text:
Process for conditioning and preservation of eggs of oophagous parasites of insects, intended particularly to the biological combat against certain depredators of plants. According to this process, starting initially with eggs of lepidoptera of foodstuffs, particularly Iphestia Kuhniella, which have been previously conditioned, these eggs are then parasited by adults of Trichogrammidae, the parasited eggs are submitted to an incubation period, the incubated eggs are submitted to an induction period, and then the eggs thus obtained are cold-preserved. Application particularly to the biological combat against the pyralis of the Ostrinia nubilalis hubner corn.
1. Method of conditioning and preserving insect oophage parasites eggs, intended notably for biological control of certain plant pests, including parasitage of an egg-host and preservation in the cold, said method comprising the steps of:
starting with Lepidoptera eggs of foodstuffs, in particular of Ephestia kuhniella, parasitizing these eggs with adult Trichogramma, subjecting the thus parasitized eggs to an incubation period of at least 24 h at 20� C., with a photoperiod of 8 h light and 16 h darkness and a relative humidity of 70 to 80%, subjecting the thus incubated eggs to an induction period of about 6 to 80 days, at a temperature below 15� C. with a photoperiod of 8 h light and 16 h darkness, and a relative humidity of about 70%, then preserving the eggs thus obtained at 3� C., with a photoperiod of 8 h light and 16 h darkness and at a relative humidity of 70 to 80%.
2. Method according to claim 1, wherein for long storage, the starting material is Ephestia kuhniella eggs aged from 0 to 24 h, the duration of the incubation period of the parasite being 24 h at 20� C. and the duration of the induction period being 40 to 80 days at a temperature comprised between about 5� and 15� C.
3. Method according to claim 1, wherein for short storage, the starting material is Ephestia kuhniella eggs aged about 72 h, the duration of the incubation period being 96 h at 20� C. and the duration of the induction period being 6 to 8 days at a temperature below 15� C.
4. Method according to claim 1, wherein the Ephestia kuhniella eggs are preconditioned prior to said parasitizing by killing them with ultraviolet rays and if necessary keeping them at a temperature of 3� C. for a period less than 14 days.
5. Method according to claim 1, wherein the Ephestia kuhniella eggs are preconditioned prior to said parasitizing by killing them by cold and, if necessary keeping them at a temperature of 3� C. for a period less than 14 days.
6. Method according to claim 1, in which the Ephestia kuhniella eggs are parasitised by exposing them to Trichogramma raised at 20� C. with a photoperiod of 16 h light and 8 h darkness, nourished and freshly emerged during a period of about 4 to 24 h.
7. Method according to claim 1, wherein the awakening of the eggs preserved at 3� C. is carried out at a temperature comprised between 23� and 27� C., with if necessary a plateau of about three days at 20� C.
8. Method according to claim 1, wherein there is utilized more particularly, for the biological control the second generation of Trichogramma coming from egg-hosts preserved at 3� C.
The present invention relates to a method for conditioning and preserving eggs of insect oophage parasites. In the field of agriculture, more particularly that of the protection of plants against damaging insects, by the biological route, it is known to resort to oophage parasites of the Trichogramma genus in the control of pests. For these pests, the method of control consists of mass-producing Trichogramma from eggs of a user host, generally selected from among Lepidoptera of food products, then of transferring these eggs, once parasitised, into the fields where they give birth to adult Trichogramma which parasite the eggs of the pests to be destroyed.
One of the limits in this method of biological control resides in the difficulty of storing the daily production of the Entomophage and of preserving it. In addition, it is known that the Trichogramma have in nature a hibernal arrest in development in their host eggs which permits them to pass several months in the state of suspended animation, either by simple quiescence, or by diapause. Certain authors such as ZORIN (1927) and TELENGA (1954-1956) have shown besides that it was necessary, for maintaining all the biotic potentialities of the parasite, to put it into the diapause state.
However, inspite of studies devoted to the diapause of the Trichogramma (see the works of TELENGA 1956, MASLENNEKOVA - TSYBUS'SKAYA - KAPUSTINA 1974), it is not possible at the present time (see in particular the works of CHERKASOV of 1976) to preserve Trichogramma in Winter which would remain active in the Spring. The studies of CHERKASOV have however enabled a method of preserving Trichogramma to be contemplated which proceeds in the following manner: one day's eggs of Noctuella Hadena sordida or of Aleucita of Sitotroga cerealella cereals were parasitised in the proportion of one parasite per 5 eggs at 23�-25� C., 70-80% relative humidity and a photoperiod of 16 hours for 3 days. These eggs were then placed at 10� C. with a photoperiod of 12 hours and a relative humidity of 70-80% until darkening of the eggs. At this stage, these eggs were preserved at 3� C. and at a relative humidity of 70-80%. This method enables, after 250 days of preservation, the obtaining of 36 to 48% of emergence of parasites. The fertility of the latter is reduced, in the neighbourhood of 20 eggs per female and the "sex-ratio" is in the favour of the males. The drawbacks of this production method for Trichogramma with reduced fertility, with a high percentage of males and of brachiptera with longevity reduced to two or three days, do not permit the use of such Trichogramma for release in the fields.
It is an object of the present invention to overcome these drawbacks and to provide a method of conditioning and preserving Trichogramma by cold, so that it is possible at any moment, from batches of these Entomophages stored from 3 to 12 months, to take specimens of parasitised eggs which give a hatching ratio, a fertility, a longevity, a percentage of winged individuals and a sex-ratio little different from those of unstored individuals.
Two variations of the method according to the invention enable respectively the obtaining of long storage, that is to say from 3 to 12 months, and short storage, that is to say up to about 45 days.
The method according to the invention is essentially characterised by the fact that starting from eggs of Lepidoptera of food products, in particular from Ephestia Kuhniella, which have undergone a prior conditioning, these eggs are parasitised by Trichogramma adults, the so-parasitised eggs are subjected to an incubation period of at least 24 hours at 20� C., with a photoperiod of 8 hours of light and 16 hours of darkness and a relative humidity of 70 to 80%, that the eggs so-incubated are subjected to an induction period of about 6 to 80 days, at a temperature below 15� C., with a photoperiod of 8 hours of light and 16 h of darkness, and a relative humidity of about 70%, then that the eggs thus obtained are preserved at 3� C., with a photoperiod of 8 h of light and 16 h of darkness and at a relative humidity of 70 to 80%.
According to other features:
for long storage, the starting material is Ephestia kuhniella eggs aged from 0 to 24 h, the duration of the incubation period being from 24 h at 20� C. and the duration of the induction period being from 40 to 80 days at a continuous or alternating temperature comprised between about 5� and 15� C.;
for the short storage, the starting material is Ephestia kuhniella eggs aged about 72 h, the duration of the incubation period at 20� C. of the parasitised eggs being 96 h and the duration of the induction period being about 7 days at a temperature below 15� C.;
the prior conditioning of the Ephestia kuhniella eggs consists of killing them with ultraviolet light or cold and, if necessary making them stand at a temperature of 3� C. for a period less than 14 days;
the Ephestia kuhniella eggs are parasitised by exposing them to Trichogramma raised at 20� C. with a photoperiod of 16 h of light and 8 h of darkness, fed and freshly emerged, for a period of about 4 h.
Other features and advantages of the invention will emerge more clearly from the description which follows, considered in association with the accompanying drawings in which:
FIG. 1 is a graph indicating the percentage of emergences as a function of the age of the Ephestia kuhnellia eggs, of the durations of storage at 3� C. and of the dwell conditions before induction; and
FIGS. 2 and 3 are graphs indicating the percentage of emergences as a function of the induction period, respectively for parasitisms and consequently of incubations of 0 to 4 h and of 0 to 24 h at 20� C. of the parasitised eggs.
As mentioned above, the present invention relates to conditioning Trichogramma by cold so that it is possible at any moment, starting from batches of these Entomophages stored from 1 to 12 months at 3� C. for long storage or from 0 to 45 days for the short storage, to take specimens of parasitised eggs which give a hatching ratio, a fertility, a longevity, a percentage of winged individuals and a sex-ratio little different from those of unstored individuals.
In the case of long storage, the invention consists, on the one hand, of combining at the optimum level all the factors which facilitate the induction of an arrest in development, for example, nourishment, chronology of the progeniture, the embryonic age, the conditioning of the egg by cold and ultraviolet lights, the abiotic breeding conditions of the host, the conditions of parental generation and the laying period, namely, temperature, light, humidity, as well as the pre-imaginal development of the parasite, the age of the parasite before entering into the induction stage, the chonology of descendence, the life span without the host, the feeding of the parents and the non-superparasitism of these oophages.
