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Prices and availability are subject to change from the time and date that you print this page.
11/28/2014 10:49:49 PM. For Customer Service, please call 800.967.6696
The Story
The subtly graduated rectangles of Marjaana Virta's clean design layer the bed with rich color and mix-friendly pattern in soft cotton percale. Sheets and cases have generous 4 " hems. Fitted sheet has a deep 16 " pocket to accommodate thicker mattresses. Set includes one flat sheet, one fitted sheet and two king pillowcases. Bed pillows also available.
Details and Dimensions
Marimekko Kullervo Citron King Sheet Set. Includes one flat sheet, one fitted sheet and two king pillowcases.
- Designed by Marjaana Virta
- 100% cotton percale
- 300-thread-count
- Sheets and cases have 4" hems
- Machine wash cold, tumble dry low; warm iron as needed
- Made in Pakistan
FittedWidth: 80" Depth: 82" Height: 16" CaseWidth: 20" Depth: 40" FlatWidth: 108" Depth: 102"
Try our Bedding Planner Design Tool
- Tumble dry low.
- Do not bleach.
- Machine wash cold.
- Iron Medium.
Return/Exchange Policy
We will accept merchandise returns of non-furniture items at our stores within 90 days of customer receipt. Please understand, however, that bedding items may be returned or exchanged only if in their original packaging. Furthermore, Outlet purchases may only be returned to an Outlet store. All other Crate and Barrel non-furniture items merchandise may be returned to any other Crate and Barrel store (excluding Outlets) or by mail (if such item was ordered online or by phone and received by mail).
Depending on the nature of the return/exchange and the presence of an original receipt or packing slip, we will issue an appropriate credit or refund in one of the following ways:
- If accompanied by the Original Sales Receipt or Packing Slip, the item's purchase price will be refunded in the Original Form of Tender. (See below for limit as to cash issued at time of return.)
- If accompanied by an Original Gift Receipt or Gift Packing Slip, the item's purchase price will be refunded via a Shop Card.
- If an Original Sales or Gift Receipt or Packing Slip is not present, the item's current retail price will be refunded via a Shop Card. Valid photo ID is required for store returns without an Original Sales or Gift Receipt or Packing Slip.
- For store returns of cash purchases accompanied by the Original Sales Receipt, a cash refund will be given up to $100. If the purchase exceeds $100, a check in the amount of the balance of the refund will be mailed to the customer.
Please note: Shop Cards, Gift Cards and eGift Cards are valid for Crate and Barrel, CB2 and The Land of Nod purchases and are not redeemable or subject to exchange for cash or a cash equivalent, except as required by applicable law.


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From Head to Toe, Young to Old: 26 Knit and Crochet Accessories
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Winter Accessory Set
By: Bernat
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For all skill levels, try knitting an entire set of matching winter accessories. Set includes free knitting patterns for a cable detailed knit hat, mittens, scarf and socks.
Panel Pat A (worked over 12 sts) (see chart).
Panel Pat B (worked over 8 sts) (see chart).
Change to larger needles and proceed as follows:
Shape top: 1st row: (RS). P1. (Work 11th row of Panel Pat A. P2tog. P3. C4B. P3. P2tog) 4 times. 97 sts.
Change to larger needles and proceed as follows:
Shape thumb gusset:
***Thumb: Next row: P12. Turn.
Make heel: Slip last 9 (9-10) sts from 3rd needle and first 9 (9-10) sts from 1st needle onto one needle for heel, having contrast marker in centre. Leave 22 (22- 24) sts on 2 needles for instep. Break yarn.
Size 9/10 only: 7th row: Sl1. P10. P2tog. Turn.
All sizes: With RS of work facing, pick up and knit 9 (10-11) sts along left side of heel. With 2nd needle, pat across 22 (22-24) sts from instep. With 3rd needle, pick up and knit 9 (10-11) sts along right side of heel. Knit first 6 sts from heel onto end of 3rd needle. Slip rem 6 sts from heel onto beg of 1st needle. 52 (54-58) sts are now divided 15 (16-17) sts on 1st needle, 22 (22-24) sts on 2nd needle and 15 (16-17) sts on 3rd needle.
Shape toe: 1st rnd: 1st needle: Knit to last 3 sts. K2tog. K1. 2nd needle: K1. Sl1. K1. psso. Pat to last 3 sts. K2tog. K1. 3rd needle: K1. Sl1. K1. psso. Knit to end of needle.
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Embroidery Hoop Bulletin Board
By: Maureen Wilson
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Embroidery hoop crafts are all the rage right now. You can turn them into so many things, including this DIY bulletin board from Maureen WIlson. Hang important pieces of paper or cute odds and ends on your walls in your craft room with this easy DIY cork board.
Note: Now, I know I have some thrifty crafters out there, and I'm guessing they're going to ask whether the cork is necessary for this project. Foam board by itself will hold the pushpins, but it won't be as durable without the cork. If you do choose to skip the cork, I recommend using fabric spray adhesive to attach your foam board, rather than hot glue. It will give you a much smoother finish.
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Customer Reviews
Superior Liver Protection
10 people found the following review helpful
Posted by Reviewer1591045 on Apr 16, 2010
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I have used this product for over one year now and my subsequent blood serum liver tests confirm a great improvement in the ability of my liver to process nutrients. Not only does Jarrow Formulas Liver PF ToxGuard protect but it cleanses and nourishes the liver which is essential to our optimal health! I highly recommend this product!
superior liver detox
20 people found the following review helpful
Posted by Reviewer3303538 on Oct 01, 2009
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This is an unusual liver supplement in that it is targeted very specifically for Phase 2 detoxification, which is where I (and most people) need support. I was scheduled for gallbladder surgery, and having all kinds of digestive distress, but after a month of taking 4 caplets of this a day (they're kind of big and hard, but not too bad) and some other helpful things (such as continuing w/ acupuncture and Chinese herbs), I feel much better and have cancelled surgery. Heal your liver, heal the body!
Liver PF
9 people found the following review helpful
Posted by Reviewer3165631 on Jan 19, 2011
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My GP has been overseeing my hypoglycemia for 17 years (I can't say he ever treated it). Just recently I learned on the internet that the liver may be responsible for hypo and started taking Liver PF. Since I started taking it, I feel more than 100% better. Next time I see him, I'll mention this to my doc.
Great Product
9 people found the following review helpful
Posted by Reviewer2450449 on Jun 30, 2009
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I have been using this product for approx. one year now and it is excellent! You will notice an increase in bowel movements amount and number of times. Because you are getting rid of toxins better, there will be an increase in energy and skin will look much better!
good formulation
6 people found the following review helpful
Posted by Reviewer3226341 on Oct 10, 2009
Purchased at iHerb
I started take these to help with various food intolerance and they really seem to be working


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The traditional central-station grid is evolving toward a more distributed architecture, accommodating a variety of resources spread out across the network. An open and thoughtful planning...
2008 CEO Forum: Conservation Compact
Utilities test new models to encourage investments in efficiency and conservation.
the smart grid figure into PHI's business strategy?
Wraase: It's a critical component. We're investing heavily in the smart grid, and a key component is smart metering, which we believe is critical. There are a lot of efficiencies and improvements we can get on our distribution system just from having an intelligent grid, and those efficiencies can translate into lower costs for customers, in addition to better service—in terms of knowing when customers are out and managing outages.
Critical peak pricing is an important component of that. We've had some very limited experience with it, but that sort of disappeared with deregulation. We have an experiment now in D.C. We're trying different kinds of critical peak pricing techniques on 1,400 customers, to test which type will have the best result.
If we're going to have any real impact on the future energy needs of this country, we need to solve the peak problem, and that will have a dramatic overall impact on customers' bills. It won't happen without critical peak pricing.
Fortnightly: Do you think the utility business proposition is changing in America, given the combined pressures of resource constraints, environmental concerns and evolving technology? If so, how does the regulatory compact need to change?
Wraase: Everyone in this industry would say we've always been customer focused. But we've never developed our equivalent of call waiting, as occurred in the telephone industry. I believe we're going to become more customer focused. Customers need to be in charge of their energy use, and we need to give them the tools to make their own decisions.
We can offer them tools like different pricing structures, and things like electric transportation. We can provide off-peak pricing to plug in your hybrid, and the ability to sell back energy from your hybrid during peak periods at a premium price. That's the major change I see coming. Technology will allow us to do that.
As a T&D company, there's very little I can do about the price of coal, oil and gas. Those costs will be reflected in rates. Likewise if there's a carbon tax, that will increase rates. The place where I can benefit my customers is in helping them consume less so they can minimize their bills. That's the future role for utilities.
Decoupling goes with that. But it doesn't necessarily require a change in the regulatory construct. Nothing in the compact would restrict us from doing what we're doing. We can still file rate cases as before, it's just a matter of how you recover your money. But there's protection added for the customer with regard to cost.
I'd like to see commissions take a broader perspective on this. It's not just about a short-term rate increase, because there are huge long-term benefits. If you're putting in smart meters, yes, there's a modest rate increase. But if you couple that with critical-peak pricing and other tools, customers can benefit because their overall energy bill will come down. That's part of our blueprint filing. The end game is the total cost to customers, and that


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Minneapolis–Saint Paul
|This article may be confusing or unclear to readers. (September 2014)
|This article is outdated. (September 2014)
|Minneapolis–Saint Paul
U.S. Census Bureau Statistical Areas
|Minneapolis–St. Paul–St. Cloud CSA, MN-WI[1]
|3,759,978 (US: 14th)
|Minnesota counties
|Anoka · Carver · Chisago · Dakota · Goodhue · Hennepin · Isanti · McLeod · Ramsey · Rice · Scott · Sherburne · Stearns · Washington · Wright
|Wisconsin counties
|Pierce · St. Croix
|Minneapolis–St. Paul–Bloomington MSA, MN-WI[2]
|3,459,146 (US: 16th)[3]
|Largest city
|Other cities
|Saint Paul - Bloomington - Brooklyn Park - Plymouth - Woodbury - Maple Grove - Coon Rapids - Eagan - Eden Prairie - Burnsville - Blaine
|489.7/sq mi.[4] (189.06/km²)
|6,364.12 total sq mi. (16483.07 km²)
|Minnesota counties
|Anoka · Carver · Chisago · Dakota · Hennepin · Isanti · Ramsey · Scott · Sherburne · Washington · Wright
|Wisconsin counties
|Pierce · St. Croix
|Area codes
Minneapolis–Saint Paul is the most populous urban area in the U.S. state of Minnesota, and is composed of 182 cities and townships[5] built around the Mississippi, Minnesota and St. Croix rivers. The area is also nicknamed the Twin Cities for its two largest cities, Minneapolis, with the highest population, and Saint Paul, the state capital. It is a classic example of twin cities in the sense of geographical proximity.
