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Adhesion receptors of vascular smooth muscle cells and their functions
Vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs) are present in several phenotypic states in blood vessels. They show a high degree of plasticity, undergoing rapid and reversible phenotypic changes in response to environmental stresses and vascular injury. Thereby, SMCs play an important role in development of atherosclerosis and restenosis after angioplasty and coronary bypass grafting. Many functions of SMCs, such as adhesion, migration, proliferation, contraction, differentiation and apoptosis are determined by surface adhesion receptors involved in cell–cell binding and interactions between cells and extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins. Some cell adhesion receptors are involved in intracellular signalling and participate in cellular response to different stimuli. The adhesion receptors of vascular SMCs discussed here include the ECM adhesion receptors integrins, α-dystroglycan and syndecans, as well as the cell–cell adhesion receptors cadherins and cell adhesion molecules. This review is intended to provide a generalised overview of the receptors expressed in vascular SMCs in relation to their functions and implications for vascular pathology.
- Extracellular matrix
- Receptors
- Smooth muscle
- DGPC, dystrophin–glycoprotein complex
- ECM, extracellular matrix
- ECs, endothelial cells
- IAP, integrin-associated protein
- ICAM-1, intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1
- PIP2, phosphatidylinositol (4,5)-biphosphate
- PKC, protein kinase C
- RGD, arginine–glycine–aspartic acid
- SM, smooth muscle
- SMCs, SM cells
- uPAR, urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor, VCAM-1, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1
Time for primary review 28 days.
1 Introduction
There is a considerable level of heterogeneity of vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs) in blood vessels. Vascular SMCs exhibit distinct morphological and functional properties within the same blood vessel [1,2], as well as in different types of blood vessels, e.g. arteries and veins [3]. The principle function of vascular SMCs is to maintain vascular tone and resistance. The differentiated SMCs exhibit a contractile phenotype, and express smooth muscle (SM) specific contractile and cytoskeletal proteins [4]. Adhesion of contractile SMCs to the extracellular matrix (ECM) is fortified in order to withstand considerable tensions due to SMC contraction and haemodynamic forces. In addition to integrins and syndecans, found in non-muscle cell types, contractile SMCs contain a muscle specific dystrophin–glycoprotein complex (DGPC), linking actin filaments to ECM. The other important function of SMCs is related to the SMC response to environmental stresses and the repair of the blood vessel wall after vascular injury [1,4]. These responses require modulation of the SM phenotype, synthetic and migratory activities of SMCs, which in turn need disengagement of adhesion receptors anchoring cells to ECM during cell contraction. The dedifferentiated SMCs are motile and express an altered set of adhesion receptors. Therefore, modulation of SM phenotype is crucial in the development of many vascular diseases including atherosclerosis and restenosis after angioplasty and coronary artery bypass grafting.
To date, the factors and the mechanisms involved in regulation of SMC phenotype remain obscure. However, the ECM is likely to play a pivotal role in regulation of SMC phenotype [5,6]. Vascular contractile SMCs are embedded in the ECM and surrounded by an incomplete basement membrane in vivo [7,8]. A basement membrane and one of its essential components laminin, surrounding contractile SMCs in the blood vessels [7,9], play an important role in the differentiation of SMCs. The temporal phenotypic modulation of SMCs during vascular injury leads to the destruction of the basement membrane, which reappears when SMCs revert to the contractile phenotype [7]. Laminin is also implicated in maintaining the SMC contractile phenotype in vitro [10–14].
ECM adhesion receptors provide a link between the cytoskeleton and the ECM in cell–ECM contacts. ECM adhesion receptors play a major role in SMC adhesion, although cell–cell adhesion receptors are also found in SMCs. A vast number of studies has revealed a central role for integrins in SMC adhesion and related SMC functions. There is accumulating evidence on the role of cell adhesion molecules for SMCs. Other adhesion receptors, syndecans, cadherins and α-dystroglycan, have been studied to a much lesser extent, although α-dystroglycan is likely to be relevant to SM contraction. This review focuses on adhesion receptors including integrins, α-dystroglycan, syndecans, cell adhesion molecules and cadherins with an intention to relate expression of the receptors to their functions in a specific SM phenotype and/or a particular pathophysiological process. Fig. 1 schematically shows some of the information presented below.
2 SMC integrins
Integrin receptors are the principle receptors for the ECM and serve as a transmembrane link between the ECM and the actin cytoskeleton (Fig. 2). Integrins are bound to an intracellular protein complex, which includes the cytoskeletal proteins talin, vinculin, α-actinin and filamin [15], in adherens junctions of SMCs. Integrins are composed of α and β subunits. Each αβ combination has its own ligand-binding specificity [16,17] and signalling properties (reviewed in [18,19]).
The main integrin ligands are ECM proteins, although some integrins also interact with other transmembrane counter-receptors and mediate cell–cell interactions. Integrin–ligand binding is tightly regulated via conformational changes of integrins by cell signalling. Resting, inactive integrins have low affinity for their ligands. Integrins in an active state bind to their ligands with high affinity. Integrin activation increases integrin affinity and, thereby, regulates SMC functions, such as adhesion, migration and proliferation (see below).
2.1 Integrin expression in vascular SM related to the SMC phenotype and interactions of SMCs with other cell types via integrins
Integrins expressed in vascular SM are shown in Table 1. Integrins β1 are predominant in vascular SM in vivo and in cultured SMCs [26,32]. They are present in the activated high affinity form in arteries [65]. Vascular injury reduces expression of total and activated β1 integrin in neointima [65]. Deactivation of β1 integrins correlates with increased proliferative and migratory activities of SMCs [65,66]. Hence, expression of activated β1 integrins may contribute to maintaining the contractile SM phenotype.
|ECM ligands
|Ligand recognition of
|Expression in SM in vivo
|Expression in
|isolated SM integrins
|and in non-cultured isolated
|or integrins on
|vascular SMCs
|vascular SMCs
|SMC surface
|Upregulated in developing aorta; high
|Present in SMCs [21,31–33]
|expression in human media in aorta,
|Expression decreased in cultured
|coronary arteries and other vascular SM;
|SMCs to undetectable levels [20,26]
|reduced expression in intimal thickening
|Modulated expression [34]
|in human aorta [20,25–29]. Low or no
|expression in rat carotid artery or aorta,
|but high expression after injury [30]
|Expressed in ductus arteriosus [28]. Not
|Expressed in SMCs [22,23,26,29,33]
|expressed in other vascular SM [26,29,30]
|Expressed in human media in aorta, coronary
|Expressed in SMCs at high
|arteries and other vascular SM [25,26,28,29]
|levels [22,23,26,29,32,33]
|Only α3A isoform is expressed, not α3B [35]
|not FN [35]
|VCAM-1, cell-FN;
|Expressed in newly formed blood vessels, in
|Not expressed [26]. Expressed in
|atherosclerotic intima, human embryonic
|newborn ductus arteriosus SMCs [33]
|aorta, but not adult aorta [26,37,38]
|Found in the media of human normal and
|Abundant in SMCs [22,26,29,32,33]
|tOSP [39]
|atherosclerotic coronary artery, aorta and
|Modulated expression [34]
|other vascular SM [26,28,29,40]. Not
|found in the rat normal carotid artery, its
|expression was induced after a vascular
|injury in SMCs at the lumenal surface
|of the neointima [41]
|Found in ductus arteriosus SM and in
|Not expressed [26,33]. Expressed in
|small vessels [28,44]. Not expressed
|foetal ductus arteriosus SMCs [43]
|in aortic SM [26]
|Expressed at high levels in vascular
|Expressed in foetal ductus arteriosus
|SM [47]. Only α7B isoform is
|SMCs [22]. Downregulated in
|expressed in SM [47]
|cultured aortic SMCs [47]
|Predominantly expressed in SM [50]
|Expressed in aortic SMCs [30]
|not OSP [48];
|TN [51]; tOSP [52,53];
|Expressed in vascular SM [55]
|Not expressed in newborn
|ductus arteriosus SMCs [33]
|VN, FN; agrin [56]
|Expressed in foetal ductus
|arteriosus and other vascular
|SMCs [22,57]
|VN, FG, vWF, FN,
|Expressed in media of human normal
|Expressed in vascular SMCs
|and atherosclerotic arteries and ductus
|[22,26,32,33,64]. Varied
|dCOL, PLC
|arteriosus [28,59,60]. Very early
|expression levels in SMCs
|upregulated after injury [61,62]
|from different sources [57,58]
|Detected only in neointimal
|SMCs of injured arteries [63]
|Expressed in ductus arteriosus and
|Expressed in SMCs [33,57,58,64]
|atherosclerotic intima [28,60]
|Very early upregulated after injury [62]
Data contradicting previous reports are shown in italics. Conflicting data have been reported on the expression of α1, α5 and αvβ3 integrins; these discrepancies are likely to be caused by differences in detection levels, variations between species or variable levels of integrin expression in SMCs from sources of different origin. Integrin specificity is indicated as presented before [16,17]. Newly described and SM integrin ligands are presented with references. COL, collagen; dCOL, denatured COL; FB, fibrin; FG, fibrinogen; FN, fibronectin; LN, laminin, PLC, perlecan; OSP, osteopontin; TN, tenascin; tOSP; thrombin-cleaved OSP; TSP, thrombospondin; VN, vitronectin; vWF, von Willebrand factor.
The major α integrin subunits present in vascular SM in vivo are α1, α3 and α5 [26,29]. Expression of α1β1 and α7β1 integrins correlates with the differentiated SM phenotype [20,47]. Integrin α7β1 is known to inhibit surface expression of other β1 integrins in non-muscle cell types [45,67], therefore, it may influence expression of other integrins in contractile SMCs. Noteworthy, both α1β1 and α7β1 bind to laminin, which is involved in maintaining the contractile SM phenotype. Interestingly, the promoter of the α1 integrin subunit gene is more active in differentiated SMCs [68], which may account for huge variations in reported levels of α1β1 integrin.
In contrast to α1β1, α4β1 integrin is not expressed in differentiated SM, but is expressed in developing blood vessels, where it co-localises with its ligand cellular fibronectin and a counter-receptor vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) [37,38]. This integrin binds to an additional site of fibronectin, encoded by an alternatively spliced exon. Expression of α4β1 integrin and VCAM-1 is a prerequisite for expression of SM phenotype markers in human cultured SMCs [38]. This integrin is also found in atherosclerotic intimal thickening together with VCAM-1 (see below) and may be involved in cell–cell interactions between SMCs and VCAM-1-expressing endothelial cells (ECs) [38]. Since another integrin, α9β1, also binds to VCAM-1 [54] and is expressed in vascular SM [55], it may mediate interactions between SMCs and VCAM-1-expressing ECs.
