; "Dragonball: Evolution" - 7/28 and "Miss March" - 7/28.
In addition to Day & Date, many other great films are available on VOD this coming month, including: "Paul Blart:Mall Cop" - 7/3; "The Haunting in Connecticut" - 7/28; "Confessions of a Shopaholic" - 7/23, and many others. Go to www.iNDEMAND.com/movies for more title listings.
Many major movie titles have recently come to cable's VOD Day & Date with home video. Just a few of those include: "Gran Torino, ""Friday the 13th," "Inkheart," "Yes Man," "Frost/Nixon," "Bride Wars" and "A Plumm Summer."
Day & Date availability is growing quickly. According to David Asch, iN DEMAND Networks Executive Vice President, "Starting in mid-2007, there were only 15 titles offered to cable's Video On Demand platform the same time as DVD. In 2008, there were 73 day and date titles. If current trends hold, we expect to present significantly more than 100 day and date titles to cable viewers during the year 2009." So far this year, 30% of cable VOD titles from major studios have been offered day and date.
VOD is becoming second nature in many households. More viewers are finding the convenience and simplicity of Video On Demand a great way to watch movies. According to Rentrak, in the first quarter of 2009 alone there were more than 1.66 billion On Demand transactions on cable and other platforms in the U.S., including free, subscription and transactional offerings. According to Leichtman Research Group, Inc. over 40 million digital cable subscribers had access to VOD as of the beginning of 2009 (including both cable systems and telephone companies).
With a click of their remotes on digital cable, viewers can order, pause, rewind and forward. The vast majority of major Hollywood movies on VOD are also in HD. Viewers can find complete listings by going to www.indemand.com, their on-screen guides or their cable system websites.
About iN DEMAND Networks
iN DEMAND Networks is the pioneer and world leader in providing exciting entertainment delivered through television's most innovative technologies. iN DEMAND creates and delivers programming through three distinct areas of business: Pay-Per-View (PPV), Video-On-Demand (VOD) and high definition (HD) programming. PPV programming includes movies, mega boxing and mixed martial arts events and the digital out-of-market subscription sports packages for MLB, the NBA, the NHL and MLS. The company also offers a range of VOD products including first-run movies, original HD VOD content, and serves as the exclusive TV home of Howard Stern, via its Howard TV On Demand offering. iN DEMAND's owners are Comcast iN DEMAND Holdings, Inc., Cox Communications Holdings, Inc., and Time Warner Entertainment - Advance/Newhouse Partnership. Further information about the company can be found at www.indemand.com.
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Since 2006, the Ohio Smoke-Free Workplace Act has banned indoor smoking at public establishments and places of employment, making Ohio the first Midwestern state to enact a state-wide ban. Despite controversy and contestment, that ban will continue to be enforced statewide.
The owner of Zeno's Victorian Village in Columbus who attempted to combat the law was shut down by a unanimous 7-0 vote in the Ohio Supreme Court today, which ruled that the state's six-year smoking ban is constitutional.
Ohio's ban affects some 280,000 establishments across the state of Ohio, according to the Ohio Department of Health (ODH).
According to the Supreme Court of Ohio's case summary, Zeno's was cited 10 times for violations of the ban from July 2007 and September 2009, receiving multiple fines, none of which were paid. In protest of the violations, the director of the ODH filed a complaint against Bartec Inc., the corporate entity that owns Zeno's, requesting the bar to pay all outstanding fines.
Bartec and legal representative 1851 Center for Constitutional Law, a nonprofit legal center, asserted that the smoking ban was unconstitutional, a violation of the state's policing powers and that prohibiting smoking in an adults-only liquor-licensed establishment such as Zeno's is "unduly oppressive," according to the case summary.
The ban and its enforcement, argued Bartec, constitutes an unlawful taking of property, meaning an improper confiscation of the owner's control of the indoor air.
"The goal of this legislation is to protect the health of the workers and other citizens of Ohio. ... It does so by regulating proprietors of public places and places of employment in a minimally invasive way. We therefore hold that the Smoke Free Act does not constitute a taking," wrote Justice Lanzinger in her opinion.
In her written opinion, Justice Judith Ann Lanzinger also cited 2002 Supreme Court decision, D.A.B.E., Inc. v. Toledo-Lucas Cty. Bd. of Health:
"We have previously stated that the General Assembly has the authority to enact a public-smoking ban. ... Although the Smoke Free Act was ultimately passed pursuant to a ballot initiative, the voters of Ohio also have a legitimate purpose in protecting the general welfare and health of Ohio citizens and workforce from the dangers of secondhand smoke in enclosed public places. By requiring that proprietors of public places and places of employment take reasonable steps to prevent smoking on their premises by posting 'no smoking' signs, removing ashtrays, and requesting patrons to stop smoking, the act is rationally related to its stated objective."