The area is part of a larger U.S. Census division named Minneapolis–St. Paul–Bloomington, MN-WI. It is the country's 14th-largest metropolitan area composed of 11 counties in Minnesota and two counties in Wisconsin with a population of 3,422,264 as of the 2010 Census.[3] This larger area in turn is enveloped in the U.S. Census combined statistical area called Minneapolis–St. Paul, MN-WI with a population of about 3.8 million people as of the 2010 Census, ranked the 14th most populous in the U.S.
As a reminder that there were actually two cities, people started using the phrase Dual Cities around 1872, which evolved into Twin Cities.[6] It is also common for those in out-state Minnesota or western Wisconsin to shorten the reference to simply The Cities. Despite the Twin moniker, the two cities are independent municipalities with defined borders and are quite distinct from each other. Minneapolis is somewhat younger with modern skyscrapers, while Saint Paul has been likened to a European city with quaint neighborhoods and a vast collection of well preserved late-Victorian architecture.[7]
It is worth noting the differing cultural backgrounds of the two cities. Minneapolis was influenced by its early Scandinavian and Lutheran heritage and hosts the largest Somali population in North America. St. Paul was influenced by its early French, Irish and German Catholic roots and currently hosts a thriving Hmong population.[8]
- 1 Region
- 2 Rivalry
- 3 Culture
- 4 Demography
- 5 Sports
- 6 Politics
- 7 Economy
- 8 History
- 9 Geography and geology
- 10 Colleges and universities
- 11 Transportation
- 12 Media
- 13 Honors
- 14 References
- 15 External links
The U.S. Census Bureau defines the Minneapolis–St. Paul–Bloomington Metropolitan Statistical Area as a region of 11 counties in Minnesota and two in neighboring Wisconsin, an area which had a population of 3,422,264 in 2010. The area is growing rapidly and its population is projected to increase to four million within 20 years.[9] Bloomington, home of Mall of America, is the third-largest city in the metro area and the fifth-largest in the state (behind Minneapolis, St. Paul, Rochester and Duluth). Since the 2000 Census, Bloomington has been included as a named city in the MSA, though most locals consider Bloomington a very large suburb rather than a major city in its own right.
When speaking of the Twin Cities many locals are referring to an older seven-county area entirely within Minnesota, which is under the jurisdiction of the Metropolitan Council. The seven-county metro area contains a contiguous urbanized area stretching from each core city with the exception of a few satellite cities. The multiple "rings" of suburbs extending from the core area results from limited annexation powers in the early 20th century which halted the expansion of Minneapolis and Saint Paul.[10] Under current state legislation, an incorporated city status is more protected from annexation than townships (or towns).[10] Presently, there are 188 municipalities in the seven-county region and 334 in the total 11-county region ("Greater Twin Cities"). This differs from other major cities and associated metropolitan areas where the central city is the primary landholder.
The majority of Minnesotans live in the Twin Cities region, but fewer than one in four people in the metro area lives in the two core cities. Changes in house prices for the region are publicly tracked on a regular basis using the Case–Shiller index; the statistic is published by Standard & Poor's and is also a component of S&P's 20-city composite index of the value of the U.S. residential real estate market.
The Twin Cities share a common cultural lore in arts, media, food, celebration, and history.[11][12] Twin Citians also still primarily work in the two core cities.[13] The metropolitan area is one of several distinct regions of Minnesota.
The prominence of the Twin Cities culturally and economically is noted in the way that it is referred to by those who live in the rest of Minnesota or far west-central Wisconsin. People from said areas often speak of going to "The Cities" when referring to one's visit to the Minneapolis-St. Paul area. For many, a visit to the Twin Cities is a notable event. Residents of the Twin Cities will also, when asked where they live, often say "The Cities" and give their actual city name if prompted further.
Minneapolis and St. Paul have competed since they were founded, resulting in some duplication of effort.[14] After St. Paul completed its elaborate Cathedral in 1915, Minneapolis quickly followed up with the equally ornate Basilica of St. Mary in 1926. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries the rivalry became so intense that an architect practicing in one city was often refused business in the other. The 1890 United States Census even led to the two cities arresting and/or kidnapping each other's census takers, in an attempt to keep either city from outgrowing the other.[15][16][17]
The rivalry could occasionally erupt into inter-city violence, as happened at a 1923 game between the Minneapolis Millers and the St. Paul Saints, both baseball teams of the American Association. In the 1950s, both cities competed for a major league baseball franchise (which resulted in two rival stadiums being built), and there was a brief period in the mid-1960s where the two cities could not agree on a common calendar for daylight saving time, resulting in a period of a few weeks where people in Minneapolis were one hour "behind" anyone living or traveling in St. Paul.
The cities' mutual antagonism was largely healed by the end of the 1960s, aided by the simultaneous arrival in 1961 of the Minnesota Twins of the American League and the Minnesota Vikings of the National Football League, both of which identified themselves with the state as a whole (the former explicitly named for both Twin Cities) and not with either of the major cities (unlike the earlier Minneapolis Lakers). Since 1961, it has been common practice for any major sports team based in the Twin Cities to be named for Minnesota as a whole, with the Twins and Vikings followed by the Minnesota North Stars (1967–93), Minnesota Muskies (1967–68), Minnesota Moose (1994–1996), Minnesota Pipers (1968–69), Minnesota Fighting Saints (1972–77), Minnesota Kicks (1976–81), Minnesota Strikers (1984–88), Minnesota Timberwolves (1989–present), Minnesota Thunder (1990–2009), Minnesota Lynx (1999–present), Minnesota Wild (2000–present), Minnesota RollerGirls (2004-present), Minnesota Swarm (2005–present), Minnesota Stars FC (2010–2013), Minnesota Valkyrie (2011-2013) and Minnesota United FC (2013–present). In terms of development, the two cities remain distinct in their progress, with Minneapolis absorbing new and avant-garde architecture while St. Paul continues to carefully integrate new buildings into the context of classical and Victorian styles.[14]
There are numerous lakes in the region, and cities in the area have some very extensive park systems for recreation. Organized recreation includes the Great River Energy bicycle festival, the Twin Cities Marathon, and the U.S. pond hockey championships. Some studies have shown that area residents take advantage of this, and are among the most physically fit in the country, though others have disputed that. Nonetheless, medicine is a major industry in the region and the southeasterly city of Rochester, as the University of Minnesota has joined other colleges and hospitals in doing significant research, and major medical device manufacturers started in the region (the most prominent is Medtronic). Technical innovators have brought important advances in computing, including the Cray line of supercomputers.
It is common for residents of the Twin Cities area to own or share cabins and other properties along lakes and forested areas in the central and northern regions of the state, and weekend trips "up North" happen through the warmer months. Ice fishing is also a major pastime in the winter, although each year some overambitious fishermen find themselves in dangerous situations when they venture out onto the ice too early or too late. Hunting, snowmobiling, ATV riding and numerous other outdoor activities are also popular. This connectedness with the outdoors also brings a strong sense of environmentalism to many Minnesotans.
In 2011 and 2012, the American College of Sports Medicine named Minneapolis–Saint Paul the healthiest metropolitan area in America.[18][19]
According to the 2006–2008 American Community Survey conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau, the population of the Minneapolis–Saint Paul metropolitan area was 3,197,225. Approximately 49.7% of the population was male and 50.3% were female.[20]
The age composition was as follows:[20]
- Under 5 years: 7.2%
- 5–9 years: 6.8%
- 10–14 years: 7.0%
- 15–19 years: 6.9%
- 20–24 years: 6.5%
- 25–34 years: 13.6%
- 35–44 years: 15.7%
- 45–54 years: 15.8%
- 55–59 years: 6.1%
- 60–64 years: 4.4%
- 65–74 years: 5.3%
- 75–84 years: 3.2%
- 85 years and over: 1.5%
Median age: 36.3 years
Race and ethnicity[edit]
The racial/ethnic composition was as follows:[20]
- White: 84.3% (81.6% Non-Hispanic Whites)
- Black or African American: 6.4%
- American Indian and Alaska Native: 0.6%
- Asian: 4.9%
- Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander: 0.0%
- Other race: 1.7%
- Two or more races: 2.1%
- Hispanic or Latino: 4.6%
The top ten largest European ancestries were the following:[20]
- German: 35.5%
- Norwegian: 14.7%
- Irish: 13.2%
- Swedish: 10.2%
- English: 6.9%
- Polish: 5.1%
- French: 4.6%
- Italian: 3.0%
- Czech: 1.8%
- Dutch: 1.7%
Place of birth[edit]
Approximately 91.2% of the metropolitan area's population was native to the United States. Approximately 90.6% were born in the U.S. while 0.6% were born in Puerto Rico, a U.S. territory, or born abroad to American parents. The rest of the population (8.8%) were foreign-born.
The highest percentages of immigrants came from Asia (38.2%), Latin America (25.4%), and Africa (20.1%); smaller percentages of newcomers came from Europe (13.1%), other parts of North America (3.0%), and Oceania (0.2%).