Integrins αv are expressed in the blood vessel wall, although they are not the major integrins. Expression of αvβ3 integrin varies dramatically in SMCs of different origin [57,58]. Microscopic studies have shown co-localisation of integrins αvβ3 and αvβ5 with their ligand vitronectin in the atherosclerotic intima [60]. Some ECM ligands for αvβ3, such as fibrin, fibrinogen, thrombospondin, vitronectin and osteopontin, are not detectable in normal blood vessels and found only in diseased blood vessels [60,69–72]. Integrins αvβ3 and αvβ5 are upregulated early after vascular injury and are likely to be involved in postangioplasty events and neointima formation [62].
2.2 Adhesion, migration, ECM assembly and ECM contraction
Integrins β1 are considered to play a major role in adhesion [22], ECM assembly, repair and remodelling. Several SMC integrins bind to laminin, but only α7β1 integrin has been shown to affect laminin adhesion in SMCs [47]. Integrin α7β1 also plays an important role in laminin polymerisation [73]. Among integrins α1β1, α2β1 and α3β1, involved in collagen adhesion, only α1β1 and α2β1 are responsible for collagen contraction [23,30,31,74]. Since only α1β1 is expressed in vivo, it is likely to be involved in collagen remodelling after vascular injury.
Adhesion to fibronectin is mediated by integrins α3β1 and α5β1 [23,74]. Integrin α5β1, highly abundant in cultured SMCs, is also involved in fibronectin polymerisation [41]. This has important implications for SMC proliferation, since inhibition of the fibronectin matrix assembly inhibits proliferation of human primary SMCs [75]. After vascular injury, α5β1 is induced at the lumenal surface of neointima and may be involved in blood vessel wall repair and incorporation of plasma fibronectin into ECM [41]. Recently this integrin has been implicated in fibrin adhesion and fibrin clot contraction [33]. Since fibrin is present in atherosclerotic plaques [69] and fibrinogen is abundant in the intima of atherosclerotic aorta [70], α5β1 integrin is thought to cause vessel narrowing during the progression of atherosclerosis [33]. The other fibrin-binding integrin αvβ3 is implicated only in fibrin adhesion, but not in fibrin clot contraction [33,76]. Recent data on α5β1 and αvβ3 integrins indicate that migration of SMCs into fibrin clot may require co-operation of both integrins [77].
Integrins β1 are implicated in migration of cultured SMCs [22,66,78,79]. Among β1 integrins, only α2β1, α5β1 and α7β1 are known to participate in SMC migration and motility [26,47,77,79,80]. In contrast to β1 integrins, αvβ3 is implicated in SMC migration both in vitro [32,57,58,77–79,81–85] and in vivo [61,83,86,87]. A blockade of αvβ3 integrin with cyclic arginine–glycine–aspartic acid (RGD) peptide or RGD mimetic in animal vascular injury models reduces vessel wall thickening [61,83,86,87]. Recent investigations have demonstrated that this effect may be also related to apoptosis (see below).
While all αv-containing integrins interact with vitronectin and osteopontin and are involved in the adhesion to these ECM proteins, only αvβ3 is implicated in SMC migration [57,58,84]. SMCs, which express αvβ5 integrin and do not express αvβ3, do not migrate to osteopontin [57,58].
2.3 Integrin signalling in cell adhesion, proliferation, apoptosis and other SMC functions
Integrins participate in several signalling pathways. Integrin ligation and clustering in response to the ECM initiate an assembly of integrin-cytoskeleton complexes to support cell adhesion. Several integrin-associated proteins, such as urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR), integrin-associated protein (IAP) and tetraspanin CD9, modulate integrin-mediated adhesion in SMCs. The uPAR associates with and stabilises β1 integrin–caveolin complexes in human SMCs; this association is required for β1 integrin-mediated SMC migration [88–90]. SMC migration to collagen is potentiated by thrombospondin via thrombospondin-binding IAP, which is associated with α2β1 integrin in SMCs [91,92]. In human vascular SMCs, CD9 is mainly associated with α2β1, α3β1 and α5β1 integrins and affects collagen gel contraction [93].
Some integrins participate in another category of signalling leading to cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis (reviewed in [18,19]). Integrins also contribute to the cell response to growth factors. Integrin-mediated signalling, which is related to these SMC functions, is summarised below.
Integrins αv affect many functions of SMCs in contrast to other integrins. Integrin αvβ3 together with α5β1 affects Ca2+ influx in arteriolar SMCs, indicating the link through intracellular signalling pathways to the Ca2+ channels [94,95]. Blocking αvβ3 integrin causes a decrease in Ca2+ influx in parallel to the arteriolar lumen diameter increase [94]. Therefore, the effect of αvβ3 integrin on arteriolar vasodilation in response to tissue injury, observed earlier [96], may be mediated by αvβ3 integrin signalling involving Ca2+. Another intriguing example of integrin-mediated signalling involves SMC dedifferentiation induced by serum or vitronectin, abundant in serum, but the underlying mechanisms remain obscure. SMC adhesion to ligands from whole serum or vitronectin via integrin αvβ1 inhibits SMC contractility. Blocking vitronectin with specific antibodies or RGD-containing peptides diminishes the loss of SMC contractility in cell culture [97].
Integrin αvβ3 has been implicated in SMC proliferation in response to several stimuli. Integrins αvβ3 and αvβ5 augment the mitogenic response to cyclic stretch, mediated by PDGF [64]. Integrin αvβ3 enhances proliferative and other responses of SMCs to growth factors [82,85,98,99] and modulates proliferation induced by thrombospondin [63]. The exact mechanisms of these co-operative effects are not clear, but the physical association between growth factor receptors and αvβ3 in other cell types has been confirmed, linking the growth factor and αvβ3 integrin signalling pathways [100,101].
Recently a new wave of research has demonstrated the importance of cell adhesion in apoptosis. The role for αvβ3 integrin in SMC apoptosis has been studied to provide insight into the mechanisms of restenosis. The blockade of αvβ3 integrin in an animal model of vascular injury reduces intimal thickening, which correlates with abundant apoptosis in injured vessels [102,103]. The αvβ3 integrin-mediated signalling in apoptosis may be also relevant to plaque stability, since blocking of αvβ3 integrin with the peptide products of ECM degradation may lead to SMC apoptosis and promote plaque rupture.
3 Dystrophin–glycoprotein complex
The dystrophin–glycoprotein complex (DGPC) is expressed in all types of muscle and is critical for muscle function. Mutations in genes encoding DGPC components lead to different forms of muscular dystrophy and cardiomyopathy [104–107]. The function of the DGPC is to provide mechanical stability of the cell membrane during contraction and protect cells from overstretching [108–111]. The importance of this complex for vascular SM has just started to be unravelled.
The DGPC serves as a link between the basement membrane around muscle cells and the actin filaments (Fig. 2B). The cell surface receptor for the DGPC is a proteoglycan, called α-dystroglycan. It connects other components of the DGPC and laminin and perlecan [112,113], which are essential ECM components produced by vascular SMCs [9,25,114,115]. α-Dystroglycan is also involved in the laminin assembly on cell surfaces followed by incorporation of other ECM proteins, such as perlecan and collagen IV, to form a basement membrane [73,116]. An antibody blocking study has revealed that laminin polymerisation by myoblasts is supported much more by α-dystroglycan than by β1 or α7 integrins [73]. Studies of α-dystroglycan null mice and α-dystroglycan-deficient ES cells also indicate that α-dystroglycan is indispensable in basement membrane assembly compared with α7β1 integrin [116–118].
α-Dystroglycan is an extracellular protein in contrast to other integral membrane adhesion receptors. It binds to a transmembrane protein β-dystroglycan in complex with several other transmembrane proteins, sarcoglycans and sarcospan (reviewed in [104,119]). Sarcoglycans contribute to stability of the whole DGPC [111,120] and cell membrane [110,111]. Thus, several proteins in the DGPC provide a durable link between the ECM and intracellular proteins, whereas this is the function of an adhesion receptor in other ECM adhesion complexes. For this reason, it seems feasible to consider the functioning of the DGPC as a whole unit, rather than to consider the function of α-dystroglycan alone.
The SM DGPC consists of α- and β-dystroglycans, β-, δ- and ϵ-sarcoglycans, sarcospan and dystrophin [121,122]. The SM DGPC differs from that in striated muscle, which contains a different set of sarcoglycans: α, β, γ and δ [121,122]. There are two differently glycosylated α-dystroglycan isoforms, 100- and 156-kDa, in SM [121]. The 156-kDa isoform is a component of the DGPC [121]. Dystrophin expression strongly correlates with the contractile performance of vascular SM both in vivo and in vitro [123–125]. Dystrophin is not expressed in cultured SMCs in the presence of serum [123], which causes SMC dedifferentiation. In vivo, dystrophin is found in the caveolar domain of SMCs outside integrin-containing adherens junctions [126–128].
In parallel to the DGPC in SMCs, there is another complex with utrophin [122], which has been studied to a lesser extent than the DGPC. Utrophin is ubiquitously expressed in cells, including vascular SMCs [125,129]; therefore, in contrast to dystrophin, it is not related to muscle contraction. The utrophin glycoprotein complex in SM is likely to include 100-kDa α-dystroglycan and β-dystroglycan [121,122]. In cultured aortic SMCs, utrophin co-localises with α-dystroglycan in the focal adhesions, containing β1 integrin and the cytoskeletal protein vinculin [130]. Recently a new dystrophin/utrophin-binding protein aciculin has been characterised in SM [131,132]. Aciculin (also called PGMRP) is expressed predominantly in vascular and visceral SM and to a lesser extent in cardiac muscle in humans [132]. Aciculin expression strongly correlates with the differentiated contractile SM phenotype [132,133]. Aciculin is likely to be involved in cell adhesion, as it co-localises with dystrophin, utrophin and α-dystroglycan in adhesion structures of muscle cells [130,131], but whether PGMRP has structural, signalling or other function is unknown.