According to the Columbus Dispatch, the bar owes the state approximately $33,00 in violation fines, and the state has threatened to seize and foreclose the bar if the fines aren't paid.
See how Ohio's public smoking laws compare to those in other states across the U.S. here.
Gone, after just three-and-a-half years, is the "Beautiful Ohio" plate, a bucolic affair that managed to combine green rolling hills, a red barn, a city skyline, trees, a yellow sunburst, the Wright Brothers' plane and the year of statehood. The Automobile License Plate Collectors Association gave it second place in its Best New License Plate contest in 2009.
The new standard-issue plate, which went on sale April 15, is called "Ohio Pride" (no, not that pride). The word Ohio appears on a wide, red isosceles triangle bleeding from the top of the plate. And behind the plate number is a background of 46 slogans, identifiers and products "describing what makes Ohio a great state." Such as: "State of Perfect Balance," "The Heart of it All," "Newark Earthworks," "Serpent Mound," "Polymer Capital of the World," "Steel City" and "Walleye." It is devoid of images.
Pity the passing driver who tries to make out any of the 46 words and phrases. Because they are jammed together in light gray lettering, they blur into a hazy backdrop. Don't take CityBeat's word for it. Pull up behind a car with one of the new plates. Maybe you'll be able to make out two of the larger-print items, "Birthplace of Aviation" and "DiscoverOhio.com."
The cacophony of slogans and products gives the new Ohio plate an edge over the regular plates of many states, said Greg Gibson, president of the ALPCA. But he, too, was confounded by their legibility. "I doubt that the slogans can be read at any distance," he says.
Ohio Bureau of Motor Vehicles spokesman Dustyn Fox said no one in the Kasich administration objected to the Beautiful Ohio plate, which was designed with the help of former First Lady Frances Strickland.
"Traditionally, each new administration redesigns the Ohio plate," Fox says. "A selection committee made up from BMV officials, Ohio Department of Public Safety officials and representatives from the governor's office choose final designs. The governor and first lady make the final decision."
The review panel considered five or six designs before settling on one submitted by students at the Columbus College of Art and Design. The selection, however, represents an act of artistic regression in a milieu that has gone wild for visual elements in the past decade. Wyoming, for instance, has a bucking bronco, Oklahoma a Native American archer, Utah a skier and South Dakota, Mt. Rushmore. Elsewhere, we see trees, mountain ranges, peaches, oranges, a cactus, a pelican and a buffalo.Closer to home, Indiana has a blue license plate depicting the state seal, but which looks like a clock face in traffic. Kentucky plates bear the slogan "Unbridled Spirit" and the head of a hurtling race horse. Cleverly, they also show the vehicle owner's home county, which allows police officers to snag out-of-county drivers for traffic violations.
Keller's IGA, located at 319 Ludlow Ave. in Clifton, shut down Thursday citing tax issues. While the doors are still locked, it has been announced that the store's liquor license is no longer suspended.
Cliftonites have been shopping at IGA's Ludlow location since 1939. Nestled near Arlin's Bar and Esquire Theater, Keller's was one of the only grocery stores in walking distance from The University of Cincinnati and has been a staple for many students and locals, especially those on foot.
While there is a CVS Pharmacy and United Dairy Farmer's nearby, the closest full-service grocery stores are the Kroger stores on West Corry Street (1.5 miles away) and off Spring Grove Avenue (1.7 miles away). The absence of Keller's not only leaves locals with fewer shopping options, but leaves a gap in array of locally-owned businesses in the Gaslight District.
While many former Keller's shoppers will turn to new stores where they can purchase deli items and fresh produce, they will most likely have to forgo supporting a neighborhood store and resort to a larger chain. A sign on Keller's door urges patrons to do what they can to save this local business.
Click here to contact Mayor Mallory, here for auditor Dusty Rhodes or here for Hamilton County Commissioners.
In a stark turnabout from the company's previous position involving the incident, Cintas Corp. has settled a lawsuit filed by the wife of an employee who was burned to death in an industrial dryer at an Oklahoma facility.
When Eleazar Torres-Gomez was killed at the Cintas laundry near Tulsa, Okla., in March 2007, the company took no responsibility and blamed him for his death. Further, Cintas initially tried to block Torres-Gomez's family from claiming workers compensation benefits.
People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) took to downtown streets today to distribute "cruelty-free shopping guides." The pocket-sized pamphlets list more than 950 companies that have completed a statement of assurance saying they don't do product testing on animals.