Language spoken at home[edit]
English is by far the most commonly spoken language at home by residents; approximately 88.0% of the population over the age of five spoke only English at home. Spanish speakers made up 4.1% of the population; speakers of Asian languages made up 3.6% of the population; speakers of other Indo-European languages made up 2.4% of the population. Individuals who spoke languages other than the ones above represented the remaining 1.9% of the populace.[21]
Minneapolis–Saint Paul is also a major center for religion in the state, especially Christianity. The state headquarters of the missionary efforts of four churches are found here: the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Saint Paul and Minneapolis, the Episcopal Diocese of Minnesota, the Presbyterian Synod of Lakes and Prairies, and The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). The Presbyterian and LDS churches both have missions in Saint Paul, Minneapolis and Bloomington.
The headquarters of the former American Lutheran Church (ALC), Evangelical Lutheran Church, Lutheran Free Church and the Augustana Evangelical Lutheran Church were located in Minneapolis; the headquarters of Augsburg Fortress publishing house still is. The Minneapolis Area Synod and the Saint Paul Area Synod are the first and third largest synods of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America (ELCA), respectively.
The Evangelical Free Church of America has its headquarters in Bloomington, and the Association of Free Lutheran Congregations is headquartered in Plymouth, along with its seminary and a Bible School.
The Twin Cities are home to several synagogues serving the Jewish population, which is concentrated in the western Minneapolis suburbs of Golden Valley, St. Louis Park and Minnetonka. There is also a Hindu temple located in the Twin Cities suburb of Maple Grove. A recent influx of immigrants from Laos and Northern Africa has brought many more religions to the area. There are several Islamic Masjids in the area .There is a temple for the religion of Eckankar in the suburb of Chanhassen known as the Temple of Eck. In addition, many Hmong and Tibetan Buddhist peoples live in Saint Paul; a Hmong Buddhist temple opened in suburban Roseville in 1995. The LDS St. Paul Minnesota Temple opened in Oakdale, a suburb east of Saint Paul, in 2000. There are several very strong Unitarian Universalist communities such as the First Unitarian Society of Minneapolis, as well as several Pagan and Buddhist groups. The cities of St. Paul and Minneapolis have been called Paganistan due to the large numbers of Pagans living there.[22] There are an estimated 20,000 Pagans living in the Twin Cities area.[23] The Old Belief Society opened a temple in North East Minneapolis in 2010.
Minneapolis is where the Billy Graham Evangelistic Association started and was home for more than fifty years.
The following table shows the professional sports teams in the Minneapolis—Saint Paul MSA:
|Minnesota Twins
|Major League Baseball
|Target Field
|1987, 1991
|Minnesota Vikings
|American football
|National Football League
|TCF Bank Stadium
|Minnesota Wild
|Ice hockey
|National Hockey League
|Xcel Energy Center
|St. Paul
|Minnesota Timberwolves
|National Basketball Association
|Target Center
|Minnesota Lynx
|Women's National Basketball Association
|Target Center
|2011, 2013
|Minnesota Swarm
|Indoor lacrosse
|National Lacrosse League
|Xcel Energy Center
|St. Paul
|Minnesota United FC
|North American Soccer League
|National Sports Center
The Twin Cities are one of twelve American metropolitan areas to have teams in all four major sports - MLB, NFL, NBA and NHL. To avoid favoring either of the Twin Cities, most teams based in the area use only the word Minnesota in their name, rather than Minneapolis or St. Paul. In January 1992, Minneapolis played host to Super Bowl XXVI. It was the furthest north that a Super Bowl has ever been played. In May 2014, the NFL picked Minneapolis to host Super Bowl LII in 2018.
The annual Twin Cities Marathon is held in the fall with a course running through Minneapolis and St. Paul. Minneapolis was the birthplace of Rollerblade and is a center for inline skating, as well as home to the most golfers per capita of any city in the U.S.[24] Additionally, water skiing got its start on Lake Pepin,[25] a short distance southeast of the metropolitan area.
Some other sports teams gained their names from being in Minnesota before relocating. The Los Angeles Lakers get their name from once being based in Minneapolis. The Dallas Stars got their name from being a Minnesota team, the Minnesota North Stars.
The Twin Cities are the center of US bandy.[26]
The Republican National Committee held their national nominating convention at the Xcel Energy Center in St. Paul in 2008. Prior, both cities had combined to submit bids to host both the 2008 Democratic National Convention and the 2008 Republican National Convention. They competed against Denver and New York to host the Democratic Convention, and against New York, Cleveland and Tampa to host the Republican Convention. Previously, Minneapolis was host to the 1892 Republican National Convention.
National General Election results show that Minnesota votes predominantly Democratic for presidential candidates. Since 1960 only once has a Republican won the Minnesotan presidential vote, Richard Nixon in 1972, who went on to win the national election that year by a landslide. Minnesota also favored native son Walter Mondale in 1984, being the only state that Ronald Reagan did not win in that election. Local Minnesota election results show that the governorship does not share the same Democratic leaning results, having alternated between Democratic and Republican run governorships in the last 50 years. Jesse Ventura won the governorship running on the Reform Party ticket in 1998, becoming the only candidate not affiliated with the two major parties to win the election in the last 50 years.
The Minneapolis–Saint Paul area is home to 17 of Minnesota's 18 Fortune 500 headquarters - UnitedHealth Group, Target, Best Buy, Supervalu, CHS, 3M, US Bancorp, Medtronic, General Mills, Land O'Lakes, Xcel Energy, Ameriprise Financial, CH Robinson Worldwide, Mosaic, Thrivent Financial, Ecolab, and St. Jude Medical. Large private companies include Cargill, Carlson, Andersen, Holiday Stationstores and Schwan Food Company. Foreign companies with U.S. headquarters in the Twin Cities include Allianz, Canadian Pacific, Coloplast, Pearson VUE, Pentair and RBC. The area has the second largest economy in the Midwest, behind only Chicago.[27][28] The metro area continues to grow at a rapid pace. Currently, the Twin Cities is the second largest medical device manufacture center in North America.[29] In August 2013, Minneapolis–Saint Paul appeared on Forbes magazine's list of Best Places for Business and Careers.[30]
The first European settlement in the region was near what is now known as the town of Stillwater, Minnesota. The city is approximately 20 miles (30 km) from downtown Saint Paul and lies on the western bank of the St. Croix River, which forms the border of central Minnesota and Wisconsin. Another settlement that began fueling early interest in the area was the outpost at Fort Snelling, which was constructed from 1820 to 1825 at the confluence of the Minnesota River and the Mississippi River.
Fort Snelling held jurisdiction over the land south of Saint Anthony Falls, thus a town known as Saint Anthony grew just north of the river. For several years, the only European resident to live on the south bank of the river was Colonel John H. Stevens, who operated a ferry service across the river. As soon as the land area controlled by Fort Snelling was reduced, new settlers began flocking across to the new village of Minneapolis. The town grew quickly, and Minneapolis and Saint Anthony eventually merged. On the eastern side of the Mississippi, a few villages such as Pig's Eye and Lambert's Landing developed and would soon grow to become Saint Paul.
Natural geography played a role in the settlement and development of the two cities. The Mississippi River Valley in this area is defined by a series of stone bluffs that line both sides of the river. Saint Paul grew up around Lambert's Landing, the last place to unload boats coming upriver at an easily accessible point, some seven miles (11 km) downstream from Saint Anthony Falls, the geographic feature that, due to the value of its immense water power for industry, defined the location of Minneapolis and its prominence as the Mill City. The falls can be seen today from the Mill City Museum, housed in the former Washburn "A" Mill, which was among the world's largest mills in its time.
The oldest farms in the state are located in Washington County, the eastern most county on the Minnesota side of the metropolitan area. Joseph Haskell was Minnesota's first farmer, harvesting the first crops in the state in 1840 on what is now part of Afton Township on Trading Post Trail.[31]
The Grand Excursion, a trip into the Upper Midwest sponsored by the Rock Island Railroad, brought more than a thousand curious travelers into the area by rail and steamboat in 1854. The next year, in 1855, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow published The Song of Hiawatha, an epic poem based on the Ojibwe legends of Hiawatha. A number of natural area landmarks were included in the story, such as Lake Minnetonka and Minnehaha Falls. Tourists inspired by the coverage of the Grand Excursion in eastern newspapers and those who read Longfellow's story flocked to the area in the following decades.
At one time, the region also had numerous passenger rail services, including both interurban streetcar systems and interstate rail. Due to the width of the river at points further south, the Minneapolis–Saint Paul area was briefly one of the few places where the Mississippi could be crossed by railroad. A great amount of commercial rail traffic also ran through the area, often carrying grain to be processed at mills in Minneapolis or delivering other goods to Saint Paul to be transported along the Mississippi. Saint Paul had long been at the head of navigation on the river, prior to a new lock and dam facility being added upriver in Minneapolis.
Passenger travel hit its peak in 1888 with nearly eight million traversing to and from the Saint Paul Union Depot. This amounted to approximately 150 trains daily. Before long, other rail crossings were built farther south and travel through the region began to decline. In an effort by the rail companies to combat the rise of the automobile, some of the earliest streamliners ran from Chicago to Minneapolis/Saint Paul and eventually served distant points in the Pacific Northwest. Today, the only vestige of this interstate service comes by Amtrak's Empire Builder train, running once daily in each direction. It is the railroad's busiest long-distance train and is named after James J. Hill, a railroad tycoon who settled on Summit Avenue in Saint Paul at what is now known as the James J. Hill House.
Like many Northern cities that grew up with the Industrial Revolution, Minneapolis and St. Paul experienced shifts in their economic base as heavy industry declined, especially in the 1960s and 1970s. Along with the economic decline of the 60s and 70s came population decline in the central city areas, white flight to suburbs,[32] and, in the summer of 1967, race riots on Minneapolis's North Side.[33] By the 1980s and 1990s, however, Minneapolis and St. Paul were frequently cited as former Rust Belt cities that had made successful transitions to service, high-technology, finance, and information economies.[34]
Geography and geology[edit]
Along with much of Minnesota, the Twin Cities area was shaped by water and ice over the course of millions of years. The land of the area sits on top of thick layers of sandstone and limestone laid down as seas encroached upon and receded from the region. Erosion caused natural caves to develop, which were expanded into mines when white settlers came to the area. In the time of Prohibition, at least one speakeasy was built into these hidden spaces—eventually refurbished as the Wabasha Street Caves in Saint Paul.