The method according to the invention consists on the other hand, of reinforcing, and of prolonging the induction stage beyond the start of arrest of development observed. This reinforcement enables finally the elimination completely of the diapause and its replacement by a quiescence where the return to favourable conditions initiates the development into nymphae and then into the adult.
In accordance with the invention, eggs aged from 0 to 24 h are used killed by ultraviolet light or by cold, derived from Ephestia kuhniella females having already had preferably a population of descendants and emergences of larvae which may or may not have undergone cold storage. In such eggs, which have dwelt less than 14 days at 3� C.,the parasitism is carried out after feeding on honey by primipar adults raised between 20� and 23� C., aged for some hours and for a period of 4 to 24 h, without superparasitimsm and under abiotic conditions around 20� C. with a photoperiod of 8 h of light and 16 h of darkness at 70% relative humidity. It is to be noted that contrary to the known technique which tends to multiply the Trichogramma in the ratio 1 to 5 at the maximum from one generation to the next and with a high superparasitism, it is possible according to the invention to achieve a ratio 1 to 15 with a very marked tendency for monoparasitism and a sex-ratio as well as an optimum fertility for the descendence obtained.
The thus parasitised eggs are left to incubate for 24 h at 20� C., with a photoperiod of 8 h of light and 16 h of darkness, at a relative humidity of 70%. The end of incubation, of larval development, as well as a part of the blocking at the end of the larval stage is carried out at alternated or constant temperatures below 15� C. and higher than or equal to 5� C., for example 14� C., for a strain called "strain 16" (which will be defined below), a photoperiod of 8 h of light and 16 h of darkness, or again a thermoperiod of 5� to 12� C., with a photoperiod of 8 h of light at 12� C. and 16 h of darkness at 5� C., and a high relative humidity of 70 to 80% for 40 to 80 days. Storage then takes place at 3� C. under conditions of a photoperiod of 8 h of light, 16 h of darkness and a relative humidity of 70 to 80%, for 3 to 12 months without appreciable lowering of the biotic potential. The emergence ratio of the adults after weakening between 23� and 25� C. is close to 95% for the period of storage of 3 to 6 months and 90% for periods of storage of 6 months to 1 year. The emergence delays of the order of 8 days at 25� C. and 13.5 days at 20� C. for 3 month storage increase, as a function of the duration of conservation in the cold, from 1 to 3 days. The average fertility per isolated female is of the order of 75 eggs, the average longevity 16 days and the sex-ratio more than 2 females per 1 male.
Storages of short duration, of the order of 1 month, can also be obtained by resorting to Ephestia kuhniella eggs having for example 72 h, put to incubate after parasitism for 96 h at 20� C. before suitable induction such as 14� C. with a photoperiod of 8 h for 7 days in the case of the strain 16.
In the case of short storage, it is possible to reach relatively long developments without storage at 3� C. by developing the Trichogramma on eggs of Ephestia kuhniella aged 72 h, for example, at threshold-temperatures of 15� to 16� C., after staying 96 h at 20� C. (storage of 28 days) or 6 to 8 days at 25� C. (storage of 4 to 20 days). The latter conditioning ends in a generalised emergence in the several hours which follow the removal of the parasitised eggs from the cold at 15�-16� C. and which is synchronised with the climatology of the place of release.
The invention is completed by the exploitation of a so-called F1 effect of considerable reinforcement of the biotic potential of the descendants of the diapausants. The latter show, in fact, with respect to their parents, a fertility and a longevity which is almost double and an increased activity of seeking the host. The possibility of obtaining both diapausants still active after one year of storage and the discovery of considerable potentialities in their descendants permit the use for releases into open fields of these two types of Trichogramma with, for diapausants, all the facilities of transportation and maintenance procured by the cold system. Government of the diapause is besides sufficiently improved for it to be possible to ensure during the whole of its development the control of the quality of the Trichogramma produced and the detection of the diapause by a simple and rapid test. It should be added that it is necessary to follow a generation in diapause by one generation, and preferably two generations, of continuous development, under unretarded life conditions, if it is desired to again introduce the diapause.
The present invention thus enables all the necessary elements to be available, on the level of practical use as a biological control, the cumulation of the daily production of Trichogramma, their preservation for more than a year, for their reutilisation either as such, or after reawakening, either by using the increased potential of their descendants, or as inoculums for parasitism of fresh host eggs. The exploitation of such an arrest hence confers a great flexibility on this type of biological control.
The following examples, given by way of illustration but which are in no way limiting, will enable the scope and interest of the invention to be better grasped.
This test was carried out in order to check what is the most favorable Ephestia kuhniella embryonic stage, for the development of the rapid type, of the quiescent type or of the diapause type of Trichogramma. The investigations of DAUMAL and Collaborators (1974) show that the stage sensitive to low temperatures of Ephestia kuhniella is from 0 to 17 h and the more resistant stage is at 72 h of embryonic development at 20� C. The tests have borne on these stages with respect to the development of Trichogramma.
For carrying out this test, two batches of 55 plates were arranged which were parasitised by Trichogramma at 20� C. for 1 h, the first batch being constituted by eggs aged 0 to 17 h, the second batch was constituted by eggs aged 72 h. Each batch was divided in turn into 11 elementary portions which were arranged at 20� C. with a photoperiod of 16 h of light and 8 h of darkness. An elementary portion including 5 plates was withdrawn every 4 h to be placed at the induction temperature. The latter was done at a temperature slightly above 15� C., which enabled a portion of the population to continue its development. No storage followed at 3� C. and the whole of the test was carried out at 70% relative humidity.
The results of this test are summarised in the graph of FIG. 1 where there are ploted a abscissae the dwell time in hours, at 20� C. before induction at 15� C., and as ordinate, the percentage of emergences of individuals. On this graph, the curves F, A, B and C are given by way of reference for storage times in months at 3� C., respectively 1 month, 3 months, 6 months and 9 months. The curves E and D relate to the percentage of emergences as a function of the age of the eggs, respectively from 0 to 17 h and 72 h.
From the curves D and E, there appears a great difference between the emergence ratio of the two series of ages of the host. It seems that the eggs of 72 h are the best for a continuous development at critical temperatures. They constitute, on the other hand, as a corollary, medium conditions very unfavorable to the diapause since the Trichogramma develop beyond the stage capable of being stored at 3� C. Conversely, the eggs from 0 to 17 h seem the most favorable for the diapause, particularly for incubation periods of 4 to 56 h before induction.
It was also sought to verify the influence of the various times of incubation at an induction temperature slightly below 15� C., namely 14� C. for hosts of 0 to 17 h for an induction period of 40 days and for storage periods in the cold at 3� C. of 1, 3, 6 and 9 months. It is seen from the graph below that it is after three months storage that the ratio of emergences is the best, namely 98%. It was still 90% after 9 months. At one month storage at 3� C., the emergence ratio was very low, mostly less than 10%.
It results from these tests that the emergence ratio depends highly significantly on the stage of development before induction and the duration of storage in the cold. It is however to be noted that the series which have incubated more than 52 h at 20� C. before induction had a low emergence percentage, of the order of 1 to 2% at the end of induction.
For notably long storage, it is hence advantageous to use eggs of 0 to 24 h, killed by ultraviolet rays or by cold and derived from females of Ephestia kuhniella which have already had preferably a population of descendants and larvae emergences which may or may not have been subjected to cold storage.
Table 1 below summarises the average fertility ratios and the percentage of hatchings per female which have or have not undergone a storage in the cold before parasitism.
TABLE I__________________________________________________________________________ Days of storage Storage of the parasites at 3� C. of the (time in days) eggs 0 d 30 d 90 d 180 d__________________________________________________________________________Stored 0 Aver. fertil./female 24.26 19.2 25.4 20.46Ephestia % hatchings 8.24 15.27 97.11 98.69(caterpillars) Aver. fertil./female 31 29 25.6 22.46 % hatchings 8.6 8.73 99.21 98.51 Aver. fertil./female 19.86 9.73 13.3 % hatchings 2.41 30.82 94.5 Aver. fertil./female 7.06 7.2 6.33 % hatchings 0 14.81 78.94Unstored Aver. fertil./female 19.93 26 22.2 13.6Ephestia % hatchings 3.01 5.62 98.49 99.01(caterpillars) Aver. fertil./female 29 27.93 29.13 24.8 % hatchings 7.56 6.68 99.77 99.46 Aver. fertil./female 16.86 19.86 13.13 % hatchings 8.69 18.12 95.93 Aver. fertil./female 10.13 6.4 5.06 % hatchings 0.65 8.33 89.47__________________________________________________________________________
It is observed that the most effective parasitism takes place in eggs which have stood less than 14 days at 3� C.