The role of α-dystroglycan in SMC adhesion has not been studied, although the effect of other proteins of the DGPC on SM is known. In mdx mice, with the inactivated dystrophin gene, the mechanical activities in portal vein were severely disrupted [134]. Duchenne muscular dystrophy patients (with the mutated dystrophin gene) undergoing surgery tend to bleed more during surgery compared with other patients [135]. Mutations in the sarcoglycan genes in limb-girdle muscular dystrophy patients [107] lead to vascular SM dysfunction and an increased baseline of myocardial blood flow [136]. In both groups of patients vascular abnormalities are likely to be caused by weakness of vascular vessel walls and a poor vascular SM vasoconstrictive response due to mutations in the dystrophin and sarcoglycan genes.
Recently the importance of DGPC for vascular smooth muscle has been demonstrated directly in animal models with mutated DGPC components [120,137–139]. Mouse and BIO14.6 hamster animal models deficient in δ-sarcoglycan develop cardiac abnormalities caused by primary vascular dysfunction [137]. The δ-sarcoglycan-null mutation leads to irregularities of the coronary arteries, which trigger the onset of myocardial necrosis in mice [137,140]. The β-sarcoglycan-deficient mice develop vascular constrictions in the heart, diaphragm and kidneys, which result in muscular dystrophy and cardiomyopathy with focal areas of necrosis, associated with the disrupted DGPC in all muscle types [120]. Thus, mutations in β- and δ-sarcoglycans in mice perturb vascular function, which in turn initiates cardiomyopathy.
4 Syndecans
Syndecans are members of a proteoglycan family of adhesion transmembrane receptors with the glycosaminoglycan chains covalently attached to the extracellular part of the receptor (reviewed in [141,142]). There are four known mammalian syndecans. Syndecans bind to a variety of ECM proteins (Fig. 2A), cell adhesion molecules, growth factors, lipoproteins, lipoprotein lipases and components of the blood-coagulation cascade. To date, all known syndecans interact with their ligands via polysaccharide chains, although syndecan-4 may also support cell adhesion by a protein core [143]. These receptors play important roles in cell–ECM and cell–cell adhesion and migration (reviewed in [141,142,144]). Syndecans are thought to be co-receptors providing additional sites for ECM ligands in order to increase the strength of cell adhesion (Fig. 2A).
All syndecans bind to PDZ-containing proteins (the PDZ domain is called after proteins PSD-95/DlgA/ZO-1, where it was originally found) linking syndecans to the cytoskeleton [145]. Syndecan-4 is consistently found in focal adhesions of several cell types, including SMCs [146]. Recent data have implicated syndecans, and syndecan-4 in particular, in the assembly of focal adhesions and actin cytoskeleton [147–152]. Similar to integrins, syndecans are involved both in cytoskeleton and ECM assembly. Syndecan-2 affects the assembly of laminin and fibronectin fibrils and can override the function of activated integrins in ECM assembly [153]. Growing evidence suggests that syndecans are involved in cell signalling. Syndecan-4-mediated signalling involves protein kinase PKCα and phosphatidylinositol-4,5-biphosphate (PIP2) via direct binding of syndecan-4 to PKCα and PIP2 (reviewed in [145,154]).
An intriguing feature of syndecans is their involvement in other cellular functions, such as proliferation, growth factor signalling and lipid metabolism (reviewed in [141,142,144]). Syndecans bind to the heparin-binding growth factors, such as basic FGF, VEFG and EGF, and provide secondary binding sites for them on the cell surface. Therefore, syndecans may be involved in mediating growth factor-induced responses in vascular SM. Syndecans, in particular syndecan-1, may also participate in lipid metabolism, as syndecan-1 may mediate LDL receptor-independent clearance of lipoproteins via binding to lipoprotein lipase, an enzyme involved in triglyceride catabolism [155].
All four known syndecans are expressed in normal arterial SMCs [156]. Syndecan-1 is enriched in the whole artery, syndecans-2 and -4 are enriched in the medial layer. The arterial medial layer contains most of syndecan-1 and syndecan-4 mRNA. In contrast to syndecan-2 and -3, syndecan-1 and -4 are increased after arterial injury in animal models [156,157]. Since syndecans participate in the ECM assembly, they may be involved in the ECM repair after vascular injury. Syndecan-1, -2 and –4 are expressed in cultured vascular SMCs [156,158,159]. Expression of syndecan-1 and -4 varies in cultured SMCs in response to serum and growth factors, while syndecan-2 is expressed constitutively. The significance of syndecans in SMC adhesion and migration has not been studied.
Since syndecans bind to growth factors, lipoprotein lipases and components of the blood-coagulation cascade, they may have pleiotropic effects on SMC functioning. Thrombin treatment of vascular SMCs augments expression of syndecan-1, exhibiting high affinity antithrombin III-binding activity [160]. Therefore, SMCs could play an important role in controlling local thrombus formation subsequent to vascular injury, via a feedback mechanism that involves thrombin-induced stimulation of SMC surface syndecan-1 expression, which generates anticoagulant activity via binding of antithrombin III, an inhibitor of thrombin activity [160].
5 Cell adhesion molecules
Cell adhesion molecules belong to the immunoglobulin family of cell–cell adhesion receptors with a transmembrane domain. There is not much known about the link between these receptors and the actin cytoskeleton. Intercellular cell adhesion molecule (ICAM-1) is known to interact with the cytoskeletal proteins α-actinin and ezrin [161,162]. Two adhesion molecules VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 have been detected in vascular SM. VCAM-1 is a counter-receptor for the α4β1, α9β1, α4β7 and αDβ2 integrins, present on lymphocytes and monocytes [54,163,164]. ICAM-1 interacts with β2 integrins, present on neutrophils, monocytes and lymphocytes [163,165]. ICAM-1 also binds to fibrinogen and, thereby, can participate in ECM–cell interactions [166–168] (Fig. 2C). The expression of VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 in vasculature and their potential roles in the development of atherosclerosis were thoroughly reviewed recently [169].
VCAM-1 is found in human foetal aortic SMCs expressing α4β1 integrin (see above), but not in the normal adult aortic media [38]. VCAM-1 expression in SMCs in atherosclerotic lesions is well-documented [170–172]. VCAM-1 is also upregulated in SMCs after vascular injury and co-expressed with monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP)-1 in SMCs within 4 h of injury [173]. Macrophage infiltration occurs in parallel with the expression of VCAM-1 and MCP-1; these inflammatory cells are present on the lumenal surface of injured vessels during intimal lesion formation [173]. Similar to VCAM-1, ICAM-1 is expressed in atherosclerotic SMCs, but not in normal contractile SMCs [172]. ICAM-1 is induced in SMCs of saphenous vein after culturing with serum or TNF-α ex vivo [174]. ICAM-1 expression in vitro is phenotype-dependent and can only be induced in SMCs with decreased or modulated myofilament volume [175]. In cultured SMCs expression of VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 can be induced by cytokines [170,176–178]. Increased surface expression of VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 on SMCs leads to augmented adhesion of α4 integrin-positive lymphocytes and β2 integrin-containing monocytes [178,179]. Since the expression of VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 can be induced by cytokines in SMCs, these adhesion molecules are likely to play important roles in the pathophysiology of inflammatory and immune processes in atherosclerosis by enabling leukocyte trafficking within atherosclerotic vascular tissue.
ICAM-1 expression of SMCs affects not only adhesion of monocytes, but also expression of tissue factor and procoagulant activity of monocytes [180]. Thereby, the interactions between monocytes and ICAM-1-expressing SMCs within atherosclerotic plaques would increase the thrombogenic properties of the plaques; in the case of plaque rupture it would lead to thrombus formation and SMC adhesion to fibrinogen via integrins and ICAM-1. Since ICAM-1 participates in cell signalling in other cell types, SMC adhesion to fibrinogen via ICAM-1 may lead to other events. ICAM-1 ligation induces VCAM-1 expression in ECs [181]. Interaction between ICAM-1 and fibrinogen results in proliferation and increased cell survival of non-SMCs [182,183]. Ligation of fibrinogen to ICAM-1 on the cell surface of ECs stimulates the tyrosine phosphorylation of several proteins involved in signalling [183,184]. As mentioned above, fibrinogen is abundant in the intima of atherosclerotic aorta, where SMCs express ICAM-1. The effect of fibrinogen on SMCs expressing ICAM-1 remains to be investigated.
6 Cadherins
All cadherins, except T-cadherin, belong to a family of transmembrane Ca2+-dependent homophilic cell–cell adhesion receptors. T-Cadherin is anchored to the cell membrane via glycosylphosphatidylinositol. N- and R-cadherins can also support heterophilic adhesion [185]. Cadherin homodimers form a 'zipper' structure at the intercellular contact zone on the cell surface [186]. These receptors bind to the cytoplasmic plaque proteins catenins, which provide a link with vinculin and the actin cytoskeleton. Cadherins are involved in signalling mediated by β-catenin (reviewed in [186,187]). Expression of N-, R- and T-cadherins has been reported in normal vascular SMCs [188–192]. Cadherin 6B, expressed in chicken aorta, is characterised as a specific marker for differentiated SM phenotype [193].
N-Cadherin is expressed at a higher level in human venous SM compared to arterial SM [194]. In rat aorta N-cadherin is found in a population of SMCs adjacent to ECs [188]. An anti-N-cadherin antibody inhibits adhesion between SMCs and ECs in a Ca2+-dependent manner, indicating that N-cadherin may mediate EC–SMC interactions in vivo [188]. However, as ECs are separated from the SM layer by the basement membrane, they can only be in contact with SMCs after vascular injury and in ulcerated atherosclerotic plaques.
T-Cadherin was originally identified as a novel lipoprotein-binding protein in a membrane fraction of aortic SMCs [190]. T-Cadherin amounts are significantly higher in fatty streaks and aortic fibrous plaque tissue compared to normal aorta [195]. The expression of T-cadherin is high in vascular SMCs, but reduced by 75% in culture [194,195]. T-Cadherin expression is cell density dependent with the highest level in confluent cells and is downregulated by serum and growth factors [196,197].
In contrast to other cadherins, E-cadherin is not found in normal vascular SMCs, but the majority of atherosclerotic lesions contain cells positively stained for E-cadherin [198]. In atherosclerotic intima, E-cadherin is expressed by intimal cells showing varying degrees of transformation into foam cells [198]. After balloon injury an increased level of E-cadherin coincides with the initiation of SMC proliferation, whereas the levels of R- and T-cadherins temporarily decrease [192].