Lakes across the area were formed and altered by the movement of glaciers. This left many bodies of water in the region, and unusual shapes may appear. For example, Lake Minnetonka out toward the western side of the Twin Cities consists of a complex arrangement of channels and large bays. Elevations in the metropolitan area range from 1,376 feet (419 m) above sea level in the northwest metro to 666 feet (203 m) at the edge of the Mississippi River in the southeast.
Because it is comparatively easy to dig through limestone and there are many natural and man-made open spaces, it has often been proposed that the area should examine the idea of building subways for public transportation. In theory, it could be less expensive in the Twin Cities than in many other places, but the cost would still be much greater than surface projects.
Owing to its northerly latitude and inland location, the Twin Cities experience the coldest climate of any major metropolitan area in the United States.[35] However, due to its southern location in the state and aided further by the urban heat island, the Twin Cities is one of the warmest locations in Minnesota.[36] The average annual temperature at the Minneapolis–St. Paul International Airport is 45.4 °F (7.4 °C); 3.5 °F colder than Winona, Minnesota, and 8.8 °F warmer than Roseau, Minnesota.[37] Monthly average daily high temperatures range from 21.9 °F (−5.6 °C) in January to 83.3 °F (28.5 °C) in July; the average daily minimum temperatures for the two months are 4.3 °F (−15.4 °C) and 63.0 °F (17 °C) respectively.[38]
Minimum temperatures of 0 °F (−18 °C) or lower are seen on an average of 29.7 days per year, and 76.2 days do not have a maximum temperature exceeding the freezing point. Temperatures above 90 °F (32 °C) occur an average of 15 times per year. High temperatures above 100 °F have been common in recent years; the last occurring on July 6, 2012. The lowest temperature ever reported at the Minneapolis–St. Paul International Airport was −34 °F (−36.6 °C) on January 22, 1936; the highest, 108 °F (42 °C), was reported on July 14 of the same year.[39]
Precipitation averages 29.41 in (74.7 cm) per year, and is most plentiful in June (4.34 in, 11 cm) and February (0.79 in, 2 cm) the least so. The greatest one-day rainfall amount was 9.15 in (23.2 cm), reported on July 23, 1987. The city's record for lowest annual precipitation was set in 1910, when 11.54 in (29.3 cm) fell throughout the year; coincidentally, the opposite record was set the following year, which observed a total 40.15 in (102 cm).[40] At an average of 56.3 in (143 cm) per year, snowfall is generally abundant (though some recent years have proved an exception).[41]
The Twin Cities area takes the brunt of many types of extreme weather, including high-speed straight-line winds, tornadoes, flash floods, drought, heat, bitter cold, and blizzards. The costliest weather disaster in Twin Cities history was a derecho event on May 15, 1998. Hail and Wind damage exceeded $950 million, much of it in the Twin Cities.[42] Other memorable Twin Cities weather-related events include the tornado outbreak on May 6, 1965, the Armistice Day Blizzard on November 11, 1940, and the Halloween Blizzard of 1991. In 2014, Minnesota experienced temperatures below those in areas of Mars when a polar vortex dropped temperatures as low as -40 degrees F in Brimson and Babbitt with a windchill as low as -63 deg F in Grand Marais.[43]
A normal growing season in the metro extends from late April or early May through the month of October.[44] The USDA places the area in the 4a plant hardiness zone.[45]
Buildings and structures[edit]
The four tallest buildings in the area are located in downtown Minneapolis. The first skyscraper built west of the Mississippi in 1929 was the Foshay Tower. Today there is some contention over exactly which building is the tallest—most Minnesotans would immediately think of the IDS Center if queried on the point, although most sources seem to agree that Capella Tower is slightly taller. But in early 2005, it was found that the IDS Center is taller by a 16-foot (5 m) washroom garage on top, which brings its total height to 792 feet (241 m). Capella Tower and the Wells Fargo Center only differ in height by a foot or two, a rather negligible amount.
Buildings have gone up and been torn down rapidly across the region. Some city blocks have been demolished six or seven times since the mid-19th century, and will undoubtedly reach an eighth or ninth cycle in short order.[46] No single architectural style dominates the region. Instead, the cities have a mish-mash of different designs, although structures from a few eras stand out. There were once a great many stone buildings constructed in the Richardsonian Romanesque style (or at least Romanesque-inspired variants). Minneapolis City Hall is one prominent example of this, though buildings of all types—including personal residences such as the James J. Hill House—were similarly designed.[47] A few decades later, Art Deco brought several structures that survive today, including St. Paul City Hall, the Foshay Tower, and the Minneapolis Post Office. The style of buildings in the two cities varies greatly. In Minneapolis, the trend has been buildings with sleek lines and modern glass facades while St. Paul tends to follow a more traditional style of buildings so as to better accompany its older structures.
St. Paul and Minneapolis in particular went through some massive urban renewal projects in the post-World War II era, so a vast number of buildings are now lost to history. Some of the larger and harder to demolish structures have survived.[46] In fact, the area might be signified more by bridges than buildings. A series of reinforced concrete arch spans crossing the Mississippi River were built in the 1920s and 1930s. They still carry daily traffic, but remain pleasing to the eye despite their age (a number have undergone major repair work, but retain the original design). Several of the bridges are listed on the National Register of Historic Places. They include the 10th Avenue Bridge, Intercity Bridge (Ford Parkway), Robert Street Bridge, and the longest, the 4119 ft (1255 m) Mendota Bridge next to Fort Snelling. The area is also noted for having the first known permanent crossing of the Mississippi. That structure is long gone, but a series of Hennepin Avenue Bridges have been built since then at the site. Both downtowns have extensive networks of enclosed pedestrian bridges known as skyways.
Several prominent buildings in Minneapolis have helped modernize the city. These include the Walker Art Center, Central Public Library, Weisman Art Museum and the Guthrie Theater. Opened in April 2005, the new Walker Art Center, nearly double in size, includes increased indoor and outdoor facilities. The Walker is recognized internationally as a singular model of a multidisciplinary arts organization and as a national leader for its innovative approaches to audience engagement. The Guthrie received a large amount of media coverage for its opening in June, 2006. The design is the work of architect Jean Nouvel and is a 285,000 square foot (26,500 m²) facility that houses three theaters: (1) the theater's signature thrust stage, seating 1,100, (2) a 700-seat proscenium stage, and (3) a black-box studio with flexible seating. In 2002 the National Trust for Historic Preservation put the old Guthrie building on its list of the most endangered historic properties in the United States in response to plans announced by the Walker Art Center to expand on the land occupied by the theater. However, the original Guthrie building was torn down in 2006. These building projects have rejuvenated the downtown area.
Colleges and universities[edit]
- Adler Graduate School - Richfield
- Anoka-Ramsey Community College - Coon Rapids
- Anoka Technical College - Anoka
- Augsburg College - Minneapolis
- Bethel University - Arden Hills
- Brown College - Mendota Heights and Brooklyn Center
- Capella University - Minneapolis
- Century College - White Bear Lake
- Concordia University - St. Paul
- Crown College - St. Bonifacius
- Dakota County Technical College - Rosemount
- Dunwoody College of Technology - Minneapolis
- Globe University - Blaine, Brooklyn Center, Elk River, Lakeville, Plymouth, Richfield and Shakopee
- Hamline University - St. Paul
- Hennepin Technical College - Eden Prairie and Brooklyn Park
- Inver Hills Community College - Inver Grove Heights
- Luther Seminary - St. Paul
- Macalester College - St. Paul
- McNally Smith College of Music - St. Paul
- Metropolitan State University - St. Paul and Minneapolis
- Minneapolis College of Art and Design - Minneapolis
- Minneapolis Community and Technical College - Minneapolis
- Minnesota State University - Edina
- Normandale Community College - Bloomington
- North Central University - Minneapolis
- North Hennepin Community College - Brooklyn Park
- Northwestern Health Sciences University - Bloomington
- Rasmussen College - Bloomington, Blaine, Brooklyn Park, Eagan and Lake Elmo
- St. Catherine University - St. Paul and Minneapolis
- St. Cloud State University - Saint Cloud
- St. Mary's University of Minnesota - Minneapolis
- Saint Paul College - St. Paul
- United Theological Seminary - New Brighton
- University of Minnesota - Minneapolis and St. Paul (Falcon Heights)
- University of Northwestern - Saint Paul - Roseville
- University of St. Thomas - St. Paul and Minneapolis
- Walden University - Minneapolis
- William Mitchell College of Law - St. Paul
Roads and highways[edit]
In the 20th century, the Twin Cities area expanded outward significantly. Automobiles made it possible for suburbs to grow greatly. The area now has a number of freeways to transport people by car. The area incorporates a large number of traffic cameras and ramp meters to monitor and manage traffic congestion. There is some use of high-occupancy vehicle (carpool) lanes, though it is not as pervasive as in other regions. When the roads do become congested, buses are allowed to drive on road shoulders to bypass traffic jams.
Interstate 94 comes into the area from the east and heads northwest from Minneapolis. Two spur routes form the I-494/I-694 loop, and I-394 continues west when I-94 turns north. Additionally, Interstate 35 splits in Burnsville in the southern part of the Twin Cities region, bringing I-35E into St. Paul and I-35W into Minneapolis. They join together again to the north in Columbus, just south of Forest Lake and continue to the highway's terminus in Duluth. (This is one of only two examples of an Interstate highway splitting off into branches and then rejoining into one again; the other split occurs in Dallas-Fort Worth, where I-35 splits into I-35E for motorists going to Dallas and I-35W for traffic heading into Fort Worth.)