It was desired to check whether the breeding of the parents at various temperatures could have an effect on the diapause of the progeniture induced by different temperatures and photoperiods as a function of the different induction times. It was also desired to determine the possible influence of the method of sticking the eggs with water or with glue on the quality of this diapause.
3 Batches of 96 tubes each containing an inoculum of 100 parasitiesed eggs in 24 h at 23� C., was arranged, one at 15� C., the other at 20�-23� C. and the third batch at 23�-27� C.
At the moment of emergence of the parental adults two plates of 500 eggs treated with ultraviolet lights are introduced into each tube, one comprising eggs stuck with water, the other comprising eggs stuck by means of a 30% aqueous solution of gum arabic.
Half of each batch is placed at 13.5� C. and the other half at 10� C. At each of these temperatures, the stock is in its turn divided into two portions: one is subjected to the photoperiod of 8 h of light--16 h of darkness and the other to 16 h of light--8 h of darkness, each for half until greying, the other until greying plus 2 weeks. In this way, 48 elementary batches of 12 plates were available which were stored at 3� C.
By elementary treatment, 4 plates were stored for 1 month, 4 plates for 3 months and 4 plates for 6 months. After storage, reactivation at 23�-27� C. was carried out and the emergence ratio was calculated on 100 eggs. During all the phases of these tests, the relative humidity was maintained at 70%.
It is first observed that the breeding of the moldave strain of Trichogramma evanescens at 15� C. results in a considerable percentage of diapausants and, for this reason, the batch intended to produce parental imagos at this temperature was removed.
It ensues from this test that the mode of sticking does not interfere with the emergence ratio, whether this factor is considered separately or in interaction with the other factors. The breeding temperature of the parents does not show any significant effect separately, but it has on the other hand an interaction in the daughter generation. This interaction is reinforced moreover with an interaction of the third order which is highly significant with the induction temperature and significant with the induction photoperiod. The latter factor has moreover, still associated with the breeding temperature of the parents, an interaction of the third order with the duration of storage at 3� C.
The most influential factors are finally, on the one hand, the conditions of induction of the daughter generation, photo-period, duration and temperature of induction and on the other hand, the storage method at 3� C., separately and in interaction with the temperature and the duration of induction. The effect of the induction temperature is, moreover, reinforced in a highly significant manner by the photoperiod and the duration of induction.
The test which follows was carried out for the purpose of checking whether it is possible to detect a difference in the diapause quality connected with two induction temperatures very close to one another. In addition, two exposure periods of the parasites to their host were carried out, one of short duration (4 h), which corresponds to a continuous production of parasitised Ephestia kuhniella eggs, the other of long duration (24 h), closer to the normal production of Trichogramma. In the first type, superparasitism was almost nonexistant. In the second type, it was more frequent.
132 Plates of Ephestia kuhniella eggs passed through ultraviolet rays were exposed to Trichogramma, 62 plates were withdrawn after 4 h of parasitism, the others after 24 h. These two series of plates parasitised in this manner were placed at a temperature slightly below 15� C., with a photoperiod of 8 h of light-16 h of darkness, at 70% relative humidity. Each day, a batch of 6 plates of each series were passed at 13.5� C., with a photoperiod of 8 h of light-16 h of darkness and at 70% relative humidity, until darkening of the eggs more than 10 days. These plates were then placed at 3� C. and they were withdrawn after 1 month, 3 months and 6 months' storage respectively. Reactivation was carried out at 23�-27� C., at 70% relative humidity. After awakening for each elementary treatment, 5 females were isolated in order to know their fertility in 7 days.
The results of these tests are indicated in the graphs of FIGS. 2 and 3 where the duration of induction in days is plotted as abscissae, on two scales respectively at 14.9� C. and 13.5� C., and as ordinates the percentage of emergences of individuals. On these graphs, the curves G, H and I correspond respectively to 1 month, 3 months and 6 months storage at 3� C. It results from these tests that there exists a highly significant difference between the two periods of parasitism, that of 4 h leading in almost all cases to a better diapause. These differences may be attributed either to the fact of a superparasitism which is greater after 24 h exposure of the Ephestia kuhniella eggs to Trichogramma, this superparasitism leading to retarding the induction of a diapause, or to a better competence of the first eggs of the parasite for the diapause.
It was observable in addition that, in the case where there was no superparasitism and for longer induction periods, o the order of 40 days, it was possible to obtain a very good percentage (greater than 95%) of emergence in the case of 24 h of parasitism.
The object of the tests summarised in Tables II and III which follow is to show that it is possible to reach a ratio 1 to 15 with a marked tendency for monoparasitism and an optimum sex-ratio as well as a fertility for descendants from Ephestia kuhniella eggs parasitised by Trichogramma.
TABLE II__________________________________________________________________________20� C. 70% relative Number of host eggs/femalehumidity 11 2 5 10 20 40__________________________________________________________________________% of females which lay 99 4 7 20 40 88from the 1st to 20th h.% of parasitised whole 29.16 40.19 42.68 66.52 77.8 73.5dark eggs in 24 hours% of hatched parasitised 78.57 65.8 69.5 88.12 93.8 98eggs ##STR1## 2 1 0.72 0.41 0.2 0.2Average fertility per 40.5 54.65 59 62.16femalePeriod of development 17 17 16 15 + 6 15 + 2 15in D (first emergences) hours hours__________________________________________________________________________
TABLE III______________________________________ Number of eggs0-24 h parasi- collapsedtism at 20� C., parasi- parasi- collapsed collapsed Number70% R.H. tised tised whites yellows emerged______________________________________10 females - 6 4 610 eggs 2 6 2 5 3 2 3 1 7 2 0 0 9 110 females - 2 17 1 220 eggs 14 2 6 9 15 5 11 6 3 11 2 4 2 10 4 310 females - 28 8 12 4 1750 eggs 13 6 20 13 9 18 3 21 6 14 23 5 16 3 16 23 9 17 1710 females - 51 11 21 8 39100 eggs 50 10 30 4 39 77 2 11 75 60 15 27 49 82 2 18 2 8010 females - 156 4 56 148200 eggs 150 1 �35 138 197 2 � 30 190 104 2 �42 92 128 4 �28 12210 females - 285 1 white 279400 eggs 296 eggs 288 319 still in 316 292 good 287 278 condi- 272 tion______________________________________
The purpose of this example is to show the influence of the awakening conditions on the fertility of the diapausing females and that of the diapause on the fertilities of the descendents, the treatment comprising notably an induction period of 30 days at a temperature comprised between 12� and 15� C. The awakening conditions, the effect of the diapause on the daughter descendents compared with two controls, one originating from the initial population, the other from descendents of this control, pertain for each series to 25 females. The fertilities were determined on the second day by changing the plates, then the tenth day and, then, from week to week. The sex-ratio was also determined. From the tenth day, dissections were carried out on 300 parasitised eggs every two days to know the distribution of the various stages in the population.
(a) Distribution of the stages at induction temperature (from 10th to 30th day)
1st to 10th day: all the individuals were in the final stage of 3rd prenymphal larval stage. The eggs were of a medium grey color.
2nd to 14th day: appearance of 17 hyaline nymphs
3rd to 16th day: appearance of 20 hyaline nymphs
4th to 19th day: appearance of 13 hyaline nymphs appearance of 7 nymphs with red eyes
5th to 22nd day: appearance of 13 hyaline nymphs appearance of 7 nymphs with red eyes
6th to 25th day: appearance of 14 hyaline nymphs appearance of 2 nymphs with red eyes appearance of 2 nymphs at the very beginning of sclerification.
7th to 30th day: appearance of 18 hyaline nymphs appearance of 4 nymphs with red eyes appearance of 2 nymphs distinctly sclerified.
(b) The percentages of emergences were, for the three types of awakening R1, R2, R3 (see below) respectively 61.7, 63.8 and 54.5%. The appearance of the first adults takes place 10 days after the emergence of the parasitised eggs from their cold storage. The sex-ratio was high: about 1 male per 2 females, whilst for the generation F1, it was 1 male per 6 females (see below).
The spread of emergences take place practically over 4 days and 85% of the emergences took place in two days.
The modes of awakening are summarised as follows:
R1 : awakening at 23�-27� C.
R2 : awakening at 20� C., for 3 days, then 23�-27� C.
R3 : awakening at 15� C., for 3 days, then 23�-27� C.
F1 : daughter generation bred at 23�-27� C.
T: control bred at 20� C.
F1 T: generation of the control bred at 23�-27� C.