Republicans made a lot of fuss about Barack Obama's associations during last year's presidential campaign. Now that same standard might come back to haunt them.
Because Obama attended church where the Rev. Jeremiah Wright preached, the GOP told us it must mean that Obama shared all of Wright's incendiary beliefs about the 9/11 terrorist attacks and the origin of the AIDS virus. Because Obama lived near ex-'60s radical William Ayers and attended some of the same events, they breathlessly added that it must mean Obama approves of blowing up public buildings.
What, then, does that say about Rob Portman, the former GOP congressman who is the odds-on favorite to run for George Voinovich's seat in the U.S. Senate in 2010?
Mark Miller isn't a subtle guy.
Miller, treasurer of the Coalition Opposed to Additional Spending and Taxes (COAST), recently apologized publicly after using the anniversary of the Sept. 11 terrorist attacks to tweet a comment comparing the attacks to a political battle about the planned Cincinnati streetcar system.
Now Miller has posted an altered photograph on his Facebook page that some people believe is racist. The photo depicts a streetcar filled with young African-American males brandishing weapons. The streetcar has a sign that reads, "Banks & Freedom Center Only."
Have something to say that's more significant about what's going on in the world than where to find the cheapest beer or what the woman next to you is wearing? Then put those thoughts down on paper and submit them to the 2009 annual Book of Poems and Drawings on Peace and Justice.
The first step is a call for poets to focus on the themes of peace and justice. Here are the pesky details:
* Poet may submit up to three poems.
* All submissions will be considered. The editors will be looking for quality, inclusiveness, and appropriateness to the themes of peace and justice.
* If space becomes limited, priority will be given to poets not published in previous books. (This is the sixth annual book.)
* Poems selected will be illustrated in black and white by Greater Cincinnati artists (one drawing per poet).
* Poems and illustrations will be printed in For a Better World 2009 slated for publication in May 2009.
Send submissions as "Word" attachments (or in full text) by e-mail or by U.S. mail (on a CD) to:
Saad Ghosn: firstname.lastname@example.com or 216 Erkenbrecher Ave., Cincinnati, OH 45229
Submission deadline: Feb. 25, 2009
The book will be launched and available for sale at "SOS ART" and "poets included in book will be invited to read their poems at SOS ART," according to publisher and event organizer Saad Ghosn.
Not that anyone really gives a [expletive] what Hank Williams, Jr., thinks about politics, but the country singer has gotten himself canned from Monday Night Football for saying insensitive things about subjects he doesn't know that much about. Williams yesterday told Fox & Friends that John Boehner's golf game with President Obama was "one of the biggest political mistakes ever," comparing it to "Hitler playing golf with (Israeli leader) Benjamin Netanyahu," and then explaining that Obama and Joe Biden are "the enemy."


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NEVADA PUBLIC EDUCATION FOUNDATION Overview
Target demographics: Through its Ready for Life (RFL) initiative, the Foundation has created a collaborative cross-agency effort to improve Nevada's success at engaging and graduating "ready for life" students and reengaging those who prematurely left school. Dozens of public and private organizations are partnering in the belief that as they work together, students will be more likely to complete high school and gain appropriate post-secondary education or training to become productive, contributing members of society.
Direct beneficiaries per year: Approximately 20,000
Someone who had 3 hours of volunteer time could: This person could provide a mentoring, tutoring or job shadow experience for struggling youth OR assist with event planning and communications. The possibilities are endless when it comes to empowering youth to be Ready for Life. If you're in Washoe County, go to www.readyforlifenv.org, choose your community sector or sectors, and commit to elevating youth through specific activities.
* Hosted two RFL Nevada Dropout Prevention Summits to improve Nevada's graduation rate
* Created the Nevada Compact to implement goals from the Summits and reflect a shared commitment to education
* Supported RFL Southern Nevada's efforts in hosting three Funders Forums to leverage opportunities and maximize impact
* Supported local RFL collaboratives in Clark, Washoe, Churchill, Lyon, Storey, Nye and Esmeralda counties
* Focused efforts to "graduate all" with short-term goal of 10% increase in the graduation rate by 2013
* In 2010, NPEF connected Clark County School District (CCSD) with United Way of Southern Nevada in response to a high school partnerships grant opportunity presented by AT&T. This connection resulted in a $100,000 grant to plan a family engagement project at five pilot high schools. Upon seeing results from the planning phase, UWSN funders implemented these efforts and plan to support the project for an additional four years.
* RFL Southern Nevada worked with the Clark County Continuum of Care to align priorities and reach disconnected youth. As a result of this relationship, the Continuum successfully received a $3.1 million grant to provide housing and wraparound services to homeless youth ages 18-24 through St. Jude's Ranch for Children project.