On Wednesday, August 1, 2007, a large portion of the I-35W Mississippi River bridge near University Avenue in the city of Minneapolis collapsed into the Mississippi River around 6:05pm CDT.[48][49] A replacement bridge opened on Thursday, September 18, 2008.
- Interstate 35
- Interstate 35E
- Interstate 35W
- Interstate 94
- Interstate 394
- Interstate 494
- Interstate 694
U.S. Route freeways[edit]
- Lafayette Freeway U.S. 52
- Johnson Memorial Highway U.S. 169
- Minnesota Veterans Memorial Highway U.S. 212
- Blues Highway U.S. 61 [50]
Major State Highways[edit]
Air travel[edit]
The main airport in the region is Minneapolis–St. Paul International Airport (MSP), which is a major hub for Delta Air Lines. A number of other smaller airports are also in the area, a number of which are owned and operated by the Metropolitan Airports Commission (the same organization operates the main MSP airport). Some people even commute by air to the Twin Cities from the northern part of the state.
Public transit[edit]
Metro Transit, by far the biggest bus service provider in the area, owes its existence to the old streetcar lines that ran in the area. Metro Transit provides about 95% of the public transit rides in the region with nearly 900 buses, although some suburbs have other bus services. The University of Minnesota, Twin Cities operates a free bus system between its campuses. This system includes the Campus Connector Bus Rapid Transit line which travels between the Minneapolis and St. Paul Campuses by a dedicated bus line, and throughout the two campuses on normal access roads. The METRO Blue Line LRT (light rail) began operations in June 2004, connecting downtown Minneapolis, Minneapolis-St. Paul International Airport and the Mall of America in Bloomington. It was followed by the METRO Red Line BRT (bus rapid transitway) in 2013 connecting the Mall of America with Lakeville along Cedar Avenue through the southern suburbs. The METRO Green Line LRT connecting downtown Minneapolis, the University of Minnesota campus and downtown St. Paul along University Avenue opened in June 2014.[51]All three lines are operated by Metro Transit. Additionally, the Northstar Line commuter rail line connecting Minneapolis with Big Lake opened in November 2009; the line may be extended to St. Cloud as ridership numbers warrant.
In many ways the light rail of today is a return to the streetcars that existed in the past, it is being used as a stepping-stone to other projects.
A variety of rail services are currently being pondered by state and local governments, including neighborhood streetcar systems, intercity light rail service, and commuter rail options out to exurban regions. In addition, Minnesota is one of several states in the Midwest examining the idea of setting up high-speed rail service using Chicago as a regional hub.[52]
The Minneapolis–St. Paul area has been criticized for inadequate public transportation.[53] Compared to many other cities its size, the public transportation system in the Minneapolis–St. Paul area is less robust. As the metropolitan area has grown, the roads and highways have been updated and widened, but traffic volume is growing faster than the projects needed to widen them, and public transportation has not expanded enough to commensurate with the population. The Minneapolis–St. Paul metropolitan area is ranked as the fifth worst for congestion growth of similar-sized U.S. metropolitan areas.[53][dead link] Additional lines and spurs are needed to upgrade public transportation in the Twin Cities. [54] Plans are underway for Green Line extension connecting downtown Minneapolis to the southwest suburb of Eden Prairie. A northwest LRT (Blue Line extension) along Bottineau Boulevard is being planned from downtown Minneapolis to Brooklyn Park. The METRO Orange Line BRT will open in 2019, connecting downtown Minneapolis with Lakeville to the south along I-35W.
The Twin Cities have two major daily newspapers: the Star Tribune and the Saint Paul Pioneer Press. Additionally, the Minnesota Daily serves the University of Minnesota's Twin Cities campus and surrounding neighborhoods. There is one general-interest neighborhood weekly newspaper still in the cities: The East Side Review, devoted to the 90,000 residents in the eastern third of St. Paul. Other weekly papers are devoted to specific audiences/demographics including City Pages.
The region is currently ranked as the 15th largest television market according to Nielson Media Research. Twin Cities Public Television operates both KTCA and KTCI. Hubbard Broadcasting built by Stanley E. Hubbard owns KSTP and has a second TV station, KSTC, which is not affiliated with any network. Diversified from radio, KSTP-TV became the first television channel to air in the region with a show reaching 3,000 television sets in 1948, and the 17th station to broadcast in the U.S.[55]
KMSP and WFTC have now merged as well, and KARE currently has a marketing agreement with KPXM-TV. The only station with its main studios in Minneapolis is WCCO, while St. Paul is host to KSTP/KSTC, KTCA/KTCI, and WUCW. KARE has a sprawling broadcasting complex in west suburban Golden Valley. KMSP is located in southwest suburban Eden Prairie. Other stations are located in the suburbs. For much of the last two decades, WCCO and KARE have shared in having the most popular evening newscasts of the area channels. On the other end, KSTP has struggled to maintain ratings on its news programs. KMSP has had a 9 o'clock newscast since at least the early 1990s when it was an independent channel.
Communities in the region have their own Public, educational, and government access (PEG) cable television channels. One channel, the Metro Cable Network, is available on channel 6 on cable systems across the seven-county region.
Several television programs originating in the Twin Cities have been aired nationally on terrestrial and cable TV networks. KTCA created the science program Newton's Apple and distributes a children's program today. A few unusual comedic shows also originated in the area. In the 1980s, KTMA (predecessor to KMWB) created a number of low-budget shows, including cult classic Mystery Science Theater 3000. The short-lived Let's Bowl started on KARE, and PBS series Mental Engineering originated on the St. Paul cable access network.
The radio market in the Twin Cities is considered to be somewhat smaller than for TV, ranked 16th. For decades, WCCO radio was the most well-known and most popular broadcaster in the region, with an all-day talk format. WCCO was eventually pushed out of the top spot by KQRS-FM, a classic rock station with a popular morning show.
KSTP also has some fairly popular radio stations, with pop music format on FM and ESPN Radio on AM. KSTP-AM and FM are owned by Hubbard Broadcasting. In 1985, Hubbard – valued at $400 million – was one of the larger corporate media companies in the United States; in 2005, valued at US $1.2 billion, Hubbard is a fairly small major-market media operation.
The Twin Cities have a peculiar mix of commercial and non-commercial radio. The city's market is dominated by Clear Channel Communications which operates seven stations but two small independent stations are award winners—KUOM operated by the University of Minnesota and KFAI public access radio in Cedar Riverside.[56]
Minnesota Public Radio (MPR) is also a major force in the state and across the country, best known across the U.S. for the variety show A Prairie Home Companion. Doing business under the name American Public Media, the company is the second largest producer of national public radio content, behind National Public Radio (of which MPR is an affiliate).
Independent media[edit]
The Twin Cities is also home to many independent media organizations, including The UpTake, MinnPost.com and Twin Cities Daily Planet.
The United States Navy currently has one ship named for the region, the USS Minneapolis–Saint Paul, a Los Angeles-class submarine launched in 1983. Previously, two sets of two ships each had carried the names USS Minneapolis and USS Saint Paul.
- ^ Population Division, U.S. Census Bureau (December 2005). "Combined Statistical Areas and Component Core Based Statistical Areas, December 2005, With Codes".[dead link] and U.S. Census Bureau Geography Division, Cartographic Products Management Branch (2003). "State/County Reference Wall Map". Retrieved 2007-05-09.[dead link]
- ^ U.S. Census Bureau Geography Division, Cartographic Products Management Branch (December 2005). "Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Areas of the United States and Puerto Rico". Retrieved 2007-05-09.[dead link]
- ^ a b "Table 20. Large Metropolitan Statistical Areas--Population". 2010 Census. United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 27 October 2011.
- ^ U.S. Census Bureau American Fact Finder (2000). "Geographic Comparison Table: United States and Puerto Rico – Metropolitan Area". Retrieved 2007-05-08.[dead link]
- ^ Metropolitan Council (2008-05-01). "Snapshot of the Region". Retrieved 2012-11-20.[dead link]
- ^ Why Are We Twins?[dead link] Accessed 1/15/2007
- ^ St. Paul travel guide
- ^ "Saint Paul: History". city-data.com. 2006. Retrieved 2007-05-10.
- ^ Minnesota Demographic Center Population Estimates Accessed 09/07/06
- ^ a b MN Annexation criteria
- ^ John S. Adams (1993). Minneapolis–St. Paul: People, Place, and Public Life. University of Minnesota Press.
- ^ "a new angle, Arts Development in the Suburbs". McKnight Foundation. Fall 2002.[dead link]
- ^ Where Do the Workers Come From?
- ^ a b Mary Lethert Wingerd (OAH Newsletter 35 (February 2007)). "Separated at Birth: The Sibling Rivalry of Minneapolis and St. Paul". Organization of American Historians. Check date values in:
|date=(help)[dead link]
- ^ New York Times (June 21, 1890). "CENSUS-BRED BITTERNESS; ST. PAUL AND MINNEAPOLIS HAVE LOCKED HORNS.". New York Times.
- ^ New York Times (June 22, 1890). "THEY WANT HAY'S SCALP.; ST. PAUL RESIDENTS ARE GOING TO DESCEND UPON WASHINGTON.". New York Times.
- ^ New York Times (July 23, 1890). "FIGHTING OVER THE CENSUS.; ST. PAUL JEALOUS OF MINNEAPOLIS AND CHARGES FRAUD.". New York Times.
- ^ "Actively Moving America to Better Health" (PDF). American College of Sports Medicine. 2011. Retrieved May 23, 2011.
- ^ "Health and Community Fitness Status of the 50 Largest Metropolitan Areas" (PDF). American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) American Fitness Index. 2012. Retrieved June 29, 2012.