TABLE IV______________________________________Fertility in average numberof eggs laid per femaletotal 0-2 days 0-10 days______________________________________R1 81.6 28.2 65.6R2 80.8 28.2 65.8R3 87.6 31.6 66.7F1 152.1 56.8 112.6T 75 28.5 57.4F1 T 124.7 44.6 93.8______________________________________
To the 6 treatments examined for fertility, corresponds the average longevities given in the following Table V:
TABLE V______________________________________ Average longevity in days______________________________________R1 19.44R2 16.72R3 19.52F1 23.56T 22.76F1 T 21.84______________________________________
The method according to the invention enables mass production of Trichogramma enabling notably the storage of the oophage produced for a relatively long time, which permits the distribution of the site of production in the field. The diapause of the individuals is precisely a state which permits at the same time storage in the cold, use of the cold chain for transportation as well as the accumulation of daily, monthly and even annual productions. The production of the Trichogramma permits notably the putting into practice of the biological control in the form of inondative and seasonal releases, in particular in corn fields within the scope of combatting the Ostrinian nubilalis hubner pyralis of corn.
As mentioned above, a "strain 16" of Trichogramma, especially adapted by Applicant, is particularly suitable in the practising of the above-described method.
In accordance with the present invention, the strain no 16 is a chalcidian hymenopterous insect of the Trichogrammatidae family modified and adapted for the destruction of Ostrinia nubilalis eggs (corn meal moth). Trichogramma evanescens was described in 1833 by Westwood J. O. (locality of the type: England), it relates to a parasitoid whose larvae live at the expense of lepidotera eggs.
The species are redescribed morphologically by Nagarkatti (S) and Nagaraja (H) in 1971.
As mentioned above, trichogramma are already employed in biological control in numerous countries, but never has an active strain which is very well defined such as strain no. 16 been obtained. The latter was discovered in Moldavia (U.R.S.S.) by Jean VOEGELE in Ostrinia nubilalis eggs in corn. Applicant conducted breeding, by means of Ephestia kuhniella eggs so as to select the most fertile individuals and to obtain total inbreeding. Hence it does not concern a natural population but a renewable batch of all identical individuals. This strain No. 16 is unique and is constituted by trichogramme maidis which is included in the generic group of trichogramme evanescens.
Below are given the quantitative identification characters of this strain No. 16 (abiotic conditions: 25� C., 70% R.H., 16 h of daylight per day).
It is expressed by the fertility (number of adult offspring obtained)
______________________________________ Fertilized females Virgin females______________________________________3 first days of laying 33.53 � 2.02 46.47 � 3.275 first days of laying 44.67 � 2.58 46.56 � 3.627 first days of laying 51.87 � 2.31 61.53 � 3.54______________________________________
progeniture coming from the 3 first days of laying: 0.69�0.04
progeniture coming from the 5 first days of laying: 0.68�0.02
progeniture coming from the 7 first days of alying: 0.64�0.03
Total sex-ratio=0.60
Longevity of fertilized females: 10.4�0.3 day
Percentage of individuals dead before 8 days:
Virgin females: 0%
Fertilized females: 6.2%
Males: 81.2%
Females: 2.97% Males: 7.69%
______________________________________ Females Males______________________________________Imo:Mobility Index 1.6 0.4Icr:Search Capacity Index 10.7 0.9Iat:Attractivity Index 9.1 0.5______________________________________
Below are given the qualitative identification characters.
By electrophoresis, certain enzymes have been characterised: esterases, malate-dehydrogenases and tetrazolium-oxidases. If the two latter do not occur in the strain in a particular state, the esterases enable, on the other hand, precise identification.
No polymorphism was detected. Five strips corresponding to 5 locus, had electrophoretic mobilities of 0.10; 0.22; 0.28; 0.50 and 0.53. The first and the two latter were the most intense.
In 28 strains analysed, including 2 coming from strain no. 16 of corn crops, none possessed such esterasic properties.
It results from the data above that by means of all these characteristics, it is not possible to confuse strain no. 16, on the one hand, with any one of the 150 lines known and, on the other hand, with a natural population.
Strain no 16 of trichogramma applicable to the method according to the invention intended for the control of flour moth is unique and recognizable.
The method according to the invention enables the putting into practice of a method of biological control of plant pest lepidoptera, notably flour moth, by means of the oophage parasitic insect. By this method of control, in which an at least annual spreading in the field of host eggs of the oophage parasite on the plants to be protected is carried out, a single spreading is advantageously effected, at the period corresponding to the beginning of laying of the lepidoptera, of a measured mixture of eggs-hosts which has undergone conditioning so that some, a first wave, include the oophage in the last stage of evolution and others, a second wave, include the oophage in the pre-nymph stage, by means of which imagos coming from the eggs of the first wave emerge after 1 to 2 days and those coming from the second wave emerge after 15 to 20 days.
It is well understood that the present invention has only been described and illustrated purely by way of explanation but not in any limiting manner and that it would be possible to introduce any useful modification therein within the field of technical equivalents without departing from its scope.
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text:
Nurse Jobs in Denver, New York
3 Denver, NY Nurse jobs found on Monster.Jobs 1 to 3 of 3
ONC BOCES Substitutes needed for NCOC in Grand Gorge and OAOC in Milford in the following areas: Nurse Teacher LTA Please visit www.oncboces.org under Human Resources for application process and information. ONC BOCES-HR PO Box 382 Grand Gorge, NY 12434 EOE This job listing brought to you by The Daily Star...
Margaretville Hospital Member of HealthAlliance of the Hudson Valley 42084 State Highway 28 Margaretville, NY 12455 CASE MANAGER- FT position available at our 15-bed Critical Access Hospital. The CM coordinates care and service of acute/swing bed patients across the health care continuum; promotes effective utilization of resources and the highest quality of care for optimal clinical and resou...
ONC BOCES Clinical Supervisor Needed for secondary level Nursing Assistant course, must have current RN license and two years work experience. $25 per hour 3/day week 12 -2:30 PM. Licensed Teaching Assistant Anticipated 10-month, FT and PT position needed at the Otsego Area Occupational Center in Milford. Working in Special Education classrooms. Must have current certification. LTA Tea...
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Healthcare Career Tools
Registered Nurse (RN)
$43,680.00 - $72,800.00
Typical Salary for Registered Nurse (RN) in Denver
(29 Respondents)
Source: Monster.com Careerbenchmarking Tool
Education / Training
(17 Respondents)
Source: Monster.com Careerbenchmarking Tool
Registered Nurse (RN)
Promotes and restores patients' health by completing the nursing process; collaborating with physicians and multidisciplinary team members; providing physical and psychological support to patients, friends, and families; supervising assigned team members.
Rate of Growth
0 %
Size of Industry in 2006:
Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, May 2006
Related Skills
Acute/Critical Care
Administering Medication
Bedside Manner
Clinical Lab Testing
Related Duties
Directs and supervises less skilled nursing or health care personnel; supervises a particular unit.
Maintains nursing supplies inventory by checking stock to determine inventory level; anticipating needed supplies; placing and expediting orders for supplies; verifying receipt of supplies; using equipment and supplies as needed to accomplish job results.
Popular Nurse Articles
Clinical Nurse Leaders Bring Problem-Solving Skills to the Bedside
Want to be a nurse leader and problem solver but still remain close to bedside care? Look into the emerging specialty of clinical nurse leader.
Legal Nurse Consulting Careers
Nurses with an appetite for both ER trauma and courtroom drama may have a future in legal nurse consulting. Learn about the options.
Up-and-Coming Nurse Niches
Tired of hospital work? Consider the possibilities in correctional, forensic, holistic or parish nursing.
Sample Resume for a Nurse Trainer
This resume sample for a nurse trainer specializing in medical-device instruction shows how to highlight your clinical expertise and training skills.
Experienced Nurses Needed as Nurse Educators
RNs with advanced degrees and clinical experience are in great demand as nursing school faculty.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
jobs in Warminster
Refine Job Search
Health enthusiasts required.
If you are passionate about health and fitness then becoming a personal trainer could be for you!
The LA fitness Personal Training Academy managed by Club Training and in partnership with The Training Room, is looking to recruit individuals for their 2014 intakes and invite applications from highly motivated individuals with a proven track record for success.
If successful, you will be offered an exclusive place on our Fast Track or Part Time training scheme where you'll gain nationally recognised qualifications in:
- Level 2 Gym Instructor Certificate (REPS)
- Level 3 Personal Trainer Certificate (REPS)
Featured Job
Business Owner Franchise Operator Letting Agency
£30000 - £100000/annum
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PSV / PCV / Bus & Coach Drivers
£10.50 - £11/hour
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Research and Business Development
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Opportunities Nationwide
£55000 - £90000/annum
Girling Jones are seeking a Contract Manager with a mechanical bias to join a client based in the Dorset area with immediate effect. Our client is a national supplier of Building Services offering both maintenance and installation services within the commercial and domestic environments.