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Work began in Summer 2012 to replace the competition track. The new outdoor track improves the ability of the men's and women's track teams to train and will enhance recruiting opportunities. In addition, the new track is available to all students for fitness training. In 2012, the track was named in honor of long-time coach and alum Tom King. Here are some facts about the outdoor track:
Long jump pit
Pole vault pit


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Victoria County History
A History of the County of Buckingham: Volume 1
William Page (editor)
Year published
Supporting documents
Table of abbreviations
Comment on this articleDouble click anywhere on the text to add an annotation in-line
Citation Show
another format:
'Friaries: Franciscan friars, Aylesbury', A History of the County of Buckingham: Volume 1 (1905), pp. 391-392. URL: http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=40321 Date accessed: 27 November 2014.
(Min 3 characters)
The house of Grey Friars at Aylesbury was
founded by James Butler, Earl of Ormond, as
late as 1386. (fn. 1) At the dissolution there were
only seven friars there, (fn. 2) but it is possible that
at the foundation there may have been a
larger number.
At a time when friars did not rank very high
in popular esteem these Minorites of Aylesbury seem to have shown something of the
same independent and fearless spirit as their
brethren of the strict observance in the sixteenth century. Richard II. had been a
benefactor of this house, and at the beginning
of the next reign a friar was accused by one of
his own brethren of spreading a report that
the late king was still alive. He was brought
before Henry IV., but the story of his ending
cannot be better told than in the words of the
mediaeval chronicle, whether strictly historical or no. (fn. 3) It happened at the time 'when
the people began to grudge against King
Harry, and bear him heavy, because he took
their goods and paid not therefore,' that the
friar of Aylesbury was brought into the royal
presence. Said the king to the friar, 'Thou
hast heard that King Richard is alive, and art
glad thereof.' And the friar answered, 'I
am glad as a man is glad of the life of his
friend, for I am holden to him, and all my kin,
for he was our furtherer and promoter.' But
the king said, 'Thou hast noised and told
openly that he liveth, and so thou hast excited and stirred the people against me.'
'Nay,' said the friar. But the king went on,
'Tell me the truth as it is in thine heart: if
thou sawest King Richard and me in the field
fighting together, with whom wouldst thou
hold?' 'Forsooth with him, for I am more
beholden to him, 'replied the bold friar.
'Then thou wouldest that I and all the lords
of my realm were dead?' 'Nay,' said the
friar again. 'What wouldst thou do with me
if thou hadst the victory over me?' 'I
would make you Duke of Lancaster,' answered the friar. 'Thou art not my friend,
and therefore thou shalt lose thine head,' was
the king's reply: and the poor friar was
'dampned befor the justice, and drawe and
hanged and beheddid.'
At the dissolution the house at Aylesbury
was a very poor place, and in debt; the church
however was in good condition, and had
lately been repaired. (fn. 4) Dr. London reported
to Cromwell that there was scarce money
enough, even after the sale of the plate and
lead, to 'dispatch the friars honestly.' (fn. 5) No
attempt was therefore made to provide them
with pensions: but London desired special
capacities for them to serve cures. (fn. 6) Whether
these were granted or no remains uncertain.
The guardian of the house in 1535 was Edward Ryly (fn. 7) ; the one who signed the surrender was Henry Meyn. (fn. 8) The Deed of
Surrender, which is dated 1 October, 1538, is
identical with that of the friars of Bedford,
and therefore obviously not of their own
composition. The acknowledgment which it
contains—that, after profound consideration,
the brethren had discovered that their religion consisted mainly of pharisaical ceremonies—is in consequence quite as formal
and meaningless as the ordinary Deeds of
The Valor Ecclesiasticus gives the clear income of the friars at Aylesbury as £3 2s. 5d. (fn. 9)
London valued the whole property—close,
fields, garden and site—at £6 2s. 4d.; the
timber round the house was worth £6 13s. 4d. (fn. 10)
Pointed oval seal, red in colour and chipped
at the top, attached to the Deed of Surrender
dated 1 October, 1538. (fn. 11) The impression,
which is somewhat indistinct, represents St.
Francis to the right beneath a tree lifting up
the right hand and holding in the left hand a
pastoral staff. In the branches of the tree are
two birds before him and on the left a friar
kneeling. The whole may represent the story
of St. Francis preaching to the birds. Legend:
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Since 1707, there had been no Scottish Parliament, up until the Scotland Act 1998 was passed, and now the Scottish Parliament resides in the Holyrood building, nestled at the bottom of the Royal Mile, in the heart of old Edinburgh.
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