- ^ a b c d Minneapolis–St. Paul–Bloomington, MN-WI Metro Area - ACS Demographic and Housing Estimates: 2006-2008[dead link]
- ^ Minneapolis–St. Paul–Bloomington, MN-WI Metro Area – Selected Social Characteristics in the United States: 2006-2008[dead link]
- ^ Welcome to Paganistan
- ^ Wiccan prisoner sues state, claiming religious rights violated[dead link]
- ^ http://www.50states.com/facts/minn.htm
- ^ http://waterskihalloffame.com/waterskihistory.html
- ^ Bandy: A Hockey-Esque Sport You Might Not Know Exists
- ^ http://www.usmayors.org/metroeconomies/0110/charts.pdf
- ^ Berg, Steve. (2011-02-25) MSP is still the nation's 14th largest metro economy, despite sharp decline in 2009 GDP. MinnPost. Retrieved on 2013-07-12.
- ^ "Analysis by Crossborder Group Finds Tijuana #1 City in North America for Medical Device Manufacturing Employment". Tijuana Economic Development Corporation. Retrieved August 14, 2011.
- ^ "Best Places For Business and Careers - Forbes". Forbes. Retrieved 18 January 2014.
- ^ "Afton Remembered," Edwin Robb, 1996
- ^ Chap. 1 "It Couldn't Happen Here..." Myron Orfield, Metropolitics (Washington DC, Brookings Institution: 1997)
- ^ [1][dead link]
- ^ National Geographic, Nov. 1980
- ^ "Minneapolis Minnesota". TrekkerTime.com. Retrieved 2007-05-07.
- ^ "History of the NWS in the Twin Cities". National Weather Service. November 9, 2005. Retrieved 2007-05-07.
- ^ Seeley, Mark W. (2006). Minnesota Weather Almanac. Minnesota Historical Society press. ISBN 0-87351-554-4.
- ^ "Climatography of MSP". National Climatic Data Center. (1971–2000). Retrieved 2. Check date values in:
|date=, |accessdate=(help)
- ^ "Temperature Summary – 215435 MINNEAPOLIS WSFO AP, MN".
- ^ "Precipitation Summary – 215435 MINNEAPOLIS WSFO AP, MN".
- ^ "Snowfall Summary – 215435 MINNEAPOLIS WSFO AP, MN".
- ^ Scott, Woelm (June 30, 2006). "Top 10 Minnesota Severe Weather Events 1990–1999". Metro Skywarn. Retrieved 2007-05-07.[dead link]
- ^ Deep freeze descends on Minnesota | Minnesota Public Radio News
- ^ "Growing Season Summary – 215435 MINNEAPOLIS WSFO AP, MN".
- ^ "USNA – USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map:North-Midwest US".
- ^ a b Millett, Larry (1992). Lost Twin Cities. St. Paul, Minnesota: Minnesota Historical Society.
- ^ Larson, Paul Clifford; Martin, Judith (1988). Larson, Paul Clifford (ed.), ed. The Spirit of H.H. Richardson on the Midland Prairies. Ames, Iowa: Iowa State University Press.
- ^ "35W bridge collapses over Mississippi River, cars in the water". St. Paul Pioneer Press. 2007-08-01. Retrieved 2007-08-01.
- ^ "35W bridge over Mississippi collapsed". 5 EYEWITNESS NEWS. 2007-08-01. Retrieved 2007-08-01.
- ^ http://en.academic.ru/dic.nsf/enwiki/128925
- ^ "Metropolitan Council - Central Corridor transit FAQ". Retrieved 3 July 2011.
- ^ Midwest Regional Rail Initiative. Retrieved June 24, 2008.
- ^ a b Metropolitan Council Release on Traffic Congestion[dead link]. Retrieved October 16, 2006.
- ^ "Metropolitan Council - Central Corridor transit FAQ". Retrieved 3 July 2011.[dead link]
- ^ Minneapolis Public Library (2001). "A History of Minneapolis: Radio and Television". Retrieved 2007-05-10.
- ^ iBiquity Digital Corporation (2007). "HD Radio – Minnesota".[dead link] and "Independent Public Radio". 2006. Archived from the original on 2007-06-29. Retrieved 2007-05-10.
External links[edit]
- Twin Cities Calendar - List of concerts, fairs, sports, and other Minneapolis–St. Paul events
- Flyby video courtesy NASA/Goddard Scientific Visualization Studio
- Fact sheet about Minneapolis–St. Paul Metropolitan Area Comparison
- History of the National Weather Service in Minneapolis–St. Paul, Minnesota
- Twin Cities Daily Photograph — One photograph a day of the Twin Cities Metro Area
- GIS-based Demographic Guide to Twin Cities Region
- Lost Twin Cities Documentary produced by Twin Cities Public Television


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At the summarizing press conference of the Silver Rose Ball, the first charity ball hosted by the Opera general director Szilveszter Ókovács announced: the Faust season serves as a background for the 2015 Faust Ball, a night of scientists and artists is to be organised on 14 February. Special guest stars of the event are Angela Gheorghiu, a star of the international world of opera, and Carlos Acosta, principal guest artist of The Royal Ballet.
The ball of sports personalities and artists was attended by 1200 guests on 1 March. Its mission was to create, represent and convey value; cherish and maintain a 130-year-old heritage; spread culture as part of our national heritage; popularise arts, while supporting charity purposes as well. This was recognised by eminent personalities of the business and commercial world, which resulted in quality partnerships to make the first charity ball of the Opera House a great success. From 25 partners, 8 sponsors, 10 prominent sponsors and 7 partners contributed to a sum of over 200 million HUF in sponsorship.
The special main programme, whose special guest stars included Vesselina Kasarova, was broadcast live on Duna Television, which was seen by 147 thousand viewers and was tuned into by 550 thousand viewers, a number worthy of a Christmas broadcast. The programme is to be shown again on TV later this year. The beneficiary of the ball was represented by Dr Béla Burány, general director of the Hungarian National Ambulance Emergency Service along with his wife Edit Kovács, who acted as patrons of the event to show that its charitable purpose was a prominent factor. The diamond ring worth 7700 euros offered by the Diamonds International Corporation ended up with Bea Trecskó, who offered it to the purchase of the ambulance. The Ambulance Emergency Service is going to auction it – details to follow soon on the official website of the Silver Rose Ball. Offers can be made until 1 February, 2015. The bidder of the hammer price is going to receive the ring and seats in a box of 4 at the 2015 ball. The Opera requests the Hungarian National Ambulance Emergency Service to use the proceeds raised through ticket sales for the purchase equipment for the ambulance.
For the official website of the Silver Rose Ball CLICK HERE.


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text: A sweeeeeet groover by Patrice Rushen – her first album for Elektra, and a stunning blend of funky jazz and soul! The record really has Patrice stepping out from her earlier years at Prestige – working in some surprisingly great vocals next to tight lines on Fender Rhodes, synth, and clavinet, handled with a smooth and soulful quality that's wonderful all the way through – a blend of soul and jazz that few other players could do this well – no matter how many others tried to copy her style over the years! Rhythms are as hard and heavy as on the Prestige years, and the keyboards have a great sort of focus too – just the right mix of jazz to offset the vocals – which themselves are a wonderful discovery. The whole album's a gem – and tracks include the great funky classic "Hang It Up", plus "Changes (In Your Life)", "When I Found You", "Play", "Didn't You Know?", and "Music Of The Earth". © 1996-2014, Dusty Groove, Inc.


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February 15, 2008
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As the nation's capital, Washington, DC is a political hub housing all three branches of the United States' federal government. Nestled between Maryland and Virginia, this politically driven city is teeming with historic sites such as the U.S. Capitol and White House; intriguing Smithsonian museums; and famous monuments, including the Jefferson Memorial, Lincoln Memorial, and the Korean War Memorial.
Washington, DC hotels are scattered around downtown, many of which are just within a stroll of the National Mall and some of the must-see monuments, memorials, and museums. With Expedia, vacationers can also snag cheap hotel deals in Washington, DC centrally located near the DC Metro System, which offers opportunities for further sightseeing in the area. Some of these Washington, DC hotel deals even feature specials on city tours and tickets for the historic attractions.
There are also hotels near Washington, DC located in the city's surrounding areas, such as Alexandria and Arlington, which often present cheaper rates than some of the hotels in Washington, DC. These cities are just minutes away from the DC action, but they also feature their own attractions, such as The Pentagon in Arlington and Old Town in Alexandria.
Getting Here
Three airports service the Washington, D.C. area: Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport, Washington Dulles International Airport, and Baltimore Washington International Airport. Flights into Washingtom DC Reagan International, however, provide the easiest access to the city sites and attractions.
The city's Metro stops at Reagan International, while the Dulles and Baltimore airport both offer shuttles and buses to nearby metro stations. While the metro system is a convenient way to arrive at boutique hotels and resorts in D.C., all three airports also feature taxi and car rental services as well.
Visitors traveling to Washington, D.C. from the north often drive on I-95. Road trippers from all directions will meet the infamous Capital Beltway, which features the inner loop and outer loop around the city. Major highways, including I-95, I-66, I-295, and US 50 all intersect with the Beltway.
Washington, D.C. also features a major train station, Union Station, where travelers can arrive by charter bus or train. The Metro and Amtrak both stop at this station.
Getting Around
Travelers can reserve car rentals, but driving around is sometimes best reserved for the areas outside of the city.
In the heart of the city, it's best to walk or use the Metro. Many of the must-see attractions, such as the Freer Gallery, Botanic Gardens, Lincoln Memorial, and Washington Monument are within walking distance of one another, so trekking along on foot is one of the most convenient, and often only ways of arriving at each destination.
Both locals and visitors regard the Metro as one of the best ways of getting around the city. The Metro currently presents five color-coded lines servicing areas within Washington, D.C. as well as other cities and attractions in surrounding Maryland and Virginia. At any Metro station, visitors can load money onto fare cards or purchase one-day or multi-day passes. The Metro system also includes Metrobuses with more than 200 bus routes in the Washington D.C., Maryland, and Virginia areas, including stops at all the Metro transit stations.