Their Building Services division in the South has a turnover of circa £5m and specialise in maintenance of Electrical and HVAC works. They enjoy a varied client base spanning both large national accounts and local relationships, covering the Commercial, Education, Retail, Housing and MOD sectors. You will have responsibility for small project works across...
Featured Job
Opportunities Nationwide
£25000 - £40000/annum
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Personal Trainers - UK wide Trainee Personal Trainers
£20000 - £30000/annum
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Trainee Beauty Therapists Required - UK wide
£20000 - £25000/annum
Featured Job
Train to become a Personal Trainer
Girling Jones are working alongside a major provider of Building Services across the South of the UK with various businesses within both the Commercial and Domestic environments, offering both maintenance and installation services to a varied client base. We are seeking a Renewable Heating Engineer to join the team, ideally being based in the Dorset region.
Duties & responsibilities:
Reporting to the HVAC Contract Manager, this role will see you carrying out various breakdowns and servicing activities based within the Renewable Energy sector. Whilst the work will be predominantly focused on heat pumps and solar thermal technologies the...
Finance Assistant - Entry Level Opportunity
Wincanton, Somerset
£16,000 - £18,000 Plus Performance Related Annual Bonus, Contributory Pension Scheme, Life Assurance
Are you an organised individual with a good level of IT literacy looking to develop a career in finance? If so, this is a fantastic opportunity to gain valuable experience and build your skill-set with a highly successful company.
Our client is a leading importer and distributor of quality machinery. An exciting opportunity has now arisen for a dedicated Finance Assistant to join their friendly team.
Offering an excellent working environment and full support, our client...
Service Administrator / Receptionist – Entry Level Opportunity
Wincanton, Somerset
£16,000 - £18,000 DOE Plus Annual Performance Bonus, Contributory Pension Scheme, Life Assurance
Are you an efficient and organised individual looking to develop a career in administration? If so, this is a fantastic opportunity to gain valuable experience and build your skills with a highly successful company.
Our client is a leading importer and distributor of quality machinery. An exciting opportunity has now arisen for an enthusiastic and passionate Service Administrator / Receptionist to join their team.
Offering an excellent working environment...
Maritime Team Leader (Ex-RN Warfare Officer or Weapon Engineer Officer)
£50,000-£60,000 + Benefits
Job Purpose:
To lead the Maritime Team within our clients Research and Technical Support Division to deliver business excellence by: engendering a shared motivating purpose focussed on achievement of agreed goals; ensuring successful delivery of project deliverables and milestones; creating team spirit; line managing team members.
The ideal candidate must be a highly capable, versatile and enthusiastic leader with the experience to lead a Maritime Team predominantly in a UK MOD Naval Defence environment. An MOD acquisition or...
My client is large well established Main Contractor who specialises in commercial projects, with offices nationwide and a reputation of winning countless construction awards. I am very excited to be working with them on an exclusive basis to develop their team on various construction projects throughout the South East.
I am now seeking an Assistant Site Manager in Gillingham (Dorset) who has experience working on large industrial units or projects consisting of a steel frame.
Managers must be fully up to date with Health and Safety procedures ensuring that they are enforced on each project.
Duties of role
•Liaising with Site Manager...
Job Purpose:
To lead the Defence Land Team within Management & Technical Consultancy based in Somerset.
You will drive the Technical Support Division to deliver business excellence by:
• Generating a shared motivating purpose focussed on achievement of agreed goals;
• Ensuring successful delivery of project deliverables and milestones;
• Creating team spirit;
• Line managing team members.
The ideal candidate must be a highly capable, versatile and enthusiastic leader with the experience to lead a Land Team predominantly focussed on the delivery of dismounted soldier system capability for UK MOD.
MOD acquisition or research...
Service Technician
The Recruiter Group - Cirencester
A fantastic opportunity for a service technician has become available, with our client.
Reports to: Supervisor
Colleagues: Manager, Supervisor, Fitters and Apprentices
Main Job Purpose: To work as part of the centre team to carry out servicing and mechanical repairs on customer vehicles in accordance with the 'Standards of Service' contributing to the delivery of 100% customer delight.
Technical Competencies: Tyres, wheel alignments, oil changes, exhausts, batteries, welding/ cutting, basic and advanced brakes, vehicle maintenance and servicing.
Successful Candidate:
*Must have a...
A Security Architect/Information Assurance Consultant is required to join an existing team providing Information Security / Technical Security support and advice to a range of projects for public and private sector clients, as well as
internal customers. Duties will include being the focal point for resolution of security and information risk matters, recommending implementation of IA controls across the programme or enterprise to provide cost effective risk mitigation, the production of security documentation, security advice / guidance, and security audits.
The ideal candidate will have demonstrable experience in IT security including:
Live-in care with Christies Care
Would you like to earn up to £2,400.00 per month?
Who are our carers?
Our carers are just that, people who care. We are looking for people who have the right, caring attitude. It doesn't matter what previous experience you have, as all carers go through our in-depth five-day induction course where they are given the skills needed to go out and care for their clients.
Working as a live-in carer is an opportunity to help people live independent fulfilling lives, helping them remain in their own home when they may not be able to look after themselves.
Working with clients all over the UK, a live-in care...
Maintenance engineer
£33'000-£35'000 + Overtime (OTE £39'000) + Stability + Technical progression + Pension + 25 days holiday
Are you a maintenance engineer with good fault finding and maintenance skills?
Do you want to join a company that will offer you a technically challenging role with the opportunities to technically progress and be challenged on a day to day basis?
This company specialise in the manufacture of food products that are supplied into all the major retail stores in the UK. Due to recent investment they are expanding their manufacturing facility and bringing in new state of the art manufacturing machinery...
Our client is a leading Construction & Facilities Management Group operating nationally. They are expanding their Building Services & Engineering business as a result of increased business orders from new & existing customers so there is a multitude of opportunities on offer for the right candidates.
They are looking to recruit a Mobile Electrical Maintenance Engineer to work on a planned & reactive maintenance contracts in Wiltshire.
Key Responsibilities:
1. Ensure that routine maintenance is carried out to all electrical building plant, equipment and systems to meet and exceed expectations, and agreed service level agreements.
What will the job entail?
Working in a dedicated team you will work on long term sales incentive programmes throughout Europe.
The role will involve the following:
• Managing and implementing IT channel marketing programmes
• Registration drives to launch incentives/programmes via email and telephone
• Maintaining contact and building relationships with business partners overseas via telephone on a regular basis
• Building relationships and integration with client stakeholders at country and regional levels
• Ensuring integration of local messaging into a central programme
• Creating PowerPoint presentations, launch documents and...
Pricing Support Manager
My client, one of the largest Fleet Management organisations in the country are looking to recruit a Pricing Support Manager to support their busy Fleet team.
You need to have a good knowledge of Commercial Vehicles from an Aftersales perspective and have a strong knowledge of Residual Values as this will be the main remit of the role, you will get information from the Suppliers and Manufacturers and relay this back to departmental Managers and other operational staff to obtain the best quotation for the Pricing Matrix.
A good understanding of Commercial Vehicles/ HGV, LGV, is critical for the position as would be a...
Our client is searching for CSCS Labourers in the Bruton, Somerset area.
Applicants must have a valid CSCS Card.
Duties will include lifting glass panes too and from lorry container. This position is short term, Immediate start available.
£9 per hour.
Please call AFR on 02076136787 or Jeremy on 07915699498 to
Permanent, full time
Unqualified £20,200 to £23,230 per annum
Qualified £24,240 to £32,320 per annum
Wiltshire College is on an exciting journey of improvement and we are looking for outstanding individuals to join us who are passionate about Further Education and who have a track record of achieving excellence.
Wiltshire College are looking to recruit a Lecturer in Plumbing to join the Technology department at the Trowbridge campus. As part of this role you will be required to develop the teaching and learning in the agreed area of the curriculum, to ensure a high quality and learner-focused delivery of the curriculum which meets...
Optima Plus Recruitment specialise in recruiting Nurses and Care Staff throughout England, Scotland and Wales. Our teams of Recruitment Consultants are dedicated to providing the very best service as well as ensuring that we find the right role for you.
Registered General Nurse x 3
Location: Frome
Salary: £14.50
Hours: Full Time
Shifts: Mixed/Nights
A luxury nursing home based in the Frome Area requires an experienced nurse to work in a well-established, active nursing team as a Registered Nurse (RGN).