Since normal contractile SMCs are surrounded by ECM, SMC adhesion to ECM is predominant in vascular SM, although cell–cell contacts may increase during tissue remodelling or in vascular injury, when the basement membranes, underlying ECs and around SMCs, are degraded or damaged. Cadherin expression in adult vascular SMCs seems to be to some extent redundant, however, in other cell types E- and N-cadherins are implicated in contact inhibition of growth [199,200]. Furthermore, E-cadherin is also implicated in a physiological pathway required for cell survival [201]. Therefore, the significance of cadherin interactions in normal and especially pathological conditions, such as vascular injury with induced ECM rearrangement, SMC migration and proliferation, requires further investigation.
7 Closing remarks
The data, summarised in this review, demonstrate the fundamental importance of cell adhesion receptors in the physiology of vascular SM. SMCs use a range of adhesion receptors involved in diverse biological functions of SMCs under normal and pathological conditions, such as vascular injury and atherosclerosis (summarised in Table 2).
|Normal vascular SM
|Vascular injury
|Activated β1 integrins are
|Reduced expression of total and activated β1
|α4β1 and α9β1 may enable interactions
|predominant [26,32,65]
|integrin in neointima enables SMC proliferation
|between SMCs and VCAM-1-expressing
|α5β1 and α7β1 participate
|and migration [65,66]. α5β1 is induced at the
|ECs [38,54]. α5β1 may cause vessel
|in the assembly of FN and
|luminal surface of the neointima and participates
|narrowing during the progression of
|LN matrices, respectively
|in the incorporation of plasma FN into ECM to
|atherosclerosis due to FB contraction [33]
|repair blood vessel wall [41]. α5β1 may be involved
|αvβ3 enhances SMC proliferative and other
|in FB clot contraction on the damaged surface of the
|responses to TSP and growth factors [82,85,98,99]
|blood vessel wall [33]. α1β1 may be involved in COL
|αvβ3 may cause SMC apoptosis, when blocked
|remodelling after vascular injury repair [30] αvβ1 inhibits
|with the peptide products of ECM degradation,
|SMC contractility in SMC exposed to serum [97]
|and promote plaque rupture
|Upregulated αvβ3 is involved in SMC migration
|[61,83,86,87] and apoptosis [102,103]
|α-Dystroglycan is essential
|Vascular injury in patients with Duchenne muscular
|for the assembly of the cell
|dystrophy leads to extensive bleeding [135]
|basement membrane [73,116,117]
|Exposure to serum abolishes
|DGPC may be involved in
|dystrophin expression [123]
|SM contractility [123,124]
|All four syndecans are
|Syndecan-1 and -4 are upregulated [156,157] and
|Syndecan-1 may be involved in triglyceride
|expressed [156]
|may be involved in the ECM assembly and repair
|catabolism via binding to lipoprotein
|after vascular injury. In SMCs exposed to thrombin,
|lipase [155]
|syndecan-1 expression increases anticoagulant
|activity [160]
|VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 are
|VCAM-1 is present in parallel with macrophage
|VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 are expressed [170–172]
|not found [38,172]
|infiltration to enable macrophage
|and participate in inflammatory and immune cell
|trafficking [173]
|trafficking [178,179] within atherosclerotic tissue
|SMC ICAM-1 induces procoagulant activity of
|monocytes and increases thrombogenic properties
|of atherosclerotic plaques [180]
|N-, R- and T-cadherins and
|E-Cadherin expression increases,
|E-Cadherin is expressed [198]
|cadherin 6B are expressed
|the levels of R- and T-cadherin
|T-cadherin is markedly upregulated [195]
|decrease [192]
|Lipoprotein-binding T-cadherin may be
|involved in lipid metabolism
Abbreviations as in Table 1.
A growing body of evidence indicates that cell adhesion, spreading, migration and ECM assembly involve several types of adhesion receptors. Some types of adhesion receptors can regulate other types and/or may require co-operation with other types of adhesion receptors. Some integrins can regulate expression and activity of other integrins [45,67] and N-cadherin [202] or require co-operation with other integrins [77] and syndecans [150,152,153]. Syndecans are known to affect both integrins and cadherins [203]. ICAM-1 ligation induces expression of the other adhesion receptor VCAM-1 [181]. Such interactions between adhesion receptors in SM have not been studied; nevertheless they may be significant for the co-ordinated cell–cell and cell–ECM adhesion during vascular injury and/or in development of vascular diseases.
In conclusion, the following points should be emphasised
Laminin, found in the basement membrane around SMCs, plays the pivotal role in SMC differentiation. Adhesion receptors to laminin, integrins α1β1 and α7β1 and α-dystroglycan in the DGPC, are expressed only in contractile SMCs. While the adhesion receptor responsible for maintaining the SM contractile phenotype has not been identified, α-dystroglycan is indispensable for the laminin assembly.
Integrins α1β1 and α5β1 are likely to participate in collagen remodelling and fibrin clot contraction, respectively, after vascular injury. ECM remodelling activities of these integrins within the blood vessel wall may cause blood vessel narrowing.
Although integrin αvβ3 is expressed both in normal and diseased blood vessels, some ECM ligands of αvβ3 (thrombospondin, vitronectin, osteopontin, fibrin and fibrinogen) are found only in injured or diseased blood vessels. Furthermore, this integrin is also involved in signalling. For these reasons, SMC adhesion via αvβ3 may have a profound effect on many other SMC functions, such as migration, proliferation and apoptosis in vascular injury. Blocking of the integrin αvβ3 with products of degradation of ECM proteins may contribute to apoptotic process within the atherosclerotic tissue and affect plaque stability. The adhesion and signalling properties of αvβ3 integrin ensure its unique role in pathophysiological conditions.
Adhesion receptors ICAM-1, VCAM-1 and integrin α4β1 are expressed in adult vascular SM only in pathological conditions. These receptors may participate in SMC interactions with ECs and leukocytes. ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 expressed on SMC surface may contribute to inflammatory and immune cell trafficking within atherosclerotic tissue. ICAM-1 expression in SMCs may also increase thrombogenic properties of atherosclerotic plaques due to the increased production of tissue factor in monocytes.
Some adhesion receptors, such as cadherins and syndecans, may have important additional roles, e.g. syndecan-1 and T-cadherin in lipid metabolism, syndecan-1 in anticoagulant activity.
It is becoming clear that cell adhesion is a complex process with many players. The research on the role of integrins in SMC adhesion has dominated the field. There is an urgent need to accelerate research on other SM adhesion receptors, especially ECM receptors syndecans and α-dystroglycan, and the interactions between various types of receptors in order to understand in depth the functioning of vascular SM in norm and disease.
The author would like to warmly thank Professor A.C. Newby for helpful discussion and critical comments on the manuscript. The author would like to thank E. Coates and departmental colleagues for proof-reading of the manuscript. E.P. Moiseeva's work is funded by the grant PG/99138 from British Heart Foundation.
- Copyright © 2001, European Society of Cardiology
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text:
Queens Park Rangers are not only losing points but players as well with midfielder Sandro adding his name to the ever-growing list of first team squad members currently unavailable.
Queens Park Rangers midfielder Sandro has suffered a fresh knee injury after sliding on his knees while celebrating a goal in training.
Queens Park Rangers added a key figure to their first team with the signing of Sandro on a three year deal, handing over £10million to Tottenham Hotspur for the transfer fee.
Midfielder Sandro believes the arrival of a possible new manager in the summer could reignite his Tottenham career.
Tottenham manager Tim Sherwood has numerous injury problems ahead of the clash with West Bromwich Albion this weekend.

subset: commoncrawl


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Posts by melt
138 posts • joined 14 Nov 2008
Suffering satellites! Goonhilly's ARTHUR REBORN for SPAAAACE
Re: Portcurno Telegraph Museum
Don't worry - it was utterly awful. I went, perhaps just before it closed.
It was a desolate '90s set of corporate exhibitions and kid-oriented dumbed-down hands-off exhibits - including a closed-off slow bus ride around the perimeter track. Very disappointing after Porthcurno!
It completely mirrored BT's schitzophrenic split. To pay to go in the Goonhilly exhibition we paid someone at one register. This ticket did not cover the tour of Arthur's insides. To get that, we had to shuffle one step to the right, where the same person then had to use a different register to give us a different ticket for a different tour run by a different person.
The Goonhilly tour was all glitz and no content. I suspected it was run by BT Retail. The tour around Arthur was done by an earnest chap in a hi-viz and hat, and was technical and interesting.
NASA revisits Europa with modern image-processing software
Wow, those images are GORGEOUS!
MYSTERY Russian satellite: ORBITAL WEAPON? Sat GOBBLER? What?
Re: take a look
Project Echo!
The Toyota Aygo is PARKtastic ... but it is very much a City slicker
Loved mine.
Fit eight backpacks, a kitebuggy, a 5-man tent, three helmets and two people in for a weekend.
It was the proper successor to the original Mini - cubbyholes and intelligent design, and very honest about itself.
It was hilarious fun and great on fuel too. Always thought a tiny turbo would've suited it as a factory upgrade!
Re: Wonderful little cars
Odd. I had a '55 that was over 120,000 on the original clutch.
Perhaps yours was more of a seating issue - the lack of footrest did mean that it was very easy to ride the clutch...
Holy cow! Fasthosts outage blamed on DDoS hack attack AND Windows 2003 vuln
Re: What happened to cheap and cheerful?
Quite a few small business owners ask for Windows hosting - it used to be because of Frontpage. I guess Fasthosts are just responding to that gap in the market. They have Linux shared hosting too.
You like jumping out of planes? Try the new GoPro 4. Short walks? There's a Hero instead
Re: Windows control app support still missing?
It's a REMOTE CONTROL app. The camera records to its own internal SD card.
Vulture 2 spaceplane brain surgery begins with remote incision
Re: Wouldn't it make more sense...
Yes, but it doesn't really help testing the pitot tubes... assuming they're using them!
Pi palaver perplexes LOHAN Pixhawk pair
Re: the fruity minicomputer...
I've been playing with Dave's code. It looks like he eventually abandoned it because of how utterly slow it was when it had to call out to external memory.
Scared yet, web devs? Google smears malware warnings over PHP.net
Looks like it's deeper than just comment spam too: https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=6604251
Boffins, Tunnel Tigers and Scotland's world-first power mountain
Re: Been there...
Had much the same experience at Dinorwic.
One has to understand that when it comes to a power station, you want daily life to be quiet - if things at a power station are a bit exciting then you probably don't want to be there!
Nuke plants to rely on PDP-11 code UNTIL 2050!