Things to Do
If you only have one free day to explore the nation's capital, mosey over to the National Mall to access some of the top attractions within walking distance of one another. Spanning from the United States Capitol to the Lincoln Memorial, this nearly two-mile stretch encompasses the museums of the Smithsonian Institute, the Smithsonian Carousel, and the Reflecting Pool. Many must-see memorials, such as the National World War II Memorial, Korean War Veterans Memorial, and the Vietnam Veterans Memorial are just outside of this territory, but are often still considered part of the National Mall.
The Smithsonian Institute alone is a must do while visiting Washington, D.C. The institute includes the National Zoological Park, 19 museums, and 9 research centers. The majority of the Smithsonian museums sit on the National Mall, including the National Museum of American History where you can peer at Dorothy's ruby red slippers from "The Wizard of Oz," or take a glimpse of the Hope Diamond at the Museum of Natural History. All of the Smithsonian museums offer free admission, so you can happily stay within your vacation budget and still tour some of the nation's finest attractions.
While Washington, D.C. features a handful of free museums, some of the other museums, which do charge admission, are worth the ticket price. For an eye opening experience, albeit heart wrenching, visit the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum to pay tribute to the survivors and victims of the Holocaust. Meanwhile the International Spy Museum offers slightly more upbeat exhibits with the world's largest display of international espionage artifacts. The Newseum is another admission charging museum worth a visit, as it highlights the importance of free press. Reserve a few days to explore these museums, so you can truly appreciate them at your leisure.
Take a break from all those history lessons and witness some living breathing action at the National Zoological Park. This is attraction is a top thing to do in Washington D.C., and because it's a part of the Smithsonian Institute, you can visit all of the animals free of charge. Stand below the O Line as the orangutans tight rope walk and swing across the cables 50-feet above your head, and search for the two-toed sloths in the walk-through Amazonia rain forest exhibit. With reptiles, big cats, pandas, small mammals, insects, and more, the zoo is a fun and educational stop while visiting the nation's capital.
Arts & Entertainment
Ballet shoes and trumpet toots call the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts home in Washington, D.C. This Kennedy Center houses the prestigious Washington National Opera, National Symphony Orchestra, and Washington Ballet. It is the place to listen to the National Opera's bellowing baritones and the National Symphony's staccatoing violinists. And travelers visiting D.C. in the winter months won't want to miss the Washington Ballet's annual enchanting performance of "The Nutcracker" at the Kennedy Center, complete with the fear-inducing Mouse King and whimsical Sugar Plum Fairy.
Washington D.C. also hosts a number of other theaters where visitors can immerse themselves in the art and culture of this colorful city. The Shakespeare Theatre Company and Woolly Mammoth Theatre Company conjugate and perform at the Arena, while the GALA Hispanic Theatre is a National Center for Latino Performing Arts. The Lincoln Theatre is another population auditorium, where famous musicians Duke Ellington and Miles Davis once graced the stage. From the playhouse, Ford Theatre, where Abraham Lincoln was assassinated, to the Marine Barracks, which is where the oldest music group, the United States Marine Band performs, Washington, D.C. presents countless opportunities for experiencing the city's art and entertainment close to all the luxury hotels.
Before the likeliness of some of the nation's most prominent figures were set in stone for all to see in Washington, D.C., early settlers took over the land from the Nacotchtank tribe in the late 17th century. In 1970, following the American Revolution, the newly formed Congress designated the Washington, D.C. area as the location of the nation's capital. One year later, the country's first president, George Washington, commissioned Pierre Charles L'Enfant to design the city. Although disputes arose, and L'Enfant was dismissed, he is still largely recognized for the city planning. Because the streets can be somewhat mind boggling, especially to newbies, some locals say the city plan was created to confuse invading armies, though this myth has since been debunked.
In the following years, Washington, D.C. grew at a rapid rate, particularly due to the New Deal programs during the Great Depression. Further focused on reforms, the city was a leader in the American Civil Rights Movement where the March on Washington took place and Martin Luther King Jr. gave his "I Have a Dream" speech. In more recent years, the Washington, D.C. area is perhaps most recognized for the September 11, 2001 attacks, which targeted the Pentagon. Although the city now has stricter security measures, Washington, D.C. remains one of the best historic hot spots in the U.S for a family vacation.
"Hail to the Redskins! Hail victory! Braves on the Warpath! Fight for old D.C.!" The burgundy and gold professional football team was the first NFL team to not only have its own fight song, but also its very own official marching band. The team had a rough beginning in its early days, as it never played in a single postseason game between 1946 and 1970. However, the team has since forged the way playing in five Super Bowls and winning three championship titles in more recent years. For a true Washington, D.C. experience, book a 5 star hotel, reserve tickets for a home game at FedEx Field against the Redskin's biggest rival, the Dallas Cowboys, and watch the Skins on the warpath!
While D.C. may have had an eclectic baseball history, the newly formed MLB team, the Nationals, is the city's grand slam. Nicknamed "The Nats," the baseball team stepped up to bat in 2005, and by 2012, they were the first Washington baseball team to overcome the city's 79-year drought and reach postseason. During every mid-fourth inning at Nationals home games; watch out for the Presidents Race between ol' George, Teddy, Abe, Tom, and Bill. The Presidents: Washington, Roosevelt, Lincoln, Jefferson, and Taft run the field with their massive caricature heads from center field down the foul line to the Nats' dugout. But don't bet on Teddy, he's notorious for coming in last place!
A Washington, D.C., vacation can encompass so much more than touring the White House and taking photos at the various famous monuments. Believe it or not, D.C. isn't just stuffy politician territory, but rather, those business professionals do loosen their ties and hike up their skirts for nights out on the town. And the city nightlife scene certainly doesn't disappoint. So after you've had your fill of history lessons and political insight, head out to hot spots such as Georgetown, Dupont circle, and Adams Morgan to experience some of the hottest after-hour playgrounds.
Georgetown is an upscale, indulgent, and trendy scene most frequented by the younger crowd, while Dupont Circle is a slightly more eclectic scene famous for its LGBT community. Dash into the collegiate hot spots in Georgetown for a guaranteed dance party or dip into the classy lounges and sultry music venues in Dupont. Meanwhile in the Adams Morgan neighborhood, venture out for the fire breathing bartenders, roof top lounges, and elaborately designed dance floors.
When it comes to dining out in Washington, D.C., the nation's capital doesn't disappoint. A little bit of this and a little bit of that, probably best defines this diverse city spot. Visitors can dine like royalty at some of the upscale restaurants serving up high end cuisine or grab mouthwatering takeout grub from various ethnic diners. Though the city may not cook up a unique cuisine of its very own, the countless international options, such as Ethiopian and Chinese fare, have come to represent D.C.'s culinary world.
After indulging in the diverse dining options Washington, D.C. offers, every visitor must treat themselves to the city's famous cupcakes. The cupcake industry has taken over the capital city catering to the sweet teeth of locals and vacationers alike. D.C. features a number of cupcake shops dedicated to delicately designing all the red velvet, carrot, and chocolate desserts to answer your confection cravings.
Shopping Guide
Washington D.C. is a diverse city with an equally diverse shopping scene. Find locally owned boutiques, national retailers, and antique shops on various blocks of the nation's capital near many of the hotels in Washington, D.C. Browse the cobblestone streets in Georgetown, peruse the eye candy in Dupont Circle, and hunt for fresh produce and crafts at the Eastern Market. The opportunities for finding the ideal D.C. memento or one-of-kind relic are endless in this East Coast city.
Georgetown is the spot where visitors stumble upon vintage shops and quaint boutiques. This historic location also features the Shops at Georgetown Park, which to every shopper's delight, presents more than 100 stores and popular retailers. Dupont Circle is another popular shopping destination, where D.C. vacationers hunt for treasures at the various bookstores, art galleries, gift shops, and clothing boutiques. And for even more variety, the Eastern Market provides additional opportunities to find everything from handcrafted jewelry, homemade paintings, and baked goods for the eager shopper.
Travel Basics
The National Mall is one of the main attractions in Washington, D.C., but oftentimes visitors underestimate how much walking is involved in seeing all the famous sites and monuments. Also, the Mall focuses mostly on the historic attractions, galleries, and museums, and therefore eateries and restaurants are few and far between. With that being said, for the most enjoyable sightseeing experience in D.C., vacationers are encouraged to pack their most comfortable walking shoes and stock up on snacks and plenty of water before trekking the Mall.
Pet Friendly Basics
Washington, D.C. is also a dog friendly city, where Fido can join you on all your adventures from posing in front of the Lincoln Memorial to exploring the Capital Crescent Trail. Play fetch with your furry canine on the National Park and take a jog together in Rock Creek Park. Vacationers can also treat man's best friend to the luxuries of the off-leash territory in Glover Park Dog Park. Additionally, the nation's capital features a variety of restaurants and even "yappy hours" in which your pup can join you for dining and socializing. Before extending an invite to your pup though, double check you're staying at one of the many pet friendly hotels in Washington, D.C.
Personalities & Culture
Much like New York or Chicago, Washington, D.C. is a fast-paced city where people have places to see and things to do at all hours of the day and night. The locals here are generally friendly and helpful, but one major piece of advice in order to stay on their good side is to follow Metro etiquette. For one, remember the right-hand side of the escalator is for standing while the left-hand side is strictly for walking. Do not make the mistake of standing on the left side and block all the hurried commuters. Another word for the wise is to move to the middle of the Metro car to allow for more passengers to board, and if the car is crowded, do not sit on the aisle seat when a window seat is available. This city exerts a hustle and bustle nature, so avoid slowing it down at all costs!
D.C. bound visitors staying at Washington D.C. hotels are sometimes surprised when they realize native Washingtonians are few and far between in this district. This metropolis' culture is defined by a variety of cultures and a transient professional population. Washington, D.C. attracts international immigrants as well as many business people who relocate to this district for the political and governmental-related job opportunities.