The purpose of this post is:
• The Nurse is responsible for the monitoring of the health and wellness of the residents.
Permanent, full time
Lackham (ref: J216L)
Trowbridge (ref: J216T)
£23,262 to £25,796 per annum
Wiltshire College is on an exciting journey of improvement and we are looking for outstanding individuals to join us who are passionate about Further Education and who have a track record of achieving excellence.
Wiltshire College are looking to recruit two ALS Team Leaders to join the departments at the Lackham and Trowbridge campuses. For this role you will identify additional learning needs through personal and comprehensive assessment of students at the point of College application or referral to the service, as well as leading on the...
Fixed-term position effective from 5th January 2015 to 28th August 2015.
£28,142 per annum pro rata
Wiltshire College is on an exciting journey of improvement and we are looking for outstanding individuals to join us who are passionate about Further Education and who have a track record of achieving excellence.
Wiltshire College are looking to recruit an enthusiastic individual as a 14-16 and Inclusion Programmes Coordinator to manage and quality assure the College 14-16 curriculum offer.
You will be required to act as the main point of contact for parent and school enquiries for 14-16 programmes and coordinate the referral of 14-16...
A national care provider requires a Staff Nurse for their large care home in the Trowbridge area. This is a full time position, working 36 hours per week with a pay rate of £13.50 to £14 per hour.
The purpose built site cares for over 50 residents and has a specialist dementia care centre. RGN or RMN qualification is essential and the home will consider newly qualified RGNs or RMNs with general experience.
Duties will include planning and delivering patient care taking into account the residents wellbeing and dignity at all times. You will work with both management and care staff to ensure high standards of patient care are met at all...
Train To Become A Driving Instructor and earn over £500 a week with RED Driving
We have been helping people steer their career in the right direction and realise their potential of becoming a driving instructor for almost 20 years. At RED, we don't simply rely on our heritage; we concentrate on delivering high quality training and great support every step of the way.
Becoming a driving instructor is more than just a job. It is a profession that provides long term career prospects, unrivalled benefits and unlimited job satisfaction.
There aren't many careers that give you the freedom to choose your own working hours, earnings of around...
A national care provider requires a Clinical Lead for their large care home in the Trowbridge area. The purpose built site cares for over 50 residents and has a specialist dementia care centre. RGN qualification is essential and RMN qualified candidates will be considered providing they have experience in general nursing.
You will be responsible for administering day to day care to patients, and you will plan, implement and supervise care packages. You will assist the Home Manager, actively ensuring compliance within the home and maintaining levels of clinical excellence.
This is a good opportunity to take on some of the responsibilities...
Project Planner
6 Month Contract
Up to £350 per day
Please note: Candidates wishing to be considered for this position will have to undertake full UK Security Clearance upon offer, full SC held is advantageous.
My client, a leading Public Sector organisation, is seeking to recruit a Project Planner to join their technical division in Wiltshire. As a Project Planner, you will be required to support my client on multiple projects, providing a scheduling and risk management service within the PMO. The ideal candidate will have a wealth of experience in the public sector as well as in the project management space.
Key Knowledge and...
Our client in Warminster are looking for Warehouse/Assembly Workers.
The ideal candidate will have keen eye for detail and will have experience in a Warehouse/Building & Construction environment.
Clean driving license is...


text:
30 Disney scenes featuring hidden characters from other Disney movies
In Disney's latest film, "Frozen," Rapunzel and Eugene from "Tangled" make an appearance during Elsa's coronation in the lower left corner.
- Oldest first
- Newest first
- Most recommended
Third try screen name
Mapleton, UT
It's not just Disney.
You can see Spiderman in The Italian Job and Senator Roland Burris in The Fugitive.
- 12:10 p.m. Jan. 16, 2014
- Like
- Report abuse
Bob Pomeroy
Bisbee, AZ
Disney animators hid all sorts of stuff in their work. much was a sort of negative commentary on Walt. There was a secret 'perk' for working there. Much of it may be interpreted as having been generated by his notoriously low wages.
- 4:12 p.m. Jan. 16, 2014
- Like (1)
- Report abuse
West Columbia, TX
He paid nice and advanteous wages. He was extremely demanding, the reason for
the almost perfectness of his work. He was both his kind mother and ever
demanding father.
- 7:02 p.m. Oct. 22, 2014
- Like
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RSS 12843 deals tagged "outdoor"
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OK, yes, companies pay a little something to be Sponsored Deals. But we don't allow just any old crap in this section. Sponsored Deals are proposed to us by other retailers, manufacturers, and even other daily deal sites. If we find the deal compelling enough that our members will appreciate us bringing it to their attention, we'll feature it here. Believe it or not, we have a reputation to uphold. If your store would like to be considered for this space, please contact us for details. But if your deal is lame, or sketchy, no amount of money will let you buy your way in.
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text:
18:06 - TORONTO - The sexual assault charges filed against former CBC Radio host Jian Ghomeshi offer tentative hope to those who fear their...
18:06 - TORONTO - The sexual assault charges filed against former CBC Radio host Jian Ghomeshi offer tentative hope to those who fear their...
Rob Ford gives illegal drugs a really bad name.
There goes the hood . . . , October 31, 2013, 15:56
November 25, 2014 - Harper's infrastructure plan to cost $300M next year, will trim surplus to $1.6B
November 25, 2014 - G20 disciplinary hearing for Toronto cop to resume on Dec. 1 with new judge
November 25, 2014 - Auditor questions whether soldiers get all of their entitled moving benefits
November 25, 2014 - Auditor cites problems in Syria projects, military water purification
November 25, 2014 - Manitoba appeal court will review 1987 murder conviction of Frank Ostrowski
November 25, 2014 - P.E.I.'s next Liberal leader, premier to be chosen at February convention
November 25, 2014 - Tories look to improve fortunes as Newfoundlanders vote in two byelections
November 25, 2014 - Eaton Centre killer continues testimony at 1st-degree murder trial
November 24, 2014 - Oregon ballot measure requiring labels for genetically engineered foods headed for recount
November 24, 2014 - Newfoundland and Labrador residential schools trial starts next September: judge
November 24, 2014 - B.C. court rules part of dangerous-offender scheme violates charter
November 24, 2014 - Energy board hears expanded B.C. pipeline threatens First Nations food, hunting
November 24, 2014 - Judge clears woman convicted in fatal Texas car crash after GM says car would've been recalled
November 24, 2014 - Two Opposition Wildrose members, Towle and Donovan, cross floor to Alberta PCs
November 24, 2014 - Greek officials, debt inspectors to meet in Paris Tuesday to restart stalled review of reforms


text:
From Dream to Home
3,979 black light Powder Room Design Photos
lisa rubenstein - real rooms design
Glamorous powder room
wallpaper, waterworks, formal, ornate mirror, small, marble, tile, brocade, black,
silver wallpaper in a brocade, ornate mirror, black light
mm-m-m-m...solver insyead of black? still a lot of drama!
Black silver white bathroom...Light and tower hanger
Light and tower hanger — joanneshen
Lindsey Schultz Design
Man Cave
Bath room light
WOW check out the sink — mimikydyn
Venegas and Company
ely we have no further information, but we suggest visiting your local lighting showroom!
black countertop light vanity grey walls
color is nice...possibly in kitchen with whites, blacks, etc.
wall color black granite top w black mirror
Light on wall...I love the light fixture...Light fixture...The light on the wall
The color was selected by the interior designer, but have a look at the Ben Moore color deck and loo — Maureen Stevens
View all products
Cindy Aplanalp-Yates & Chairma Design Group
Maggetti Construction Inc.
Tuscan Hillside
Can you please tell me where I can find the light fixture?
white doesn't have to mean no light. Reflective tiles, mirrors, polished stone and concrete dazzle under cooler lighting.
multi color square - black/grey/light-grey/white
Powder room lights
Powder room lights — lajevic
Josh Blumer :: AB design studio, inc.
Riviera Residence
Can you tell me where you got the light fixture?
Mirror in bathroom Maybe black pipe lights above
simple wood cabinets/finish, tile with border, and light fixture
Luv corner vanity light and mirrors...Corner mirrors and lighting
Mirror in bathroom Maybe black pipe lights above — tkantzler
Ofer Wolberger, LTD.