Re: VAX 11/725 and 11/730
It's *always* the cleaners. I sometimes think they do it on purpose.
Re: That sounds like a BA23 enclosure
Nope, that's the BA123.
Oh god.
Ubuntu 13.04: No privacy controls as promised, but hey - photo search!
"Smart Scopes are part of Canonical's long-term plan to make the Unity Dash as much a web-search interface as application launcher. The goal is to add some 100 different search providers to the Unity Dash, allowing you to search everything from websites like IMDb and DeviantArt to your browser bookmarks, Tomboy notes and more"
So Sherlock from MacOS 8 then?
The DIY spy-in-the-sky: From kites to octocopters
"the best camera is the one that's with you".
Reg readers scuffle over the ultimate cuppa
Re: I can't believe nobody has mentioned
When I visited Sheffield at the weekends I would often traipse back down south on a Monday morning with 2L of Yorkshire tapwater in my bag!
Lotus 1-2-3 rebooted: My trip back to the old (named) range
Re: It's called a slash
No, it's actually called a "solidus"!
Bletchley Park boffins start trailblazer EDSAC computer rebuild
Re: Delay lines
"A long-standing question for the project has been the reconstruction of the mercury delay lines used by the original. These are problematic for several reasons: the precision engineering required to manufacture them is demanding, the operational, maintenance and durability aspects of mercury delay lines are challenging, especially for a museum rather than laboratory environment, and the cost of buying the mercury is significant. After investigations by Peter Linington into other storage technologies we have decide that the main store will be constructed using nickel delay lines. These were the immediate successor to mercury delay lines, follow similar physical principles, and are known to be reliable and long-lived in operation. That said, the techniques used in constructing them are essentially lost so Peter has mostly recently been investigating these and has been able to demonstrate a first proof of concept prototype.
Given the importance of mercury delay lines in the history of early computers, the project has given itself the objective of, at a minimum, building a small stand-alone demonstration rig showing a mercury delay line in operation. One route to this might be to experimentally refill the surviving short delay line."
http://www.cs.man.ac.uk/CCS/res/res60.htm#b (Was reading it in the bath last night)
Re: Video games
Whoops; i've just realised that Draughts was for the Ferranti Mark I, not the Baby. Carry on!
Re: Video games
The draughts game for the Manchester Baby had a graphical output on one of the CRTs; beating EDSAC by at least a year.
See the latest edition of Resurrection: http://www.cs.man.ac.uk/CCS/res/res60.htm#f :D
Lenovo, EA, Intel unite to DESTROY our childhood memories
Re: +1 for analogue
If you think Monopoly is a colossal faff you haven't played a real board game...
Ten... tech stocking stuffers
"Stocking fillers" are usually cheap!
Boffins biff over 'twisted radio'
Is this not just circular polarisation?
AWS flicks switch for S3-to-Glacier migration
"Data resident in S3, by contrast, is accessible in real time."
Define "real time"?
iPad Mini's quite a handful
Re: Anyway
Your mum.
Nationwide to perform IT equivalent of 'replacing jet engine mid-flight'
Re: Mainframes are actually brilliant online transactional platforms
Yeah, no university student is going to come out with any experience of middleware other than picking their (in my experience incorrect) timetable up off the University's student intranet...
Ailing Comet at last prayers: Cawing of accountants and VCs fills air
Re: Not how it's done.
The point of the high street is that it satisfies an instant need. If I was willing to wait a few weeks for a delivery I would've ordered something from the internet!
Dr No, Thunderball, Casino Royale? Vote now for the best Bond film
I really want to like the Daniel Craig films
...but Casino Royale was an hour-long poker game when I don't understand poker, and Quantum of Solace's plot was [spoiler alert] some guys trying to set up a utilities monopoly in Bolivia. [/spoiler alert] Exciting stuff.
Lenovo IdeaPad U410 14in Ultrabook review
Re: Lenovo, read! Re:1440x900
No, the answer is it would end up looking like an Alienware laptop.
A swift two-finger scroll to you!
Windows 8 versions will confuse the punters, say OEMs
...it makes more sense than the truth.
The hoarder's dilemma, or 'Why can't I throw anything away?'
I have a roomfull of VAXen; I will beat you all.
This supercomputing board can be yours for $99. Here's how
Re: Erm, why don't I just buy a GPU?
That's nice, but hobbyists seem to like some actual hardware to hold in their hand, which runs out-of-the-box.
Look at the success of the Raspberry Pi - to play around with Linux you could have rented a VM from anywhere, or set up VMware Workstation, but somehow the act of having something real to hold in your hand has sparked a bit of excitement.
Look at the success of the Arduino - before then sure, grab a PIC or a Stamp and code away, learn everything from utter bare-bones, but somehow the act of having something real to old in your hand that runs out of the box with a cross-platform IDE and some good real-world examples seems to have sparked a bit of excitement.
These guys have got their heads around the first idea; if they get the second idea sorted they might well spark another Saturday-afternoon makers' revolution.
$3500 will get 13.3in Mac tablet in your mitts
It looks like a fairly involved build. How much is your time worth?
Virgin Media STILL working on fix for SuperHub corrupt downloads glitch
Plug the Superhub into a clockwork mains timer and set it to turn the power off for one 'period' at 4AM (about 15 mins on mine).
Problem solved!
Boffins receive quantum key from moving plane
Re: Meh
Gah. Guess what i'll be whistling for the next few hours.
Teflon slips smoothly over LOHAN's mighty rod
Top shedding on the lumps of ice problem!
HP gears down NonStops for midrange, emerging markets
It's no VAX.
The Higgs boson search continues ... into ANOTHER dimension
This is the best explanation of what the Higgs boson is, why it's different to the Higgs field and why it all matters:
Move over Raspberry Pi, give kids a Radio Ham Pi - minister
Re: Pieminister?
Surprisingly difficult to receive outside of the South :(
You can break EU cookie rules ... if your site breaks without cookies
Re: idiots
No, *you* are not exempt, it is only *that* *cookie* which is exempt.
Just because your site needs a preferences cookie or an authentication cookie for it to fundamentally work does not mean that you get a blanket exemption to set Google Analytics or ShareThis cookies, for example.
Aga cooks up phone-controlled 'iOven'
Re: Techies and geeks
Bit more difficult with my mother's. Would need to set up some kind of coal feed auger...
Pilots asking not to fly F-22 after oxygen problems
Re: F-22 and Annoxia / Hypoxia
That's genius!
MIT's mind-reading Mosh pits itself against SSH daemons
er, great, I guess
...but isn't this a network-layer problem, not an application-layer one?
LOHAN lifts lid on revised mission summary
Re: Why He?
Most of the team smoke like chimneys.
The Register channels jobs into jobs channel
I like his articles.
Game CEO steps down
Re: I liked GAME and..
Baffling barcode-on-steroids stickers plaster the EARTH
Re: "A QR code can easily contain a link to a scam or a blob of malicious binary information"
itself itself itself itself
Re: "A QR code can easily contain a link to a scam or a blob of malicious binary information"
I think that was meant to be read with slightly different emphasis:
"A QR code can easily contain a link to a scam, or a blob of malicious binary information".
OK, any form of URL can link to malicious content, but I think the point is that the QR code itself has enough space in it to contain a useful buffer overflow targeted at the QR software itself.
Not many people would type in a printed URL like "http://www.theregister.co.uk\n\n000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000xdeadbeef", but a QR code neatly gives you the ability to blob that right up.
Most read
- Product round-up Ten excellent FREE PC apps to brighten your Windows
- Hi-torque tank engines: EXTREME car hacking with The Register
- Review What's MISSING on Amazon Fire Phone... and why it WON'T set the world alight
- Product round-up Trousers down for six of the best affordable Androids
- Why did it take antivirus giants YEARS to drill into super-scary Regin? Symantec responds...


text:
justin tryon
Tryon channeling his inner Ade
Aug 17, 2009, 7:28 AM ESTComments Off
There was a series of insurance commercials a while back that had the theme "life comes at you fast." In the space of a 30-second spot, someone would go from seeming to be on top of the world to having very serious problems. Life came at Justin Tryon fast on Thursday night. In training camp…
Tryon as Plan B
Aug 12, 2009, 5:21 AM ESTComments Off
After I posted about Justin Tryon yesterday, I thought a bit more about what Darrell Green said about him. In particular, this part jumped out at me: ". . . he's a starter in 2009, 2010 or whenever the opportunity comes." What jumped out at me was the mention of 2010. Carlos Rogers will be…
Justin Tryon, Nickelback?
Aug 11, 2009, 4:15 PM ESTComments Off
About a week or so before training camp started, I dashed off the following few paragraphs about Washington Redskins cornerback Justin Tryon. I didn't publish it immediately because I'd just posted a bunch of articles and it got buried. Here it is, below the fold:
RealRedskins.com Archives
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- Room for improvement, Morris moving offense
- Gruden proud of Redskins defense
- Rookie steps up in secondary, despite loss to 49ers
- Griffin still struggles in Redskins' loss to 49ers
- Griffin, Redskins go cold in clutch against 49ers
- Following the McVay family business
- Redskins list inactives vs. 49ers
- Report: Amerson will be inactive vs. 49ers
- Report: Redskins brass backs Gruden's RG3 criticism
- Five final Redskins vs. 49ers thoughts


text:
Surrey Hills, Inner East Melbourne 3127 Houses for Sale
A stylish Surrey Hills showpiece
SURREY HILLS 3127 Real Estate For SaleUnit 2 - Blending style with practicality, effortless living starts the moment you step inside this beautifully appointed new townhouse. One of only two and located quietly at the rear, you can be...
Prized Tree Lined Location
Auction Sat December 6, 2014
SURREY HILLS 3127 Real Estate For SaleIn one of Surrey Hills most highly coveted streets, this original 1920's Californian Bungalow awaits the modern contemporary makeover it deserves. On a beautiful 766.41sqm approx. block with 50 foot...
Land On Which To Grandstand
Auction Sat December 6, 2014
SURREY HILLS 3127 Real Estate For SaleLike the goose that lays the golden egg, this grand 1,022 sqms (approx.) site on Wattle Park presents a prime investment opportunity for a savvy buyer. The 4 units on one title are currently leased...
Elegant Edwardian, Perfect Position
Auction Sat December 6, 2014
SURREY HILLS 3127 Real Estate For SaleLines of Iceberg roses and neatly maintained gardens behind a picket fence precedes this elegant Edwardian timber home highlighted by a preferred northern rear aspect and located in one of Surrey...