Weather & Culture
If you're looking to visit Washington, D.C. when the weather is pleasant enough to walk around the monuments without feeling uncomfortable, book a trip during the spring or fall when temperatures are most mild. Spring time presents temperatures generally around 60 and 70 degrees Fahrenheit, and for an unforgettable time, book Washington, D.C. hotels during the National Cherry Blossom Festival to see the Japanese gifts bud and bloom. Autumn is another prime time to visit, when the heat from the sweltering summer has tapered off but has yet to welcome the frigid winter temperatures ahead.
Visitors often underestimate the city's overwhelming heat in the summer and the chilly degrees in the winter. Summers in Washington, D.C., present extreme sticky humidity and temperatures ranging from the 80s to around 100F, with August usually serving up the most brutal temperatures of all. As for the winter months, the city often averages temperatures in around 30 and 40F, with the potential for snow. If you plan on traveling during the summer, stock up on water and breathable clothing, while winter vacationers will want to pack the works: jackets, boots, scarves, and mittens!
Whether it's the political debates heating up the city or the culture and fashion keeping the district cool, Washington D.C. is a prime vacation destination any time of the year.
Additional Information
Need some more ideas for your next trip here? Our Expedia Viewfinder bloggers have recommendations for your next visit. See some of their latest blog posts below about what to eat, where to drink, what to see, and what to do.


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Godowsky: Piano Music
Helios (Hyperion's budget label)CDH55206
Godowsky: Sonata & Passacaglia
Studio Master FLAC & ALAC downloads availableCDA67300
Abram Chasins, who knew Godowsky well at this time, recalled in his book Speaking of Pianists the evening when he, along with a few others (including the great Josef Hofmann), gathered in Godowsky's apartment in New York to hear the work for the first time. The composer played it from green-coloured proof sheets stacked on the piano rack. 'And how he played! This was sheer enchantment, both the work itself and Godowsky's pianism. It had the cool, colorful clarity of a stained-glass window. Although I was greatly moved and impressed by what I heard, Godowsky's effortless mastery made me unaware of the vastness of his pianistic feat that night. Years later I realized it when one of the great virtuosos told me he had worked on the "fiendish piece" for a year, several hours each day, and had finally given up the unequal struggle. "It is impossible to master", he said. I felt tactful that day and refrained from telling him with what devastating ease Godowsky had disposed of it, making it seem like nothing at all.' Simon Barere played it, Vladimir Horowitz prepared it but never programmed it (though his reported excuse for not doing so—'It needs six hands to play it'—is surely a comment on something other than his digital ability). Yet until recently very few had tackled it in public. Godowsky gave its London premiere at the Queen's Hall in April 1928; Rian de Waal gave its second London performance in April 1991.
from notes by Jeremy Nicholas © 1991


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Making History
Lacrosse began in the Spring of 2010 led by coaching staff Ahmet Kose and Laura Bernotas. In their inaugural year, tri-sport, senior goalie, Melinda Levendusky, was ranked 7th in the NCAA for saves per game, averaging 14. Meghan Murray led the team with 15 goals scored, 16 total points, and was ranked 40th in the NCAA, averaging 3.91 ground balls per game. Veronica Stawinski, Catherine De La Cruz, Kelsey Dzamba, Amy Rowe, Dina Toledo, and Sabine Jeudy all chipped in goals for the Eagles for the 2010 season.
The 2013 season was a rebuilding year for the Eagles. Under first year head coach Aileen Musynske, the Eagles struggled out of the gate, losing their first game of the season At Rosemont, 9-6. The Eagles dropped their next 6 games, including conference games vs. SUNYIT, Medaille, Cazenovia, and Morrisville.
On April 17th, the Eagles hosted Lancaster Bible in a NEAC match-up. Behind Kelly O'Dell's 6 goals, the Eagles got their first win of the season, defeating the Chargers 12-7. The Eagles lost their next three games before defeating Wilson College, 10-1. CSE would drop their final game to finish the season with a 2-11 record. Cheyenne Grant and Kelly O'Dell were named to 3rd team All-Conference for their outstanding seasons.


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Acute Myelogenous Leukemia -- Adult
- Home
- Health Information
- Acute Myelogenous Leukemia -- Adult
(AML—Adult; Acute Myeloid Leukemia—Adult; Acute Myeloblastic Leukemia—Adult; Acute Granulocytic Leukemia—Adult; Acute Nonlymphoblastic Leukemia—Adult)
- Myeloblasts—a type of white blood cell; white blood cells fight infection
- Red blood cells (RBCs)—carry oxygen
- Platelets—makes blood clot, stops bleeding in cuts or bruises
|White Blood Cells
|Copyright © Nucleus Medical Media, Inc.
Risk Factors
- Certain genetic disorders.
- Previous chemotherapy or radiation therapy treatment.
- Previous treatment for childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) , Hodgkin's disease , non-Hodgkin's lymphoma , and certain other cancers.
- Exposure to atomic bomb radiation or a nuclear reactor accident.
- Exposure to the chemical benzene.
- History of a blood disorder, such as myelodysplastic syndrome —Precancerous changes in the white cells and precursor cells of the bone marrow.
- Fever
- Shortness of breath
- Paleness (a sign of anemia )
- Easy bruising or bleeding
- Petechiae (flat, pinpoint spots under the skin caused by bleeding)
- Weakness
- Tiredness
- Loss of appetite
- Weight loss
- Bone pain
- Joint pain
- Enlarged liver and spleen
- Swelling, pain, and bleeding of the gums
- Painless lumps in the neck, underarms, stomach, or groin
- Blood tests
Your doctor may need to collect fluid samples through:
- Bone marrow aspiration
- Bone marrow biopsy
- Spinal tap
- Routine microscopic exam—examination of a sample of blood, bone marrow, lymph node tissue, or cerebrospinal fluid
- Bone, blood marrow, lymph node tissue, or cerebrospinal fluid tests—to distinguish between types of leukemia
- Cytogenetic analysis—a test to look for certain changes of the chromosomes (genetic material) of the lymphocytes
- Immunophenotyping—examination of the proteins on cell surfaces and the antibodies produced by the body; to distinguish lymphoblastic from myeloid leukemia and determine types of therapy
- Gallium scan and bone scan—injection of a radioactive chemical into the bloodstream to detect areas of cancer or infection
- Your doctor may need detailed pictures of structures inside your body. These can be made with:
- Remission induction therapy—to kill leukemia cells
- Maintenance therapy—to kill any remaining leukemia cells that could grow and cause a relapse
Radiation Therapy
Chemotherapy With Stem Cell Transplant
Other Drug Therapy
- Arsenic trioxide
- All-trans retinoic acid (ATRA)
Monoclonal Antibody Therapy
Biologic Therapy
Treatment of Side Effects
- A reduction in red blood cells (anemia)
- Reduced numbers of platelets that assist in blood clotting (thrombocytopenia)
- Decreased numbers of the white blood cells that fight infection
American Cancer Society http://www.cancer.org
The Leukemia and Lymphoma Society http://www.leukemia-lymphoma.org
BC Cancer Agency http://www.bccancer.bc.ca
Canadian Cancer Society http://www.cancer.ca
Adult acute myeloid leukemia (PDQ): treatment. National Cancer Institute website. Available at: http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/treatment/adultAML/Patient/. Updated July 30, 2012. Accessed October 30, 2012.
Childhood acute myeloid leukemia/other myeloid malignancies (PDQ): treatment. National Cancer Institute website. Available at: http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/treatment/childAML/patient. Updated August 13, 2012. Accessed October 30, 2012.
Larson RA, Sievers EL, Stadtmauer EA, et al. Final report of the efficacy and safety of gemtuzumab ozogamicin (Mylotarg) in patients with CD33-positive acute myeloid leukemia in first recurrence. Cancer. 2005 Oct 1;104(7):1442-52.
Leukemia–acute myeloid. American Cancer Society website. Available at: http://www.cancer.org/docroot/CRI/CRI%5F2%5F3x.asp?rnav=cridg&dt=82. Accessed October 30, 2012.
6/25/2010 DynaMed's Systematic Literature Surveillance http://www.ebscohost.com/dynamed: US Food and Drug Administration. FDA: Pfizer voluntarily withdraws cancer treatment Mylotarg from US market. US Food and Drug Administration website. Available at: http://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm216448.htm. Published June 21, 2010. Accessed June 25, 2010.
5/12/2014 DynaMed's Systematic Literature Surveillance http://www.ebscohost.com/dynamed: Davis AS, Viera AJ, et al. Leukemia: an overview for primary care. Am Fam Physician. 2014 May 1;89(9):731-8.
8/26/2014 DynaMed's Systematic Literature Surveillance http://www.ebscohost.com/dynamed: Fircanis S, Merriam P, et al. The relation between cigarette smoking and risk of acute myeloid leukemia: An updated meta-analysis of epidemiological studies. Am J Hematol. 2014;89(8):E125-E132.
Revision Information
- Reviewer: Mohei Abouzied, MD
- Review Date: 12/2013 -
- Update Date: 08/26/2014 -


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VH1 is taking first date jitters to a new level!The cable network's new dating series Dating Naked explores the question of whether finding love would be easier if everyone truly had nothing to hide. In order to figure that out, 60 participants will search for love without clothes. Hey, at least no one has to stress out about figuring out...
Suddenly Cleveland is hotter than the blast furnaces that still line the Cuyahoga River. First there was the arrival of Heisman Trophy-winning quarterback Johnny Manziel in May's NFL draft. On Tuesday, the national Republican Party all but handed...
Warning: The Strain might not be for everyone.FX's new vampire drama isn't a melancholy...
Dust off that kilt! You may need it earlier than you think. Starz is making the first episode of its hotly anticipated series
U.S. business economists have sharply cut their growth forecasts for the April-June quarter and 2014, though they remain optimistic that the economy will rebound from a dismal first quarter.
True Blood alum
Once Upon a Time star
Good news, The Good Wife fans:
LeAnn Rimes and
Today's post is for the �John Ford Blogathon. �If you aren't too familiar with John Ford, he was a film director and considered one of the best in his field. �This blogathon is being hosted by
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