Tribeca Town House
Just love the light fixture! Will u plz share info? I'd be grateful!
most adventurous decorating ideas. I love this gentlemen's club look with black lacquered panelling and playful artwork. Metallics can be mixed, but try
most adventurous decorating ideas, such as this gentlemen's-club look with black lacquered paneling and playful artwork. Tip: To keep a mix of metallics from
Such courageous use of black lacquer...black, white, and gold bathroom
Black is beautiful! — christiajwheeler
Martha O'Hara Interiors
Sunnyside Road Residence Powder Room 2
shabby chic your heart out.Could you please tell me about the wallpaper the black accessories and the ceiling color.This is my dream bathroom I think.Love
WHo makes the toilet? Do you know the model? I love the white/black and the design around bottom of toilet. GREAT JOB on bathroom! LOVE IT
Who is the manufacturer? I am hoping I can order it through a local lighting store. Many thanks!
dislike "harshness" of black wallpaper, but like concept of dark ceiling
PAINT THE CEILING BLACK Because the rest of the room is black and white. the black ceiling is a nice echo of the black floor, and the stringent
Black ceiling, may look good in bathroom with chandelier
Black and white wall paper in bathroom
Wallpaper — wildsmile
Orange Coast Interior Design
SJC Dramatic Remodel
Where is the ceiling light fixture from?
Hello, We are selling very similar ceiling lights on the houzz marketplace! Here is a direct link to one that we think will
the lighting and the black wall paper
The black again! Gives it a super rich, hotel feel
I like the lights great bathroom...DRAMATIC BLACK Sconces on facing walls
So....sexy chic! I love black walls — christiajwheeler


text:
Gas gift cards can be used to purchases of goods or services at the Aloha or Shell gas stations. The gift card is not redeemable for cash.
Local Buzz Coffee and Macadamia Nuts
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Bio: The Soaring Eagles is a Rock Band. Yes our biceps are natural. Yes we're 12 beers deep on a Monday. Let Freedom Ring.More Info
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Snacks Recipes (Most Popular)50128 results - showing 40571 to 40580
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all I can say is yummy and No Sugar!Submitted by LAURALEEJONES
I make mine in a StirCrazy electric corn popperSubmitted by COVEREDNPRAYING
Sweet, very apricoty - I prefer using golden raisins. Submitted by SUEB38
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Submitted by SWEETKISSES3636
Submitted by SWEETKISSES3636
These are great muffins for breakfast or as a snack. At only 96 calories, with 2.5 g of fiber and 3 g of protein...there's no need to sneak a second...go ahead and take it! ;)Submitted by SWEETKISSES3636
More fruit!!! next time use less protein powder or unflavoured. Not sure lemon juice is necessary. Would be nice with milk I think or try buttermilk. Refer blueberry muffin recipe on spark next time. Try with flax meal. Try adding almonds. More vanilla. No sugar needed with fruit and stevia in protein choco powder. Less baking powder.Submitted by SWEETKISSES3636


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Joe Lisi's Nov. 20th Week 13 Appearance On FNTSY Network
SEC Headlines 11-20-2014
Joe Lisi's Week 13 Preview On Mark Rogers TV
Will Muschamp... Soon To Be The Nation's Top Paid Defensive Coordinator
Nick Saban's Salary At Alabama Dwarfs The Rest Of The SEC (And America)
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text: 500 pts Music Trivia <Y101 Rewards Who may be working with Matthew Sweet on an upcoming project? Click here to see the answer. Sign in to Participate Category: Trivia Ends: Monday November 18 at 10:59PM CST Visit our sponsor: Click here to see the answer. Share on Facebook Share on Twitter More Leave a comment Send to a friend! Print this page Pin it! Reddit This! Share on Tumblr! More Ways To Get and Use Points Christmas Shopping [Survey]Help for the Holidays!Free Food from Wendy'sKeurig Brewing SystemThanksgiving Gift CardToy Store Shopping Spree


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Thanksgiving as we know it
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BYU basketball: Pacific replaces BYU as WCC newcomer
Young Kwak, AP
STOCKTON, Calif. — BYU is no longer the new kid on the West Coast Conference block.
The University of the Pacific joined the WCC this season, giving the conference an even 10 teams. The Cougars, who joined the WCC for the 2011-12 season, played at Pacific Thursday for the first time as members of the WCC.
It marked BYU's first visit to Pacific since 1975, when the Cougars defeated the Tigers, 89-62.
Pacific's 6,150-seat Spanos Center, which opened in 1981, is the second-largest basketball venue in the WCC, only behind BYU's 20,951-seat Marriott Center.
Aside from the return of travel partners for the league, the impact of Pacific joining the WCC includes the change in the format of the WCC tournament, which tips off on March 6 in Las Vegas.
Under the new format, the top six seeds in the tournament receive a bye out of the first round.
Actually, this isn't the first time Pacific has been a member of the WCC. Pacific was a founding member of the California Basketball Association, which later became the WCC, in 1952-53. The Tigers left the WCC in 1971.
NEW TIPOFF TIME FOR BYU-GONZAGA: ESPN announced Thursday that the BYU-Gonzaga game at the Marriott Center on Feb. 20 has been moved to 9 p.m. MST and will be broadcast on ESPN2.
The game was originally scheduled for 7 p.m. on ESPN.
The tipoff time was changed to accommodate the Duke-North Carolina game, which was scheduled for Feb. 12, but was postponed due to inclement weather.
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- Utah football: Utes' annual game with... 46
- BYU blanks hapless Savannah State, 64-0 40
- BYU coach Bronco Mendenhall wants... 35
- Utes on the verge of a winning Pac-12... 30


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Dear Walmart, I never imagined I would be "that" blogger. You know, the one writing an open letter to a large company, ranting about my concerns.... In truth Walmart, I usually like your stores. I admit I don't care for the crowds you sometimes draw, and find the social media pictures of some of your customers to be … Read More
Church Hopping with Kids
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Finding Purpose In The Memories
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At my highest I weighed 200.4kg. Today I weigh 124kg. To date, on my bariatric program I have lost 72kg and I am still going strong. My program started 3 months pre-op. My procedure was performed on 27 January 2014 - my 30th birthday! Very fitting: I call it my rebirth!
I have not had one issue, complication or problem. My process has been absolutely textbook. I credit this to:
1) An expert medical team (the Professor who operated and his team, the psychologist, dietician etc)
2) A holistic program including information seminars, "lifestyle training", psychology sessions etc. This very strict program also makes it very safe
3) My absolute commitment to my program and eating plan - to this day (4 months post op) I have not had any sugar or bread or such food items. I can not stress how important this is! Many complications can be avoided by not cheating on your diet program!
4) Being informed and really understanding the procedure and risks and worst case scenarios and the commitment and lifestyle changes needed from me to make this a success ensured that my mindset was correct from the beginning (once again a credit to the program - there is nothing about this that caught me off guard because I was so informed)
5) I was lucky in the sense that absolutely everybody that are close to me (friends, family and colleagues) got on board very quickly. My support structure is huge! Many people do not have that. Add to this day (4 months post op) I still have an available support structure in my bariatric team...I really never felt alone in this at any stage.
6) God/the luck of the draw/fate (whatever you believe in): The fact of the matter is that sometimes you will do everything right and something such as a pulmonary embolism will occur. You have certain base risks with every op and you can mitigate these risks but can never control them completely. In my case God was on my side. (and I was too scared to stay in my bed for longer than 30 minutes at a time for the risk of a blood clot so I was always moving!)
When I say I have had no complications it does not mean that I do not have to deal with certain issues. I had to deal with some constipation. There are foods that I can't stomach. I've swallowed (and still do at times!) too big bites of food and you all know what happens next...foam, vomit reflex...the joys! I still have not eaten steak, I just don't feel ready yet.
But the point I am making is that because I was so well aware of everything that would happen to my body, I took everything in my stride. I have realistic expectations. And when it happens I deal with it in a non-emotional manner. This is after all what I signed up for when I decided to go for the op.
The most important thing is that I am listening to my body, avoiding foods I do not think I am ready for, stopping when my stomach is full, even though I have had a little less than what I am allowed to eat according to my program.
For the first time in my life I am giving my body exactly what it needs. and it shows! Look at my pics! And the amazing thing is, by listening so intently to my body, I have also managed to tune in to my soul. This experience has changed everything about me. For the first time I truly "hear" me and what I want and need, but even more important than that, what I am. And why this is the most important change of all, is because when this happened at 150kg (about 26kg ago), I could let go of the numbers and of the weight and I was content (from a self-acceptance or self-love point of view) with my body at that weight - NOT AT THE WEIGHT I WAS GOING TO BE OR THE WEIGHT I WAS LOSING. This was the most profound change of all. At 150kg I loved myself so much that losing any more weight was a bonus - and still is. It is now purely for health considerations that more weight loss is good. I am perfectly happy with my body. I am proud of my body and I will not mind if I stopped losing weight now, or in 10kg from now or 20kg ago.