"Glen Brae" c1910 - Period Charm in Lifestyle Location
Auction Sat December 13, 2014
SURREY HILLS 3127 Real Estate For SaleA captivating Edwardian facade featuring heritage colours creates an appealing first impression combined with a large leafy allotment and coveted family lifestyle location close to Canterbury Sports...
Consider the Future Options Here
Auction Sat December 13, 2014
SURREY HILLS 3127 Real Estate For SaleThis property is bound to appeal tovyoung families, developers or renovators seeking to establish themselves in the prized Surrey Hills market and capitalize on the lifestyle and amenities available...
Enduring Family Appeal in the Windsor Park Estate
Auction Sat December 13, 2014
SURREY HILLS 3127 Real Estate For SaleGracing a magnificent allotment with a wide curved frontage and mature trees, complemented by a typically leafy Surrey Hills backdrop on the Windsor Park Estate moments from Surrey Hills Village...
Family Favourite in Surrey Hills
Auction Sat December 6, 2014
SURREY HILLS 3127 Real Estate For SaleThis attractive two-storey family home provides the ultimate in lifestyle afforded by its position in the heart of the highly desirable suburb of Surrey Hills. Situated in a quiet tree-lined street...
Elegant Contemporary Magnificence In Ideal Location
Auction Sat November 29, 2014
SURREY HILLS 3127 Real Estate For SaleSituated in a lovely tree-lined street between Mont Albert and Union Road Villages and a short stroll to Surrey Hills train station and a host of excellent schools, this immaculately presented...
"Camilla" c1890 - Period Appeal Enhanced
Auction Sat December 13, 2014
SURREY HILLS 3127 Real Estate For SaleNestled behind a picket fence the facade of this pretty Victorian cottage is loaded with period appeal whilst the extended interior has been stylishly updated delivering an instantly inviting...
'Hillgrove' - Timeless Art Deco Style, Prized Position
SURREY HILLS 3127 Real Estate For SaleIn a highly coveted location, this beautifully maintained, freestanding Art Deco brick home (circa 1930's) has been sympathetically updated and extended to provide modern and comfortable family...
Exactly what everyone's looking for...
Auction Sat November 29, 2014
SURREY HILLS 3127 Real Estate For SaleBoasting all the attributes of a compact house including a choice of living areas, wrap-around decking for outdoor entertaining, 2 bathrooms and a very generous rear garden, this pretty and perfectly-...
Greater Melbourne, Inner East Melbourne, Surrey Hills, Houses for Sale
Surrey Hills is a great place to purchase a property. With plenty of employment opportunities, access to schools and public transport, Surrey Hills is an ideal place to relocate. realestateview.com.au offers a range of Surrey Hills real estate including homes for sale, houses for sale and apartments for sale. View the latest auction times, auction results and suburb profiles for Surrey Hills.
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Miss Cissy Model
PT PotterPhotographer Male Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
My Website: My WebsiteMy MM URL: http://www.modelmayhem.com/ptpotter
Mayhem # 36430
About Me
My 2500 square foot studio in a 114 year old building is available to rent. It features brick walls, wood floors, huge windows and great natural light. I also have many props, furniture, claw foot bathtub, a vast array of lighting and effects and much much more.......all at very reasonable rates. BareBrickStudio.com
Call/Text 905-517-8247
All the photos on this page were taken at my studio using natural light.
Photography has been my life long passion. Initially as a hobby and now, since 2003, as a full time profession.
Feel free to ask any of the models in my port for a reference.
While most of the work I do is commercial I typically book a couple of TF shoots per month. So feel free to contact me with your ideas.
Making my subjects feel comfortable in front of the camera is my number one priority and I believe this is what leads to great photography sessions. My shoots are very relaxed and I try to keep things fun and laid back.
I am available for studio and location shoots including: model portfolios, boudoir, portraits, weddings, sports, band, alternative, fashion, product, commercial, aerial, figure and fine art photography.
Call/Text 905-517-8247
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Bump/Bloat pics
Posted 12/10/2012
12 weeks 3 days. My first pregnancy. I will update with weeks 13 & 14 tonight :-)
Sally 26 is living happily ever after with her soulmate Garrett 28
Bundle #1 on the way <3 EDD 06.10.2013
Mommy to 2 furbabies Sadie and Dewey (toy poodles)
Posted 12/10/2012
Posted 12/10/2012
I am SOOOO jealous of all these beautiful pictures, ladies! I'm on the heavier side and while I feel a little bigger (especially when my guy goes in for a hug), I don't think it is all that noticeable yet and I'm 12w1d. Plus I'm a little embarrassed to take and post pictures! Always been shy!
Posted 12/10/2012
Posted 12/10/2012
Posted 12/11/2012
Posted 12/11/2012
Posted 12/12/2012
Posted 12/12/2012
Posted 12/12/2012
I am 12 weeks and Im not even showing yet! This is my first, I felt bloated earlier on at like 6-8 weeks, but now I don't at all. Excited to start showing though!!
Kati 26 + Mick 30 (9-14-12)
Baby #1 June 2013
Fur Baby: Ruger
Kati 26 + Mick 30 (9-14-12)
Baby #1 June 2013
Fur Baby: Ruger
What's on your mind?Create a new post
Your growing child
Your 16-month-old: Week 4
Toddlers are funny – even when they're doing something they shouldn't. Read More
Your 17-month-old: Week 1
If "no" hasn't already become her favorite word, she'll begin using it with a vengeance. Read More
Your 17-month-old: Week 2
Screaming is one of the less pleasant habits your toddler might develop. Read More
Your 17-month-old: Week 3
If your child is attached to a particular blanket or stuffed animal, just wait. Read More
Your 17-month-old: Week 4
If you haven't witnessed a tantrum firsthand yet, you may very soon. Read More


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Jimmie Johnson hasn't "proven anything yet"
Jul 5, 2013, 8:52 PM EST
With five Sprint Cup championships in his pocket, one could assume that Jimmie Johnson is simply driving for the fun of it these days.
But while NASCAR's most dominant driver in the last decade is certainly still having fun, the assumption that he has nothing left to prove is an incorrect one. In his mind, he has everything to prove.
"I don't want that to sound trite or whatever, but it's true," Johnson tells NBCSports.com national columnist Joe Posnanski in the latest edition of 'The Big Read.' "I feel like I haven't really proven anything yet."
Posnanski's profile delves into Johnson's early years, his transition from off-road racing to stock cars, the massive success that he has achieved, and how he came to grips with fans that believed – and still believe – that he's a simple beneficiary of Hendrick Motorsports' myriad resources.
But perhaps most striking about "Five-Time" is his relationship with fear. Even though, as Posnanski writes, he was the one known as "fearless" inside his high school circle of friends, the California native has always felt fear whenever he goes behind the wheel to do battle.
But he doesn't want it any other way. To Johnson, fear is constant and essential.
"Every time I get into a stock car, I have fear," Johnson says. "That's important. That fear is what keeps you sharp and keeps you from going over the edge."
For an intriguing look at one of NASCAR's most decorated champions – a look that just might change your own opinion on his place within the sport – click the link above.
Famed NHRA team owner Don Schumacher undergoes cancer surgery
Nov 27, 2014, 8:46 PM EST
NHRA team owner Don Schumacher underwent surgery Wednesday for early-stage skin cancer.
Is the world ready for another Rowdy Busch? Kyle, Samantha hint a baby boy is on the way
Nov 27, 2014, 8:04 PM EST
NASCAR star Kyle Busch and wife Samantha dropped a very big hint that their first child may be a boy.
IndyCar's Graham Rahal, NHRA's Courtney Force engaged
Nov 27, 2014, 7:28 PM EST
IndyCar driver Graham Rahal and NHRA driver Courtney Force announced their engagement Thursday in Venice, Italy.
Police seek cause of death of race fan found near Talladega
Nov 27, 2014, 5:57 PM EST
Police continue to investigate the cause of death of Theresa Benn, who had been missing more than a month before her body was found last week near Talladega Superspeedway.
MST exclusive: BK Racing co-owner Anthony Marlowe apologizes for Cole Whitt/David Ragan tweet controversy
Nov 27, 2014, 3:23 PM EST
BK Racing minority owner Anthony Marlowe offers a public apology to MotorSportsTalk on his inadvertent tweet of Cole Whitt replacing David Ragan in the No. 34 car for 2015.
Give thanks: NASCAR announcer Steve Byrnes shows 'progress' in cancer battle
Nov 27, 2014, 2:16 PM EST
Steve Byrnes of Fox Sports gave friends and family a promising Thanksgiving update about his battle with Stage 4 head-and-neck cancer.
Hulkenberg confirmed for Porsche LMP1 at Spa and Le Mans
Nov 27, 2014, 10:45 AM EST
Hulkenberg gets an LMP1 opportunity with Porsche at Spa and Le Mans next season.
What we're thankful for in the motorsports world, 2014
Nov 27, 2014, 9:00 AM EST
What we're thankful across the wide spectrum of motorsports in 2014.
Spend Black Friday doing a few laps on Charlotte Motor Speedway
Nov 26, 2014, 11:01 PM EST
If you're in the Charlotte area and want to have a great Black Friday experience, head on over to Charlotte Motor Speedway, where for a donation, you can drive on the actual racetrack.
Sam Hornish Jr. has much to be thankful for: new home, renewed Sprint Cup hopes with Richard Petty Motorsports
Nov 26, 2014, 8:56 PM EST
Sam Hornish Jr. has a lot to give thanks for this Thanksgiving, most notably a new ride and a new lease on his Sprint Cup driving life with Richard Petty Motorsports.
NBCSN presents 14-hour 'MECUM MARATHON' on Thanksgiving Day
Nov 26, 2014, 4:40 PM EST
NBCSN will present a 14-hour 'Mecum Marathon' starting Thursday, Thanksgiving Day.
Simon Pagenaud's Ayrton Senna tribute helmet to be auctioned off
Nov 26, 2014, 2:30 PM EST
Simon Pagenaud's Indy 500 Senna tribute helmet to be auctioned for Ayrton Senna Foundation.
Report of Cole Whitt in for David Ragan at Front Row Motorsports 'not true'
Nov 26, 2014, 2:29 PM EST
Front Row Motorsports officials on Wednesday denied rumors of Cole Whitt replacing David Ragan in the No. 34 Ford for 2015.