So, whenever anybody asks me what my goal weight is, I tell them the story above. And then I say: I have absolutely no goals. I am just doing what I am doing. Sticking to my program. Listening to my body. And whatever my body does with that is okay.
My first wish for you is that you can find the absolute freedom you gain when you have no relationship or emotional ties to food or the scale whatsoever - I have never been this free in my life!
My other wish for all of you is to fulfill your primary goal when you chose this procedure: to lose the weight. But, losing the weight must only be about health and quality of life and absolutely nothing else....which brings me to my biggest wish for all of you..... that this amazing miracle will happen to you that happened to me: and you will absolutely accept and love your body - even at your "high" weight, because then, our battle is truly won...when we realise we are not what we eat. We are so much more. We are beautiful beings with beautiful hearts and beautiful bodies and we have endless capacity to love and heal and nurture and we have amazing capabilities and talents to share with the world.
Yours in love and light!
Ps: Ask me any questions if you want regarding my program or the procedure or anything else. Or just comment! I would love to chat!
At my highest I weighed 200.4kg. Today I weigh...
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Updated: 03/19/2014 1:08 PM |
Created: 03/19/2014 1:02 PM
By: The Associated Press
ALBUQUERQUE (AP) - A health alert issued Wednesday for the Albuquerque area warns of unhealthy levels of particulates from smoke and dust.
The alert runs through 1 p.m. MDT.
The city Environment Department advises people with heart or lung disease, adults over age 65, young children, and pregnant women to avoid all outdoor activities.
The department advises other people to minimize outdoor activities.
(Copyright 2014 The Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.)
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Glass Houses (Gregor Demarkian Series #22)
Posted September 15, 2013
I found this book to be boring, and very poorly written. Parts
I found this book to be boring, and very poorly written. Parts of the book were disturbing, and the subject matter just continued to go in that direction. I love a good mystery, but this one fell really short of that. I cannot believe the reviews were so positive. I tried to get thru it and eventually removed it from my Nook.Was this review helpful? Yes NoThank you for your feedback. Report this reviewThank you, this review has been flagged.
This is one author I will not choose to select a book for reading enjoyment.
Posted February 7, 2010
Haddam has another winner!
If Jane Haddam could produce a new Gregor Demarkian mystery every month, it wouldn't be too much for me. I love this series. The character development is superb. I feel as though I know the Armenian - American community on Cavanaugh St. as well as I know my own family. I plan someday to read all of these storie in order from first to last. If you love mysteries and haven't tried these, I highly recommend them!Was this review helpful? Yes NoThank you for your feedback. Report this reviewThank you, this review has been flagged.
Posted December 9, 2008
Good entry in this series
In Philadelphia, the media calls this serial killer, the Plate Glass Killer as carves up the faces of his middle-aged female victims. His count has surpassed ten as he holds the city in fear. However, the police make an arrest as they have caught alcoholic Henry Tyder by the latest crime scene alley with blood all over him that came from the victim. He also confesses to the crimes though his blue blood family and their lawyer says he is harmless and could not murder anyone.-------------- The defense team hires retired former chief of the FBI¿s Behavioral Science Unit Gregor Demarkian to help prove their client is innocent. With assistance from his long time lover Bennis, Hannaford, Gregor ponders why Henry confessed and if his lawyers and loved ones are right about his inability to kill. If this is so then the Plate Glass Killer still roams the back alleys of the city seeking prey. As he develops a profile of the killer over the jealous objections of the lead PPD detectives, Gregor concludes that the predator remains loose with middle age women at risk.---------------- Fans of the series will enjoy the latest Demarkian investigative thriller as the now retired civil servant takes his skills and experience into the private sector. His convoluted relationship with Bennis is handling deftly so that long time readers will appreciate their caring nurturing of one another while newcomers will understand the tender rapport between them. Though the ending is twisted more than a Philadelphia pretzel with mustard making it feel implausible even to this gullible reviewer, the audience still will enjoy the deepness on several levels of GLASS HOUSES.------------ Harriet KlausnerWas this review helpful? Yes NoThank you for your feedback. Report this reviewThank you, this review has been flagged.
Posted August 31, 2009
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Caroline Warner Hightower, executive director of AIGA from 1977
until 1995, transformed AIGA from a New York club to a vibrant
nationally networked design force. Under her vigorous leadership,
an organization in danger of financial collapse was resuscitated
and many new initiatives and structures—many of which continue to
give shape to AIGA today—were put in place. The AIGA journal, the
annual and conferences were among the forums introduced by
Hightower, who valued the importance of content and meaning. In
leading the effort to acquire the 11,500 square-foot national
headquarters building at 164 Fifth Avenue, she provided the
organization with a permanent home.
Hightower was raised in the community of the University of
Chicago, where her father, Lloyd Warner, was a prominent
anthropologist. She began her career as the advertising manager and
graphic designer for the University of California Press. In 1968,
after a further two jobs in editing, she became Grant Officer at
the Carnegie Corporation accruing valuable experience in
fundraising that she then applied as a consultant to a large number
of cultural and philanthropic initiatives. She was the content
consultant for Art Is, a documentary produced by Sears
Roebuck Foundation that was nominated for an Academy Award in l972.
In 1975 she authored Private Philanthropy and Public Need: The
Arts for The Filer Commission, which was presented to U.S.
Hightower was hired as the executive director of AIGA in 1977.
For the better part of two decades she worked tirelessly to create
a vital and dynamic organization that could effectively represent
the needs of the design community. During her tenure the membership
increased from 1,200 to 11,300 and chapters were established in 38
cities. Programming, that was virtually non-existent upon her
arrival, flourished. In addition to initiating the annual, the
quarterly journal, the national biennial design conference and the
national business conference, the AIGA library, the AIGA Education
Committee, Hightower was also the architect of some significant
stand-alone programs and publications. These include a national
symposium titled "Why is Graphic Design 93% White?" and the
publications United States Department of Transportation Symbol
Signs, Graphic Design for Nonprofit Organizations,
and AIGA Standard Contracts for Graphic Designers.
Since leaving AIGA, Hightower has continued to work in New York
as a program development and fundraising consultant. Among the
institutions she has worked with are the American Numismatic
Society; American Society of Media Photographers; New York
University Arts Administration Program; United Way; and The Clio
"In her seventeen years, Caroline did a lot of very good work
for the AIGA, as an organization of sometimes all-too-real people
and as the ongoing embodiment of a set of closely held but
ultimately abstract professional ideals. Both for the organization
and its people, she had to play several roles. Many of them fit her
well; others were more difficult but were performed equally well
nonetheless. Yes, she was an advocate of graphic design and, yes,
she had a great deal of affection and respect for graphic
designers. But there was another piece of it, and that was simply
that there was work to be done and Caroline did it extremely well
because, for her, there was no other way. I count myself lucky to
have been given, on behalf of the AIGA, this very public, very
permanent forum in which to say to Caroline, thank you."
—David Brown, former AIGA president
The distinguished AIGA Medal is awarded to individuals in recognition of their exceptional achievements in the field of design.
Section: Inspiration -
AIGA Medal, design educators, students
While there are voices both for and against professional design associations, AIGA is staunchly committed to working on behalf of its members and all designers.
Section: About AIGA -
AIGA Insight, membership
Richard Grefé presents an overview of AIGA's five-year plan to meet the goals of chapters, individual members and the design profession as a whole.
Section: About AIGA -
AIGA Insight, social responsibility, strategy, governance
Spec work is a perennial issue for designers, and AIGA has long held a position against it. Richard Grefé explains why.
Section: About AIGA -
AIGA Insight, compensation, ethics, copyright
Brits bark about dog book. Shaughnessy wonders, Can one judge Americans' by their covers?
Section: Inspiration -
Voice, design thinking, international
What started as an enthusiasm for the Thundercats cartoon as a
kid grew into a full-blown love affair with illustration after Mike
Anderson took art classes at the University of Oklahoma. Following a
stint at Funnel Design Group in Oklahoma City, he decided to strike out
on his own back home in Edmond, OK, where he uses drawing in his work as
a way to solve problems.
Section: Inspiration -
illustration, technology, emerging designers
Is the government using graphic design to incite panic for political profit? Vienne looks at the color-coded alert system and sees red. Milton Glaser says "give puce a chance."
Section: Tools and Resources -
Voice, information design
Michael Mabry is recognized with a 2014 AIGA Medal for expertly melding design and illustration to create a playful and sophisticated visual language that is highly intuitive and intuitively right.
Section: Inspiration -
AIGA Medal, advertising, illustration, graphic design, identity design, packaging
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