NBCSN's F1 coverage delivers best ever single-season numbers for a cable network
Nov 26, 2014, 1:58 PM EST
Record cable numbers for F1 on NBCSN this season.
F1 notes and quotes: Abu Dhabi Test Day 2
Nov 26, 2014, 1:00 PM EST
A rundown through the field after the final day of on-track running for F1 2014.
Several NASCAR AMERICA specials to run over next month
Nov 26, 2014, 12:30 PM EST
Some NASCAR AMERICA specials are on tap before the end of the year.
"Dream come true" for Italian Raffaele Marciello in Ferrari test
Nov 26, 2014, 12:00 PM EST
Marciello gracious for opportunity, and was thinking of Jules Bianchi throughout the day.
A.J. Foyt still hospitalized but recovering after triple bypass
Nov 26, 2014, 11:30 AM EST
A.J. Foyt with post-operative complication, but resolved.
Mercedes reserve Wehrlein leads final Abu Dhabi test day to end 2014
Nov 26, 2014, 11:13 AM EST
New Mercedes driver, same place on the charts to close out 2014 F1 season.
Life after Red Bull now beckons for JEV, where a new world awaits
Nov 26, 2014, 10:31 AM EST
What's next for Jean-Eric Vergne? An analysis of his time in F1, and where to from here.
Video from NASCAR America
Top Posts
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- Police seek cause of death of race fan found near Talladega 0
- MST exclusive: BK Racing co-owner Anthony Marlowe apologizes for Cole Whitt/David Ragan tweet controversy 0
- What we're thankful for in the motorsports world, 2014 1
- Sam Hornish Jr. has much to be thankful for: new home, renewed Sprint Cup hopes with Richard Petty Motorsports 5
- NBCSN's F1 coverage delivers best ever single-season numbers for a cable network 6
- Mercedes reserve Wehrlein leads final Abu Dhabi test day to end 2014 0
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Miles Of Smiles 3 Prepares To Head To Gaza
The Miles Of Smiles 3 humanitarian convoy is preparing to head to the Gaza Strip as preparations and coordination between several international human rights groups and local Palestinian organizations are underway for the third convoy.
The organizers said that the convoy is meant to give the children of Gaza life and hope.
Click here to donate.
Click here to donate.
Recent Articles about Gaza Strip Human rights
Human Rights Groups Denounce Israel's Refusal To Allow Independent Com... Nov 13 14
ISM Journal: Farming in Gaza near the Buffer Zone Nov 12 14
Rami Almeghari in Gaza Nov 10 14
Latest News Articles
Archbishop Hanna Calls For International Recognition Of Palestinian Rights 13:46 Sat 22 Nov
HRW: Home Demolitions, Collective Punishment Mounting To A War Crime 12:43 Sat 22 Nov
Israeli Man Apprehended After Trying To Attack Palestinian Workers 11:50 Sat 22 Nov
Palestinian Woman Injured After A Ramming Attack In Jerusalem 11:01 Sat 22 Nov
Lieberman Assasination Attempt Suspects Charged 22:44 Fri 21 Nov
International Solidarity Conference in Ramallah Disrupted by Israeli Bureaucracy 22:05 Fri 21 Nov
Armed Settler Invades Schoolyard in Hebron 21:37 Fri 21 Nov
VIDEO: Settlers Attack Palestinians as Soldiers Watch 21:24 Fri 21 Nov
Israel Agrees to Work with Probe into Attacks on Gaza UN Facilities 21:16 Fri 21 Nov
Dozens Injured During Friday Clashes in West Bank and Jerusalem 20:30 Fri 21 NovFull Story


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BPL Community Profile
Jeremy and Angela (requiem) - BPL Premium Member
You cannot send this user a personal message (PM) because they have not specified a PM email address yet.
All Forum Posts by Jeremy and Angela
Re: Re: Re: Re: Re: Re: But we suck...Re: Common Core is the Devil. Or is it?
Strangely enough, both old and new methods are doing the exact same thing; multiplying the larger number by a single digit quantity of ones, tens, or hundreds, and adding those together. Most peop...
Re: Trekking Poles on Plane?
The TSA says hiking poles can't be carried on the plane Get the kind with a screw on top for mounting a camera and slap a few Manfrotto stickers on the side: *poof*, you now have a monopod,...
Re: Re: Re: Another lost hiker story
I think maps are often overrated (or at least some sort of magical thinking is associated with them). In the hands of the untrained, I can easily see someone saying "the map says we're he...
Re: Another lost hiker story
It seems she was able to make fire easily enough; I'm pretty sure whatever she used to light it counts as survival equipment. Her navigation skills likely need a bit of brushing up though.
Re: Online & local stores for kid and adult climbing gear?
For online retailers I've been happy with http://www.gearcoop.com/ and http://www.backcountry.com/ . However, if your guests know what they're looking for, the For Sale forum on Mountain...
Re: Re: Re: Gift or friend PayPal only
I recall a story where the recipient (in Germany) claimed to have received a box of towels rather than the Goretex jacket that was sent. I'd be half tempted to video the item in the box at the...
Re: iPhone 6 design purposefully evades surveillance
Effectively "unbreakable" crypto has been publicly available for ages now. Dealing with it is has always been a matter of compromising one of the endpoints or relying on a flaw in the so...
WFR classes in San Francisco: 5 weekend course
I learned that Bobbie Foster's Wilderness First Responder (WFR) class at UCSF this fall has a number of spots open. The class is spread over 5 weekends (80 hours), so it's much more access...
Re: Re: Removing pine sap from down jacket?
White gas == naptha == liquid petroleum fuel such as one might use in an MSR Whisperlite. It's usually a clear liquid which you pour into a fuel bottle to take with you, and the fuel bottle at...
Re: Removing pine sap from down jacket?
Some guy with far too much time on his hands tested a number of different products: http://www.hikelight.com/63howtocleanpitchandtreesapfromyourgearorhands.html He ranks nail polish remover the...
All Reader Reviews by Jeremy and Angela
Jeremy and Angela has posted no reviews.


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May Kia Most Compelling Performance Winner: Stacy Lewis
Topics: Kia Performance Awards, Lewis, Stacy
The world's most dominate womens golfer is experience the first real dip in her game since rising to the top. Yani Tseng won three time early this season and seemed on course for more records. Watch as Tseng talks about her struggles.


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Posts with tag "coldplay"
Coldplay Invited to Open 2012 Olympic GamesPosted Apr 9th 2011 at 12:34 PM by Spinner Editors
- Filed under:
- Highbrow
Organizers of the 2012 Olympic Games in London want Coldplay to perform the official Olympic song at the opening ceremony. The band, fronted by Chris Martin, tops the list of U.K. music stars in contention for the prestigious gig, and would perform a specially-commissioned 'Welcome Song' for a TV audience in excess of two billion. An inside source told the U.K.'s Daily Mirror, "Chris is at the ...
The Worst 'SNL' Performances EverPosted Apr 24th 2010 at 10:00 AM by Scott Harris
- Filed under:
- Music News -
- TV News -
- Troublemakers
From the moment 'Saturday Night Live' first appeared back in 1975, it established itself as one of the most important musical venues in the nation. With just two short songs, up-and-coming singers and bands could create an entire career thanks to the buzz that would follow a memorable SNL debut -- performances that in many cases have since become legendary. And that still holds true today: if you'...
Madonna, Beyonce on 'Hope for Haiti' Telethon TeamPosted Jan 21st 2010 at 02:54 PM by PopEater Staff
- Filed under:
- Music News -
- Beyonce Knowles
Beyonce and Madonna are the latest stars to flock to Friday's 'Hope for Haiti' telethon, joining some of the biggest names in music in a two-hour multi-network telecast benefiting the survivors of the devastating earthquake. 'Hope for Haiti Now: A Global Benefit for Earthquake Relief' will air on all major networks, featuring stars filmed in multiple locations worldwide. Bruce Springsteen, Stin...
Celebrities Create Music for Haiti Earthquake VictimsPosted Jan 21st 2010 at 11:46 AM by Amber James
- Filed under:
- Good News -
- Music News -
- TV News
Celebrities are finding more creative ways to give back to the victims of the earthquake in Haiti. With the help of online downloads, everyone from Rihanna, Linkin Park, Jay-Z and Bono are releasing songs in which all the profits will be donated to relief organizations. In addition, all the music from Friday's 'Hope for Haiti' benefit will be on sale for 99 cents each through iTunes starting Satur...
Mysteries of "Legion of Extraordinary Dancers," "Jesper Parnevik," and "Custer's Revenge" SolvedPosted Dec 3rd 2009 at 01:11 PM by Sam Brand
Wondering why "League of Extraordinary Dancers," "Jesper Parnevik," "Dubai Tower," "Pleasure P" and "Custer's Revenge" are surging in Google Trends? We can shed some light on the mystery. Google Trends provides the hottest keywords of the hour. Though the results change frequently, at any given time the list offers a snapshot of what's hot in the world of entertainment news. Here's what's steamin'...
About to Pop: Jay SeanPosted Nov 23rd 2009 at 05:20 PM by Ashley Iasimone
- Filed under:
- Music News -
- Interviews
Who: Jay Sean Album: 'All or Nothing' Video: 'Down' Hails From: London For Fans Of: Chris Brown, Craig David Why He's About to Pop: Since embarking on his career in music, Jay Sean has dropped a handful of singles and two albums, and already toured extensively, performing for audiences at sold out shows worldwide. Sean's international success soon caught the attention of US rec...
About to Pop: JaickoPosted Nov 2nd 2009 at 05:45 PM by Ashley Iasimone
- Filed under:
- Music News -
- Interviews
Who: Jaicko Album: 'Can I' Video: 'Oh Yeah' Hails From: Barbados For Fans Of: The Dream, Chris Brown Why He's About to Pop: Jaicko's Caribbean-infused pop tunes are just hitting US radio this year, but he's been building his fanbase for years. "I released a number of songs in Barbados," Jaicko told PopEater. "We have two Top 40 radio stations, and I used to get plugged in between Rihann...
Coldplay Not Living La Vida LawsuitPosted Sep 22nd 2009 at 08:48 AM by PopEater Staff
- Filed under:
- Music News -
- Troublemakers
The seemingly never-ending lawsuit over Coldplay's song 'Vida La Vida' has finally ended. Guitarist Joe Satriani sued the band in December, claiming the band copied "substantial, original portions" of his 2004 song, 'If I Could Fly' in its Grammy-winning hit. According to the Associated Press, a federal judge in Los Angeles dismissed the copyright infringement case at the request of attorneys for ...
Popeater Hot Topics
- Four Star-Approved Outfits Perfect for Indulging at Thanksgiving
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- Bollywood actress sentenced to 26 years in jail for blasphemy in Pakistan
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- '19 Kids & Counting's' cousin Amy Duggar reaches for Nashville dreams
- Carson Daly, Ashlee Simpson, Josh Duhamel and More Stars Reveal How They're Spending Thanksgiving!
- Jessica Simpson Shares Adorable Photo of "Wild Turkeys" Maxwell and Ace at the Lake—See the Cute Pic!
- Remembering Paul Walker One Year Later: Cody Walker Reflects on His Brother's Life and Legacy
Sites We Love
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- Khloe Kardashian Hits The Gym In Yet Another Cleavage-Baring Ensemble
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Hamptons Living
Shop 'til You Drop: Thanksgiving Weekend Events and Sales
Now that we're all adequately stuffed from our Thanksgiving feasts, what do we do for the rest of the weekend? […]Read
What to Do
Where to Celebrate Your Hamptons Holiday Season in 2014
As the holiday season alights, the East End becomes awash in a blend of magic, wonder and cheer. Our villages […]
Hamptons Kids' Weekend Calendar: Angelina Ballerina, Fossil Making, Montauk Lighthouse Lighting
Hamptons Week Ahead: Seal Hike, Mash Up!, Walk-It-Off
North Fork Weekend Calendar: 'Godspell,' Harvest Concert, Farmers Market
Shopping & Style
Shop 'til You Drop: Thanksgiving Weekend Events and Sales
Now that we're all adequately stuffed from our Thanksgiving feasts, what do we do for the rest of the weekend? […]
Riverhead Farmers' Market Adds a Day, Holiday Crafts
Shop 'til You Drop: Pamper Yourself this Holiday Season
Amy Zerner's Fashion Sense: Experiment With Artful Outerwear
House & Home
East Hampton House & Garden Tour Returns
The Hamptons boasts some of the country's most enviable real estate and now, for the 30th year in a row, […]
View from the Garden: Overwintering Flowers and Plants
Home Organization Tips from an Organized Living Expert
View from the Garden: Life and Death in the East End Garden
Ask The Expert: House & Home
Notes from the Garden: Tips on Pots, Urns and Planters
Pots, urns and window boxes are a fun and easy way to add color while providing the flexibility to experiment […]
Breathe Deep! How to Improve Your Indoor Air Quality
Ask The Expert: Living With Flowers
Ask the Expert: Summer Seasonal Deep Cleaning
Sports, Fitness & Wellness
Ice Skating at Southampton Golf Range Begins Thanksgiving
The ice skating rink at Southampton Golf Range, which made its debut in 2013, is returning for another season, officially […]
Healthy Holiday Tips from Fitness Expert Andrea Fornarola Hunsberger
Monte Farber's Psychic Thoughts: Divination Systems, Oracles
Separating Women's Fitness Facts from Fiction with Courtney Paul and Anna Kaiser
Summer Camp Guide
The Great Hamptons Summer Camp Roundup Continued
Is there any place better to be a kid than on the East End? Summer on our narrow stretch of […]
The Great Hamptons Summer Camp Roundup 2014
Summer Camp Spotlight: Hampton Racquet
Summer Camp @Ross
Wedding Showcase
Massage, Mani-Pedi for Weddings
Blue Ocean Spa opened mid-September and is the latest addition to Bridgehampton Commons. The convenient location seems to encourage massage […]
How to Choose an Engagement Ring
Keep Fit: Wedding Workouts to Practice Year-round
Lavender Blue for Bridal Bliss on the North Fork


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Home :: Black Diamond Jewelry :: Black Diamond Fashion Rings :: Black Diamond
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Yellow Gold Leaf Wedding Band
I received the ring this morning IT IS GORGEOUS... thank you thank you.
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I would like to thank you for the wedding band that I purchased earlier this month. My fiance almost cried when she saw it. The band fits perfectly with...
Chocolate diamond heart earrings
I have been looking for several years for earrings to match a chocolate diamond heart pendant. I was pleased to find a pair of earrings on your website...
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Google Overtakes Apple As The World's Most Valuable Brand
US internet overlord Google has overtaken rival technology titan Apple as the world's top brand in terms of value, global market research agency Millward Brown said Wednesday.
Google's brand value shot up 40% in a year to USD 158.84 B, Millward Brown said in its 2014 100 Top BrandZ report.
"Google has been extremely innovative this year with Google Glass, investments in artificial intelligence and a range of partnerships," said Benoit Tranzer, the head of Millward Brown France., quoted by Business Insider. "All these activities send a very strong signal to consumers about the essence of Google," Tranzer said.
Apple, which dominated the top position for three straight years, saw its brand value fall by 20% to USD 147.88 B.
The top 10 of the 100 slots were dominated by US firms. IBM was in third place at USD 107.54 B, a fall of 4%, followed by Microsoft at USD 90.19 B – a 29% rise.
Fast food chain McDonald's ranked next at USD 85.71 B, followed by Coca-Cola USD 80.68 B, it said.
Brand value is calculated on the basis of the firms' financial performance and their standing among consumers.
- » Reuters: Bulgaria Picks 2 Local, 2 Int'l Banks for Bridge Loan
- » EU Commission Allows Bulgaria to Use EU Funds for Sofia Tech Park
- » Holders of Guaranteed Deposits in Bulgaria's KTB Number 255 000
- » State Aid to FIB in Line with EU Rules, Commission Says
- » Finance Ministry To Present Draft Budget Report
- » Finance Ministry Reopens 7-Year Issue of EUR-Denominated Govt Securities


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Harassment - Are You Guilty?
The resignation of CERA boss, Roger Sutton, has some questioning their own behaviour and possibly, the behaviour of their bosses and colleagues within the workplace.
Is Your Star on the Rise?
Do you aspire to be a part of a large national public relations, marketing and communications company? Have you ever dreamt of a company that practises an integrated and collaborative approach geographically as well as across all disciplines?
It so happens that Bernadette Sharkey-Burns has found this elusive company and in turn they have requested we find them an elusive someone…
…this person is after the next step in their career, they seek challenges and opportunity. Focused on growing and developing their career they have already gained experience within a variety of projects, which would include technology, public awareness and industry associations, all the while utilising their social media, media relations and excellent writing skills and expertise. This talented rising star will have a focus on delivering to the highest level with an ability to build and manage client relationships and bring their own brand of energy to an already energetic team environment.
As stated above, our client seeks a seriously special and stand out individual, however, be reminded that this Senior Account Manager role is with an industry leader - the fact is special people make a company that extra bit special and our client is a stand out in that regard.
If you have at least four years agency experience and believe your star is on the rise then Bernadette Sharkey-Burns would love to hear from you on 04 4996161 for a confidential chat.
The Job Market Post Election
With the election now over the market nationally is gaining pace. Richard Bayly from Seek says, "New Zealand job ad's are up 10% since July 2013 with solid growth nationally over 2014." Business confidence remains high over the country with the key drivers being agriculture, construction and real estate.
Play a Part in Shaping a City
Who are the people who have the ability to make a difference to the very shape, feel and heart of a city? This is not simply about how a city functions but in how that city will evolve for generations to come. These are the people who dream of breathing life into a vision, who understand that they have the ability to impact on thousands and thousands of lives – every single day.
Upper Hutt City Council has a vision which is plainly spelt out in their mission statement;
"To enhance the quality of life in Upper Hutt by providing leadership, support and services to the community."
To be an integral part of the team that breathes life into this mission statement you will be an experienced Planning Policy Manager or a Senior Planner who is ready to take a step up in your career. It goes without saying you will have a good breadth of technical knowledge and will be highly experienced in all aspects of the RMA. If you have a passion for immersing yourself into highly visible and valuable projects and are committed to your professional and personal development, you already have a huge amount of common ground with Upper Hutt City Council.
Upper Hutt City Council seeks a planning professional with the required technical knowledge, critical thinking, highly developed analytical skills and more importantly a passion, drive and creativity to use the available tools and resources to build an energetic and flourishing community.
This role is all about being a part of something that you can take pride in. Upper Hutt City Council is a short and easy commute from Wellington, (if you live in the city you would be going against the flow of traffic each way!), offers free parking to the successful candidate and a supportive and inclusive team environment.
If you would like to know more please contact Bernadette Sharkey-Burns or Hayley Hollobon on 04 499 6161 for a confidential discussion.
5 Take Aways From Arianna Huffington
Arianna Huffington is the chair, president, and editor-in-chief of the Huffington Post Media Group, an author of a number of books and celebrated columnist. Her news and blog site, The Huffington Post, won a Pulitzer Prize in 2012 for national reporting.
An Opportunity to be a part of a Vision
"Mobilising Māori land and assets to create this generation's legacy"
This is not simply a role, it is your opportunity to use your writing and communication skills to contribute to the future of Māori and New Zealand, to share in creating a legacy for future generations and to be a part of ensuring Māori land is protected and enhanced.
Our client is defined by its proven ability to work in partnership with owners of Māori land. Through your writing and communications you will have a rare opportunity to build on past and current success in ensuring engagement, connection and empowerment. To be a part of this vision you will have a passion and drive for presenting success stories to a variety of audiences across different mediums, and have a desire to see owners of Māori land succeed.
As a diverse organisation, it offers candidates the chance to broaden their industry experience as it works across the professional services, property, investment and agricultural sectors.
Our client seeks an experienced Communications Advisor who, along with all the relevant experience and skills, has drive and strong people skills. Knowledge of Māori tikanga and some Te Reo skills are highly desirable, but the client would consider candidates who value Maori culture and are open to learning. This is your chance to make a very real difference and to do something that matters for both today and tomorrow.
To apply, visit www.momentum.co.nz and enter the reference number 1721246 including your CV with a brief summary of your relevant skills and experience. For further information in strict confidence, please contact Bernadette Sharkey-Burns or Hayley Hollobon on 04 499 6161.
Employee Engagement
I was at a conference on Wednesday and I thought it was worth sharing this gem from Maslow.
Business and Rugby, Who Is Ahead Of The Game?
Sir Graham Henry made the leap from his hugely successful career coaching the All Blacks to Momentum's boardroom in 2012. Having coached the worlds most successful rugby team, Sir Graham's take on leadership is one of team involvement and engagement.


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